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Wilde Magazine: A Magazine of Queer Art and Literature: Wilde Magazine: Summer 2013
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White welcomes stability with Reds Wings
The former Leafs defenceman is hoping a new deal with Detroit is 'the start of a long relationship'
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DETROIT—The Red Wings' newest acquisition is looking forward to a little stability after a hectic season in which he moved from Calgary to Carolina to San Jose.
Defenceman Ian White, signed over the weekend to a two-year deal worth $5.75 million, is currently at his off-season home in northwestern Ontario, near the Manitoba border, with his wife Tess and their children, Paxton and Gracelyn. Their daughter was born shortly after White helped the Sharks oust the Wings in Game 7 of the Western Conference semifinal this May.
"My wife went into labour during the afternoon," White said. "But we knew it was a big game for us, and that was our focus. I played, she went to the game, and then we went straight to the hospital afterwards and had our daughter around 7:15 in the morning."
That dedication aside, White appealed to the Wings because of his competitiveness, skills and the fact he shoots right-handed, one of just three players on the team to do so (defenceman Mike Commodore and forward Patrick Eaves are the others).
The Wings, in turn, appealed to White, especially when they offered two years. "That's probably the toughest thing about our business," he said. "Last year was the first time we moved around like that, and I have a young family. It's nice to get some stability here for at least two years. Hopefully it's the start of a long relationship."
At 27, White is entering his prime. A sixth-round pick by Toronto in the 2002 NHL entry draft, White spent almost five seasons with the Maple Leafs before being traded to Calgary. In 401 games with the Leafs, Flames, Hurricanes and Sharks, he has 36 goals and 107 assists, with 228 penalty minutes.
In Detroit, he'll push Jonathan Ericsson for a spot in the top four, next to Nicklas Lidstrom, Niklas Kronwall and Brad Stuart. Brian Rafalski retired after this past season.
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Leo Castelli Gallery is pleased to announce the exhibition, GRID, on view from January 10 – February 25, 2012. The exhibition focuses on drawings on graph paper from the 1960's and includes the artists Dan Flavin, Robert Morris, Larry Poons, Keith Sonnier, Frank Stella, and Lawrence Weiner.
Graph paper's use as a support material is at once an aesthetic and a technical consideration. Itis a practical methodthat conveys a specific sensibility. Before any mark making takes place, the paper is already filled with the familiar forms of the grid. In its material charm, graph paper has the ability to delineate scale, perception, and process for both the artist and the viewer.
Before the advent of computer technology, artists used graph paper to prepare their three dimensional works. This "shop construction" method allowed for a simple scale model process where, for instance, one length of a square on paper mightconnote a meter in three-dimensional space. In addition to these static implications, drawings on graph paper often conveyed sequential processes. In the words of Keith Sonnier, the drawingswere"musical scores." They depict and dictate the inception and development of sculptures. They are simultaneously works in their own right.
In addition to these practical and visual benefits that graph paper had to offer, the material also relates to the history of drawing. In particular, the material's relationship to architecture calls to mind the Greek Golden Ratio. Akin to the Golden Ratio's system of proportion, graph paper renders overt the importance of relationships in drawing and how they play a part in visual pleasure.
The works in the exhibition include projects for sculptures, drawings for paintings, as well as drawings. All of the works share a common sensibility given their material considerations.These "musical scores" give us a better understanding of these artists' unique processes, as well as the more private side of their practice.
For more information please contact Jessica Duffett: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Spring is here (and summer is on its way), if your hair ready? It's time to get out of that post-winter rut and get a fresh new look and I can't think of a better way than to FINALLY update your hair. It's such an easy way to recharge and reinvent yourself, so with that in mind don't be afraid to take some risks and treat yourself. So whether you're planning on doing a tiny tweak or aiming for a major makeover, there's definitely something here for you. Spice it up with a few of these celebrity-inspired hair ideas that will get your gorgeous right in time for summer!
Read more ¿Qué más? Curly Qs: How can I prevent crunchy, sticky curls?
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Manchester City treads water with scoreless draw against last-place QPR
Manchester City missed a chance to gain ground on Manchester United at the top of the Premier League by drawing 0-0 at last-place Queens Park Rangers on Tuesday.
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LONDON—Manchester City missed a chance to put the pressure on Manchester United at the top of the Premier League by drawing 0-0 at last-place Queens Park Rangers on Tuesday.
The inability to break through a compact QPR side means the champions are four points behind United, which can surge seven points clear by beating Southampton on Wednesday.
"We are disappointed for this result," City manager Roberto Mancini said. "We had our chances to win, and we dominated the game, but QPR defended very well, got players behind the ball. We lost two points, for sure."
QPR remains in the basement, but is now three points behind Reading and four adrift of Aston Villa.
Newcastle climbed four points clear of Aston Villa after goals from Papiss Cisse and Yohan Cabaye clinched a 2-1 win at Villa Park that plunged the hosts into the drop zone.
Wigan moved out of the relegation places on goal difference after drawing 2-2 at Stoke, while Swansea drew 0-0 with Sunderland in a meeting of mid-table teams.
At a rain-swept Loftus Road, two of the seven places on the QPR bench were filled by goalkeepers: Rob Green and Brian Murphy, who has made just one appearance for the club.
It was a clear message from manager Harry Redknapp to chairman Tony Fernandes about just how desperate he is for new signings before the transfer window closes on Thursday night.
The third goalkeeper in the match-day squad, Julio Cesar, came under pressure from the start. But in front of him, the defence remained disciplined to thwart waves of attacks.
Cesar was beaten in the 20th minute, but Pablo Zabeleta's diving header crashed against the crossbar and Sergio Aguero missed the target when the rebound reached him.
City was getting closer, with Javi Garcia curling just wide of Cesar's right post, but goalkeeper Joe Hart also had to be alert to deny Adel Taarabt with a fine save.
That block, though, was bettered at the other end by Cesar, who tipped Gareth Barry's effort wide.
The target evaded City after the break, with Aguero firing wide, substitute Edin Dzeko heading over and David Silva's fierce strike after a one-two with Carlos Tevez kept out by Cesar.
City was denied a penalty when Scott Sinclair went down under a challenge from Nedum Onuoha, who appeared to get the ball first.
"It's a bonus point — they rip teams to pieces home and away," Redknapp said. "We will take a point off them any day."
At Villa Park, Newcastle finally halted a run of 17 games without a victory on the road in all competitions this season.
Cisse put Newcastle ahead in the 19th minute, latching onto a pass from new signing Moussa Sissoko and dispatching a low shot past goalkeeper Brad Guzan.
Newcastle went further ahead in the 31st after Villa captain Ron Vlaar headed a clearance straight to Cabaye, who unleashed a shot on the bounce from just outside the area past the diving Guzan.
Villa couldn't mount a comeback despite Christian Benteke netting a penalty early in the second half after Mathieu Debuchy fouled Gabriel Agbonlahor.
At the Britannia Stadium, Stoke was cruising after Ryan Shawcross hooked in the opener in the 23rd and Peter Crouch pounced at the start of the second half to score his first goal since September after Charlie Adam's shot was parried by Ali Al Habsi.
But Stoke was denied its first win in five league matches. James McArthur began the fightback in the 50th and Franco Di Santo volleyed in the equalizer in the 61st.
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Hi: 8° Lo:2°
By Tristan Harris Wednesday 05 December 2012 Updated: 06/12 09:39
MORE THAN 500 trees have been planted by Northfield Ecocentre as part of National Tree Week, which ended on Sunday (December 2).
The Northfield's Orchards project, which has seen fruit trees and broadleaf whips planted, was undertaken by staff and volunteers, along with Friends of Manor Farm Park, Victoria School and other community groups.
And, with apple, pear, plum and cherry trees among those planted, the scheme also hopes to offer locally grown fruit to reduce food miles.
Project manager, Luke Pearson, said trees brought other enormous benefits - as well as providing wildlife habitats, they reduced carbon emissions.
"With ash dieback disease threatening a large portion of England's 'green and pleasant lands', 'National Tree Week' is of particular significance this year. "
Daniel Bryson-Peart, the Friends of Manor Farm Park secretary, said he felt the orchard would bring the community together, lower vandalism and provide free fruit for local people.
Residents wanting a Christmas gift out of the ordinary can sponsor a tree for £10 for a friend or family.
In return they get a pack detailing the tree's type and location and a certificate.
And, with Northfield Ecocentre still looking for other sites for community orchards, groups and organisations in the town are being urged to get in touch.
Locations so far housing orchards include the Cofton Park, Victoria Common, The Black Horse pub, St Laurence Junior School and Ley Hill.
For more on the scheme and other Northfield Ecocentre projects, visit the building at 53 Church Road, Northfield, call 0121 448 0119 or visit www.northfieldecocentre.org
For more pictures of the project, visit www,bromsgrovestandard.co.uk
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THERE are plenty of festive fayres and other
THE DISTRICT council's planning committee is facing a
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Acoustic Café
Acoustic Café is a two hour weekly radio show where any individual set of music could contain a bit of country, rock, blues, folk and pop…from today's great songwriters to immortals like Dylan, Mitchell, Young, and Cash.
Ann Delisi's Essential Music
Your weekend destination for fun. A hand-picked combination of great contemporary music and the classics you need to hear.
Today on the Craig Fahle Show: Craig hears takes calls about the affirmative action Supreme Court case and discusses a new organization that audits businesses for Racism. Then, Craig hears from University of Windsor doctoral Candidate Anas Labak, whose new mobile solar energy machine could help remote regions access electricity. Tune in to hear more, on the Craig Fahle Show.
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On the late Nelson Mandela's 96th birthday, CyHi The Prynce releases a remix of "Mandela," featuring Reason and Well$.
CyHi The Prynce f. Reason & Well$
"Mandela (Remix)"
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Psychopath Killer [Prod. Boi-1da, The Maven Boys & Just Blaze] - Slaughterhouse & Yelawolf f. Eminem
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The answer, in my view, is that both CAT & RAT are barking up the wrong tree!
Neither conservative ideology nor religiosity has been shown to predict a greater anti-science disposition than the other by the evidence presented. And indeed, that evidence, plus some more, suggests that it's a mistake to think either of them is connected to such a disposition at all.
For those of you just tuning in (site traffic suggests only 10 billion readers for the original post; apparently there was a climate-change induced net outage in the Netherlands Antilles, where there is a very strong CCP following), the question was, "What 'explains' public science conflict—political predispositions or religiosity?"
The inspiration for posing the question was an intriguing study that pinned the blame on religion. CCP blog readers viewed the study as methodologically dubious.
But the question was interesting so I decided to try to help us think about it by gathering data and presenting models that seemed responsive to commentators' concerns.
I characterized the two positions that the original study seemed to be pitting against each other as the "Conservative-science Antipathy Thesis," or CAT, which identifies antagonism between conservative or right-leaning ideology toward science as the source of public conflicts over climate change and various other science-informed policy issues; and the "Religion-science Antipathy Thesis," or RAT, which states that religious animosity toward science is the cause.
I used appropriately modeled data from CCP and from the Pew Research Center studies to try to remedy shortcomings in the study that inspired the question—and then asked you, the loyal, perfectly rational 14 billion readers of this blog (or at least the 10 billion who managed to get through and submit response) to say what you made of the evidence.
I'd say Chris Mooney offered the best response, a conclusion I validated by doing an "expert consensus survey." He has been awarded the prize that was offered (he chose the Synbio Ipad—the very last one in stock).
The three issues that were featured in the original study (the one I tried to remedy the methodological defects of)—were climate change skepticism, disbelief in evolution, and opposition to federal support for stem-cell research. Political predispositions and religiosity both seemed to predict these attitudes but in ways that varied in degree and that interacted with one another in diverse patterns. CM thus concluded:
So what's the upshot? Obviously, both politics and religious beliefs contribute to science resistance, and the relative influence of one over the other varies on an issue-by-issue basis. The role of religion is very strong on the evolution issue, far weaker on the climate issue, and somewhere in between on the stem cell issue. And if you picked other issues to examine, you would assuredly find different results yet again.
What this exercise underscores, most of all, is that when people deny science, they do it because they think it conflicts with their personal identity. But many elements go into each of our identities, with both politics and religion constituting vital components for many people.
In light of this, it really doesn't make much sense to assert the power of one over the other.
Yup, for sure I agree with that.
But I'd go further: the evidence presented helped to reveal that neither CAT nor RAT is a very well supported.
In a mistake that is pervasive in the study of public attitudes toward science, the original study constructed its sample of observations in a manner that presupposed a generalized anti-science sensibility is the explanation for conflicts over evolution, climate change, evolution, etc.
But that's a seriously contested issue too!
ICT—the "identity-protective cognition thesis"—is a major alternative to both RAT & CAT (Sherman & Cohen 2006). On this account, when policy relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic cultural meanings, people start to see individuals' positions on them as badges of membership in & loyalty to opposing cultural groups. As a kind of identity self-defense, then, they begin to process information relating to these facts in a manner that conforms their beliefs to the positions that are dominant in their group (Kahan 2010, 2012).
RAT & CAT predict, respectively, that "religiosity" and "conservatism" can be shown to offer the best "explanation" for science-hostile positions generally.
It's not clear that ICT will take any view on the relative influence of religion & conservatism in science disputes. Indeed, for the reasons CM stated, I think it's strange to imagine that one could meaningfully specify cultural identities in the US in a way that split religiosity and political commitments apart.
But ICT (or at least the variant I find most compelling) does join issue with both RAT and CAT on whether disputes over science can should be attributed to any particular cultural group's "anti-science" dispositions.
Being "liberal" and even "nonreligious" are both integral to self-defining commitments of certain people. Accordingly, where positions on some science-informed policy or other matter becomes entangled in antagonistic cultural meanings, we should expect liberal and nonreligious individuals, as well as conservative and religious ones, to display the signature forms of motivated reasoning that distort their perception of the best available science (Kahan, Peters, Dawson & Slovic 2013).
ICT is a combatant in the "great asymmetry thesis debate," which asks whether motivated reasoning on science-informed policy issues is concentrated in one end of the political spectrum or instead spread evenly across it is the(Crawford 2013; Brandt & Crawford 2013; Kahan 2013; Mooney 2012).
It was a serious defect in the study that inspired this exercise that it didn't include in its observations any disputed science issues that might show neither conservatism nor religiosity is distinctively "anti-science."
By doing so, it assumed particular answers to the question it purported to be investigating.
To remedy this defect, I added another disputed science issue: nuclear power.
That's one where individuals whose cultural identities are more secular and left-leaning are typically understood to be the ones disposed to adopt "science-skeptical" or "science hostile" positions.
Indeed, in the data I presented, liberalism and nonreligiosity predicted a negative reaction both to building new nuclear power plants and to scientific research on nuclear energy.
That's more consistent with ICT--and its position on the ideological symmetry of motivated reasoning (Kahan 2013)-- than with either RAT or CAT.
A related point: if a researcher wants to do a valid test of whether disputed science issues are a consequence of one or another group's supposed "anti-science" disposition, then he or she definitely should not rely on simple correlations between the disputed issues and group identities.
Yes, conservatism and religion are associated with hostility to stem-cell research, climate skepticism, and disbelief in evolution.
But to treat that as evidence that conservatism and religion are anti-science and that that is what causes disputes on these issues presupposes that these positions are all explained by some sort of anti-science sensibility rather than something else.
To avoid this obvious error (an instance of selecting on the dependent variable), the researcher has to have a way of measuring whether groups are "pro-" or "anti-science" independently of their positions on climate skepticism, disbelief in evolution, and opposition to stem-cell research.
Here are some data that help to do that. They come from the GSS, the source used by the intriguing but questionable study that initiated this exercise, and the Pew Public Attitudes Toward Science data base that I identified as much more suited for their study:
What do they show? You tell me! (Click on either for more detail.)
But I will tell you in the meantime what inference I draw from them: (a) that the US public is overwhelmingly pro-science; and (b) that any differences associated with politics and religiosity both are ambiguous and, more importantly, trivial in magnitude.
These sorts of responses—and there are many more items in these data sets that support the dame conclusions (one should in fact look at all, not just one, if one is trying to figure out what they signify!)—are inconsistent with the inference that either conservatism or religiosity is antithetical to science, and hence inconsistent with the assumption that the correlation of these characteristics with climate skepticism, disbelief in evolution, or opposition to stem cell research evinces an anti-science orientation. Accordingly, it is even less sensible to think that one could look at these issues to say which one is "more" anti-science than the other.
Those who attribute disagreement with their views on science disputes to their opponents' "anti-science" dispositions don't come off looking especially "pro-science" themselves when they fail to use evidence in a scientifically valid way.
Brandt, M. J., & Crawford, J. (2013). Replication-Extension of 'Not for All the Tea in China!' Political Ideology and the Avoidance of Dissonance-Arousing Situations' (Nam, Jost, & Van Bavel, 2013, Plos One). Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=2365281 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2365281
Crawford, J. T. (2012). The ideologically objectionable premise model: Predicting biased political judgments on the left and right. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(1), 138-151.
Kahan, D. (2010). Fixing the Communications Failure. Nature, 463, 296-297.
Kahan, D. (2012). Why we are poles apart on climate change. Nature, 488, 255.
Kahan, D. M. (2013). Ideology, Motivated Reasoning, and Cognitive Reflection. Judgment and Decision Making, 8, 407-424.
Kahan, D. M., Peters, E., Dawson, E., & Slovic, P. (2013). Motivated Numeracy and Englightened Self Government. Cultural Cognition Project Working Paper No. 116.
Mooney, C. (2012). The Republican Brain: The Science of Why They Deny Science--And Reality. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2006). The Psychology of Self-defense: Self-Affirmation Theory Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 38, pp. 183-242): Academic Press.]]>
But I do think it might be interesting to explore, at least to a degree, what one might learn about the authors' research questions if one applied a valid statistical model to data that could support some reasonable inferences.
Basically, the authors purport to find that "religious variables," but not "partisan identification," predict a general hostility to science as manifested by attitudes toward climate change, evolution, and stem-cell research. They treat this finding as suggesting reason to doubt claims that partisan political predispositions (e.g., Gauchat 2012), shaped by elite discourse (e.g., Mooney 2005; Brulle et al. 2012), account for public conflict over science issues.
Because the authors believe that religiosity bears a greater share of the responsibility for such conflicts than is normally appreciated, let's call this the "Religion-science Antipathy thesis" (RAT).
The main "political" competitor the authors advert to is one that attributes such conflict to antipathy—perhaps psychologically grounded (Mooney 2012), perhaps economically (Brulle et al., 2012), or maybe both—between a conservative political orientation and science. Let's call this the Conservativism-science Antipathy Thesis" (CAT).
So here's what I'm going to do. I've compiled a bunch of observational (i.e., survey!) data and modeled them in a way that I think arguably bears on the relative plausibility of RAT and CAT.
But exercising a credulity-defying degree self-restraint, I am going to refrain, for at least 24 hrs, from telling you what sorts of conclusions I think these data support.
In that period, you, the 14 billion readers of this blog, will be afforded the exclusive opportunity to specify and defend your own inferences!
How many of the myriad other "cultural cognition blogs" out there do you think would have the necessary levels of self-confidence and respect for their readers to surrender their "first word" prerogative? That's right—not a one!
Okay, then.
Let's start with global warming.
As you can see, this figure plots the probability of agreeing that there is "solid evidence" for human-caused global warming in relation to right-left political outlooks conditional on one's level of "religiosity." Political outlooks and religiosity are measured with separate multi-item scales. (Because partisan self-identification and liberal-conservative ideology are both indicators of the same thing—an unobserved or latent political disposition—it is really not a good idea to treat them as "independent" right-hand side variables in a multivariate regression.) The colored hashmarks are the 0.95 confidence intervals for the predicted probability at the indicated point on the left-right political outlook scale.
If you want to "see" the regression model or the "raw data," then click on the specified thumbnails in the margin.
As you can tell, there's an interaction between religiosity and political outlooks: the contribution that moving left in outlook makes to acceptance of climate change is bigger the less religious one is.
But I won't say anything more than that! What this signifies in the battle between RAT and CAT is your call to make!
Next, let's look at belief in evolution. Same model, used now to examine the impact of political outlooks on belief in evolution conditional on religiosity.
Significance? You tell me!
Next, support for stem-cell research.
Actually, I've never collected data on this topic. So I popped open a canned dataset that has such data: the super great 2009 Pew public attitudes toward science survey.
I again constructed a political outlook scale by aggregating response to partisan self-identification and liberal-conservative ideology items.
Pew didn't have all the same items from which I constructed the religiosity scale in the previous models. So I constructed one using self-reported church attendance (one of the items that I did have in my CCP data set), self-identified "born again" evangelical status, and a "non-religious" self-identification variable that separated out persons who self-identified as agnostics or atheists from those who reported affiliation with any religious denomination.
How good a measure is this? I wasn't sure, so I came up with a method to externally validate it.
It turns out the Pew survey also has measures for global-warming acceptance and belief in evolution (the authors of the study that inspired this exercise should have used the Pew dataset rather than the 2006 GSS dataset, which lacked a genuine measure of global-warming acceptance). When I used the Pew religiosity scale and the right-left political outlook measures as predictors of these beliefs, the Pew religiosity scale behaved very comparably to the CCP-dataset religiosity scale in the modelsreported above. That struck me as pretty good evidence that the Pew scale is tapping into pretty much the same unobserved or latent disposition being tapped into by the CCP religiosity scale.
Here's the result for stem-cell funding:
What do you think?
These are the three issues—global-warming acceptance, belief in evolution, and support for stem-cell research—that the article we read used to test RAT vs. CAT.
But some of you pointed out that disbelief in evolution and opposition to stem-cell research are arguably the sorts of positions one might expect highly religious individuals to form independent of any sort of general hostility to science. For that reason, one might conclude they don't supply as clean a test of RAT vs. CAT as, say, climate-change acceptance, where generalized "science hostility" is less likely to be confounded with issue-specific religious concerns.
So, I decided to add one more issue to try to make the fight more fair: nuclear power!
The great Pew study had two nuclear-power items, positions on which I also modeled in relation to political outlooks conditional on religiosity:
So there you go.
Infer away!
Brulle, R.J., Carmichael, J. & Jenkins, J.C. Shifting public opinion on climate change: an empirical assessment of factors influencing concern over climate change in the US, 2002–2010. Climatic Change 114, 169-188 (2012).
Gauchat, G. Politicization of Science in the Public Sphere. American Sociological Review 77, 167-187 (2012).
Mooney, C. The Republican Brain: The Science of Why They Deny Science--And Reality (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2012).
Mooney, C. The Republican war on science (Fine Communications/MJF Books, New York, NY, 2009).
In a 1950s social psychology experiment, students from two Ivy League colleges were instructed to evaluate a series of controversial officiating calls made during a football game between their respective schools. Researchers found that the students, from both institutions, were much more likely to perceive error in the penalty assessments imposed on their school's team than in those imposed on their rival's. The students' emotional stake in affirming their loyalty to their institutions, researchers concluded, had unconsciously shaped what they had seen when viewing events captured on film. This study is now recognized as a classic demonstration of "motivated cognition," the ubiquitous tendency of people to form perceptions, and to process factual information generally, in a manner congenial to their values and desires.
Motivated cognition poses an obvious hazard for law. Sports fans are permitted—even expected—to be partisan. But legal decisionmakers must be neutral. Just as the integrity of a sporting contest would be undermined by unconscious favoritism on the part of the referee, so the legitimacy of the law would likewise be compromised if legal decisionmakers, as a result of motivated cognition, unwittingly formed perceptions of facts that promoted the interests and values of groups with whom they had an affinity.
This effect could be particularly subversive of constitutional law. The Free Speech, Equal Protection, and Due Process Clauses all mandate governmental evenhandedness. Within their respective domains, each forecloses the state from privileging particular affiliations, ways of life, or points of view and mandates that law be justified by its contribution to secular interests—physical security, public health, economic prosperity—valued by all citizens. But if decisionmakers (particularly adjudicators) unconsciously apply these provisions to favor outcomes congenial to favored ways of life, citizens who adhere to disfavored ones will suffer the same array of disadvantages for failing to conform that they would in a regime expressly dedicated to propagation of a sectarian orthodoxy. This distinctively psychological threat to constitutional ideals, which we will refer to as "cognitive illiberalism," has received relatively little attention from commentators or jurists.
We performed an experimental study designed to help assess just how much of a threat cognitive illiberalism poses to constitutional ideals. The study focused on a discrete and recurring task in constitutional law: discernment of the line between "speech" and "conduct" for purposes of the First Amendment. Embodied in a variety of doctrines, the speech-conduct distinction aims to assure that coercive regulation is justified on grounds unrelated to governmental or public hostility to disfavored ideas. Most importantly, the speech-conduct distinction has historically played, and continues to play, a vital function in preventing the government from invoking its responsibility for maintaining "public order" to disguise suppression of impassioned political dissent. Our study furnishes strong evidence that this function is indeed highly vulnerable to the power of motivated cognition to shape decisionmakers' perceptions of the facts that mark the speech-conduct boundary.
The features of the speech-conduct distinction that make it susceptible to this influence, moreover, are shared by a host of other constitutional doctrines. The study results thus highlight the need to fortify constitutional theorizing with psychological realism. Normatively ideal standards for enforcing the Constitution are of little value if applying them defies the capacities of constitutional decisionmakers. * * *
[III.]B. Cognitive Illiberalism and the Constitution
The practical motivation for this study was to focus attention on the danger that cognitive illiberalism can pose to constitutional law. We use this term to refer to the vulnerability of political and legal decisionmakers to betray their commitment to liberal neutrality by unconsciously fitting their perceptions of risk and related facts to their sectarian understandings of the good life. This is the dynamic, we believe, that transforms seemingly empirical debates over how to protect the environment, promote public health, and secure the nation from external threats into occasions for divisive group-based status competition. Our study results show how readily constitutional decisionmaking can become infected by this pathology.
In our subjects, cognitive illiberalism eviscerated the line between "speech" and "conduct." The speech-conduct distinction can be seen as one doctrinal device courts employ to test whether a regulation conforms to liberal prohibitions on governmental promotion of a moral or political orthodoxy: by requiring that a regulation be shown to promote a governmental interest independent of hostility to any particular idea, the teleological conception of the speech-conduct divide assures that law is used to pursue secular goods of value to all citizens regardless of their cultural outlooks.
Enforcing this test, however, necessarily requires decisionmakers to make critical determinations of fact: in the case of a mass demonstration, for example, did the protestors intend to intimidate or only persuade? Were the protestors simply expressing impassioned dissent, or did they impose themselves on members of the public in anassaultive or invasive manner (e.g., "screaming in their faces")? Were onlookers genuinely frightened of physical assault, or merely angry, offended, or possibly even ashamed by exposure to the protestors' message? Did law enforcement actors intervene to preempt incitement to violence or only to quell a public backlash propelled by animosity toward the demonstrators' point of view?
For our subjects, the answers were decisively shaped by the congruence between the protestors' message and the subjects' own cultural worldviews. As a result, in the course of certifying that the law was free of culturally partisan influence, they ended up infusing it with exactly that.
Other First Amendment doctrines also seem vulnerable to this type of subversion. * * *
Indeed, we suspect this point can be generalized to constitutional theory as a whole. As discussed, the First Amendment can be integrated into a general theory that reads the Constitution as implementing the liberal prohibition on state endorsement of partisan conceptions of the good life. Like the First Amendment, the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses require courts to "strictly scrutinize" proffered secular rationales—public health, deterrence of criminal violence, national security, and the like—to "flush out" the impact, conscious or unconscious, of regulators' animosity toward those whose identity or values defy dominant norrms. But if legal decisionmakers, like everyone for else, are unconsciously motivated by their cultural affiliations, then they—like everyone else—are more or less likely to see challenged laws as contributing to the attainment of secular ends depending on whether those laws affirm or denigrate their own cultural commitments. Angry denunciations of judges who have thrown their lot in with one or the another of the belligerents in the American "culture wars" is itself a form of status conflict characteristic of cognitive illiberalism.
Some legal commentators (and historically certain jurists) have criticized constitutional standards that "balance" constitutional liberties against "compelling interests," such as national security, public order, and diversity. The phenomenon of culturally motivated cognition vindicates their anxiety that such "tests inevitably become intertwined with the ideological predispositions of those doing the balancing." But our study results suggest that these commentators are too quick to assume that their preferred alternative to balancing—such as the "teleological conception" of the speech-conduct distinction, the "anticaste" principle, the liberal "harm" criterion, and the like—will necessarily avoid such entanglement. The primary implication of our study— the main message we are trying to get across—is that constitutional theorists have paid too much attention to explicating the normative content of various free speech standards and too little to the psychology of enforcing them.]]>
As you can see from the abstract, the basic claim is that neither political predispositions nor the positions of political elites contribute much to conflicts over science relative to the contribuiton that religion makes.
I'll admit that I have priors very strongly opposed to this thesis. But I'll do my best not to let those infect my likelihood ratio as I examine the authors' evidence.
In the meantime, I'd be grateful as I'm sure billions of others would be for anyone else's assessment.]]>
You mentioned you were eager to learn what I had in mind about how to use the science of science communication to improve science journalism. I'm sure you can guess what I'd say: you tell me -- & I'll measure!
We've talked about this philosophy, of course. I think all the professions that traffic in the dissemination of what's known by science can benefit from the use of science's signature methods to improve their craft. Not b/c those methods furnish a substitute for the exercise of professional judgment or craft sense; but b/c they are suited for generating information -- and inspiring informative action -- that those with professional judgment would recognize as valuable.
These methods are uniquely suited for doing that, I think, on questions that experienced professionals themselves recognize as having competing plausible answers. In that situation, there will be no progress through more & more talk, in the form, say, of perennial panels that rehash the opposing positions yr after yr at professional conferences, as predictably entertaining as those are!
What's needed are appropriate tests -- ones designed to generate observations the nature of which will give the professionals at least some more reason than they had previously for crediting one or another of their competing surmises.
Those tests are unlikely to definitively resolve any particular disputed issue!
But they can be expected to infuse new information into science journalists' own continuous process of professional self-assessment. They can be expected, too, to inspire particular practitioners to try something new in their work, generating outcomes that can themselves supply a basis for additional reflective assessment.
As a result, the ongoing critical engagement of science journalists with their own craft norms will unfold in a manner that these professionals will themselves find more satisfying.
But if you ask me what to do, then you are not fully grasping what I'm saying!
I am not of your profession; I don't have your craft sense, your professional judgment.
There are some things that I can do, using my own craft judgment and skill to the best of my ability, that will give you relevant information. I can do an experiment, for example, designed to pit two of your plausible conjectures against each other & generate the information that would give you more reason to view one or the other as more likely true than you previously had.
But you must tell me what the plausible conjectures are.
You must tell me whether the design I have crafted is such that it really will generate a result that those w/ professional judgment would regard as supporting the sort of inference I'm describing.
And most importantly of all, once we are done with that experiment, you must tell me what you think can be done in the real world, the particulars of which were stripped away in our study so we could be confident we knew what was happening and why, to reproduce the effect observed in the lab. At which point -- I will again help by measuring: that is, by applying my knowledge to figure out how to fit to your real-world activity some apparatus for collecting observations on the basis of which you will have more reason than you otherwise would have had to think that what you are doing is or isn't working.
After that--or better still over the course of the process, at the various stages at which there are observations to share--you will go to the professional conference & describe what you have been up to. And everyone will talk about what can be learned. Professional judgment will continue to evolve in the way that it always has --in response to members' reflective engagement with their shared experiences--but now with the benefit of this additional input on a disputed issue that had been resisting resolution with the information previously at hand.
This is what it is like to have a genuine evidence-based culture within a profession.
To have people from outside your profession do stylized studies & then purport to tell you what do is not. Not seeing that is, I think, is one reason that science journalists report getting little value from events like the Sackler Science of Science Communication symposia. You actually should be dissatisfied if researchers who do what I do--conduct studies designed to explore the relative significance of alternative mechanisms thought to be of consequence for one or another aspect of science communication -- tell you "here's what to do"; b/c they don't know how to connect that relevant research to practice & shouldn't pretend to (really really really shouldn't; I think it is in fact unethical for them to peddle "how to" advice manuals and the like to science communicators—rather than being clear on the need for evidence-based practice "all the way down").
But in turn, you shouldn't expect that sort of counsel from them! You have the situation sense that is essential to figuring out how to translate the relevant lab studies into practices that might plausibly link up with what the studies have identified to be the relevant mechanisms; at which point, there is again a role to be played by those who measure.
So -- don't ask what the science of science communication can do for your; instead ask, "What can I do with the science of science communication for myself."
I am saying only that making this sort of evidence-based practice a part of the professional culture of science journalism -- along with all the other professions that traffic in disseminating what's known by science -- will make the evolution of its members' professional judgment better by their members' own lights.
That's a hypothesis! I'm happy to help anyone in these professions test it.
p.s. I've addressed this before; there is a groundhog-day quality to discussing the need for & character of the "science of science communication." But that's okay, b/c you actually can sometimes make the same day a bit better or more complete than it was last time -- & can hyperlink to things that still seem to make sense.
Anyway, here are some relevant posts:
I don't disagree w/ anything you are saying about how to engage people whose cultural identities are threatened by information on global warming. On the contrary, I think there is a tremendous amount to be learned from your example about how to counteract this dynamic in settings in which educators and others are helping people understand the basic mechanisms of climate change and the weight of the scientific evidence on its causes & consequences.
What I'm less sure about is the connection between promoting comprehension in those settings & promoting more constructive engagement with climate science in our national political life.
Essentially, the science communication environment has become polluted with antagonistic cultural meanings that transform "positions" on global warming into badges of membership in & loyalty to competing cultural groups. Those meanings effectively disable the faculties that diverse citizens use, very successfully most of the time, to align their own decisionmaking (personal & collective) with the best available evidence.
I see you as implementing, as it were, a kind of cognitive adaptation strategy. By proving to suspicious listeners that you harbor no hostility to their identities, you create conditions in which people do what they normally do with their reason--use it to make sense of complex things &, even more important, to reliably recognize what's known by science.
Again, I view that as enormously important-- & will say more in a moment about why.
But the fact remains that what you are doing doesn't actually repair the polluted science communication environment.
You are making it possible for people to reason within that environment when you yourself are presenting information to them. But when you finish, the antagonistic meanings that make global-warming positions into symbols of membership in opposing cultural groups persist in the world in which those people live.
Those meanings will certainly continue to shape the perceptions of those you didn't get a chance to talk to-- who outnumber those you did by orders of magnitude.
But even more important, those meanings are also likely to continue shaping how the people you did talk to engage the climate issue in democratic political life. That's because the positions people adopt on climate change in that realm aren't caused by any deficit in their understanding of how climate works; on the contrary, they are a consequence of just how keenly perceptive they are of what stances on global warming express about people's group identities.
Observational studies support this: individuals who display the highest degree of science comprehension generally & climate science comprehension in particular are the most culturally polarized over whether human-caused climate change is even occurring. That question, on a survey & in our political life, measures who they are--whose side they are on--not what they know.
My surmise, then, is that even though the people you have communicated with have genuinely learned something--& likely now enjoy a comprehension level that puts them at the very top of the scale for public "climate literacy"-- they'll continue to orient themselves toward the issue of global warming in a way that evinces their group identity.
That means, among other things, that someone who otherwise possesses the requisite sorts of values & the formidable degree of intelligence that these citizens appropriately look for in selecting congressional representatives is unlikely to enjoy a very long career in national politics if that person decides to make addressing the risks of climate change one of his or her priorities.
That would be the equivalent of the obtuse Presidential candidate who decides to highlight his support for gun control in advertisements in West Virginia because a pollster has just handed him a survey showing that a majority of its residents favor it. He doesn't get that what stances on gun control say is much more important to citizens than what restrictions on guns would do. For West Virginianians, the decision of a candidate to make gun control one of his key positions "says a lot about who you are and who you aren't"--and the only message his ads will succeed in communicating is that "he's not one of us.'' (If only someone had told him!)
As long as the positions that people--ordinary citizens or politicians--adopt on climate change convey "who they are," the issue will continue to polarize culturally diverse groups, no matter how much their members know about the dangers of failing to address global warming.
That means we need a science communication environment mitigation strategy. We need to staunch the "us-vs.-them" sources of pollution, which emanate from both sides. We need to detoxify that environment, so that reasoning people & their representatives don't face the sorts of conditions that in fact make it perfectly rational for them to form climate-change positions that express who they are instead of what they know.
As I said, I don't think creating conditions in which people can learn & comprehend is sufficient to do that.
Nevertheless, creating such conditions is vitally important.
It is vitally important, first, because it has intrinsic value: people who want to be able to know what is known by science should be enabled to know that. Science communicators who virtuously respond to this need should learn how to do what you do.
Second, doing what you do is vital because even amidst the toxic conditions that stifle constructive national policymaking on climate change, many people will need to make consequential decisions that should be informed by the best available evidence.
No matter what happens at the national level, e.g., people will have to make collective decisions about how to adapt to climate change--not cognitively but physically.
They'll have to decide individually, too, how to make all manner of adjustments in their private affairs to reflect a changing climate. Think, e.g., of farmers in the midwest who, despite "not believing" in human-caused climate change, are in fact very interested to hear about the latest climate modeling forecasts of the USDA & EPA (also the work that firms are doing to create genetically modified crops that will fare better in changed climate conditions).
Communicators need to know how to convey this information to these actors, too -- and can learn something from you about how to do it.
Third, what you are doing is vital because it is making us smarter about how science communication works.
Again, I don't think that the success you are achieving in helping individuals to learn about climate science by itself offsets the dynamics that make climate change polarizing, and that stifle exploitation of our scientific knowledge in national policymaking.
But you are showing in one very important setting how to disentangle the question "who are you, whose side are you on?" from "what do we know about how the world works?"
By systematically studying how you & other communicators (particularly educators) are able to achieve this effect, we can learn a tremendous amount about the dynamics of "disentanglement" generally & thus figure out more quickly what sorts of things we should do to reproduce that effect in our politics.
In sum, the work you do not only fills me with admiration & awe. It also fills me with hope & excitement, and with a sense of motivation & direction in my own research, my highest aspiration for which is that it will contribute to formation of a science-communication culture that embodies your skill & knowledge.
But I do think that the benefit we can get from learning how to do what you do will depend on getting a lot of other people to recognize that improving popular comprehension of climate science won't in itself do much to resolve the cultural conflict over global warming.
On the contrary, we need to decontaminate our science communication environment of antagonistic cultural meanings so that we can get the benefit of what you & others are doing to help citizens comprehend what science knows.]]>
The event was a panel at the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival. The two other panelists were Naomi Oreskes and Carl Zimmer.
In addition, the moderator for the panel was Katie Carpenter, my collaborator in the CCP's ongoing project to supply evidence-based science communication support to the Southeast Florida Climate Compact.
Just the day before, the Festival had awarded Katie's documentary Battle for the Elephants the prize for "Best Environmental & Conservation Science Program"! So of course she did a great job directing our panel while also contributing her own insights to the discussion.
Read Bell's excellent writeup if you want a blow-by-blow.
The only thing that it occurs to me to add concerns the relationship between Carl Zimmer's talk & mine. There was a bit of point-counterpoint to it.
My basic message -- surprise surprise-- was that science filmmakers & journalists could benefit by using empirical methods to refine and extend their craft norms (slides here).
The gist of Carl's talk, to paraphrase Stanley Fish, was that a science journalist doesn't use a science of science of communication; he or she is a science of science communication. By training and experience, science journalists acquire a form of professional judgment -- one not amenable to quantitative specification-- distinctively suited to discerning how to make what's known by science accessible to curious members of the public.
I agree with him!
Or at least I agree with him that no set of methods, empirical or otherwise, can be a substitute for the facility Carl described, which for the most part operates tacitly and automatically as science journalists do what they do.
But the situation sense of science filmmakers, like that of other professionals, is neither static nor impervious to the conscious reflection of those who exercise it.
On the contrary, professional judgment evolves through the interactions of a profession's members, as they accumulate, observe, and share their experiences--formally via training, informally by conversation, and semi-formally through cool events like the Jackson Hole Film Festival!
My claim would be that that process would be enriched by access to empirical information generated with the input of science journalists and filmmakers for the specific purpose of addressing important questions of craft that they themselves recognize as admitting of multiple, competing plausible answers.
The studies would be unlikely to definitely resolve such issues.
But the results would give those participating in professional exchange an additional source of evidence they all agreed was relevant. Such studies could also be expected to spark insight in individual science journalists and filmmakers, whose use of the study results to inform their actions would thereafter furnish even more material for collective assessment.
So for sure empirical methods are no substitute for professional judgment. But they can supply professionals with information that they themselves will value for the contribution it makes to the exercise of their professional judgment and to the accumulation of shared experiences through which such judgment is formed and transmitted.
Or at least that is my hypothesis! I'd bet (say, $10,000) that even Carl would agree it's worth testing.
& if he and other professional science journalists or filmmakers decided to try such an experiment, I and other scientists of science communication would be honored to help them design and carry out studies in service of their continuing mission to perfect their craft.
The military, it seems to me, is an institution that is ruthlessly self-evaluative & remarkably unambivalent -- to point of lacking any self-consciousness of the attitude it has adopted -- about use of empirical methods of self-assessment.
The questions & discussions are great & there are tons of really smart people here thinking about how to teach critical thinking & cultivate professional judgment.
The educational enviornment here is, I think, a token of how successfully the US military has adapted its practices and outlooks to the political culture of the Liberal Republic of Science.
I'm not an historian, of course, but it does seem to me that unpardonable damage has been done to our military by a civilian leadership that lacked these very commitments to empirical self-evaluation & liberal principles of self-government.
Some lecture slides:
What is 'cultural cognition'? I'll show you!
"Motivated System 2 Reasoning": Rationality in a Polluted Science Communication Environment
So today I'd rather see what others think about SPBMC & my response to it (including whether I'm missing something; wouldn't be first time!) than divert anyone to a new topic (like whether ebola dog should be released from quarantine etc).
Unlike our myriad competitors, the CCP blog now & again gets genuine experts to come in & address complicated stuff that these commentators actually know something about. We've been criticized for this, but sometimes I'm too busy to write myself & have no choice. Anyway, the following is an expert guest post from a commentator making his second "guest" appearance. Kevin Arceneaux's last essay, Partisan Media Are Not Destroying America (while subsequently disproven by events), was the most popular post ever on this blog, being read by an estimated 19.3 billion readers. Now he's back to address related issues on study design and causal inference in assessments of the impact of partisan news coverage on public opinion. Arceneaux is the author, with Martin Johnson, of the acclaimed Changing Minds, Changing Channels (Univ. Chicago Press 2013).
Kevin Acreneaux:
News and entertainment media have the dubious distinction of serving as both a whipping boy and a potential savior. They are often treated as the source of many social ills. Beauty magazines perpetuate unhealthy body images; political advertisements inveigle; partisan news programs mislead and confuse (especially if we happen to disagree with them). We also imagine that their power can be put to good use. Media can serve as a catalyst for positive change, however defined.
As seductive as these narratives are, the problem is that they are difficult to evaluate empirically. How could this be? In modern advanced democracies, like the United States, we are surrounded by media. Traditional forms of mass media – newspapers, magazines, radio, television – operate along side newer forms of interactive media on the Internet. Can't we just observe how people respond to all these forms of news media?
We can certainly observe what people consume and what they do, but we can't always infer the effects of media consumption on their behavior. Observational research is inherently beset by many threats to causal inference, and the current media environment only makes it worse. The study of media effects could easily be the poster child for the dictum that correlation does not necessarily imply causation.
The biggest hurdle to divining the effects of media from observational research is the fact that people, by and large, choose what to consume. For instance, we know that conservatives say that they consume conservative media at higher rates than other Americans. But because conservatives are consciously choosing to view conservative media and construct conservative networks on social media, it is difficult to sort out how much of their conservatism come from their personal predispositions and how much of it comes from the messages that they encounter.
To muddy the waters further, the ability to select among news and entertainment alternatives creates incentives for media producers to fashion content that will appeal to particular segments of the population. To take a current day example, Fox News has received its fair share of criticism for how it has covered the threats posed by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and the Ebola epidemic. It is easy to accuse Fox News and other media outlets of whipping up hysteria, but we must also entertain the possibility that they are just giving their viewers what they think they want. People who are chronically worried about threats need a place to turn to for answers and outlets like Fox News are happy to oblige.
From the standpoint of causal inference, it is difficult to pinpoint the effects of Fox News, because people who aren't predisposed to be worried about Ebola are happily consuming different media content and if, for some reason, they happened across Fox News coverage of the Ebola epidemic, they may find in more amusing than worrying.
The problem here is so bad that statisticians refer to it as the Fundamental Problem of Causal Inference. In a nutshell, the only way we can really now the effect of media content to observe two states of the world: one where the person consumes it and one where the person does not. Of course, that's impossible. The only way forward for intrepid researchers is to figure out how to construct a comparable group of people. For example, people who are just like the ones who watch Fox News but who do not. That is easier said than done.
Fancy statistical models that try to address the problem by accounting for people's viewing preferences (i.e., "control variables") can actually cause more harm than good. At the very least, this approach rests on the strong assumption that one has accounted for everything, and we can never know if we have.
Another approach that fares a little better is observing the same people overtime. In doing so, we can get a before and after take on their behavior. Yet this approach also makes strong assumptions, too, and as Tobias Konitzer points out in a recent conference paper even if we can make those assumptions, we need lots of observations across time. Panel surveys are rare and long-running panel surveys, even rarer.
Many scholars, including myself, have pointed to randomized experiments as a way forward. Experiments use random assignment to construct comparable groups of individuals. Some people are exposed to media content while others are not. Because people were assigned to groups at random, we know that they should have similar tastes and similar responses. So, if we see one group behaving differently than another, we can more credibly infer that the difference was caused by the treatment that we administered.
While randomized experiments do allow us to say with more confidence that exposure to, say, partisan news content causes people to do X, Y, or Z, it is also not a panacea. For one, experimentalists generally construct comparable groups and then ask people to do things that they would not always do or expose them to things that they may not have encountered but for the intervention of the researcher. Consequently, we cannot be certain that they would not behave differently if the treatment had unfolded through natural means. Field experiments and natural "experiments" (i.e., observational designs that have plausibly exogenous treatments) do better on this score, but they are often difficult to employ.
Another limitation is that experiments are not particularly good at measuring the cumulative effect of media exposure, but rather at pinpointing the effect of a particular intervention. So, the upshot here should be familiar: nothing is perfect and there is no silver bullet. It may be trite, but it is true. We learn the most through the triangulation of methods.]]>


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by Dax Phillips
A warm and cheesy dip loaded with crab and peppers. Perfect game day appetizer!
by Life is but a Dish
Light and fluffy chocolate chip banana bread. So easy and so delicious!
by Justine Sulia (Cooking and Beer)
French toast sticks are jazzed up with pumpkin spice and buttermilk and dipped in an addicting apple cider maple syrup!
by GastronomeTart
Two of nature's most beloved ingredients combine to make this delicious Strawberry Honey Jam.
by Rina : I Thee Cook
There is something just delicious about anything apple cooked or baked, sweet or savory.
by The Flourishing Baker
No-Churn Pumpkin Ice Cream is the result of those leftover cans of pumpkin chilling in your fridge. Serve alone or with crushed ginger cookies. Bring something unique for Thanksgiving dessert this year!
by Anita at Hungry Couple
Fresh ginger syrup makes this drink delicious (and it also makes your house smell heavenly)!
by Lindsay @newenglandnosh
A modernization of the classic. Roasted butternut squash, kale and apple add a sweet balance to your traditional dressing side dish.
by Christina Main (Sweet Lavender Bake Shoppe)
Really vamp up butter for your next brunch party! Great for biscuits, pancakes, waffles and more!
The perfect weeknight meal. Full of bold flavors with just a little bit of a spicy kick!
by Bita @ Honest & Tasty
Fresh, bright, flavorful and delicious pasta salad!
by In Good Flavor
Jazz up your carrots and turnips with honey pecans!
by Kelley Simmons @ Chef Savvy
A quick and easy one pot soup loaded with arugula, spinach, broccoli and turkey meatballs.
Prep: 10 mins
Cook: -
Level: Easy
Quick, easy, delicious!
Combine all ingredients. Chill before serving with Fritos!
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This was AMAZING! I could have eaten the entire bowl by myself!
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Forgot to add the bell pepper, and substituted cream cheese for the mayo- very good! got lots of good reviews from friends!
wow. Yum.
Love this recipe. It is one of the first requested at any of our family get-togethers.
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Prep: 15 mins Cook: 25 mins
Serves: 12 Level: Easy
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Prep: 20 mins Cook: 30 mins
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Prep: 10 mins Cook: -


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Greenfield Indiana Golf Courses
|Arrowhead Golf Course
|Greenfield Country Club
|Shekinah on the Brandywine
Featured Golf Course Review:
|Arrowhead Golf Course -- 2 differnt nines like night and day
|Review by: Dwayne F.
|The front nine is a wide open affair. The par 3 over all water carry is nice. The closing hole dogleg right isn't as easy as it looks. The back nine is all woods. It's much tighter, but still a lot of fun. Play here!
|From New Castle, IN
Golf Courses: Additional Golf Course Reviews:
|Albany Golf Club -- pristine upkeep
|Review by: Derek Bantz
|the course is very well taken care of, but the course difficulty is lacking. anyone who can hit a ball remotly straight will have no problems with this course.
|From Muncie, IN


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Home » Big Show » Relationship »
Big Show
Real Name
Paul Wight
Date of Birth
February 8, 1972
Place of Birth
It looks like the relationship between Mick Foley and WWE has greatly improved. The former world heavyweight champion eagerly announced to his fans that he will be doing a special one man comedy show in Brooklyn for the WWE Network later on this month. The two sides have long discussed the possibility of doing such a deal, but the company never pulled the trigger. The belief was that there were those within who were upset with comments that Foley had been making about WWE.
November 13, 2014
It looks the business relationship between Alberto Del Rio and WWE has finally come to a close, as both sides released statements today informing their fans of that. The belief is that a settlement agreement has been made backstage. Del Rio will more than likely never pursue legal action against the company for firing him, while WWE is allowing him to work for any promotion in the world that he wants to.
November 10, 2014
While it seemed all but certain that Impact Wrestling was going to have a new home in 2015, reports are now surfacing that TNA and Spike TV are close to finalizing a deal to keep the business relationship going. Sources have stated that the two sides have been in negotiation the entire time, even as TNA was allowed to seek a contract with another television network. Dixie Carter was expected to make an announcement this week, but if there is a chance to remain with Spike, the reveal could be delayed.
November 1, 2014
Monday Night Raw was held in San Antonio last night. Since the event was so close to their home, Michelle McCool and Undertaker decided to pay a visit backstage to some of their friends in WWE. There were never any plans for either of them to make an appearance on television, especially since Undertaker is still on vacation mode physically. The two of them still maintain a close relationship with management.
October 28, 2014
At the end of the year, the long businesss relationship between TNA and Spike will be coming to an end. Dixie Carter, however, has only filmed enough episodes of Impact Wrestling to last until the middle of November. Reports have surfaced that the company will simply rely on recap shows during the final month of the year, as they make the transition to what hopefully will be a new home.
October 22, 2014
After doing a heel turn and joining the Bullet Club not too long ago, Jeff Jarrett returned to New Japan and continued the story line this week. The former world heavyweight champion crashed a press conference and declared himself as the Chairman of the Bullet Club. Jarrett has a business relationship with New Japan, so the story could transition over to Global Force Wrestling as well.
October 13, 2014
Reports have surfaced about a rather interesting real life relationship backstage in WWE. Rosa Mendes was said to have been dating Michael Hayes for a period of time. Former wrestlers have alluded to the seemingly inappropriate relationship in the past, but the names were withheld. Word going around is that Hayes was quite the advocate in getting Rosa on Total Divas. The two are said to be broken up now.
October 9, 2014
Last month, rumors and speculations began spreading about the backstage relationship between Michael Elgin and Ring of Honor. Apparently, things have taken a turn for the worst. Elgin has publicly stated that he is no longer with ROH. Apparently, he is upset with management for spreading lies about his situation, even though he is grateful that they helped him return to the United States.
October 7, 2014
Looks like Jeff Jarrett has made a major stride in the formation of Global Force Wrestling. It has now been announced that the promotion will be doing a pay per view on January 4, 2015. Since he has a business relationship with New Japan, and they do their biggest pay per view event on that day, there are speculations that Jarrett could be promoting that show as a GFW branded event in the United States.
September 30, 2014
Despite not being a major topic of conversation among the internet wrestling community, the season premier of Total Divas did really well this week. They managed to draw in over a million viewers. If the show can manage to maintain that type of number, then there's a very good chance that the relationship between WWE and E! will continue. Rosa Mendes was added to the cast this year, so a new diva could be added if another season were to follow.
September 9, 2014
The relationship between WWE and Rey Mysterio might be worse than what a lot of us already thought. Reports have surfaced that the company and the popular masked performer are not communicating with one another nowadays. Many were under the belief that a discussion would be had when Mysterio made a taped appearance at TripleMania for AAA. Apparently, WWE is letting that issue slide for the time being, as lawyers have yet to get involved.
August 28, 2014
While the negotiation continues between the two sides, the belief is that Bully Ray and TNA are far apart on the financial terms. Management wants to keep their former world heavyweight champion around because he is quite the asset to the roster. However, they are limited in what they can pay him, much like how they had to let AJ Styles leave. Since neither side is willing to budge, it looks like the relationship could be over soon.
August 21, 2014
There were some talks backstage in WWE of bringing in Rey Mysterio to help do promotions for Summerslam 2014. He lives three hours away in San Diego and is especially popular in southern California. However, that never happened. The shows how bad the relationship is between the two sides, as Mysterio reportedly wants to be free of his contract with the company.
August 21, 2014
The relationship between Hulk Hogan and WWE has been further extended, as the former world heavyweight champion is now going to be involved in a movie for the company. WWE Studios is producing Celebrity Death Pool, featuring Ken Jeong from the Hangover series and David Hasselhoff. Hogan has a small role in the movie, but the company is expected to promote him heavily to draw in their fan base.
August 21, 2014
Rumors are spreading that Alberto Del Rio could possibly become one of the bigger names to sign with Jeff Jarrett and Global Force Wrestling. The speculation is due to the fact that the two of them will both be at TripleMania this weekend. Jarrett has a business relationship with AAA and will be wrestling at the pay per view, while Del Rio, fresh off of a controversial release from WWE, will be making an appearance.
August 12, 2014
While making an appearance at the Comic Con event in southern California, Scott Steiner was asked about his relationship with WWE. He stated that the company has tried to get him to sign a Legends contract in the past. However, Steiner revealed that he did not sign the deal because his lawyers advised him against doing such a thing because WWE would basically own his name.
August 9, 2014
It looks like WWE will be utilizing the relationship between Cameron and her boyfriend a bit more during the next season of Total Divas. The belief is that something drastic will happen, where the couple will either break up or do a wedding. The heel turn and split from Naomi Knight was designed to put more attention into her character on the reality television show next season.
July 28, 2014
For the longest time, it seemed like Sting would never ever work for Vince McMahon or wrestle for WWE, but things have taken quite the turn. The relationship between the two sides have grown rather quickly. It now appears inevitable that the legendary WCW star is going to work a big match for the company. Sting has repeatedly stated his desire to do a match at every public event that he has attended recently.
July 25, 2014
In a rather interesting and bizarre bit of news, Natalya Neidhart is being sued by a prisoner in the state of Pennsylvania. Christopher Donnelly is alleging that the WWE diva mentally, physically and emotionally abused him from 2005 until 2009. He also claims that Natalya had an abortion during their sexual relationship. Donnelly is attempting to gain $250,000 from the lawsuit.
July 9, 2014
While a lot of fans are hoping to see WWE giving Dolph Ziggler a push again, the on screen relationship between he and Summer Rae is more about the diva than the former world heavyweight champion. Management needed someone to pair her up with, so that she can continue her feud against Fandango and Layla El. WWE still wants to give her a nice push heading into the next season of Total Divas.
July 6, 2014
One of the ideas being floated around right now has Mark Henry doing his rumored heel turn at Hell in a Cell 2014. WWE has planted the seeds by having Henry helping Big Show out in his feud against Alexander Rusev and Lana. The belief is that management wants to use the feud to put Rusev closer to the main event scene, while protecting Big Show, which can be done if Henry turns and costs him the match at the pay per view.
October 15, 2014
While he does not have a story line or a feud on Monday Night Raw, Bray Wyatt has been working against Big Show, most recently during the brief tour of Malaysia. That has led to speculations that the two of them could be bringing that feud to television soon. However, Big Show is expected to put over Alexander Rusev, which would bring him down a notch. Management is concerned about putting Wyatt against mid card performers after moving him all the way up to John Cena.
October 11, 2014
One of the reasons why WWE issued an apology in regards to the recent segment featuring Big Show and Alexander Rusev is because they have television shows in that country. The flag incident did make the news, but it was not considered a big deal over there because many are aware that it was simply an act. It also helps that there is a Russian loyalist character being booked strong.
October 9, 2014
In a sign of how rapidly Alexander Rusev is rising through the ranks, management now has him penciled in a high profile match at Wrestlemania 31 against John Cena. The Russian loyalist is expected to be built up in upcoming matches against Big Show and possibly Sheamus before starting his feud with Cena. The early bet is that Cena will be the one to end the reign of terror by Rusev.
October 9, 2014
At one point in time, WWE wanted to rebuild Big Show into a main event performer, so that he can be fed to Brock Lesnar on a pay per view. There was talk of them working a title match at Royal Rumble 2015. However, it now appears that management is shying away from that idea. Instead, Show will more than likely put over Alexander Rusev, who is rapidly rising into the main event scene.
October 9, 2014
After winning his war against Mark Henry, Alexander Rusev was transitioned over into a feud with Big Show. The two of them are expected to finish off their program at Hell in a Cell 2014. Rusev is expected to come out on top and move further up the ladder. Reports have surfaced that WWE is going to pair him up with Sheamus and have him take the United States Heavyweight Championship off of him.
October 2, 2014
Considering how far down the ladder he has been dropped, it's easy to understand why there are a lot of rumors about possible backstage heat on Bray Wyatt. Speculations were high over the weekend because Wyatt lost cleanly in a match against Big Show, a performer that is not being pushed. A possible explanation for the loss is that WWE usually allows the baby faces to win at live events, in order to appease the audience.
September 28, 2014
If WWE decides to have Brock Lesnar going over John Cena again at Night of Champions 2014, then they're going to need someone for the world heavyweight champion to work again. One name being tossed around right now is Big Show, even though he has not been booked strong or booked as a main event performer over the last several months.
September 6, 2014
After witnessing Bray Wyatt, Luke Harper and Erick Rowan being utilized as pawns in the feud between John Cena and Brock Lesnar on Monday Night Raw, a lot of fans voiced their complaints towards WWE. It is now being said that management actually had a different plan that evening for Wyatt. He was supposed to have been booked strong by attacking Big Show and Mark Henry during the closing segment. Instead, WWE changed their minds and decided to put Cena and Lesnar over instead.
August 27, 2014
Since he wants another run in the main event, Big Show has been working out pretty hard and watching what he eats. The former world heavyweight champion has been telling people in WWE that he is at his lightest weight since joining the company. Show is under contract for another four years, so it is definitely possible for him to convince management to give him another run.
August 21, 2014
There was a little bit of confusion on Monday Night Raw. Fans were led to believe that Big Show and Mark Henry were forming a team, especially after they were given a victory over Luke Harper and Erick Rowan. Later on in the evening, Henry came out and started what looked like a feud with Alexander Rusev. The reason for all this is because WWE was not sure what they wanted to do, and the scripts overlapped. The decision to do a feud between Henry and Rusev was a last minute thing.
August 20, 2014
Since management wasn't completely sure what to do with them upon their returns, WWE has seemingly decided to put Big Show and Mark Henry into a tag team. The duo demolished Curtis Axel and Ryback on Smackdown. The belief is that Show and Henry could be placed into a big tag team match on a pay per view against Luke Harper and Erick Rowan.
August 11, 2014
While doing a shoot interview, Evan Bourne revealed some details about a backstage fight that took place between Big Show and Great Khali. He stated that it took place in 2009 while WWE was doing a live event in Puerto Rico. He did not reveal what the fight was about, but Bourne did state that Show threw the first punch. Khali was able to block it, and the two fell to the ground. Khali mounted Show and slapped him a few times before others stopped it.
August 8, 2014
For those of you that do not know, Big Show has been off the road and filming a WWE Studios film called Vendetta. The former world heavyweight champion is expected to be done with that movie in a couple of weeks, as WWE has already advertised him for live events in August. Big Show should also be returning to television around the same time as well.
July 11, 2014
A lot of wrestling fans have started noticing that WWE has not been using Big Show all that much as of late. Rumors are floating around that management has opted against using him because he is taking off to film a movie soon. However, there is some skepticism on that theory because the company has done stories before that have lasted just a month. Big Show could have been utilized to put someone in WWE over during that stretch of time.
June 20, 2014
On Monday Night Raw, WWE did a story line where Randy Orton was on vacation. That led to speculations as to the real reason why he was not there. It has now been revealed that Orton suffered some sort of collarbone injury while working a match on Smackdown with Big Show. The belief is that the injury is not too severe and that Orton is scheduled to return to the next episode of Monday Night Raw in Cleveland.
June 12, 2014
A picture of WWE star Big Show training with musician Lenny Kravitz.
May 28, 2014
Expect to see Big Show taking some time off from WWE in the near future, as he has been signed to play a role in an upcoming movie called Vendetta, a joint project between WWE Studios and Lionsgate. The film is about a man who commits a crime in order to be sent to prison, so that he can avenge the death of his wife by going after the prisoner who killed her.
May 23, 2014
"I am pretty sure Big Show jumped for him. Not to take away anything from Antonio Cesaro he looks like a talented worker who can probably bring his work down a little bit and his body up, but that's just my opinion. If he slammed the Big Show than I can probably press the Big Show." - Former WWE star Chris Masters doubts that Antonio Cesaro was able to slam Big Show on his own strength
May 14, 2014
A picture of the Big Show doing a promotional photo shoot for NoH8, a campaign that WWE has been heavily supporting.
April 26, 2014


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Her mom drove me home after I blew a .13 So there I am wishing her mom a happy mother's day sitting in the passenger seat where I just banged her daughter 15 min prior
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Her mom drove me home after I blew a .13 So there I am wishing her mom a happy mother's day sitting in the passenger seat where I just banged her daughter 15 min prior
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At the end of the white elephant exchange, our professor had a big black dildo around her neck and I won a full body dinosaur suit. I could die tomorrow with no regrets.
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