text:
Ten reasons for not legalizing prostitution and a legal response to the demand for prostitution
ABSTRACT Since the mid-1980s, the debate about how to address prostitution legally has become a subject of legislative action Some countries in Europe, most notably the Netherlands and Germany among others, have legalized and/or decriminalized systems of prostitution, which includes decriminalizing pimps, brothels and buyers, also known as "customers or johns." Other governments, such as Thailand, legally prohibit prostitution activities and enterprises but in reality tolerate brothels and the buying of women for commercial sexual exploitation, especially in its sex tourism industry. Sweden, has taken a different legal approach --penalizing the buyers while at the same time decriminalizing the women in prostitution. This article offers ten arguments for not legalizing prostitution. These arguments apply to all state-sponsored forms of prostitution, including but not limited to full-scale legalization of brothels and pimping, decriminalization of the sex industry, regulating prostitution by laws such as registering or mandating health checks for women in prostitution, or any system in which prostitution is recognized as "sex work" or advocated as an employment choice. This essay reviews the ways in which legitimating prostitution as work makes the harm of prostitution to women invisible, expands the sex industry, and does not empower the women in prostitution.
Article: Abolitionist feminism as patriarchal control: Swedish understandings of prostitution and trafficking[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In this special issue, we note some recurrent themes in international political and discursive engagement with a moral panic concerning human trafficking, notably a conflation of forced and free prostitution, alongside calls to abolish the sex industry through a criminalisation of the purchase of sex. We here specifically examine Sweden's sex purchase criminalisation, with Sweden being the first state globally to legislate according to this call. Proclaimed as a measure to attack demand for prostitution and trafficking alike, this law is justified by an abolitionist radical feminist understanding of prostitution as a form of patriarchal violence against women. We argue that radical feminist discourse has been used as a means by which to posture as a progressive state, putatively recognising the apparent harms of the sex industry. In reality, however, radical feminist discourse is applied selectively and circumstantially in Sweden, with sex workers seen both as passive victims of gendered violence (per radical feminist discourse), and as dishonest and immoral. These constructions are used interchangeably, to justify displacing and controlling women perceived to be deviant and disruptive to normative hegemonic masculinity.Dialectical Anthropology 37(2).
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Over the past decade, public policies on prostitution and other types of sex work have been increasingly contested, both in academia and in popular debates. One perspective, the oppression paradigm, is increasingly reflected in media reporting on the sex industry and is steadily being articulated by government officials in the USA, Europe, and elsewhere. The proliferation of myths based on the oppression paradigm is responsible for the rise of a resurgent mythology of prostitution. This article examines the claims made by organizations, activists, and scholars who embrace the oppression paradigm, evaluates the reasoning and evidence used in support of their claims, and highlights some of the ways in which this perspective has influenced recent legislation and public policy in selected nations. The author presents an alternative perspective, the polymorphous paradigm, and suggests that public policy on prostitution would be better informed by this evidence-based perspective. KeywordsSex industry-Sex work-Sexuality policy-Prostitution myths- LegalizationSexuality Research and Social Policy: Journal of NSRC 7(1):15-29. · 0.72 Impact Factor
- Womens Studies International Forum - WOMEN STUD INT FORUM. 01/2009; 32(4):311-315.
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Ten Reasons for Not Legalizing Prostitution
And a Legal Response to the Demand for Prostitution
Janice G. Raymond
(Published in simultaneously in hard copy in Journal of Trauma Practice, 2, 2003:
pp. 315-332; and in Prostitution, Trafficking and Traumatic Stress. Melissa Farley
(Ed.). Binghamton: Haworth Press, 2003.
Since the mid-1980s, the debate about how to address prostitution legally has
become a subject of legislative action Some countries in Europe, most notably
the Netherlands and Germany among others, have legalized and/or
decriminalized systems of prostitution, which includes decriminalizing pimps,
brothels and buyers, also known as "customers or johns." Other governments,
such as Thailand, legally prohibit prostitution activities and enterprises but in
reality tolerate brothels and the buying of women for commercial sexual
exploitation, especially in its sex tourism industry. Sweden, has taken a different
legal approach --penalizing the buyers while at the same time decriminalizing the
women in prostitution.
This article offers ten arguments for not legalizing prostitution. These arguments
apply to all state-sponsored forms of prostitution, including but not limited to full-
scale legalization of brothels and pimping, decriminalization of the sex industry,
regulating prostitution by laws such as registering or mandating health checks for
women in prostitution, or any system in which prostitution is recognized as "sex
work" or advocated as an employment choice. This essay reviews the ways in
which legitimating prostitution as work makes the harm of prostitution to women
invisible, expands the sex industry, and does not empower the women in
What happens when prostitution is treated as "sex work" rather than when it is
treated as sexual exploitation and violence against women? What happens
when a country such as Sweden rejects legalization and addresses the demand
for prostitution?
1. Legalization/decriminalization of prostitution is a gift to pimps,
traffickers and the sex industry.
2. Legalization/decriminalization of prostitution and the sex industry
promotes sex trafficking.
3. Legalization/decriminalization of prostitution does not control the sex
industry. It expands it.
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4. Legalization/decriminalization of prostitution increases clandestine,
hidden, illegal and street prostitution.
5. Legalization of prostitution and decriminalization of the sex industry
increases child prostitution.
6. Legalization/decriminalization of prostitution does not protect the
women in prostitution.
7. Legalization/decriminalization of prostitution increases the demand for
prostitution. It boosts the motivation of men to buy women for sex in a
much wider and more permissible range of socially acceptable settings.
8. Legalization/decriminalization of prostitution does not promote women's
9. Legalization/decriminalization of prostitution does not enhance women's
10. Women in systems of prostitution do not want the sex industry legalized
or decriminalized.
1. Legalization/decriminalization of prostitution is a gift to pimps,
traffickers and the sex industry.
What does legalization of prostitution or decriminalization of the sex industry
mean? In the Netherlands, legalization amounts to sanctioning all aspects of the
sex industry: the women themselves, the buyers, and the pimps who, under the
regime of legalization, are transformed into third party businessmen and
legitimate sexual entrepreneurs. Legalization/decriminalization of the sex
industry also converts brothels, sex clubs, massage parlors and other sites of
prostitution activities into legitimate venues where commercial sexual acts are
allowed to flourish legally with few restraints.
Some people believe that, in calling for legalization or decriminalization of
prostitution, they dignify and professionalize the women in prostitution. But
dignifying prostitution as work doesn't dignify the women, it simply dignifies the
sex industry. People often don't realize that decriminalization means
decriminalization of the whole sex industry, not just the women in it. And they
haven't thought through the consequences of legalizing pimps as legitimate sex
entrepreneurs or third party businessmen, or the fact that men who buy women
for sexual activity are now accepted as legitimate consumers of sex.
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In countries where women are criminalized for prostitution activities, it is crucial
to advocate for the decriminalization of the women in prostitution. No woman
should be punished for her own exploitation. But States should never
decriminalize pimps, buyers, procurers, brothels or other sex establishments.
2. Legalization/decriminalization of prostitution and the sex industry
promotes sex trafficking.
Legalized or decriminalized prostitution industries are one of the root causes of
sex trafficking. One argument for legalizing prostitution in the Netherlands was
that legalization would help to end the exploitation of desperate immigrant
women who had been trafficked there for prostitution. However, one report found
that 80% of women in the brothels of the Netherlands were trafficked from other
countries (Budapest Group, 1999)(1). In 1994, the International Organization of
Migration (IOM) stated that in the Netherlands alone, "nearly 70 % of trafficked
women were from CEEC [Central and Eastern European Countries]" (IOM, 1995,
p. 4).
The government of the Netherlands presents itself as a champion of anti-
trafficking policies and programs, yet it has removed every legal impediment to
pimping, procuring and brothels. In the year 2000, the Dutch Ministry of Justice
argued in favor of a legal quota of foreign "sex workers," because the Dutch
prostitution market demanded a variety of "bodies" (Dutting, 2001, p. 16). Also in
2000, the Dutch government sought and received a judgment from the European
Court recognizing prostitution as an economic activity, thereby enabling women
from the European Union and former Soviet bloc countries to obtain working
permits as "sex workers" in the Dutch sex industry if they could prove that they
are self employed. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Europe report
that traffickers use the work permits to bring foreign women into the Dutch
prostitution industry, masking the fact that women have been trafficked, by
coaching them to describe themselves as independent "migrant sex workers"
(Personal Communication, Representative of the International Human Rights
Network, 1999).
In the year since lifting the ban on brothels in the Netherlands, eight Dutch victim
support organizations reported an increase in the number of victims of trafficking,
and twelve victim support organization reported that the number of victims from
other countries has not diminished (Bureau NRM, 2002, p. 75). Forty-three of
the 348 municipalities (12%) in the Netherlands choose to follow a no-brothel
policy, but the Minister of Justice has indicated that the complete banning of
prostitution within any municipality could conflict with the federally guaranteed
"right to free choice of work" (Bureau NRM, 2002, p.19).
The first steps toward legalization of prostitution in Germany occurred in the
1980s. By 1993, it was widely recognized that 75% of the women in Germany's
prostitution industry were foreigners from Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay and
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other countries in South America (Altink, 1993, p. 33). After the fall of the Berlin
wall, 80% of the estimated 10,000 women trafficked into Germany were from
Central and Eastern Europe and CIS countries (IOM. 1998a , p. 17). In 2002,
prostitution in Germany was established as a legitimate job after years of being
legalized in tolerance zones. Promotion of prostitution, pimping and brothels are
now legal in Germany.
The sheer volume of foreign women in the German prostitution industry suggests
that these women were trafficked into Germany, a process euphemistically
described as facilitated migration. It is almost impossible for poor women to
facilitate their own migration, underwrite the costs of travel and travel documents,
and set themselves up in "business" without intervention.
In 1984, a Labor government in the Australian State of Victoria introduced
legislation to legalize prostitution in brothels. Subsequent Australian
governments expanded legalization culminating in the Prostitution Control Act of
1994. Noting the link between legalization of prostitution and trafficking in
Australia, the US Department of State observed: "Trafficking in East Asian
women for the sex trade is a growing problem…lax laws – including legalized
prostitution in parts of the country – make [anti-trafficking] enforcement difficult at
the working level" (U.S. Department of State, 2000, p. 6F).
3. Legalization/decriminalization of prostitution does not control the sex
industry. It expands it.
Contrary to claims that legalization and decriminalization would control the
expansion of the sex industry, prostitution now accounts for 5% of the
Netherlands economy (Daley, 2001, p. 4). Over the last decade, as pimping was
legalized, and brothels decriminalized in the year 2000, the sex industry
increased by 25% in the Netherlands (Daley, 2001, p.4). At any hour of the day,
women of all ages and races, dressed in hardly anything, are put on display in
the notorious windows of Dutch brothels and sex clubs and offered for sale.
Most of them are women from other countries who were probably trafficked into
the Netherlands (Daley, 2001, p. 4).
In addition to governmental endorsement of prostitution in the Netherlands,
prostitution is also promoted by associations of sex businesses and
organizations comprised of prostitution buyers who consult and collaborate with
the government to further their interests. These include the "Association of
Operators of Relaxation Businesses," the "Cooperating Consultation of Operators
of Window Prostitution," and the "Man/Woman and Prostitution Foundation," a
group of men who regularly use women in prostitution, and whose specific aims
include "to make prostitution and the use of services of prostitutes more accepted
and openly discussible," and "to protect the interests of clients" (Bureau NRM,
2002, pp.115-16).
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Faced with a dwindling number of Dutch women who engage in prostitution
activities and the expanding demand for more female bodies and more exotic
women to service the prostitution market, the Dutch National Rapporteur on
Trafficking has stated that in the future, a solution may be to "offer [to the market]
prostitutes from non EU/EEA[European Union/European Economic Area]
countries, who voluntarily choose to work in prostitution…" These women would
be given "legal and controlled access to the Dutch market" (Bureau NRM, 2002,
p. 140). As prostitution has been transformed into "sex work," and pimps into
entrepreneurs, so too this recommendation transforms trafficking into "voluntary
migration for sex work." Looking to the future, the Netherlands is targeting poor
women for the international sex trade to remedy the inadequacies of the free
market of "sexual services." Prostitution is thus normalized as an "option for the
Legalization of prostitution in the State of Victoria, Australia, resulted in massive
expansion of the sex industry. Along with legalization of prostitution, other forms
of sexual exploitation, such as tabletop dancing, bondage and discipline centers,
peep shows, phone sex, and pornography, have all developed in much more
profitable ways than before legalization (Sullivan & Jeffreys, 2001). Prostitution
has become an integral part of the tourism and casino boom in Victoria with
government-sponsored casinos authorizing the redeeming of casino chips at
local brothels (Sullivan & Jeffreys, 2001).
A range of state-sponsored prostitution systems exist in Austria, Denmark,
Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland. It seems likely that European state-
sponsored prostitution countries serve as magnets and, ultimately, as conduits
through which significant numbers of women are trafficked to other European
nations. Europe has a high density of women trafficked per square mile
compared to North America, for example. Given the porousness of national
borders facilitated by the Schengen agreement (2), it is not surprising that high
numbers of trafficked women are also present in other European countries that
do not have legalized or decriminalized systems of prostitution. Although
accurate numbers of women trafficked are difficult to obtain, the International
Organization of Migration (IOM) has estimated that 500,000 women and children
are trafficked in Europe annually (IOM, 1998). In contrast, it has been estimated
that 45,000-50,000 women and children are trafficked annually into the United
States (Richard, 1999, p.3).
4. Legalization/decriminalizaton of prostitution increases clandestine,
illegal and street prostitution.
One goals of legalized prostitution was to move prostituted women indoors into
brothels and clubs where they would be allegedly less vulnerable than in street
prostitution. However, many women are in street prostitution because they want
to avoid being controlled and exploited by pimps (transformed in legalized
systems into sex businessmen). Other women do not want to register or submit
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to health checks, as required by law in some countries where prostitution is
legalized (Schelzig, 2002). Thus, legalization may actually drive some women
into street prostitution. Arguing against an Italian proposal for legalized
prostitution, Esohe Aghatise has suggested that brothels actually deprive women
of what little protection they may have on the street, confining women to closed
spaces where they have little chance of meeting outreach workers or others
who might help them exit prostitution (Aghatise, in press).
In the Netherlands, women in prostitution point out that legalization or
decriminalization of the sex industry does not erase the stigma of prostitution.
Because they must register and lose their anonymity, women are more
vulnerable to being stigmatized as "whores," and this identity follows them
everyplace. Thus, the majority of women in prostitution still operate illegally and
underground. Some members of Parliament who originally supported the
legalization of brothels on the grounds that this would liberate women are now
seeing that legalization actually reinforces the oppression of women (Daley,
2001, p. A1).
Chief Inspector Nancy Pollock, one of Scotland's highest-ranking female police
officers, established Glasgow's street liaison team for women in prostitution in
1998. Pollock stated that legalization or decriminalization of prostitution is
"…simply to abandon women to what has to be the most demeaning job in the
world" (Martin, 2002, p. A5). Countering the argument that legalized prostitution
provides safer venues for women, Pollock noted that women in sauna
prostitution, for example, "have even less control over what services they will
perform. On the street, very few women will do anal sex and few do sex without a
condom. But in the saunas, the owners, who obviously don't want their punters
going away disappointed, decide what the women will do, and very often that is
anal sex and sex – oral and vaginal – without a condom" (Martin, 2002, p. A5).
The argument that legalization was supposed to take the criminal elements out of
sex businesses by strict regulation of the industry has failed. The real growth in
prostitution in Australia since legalization took effect has been in the illegal
sector. Over a period of 12 months from 1998-1999, unlicensed brothels in
Victoria tripled in number and still operate with impunity (Sullivan & Jeffreys,
2001). In New South Wales where brothels were decriminalized in 1995, the
number of brothels in Sydney had tripled to 400-500 by 1999, with the vast
majority having no license to advertise or operate. In response to widespread
police corruption, control of illegal prostitution was removed from police
jurisdiction and placed under the control of local councils and planning
regulators. However, the local councils do not have the resources to investigate
illegal brothel operators (Sullivan & Jeffreys, 2001).
5. Legalization of prostitution and decriminalization of the sex industry
increases child prostitution.
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Another argument for legalizing prostitution in the Netherlands was that it would
help end child prostitution. Yet child prostitution in the Netherlands has
increased dramatically during the 1990s. The Amsterdam-based ChildRight
organization estimates that the number of children in prostitution has increased
by more than 300% between 1996 –2001, going from 4,000 children in 1996 to
15,000 in 2001. ChildRight estimates that at least 5,000 of these children in
Dutch prostitution are trafficked from other countries, with a large segment being
Nigerian girls (Tiggeloven, 2001).
Child prostitution has increased dramatically in the state of Victoria compared to
other Australian states where prostitution has not been legalized. Of all the
states and territories in Australia, the highest number of reported incidences of
child prostitution came from Victoria. In a 1998 study undertaken by ECPAT
(End Child Prostitution and Trafficking) who conducted research for the
Australian National Inquiry on Child Prostitution, there was increased evidence of
organized commercial exploitation of children (ECPAT Australia, 1998).
6. Legalization/decriminalization of prostitution does not protect the
women in prostitution.
In two studies in which 186 victims of commercial sexual exploitation were
interviewed, women consistently indicated that prostitution establishments did
little to protect them, regardless of whether the establishments were legal or
illegal. One woman said, "The only time they protect anyone is to protect the
customers" (Raymond, Hughes & Gomez, 2001; Raymond, d'Cunha, Ruhaini
Dzuhayatin, Hynes & Santos, 2002).
One of these studies interviewed 146 victims of trafficking in 5 countries. Eighty
percent of the women interviewed had suffered physical violence from pimps and
buyers and endured similar and multiple health effects from the violence and
sexual exploitation, regardless of whether the women were trafficked
internationally or were in local prostitution (Raymond et al, 2002, p. 62).
A second study of women trafficked for prostitution in the United States yielded
the following statements. Women who reported that sex businesses gave them
some protection qualified it by pointing out that no "protector" was ever in the
room with them. One woman who was in out-call prostitution stated: "The driver
functioned as a bodyguard. You're supposed to call when you get in, to
ascertain that everything was OK. But they are not standing outside the door
while you're in there, so anything could happen" (Raymond et al, 2001, p. 74).
In brothels that have surveillance cameras, the function of cameras was to
protect the buyer and the brothel rather than the women, with one brothel putting
in cameras after a buyer died (Raymond et al, 2001, p. 74). Protection of the
women from abuse was of secondary or no importance.
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7. Legalization/decriminalization of prostitution increases the demand for
prostitution. It encourages men to buy women for sex in a wider and
more permissible range of socially acceptable settings.
With the advent of legalization in countries that have decriminalized the sex
industry, many men who previously would not have risked buying women for sex
now see prostitution as acceptable. When legal barriers disappear, so too do the
social and ethical barriers to treating women as sexual merchandise. Legalization
of prostitution sends the message to new generations of men and boys that
women are sexual commodities and that prostitution is harmless fun (Leidholdt,
As men have a plethora of "sexual services" offered to them in prostitution,
women must compete by engaging in anal sex, sex without condoms, bondage
and domination and other acts demanded by buyers. Once prostitution is
legalized, for example, women's reproductive capacities are sellable products.
Some buyers find pregnancy a turn-on and demand breast milk in their sexual
encounters with pregnant women (Sullivan & Jeffreys, 2001, p. 10).
In the State of Victoria in Australia, specialty brothels are provided for disabled
men. State-employed caretakers (who are mostly women) must take these men
to the brothels if they wish to go and literally facilitate their physical sexual acts
(Sullivan & Jeffreys, 2001). Advertisements line the highways of Victoria offering
women as objects for sexual use. Businessmen are encouraged to hold their
corporate meetings in clubs where owners supply naked women on the table at
tea breaks and lunchtime. A Melbourne brothel owner stated that the client base
was "well educated professional men, who visit during the day and then go home
to their families "(Sullivan & Jeffreys, 2001). Women in relationships with men
find that often the men in their lives are visiting the brothels and sex clubs.
8. Legalization/decriminalization of prostitution does not promote women's
A legalized system of prostitution often mandates health checks and certification,
but only for women and not for male buyers. Health examinations or tests for
women but not men make no public health sense because monitoring prostituted
women does not protect them from HIV/AIDS or STDs. This is not to advocate
that both women in prostitution and male buyers should be checked. It is simply to
point out the duplicity of a policy that implies, "We'll have safer sex and HIV/AIDS
control if we examine the women under a regulated or decriminalized system of
prostitution." Male buyers can and do originally transmit disease to the women
they purchase.
It has been argued that legalized brothels or other "controlled" prostitution
establishments protect women through enforceable condom policies. In one
study, 47% of women in U.S. prostitution stated that men expected sex without a
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condom; 73% reported that men offered to pay more for sex without a condom;
and 45% of women said that men became abusive if they insisted that men use
condoms (Raymond et al, 2001, p. 72). Although certain sex businesses had
rules that required men to wear condoms, men nonetheless attempted to have
sex without condoms. One woman stated: "It's 'regulation' to wear a condom at
the sauna, but negotiable between parties on the side. Most guys expected blow
jobs without a condom (Raymond et al, 2001, p. 72)."
In reality, the enforcement of condom policy was left to the individual women in
prostitution, and the offer of extra money was an insistent pressure. One woman
stated: "I'd be one of those liars if I said 'Oh I always used a condom.' If there
was extra money coming in, then the condom would be out the window. I was
looking for the extra money (Raymond et al., 2001, p. 73)." Many factors militate
against condom use: the need of women to make money; older women's decline
in attractiveness to men; competition from places that do not require condoms;
pimp pressure on women to have sex with no condom for more money; money
needed for a drug habit or to pay off the pimp; and the general lack of control that
prostituted women have over their bodies in prostitution venues.
"Safety policies" in brothels did not protect women from harm. Where brothels
allegedly monitored the buyers and employed "bouncers," women stated that
they were injured by buyers and, at times, by brothel owners and their friends.
Even when someone intervened to momentarily control buyers' abuse, women
lived in a climate of fear. Although 60% of women reported that buyers had
sometimes been prevented from abusing them, half of those same women
answered that, nonetheless, they thought that they might be killed by one of
their buyers (Raymond et al., 2002).
9. Legalization/decriminalization of prostitution does not enhance women's
Most women in prostitution did not make a rational choice to enter prostitution
from among a range of other options. They did not sit down one day and decide
that they wanted to be prostitutes. They did not have other real options such as
medicine, law, nursing or politics. Instead, their "options" were more in the realm
of how to feed themselves and their children. Such choices are better termed
survival strategies.
Rather than consenting to prostitution, a prostituted woman more accurately
complies with the extremely limited options available to her. Her compliance is
required by the fact of having to adapt to conditions of inequality that are set by
the customer who pays her to do what he wants her to do.
Most of the women interviewed in the studies authored by Raymond et al.
reported that choice in entering the sex industry could only be discussed in the
context of a lack of other options. Many described prostitution as their last
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choice, or as an involuntary way of making ends meet (Raymond et al., 2001;
Raymond et al., 2002). In one study, 67% of a group of law enforcement officials
expressed the opinion that women did not enter prostitution voluntarily. Similarly,
72% of social service providers did not think that women voluntarily choose to
enter the sex industry (Raymond et al 2001, p. 91).
The distinction between forced and voluntary prostitution is precisely what the
sex industry is promoting because it will give the industry more legal security and
market stability if this distinction can be utilized to legalize prostitution, pimping
and brothels. Women who consider bringing charges against pimps and
perpetrators will bear the burden of proving that they were "forced." How will
marginalized women ever be able to prove coercion? If prostituted women must
prove that force was used in recruitment or in their "working conditions," very few
women in prostitution will have legal recourse, and very few offenders will be
Women in prostitution must continually lie about their lives, their bodies, and their
sexual responses. Lying is part of the job definition when the customer asks, "did
you enjoy it?" The very edifice of prostitution is built on the lie that "women like
it." Some prostitution survivors have stated that it took them years after leaving
prostitution to acknowledge that prostitution wasn't a free choice because to deny
their own capacity to choose was to deny themselves.
There is no doubt that a small number of women say they choose to be in
prostitution, especially in public contexts orchestrated by the sex industry. In the
same way, some people choose to take dangerous drugs such as amphetamine.
However, even when some people consent to use dangerous drugs, we still
recognize that is harmful to them, and most people do not seek to legalize
amphetamine. In this situation, it is harm to the person, not the consent of the
person that is the governing standard.
A 1998 International Labor Organization (United Nations ILO) report suggested
that the sex industry be treated as a legitimate economic sector, but still found
…prostitution is one of the most alienated forms of labour; the
surveys [in 4 countries] show that women worked 'with a
heavy heart,' 'felt forced,' or were 'conscience-stricken' and
had negative self-identities. . A significant proportion claimed
they wanted to leave sex work [sic] if they could (Lim, 1998,
p. 213).
When a woman remains in an abusive relationship with a partner who batters
her, or even when she defends his actions, concerned people now understand
that she is not there voluntarily. They recognize the complexity of her
compliance. Like battered women, women in prostitution may deny their abuse if
they are not provided with meaningful alternatives.
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10. Women in systems of prostitution do not want the sex industry
legalized or decriminalized.
In a 5-country study on sex trafficking, most of the trafficked and prostituted
women interviewed in the Philippines, Venezuela and the United States (3)
strongly stated their opinion that prostitution should not be legalized and
considered legitimate work, warning that legalization would create more risks and
harm for women from already violent customer and pimps (Raymond et al, 2002).
One woman said, "No way. It's not a profession. It is humiliating, and violence
from the men's side." Not one woman we interviewed wanted her children, family
or friends to have to earn money by entering the sex industry. Another woman
stated: "Prostitution stripped me of my life, my health, everything" (Raymond et
al., 2002).
An Alternative Legal Route: Penalizing the Demand
There is no evidence that legalization of prostitution makes things better for
women in prostitution. It certainly makes things better for governments who
legalize prostitution and of course, for the sex industry, both of which enjoy
increased revenues. The popular fiction that all will be well in the world of
prostitution once the sex industry is legalized or decriminalized, is repudiated by
evidence that the degradation and exploitation of women, as well as the harm,
abuse, and violence to women still remain in state-sponsored prostitution. State-
sponsored prostitution sanitizes the reality of prostitution. Suddenly, dirty money
becomes clean. Illegal acts become legal. Overnight, pimps are transformed into
legitimate businessmen and ordinary entrepreneurs, and men who would not
formerly consider buying a woman in prostitution think, "Well, if it's legal, if it's
decriminalised, now it must be O.K."
Governments that legalize prostitution as "sex work" will have a huge economic
stake in the sex industry. Consequently, this will foster their increased
dependence on the sex sector. If women in prostitution are counted as workers,
then governments can abdicate responsibility for making decent and sustainable
employment available to women.
Instead of abandoning women in the sex industry to state-sponsored prostitution,
laws should address the predation of men who buy women for the sex of
prostitution. Men who use women in prostitution have long been invisible.
Legislators often leap onto the legalization bandwagon because they think
nothing else is successful. But there is a legal alternative. Rather than
sanctioning prostitution, states could address the demand by penalizing the men
who buy women for the sex of prostitution.
Sweden has drafted legislation recognizing that without male demand, there
would be no female supply. Thinking outside the repressive box of legalization,
Sweden has acknowledged that prostitution is a form of male violence against
women and children, and the purchase of sexual services is criminalized. The
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inseparability of prostitution and trafficking is recognized by the Swedish law:
"Prostitution and trafficking in women are seen as harmful practices that cannot,
and should not be separated; in order to effectively eliminate trafficking in
women, concrete measures against prostitution must be put in place" (Ekberg,
2003, p. 69).
Sweden's Violence Against Women Government Bill (1997/98:55 (4), prohibits
and penalizes the purchase of "sexual services" (Swedish Government Offices,
1998). This approach targets the male demand for prostitution: "By prohibiting
the purchase of sexual services, prostitution and its damaging effects can be
counteracted more effectively than hitherto" (Swedish Government Offices, 1998,
p.2). The Swedish legislation criminalizing the buyers is based on the policy that
"Prostitution is not a desirable social phenomenon" and is "an obstacle to the
ongoing development towards equality between women and men (Swedish
Government Offices, 1998, p.2)." Furthermore, the law against purchasing sexual
services is part of a wider Violence Against Women Bill that allocates resources
to support the development of alternatives for women in prostitution
Results of the Swedish legislation thus far have been promising. The prohibition
against men buying prostituted women has received strong social support.
Several polls, conducted in 2000 and 2001, show that approximately 80% of the
Swedish population support the law. Of those who want to repeal the law, the
majority are men, with only 7% of women in support of repeal (Jacobson, 2002,
p.24). Most importantly, women who are attempting to leave prostitution support
the law (Ekberg, 2001). Swedish NGOs that work with women in prostitution also
support the law and maintain that since passage of the law, increased numbers
of women contact them for assistance. The very existence of the law, and the
fact that people know it will be enforced, they say, serve as an aid to young
women who are vulnerable to pimps and procurers (Ekberg, 2001).
Street prostitution has declined in the three years since the law was passed. The
number of prostituted women has decreased by 50%, and 70-80% of the buyers
have left public places. Furthermore, a police representative maintained that
there is no indication that prostitution has gone underground, or that prostitution
in sex clubs, escort agencies and brothels has increased (Björling, 2001). Police
have also stated that the Swedish law prohibiting the purchase of sexual services
has had a chilling effect on trafficking (5). According to police, were it not for the
law, Sweden, like Norway and Finland, would experience major trafficking of
Russian women across the border. In the northern regions of both Norway and
Finland, trafficked Russian women are made to service Scandinavian men in
prostitution camps (Bystrom, 2001).
Women's and human rights groups should be advocating for study and
replication of the Swedish law. Instead of giving carte blanche to profoundly
abusive sex industries, governments should respond to the male violence and
Page 13
sexual exploitation of women in prostitution by legally addressing the demand for
Sweden has also focused on preventing the demand for prostitution by initiating
a national campaign against prostitution and trafficking. One of the innovative
aspects of this effort has been to take the campaign to the racetrack. In May
2002, the Swedish campaign against prostitution and trafficking was launched at
the Solvalla Racetrack in Stockholm. Racing fans often celebrate their winnings
at a brothel or by paying for sex acts with women in street prostitution. At
Solvalla, pimps commonly hustle buyers at the racetracks or give them a ride to
sex clubs after the races end (Ekberg, 2003, p. 72).The Solvalla racetrack
dedicated its first race of the evening to the campaign against prostitution and
trafficking, advertising the campaign in its racing program. After the first race,
Swedish Vice-Prime Minister and Minister for Gender Equality Margareta
Winberg spoke to the 5000 persons in attendance about the campaign and about
its focus on the buyers of women and children in prostitution (Ekberg, 2003, p.
71). Opening a national campaign against trafficking and prostitution at a
racetrack must rank as one of the most inventive "best practices" to prevent
sexual exploitation, targeting a large population of men who actually and
potentially buy women for sex acts.
Sweden also launched a nationwide poster campaign focusing on the demand
for prostitution. Colorful posters publicizing the Law Prohibiting the Purchase of
Sexual Services were displayed in bus shelters, subway stations and on
streetcars throughout Sweden. The posters were designed to increase public
awareness about prostitution and trafficking in women by spotlighting the men
who buy women for sex. For example, one poster was a representation of
Swedish sex tourists who travel to Baltic countries. The poster featured a well-
dressed man in a suit, wearing a wedding band, with the caption, "Time to flush
the johns out of the Baltic." Another poster depicted a young man surfing for
Internet pornography. The poster reads: "More and more Swedish men do their
shopping over the Internet (Ekberg, 2003, pp. 75-76)." The poster campaign
attracted much public attention both within and outside Sweden (Ekberg, 2003, p.
We hear too little about the role of the sex industry in creating a global sex
market for women and children. Instead, we hear that prostitution could be made
into a better job for women through regulation and/or legalization, through unions
of so-called "sex workers," and through campaigns that provide condoms to
women but fail to provide them with alternatives to prostitution. We hear much
about how to keep women in prostitution but very little about how to help women
get out.
Sadly, in several countries, labor unions have been encouraged to accept-
prostitution as work (Young, 2002). Rather than affirming prostitution as work,
labor unions could follow the example of Denmark's Confederation of Trade
Page 14
Unions (LO) which, in June, 2003, prohibited its 1.5 million members (in a
country of 5.4 million) from engaging in prostitution when they represent the
union on business and travel abroad (Agence France Presse, 2003).
It would be a great leap forward in the campaign against sexual exploitation for
governments and UN agencies to prohibit their diplomats, military personnel, UN
police and peacekeepers from engaging in prostitution activities on or off duty.
Some agencies, such as the UN Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) that
brings together over 15 UN and multilateral agencies, have devised codes of
conduct for their personnel in humanitarian crisis situations (Inter-Agency
Standing Committee, 2002). One of the core principles of the IASC code of
conduct states: "Sexual exploitation and abuse by humanitarian workers
constitute acts of gross misconduct and are therefore grounds for termination."
Another core principle makes clear that "Exchange of money, employment,
goods, or services for sex, including favours or other forms of humiliating,
degrading or exploitative behavior is prohibited" (Inter-Agency Standing
Committee, 2002).
The way in which countries address the legal status of prostitution will have an
enormous impact on efforts to combat trafficking. Anti-trafficking advocates and
legislators must address prostitution as a root cause of sex trafficking, and not be
silenced by those who insist that we must speak only about trafficking – not
prostitution -- in governmental or non-governmental forums. Many
governmental and nongovernmental representatives have capitulated to
censorship at international forums where pressure is exerted not to mention
prostitution, but only to talk about trafficking -- as if this were possible.
Finally, rather than cashing in on the economic profits of the sex industry by
taxing it, governments could seize assets of sex businesses and then use these
funds to provide real alternatives for women in prostitution. Measures to prevent
trafficking and prostitution, or to prosecute traffickers, recruiters, pimps and
buyers, will be inadequate unless governments invest in the futures of prostituted
women by providing economic resources that enable women to improve their
1) Nearly 40 governments and 10 organizations participate in the Budapest
process, initiated in 1991. Approximately 50 intergovernmental meetings at
various levels have been held, including the Prague Ministerial Conference.
2) Citizens of European Union countries are guaranteed the right of common
travel, among other measures, under the Schengen agreement. This means that
trafficked women entering one of the Schengen countries legally or illegally can
easily be trafficked to another country within the Shengen territory.
Page 15
3) The 5 countries studied in this report were Indonesia, the Philippines,
Thailand, the United States and Venezuela. The question about legalization of
prostitution was not asked in the Indonesian and Thailand interviews. In the
Philippines country report, 96% of the women interviewed recommended that
prostitution not be legalized. In the United States country report, 56% of the
Russian/Newly Independent States (NIS) women interviewed said that
prostitution should not be legalized, with the remaining 44% stating that they
were unsure or had no opinion; 85% of the U.S. women in prostitution who were
interviewed stated that prostitution not be legalized. In the Venezuelan country
report, 50% stated that prostitution should not be legalized, 29% stated that
legalization would protect women, and 21% did not respond to the question.
4) All references to the Swedish Law Prohibiting the Purchase of Sexual
Services, 1998, quote the English summary of the law from the Swedish
Government Offices Fact Sheet, 1998, available at www.kvinnofrid.gov.se. The
actual text of the law states: "A person who obtains casual sexual relations in
exchange for payment shall be sentenced - unless the act is punishable under
the Swedish Penal Code - for the purchase of sexual services to a fine or
imprisonment for at the most six months. Attempt to purchase sexual services is
punishable under Chapter 23 of the Swedish Penal Code" (Sweden, Law
Prohibiting the Purchase of Sexual Services 1998, p. 408).
5) According to a 2002 report of the National Criminal Investigation Department
(NCID) of the National Swedish Police, the Swedish National Rapporteur on
Trafficking has stated:
In recent years there have been obvious indications that the Act
relating to purchase of sexual services have (sic) had a positive
result as regards trafficking in human beings. Several women have in
interrogations told that pimps and traffickers in human beings that
they have been in contact with do not consider Sweden a good
market for these activities. The women must be escorted to the
purchasers and then they do not have time with as many purchasers
as they would have in a brothel or in street prostitution. So pimps
and traffickers in human beings do not earn money quickly enough.
Another aspect is that the purchasers in Sweden are very afraid of
being discovered and they demand that the purchases of sexual
services take place with much discretion. To carry on the activities
indoors it is necessary to have several apartments or other premises
available. The necessity of several premises is confirmed in almost
all preliminary investigations that are carried on in 2002. Some
women have also stated that countries like Denmark, Germany,
Holland and Spain have appeared as more attractive for traffickers in
human being and pimps.


text:
World Cup 2014: Shakira Released Unofficial Song Featuring Neymar and Messi
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By charmaine corne clutton | May 28, 2014 2:52 PM EST
The 2014 FIFA World Cup is fast approaching as fans and organizers alike gear up for the largest international men's football tournament. To be held at the summery lands of Brazil, the World Cup shall feature 32 of the best football teams of the world to battle it out against each other.
In line with the preparation for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, organizers in Brazil have tapped various artists to promote and publicize the international tournament. For 2014, the organizers tapped rapper Pitbull to lead the official song of the tournament. Titled "We Are One (Ole Ola)," Pitbull features Jennifer Lopez and Brazilian pop star Claudia Leitte in its catchy tune that has since amassed 20 million viewers on Youtube.
Meanwhile, other pop stars have also showed their support for the upcoming international men's football tournament by creating their own tunes for the World Cup. "The Voice" judge Shakira recently released a latest single titled "La LA LA (Brazil 2014)" which features some of the most famous names in football including Radamel Falcao, Cesc Soler, Sergio Agüero, James Rodriquez, Eric Abdal, Neymar and Lionel Messi.
The Colombian singer also featured her partner Gerard Piqué, whom she also has a son with. The Colombian singer took to Twitter her promotion of her latest World Cup single by asking her fans to name all of the athletes featured in the video.
"First person to reply with the names of all the footballers in the new video gets a RT!" Shakira posted on her Twitter account.
Shakira has garnered much publicity and attention after collaborating with pop star Rihanna in her single "Can't Remember to Forget You."
The hot and heavy music video showcases both ladies canoodling each other clad in skimpy black bathing suits.
It has been reported that Shakira's partner Piqué is "very territorial" when it comes to Shakira working with other men.
"Since he no longer lets me do videos with men, well, I have to do them with women," the philanthropic singer added.
To contact the editor, e-mail:
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text:
Originally published Wednesday, August 6, 2014 at 5:12 PM
Guest: What's really behind the spread of Ebola
The failure to control the spread of Ebola was not due to "uneducated" African populations, as some media have reported, writes guest columnist Elinor A. Graham.
Special to The Times
AS a physician who has volunteered to teach and work in Liberia for several years, I have watched with dismay the Ebola virus outbreak. What started as a major regional epidemic in Africa will likely spread globally. The human toll is already larger than any past Ebola epidemics, and medical personnel are being decimated in countries with far too few health workers.
The failure to contain this outbreak months ago is due to an underestimation of the mobility of people in the areas of West Africa where outbreaks began, a limited focus on isolation and contact tracing of known cases by the international aid community, and the fragile health care in countries confronting Ebola's spread.
Failure to control its spread was not primarily due to "uneducated" African populations, as some media reported, who distrust health-care workers and refuse to cooperate with tracing and isolation of cases.
If Ebola is suspected, families are separated from their sick loved ones, who are placed in isolation. If infection is confirmed, victims are taken away to a treatment center, where odds of death are high. Worse yet, if loved ones die, families cannot see or touch the body, or bury them. Given the deep gash that Ebola makes in the fabric of human connection, it would not be surprising to see suspicion and attacks on hospitals and health workers even in so-called educated societies.
Leaders failed to strengthen the existing health-care systems and to support medical workers as urban outbreaks erupted.
Liberian health workers have very limited personal protective equipment to form a shield between their bodies and the virus. Sixty health-care workers currently have Ebola, and the death rate among confirmed cases is 90 percent in Liberia. U.S. physicians working in Liberia have been horrified as our Liberian colleagues — precious few faculty, newly trained medical officers and residents — contracted Ebola because they lacked basic personal protective equipment such as gloves, gowns, caps, face masks and shoe coverings.
Supplies of protective equipment have been shipped from U.S. supporters to front-line Liberian health workers, but not nearly enough to provide the full protection required.
It was only in the past month, after repeated outbreaks among health workers at multiple hospitals, that officials closed hospitals, conducted trainings and set up procedures to decontaminate areas where sick patients are initially evaluated and treated.
These closures have severely limited access to basic health care. Preventive treatment such as vaccinations, prenatal care and ongoing care for chronic illness have been disrupted.
International aid organizations have focused on establishing isolation and treatment centers for confirmed cases. These, and more, are clearly needed.
But infection control at first contact for all sick patients is also crucial to decreasing spread. It prevents spread within the health facilities and it also prevents deaths from other diseases with similar symptoms.
Treatable diseases such as malaria are not being diagnosed because of lack of health personnel and personal protective supplies. Protecting health workers addresses their legitimate fears. It allows them to provide needed health services and education that rebuilds community trust.
The final battle to control this epidemic will be won by a disciplined public health campaign with legal and international monetary support behind it. There must be coordinated logistics and training in collaboration with health-care systems and civil societies of countries involved. Effective vaccines and medications are far in the future.
The World Health Organization has pledged to raise $100 million from member countries to conduct this campaign. The U.S. government must fully commit to this effort. The recent announcement by the World Bank to make $200 million available to strengthen health and social support systems in West African countries most impacted by the epidemic is a major step in the right direction.
The grieving people of West Africa need to hear the message that they have the support of the world in this battle because countries with ample resources see that West Africa's problem is our problem.
Elinor A. Graham is a doctor and associate professor emeritus of pediatrics at the University of Washington. She works with the Academic Collaborative to Support Medical Education in Liberia.
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Normally, when rain water lands on concrete, it pools or runs downhill until it reaches a storm drain that then pipes the water far away from the site of the initial downpour. This has a negative impact on the local groundwater, since rain is the primary way that groundwater stocks are replenished. A new concrete called pervious concrete that allows water to drain right through it, eliminating the need for drains. How will this change cities?
In the video below, watch as 1500 gallons of water is is drained right through the concrete.
NPR's Science Friday has more.
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Swirly Relationship Heartbreaks
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Kobe Bryant
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Model: 016434 Item: WGP016434
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Alert Center
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The ONLY Draft Based Fantasy Cricket In The World..!
No two teams can select the same player meaning that, unlike other games, there's no chance that your teams will be similar to others.
Unique players
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Compare CricBattle with BCCI !!
1. Tournament
IPL: Indian Premier League
BCCI creates the IPL tournament and invites teams to join and play.
CricBattle League
You- League Manager creates the league and invite friends to join and play.
2. Teams + Money
MI, CSK, SH, KKR, KXIP, RCB, DD, RR joins IPL.
Each team puts Rs 10 Cr to BCCI. Money to be distributed among winners.
Rax 11, DD11, Go Green, Super Kings, etc joins fantasy league.
Each team puts Rs 1000. Money to be distributed among top 2 winners.
3. Auction/ Draft Players
Research players prior to auction. Team owners meet to auction unique players.
Players not picked by anyone can be claimed later.
Team managers meet online/offline to draft unique players.
Players not picked by anyone can be claimed later.
4. Head-2-Head Fixtures
Fixtures/schedule is fixed with teams playing H2H throughout tournament.
Example: MI-CSK, DD-RR etc .
Fixtures/schedule is fixed with teams playing H2H rounds (3-4 actual matches)
Example: Rax11-DD11 etc..
5.Manage Team / Select C/VC
Team management chooses Captain / Vice Captain.
Team management chooses the best 11 to play for every given match.
Team manager chooses Captain / Vice captain (Earns bonus).
Team manager chooses the best 11 to play for every given round.
6. Trade/Claim players
Team management can replace injured, under performed players prior or during the tournament.
Team manager can replace (trade/claim) under-preforming or injured players.
Drop from bench, add from available players pool.
7. Scores / Results
Players score runs, take wickets, catches, perform with strike rate/Economy rate etc.
Teams win/loose based on total runs/wickets.
Team gets "Fan Points" -based on player's performance (Ex: 1 run=1 point, etc)
Team with highest fan points wins the round.
8. Semi Finals / Final
Teams with highest wins (max points) enters into semi finals and then final.
Winner of final declared as the champion of the tournament.
Teams with highest wins (max points) enters into semi finals and then final.
Winner of final declared as the champion of the tournament.
9. Prizes / Trophies
Trophies & Prize money to be distributed based on pre-determined terms by BCCI.
Example- Rs 20Cr to winner, Rs 10 Crore to runner up.
Trophies & Prize money to be distributed based on pre-determined terms by CB.
Example- Rs 5000 to winner, Rs 2500 to runner up.
Join League
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11 Reasons why users love to play draft based fantasy more than traditional salary cap model
Unique Teams
You'll have unique players in your team. No two teams can select the same player meaning that, unlike other games, there's no chance that your teams will be similar to others
The fun of draft
Thee best day of your league !! Be part of the drama before the season kicks off as you try to second guess your friends and work out who you can get in your team. Food , drinks, trash talks –all needed for online / offline drafts.
Auto drafting process
You don't have to be online or wait for your turn to come in the draft. Our unique pre-determined draft order as well as pre-draft selection tool will help you draft your preferred players automatically even you are not online.
No salary cap restrictions
No player values means IF you can get them, you can put Kohli, Gayle and Gambhir in your team and your all-rounders and bowlers won't suffer. The only restriction in fielding your team of world beaters will be your friends.
Intense Rivalry through real life H2H fixtures
The leagues follow a head to head format so each round (3-4 matches combined) you'll face another one of your friends. You'll be playing mind games with your friends all season!!
Trade / Claim players
It pays to keep an eye out on the pool of undrafted players or dropped players. Those players overlooked in the initial draft may start to perform but will it be worth sacrificing one of your squad for? Other teams claiming same players? Fun!
Season Long Optimism
Know that feeling of the title slipping out your grasp as each team becomes more and more similar? Draft based fantasy doesn't. Completely different teams to your friends mean that each round could bring a turn in fortunes.
Customized Leagues
You can create your own customized leagues and set the rules, you have the highest authority !! You can change the scoring rules, choose how many teams can participate etc
My CricBattlers
Funny way to make your playing 11 (only your players) adopting different avatars like pirate, hulk, superman, scientist, painter etc– and bragging to have funkiest team on social media !!
Playoff Drama – Knock out stage format
The end of the season is where we enter the final dramatic stages of the competition. If you're skillful enough to be near the top, you'll qualify for the final knockout stages to determine who's the master of your Fantasy league.
Proven model, new challenge in Cricket Fantasy
40 million people play fantasy sports in US based NFL/NBA/MLB leagues. 72% of them play draft based fantasy reflecting most real fantasy format. New to Cricket world although , Indian user base is loving this format every day at CricBattle.
What Users Say
CricBattle it is....the final destination for fantasy cricket. I played fantasy cricket in many sites...but CricBattle has something unique to offer. Playing fantasy over here, gives a feel of managing a team, which has been hand picked by me (say if I have sachin, no one else in my league can have him). Initially it was tough to figure out, how this works..but once you get hold of it, you can never let it go. And I have never seen a fantasy site other than CricBattle, where there is always someone to help you figure out, how it works. I have played just 3 tournaments, but it already gives me feel, as if I am integral part of it. If you are a fantasy cricket fanatic, then CricBattle is the place for you!!
Vignesh Venkatraman,
Winner of 27 leagues
Born in a country like India, everyone dreams of playing for this country. Then comes a stage when people choose between sports and education and alot of people, whether its pressure from family or an aim of becoming engineer/doctor etc etc, choose education and leave our cricket dreams behind but inside everyone theres always a Cricket Selector. No matter who ever is playing we all give our opinions on playing xi and management, we all realise that no one listens to our opinions but we all love doing that coz we all love our Cricket. CRICBATTLE (big letters coz it has come up as something big in our lives) has given us all that one opportunity to unleash our love and talent towards our favourite game where we all can show the world who has better cricketing knowledge and Team selection skills. Most unique and valuable thing about Cricbattle is that If I have a player my opponent cannot have that same guy and thats so much true to reality, unlike all other fantasy cricket sites. I have playing this amazing game from last 3-4 months and I have never been disappointed. Nothing is perfect in this world and the amazing thing about this site is that the administrator is always willing and keen to listen to our feedback and always does whatever they can to make the users happy. Prize money always comes as second priority to me. 1st thing is the addiction to this site coz of the game not for the money. I win money or not I will always keep playing here and I can see CB becoming really big in near future. Way To Go Rakesh !!!!
Robbie Singh,
Winner of 40 leagues
Cricbattle really enjoyable fantasy contest . As a cricket Fan I love this cricket contest so from my busy life I spend some time for it . Last few years cricket attract me more, it make a crazy supporter of my team in stadium and home :) Cricbattle become part of my craziness . I wish cricbattle Team success .
Shahina Arefin,
Winner of 12 leagues
View all
CB Times
ODI-T20 United World Cup || New Players To Be Added || 18th November, 6pm IST
Following the changes in squad of Australia and Bangladesh ODI team, we will be adding the below players in the available players pool.The playerswill remain locked till 24 hours. You can claim them using the "ClaimPlayer" feature during that period or draft them in your team after theplayersgets unlocked. Time toadd:18th Nov, 6:00 pm IST [Playerswill be locked for 24 hours] Playerto beadded: Australia :Mitchell Starc, Xavier Doherty Bangladesh :Arafat Sunny, Jubair Hossain, Sabbir Rahman If any otherplayersare announced, we willaddthem during the same time on 18th of November. As always, please help us out to spread the word around. If you have not done so, please provide your feedback on our testimonial page here:http://www.cricbattle.com/Forum-Blog/Testimonials.aspx Cheers CricBattle Team Big Bash League ==> Join Football FB Private Group :https://www.facebook.com/groups/553373284782137/ Join Cricket FB Private Gourp:https://www.facebook.com/groups/634074539989683/
Big Bash League 2014/15
Hello CricBattlers, We're launching yet another exciting tournament, Big Bash League 2014/15 and we're offering C$100,000 in prizes !!! An amazing opportunity to win some money while enjoying playing at the only draft based fantasy cricket website in the world !!! :) Join leagues for the Big Bash here Join Prediction Leagues for the Big Bash here Hope you have a wonderful tournament, win plenty of prizes, and as usual feel free to post here if you have any queries/questions :) Cheers CricBattle Team
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CB Forum
Cricket Fantasy Online Draft 4 Team Test
Cricket Fantasy Online Draft 4 Team Test Code: 0D4152 join this fantsy
CB - 5 Nation Test Series
Hello Everyone, As you know West Indies have pulled out of the tour to India and due to that our Test Series scheduling was affected. However, there is never a setback which cannot be solved ?#CricBattle?has come up with a quick solution and now presents the 5 Nation Test Series. Round 1 - Pak vs Aus & Bang vs Zim Round 2 - Pak vs Aus & Bang vs Zim Round 3 - Pak vs NZ & Bang vs Zim Round 4 - Pak vs NZ & Pak vs NZ To learn more about the tournament, fixtures, visit this page -http://www.cricbattle.com/TournamentHome.aspx?TournamentId=30 Any players which are added to the official team squads will be added to CricBattle players list 24 hours after we send out an email and announce it on facebook. For example: Pakistan have announced Mohd. Hafeez is in the team. So after we send out an email/fb post, within 24 hours of that Mohd. Hafeez would be added. Cheers
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Rayudu trolls Dhoni and Kohli after the 2nd ODI
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- Critic's Notebook: 'Christmas Under Wraps' Among Top 5 Holiday TV Movies
- For Some Fans, Accusations of Rape Crumble Bill Cosby's Wholesome Image
- Ernest Kinoy, a Writer of TV's 'Roots,' Dies at 89
- ArtsBeat: Netflix Snags New Series Created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock
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True Story of the Bridge on the River Kwai
TV SpecialAlternate Title: Time Machine (05/01/00)
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Executive Producers: Craig Haffner, Donna E. Lusitana, Charlie Maday
Genre: Documentary
Genre: Documentary
Program Synopsis
Documentary that looks at the true story behind David Lean's 1957 film "Bridge on the River Kwai." Over 65,000 Allied prisoners battled torture, starvation and diseases to hack the 250-mile Thailand-Burma Railway through the harsh jungles of Southeast Asia in only 14 months, thousands losing their lives in creating what they came to call "The Railway of Death."
What's On Tonight
- At Sotheby's Interiors Auction, an Intimate Portrait of an Heiress
- Roll Over, Mahler: U.S. Orchestras Are Shrinking
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- Critic's Notebook: Christmas With Death, Heels and Uplift
- Art Review: When Three Into One Equals More
- Tiptoeing (on Point) Through the Tulips
- Music Review: A Youthful Tribute to a Fallen Friend of Art
- Dance Review: The Young Barber and the Innkeeper's Daughter, Romping Again
- Music Review: Amid Familiar Repertoire, the New York Premiere of an Oceanic Journey
- Sometimes, Old-Fashioned Pays Off


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Have you visited Dr. Phillip LeVine? Rate you experience below.
Cardiovascular Disease Physicians in Los Angeles, CA
Dr. Phillip LeVine specializes in cardiovascular disease, internal medicine in Los Angeles, California.
Dr. Phillip LeVine has been compared 51 times. Details of Dr. LeVine's 45 years experience as an MD and education at University of Manitoba are available on your free doctor report.
Dr. Phillip LeVine has been identified as specializing in Cardiovascular Disease and Internal Medicine.
Dr. LeVine attended medical school at University of Manitoba Faculty of Medicine and graduated in 1969 having 45 years experience.
While there is no proven correlation between the quality of one's educational institution and the quality of one's professional competence, it is often an indicator. Medical schools have various levels of selectivity (some are harder to get into than others), and both the quality of their clinical training and level of research are measured. Additional medical training in both residency and fellowships and the facilities they are conducted at also provide a history of the doctors' level of training and experience.
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Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, 4733 W Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027
8635 W 3rd St, Suite 790W Los Angeles, CA 90048
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6333 Wilshire Blvd, Suite 200 Los Angeles, CA 90048
UCLA Medical Plaza, 100 UCLA Medical Plz, Suite 770 Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Marathon bomb suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev's wife Katherine Russell called talented artist
The woman who was married to the Boston Marathon bombing suspect who died is being described as sweet and dedicated to the Islamic religion to which she converted.
Katherine Russell Tsarnaev's high school art teacher says she was at the top of her class in drawing and an excellent student.
Her lawyer says she met Tamerlan Tsarnaev at a nightclub while in college. They married in 2010. She converted to Islam and wears the hijab, the traditional Muslim headscarf.
Federal authorities have not said they think she is involved in the bombing plot but have asked to speak with her. Her lawyer is discussing how to proceed.
Katherine stayed in the couple's Cambridge apartment last year while Tamerlan traveled to Russia for about six months. His aunt told The Associated Press that he spoke with Katherine every day on Skype and that at times she would instruct him on correct religious practices.
Copyright 2013 by The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Man's obituary brings laughter to others, comfort to family
Naked man assaults elderly man at Logan, police say
Report questions role of wealth in Newtown shooter's care
Teen son cited in La. crash that killed 5 family members traveling to Disney World
Schilling's son causes scare at Logan with toy grenade


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Pro Wrestling Since 1997
Jul 21, 2013 - by Steve Gerweck
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Please, just stop pushing Jon Davis.
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Houzz is the new way to design your home.
54,188 windsor dining chair Home Design Photos
Spinnaker Development
1512 Dolphin Terrace
Love the chairs--where can you buy them?
What is the distance from the front of the chairs to the tv? Is the angle ok for viewing?
Can you tell me where to get the table that is between the two chairs?
This is a tongue & groove detail using Windsor One T&G product. Any seems would be covered in the paint prep with bondo
The front of these chairs are probably about 5' - 6' from the display. Not the most optimal distance for viewing but the chairs are more for occasional
BM white glossy enamel water base. tongue & groove detail using Windsor One T&G product. Any seems would be covered in the paint prep with bondo. Different
Tv mounted on wall; chair set up at end of bed
bedroom, from the matelassé coverlet to the wood-framed TV to the rattan desk chair and window blinds. Beaded board on the ceiling riffs on the honed floor planks
BM white glossy enamel water base. tongue & groove detail using Windsor One T&G product. Any seems w — rhodo
Heather ODonovan Interior Design
Price Residence
who makes the chairs? Do they come in black
foyer to the dining room and family room
like the room and the chairs, not the cloth on the chairs
Like these chairs and curtains. Plus the colors
Dining room...Dining chairs...dining area...Chair backs...dining white...Chair colors
Windows — melissamclendon
Modern Dining Room
be interested in where these chairs are from, they are nice!
cushions against one wall and chairs on the other.
Where can I purchase the dining table?...Booth elegant dining...Dining chairs...Banquette and chairs...dining room interesting concept...willow dining room...Dining booth ideas...Sofa & chairs...Mirrors chairs coloring...light over dining table...Dining in the...Modern Dining Room...where are the chairs from?
Bench — lfranzia
Murphy & Co. Design
Mill Creek Ridge Farmhouse
I have a 9 1/2' x 27' room (kitchen on one end, dining room other end) currently have
finally a farmhouse dining room with more than four chairs...
Dining Room is approx. 12'-7" x 14'-10" and the Kitchen 15'-0" x 20'-6". Thank you.
Would love to have this table and chairs
where you bought the table and chairs?...Could you source the chair please?
Syle — bauder1964
Judy Cook Interiors, LLC
Dining Room
Hi! Can you let me know where the dining room chairs are from? Thanks!
I love the chairs.where are they from. Thanks
Homeowner purchased the dining room chairs from West Elm.
Thank you! The homeowners purchased these chairs. I believe they are from Crate and Barrel.
table & chairs. Note the size of this light fixture.
do two of these for our dining room!! CB2 firefly pendant
Dining chairs are from West Elm
Lighting for banquette — cmcglogan
Echelon Custom Homes
Living Room
What size is the kitchen area, including the eat-in dining table?
I have not received a reply to my question about the brand of these arm chairs and they are
Dining Chairs wood and cream. Wall color soft like our bd color. Cream cabinet color
the brand of these arm chairs....The chairs are from Vanguard: ......chairs with arms like my rocking chair...beams, iron art piece, kit, dining, lr
Color on thE wall with white furniture — marigui
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Love the table and chairs! Any idea where I could start looking for something like
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Kind of like the dining table and chairs
Dining Table...Dining room combined w Kitchen...Table chairs...Like the dining chairs...kitchen & dining...Table & chairs...Dining Room...Chandeliers, table and chairs...Chairs and table color...Dining & Kitchen
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J. Stephens Interiors
Modern residence
different styles of chairs. One style which is more traditional has a worn painted finish. The host and hostess char are like mini wing chairs meant for leisurely
Use chairs from dining in the eat-in and get new white chairs.
this looks like our setup - dining room wall hits
Stunning end chairs! Who makes them?...This is our dining Room Table
Dinning room — judygao


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A data processing method of an injection molding machine detects predetermined physical amounts, for example, filling velocities V1, V2 and V3 relative to operations of a plurality of injection apparatuses successively when different materials to be molded are injected into a cavity of a single mold from a plurality of injection apparatuses to fill the cavity so that molding is performed, calculates a characteristic data concerning the sum total of the detected filling velocities V1, V2 and V3, and processes data on the basis of the characteristic data. The axis of abscissa of the characteristic data can take a time or a total capacity of the material successively filled into the mold. The data processing includes display processing for displaying the characteristic data with a graph and the displayed characteristic data is utilized for setting the molding condition and the data analysis.
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C Spire Wireless Launches
Published: September 27,2011
Tags: C Spire Wireless, Cellular South, Dave Miller, Hu Meena
RIDGELAND- C Spire Wireless, the country's largest privately-owned wireless provider, launched retail operations in its own Ridgeland backyard on Monday. MBJ-TV caught up with spokesman Dave Miller who explains how the company, previously known as Cellular South, chose its new name.
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