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WBEN to air on FM and AM dial
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- James Fink
After 81 years of dominating the AM dial, WBEN radio is going to the FM side.
Effective midnight Monday, Entercom Buffalo — owner of WBEN — is simulcasting the news and talk station on both its longtime AM home (930) and on the FM dial (107.7). WBEN-FM is replacing the eclectic classic rock format of WLKK-FM, the Lake, although the Lake is not going away entirely. The station will be aired on streamed format on its web site, 1077thelake.com.
"Clearly, this will be a loss for fans of the Lake, but the end game is that it makes WBEN a little louder and stronger," said Tim Wenger, Entercom operations manager.
The move will see WBEN picking up new listeners, officials say, primarily those who only listen to FM stations. It will also increase its reach to the listening public.
"We want to expose WBEN to a whole new audience," Wenger said. "While Buffalo is a strong AM market and WBEN is a ratings leader, the addition of the FM simulcast will make the WBEN brand more readily available to a vast majority of the listening public who spend time on the FM band."
Buffalo Sabres games, which are aired on another Entercom station, WGR-AM (550) will be exclusive to that station and will not be simulcast on WBEN's FM outlet, Wenger said.
Wenger said all of WBEN's programming from morning drive-time news shows hosted by John Zach and Susan Rose and an afternoon drive time show hosted by Sandy Beach will be aired on both stations. The same is true for all other WBEN programming, including syndicated shows by Rush Limbaugh.
While much of the Lake format was satellite-fed classic rock songs, the station had two local DJs - Hank Dole in the morning and Lorne Hunter in the afternoon. Both are losing their jobs with the station being moved over the streaming format. Hunter also hosted the "Acoustic Sunrise" show on Sunday mornings.
Entercom Buffalo is parts of Entercom Communications Corp. (NYSE: ETM), based near Philadelphia and among the largest radio operators in the nation. The company owns and operates a total of seven local stations. Besides WBEN, WGR and WLKK, the company also owns WWKB-AM (1520), WWWS-AM (1400), WSKE-FM (98.5) and WTSS-FM (102.5).
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The Cities with the Most Frustrating Traffic Problems
What's one major consequence of a city becoming a booming economic center? Increased traffic that leads to mind-numbing, stop-and-go commutes. IBM surveyed drivers in 20 of the world's metropolises to see which city's drivers experienced most traffic-related woes. Its Commuter Pain Index takes into account factors such as time drivers spent stuck in traffic, high gas prices, stress and anger caused by long commutes, and even instances where the specter of a bumper-to-bumper drive pushes drivers to cancel trips. Check out the results here.
Stay tuned later this week for a GOOD video about innovative solutions to these traffic problems.
SOURCE: IBM 2010 Commuter Pain Index
A collaboration between GOOD and Oliver Munday, in partnership with IBM.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Official 2014 2015 Werder Bremen Shorts available to buy online. These are the brand new football shorts of Werder Bremen, manufactured by Nike.These Werder Bremen soccer shorts are available to buy in adult sizes S, M, L, XL, XXL. The shorts are white in colour and form part of the 2014 2015 Werder Bremen Home Kit.> Football Shorts > Elasticated waistband > Inner drawcord > Mesh panel to the back > Nike Dri-Fit > Werder Bremen club crest > Nike Swoosh > Printed sponsor > Contrasting panels > 100% polyester
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Werder Bremen Away Jersey 2014 – 2015 WERD14ASA The Werder Bremen Away Jersey 2014 – 2015 is the alternative football shirt for the team from North Germany, made by Nike in a distinguished mix of black and grey stripes but with elements of green borrowed from the home shirt colors and orange to help things stand out. At Soccer Box if it's made by a big name like Nike, Puma, or Warrior then you can be sure it comes from them. We only stock authentic football merchandise and we can guarantee that by having
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In The Algebraic Mind, Marcus dives into the difficult waters of the connectionist-symbolic debate.(Kenneth J. Kurtz Cognitive Sciences Society Newsletter)
"This is a beautifully clear, fiercely argued book, and it will have a huge influence on how resea rchers from a range of different perspectives think about the nature of cognition and development."
-- Paul Bloom, Professor, Department of Psychology, Yale University
"a masterpiece of clear exposition from someone who has thought long and deeply about these questions."
-- C. R. Gallistel, Professor of Psychology, Rutgers University --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.


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Who needs a gym? Ireland Baldwin stays in shape outdoors with a punishing regime of running, leg lifts and push-ups
Her modelling career is going from strength to strength and 17-year-old Ireland Baldwin is determined to keep in shape for it.
The daughter of blonde beauty Kim Basinger and 30 Rock actor Alec Baldwin also wants to share her workout tips with fans and has been posting instructional videos along with uplifting messages on her Instagram page.
In her most recent uploads, Ireland advised people to make time for exercise wherever they are, even if they can't get to a gym.
Scroll down for video
Ireland Baldwin is put through her paces in the great outdoors proving she doesn't need to pay gym fees to keep in shape
She wrote 'When ya don't got a gym: 2 mile run, stair variations with sprints and push ups in between'.
The video accompanying the message shows the model and a brunette friend climbing steps while doing squats and leg lifts.
It also depicts Ireland, clad in a white vest top, black yoga pants, trainers and with a sweatshirt tied around her waist, doing push-ups.
Deep in concentration: Lunges help to keep the 17-year-old model's legs in shape and Ireland was eager to post exercise tips for her fans on her Instagram page
Watch out for traffic: Push-ups are also a big part of Baldwin's exercise regime and she hit the floor on a residential street
With her blonde hair pulled off her face and no make-up, Ireland still manages to look stunning even while working out.
A second video shows the duo completing a number of exercises designed to tone the whole body, as they get fit outside.
Ireland captioned it 'In between our stair sets #fitnessgrind #riseandsweat #hungry'.
Ireland showed off the stunning figure that has made her a successful model as she exercised in yoga pants and a white vest top
No pain no gain: Ireland works hard to maintain her figure but has insisted she wants to be healthy rather than super skinny
On Friday Ireland became a big sister when her father's wife Hilaria gave birth to their first child together and the excited model wasted no time posting a letter to baby Carmen on her Tumblr page after the birth was announced.
In the letter, the teen shares some words of wisdom with her little sister and welcomes her into the world.
You have been born into one crazy family,' Ireland writes. 'You are both lucky and cursed at the same time. We are going to have so fun much fun together.'
Ireland turned a public stairway into her own private gym as she completed a series of leg lifts
Ireland composed the 1800 word letter before meeting Carmen, and wrote: 'I can't wait to meet you soon. I promise you I will always be there for you no matter what! Never forget!'
In particular, the statuesque blonde advises Carmen on how to deal with her famous father and life in the spotlight.
'Remember that your parents will always love you,' Ireland urges. 'As a kid, you forget that sometimes. When they are screaming about this and bickering about that. It hurts.
Keeping fit: Ireland hit the streets for a run, mixing it up with a series of leg lifts and lunges along the way
And the precocious teenager also advises to be careful who to trust when 'you have parents who are in the public eye'.
She explains: 'A lot of people are going to want to be your friend because of it. Don't buy everyone dinner or tickets to the One Direction reunion concert because you feel obligated to do it. Make sure your friends love you for who YOU are, Carmen. NO other reason.'
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Chuck Wing, Deseret News
SALT LAKE CITY — A little surprise snow fell across parts of the Wasatch Front Wednesday morning, the first day of May. The cold weather was a shock to the system after several warm days in the 70s to end the month of April.
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Mating fasteners having a convex receiving surface and a concave inserting surface rotationally symmetrical about an insertion axis. A key code of annular projections and grooves is located in a plane normal to and concentric with the insertion axis. A locking mechanism engages the mating pieces only when in mating relation as determined by the key code. A planar embodiment is included. Easy and accurate assembly or connection becomes much less critical.
1. Fastening means, comprising:
a first mating element for receiving a second mating element in mating relation along an insertion axis, said first element having
circular key code means formed in said first element in a plane perpendicular to said axis and rotationally symmetric about said axis,
receiving surface means formed in said first element rotationally symmetric about said axis, said receiving surface providing a monotonically decreasing aperture directed toward said code means for receiving said second element,
extensible locking means formed in said receiving surface means for locking said second mating element in place relative to said insertion axis only when said elements are in mating relation as determined by said code means;
a second mating element for insertion in said first mating element in mating relation along said insertion axis in the direction of said code means, said second element having
second circular key code means formed in said second element in a plane normal to said axis and rotationally symmetric about said axis in mating relation to the first said code means,
inserting surface means formed in said element rotationally symmetric about said axis, said inserting surface providing a monotonically decreasing projection directed toward said second code means for inserting into said first element, and
engaging means formed in said inserting surface means for engaging said locking means in locking relation only when said elements are in mating relation as determined by said code means, whereby said second element may be introduced into said first element along an arbitrary axis and easily aligned with said insertion axis in mating relation and locked in place only as determined by said code means.
2. The fastening means of claim 1, wherein:
said code means include a plurality of annular projections.
3. The fastening means of claim 1, wherein said receiving surface is convex and inserting surface is concave.
4. The fastening means of claim 2, wherein:
the heights of said annular projections differ relative to each other.
5. The fastening means of claim 2, wherein:
the widths of said annular projections differ relative to each other.
6. The fastening means of claim 2, wherein:
the widths and heights of said annular projections differ relative to each other.
7. The fastener means of claim 1, wherein:
said locking means include racheted hammer locks and said engaging means include an annular groove.
8. The fastener means of claim 7, wherein:
said locking and engaging means are adapted for a permanent locking relation.
9. A receiving fastener means for receiving an inserting fastener mating means in mating relation along an insertion axis, comprising:
(A) a receiving fastener body;
(B) circular key code means formed in said body in a plane perpendicular to said axis and rotationally symmetric about said axis;
(C) receiving surface means formed in said body rotationally symmetric about said axis, said receiving surface providing a monotonically decreasing aperture directed toward said code means for receiving said inserting fastener means; and
(D) locking means formed in said receiving surface for locking said inserting means in place relative to said insertion axis only when said fastener means are in mating relation as determined by said code means;
whereby said inserting mating means may be introduced into said receiving mating means along an arbitrary axis and easily aligned with said insertion axis in mating relation and locked in place only as determined by said code means.
10. The fastener of claim 9, wherein:
said code means include a plurality of annular projections.
11. The fastener of claim 10, wherein:
the heights of at least two said projections differ from each other.
12. The fastener of claim 10, wherein:
the widths of at least two said projections differ from each other.
13. The fastener of claim 11, wherein:
the widths of at least two said projections differ from each other.
14. An inserting fastener mating means for inserting into a receiving fastener mating means in mating relation along an insertion axis, comprising:
(A) an inserting fastener body;
(B) circular key code means formed in said body in a plane perpendicular to said axis and rotationally symmetric about said axis;
(C) inserting surface means providing a monotonically decreasing projection directed toward said code means for insertion into said receiving means; and
(D) engaging means for engaging said receiving means in locking relation only when said mating means are in mating relation as determined by said code means;
whereby said inserting means may be introduced into said receiving means along an arbitrary axis and easily aligned with said insertion axis in mating relation and locked in place only as determined by said code means.
15. The fastener of claim 14, wherein:
said code means include a plurality of annular projections.
16. The fastener of claim 15, wherein:
the heights of at least two said projections differ from each other.
17. The fastener of claim 15, wherein:
the widths of at least two said projections differ from each other.
18. The fastener of claim 16, wherein:
the widths of at least two said projections differ from each other.
The invention relates to fasteners and connectors that are readily assembled with ease, accuracy and key coded to insure uniquely respective connections. Prior art fasteners are not suitable, e.g., for random or lightly constrained assembly as required for random processes, robot assembly or assemblies made under adverse conditions. "Blind" assemblies are frequently required for oil wells, mines and other inaccessible locations.
In the growth processes described by molecular biology, proteins are formed in living cells by the stepwise addition of unique collections of atoms or radicals which fit the partially assembled molecule at the proper point in the proper orientation. In this fashion enormously complex and unique molecules are grown, each of which meets one of the thousands of different needs of the living organism. As another example of a similar process, it is now believed that the geometry of individual molecules of a gas determines its odor. Only molecules with a specific shape and size can geometrically fit into and thereby stimulate one of a number of different types of receptacles which comprise the olfactory organ of an animal. When one type of these receptors is stimulated, a signal is produced and interpreted by the brain of the animal as a unique odor. Such processes result from random motion and suggest a model for practical use in mechanical fastening.
Electrical and fluid connectors, e.g., designed for "quick disconnect" frequently require great care in alignment in order to effect a correct connection, particularly where multiple connections are involved with a single connector. Complex assemblies involving numerous subassemblies and parts are the bain of installers, consumers and end users. Uniquely defining each part or subassembly by a suitable key code, combined with ease and accuracy of alignment is a long felt need for which heretofore an adequate solution has not been proposed.
A fastener pair of the invention may be attached to objects that may be assembled together. The fastener pair includes a receiving fastener mating part affixed to one object and an inserting fastener part affixed to another mating object. The fastener parts may be affixed to the objects to be assembled by brazing, bolting, gluing, or any of many other mechanisms well-known in the art.
The fastener of the invention is adapted for ready insertion in the direction of an insertion axis by virtue of a monotonically decreasing aperture, in a receiving part producing a conical or concave surface rotationally symmetric about the insertion axis. The inserting part is complementary in that the insertion piece has a monotonically decreasing cross-section producing a conical or convex surface rotationally symmetric about the insertion axis. The minimum diameter of the inserting part is small relative to the diameter of the receiving opening aperture, enabling ready insertion and making the mating process permissive.
A portion of both the receiving and inserting mating parts have patterns of multiple annular projections and grooves providing key codes such that the fastener parts only lock onto or grab each other if their respective key code patterns, which may be any one of a large number, are complementary for mating. Unless the parts mate properly as determined by the key code, they are "forbidden" to mate. All fastener pairs used in a given assembly are generally identical except for the key codes. Thus, from among many receiving and inserting parts, only selected pairs mate with each other. In this sense the fastener is "intelligent."
The receiving fastener is very forgiving relative to the inserting motion of the inserting fastener, as a result of the structure characterized above and described in greater detail below. Given a force component tending to align the fastening pair along the insertion axis there is a wide latitude permitted with respect to the initial point of contact and the initial relative orientations of the objects to be fastened, readily enabling a successful connection limited only by the key code.
Consider two objects in a box. One object has an inserting fastener, the other a receiving fastener. The box is shaken vigorously for a reasonable time. The chance that the two objects fasten to each other by random motion is high, much higher, e.g., than for fastening with other common types of fasteners such as bolts, clips, snaps, screws or nails. Furthermore, if the keys do not mate and if the objects do not have re-entrant shapes, sticky surfaces or other features which may cause them to lock to each other despite the key code, no motion can cause the objects to fix to each other; inadvertent locking or binding is eliminated. Simple rigid parts such as prisms, spheres, cylinders, cones, etc., with smooth wood, metal, or plastic surfaces and some subassemblies of such parts are examples of objects which meet this requirement. The design criteria of the fasteners themselves are such that non-mating fasteners do not bind, wedge, or otherwise cause the objects to stick to each other.
In the event that a fastener pair mate properly in accordance with the key code, a retainer coupled to one fastener attaches to the other to hold them together.
Permanent magnets may be included to enhance the mating process and proper alignment. The magnets may be annular or in polar pairs. The magnets may be included as part of the key code. By suitable choice of magnets the fasteners may be uniquely rotationally aligned about the insertion axis.
The invention will be further apparent from the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, and its scope will be defined in the appended claims.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a fastener pair in perspective showing a preferred embodiment of the invention, partially in section, particularly illustrating rotational symmetry;
FIG. 2 illustrates the key code; FIG. 2(a) is an end view of a key code element; FIG. 2(b) is a side view in section of a mating pair of key code elements, and FIG. 2(c) is a graph illustrating the variables defining a key code;
FIG. 3 is a partly schematic, side view, partly in section, illustrating the fastener pair of FIG. 1 showing the retractable ratchet pawl in place for a permanent connection;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a planar modification of the fastener in FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a side view partially in section of a variation of the receiving fastener part in FIG. 1;
FIG. 6 is a plan view of the part in FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a sectional schematic view of a portion of the fastener in FIG. 1 modified to include annular permanent magnets to enhance mating and alignment;
FIG. 8 is a sectional schematic view of the fastener in FIG. 5 modified to include two pairs of magnets to ensure rotational alignment;
FIG. 9 (a) is a plan view of a fastener part, partially schematic, showing magnets in a key code pattern;
FIG. 9(b) is a side view of the part in FIG. 9 (a);
FIG. 10 (a) is a plan view of a modification of the inserting fastener part in FIG. 9;
FIG. 10 (b) is a side view of fastener in 10 (a).
FIG. 10 (c) is a plan view of receiving fastener part mating with part shown in FIGS. 10 (a) and (b).
FIG. 10 (d) is a side view of part in FIG. 10 (c).
Referring now to the drawings and with particular reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, there is here illustrated a fastener pair embodying the invention.
A pair of objects, 10 and 11 shown fragmentary, have a fastener pair 12 and 13 integrally formed therewith. The inserting fastener part 13 is rotationally symmetric about an axis AA'. The receiving fastener 12 is rotationally symmetric about an insertion axis BB', except for retainers. The fastener 12 has a key code element 14 formed of annular ridges or projections 15 and grooves 16. A receiving aperture 17 monotonically decreases to form a surface 18 leading to a tangency relation with the element 14 parallel to the insertion axis BB'. A pivotal ratchet pawl 19 pivots about a bearing point 20 within a cavity 19(a) formed in the fastener part 12. When the inserting fastener 13 is mated with the receiving fastener 12, trigger 23 is forced away from the surface 18 to cause the ratchet arm 19 to force a pawl 21 into a complementary annular cavity 38 formed in the other fastener part. A knob 22 extends beyond the pawl 21. The pawl is held in place by a weak compression spring 25 which is engaged in a cavity 26 formed in the ratchet pawl 19. The other end of the spring 25 is engaged in a cavity 26(a) in the receiving fastener body. A retractable detent 27 is contained within a cavity 30. A spring 29 urges the detent 27 into the aperture 17. A flange 28 contains the detent within the cavity 30.
The fastener 13 has a key code element 31 having annular ridges 32 and grooves 33 forming a mating key code. As noted above, the annular pawl groove 38 is formed in the fastener 13 to receive the pawl 21. A surface 34 monotonically decreases toward the element 31 ending in tangency therewith. A cavity 35 receives the detent 27 for holding the fastener pair in fixed rotational position.
In FIG. 2(a) an end view of the element 14 is shown. In FIG. 2(b) a side view in section of the elements 14 and 31 is shown. In FIG. 2(c) a schematic of the ridges and grooves is shown illustrating the variable parameters width W, height h and spacing s of the annular ridges and grooves whereby a large variety of key code patterns may be derived within the radius r of the element. The leading edge of the ridges relative to the insertion axis is indicated by S1 and S2. In FIG. 3 the pawl 21 is shown in the groove 38 when the fasteners 12 and 13 are properly mated and aligned along the insertion axis BB', spring 25 not shown.
In FIG. 4 the planar version shown applies to objects 120 and 121 having uniform thickness t. The fastener parts 122 and 123 are affixed to the objects within the thickness t and are confined in motion to a plane. Here there is symmetry with respect to the insertion axis CC' as shown.
Because of rotational symmetry, a successful fastening is independent of the rotations of the fasteners 12 and 13 with respect to the insertion axis. The surfaces 18 and 34 are smooth surfaces of revolution of small, slowly varying curvature in any axial plane, such as the sectional plane in FIG. 1. These surfaces act to guide the two parts together for a proper fit even if at the initial point of contact the axes AA' and BB' are linearly and angularly displaced. Preferably the surfaces 18 and 34 are concave/convex as shown with tangents, TT' and UU', at the key surfaces substantially parallel to the axes AA' and BB', respectively. In this case when the key surfaces first come in contact, as the fastener parts approach each other, they have been substantially aligned with respect to both linear and angular displacement. Thus, as the parts approach each other, whether or not they mate depends only on the key code.
The pawl 21 is so shaped, as shown, that if it happens to extend into the receiving cavity, upon contact with the incoming inserting fastener 13, the pawl is caused to withdraw into the cavity 19(a) overcoming the spring 25. The nob 22 on the pawl 21 keeps the pawl from extending so far into the receiving cavity that this action is inhibited.
As the two key surfaces 18 and 34 make first contact, if any portion of a ridge on one face faces a ridge on the other face, e.g., that is if the key patterns of the inserting and receiving parts forbid mating, the fastener pair is restrained from engaging and the pawl is not triggered to engage the ratchet groove. The fastener pair comes apart under very slight force. The fastener surfaces 18 and 34 should, of course, be smooth with a low coefficient of friction.
When the key grooves and ridges mate exactly, a small force acting to bring the fastener pair together is sufficient to close the final gap as shown in FIG. 3. In the process, the pawl 21 is pressed into the groove 38 in the inserting fastener 13 and the pawl by the action of rotation about the pin 20 firmly engages the ratchet groove 38. This locks the fastener pair together, each part still free to rotate about axis AA', BB'. Such a joint with one degree of rotational freedom may be desired in some applications, and in such cases no other retainer action is necessary.
However, if it is desired to fix the fastener pair together in rotational position relative to the insertion axis, an additional spring loaded shaped detent 27 on the receiving fastener 12 may engage a recess 35 in the other part of a suitable shape to accept the detent 27. The parts are rotated with respect to each other about AA' and BB', to engage in only one rotational position. It will be apparent that either the pawl or the detent may be on the insertion part and the corresponding groove or recess on the receiving part. It will be further apparent that the ratchet pawl may be used to restrain rotational motion or the detent and annular groove may be used to restrain axial motion. Both the ratchet pawl/groove and the detent/recess combinations may be so shaped that the attachment is either temporary or permanent. Temporary attachment means that the fastener parts may be separated without breaking.
Further a plurality of ratchet pawls and/or detents may be used in selected rotational position. There are, of course, a large number of other mechanisms well-known in the art to accomplish the same purposes.
In FIGS. 5 & 6 four ratchet pawls 42 are illustrated in a receiving fastener part generally indicated at 50 affixed to an object 51. A shaped, substantially conical thin sheet 40 with a circular ridge 41 supports the four ratchet pawls 42 in assembly. A conical ring 43 fits in grooves 52 in the ratchet pawls 42. A concave shaped annular sheet forms a receiving surface 44. It is attached along a circle 46 to the sheet 40 and generally also contacts it along a circle 47. This thereby secures the ring 43 and the ratchet pawls 42 so that all parts are rigid except that each pawl 42 can rotate about a point near the ridge 41 by slightly flexing ridge 41 or ring 43 or both. In the unflexed condition, the pawl 45 extends into the receiving aperture. The flexing action eliminates the need for the spring 25 and bearing 20 of FIG. 1. The surface sheet 44 has a slot 58 and 59 for each pawl 45 and trigger 54, respectively, of each ratchet pawl 42. In this embodiment all parts are figures of revolution, except the ratchet pawls and their corresponding slots in sheet 44. The ratchet pawls are flat. A separate key code element 55 has a central pin 56 and annular ridges 48 and grooves 49.
Assume the key code surface of radius r is divided into N rings each of width W and forming either a groove or a ridge, then:
The elements 16 and 31 mate if and only if for each of the N positions no ridge on element 16 faces a ridge on element 31.
If t is the combined tolerance of fabrication and assembly, ridges must be +0, -t and grooves +t, -0 if a designed-to-mate fastener succeeds in mating. On the other hand, if two key codes are forbidden to mate, then at least one point on a ridge on one must oppose one point on a ridge of the other. Since the two ridges can be misaligned or undersized by a total of 2t, restraining contact can be assured if W≧2t. The maximum number N of ridges for fixed s, W, and h is then:
N=r/2t (1)
The maximum number M of distinct patterns of ridge/groove combinations such that every receiving part mates with one and only one inserting part is ##EQU1##
Since the outer position on the inserting part is preferably fixed as either a ridge or a groove for all allowed patterns in order that the parts always properly engage, the maximum available number of locations is conservatively less than that given by equation (1) by one, or:
N=(r/2t)-1 (3)
If N in equation (3) is substituted in equation (2), we obtain the maximum number of distinct patterns with unique mates for a given tolerance error and key face radius. The following table shows some values:
______________________________________r r(t=.020") (t=.010") N M______________________________________.24" .12" 5 10.28 .14 6 20.44 .22 10 252______________________________________
Thus, in this case, one can obtain an unlimited number of distinct key codes by increasing r or decreasing t, or both. In addition, it is apparent that varying the height h, width w and spacing s of the ridges and grooves may further increase the available number of patterns for a given r or t or both.
Two dimensional versions of the invention are also useful. In this case the fastener pair is flat as shown in FIG. 4, and the objects to be fastened are constrained to move in their own plane. For example, a number of flat pieces embodying the invention as fasteners may be placed at random in a large flat box and shaken, rotated or otherwise moved only in the plane of the pieces, the pieces ultimately assemble themselves correctly in a predesigned planar configuration.
Because of elimination of a variable third dimension, for a given number of parts, such random assemblies are more readily fastened together in the planar version.
If two small ring shaped permanent magnets are included in the inserting and receiving parts as shown in FIG. 7 with opposite poles facing, the force acting for proper alignment in the fastening motion is enhanced. If the key surfaces do not mate, the parts will not separate unless the disassembly force due to gravity, random shaking, or other means, exceeds the sum of the friction force and the magnetic attraction. However, if the key surfaces do mate, the magnets approach each other appreciably closer than in the non-mating case and add to the retaining force. If the retaining force in this case is greater than any forces occurring in the assembly process which act to break the contact, then these magnets can be used as retainers.
Again, the ring shape or axial symmetry of the magnets implies only one dimensional, i.e., axial, retention, which is appropriate for some applications.
A plurality of bar magnet pairs, polarized as shown in FIG. 7, may be used rotationally to position the fastener pair in one of a finite number of positions about the insertion axis.
If locking both axially and rotationally is required, two pairs of magnets as in FIG. 8 can be employed. Because of the switch in polarity on the second pair of magnets, a circumferential force field is set up to align the parts rotationally in a unique position.
In some cases, magnets alone, either a pattern as shown in FIG. 9 or in conjunction with retaining pins as shown in FIG. 10 can be used eliminating the need for the shaped receiving cavity and inserting fastener part altogether.
Referring now to FIG. 7 there is here illustrated a pair of annular magnets 71 and 72, polarized as shown. The magnet 71 is enclosed in an inserting fastener part 73 and the magnet 72 is enclosed in a receiving fastener part 74. The details of the key code elements are not shown.
In FIG. 8 a pair of bar magnets 81 and 82 are enclosed in an inserting part 83. A pair of magnets 85 and 86 are enclosed in a receiving part 84. The magnets are polarized as shown to enhance axial and rotational alignment.
In the plan schematic view of FIG. 9 (a) a plurality of flush-mounted magnets 91, 92 and 93, polarized as shown, are shown mounted in a fastener part 94. In the side view of FIG. 9 (b) the magnets are shown in section. A complementary fastener part with magnets of a complementary polarity is not shown. The fastener parts mate in accordance with the magnet polarity pattern.
With reference to FIGS. 10(a) and 10(b), an inserting fastener part is shown with flush-mounted magnets and shaped retainer pins. The magnets 101 and 102 are flush mounted in the fastener part 103. The shaped pins 104-107 extend from the part 103 as shown in the side view of FIG. 10 (b).
A complementary receiving fastener part 110 has flush mounted magnets 111 and 112, polarized as shown, and shaped cavities 113-116 formed therein corresponding with the magnets 101, 102 and pins 104-107 as shown in the plan view of FIG. 10(c) and side view of FIG. 10(d).
The fastener parts mate in accordance with both the magnet polarity and retainer pin patterns.
The fasteners may be used in a variety of ways including:
(a) Educational Demonstrations
The fasteners are attached to objects (representing atoms or radicals) such as plastic spheres or groups of spheres. A number of these parts are placed inside a box which is shaken vigorously, simulating the random motion of molecular formation made under heat or force field actions. The parts ultimately assemble themselves in ways that mimic molecular processes.
The process illustrates natural growth under various circumstances.
(b) Toys
The fasteners can be utilized with toys, such as blocks and construction parts, with maximum ease of assembly. These assembly toys can be correctly assembled by a child without instructions by trial and error, perhaps aided by color or other clues.
(c) Puzzles
The fasteners are attached to parts which can be assembled in only one way to ultimately create a two or three dimensional construction of geometrical, visual, or intellectual interest. Alternatively, the parts may have subsets of distinct fastener patterns so that, for example, if the parts are all either red, white and blue, they will only go together in the sequence red, white, blue, red, white, blue, red, white, blue, etc. The puzzle consists of trying to guess what the ultimate result of the construction will be. The final construction could spell out one or a series of messages, make one or more pictures, or work out to an intricate design, or a model of an object such as an airplane, ship, human figure, etc.
(d) Magic Trick
The ability to form from parts a construction which appears to be the work of "intelligence" when shown to an audience but was actually due to random or quasi-random forces acting on the parts can be made the basis of tricks for a magic show.
(e) Artistic Construction
If the ultimate construction based on the use of the fasteners of the invention has artistic merit, then these fasteners have application in two and three dimensional artistic construction.
(f) Robot Assembly
Tolerance problems often limit assembly applications performed by mechanical robots. Since the invention permits wide latitude in successful assembly motions, it may be used in robot assemblies.
(g) Assembly Without Instruction
In many fabricated part assembly situations, there are language or communication problems which preclude effective written assembly instructions. Since the fasteners can be designed so that only parts which should be assembled to each other will in fact assemble, they can be used without any written or verbal instructions.
(h) Assembly When Parts May Not Be Visible
In some situations, such as the placing or removing of pipe sections and other parts underground in oil and gas drilling and other mining activities, the parts are not readily visible or easily controlled and a certain amount of fishing or trial-and-error assembly activities are required. By judicious choice of the type and location of the fasteners, such parts may be more readily assembled with the chances of any two parts mating or jamming which should not mate or jam, much reduced. And two parts which should mate have a greater chance of doing so.
(i) Electrical and Fluid Connectors
For connectors involving a plurality of connections, accurate alignment is essential. The difficulty of aligning connectors is widely felt. Connectors in accordance with the invention greatly increase the margin for error with ready alignment and proper mating.
While there has hereinbefore been presented what are at present considered to be the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be apparent that many modifications and changes may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. All such changes and modifications are considered, therefore, to be a part of this invention.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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November 20, 2014
Jane After Dark: The Wire, season five (part one)
by Jane Boursaw, posted Nov 2nd 2009 8:03PM
Ah, how good it is to get back to The Wire. I've been steered off track by other DVDs landing on my doorstep for Jane After Dark, so season five of The Wire has been a while coming. One again, the show blows me away with the writing, characters, cinematography and realism. I'm just part-way into season one, but I love all of the references to everything that's happened thus far in the series, and the crew's continued attempts to bring down Marlo's organization. And, apparently, Omar is still in the game ...
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Nicos Vekiarides is the Chief Executive Officer & Co-Founder of TwinStrata. He has spent over 20 years in enterprise data storage, both as a business manager and as an entrepreneur and founder in startup companies.
Prior to TwinStrata, he served as VP of Product Strategy and Technology at Incipient, Inc., where he helped deliver the industry's first storage virtualization solution embedded in a switch. Prior to Incipient, he was General Manager of the storage virtualization business at Hewlett-Packard. Vekiarides came to HP with the acquisition of StorageApps where he was the founding VP of Engineering. At StorageApps, he built a team that brought to market the industry's first storage virtualization appliance. Prior to StorageApps, he spent a number of years in the data storage industry working at Sun Microsystems and Encore Computer. At Encore, he architected and delivered Encore Computer's SP data replication products that were a key factor in the acquisition of Encore's storage division by Sun Microsystems.
ULITZER AUTHOR SINCE:September 2, 2011
It's no secret that doing nothing is often considered a safe bet. The
psychology behind inaction is well understood, particularly in the case of
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instance, would you ignore leaky plumbing in your home? Barring any flooding
or damage, there may not be much urgency to act — perhaps until the water
bill arrives, at which point you experience a change of heart. But what if
the leak preexisted before you moved in to the home and you never realized
you were overpaying for water to begin with?
Cloud storage presents a very interesting analogy to the above situation.
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been numerous improvements in data storage over the years. Sure, the slower,
capacity-limited storage systems of yesterday continue to be replaced by
bigger, faster storage systems all the time — but has there really been
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Carlisle chip shop answers American couple's pattie SOS
Last updated at 16:22, Monday, 03 March 2014
The reputation of a Carlisle chip shop's "meat and tattie pattie" has gone global.
For years, staff at the Central Chippy in Harraby have sold the delicacy, which consists of a battered ball of mashed potato with a tasty heart of gravy-sodden minced beef and onions.
Served up with chips for as little as £3 as a lunchtime special, the meal has long been a favourite with customers.
But last year, a young American couple who were driving through Cumbria at the end of a UK holiday popped into the shop and tried the patty – and were so impressed that they have never forgotten it.
The shop's owner John Morrison, 61, thought no more about it – until 8.20pm last Thursday.
That was when he took a phone call from the male half of the American couple who had been in his shop a few months earlier.
John said: "At first, I thought it was a wind-up.
"He told me that his wife was 21 weeks pregnant and when he'd asked her what she fancied to eat she'd said she'd give anything for one of those meat and tattie patties."
The man, Matt Leham, from Ohio, in the US, heaped high praise on the pattie, telling John in an email: "It was one of the most delicious things I've ever eaten and my wife Tegan said the same. "She's now 21 weeks pregnant and was saying she wanted to go back to the UK just so she could go to your restaurant.
"So I'd like to surprise her with the next best thing by giving her a recipe or at least some tips to how it's made. Would you be willing to share a recipe or some tips on how to make them?"
Mr Morrison said he was more than happy to help Mr Leham – though he was quick to share the credit for the pattie with his colleague at the chip shop Pam Wood, 48, who had suggested putting the mince in the middle rather than mixing it throughout the mash.
Tegan told the News & Star: "It was a stroke of luck that landed us in the Central Chippy looking for lunch.
"We walked in, poorly-informed Americans, not knowing what it was we were trying to find or what sort of foods one finds in a 'chippy'.
"We selected the ball of potato, meat, and gravy based mainly on its pleasing spherical shape and asked the lady behind the counter what it was. The lady there told us, but we didn't know what the words "mince" and "tattie" meant, so we just bought it and got back in the rental car, not really knowing what we were about to eat. It was the best accident we made during the trip
"When we were back home, we recounted the wonders of the mince and tattie to our friends and relatives with equal enthusiasm as I did those of Hampton Court Palace and the Carrickfergus Castle," she added.
"I even showed them photos I had taken of it with my cell phone. I have literally had dreams about it."
First published at 16:21, Monday, 03 March 2014
Published by http://www.newsandstar.co.uk
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Saints visit New England for star-studded matchupBy HOWARD ULMAN
THE ASSOCIATED PRESS | October 13,2013AP PHOTO
New Orleans quarterback Drew Brees and the 5-0 Saints lead the NFL in time of possession at (34:37) this season.FOXBOROUGH, Mass. It loomed as a milestone matchup.
Tom Brady would have a chance to tie Drew Brees NFL record of 54 consecutive regular-season games with a touchdown pass. Both teams would go into it without a loss.
Not anymore.
That scenario disappeared when New England lost to Cincinnati 13-6. But the game between the Patriots and New Orleans Saints on Sunday still brings together two of the best.
You talk about one of the most functional organizations that truly know how to win and have a winning formula, you would say the New England Patriots, Brees said. Id like to think that were that type of organization, as well.
Brady matched Brees in the weekly game of praising an opponent.
Theyre one of the best football teams in the league, so its going to be a good challenge for us, he said.
But there have been slipups.
Brady is having one of his worst seasons. And both teams have struggled to score touchdowns in the red zone.
Still, the collective record for these two franchises in 2013 is 9-1.
The Saints were 7-9 last season while coach Sean Payton served a suspension for what the NFL said was his failure to heed a league directive to stop a bounty program administered by former defensive coordinator Gregg Williams. Paytons return has sparked New Orleans (5-0), particularly on offense where it is ranked fourth in the NFL.
Sean does a real good job of keeping the defense off-balance, Patriots coach Bill Belichick said. They really attack pretty much every inch of the field. They run toss plays and screens. They like to get the ball outside. They have a good inside running game. They throw the ball.
Shockingly, throwing the ball has been a problem for Brady and the Patriots (4-1). They didnt re-sign their top two wide receivers from last year, Wes Welker and Brandon Lloyd. Aaron Hernandez is in jail facing murder charges, and fellow tight end Rob Gronkowski missed the first five games after forearm and back surgeries. He appeared closer to returning Sunday.
New Englands running game also has been inconsistent with injuries to Stevan Ridley and Shane Vereen.
Its hard for me to comment on someone elses struggles, Payton said of the Patriots, who led the NFL in yards and points last year. Certainly, its been a team thats been very explosive.
Five things to watch for in Saints-Patriots:
TOP TIGHT ENDS: The Saints and Patriots have probably the NFLs best tight ends. But only one has played this season.
Jimmy Graham was tied for second with 37 catches after making 10 in New Orleans 26-18 win over the Chicago Bears last Sunday.
Jimmy Graham is as good as anybody weve seen all year or will see in the passing game, Belichick said. He is fast and quick and is a hard guy to match up to no matter who you put on him.
So is Gronkowski, and Saints rookie safety Kenny Vaccaro was eager to face him.
Hes one of the best tight ends in the league, and thats one of my favorite things to do, he said, to just match up and play against the best.
LONG DRIVES: The Saints lead the league in time of possession at 34:37. So New England needs some long drives to keep the ball away from Brees.
I think well try to put together any drive at this point to score points. Long, short, it doesnt matter. Weve got to score touchdowns, Brady said. Weve got to try and score quickly, methodically, whatever it takes, because they have a good offense.
The Patriots had one drive of more than 35 yards against the Bengals.
HOLD THAT LINE: Getting into the end zone against these two teams is tough. The Patriots have allowed 14 points per game, second fewest in the NFL, while the Saints have given up an average of 14.6, fourth fewest. New England limited Cincinnati to 13 points without defensive tackle Vince Wilfork, sidelined for the season. New Orleans has won its last three games while safety Roman Harper has been out with a knee injury.
It gives us a little more swagger that the defense is out there turning the ball over, making big hits, making big plays, Saints running back Pierre Thomas said.
RYAN RETURNS: Saints defensive coordinator Rob Ryan faces the team whose linebackers he coached from 2000-03. He brings in a vastly improved defense than the one that set an NFL record for yards allowed last year under Steve Spagnuolo. The Saints have allowed fewer than 20 points in each of their five games.
Hes got a passion for the game. I think that hes instilled some confidence in our guys, Payton said of Ryan. The other thing is hes a great staff member, very loyal and hardworking.
ON THE RECEIVING END: Patriots rookie wide receivers Kenbrell Thompkins and Aaron Dobson have improved but remain inconsistent. Julian Edelman has been a major contributor with 36 receptions and Danny Amendola had four catches against Cincinnati after missing three games with a groin injury.
Brees has plenty of productive players to throw to besides Graham. Running backs Thomas and Darren Sproles have combined for 54 catches and Marques Colston has 23. Brees is just commanding everybody and making all the plays, Patriots defensive end Rob Ninkovich said.
AP NFL website: www.pro32.ap.orgMORE IN Wire SportsARLINGTON, Texas LeSean McCoy ran for 159 yards a touchdown, Mark Sanchez had his first scoring... Full StoryDENVER Carve an extra piece of turkey to celebrate, David Backes and T.J. Oshie, because St. Full StoryDETROIT Calvin Johnsons big day was exactly what Detroits dormant offense needed. Full Story
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So this is Morocco?!
... first roundabout is 100m across, has 5 random lanes, and six roads leading off it, and all around it a motos, trikes with whole families on them, taxis and small trucks and people killing sheep and selling skins and its 30 degrees, Sat Nav don't work and oh the smell of burnt wool. And rubbish skips are filled to overflowing, with rubbish and you guessed it, more sheepskins. Took a punt on which road to take and ended up on the waterfront. Beautiful. And all these nice young men ...
Rock the Kasbah
... drawn attention because I was walking with Logan. While you walked through town you hardly ever saw couples walking together, it was mostly groups/pairs/singles of men or groups/pairs/singles of women. To see a couple together was very rare.
The walk back was a little easier and fewer people watched me as I walked down the street, but we still managed to get a few people to look at us. Once we got a little closer to our hotel though, we were near ...
Asilah Update
... 8217;t know how it is going to end.
Now, I know this is not new stuff. Heck, this is old stuff! This is stuff from every generation, many different cultures, and every artist who ever wrote, drew, or filmed a believable character. But living it, I've been caught off guard. I guess, being a little lost, but mostly happy is not as sexy when Simon and Garfunkel haven't written you your own ...
Beach Time
... amazing deal. The manager agreed to let us stay for free if we came back after 11 and left before 6 the next morning. Exhilarated, we ate at a nearby cafe, resting there until it got late enough then sneaking back into the hotel. The night passed smoothly and Easter morning found us drowsing on the beach as the sun came up. The wonderful hotel guy, Mohammed, refused to take any money for his help and so we went on our way up to Tangier. I ...
Tangiean Tangle
... of a group of Scots who happened to be sitting at one of the few other tables. The meal was fairly good, but a bit different from expected. Sides dishes flew out of the kitchen and onto the table almost before we sat down. Chips, bread and weird tomato sauce (similar to passata from a jar) were presented. The main courses came fairly shortly after and all was well until the bill came. Apparently a common practice is to provide dishes that are not part ...


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RICHMOND — The largest number of Virginians plan to travel for the Thanksgiving holiday, according to AAA Mid-Atlantic.
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A Massachusetts man who was part of an international cybercrime ring that the government says hacked into the computers of more than a dozen financial institutions and the U.S. military's payroll service was sentenced Friday to 2½ years in prison.
Nominations are being accepted for the Charlottesville Regional Chamber of Commerce's Q Award.
HONG KONG (AP) — Crude oil and Asian energy shares tumbled Friday as OPEC's decision to keep production steady rippled across the globe. Japanese stocks rose after a slew of economic data releases but other regional indexes were mixed.
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Alloy for carburized bearing members intended to be used at operating temperatures up to 1,000° F, characterized in having the ability to achieve and retain high surface hardness after carburization coupled with good hot-workability which enables billets formed from the alloy to be pierced in a seamless tube-forming operation. Also described is the method for heat treating such an alloy to achieve the desired surface hardness, on the order of Rockwell C58 and higher. The alloy contains, as essential constituents, 0.1 to 0.3% carbon, 0.2 to 1% manganese, 0.2 to 0.6% silicon, from an effective amount up to 1.2% chromium, 2.5 to 3.5% nickel, 4 to 6% molybdenum and 0.25 to .85% vanadium.
1. A machine element formed from a carburized steel alloy having a surface hardness of at least Rockwell C58 and consisting essentially of about 0.1 to 0.3% carbon, 0.2 to 1% manganese, 0.2 to .6% silicon, from an effective amount up to 1.2% chromium, 2.5 to 3.5% nickel, 4 to 6% molybdenum, 0.25 to 0.85% vanadium and the remainder substantially all iron, the hot twist characteristics of said alloy being such that it can experience at least 40 twists to fracture at temperatures of 1800° F and above.
2. The machine element of claim 1 wherein, in said steel alloy from which the element is formed, carbon is present in the range of 0.1 to 0.16%, manganese is present in the range of 0.4 to 0.6%, silicon in the range of 0.4 to 0.6%, chromium in the range of 0.9 to 1.2%, nickel in the range of 2,75 to 3.25%, molybdenum in the range of 4 to 5% and vanadium is present in the range of 0.25 to .50%.
3. A machine element formed from a carburized steel alloy having a surface hardness of at least Rockwell C58 and consisting of 0.10 to .16% carbon , 0.40 to .50% manganese, 0.40 to 0.60% silicon, 0.90 to 1.2% chromium, 2.75 to 3.25% nickel, 4.5 to 5.0% molybdenum, 0.25 to 50% vanadium and the remainder iron with incidental impurities, the hot twist characteristics of said alloy being such that it can experience at least 40 twists to fracture at temperatures of 1,800° F and above.
This patent application is a division of application Ser. No. 598,067, filed July 22, 1975, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,954,517.
While not limited thereto, the present invention is particularly adapted for use as a steel for roller bearing races which typically have a wall thickness of 1 inch or less for bearings having an O.D. of about 5 inches. Such bearing races should have a relatively soft inner matrix, a carburized outer surface having a Rockwell C hardness of at least 58 and the ability to retain properties such as hardness at operating temperatures in the range of 800° to 1,000° F. The steel used for the races must meet two requirements. First, it must be capable of being carburized and heat treated to achieve the desired surface hardness. Secondly, it must be capable of being pierced in a seamless tube-forming operation to achieve the desired wall thickness. This latter parameter is measured by the hot twist tests. If the twist characteristics of the alloy are unsatisfactory, the only way in which a bearing race can be produced is by a costly machining operation on solid bar stock or by ring forging from a billet.
In Jatczak U.S. Pat. No. 3,382,064 a steel alloy is described for bearing races which can be readily carburized such that it is adapted for continuous operation at temperatures up to 800° to 900° F, or for intermittent operation at 1,000° F. It contains as essential constituents, carbon, manganese, silicon, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium. Although the steel described in the aforesaid patent can be carburized to achieve the desired hardness for bearing operation at high temperatures, its twist data characteristics are not altogether satisfactory with the result that hot piercing operations can be achieved only with difficulty.
In McMullan U.S. Pat. No. 2,624,687, another bearing steel is disclosed having a composition similar to that of U.S. Pat. No. 3,382,064 but wherein vanadium and aluminum are not employed as alloying elements, and nickel is added. The purpose of the nickel, according to the McMullan patent, is as an austenite forming element which increases carbon or carbide solubility at lower temperatures, offsetting the reverse effect of molybdenum and chromium.
One drawback of the steel disclosed in the aforesaid McMullan U.S. Pat. No. 2,624,687 is that it contains 1 to 3% chromium and preferably 1.5% chromium. This amount of chromium increases the difficulty encountered in carburizing and tends to cause grain boundary carbides. Another difficulty with the vanadium free steel of the McMullan patent is that it cannot fully utilize the secondary hardening phenomenon resulting from precipitation of alloy carbides on tempering or aging after hardening by quenching from high austenitizing temperatures. The reasons for this are twofold: (1) it cannot be austenitized from temperatures above 1,750° F without excessive grain growth and (2) temperatures around 2,000° F are required to produce the solution of the carbide forming elements which induce high secondary hardening on tempering.
Some of the disadvantages of the steel of McMullan are eliminated in Jatczak U.S. Pat. No. 3,382,064. For example, the addition of vanadium impedes grain growth and permits the steel to be quenched from higher temperatures (i.e., 2100° F) during hardening; and it contains lower amounts of chromium which contributes to a greater ease of carburization. On the other hand, as was pointed out above, the steel of U.S. Pat. No. 3,382,064 is not readily pierceable in a seamless tube-forming operation as measured by hot twist data. Thus, both of the foregoing prior art steels and the processes set forth in the respective patents have deficiencies in certain respects.
In accordance with the present invention, a new and improved bearing steel is provided which has good hot piercing capability and at the same time can be carburized and heat treated to achieve the requisite surface hardness for bearing operation at temperatures up to 1,000° F. The steel contains, as essential constituents carbon, manganese, silicon, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium, together with nickel which is added primarily to facilitate a hot piercing operation.
For carburizing, the steel of the invention is normally preheated in air to the carburizing temperature (1,650° F or higher), held for at least thirty minutes, at which point the carburizing gas is introduced for a time necessary to give the proper case depth. In the hardening process, the steel is heated to 2,000° F, then quenched in oil and finally refrigerated to a temperature of -100° to -120° F. Heating to 2,000° F without substantial grain growth is possible because of the addition of vanadium; while refrigeration to -100° F or lower is effected to transform austenite to martensite in the carburized portions of the bearing part. Following the hardening, the parts are triple tempered at 1,000° F for two hours at each temper and then finish ground.
The above and other objects and features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings which form a part of this specification, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a typical bearing construction which can be formed from the steel of the invention;
FIG. 2 shows the manner in which the cone of the bearing construction of FIG. 1 is formed from seamless tubing;
FIG. 3 shows the manner in which the cup of the bearing construction of FIG. 1 is formed from seamless tubing;
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of the processing steps utilized on the steel of the invention;
FIG. 5 shows the carbon gradient for a typical carburizing cycle with the steel of the invention;
FIG. 6 is a plot of hardness versus temperature for various tempering cycles utilized on workpieces fabricated from the steel of the invention; and
FIG. 7 shows hot twist data for the prior art steel and the steel of the present invention.
With reference now to the drawings, and particularly to FIG. 1, a typical roller bearing construction is shown which includes four basic components. These are the inner race or cone 10, the outer race or cup 12, the tapered rollers 14 and the roller retainer or cage 16. Both the cone and the cup are formed from seamless tubing as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. Initially, the steel of the invention is formed into a seamless tube. Thereafter, it is machined to form the cones shown in FIG. 2. The same is true of the cups shown in FIG. 3. That is, the seamless tube is initially formed and then machined to form the cross-sectional configurations of the cups. As was explained above, bearings (5 inches O.D. or less) require a seamless tube such as that shown in FIG. 2 or FIG. 3 having a wall thickness of one inch or less. Bearings of this sort are particularly important in aerospace and the like applications where weight is a consideration. In order to form a roller bearing, either the central bore 18 shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 can be machined from solid bar stock or the tubing from which the cones and cups are formed can be formed in a seamless piercing operation. Obviously, the latter is much less expensive and is to be desired; however, difficulty has been experienced in obtaining a steel which is readily hot pierceable as measured by hot twist data and at the same time has the requisite characteristics to achieve carburization and the desired surface hardness.
The steel of the present invention which does achieve the foregoing desirable characteristics of hot pierceability and high surface hardness has the following broad and preferred ranges of composition, but may contain such minor elements as S, P and Al which are considered residuals in the state of the art:
______________________________________Broad Preferred Typ.______________________________________C .10/.30 .10/.16 .14Mn .2/1.0 .40/.60 .50Si .2/.6 .4/.6 .50Cr 0/1.2 .90/1.2 1.0Ni 2.5/3.5 2.75/3.25 3.0Mo 4.0/6.0 4.0/5.0 4.5V .25/.85 .25/.50 .35Fe Bal. Bal.______________________________________
The processing steps from the melting of the alloy to the final finish grinding of cup and cone bearing elements is shown by the flow diagram of FIG. 4. By reference to the flow diagram, it will be seen that after the steel of the invention is initially melted and cast into a consumable electrode, it is then remelted in a consumable electrode furnace. Thereafter, it is hot rolled or hot forged into a bloom and/or billet. At this point, the billets can be hot rotary pierced and rolled into seamless tubing or hot forges to shape for machining. Forging or piercing is at 2,200° to 2,250° F with a finishing temperature between 1,700° and 1,900° F. Thereafter, the tubing or forging, as the case may be, is annealed by heating to 1,650° F, thereafter furnace cooled to 1,350° F and cooled at the rate of 30° F per hour to 1,100° F, and finally air-cooled. In the case of hot roller stock used to form rollers, the annealing process is the same as that described above, followed by pickling, cold drawing and cold heading to semi-finished rollers.
In the case of pierced seamless tubing, the tubing is machine finished after annealing to form the cups and cones shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. The machined parts are then ready for carburizing. In the carburizing step itself, the parts are heated in air to a temperature of about 1,650° F or higher, and held at temperature (at least 30 minutes). Then, a methane or a like atmosphere is introduced for a given time to produce the desired case depth.
Following carburization, the parts are hardened by initially preheating to the range of about 1,450° F to 1,550° F to equalize, followed by rapid heating to about 2,000° F. The parts are held at this temperature of 2,000° F for about 10 minutes. It is possible to heat the parts in this way to a temperature of 2,000° F without materially increasing grain size because of the presence of vanadium in the alloy composition. At the same time, the temperature prior to quenching is less than that specified, for example, in Jatczak U.S. Pat. No. 3,382,064. Following heating to 2,000° F, the parts are quenched in oil and then refrigerated to a temperature of -100° to -120° F and held at that temperature for one hour per inch of thickness. This is necessary to transform austenite in the outer case to martensite.
Following refrigeration, the product is then tempered in a triple temper process consisting of heating the parts to 1,000° F for two hours during each temper. The parts are cooled to room temperature between cycles. In the tempering process, alloy carbide precipitation occurs in the microstructure. This imparts resistance to softening for long time service (approximately 1,000 hours) at temperatures up to 900° F and for intermittent short times at 1,000° F. Finally, the parts are finish ground and the process is completed.
In FIG. 6, the effect of tempering temperature on hardness is shown as a function of carbon content. Remembering that the final Rockwell C hardness must be at least 58, it will be appreciated that a carbon content below about 0.50% in the outer case is insufficient, the preferred carbon content being about 1%. With a carbon content of this magnitude, it can be seen that for a two-hour temper cycle, the maximum hardness is achieved at a temperature of 1,000° F which is the recommended temperature. Note that when a 1,000-hour temper or service cycle is employed, full hardness is maintained to at least 900° F.
The hot twist data of the present invention as compared with a prior art steel is illustrated in FIG. 7. The composition of the prior art steel of Jatczak U.S. Pat. No. 3,382,064 was 0.2% carbon, 0.57% manganese, 0.25% silicon, 1.26% chromium, 5.03% molybdenum and 0.88% vanadium with the balance iron. It did not contain nickel. FIG. 7 shows that the number of twists to fracture for the prior art steel is not much above 34; whereas in the case of the present invention it is always above 40 and at higher temperatures increases to almost 100 twists to fracture. This improved hottwist behavior indicates the steel is readily pierceable.
Although the invention has been shown in connection with a certain specific embodiment, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in composition and processing steps can be made to suit requirements without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Patent Citations
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Brent Batten: Animal services committee nearly put down
When Collier County commissioners culled the herd of stale advisory committees last week an active, involved group was nearly put down with them.
But the reprieve afforded the Domestic Animal Services Advisory Board appears temporary and the group could soon find itself facing elimination again. Members are wondering how their group ended up on the list of outdated committees in the first place.
At an Oct. 1 workshop, county commissioners agreed to begin phasing out some of the more than 50 advisory boards created to weigh in on topics ranging from affordable housing to wastewater treatment.
An easy first step would be to do away with a handful of committees that hadn't met in years. On last Tuesday's commission agenda, when that idea was to be formally adopted, five inactive committees, including the Solid Waste Management Advisory Committee, which has not met in more than nine years and the Collier County Council of Economic Advisers, which has not met in 16 years, were targeted for extinction.
Joining them was the animal services advisory board which last met in September and which in March sat in on a workshop with county commissioners to hammer out a new animal control ordinance that, ironically enough, took effect just a couple of weeks ago.
Members of the committee are upset, not just that there's talk of disbanding the committee created in 2004 but also at the notice, or lack thereof, they were given.
At the Oct. 1 workshop little mention was made of the animal services advisory board. It did however appear on a document grouped with the five inactive committees as being ripe for dissolution.
Members of the animal services advisory board were scheduled to meet on Oct. 15 but it appeared there wouldn't be enough people present to form a quorum. DAS administrator Amanda Townsend asked the members if they wanted to meet anyway.
Michael Simonik of the Collier County Humane Society and a member of the committee wondered if there were any pressing issues that needed to be discussed?
"There were no time-sensitive actionable items on the agenda, so it is unnecessary to reschedule at this time. We'll see you in November," Townsend replied.
Simonik says the pending dissolution of the committee strikes him as a time sensitive item. It wasn't until Nov. 5, a week before the commissioners were scheduled to do away with the committee, that Simonik and others received notice from the county.
They called an emergency meeting the Friday before the Tuesday vote and rallied about a dozen speakers to protest the dissolution.
With opponents in the room, county commissioners deleted the animal services advisory board from the list of disappearing committees
Tom Kepp, a local Realtor and former member of the advisory board, was one of the people who sat through Tuesday's nine-hour commission meeting to speak on the inclusion of the animal services committee on the list.
"We waited all day long. Why would they have had it on there? They didn't do it, but the process is the problem I have," Kepp said.
He wonders how he animal services advisory board got on the list to begin with. "Somebody had to put that advisory board on the list," he said.
Townsend, whose relationship with some advisory board members has been contentious, said she provided information about the committee to the county manager's office but otherwise didn't participate in creating the list.
Timothy Durham, the county's executive manager of corporate business operations, narrowed the "somebody" only down the county staff. "Staff suggested using social media/online chat rooms and public forums/town hall meetings as a more effective alternative to interact with the public." Durham wrote in response to a question on the subject.
Perhaps, but if so, that same rationale could apply to any number of county advisory boards. Why consider doing away with this one just now?
While the question remains, the majority of commissioners make no secret of their desire to eliminate many of the dozens of committees reporting to them.
There simply isn't time to attend the meetings, or even read through the minutes, of so many committees. Plus, when people serve on an advisory committee they are prohibited by the state's open meetings law from talking to each other outside a public forum. So volunteers interested in improving an area of county government are blocked from speaking to each other most of the time, the argument goes.
Commission Chairwoman Georgia Hiller described an alternative under which there would be roughly five citizen advisory committees, one for each division of county government. Those committees could give monthly reports to the commissioners, making sure important topics are heard in a timely manner. Those committees could in turn name fact-finding subcommittees to look into particular matters of interest, such as the 2011 dog breeding fiasco that prompted the animal services advisory board's extensive work on the new ordinance. Fact finding committees aren't subject to the Sunshine Law.
"It's not intended to eliminate (public participation). It's intended as an improvement and an enhancement," Hiller said.
The volunteers who fill the slots on the county's advisory boards don't necessarily see it that way. Members of the county's Airport Authority Advisory Board resigned en masse last spring, not because they were burdened by the Sunshine Law, but because they felt they were ignored by commissioners. Commissioners later disbanded the committee due to a lack of members.
The Productivity Committee was shut down by commissioners a year ago, even though its members were still willing to serve.
Marcia Breithaupt, chairwoman of the animal services advisory committee, on Tuesday urged commissioners not to let her group go the way of those others. Doing so would send the message that government thinks it, "Knows better than the people. It shows disdain and disrespect for the current board," she said.
Kepp says he's open to another system, such as using social media and town hall meetings to get public input. But those ideas should be put into practice to see if they work before committees are dissolved. "If you've got another method, I'm all for it. But you don't just dissolve this organization that is very active, meets every month," he said.
He said now, with the new animal control ordinance taking effect, would have been a particularly bad time to do away with the committee. "The advisory board is the only platform that holds DAS accountable," he said.
(Connect with Brent Batten at email@example.com)
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