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Welcome, skip to the content.
Official site for Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Tempt your tastebuds with a fine selection of local produce such as freshly caught seafood, gourmet cheeses and luscious hand-picked berries.
Gourmet cheeses
Sample delicious local cheeses from selected producers such as Apostle Whey, Timboon and Meredith cheeses. Visit Cheeseworld just outside Warrnambool, or the Timboon Railway Shed Distillery to pick up local cheeses and other region produced fare.
Ocean catch
Visit the local fishing cooperatives beside the wharfs at Queenscliff and Portarlington on the Bellarine Peninsula or Apollo Bay and Port Campbell along the Great Ocean Road, Port Fairy and Portland and purchase fresh seafood from the daily catch. Mussels freshly harvested from farms in Port Phillip Bay are sold from the Portarlington Pier most weekends.
Hand-picked berries
Head inland and pick your own berries from farms near Colac, Gellibrand, Deans Marsh, Heywood and the Bellarine Peninsula. Some of the best berry-picking farms include Tuckerberry Hill, Wallington Strawberries, Gentle Annie Berry Gardens, Pennyroyal Raspberries and Shoebridge Blueberries but be sure to check for the best season.
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Deans Marsh
Wander the farm picking berries and orchard fruit, drop in for lunch or afternoon tea, and stock up on jams, chutneys and sorbets in the produce shop.
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White Fisheries recently opened a new purpose built seafood factory in the centre of the Bellarine at Drysdale, a 15 minute drive from Geelong. The...
Welcome to Advance Mussel Supply. Their shop is now open! Welcome to the home of Fresh Portarlington Mussels and Angasi Oysters. Fresh from the farm...
Cheese World promotes the local dairy industry through offering tastings and sales of award winning cheddar cheeses produced across the road at the...
From farm gate to plate, come and experience a cheese tasting adventure at Apostle Whey Cheese. Dianne and Julian have been farming in the...
Ocean Grove
Rolling Pin Pies and Cakes Ocean Grove and Queenscliff was officially judged Australia's Best Pie Maker 2013, taking the 'humble meat pie' to new...
Mason's Creek is a small producer of an exquisite extra virgin olive oil that we think is one of the Bellarine's best-kept secrets. Their dry-grown...
Saltbush Fine Foods is an eclectic mix of all things food. It hosts a provedore featuring local produce such as olive oils, tomatoes, lettuce, honey...
Introducing Drysdale Cheeses, the first commercial goat cheese manufacturer on the Bellarine Peninsula. Registered in December 2005, Drysdale Cheeses...
Officially judged Australia's Best Pie Maker 2013, Rolling Pin Pies and Cakes Queenscliff has taken the 'humble meat pie' to new heights. The famous...
Taste your way through the Otways
Journey to the far south-west corner of Victoria and taste varieties from the Henty wine region such as riesling, pinot noir and chardonnay.
Whether driving, cycling or hiking the Great Ocean Road, take time to pull up a stool at a local brewery and sample the delicious hand-crafter beers.
Explore the Geelong wine region's diverse sub-regions from surf coast to volcanic plains making its food, wine and landscape resist any label.
Dine at one of the Great Ocean Road region's restaurants serving fresh seafood straight from the ocean and fantastic locally grown produce.
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Ferris Chevrolet Body Shop
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New Worship Awakening
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The New Worship Awakening examines the wide array of worship styles, from traditional to contemporary, currently in practice in today's churches. Webber makes a compelling case for renewing the vigor of the spiritual life of the church through two means: grounding worship in the biblical narrative while at the same time integrating an understanding of worship traditions throughout history.
Through astute observations and personal experiences, the author emphasizes that Christ can be encountered through the arts, the services of the Christian year, the Sacraments, the singing of hymns and folk songs, the passing of the peace, the Liturgy, and many other means that incorporate Christian worship styles through the ages. He makes the all-important point that worship today celebrates the same Christ who walked the earth two thousand years ago, and that in true and lively worship there is divine action. "There is an action from above: the Holy Spirit delivers Christ and the benefits of Christ's death and resurrection to the worshippers."
Product Information
|Format: Paperback
Number of Pages: 192
Vendor: Hendrickson Publishers
Dimensions: 8.5 X 5.5 (inches)
Availability: In Stock
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General Message Board
Killer Bunny Killer Bunny Oct 10, 2013 9:20 AM Flag
Are closers necessary?
I made an interesting discovery this year. Through injuries, bad karma, poor judgement, Acts of God, blah blah blah, I was in a situation with only one closer while already last in Saves. With nothing to lose, I dropped him. To my considerable surprise, my team improved immediately and substantially. Was this a fluke? The extra roster spots added significant flexibility and value. This got me thinking about next year. Is it worth using 2+ roster spots for basically one category? Does anybody have any experience with (or analysis of) intentionally going closer free for a year?Sort: Newest | Oldest | Most Replied Expand all replies
Lucky Strike Lucky Strike Oct 12, 2013 7:07 PM Flag
Absolutely. I win my leages all the time by stocking up on closers and streaming Sp's and P's. You get a low WHIP, low era, occasional wins and always get a 12 if you lead the league in saves. Every 1st place team I've had over the last 13 years I've lead the league in saves and whip. I always have 5 closers sometimes 6
- 2 Replies to Lucky Strike
A Yahoo! User Oct 13, 2013 7:56 PM Flag
You are correct my friend. My draft stratagy is to pick 4 closers, and 1 set up reliever because they can get you wins and occasional saves. So i have 5 starters, 1 set up reliever, and 4 closers. Always works for me.
How many first place finishes with this way draft your team?
i kinda punt the closer position on draft day (catchers also) and depend on the waiver wire to pick up closers early on and usually do ok....flexibility is sooo inportant, and the closer spot ties up two (or more) player positions....still even though it only really contributes to one category if possible you want to tie it up....closers are like rock stars....everyone loves one till the next guy comes along....they flame in and flame out so quickly....i prefer to take my chances on sleepers and other marginal type guys in the later rounds and when they pan out its great....when they don't there usually is today's new hot closer to pick up (i sometimes stream closers when it matters) anyway, ....
- 1 Reply to rebecca h
Lucky Strike Lucky Strike Oct 12, 2013 7:09 PM Flag
Not true. Closers have the best ERA's WHIP and s/o ratios. They pick up wins more than you think too. You can win at least 3 catagories by having a lot of closers
It's very difficult to "punt" a category intentionally on draft day and finish in the money. The math says you'll need around 100 points to win a league, an average of 10 per category. If you take a "1" in saves you need to average 11 points in every other category. You draft closers in late rounds. Who will you draft instead of closers that will increase all your other categories? Not starters! Playing "extra" starters take innings from your "premium" starters, because of the IP limit. If you draft well, "extra" starters will decrease your stats in the 4 non-save pitching categories. So, can you draft position players in the later rounds that will significantly increase your hitting stats? Not reliably, IMO
- 1 Reply to Bob W
Lucky Strike Lucky Strike Oct 13, 2013 6:14 PM Flag
I streamed SP"s only keeping Scherzer and Saniblel-103 wins--3.19 era 1.12 whip and 205 saves with 5 closers. I won my league on pitching and had the lowest BA ( scoring a '1') and finished with 97 pts. Stockpiling closers is one of the smartest moves in fantasyBB i've ever made Been doing it since 2003
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April 21, 2014
Next week Centrad will launch RedCam. RedCam is a new CCTV and mobile recording system for all commercial vehicles. RedCam is a reverse-front-side safety camera system, which can record up to four cameras simultaneously.
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MOVIEmeterSEE RANK
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Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot (1992)
Ratings: 3.9/10 from 28,000 users
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A tough detective's mother comes to visit him and begins to meddle in his life and career.
Director:Roger Spottiswoode
Writers:Blake Snyder, William Osborne, 1 more credit »
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iPhone - iPod
Flow Frenzy: Connect For Free Questions for iPhone - iPodHome / iPhone - iPod /
Game Questions & Answers (Q&A) service lets you ask questions about video games for game consoles or PC games. So ask your Flow Frenzy: Connect For Free question for iPhone - iPod and get answers from real gamers or answer questions and share your insights and experience with the rest of the gaming community.
- Developer: Potato Powered Games Ltd
- Publisher: Potato Powered Games Ltd
- Genre: Miscellaneous Puzzle
- Release Date: Aug 12, 2013
- ESRB: Not Set
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Level 895 flow frenzy 9x9
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Melville into last eight of Chatham Cup
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Melville United might prefer facing top-drawer opposition in the quarterfinals of the Chatham Cup.
The Hamilton side, which made the semifinals of the prestigious knockout tournament last year, battled their way into the last eight with a 2-1 away victory over WaiBop Federation League team Ngongotaha AFC today.
As heavy favourites, the Northern League Division One club made heavy weather of their win despite dictating terms of the majority of the encounter played in ideal conditions but on a bumpy surface.
Jevon Williams put them ahead 20 minutes in with a composed left-foot finish after the hosts failed to clear a long throw-in, but the visitors failed to capitalise on the weight of possession when they had a chance to knock the stuffing from the spirited underdogs.
Callum Warner denied Williams a second just a minute later with a superbly-timed last-ditch tackle and Williams then hit the crossbar within 30 seconds with an overhead kick.
Paul Clout and Nathan Canton also had efforts strike the woodwork to leave them just a goal ahead at halftime, and Nongotaha struck four minutes after the restart as Harlem Simona got past the square Melville defence, rounded goalkeeper Jason Mann and rolled his shot home.
Dayne Willimsen came agonisingly close to put the hosts ahead with 26 minutes to play but was denied by Mann's sharpness, and after Leon Newell hit the post 20 seconds later at the other end, the Welsh striker took his next chance to fire home for the eventual winner after 66 minutes.
Melville captain Josh Billman admitted his side toiled to subdue the challengers.
"To give them their due, they battled hard and we struggled," Billman said.
"We're just happy to get through really. It was always going to be tough - they've got a lot of pride, a lot of passion for their club.
"We weren't impressed with our performance, but we'll take it and move on to the next round and see who we get - hopefully it'll be a home fixture."
It could yet be crosstown rivals Hamilton Wanderers, who won their postponed third round match 3-1 away to North Shore United.
A hat-trick from all-action midfielder Mark Jones put Wanderers into the fourth round, where they will meet fellow Premier Division side Bay Olympic away this weekend.
In the women's Knockout Cup, Claudelands Rovers led Forrest Hill Milford 2-0 at halftime at Galloway Park through goals from Kate Loye and Rebecca Brown, but went down 3-2 to their rivals for the league title in the quarterfinal clash.
The Rovers men's side gained a 2-1 win the previous day at the same venue to continue their climb to out of relegation danger in Division Two. Paul Ruddell and Michael Sugar capitalised on goalkeeping errors late in the first half to score and the hosts held on after Zane Christiansen pulled one back.
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How excited are you about the 2014 Commonwealth Games?Related story: After the hype, time to let the Games begin


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Frank Padrone
Information Technology Executive
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The Acreage, FL 33470
HQ Phone: 561-795-6550
Email format for @palmbeachag.com
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5 - 10 Million
SIC Code:
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Need to Know: Five things the Redskins can learn from last weekend's games
Jan 14, 2014, 4:47 AM ESTComments Off
Here is what you need to know on this Tuesday, January 14, 114 days from the NFL Draft. Nickel coverage Five things the Redskins can learn from the divisional playoff teams: 1. Give your young QB a solid D—The two veteran QB's remaining, Peyton Manning and Tom Brady on the AFC side, play on teams…
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Japan workers ditch their suits to save power
Tuesday 07 June 2011
In a country synonymous with the buttoned-down corporate army that keeps its huge economy humming, getting Japan to ditch its suits is an uphill task. A summer power crunch in Tokyo exacerbated by the crisis at the Fukushima nuclear plant, however, is forcing the government to ask the impossible.
The salary-man uniform of tie, dark jacket and leather shoes is out. Chinos, loose Hawaiian shirts and sandals are in. Government office workers can wear T-shirts ("solid colours"), jeans ("no rips or holes"), even peddle-pushers – anything that keeps power-guzzling air-conditioners switched off.
And in a further move to conserve energy, some government employees yesterday came to work an hour early, so that, in theory, they can leave the office before they have to turn the lights on. "It should be a good thing, and it doesn't require any cost," Tokyo's Governor Shintaro Ishihara said. "I think all of Japan should shift to summer-time hours."
Japan's environment ministry has kicked off the so-called "Super Cool Biz" campaign in earnest in Tokyo. The world's most-populated metropolis is being asked to slash electricity use by 15 per cent, the prelude to an eco-revolution, promises the Environment Minister, Ryu Matsumoto.
"This will not just be a temporary event this summer. It is going to change the way of life in Japan," he said.
The capital is supplied mostly by Tokyo Electric Power Co (Tepco), which operates the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, which was crippled by the 11 March earthquake and tsunami, slashing the energy supply to the city.
Across Tokyo, Mr Matsumoto's revolution is already in progress. Lifts in department stores and railway stations have been switched off. Lights are dimmed in thousands of convenience stores. Colleges have brought holidays forward by a month to save power on air-conditioning in August. The University of Tokyo, among the city's top-10 energy users, says it has shaved a huge 350,000 kilowatts of electricity off its daily bill.
Campaigners have targeted Japan's five million-plus vending machines, which they say need the equivalent of at least a single nuclear reactor to keep them running. Governor Ishihara has waded into the fight, singling out the country's 12,500 pachinko pinball gaming parlours for special attention. "It's crazy that pachinko wastes so much electricity," said Mr Ishihara, before issuing a typically blustering government threat to unplug them.
But it is air-conditioning which gets the authorities hottest under the collar. During the summer, daily temperatures in the city can hover above 30C for weeks on end, sending cases of heat stroke soaring. A government directive has set workplace temperatures at a muggy but not unbearable 28C and recommends that millions of workers leave the suits in the wardrobe and dress appropriately. At least that is the plan.
Getting that message across to the country's conservative business community is proving a struggle, however. Most companies have told employees to shed the jacket and tie, but not get carried away. "We've been told to stay close to the suit look," says Yukimoto Tetsushi, who works for Toshiba. "No shorts, mini-skirts, or bare-shouldered tops; leather shoes, no sandals. Anything else would be rude to our customers and embarrass the company."
And the earlier start to the working day is not to everyone's taste, either. "Just another plot to get us up earlier in the morning," grumbled one worker to Fuji TV. "Nothing changes."
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Shortly after the United State Supreme Court announced that it was upholding the majority of the Affordable Health Care Act, reaction poured out.
The Michigan League for Human services issued a statement saying "We are ecstatic." According to MLHS Policy Director Karen Holcomb-Merrill, "This is great news for all Michiganders who are one accident, one tumor or one layoff away from health and financial disaster.."
The Michigan Chamber of Commerce described it as a "sad day for job providers and families who support health care policies based upon free market solutions."
Republican Congressman Mike Rogers said the decision made clear the need to "redouble our efforts to change leadership in the U.S. Senate and the Shite House to undo this burdensome Obama Health care tax that will punish those who cannot afford health insurance and is stifling job creation in America.
And a statement from Lansing's Sparrow Health System says it is "committed to quality of care, the Patient experience and affordability, and today's ruling provides additional certainty for those efforts. Sparrow will continue to implement reforms that best serve our Patients."
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Champlain, VA- School Psychologist job opening
School Psychologist needed for a job opportunity near Champlain, Virginia. The position is 35 hours weekly and will run through the end of the current school year. The School Psychologist will be expected to alternate between 3 schools within the district providing services ...
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QMHP-C/Case Manager
New Direction Counseling Services is currently seeking QMHP-C's for our new children's Therapeutic Day Treatment Center. This position will start in January of 2015.
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Teacher for the Visually Impaired (TVI) job - Fredericksburg, VA
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Teacher of the Visually Impaired job in Fredericksburg, Virginia
Sunbelt Staffing is working with a school district that is now hiring a Teacher of the Visually Impaired in Fredericksburg, Virginia. The position is full time and will be a contracted position. The full time Visual Impairment Teacher job will be itinerant serving multiple ...
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Classroom Instructional Aide
our Company Group offers strategic advice to help you with the complex problems related to your global services. Through our practical consulting, original research and industry resources, we help you get the maximum value from your back- and middle-office services.Our ...
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Simulation Lab Coordinator
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Superintendent Heavy Civil
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Agency needs to hire10 to 15 Full Time Mental Health Specialist
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Occupational Therapist in Spotsylvania, VA
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Equity / Option Trader
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Inside Sales Representative - WorldStride - Meet Recruiters - 10/7/14
Meet hiring managers from WorldStride and many other Fortune 500 companies on October 7th at the Richmond Sales, Retail, and Management Career Fair
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Behavior Consultant
Continuum Autism Spectrum Alliance (CASA) is seeking an enthusiastic BCBA or BCaBA to join our team of highly trained specialists. CASA is among the fastest growing behavioral health practices in the Washington/Baltimore region. We provide diagnosis, assessment and treatment ...
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Under general supervision, plans and implements academic lessons, activities and plans for students in an assigned program. Assesses student's academic abilities and educational needs; develops goals and objectives for the academic portion of ...
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Rock Church worship music band-Kakoo- visiting from Hawaii performs Sunday, November 14.
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Daily VideoAugust 25, 2014
#IceBucketChallenge raises $62 million for ALS research
A social media craze has raised $62.5 million in just a few weeks for medical research on the disease ALS, which has no cure and few treatments.
The ice bucket challenge began with Peter Frates, a former Boston College baseball player who was diagnosed with ALS in 2012. Frates challenged people to donate money to ALS research or video themselves getting dunked in ice water and post the video on social media. Participants then challenged others to do the same.
ALS is a disease that destroys nerve cells located in the brain and spinal cord. Victims have less and less control over their muscles and nerves and generally die within three to five years.
The trend took off, with participants filling social media with videos tagged with #IceBucketChallenge and sending millions of donations to the ALS Association.
The ALS Association, which has 38 chapters across the country, is searching for an ALS cure as well as effective treatments, according to Barbara Newhouse, its president and CEO. Donations from the challenge will go to research and care for ALS patients, she added.
The organization supports ALS-certified clinics that are partnered with large research institutions where patients can meet with neurologists, physical therapists and other care givers.
"We will be doing a lot on the research front, but we will also be recognizing that we have got people who have needs every day," she said.
The ALS Association promoted the challenge to its email list on August 6, but Newhouse said she never could have predicted how popular it would become.
"I don't think anybody could have predicted what happened with this," she said. "It's a new age with social networking."
Warm up questions
- Have you heard about the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge?
- Do you know anyone who has taken the Ice Bucket Challenge? Why did they do it?
- What does it mean when something goes "viral" on the internet?
Critical thinking questions
- Do you think people who did the Ice Bucket Challenge know more about ALS then they did before? Please explain. Does awareness matter if the ALS Association gets a lot of money anyway?
- The national ALS Association is a charitable organization that spends its money on the following four areas: research, advocacy, patient and community services, and public education and awareness. Is any category more important than others? Explain your answer. Also, why is it important to know how a charitable organization is spending donated money?
- What would happen if Facebook and Twitter suddenly shut down? Would something like the Ice Bucket Challenge be possible?
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rss.feedsportal.com – Joseph Gordon Levitt is armed...While this year's WonderCon event was seemingly owned by Ridley Scott and Prometheus, there was also excitement in the shape of Brick / The Brothers Bloom director Rian Johnson, who showed up bearing the first trailer for his much-anticipated dip into science fiction, Looper. Sadly, that hasn't hit the web just yet, but two new pictures were released, and can be clocked below in the gallery.Looper is set in a world where time travel is possible, but, because of the ramifications, is illegal.
Created by jetli 2 years 36 weeks ago
About jetli
Don't let the lower case letterings in his name fool you. He's quick and deadly with the headlines and he's always on target. His delivery could use more work though.
Box Office
1. Hunger Games: Mockingjay, Part 1, TheGross: $121,897,634Total: $121,897,634
2. Big Hero 6Gross: $20,124,166Total: $135,746,235
3. InterstellarGross: $15,341,167Total: $120,933,234
Gross: $14,076,545Total: $57,729,445
5. Gone GirlGross: $2,836,019Total: $156,844,231
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Adapt Makes Your Earbuds Wireless, Phone Capable
Sitting in the bottom of messenger bags, wrapped around your iPod, tucked into a pocket in a purse… we've all got a cheap pair of earbuds somewhere on us. We don't think about them often, unless they break. But the Adapt is about to take those drugstore specials and turn them into something far more useful.
The Adapt is essentially a Bluetooth adapter for any set of headphones. The Adapt itself can be clipped onto a pants pocket or a shirt and offers functionality to pretty much anything with a minijack, whether they're a cheap pair of earbuds, or an ancient set of headphones that came with the original Walkman.
The Adapt pairs to your phone, or MP3 player if it's particularly fancy, using Bluetooth. It's got a fairly strong broadcast range for a small item, with promised distance of up to thirty feet, and, as a nice touch, it will automatically re-link with a device it had been previously paired with. On the face are some basic controls for volume and to skip forward or backwards on a track, saving you a little aggravation if suddenly a song from your high school music collection strikes.
The most useful addition, though, is the microphone. Yes, this includes a microphone, which means that the Adapt is a cheap way to replace those fancy iPhone earbuds when they are inevitably destroyed, since Apple apparently never stress-tests its accessories. And since the microphone is in the Adapt, not on your earbud cable, you can swap in any pair of headphones or earbuds, as long as they have a minijack, and the microphone will still work.
The Adapt will last five to six hours of active use on one charge (up to 150 hours on standby), and is available in black, orange, and blue for $40.
Dan Seitz
Dan Seitz is an obsessive nerd living in New England. He lives in the Boston area with a fiancee, a dog, a cat, and far too many objects with processors.
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Game Overkill
Game Overkill – Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 4 (Personal Edition)
First thing's first: Persona 4 did not make the cut. It just missed. But, seeing as it's my series and I make the rules, I'm going to be writing about it anyway. I refuse to accept the fact that not enough of "you people" put it on your lists. "You people" are wrong. With that, here's the first of many post you'll be seeing from time to time, bonus Game Overkill content I'll be labeling "Personal Edition"; games I believe everyone should play at least once that didn't make the official list. I wanted to call it "The Great Games Idiots Forgot to List Edition," but apparently that's "insulting." Babies.
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Updated: 06/17/2014 5:55 PM |
Created: 06/17/2014 5:53 PM
By: Stuart Dyson, KOB Eyewitness News 4
Albuquerque city planners are hoping to kick-start a rebirth of Central Avenue Downtown by trying something that worked just a few years ago, just a few blocks away.
It worked for East Downtown – they call it "Edo" - and now they want to try it in Downtown itself – a big public/private project that could sprout new businesses and create new jobs along the Route 66 corridor.
Right now it's just a parking lot at First and Central, but planners see cafes and shops and clubs and a new hotel – a "premier entertainment hub" that will draw people to the urban core and inspire new development downtown. After all, a similar ambitious project had terrific results right across the railroad tracks in "Edo". It all started with the transformation of the long-vacant old Albuquerque High School into condos and lofts.
"We started seeing an influx of new businesses," said city planning director Suzanne Lubar. "Now we have some wonderful lovely restaurants and other businesses and refurbished homes all around that property."
In fact the restaurants and shops and salons are still spawning up and down Central between I-25 and the railroad tracks, in what was once a seedy crime-plagued slum. Just ask any Edo business owner about it.
"I believe it's because of the lofts next door, the old Albuquerque High," said Richard Whitener of Route 66 Cleaners. "That was the reason I came to put my business in this area, because I knew there was potential for growth."
"It's community building," said Joseph Simonson, who works at a popular restaurant in Edo. "It's really just setting up the infrastructure and really just setting up a place that meets the needs of the community, that has a strong word of mouth."
Edo's got it. Why not Downtown?
Don't expect shovels in the ground at that "entertainment hub" site for another 18 months or so. It will take time for developers to draw up proposals, and more time for the city to choose a developer and select a design.
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Risk Quantify version 0.8.1 was released. I am just about to add full database support to Risk Quantify, so this is pretty much a snapshot release.
Risk Quantify version 0.7.0 was released. This release has numerous clean-ups in the code, and the implementation of Risk Quantify objects has been exposed in the headers making it easier for new developers.
Version 0.4 is a source-only release, with tests that illustrate pricing options using various pricing models and bootstrapping yield curves.


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Boulder Theater, BoulderThis year's Christmas Revels is set in 1907, as Irish emigrants pay homage to the shortest day and prepare for a new life in a new land...
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The Christmas Revels--An Irish Celebration of the Winter Solstice
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Hugh Capet
|Hugh Capet
12th century portrayal of Hugh Capet
|King of the Franks
|3 July 987 – 24 October 996
|3 July 987, Noyon
|Louis V
|Robert II
|Junior king
|Robert II
|Adelaide of Aquitaine
|Hedwig, Countess of Mons
Gisèle, Countess of Ponthieu
Robert II, King of the Franks
|House of Capet
|Hugh the Great
|Hedwige of Saxony
Paris, France
|24 October 996 (aged 55)
Paris, France
|Saint Denis Basilica, Paris, France
Hugh Capet[a][b] (c. 941 – 24 October 996) was the first "King of the Franks" of the House of Capet from his election in 987 until his death. He succeeded the last Carolingian king, Louis V.
- 1 Descent and inheritance
- 2 Rise of the Robertians
- 3 French monarchy in the 10th century
- 4 France under Ottonian influence
- 5 Duke of the Franks
- 6 The Archbishop of Rheims
- 7 Election and extent of power
- 8 Dispute with the papacy
- 9 Legacy
- 10 Marriage and issue
- 11 Prophecy
- 12 Ancestry
- 13 Notes
- 14 References
- 15 Sources
Descent and inheritance[edit]
The son of Hugh the Great, Duke of the Franks, and Hedwige of Saxony, daughter of the German king Henry the Fowler, Hugh was born in 941.[1]
Through his mother, Hugh was the nephew of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor; Henry I, Duke of Bavaria; Bruno the Great, Archbishop of Cologne; and Gerberga of Saxony, Queen of France, wife of Louis IV, King of France, and mother of Lothair of France and Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine.
His paternal family, the Robertians, were powerful landowners in the Île-de-France.[2] His grandfather had been King Robert I.[2] King Odo was his granduncle and King Rudolph was his uncle by affinity.[3]
Hugh is a seventh-generation descendant of Charlemagne:[1][4]
- Hugh Capet, son of
- Hugh the Great, son of
- Béatrice of Vermandois, daughter of
- Herbert I, Count of Vermandois, son of
- Pepin, Count of Vermandois, son of
- Bernard of Italy, King of the Lombards, son of
- Pepin of Italy, King of the Lombards, son of
- Charlemagne.
Hugh Capet was born into a well-connected and powerful family with many ties to the royal houses of France and Germany.[c]
Rise of the Robertians[edit]
Since the end of the ninth century, the descendants of Robert the Strong have become indispensable in carrying out royal policies. Whenever Carolingian power failed, the greatest families of West Francia argued that the monarchy was elective, and chose two Robertians, Odo I (888-898) and Robert I (922-923), as kings in their stead.
At the death of his brother-in-law, Rudolph of Burgundy, King of the Franks, in 936, Hugh the Great had to decide whether he ought to claim the throne for himself. To claim the throne would be to risk an election, which he would have to contest with the powerful Herbert II, Count of Vermandois, father of Hugh, Archbishop of Reims, and allied to Henry the Fowler, King of Germany; and with Hugh the Black, Duke of Burgundy, brother of the late king. To counter these possibilities,[5] Hugh the Great supported the return of Louis d'Outremer, the dispossessed son of Charles the Simple, from his exile at the court of Athelstan of England.[6]
This maneuver, however, allowed him to become the most powerful person in France at the first half of the tenth century. Once in power, Louis IV granted him the title of dux Francorum (Duke of the Franks); the king officially declared him (perhaps under pressure) as "the second after us in all our kingdoms." He also gains power when his great rival Herbert II of Vermandois died in 943, because the powerful principality was then divided among his four sons.
Hugh the Great thus came to dominate so many territories between Orleans-Senlis and Auxerre-Sens, while the Carolingian ruler was rather confined to the northeast of Paris (Compiègne, Laon, Soissons). Finally, the Duke of the Franks is the head of bishoprics and abbeys as those Marmoutier (near Tours), Fleury-sur-Loire (near Orleans) and Saint-Denis. It is also as lay abbot of the collegiate church of Saint Martin of Tours in which Hugh the Great and especially his son Hugues "Capet" take perhaps their nickname in reference to cappa (the cloak of St. Martin) kept as a relic in this place.
French monarchy in the 10th century[edit]
The realm in which Hugh grew up, and of which he would one day be king, bore no resemblance to modern France. Hugh's predecessors did not call themselves kings of France, and that title was not used by his successors until the time of his descendant, Philip II. Kings ruled as rex Francorum ("King of the Franks") and the lands they ruled comprised only a small part of the former Carolingian Empire. The eastern Frankish lands, the Holy Roman Empire, were ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, represented by Hugh's first cousin Otto II and then by Otto's son, Otto III. The lands south of the river Loire had largely ceased to be part of the West Francia kingdom in the years after Charles the Simple was deposed in 922. Both the Duchy of Normandy and the Duchy of Burgundy were largely independent, and Brittany entirely so—although from 956 Burgundy was ruled by Hugh's brothers Otto and Henry.[7]
France under Ottonian influence[edit]
In 956, after the death of his father, Hugh the Great, Hugh, the eldest, is older than fifteen years and has two brothers. Otto I, king of Germany, intends to bring western Francia under his tutelage, which is possible since he was the maternal uncle of Hugh Capet and Lothair of France, the new king of the Franks who succeeded at the age of 13 years to Louis IV in 954.
The kingdom of France in 954 and the Robertian principality in 956 are put under the tutelage of Bruno, Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lorraine, brother of King Otto I. The tutelage of Hugh is doubled by that of Lothair. With these young princes under his tutelage, Otto aimed to maintain the balance between Robertians, Carolingians and Ottonians. In 960, the Frankish king agreed to grant to Hugh the legacy of his father, the margraviate of Neustria and the title of Duke of the Franks. But in return, the duke must accept the new independence gained by the counts of Neustria during the power vacuum. His brother, Otto gets only the duchy of Burgundy (by marriage). Andrew W. Lewis has sought to show that Hugh the Great had prepared a succession policy to ensure his eldest son much of his legacy, as did all the great families of that time.
From 962, the West was dominated by the champion of Christendom against the Hungarians, Otto I, who restored the imperial title and seized Italy along the way. The new emperor increased his power over Western Francia with special attention to certain bishoprics on his border; although elected by Lothair, the Adalberon, Archbishop of Rheims, had imperial sympathies. Disappointed, King Lothair relied on other dioceses (Langres, Chalons, Noyon) and Arnulf I, Count of Flanders.
Duke of the Franks[edit]
In 956, Hugh inherited his father's estates, in theory making him one of the most powerful nobles in the much-reduced kingdom of West Francia.[8] As he was not yet an adult, his mother acted as his guardian,[9] and young Hugh's neighbours took advantage. Theobald I of Blois, a former vassal of Hugh's father, took the counties of Chartres and Châteaudun. Further south, on the border of the kingdom, Fulk II of Anjou, another former client of Hugh the Great, carved out a principality at Hugh's expense and that of the Bretons.[10]
The royal diplomas of the 960's show that the nobles are faithful not only to the Duke of the Franks, as in the days of Hugh the Great, but also to King Lothair. Indeed, there are some in the royal armies fighting against the Duchy of Normandy on behalf of Lothair. Finally, even Hugh's position as second man in the kingdom seemed to slip. Two charters of the abbey of Montierender (968 and 980) refer to Herbert III, Count of Vermandois, while Count of Chateau-Thierry, Vitry and lay abbot of Saint-Médard of Soissons, bearing the title of "Count of the Franks" and even "count of the palace" in a charter of Lothair.
For his part, Lothair also lost power with the ascendance of the Ottonian monarchy. It pales by participating in the gathering of relatives and vassals of Otto I in 965. However, from the death of the emperor in 973, Lothair wanted to revive the policy of his grandfather to recover Lorraine, "cradle of Carolingians". Otto's son and successor, Otto II, appointed his cousin, Charles, brother of Lothair, as Duke of Lower Lorraine, to the king's fury, who was at enmity with his brother. During the summer of 978, he decided to take action.
In August 978, accompanied by the nobles of the kingdom, Lothair surprised and plundered Aachen, residence of Otto II, forcing the imperial family to flee. After occupying Aachen for five days, Lothair returned to France after symbolically disgracing the city. In September 978, Otto II retaliated against Lothair by invading France with the aid of Charles. He met with little resistance on French territory, devastating the land around Rheims, Soissons, and Laon. Otto II then had Charles crowned as King of France by Theodoric I, Bishop of Metz. Lothair then fled to the French capital of Paris and was there besieged by Otto II and Charles. Sickness among his troops brought on by winter and a French relief army under Hugh Capet forced Otto II and Charles to lift the siege on November 30, and to return to Germany. On the journey back to Germany, Otto's rearguard, unable to cross the Aisne in flood at Soissons, is completely wiped out, "and more died by that wave than by the sword." This victory allowed Hugues Capet to regain his position as the first noble of the Frankish kingdom.
The Archbishop of Rheims[edit]
Until the end of the tenth century, situated in Carolingian lands, Reims is the most important of the archiepiscopal seats of France. He claims to the primacy of Gaul and the holder has the privilege to crown kings and direct their chancery. Therefore, the Archbishop of Reims has traditionally supported the ruling family and has long been central to the royal policy. But the episcopal city is headed by Adalberon of Rheims, nephew of Adalberon of Metz (a faithful prelate to the Carolingians), elected by the King Lothair in 969, but who has family ties with the Ottonians. The Archbishop is assisted by one of the most advanced minds of his time, the schoolmaster and future Pope, Gerbert of Aurillac. Adalberon and Gerbert worked for the restoration of a single dominant empire in Europe. King Lothair, 13 years old, was under the tutelage of his uncle Otto I. But upon reaching his majority, he became independent, which defeats the imperial project of bringing the whole of Europe under a single crown. Therefore, they turned their support from Lothair in favor of Hugh Capet.
Indeed, for the Ottonian to make France a vassal state of the empire, it is imperative that the Frankish king is not of the Carolingian race, and not powerful enough to break the Ottonian tutelage. Hugh Capet becomes for them the ideal candidate, especially since he actively supports the monastic reform in the abbeys while other contenders continue to distribute church revenues to their own partisans. Such conduct could only appeal to Reims, very close to the Cluniac movement.
Election and extent of power[edit]
From 977 to 986, Hugh Capet allied himself with the Holy Roman Emperor Otto II and with Archbishop Adalberon of Reims to dominate the Carolingian king, Lothair. By 986, he was king in all but name. After Lothair's son Louis died in May 987, Adalberon and Gerbert of Aurillac convened an assembly of nobles to elect Hugh Capet as their king. In front of an electoral assembly at Senlis, Adalberon gave a stirring oration and pleaded to the nobles:
Crown the Duke. He is most illustrious by his exploits, his nobility, his forces. The throne is not acquired by hereditary right; no one should be raised to it unless distinguished not only for nobility of birth, but for the goodness of his soul.[11]
He was elected and crowned rex Francorum at Noyon in Picardy on 3 July 987, by the prelate of Reims, the first of the Capetian house. Immediately after his coronation, Hugh began to push for the coronation of his son Robert. Hugh's own claimed reason was that he was planning an expedition against the Moorish armies harassing Borrel II of Barcelona, an invasion which never occurred, and that the stability of the country necessitated two kings should he die while on expedition.[12] Ralph Glaber, however, attributes Hugh's request to his old age and inability to control the nobility.[13] Modern scholarship has largely imputed to Hugh the motive of establishing a dynasty against the pretension of electoral power on the part of the aristocracy, but this is not the typical view of contemporaries and even some modern scholars have been less sceptical of Hugh's "plan" to campaign in Spain.[13] Robert was eventually crowned on 25 December that same year.
Hugh Capet possessed minor properties near Chartres and Angers. Between Paris and Orléans he possessed towns and estates amounting to approximately 400 square miles (1,000 km2). His authority ended there, and if he dared travel outside his small area, he risked being captured and held for ransom, though his life would be largely safe.[citation needed] Indeed, there was a plot in 993, masterminded by Adalberon, Bishop of Laon and Odo I of Blois, to deliver Hugh Capet into the custody of Otto III. The plot failed, but the fact that no one was punished illustrates how tenuous his hold on power was. Beyond his power base, in the rest of France, there were still as many codes of law as there were fiefdoms. The "country" operated with 150 different forms of currency and at least a dozen languages.[citation needed] Uniting all this into one cohesive unit was a formidable task and a constant struggle between those who wore the crown of France and its feudal lords. Therefore, Hugh Capet's reign was marked by numerous power struggles with the vassals on the borders of the Seine and the Loire.
While Hugh Capet's military power was limited and he had to seek military aid from Richard I of Normandy, his unanimous election as king gave him great moral authority and influence. Adémar de Chabannes records, probably apocryphally, that during an argument with the Count of Auvergne, Hugh demanded of him: "Who made you count?" The count riposted: "Who made you king?".[14]
Dispute with the papacy[edit]
Hugh made Arnulf Archbishop of Reims in 988, even though Arnulf was the nephew of his bitter rival, Charles of Lorraine. Charles thereupon succeeded in capturing Reims and took the archbishop prisoner. Hugh, however, considered Arnulf a turncoat and demanded his deposition by Pope John XV. The turn of events outran the messages, when Hugh captured both Charles and Arnulf and convoked a synod at Reims in June 991 which obediently deposed Arnulf and chose as his successor Gerbert of Aurillac. These proceedings were repudiated by Rome, although a second synod had ratified the decrees issued at Reims. John XV summoned the French bishops to hold an independent synod outside the King's realm, at Aachen, to reconsider the case. When they refused, he called them to Rome, but they protested that the unsettled conditions en route and in Rome made that impossible. The Pope then sent a legate with instructions to call a council of French and German bishops at Mousson, where only the German bishops appeared, the French being stopped on the way by Hugh and Robert.
Through the exertions of the legate, the deposition of Arnulf was finally pronounced illegal. After Hugh's death, Arnulf was released from his imprisonment and soon restored to all his dignities.
Hugh Capet died on 24 October 996 in Paris and was interred in the Saint Denis Basilica. His son Robert continued to reign.
Most historians regard the beginnings of modern France with the coronation of Hugh Capet. This is because, as Count of Paris, he made the city his power centre. The monarch began a long process of exerting control of the rest of the country from there.
He is regarded as the founder of the Capetian dynasty. The direct Capetians, or the House of Capet, ruled France from 987 to 1328; thereafter, the Kingdom was ruled by cadet branches of the dynasty. All French kings through Louis Philippe, and all royals since then, have belonged to the dynasty. Furthermore, cadet branches of the House continue to reign in Spain and Luxembourg.
All monarchs of the Kingdom of France from Hugh Capet to Philip II of France were titled King of the Franks. Philip II of France was the first to use the title of King of France. Many people are mistaken with this minor error in writing or doing genealogy.
Marriage and issue[edit]
Hugh Capet married Adelaide, daughter of William Towhead, Count of Poitou. Their children are as follows:
- Gisela, or Gisele, who married Hugh I, Count of Ponthieu
- Hedwig, or Hathui, who married Reginar IV, Count of Hainaut
- Robert II, who became king after the death of his father
A number of other daughters are less reliably attested.[15]
According to tradtion, sometime in 981, Hugh Capet recovered the relics of St. Valery, which had been stolen by the Flemmings, and restored it to the proper resting place. The saint appeared to the duke in a dream, and said: "For what you have done, you and your descendants shall be kings to the seventh generation." When he became king, Hugh refused to wear the insignia of royalty, hoping that it would extend his descendants' reign by one generation.
By the literal interpretation, Capetian kingship would thus have ended with Philip Augustus, the seventh king of his line. Figuratively, seven meant completeness, and would mean that the Capetians would be kings forever. The latter proved to be the case, for Capetian kingship lasted until the end of the monarchy.
|Ancestors of Hugh Capet
- ^ Capet is a byname of uncertain meaning distinguishing him from his father Hugh the Great. Folk etymology connects it with "cape." Cole, Robert (2005). A Traveller's History of France (seventh ed.). New York: Interlink Books. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-56656-606-3. According to Pinoteau, the name "Capet" was first attributed to the dynasty by Ralph de Diceto writing in London in 1200, maybe because of the position of the early kings as lay abbots of St Martin of Tours, where part of the "cappa" of the saint was allegedly conserved. Other suggested etymologies derive it from terms for chief, mocker or big head. His father's byname is presumed to have been retrospective, meaning Hugh the Elder, this Hugh being Hugh the Younger, Capet being a 12th-century addition. See: James, The Origins of France, p. 183.
- ^ Although called Hugo Magnus in at least one contemporary source, a charter of 995 (documented in Jonathan Jarrett, "Sales, Swindles and Sanctions: Bishop Sal·la of Urgell and the Counts of Catalonia", International Medieval Congress, Leeds, 11 July 2005, published in the Appendix, Pathways of Power in late-Carolingian Catalonia, PhD dissertation, Birkbeck College (2006), page 295), the epithet "Hugh the Great" is generally reserved for his father the Duke of France (898 – 956). Grimshaw, William (1828). History of France: From the Foundation of the Monarchy, by Clovis, to the final abdication of Napoleon. Philadelphia: John Grigg. p. 38. OCLC 4277602.
- ^ For a fuller explanation of the descent and relationships of Hugh, see the genealogical tables in Riché, The Carolingiens (1993), pp. 367-75.
- ^ a b Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafeln 10, 11
- ^ a b Jim Bradbury, The Capetians: Kings of France, 987-1328, (London: Hambledon Continuum, 2007), p. 69
- ^ Pierre Riché, The Carolingians; A Family Who Forged Europe, trans. Michael Idomir Allen (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), p. 371
- ^ Pierre Riché, The Carolingians; A Family Who Forged Europe, trans. Michael Idomir Allen (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), pp. 371, 375
- ^ James, pp 183–184; Theis, pp 65–66.
- ^ The Annals of Flodoard of Reims, 916–966, eds & trans. Steven Fanning: Bernard S. Bachrach (New York; Ontario, Can: University of Toronto Press, 2011), p. 28
- ^ James, pp. iii, 182–183; Gauvard, pp. 163–168; Riché, pp. 285 ff.
- ^ Pierre Riché, The Carolingians; A Family Who Forged Europe, trans. Michael Idomir Allen (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), p. 264
- ^ Jules Michelet, History of France, Vol. I, trans. G. H. Smith (New York: D. Appleton, 1882), p. 146
- ^ Theis, pp. 69–70.
- ^ Harriet Harvey Wood, The Battle of Hastings: The Fall of Anglo-Saxon England, Atlantic, 2008, p. 46
- ^ Lewis, 908.
- ^ a b Lewis, 914.
- ^ Bordenove, pp. 265–266
- ^ Thus Gauvard, p. 531.
- Bordenove, Georges. Les Rois qui ont fait la France: Hugues Capet, le Fondateur. Paris: Marabout, 1986. ISBN 2-501-01099-X
- Gauvard, Claude. La France au Moyen Âge du Ve au XVe siècle. Paris: PUF, 1996. 2-13-054205-0
- James, Edward. The Origins of France: From Clovis to the Capetians 500–1000. London: Macmillan, 1982. ISBN 0-312-58862-3
- Riché, Pierre. Les Carolingiens: Une famille qui fit l'Europe. Paris: Hachette, 1983. 2-012-78551-0
- Theis, Laurent. Histoire du Moyen Âge français: Chronologie commentée 486–1453. Paris: Perrin, 1992. 2-87027-587-0
- Lewis, Anthony W. "Anticipatory Association of the Heir in Early Capetian France." The American Historical Review, Vol. 83, No. 4. (Oct., 1978), pp 906–927.
Hugh CapetDied: 24 October 996
|Preceded by
Hugh the Great
|Duke of the Franks
|Merged in Crown
|Preceded by
Louis V
|King of the Franks
3 July 987 – 24 October 996
With Robert II as co-King
(from 30 December 987)
|Succeeded by
Robert II