text:
Latest Inca road system Stories
2011-02-22 11:10:00
Access to the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Peru's picturesque Inca city of Machu Picchu, suffering from a growing demand of tourists wishing to visit and access the site, must become limited to protect it.
Word of the Day
- A coin originally worth six pennies Scots, and later three; held equivalent to an English halfpenny.
- (in plural) Money; cash.


text:
StatoilHydro ASA changed its name to Statoil ASA with effect from Nov. 1. The ticker symbols will remain unchanged as STL on the Oslo Stock Exchange and STO on the New York Stock Exchange.
CSCL Globe, the world's largest containership and the first of a series of five 19,100 TEU containerships ordered by China Shipping Container Lines (CSCL) in 2013,
The downfall of a leading marine fuel supplier that prompted sellers to tighten credit terms in Singapore is skewing the post-OW Bunker jostle for market share
Japan's highest-ranking military officer on Friday urged an early start to a "crisis management" mechanism with China amid conflicting claims to a group of tiny East China Sea islands.
A new series of six Anchor Handling Tug Supply vessels to be built at the Kleven Verft AS in Norway for the Danish based Maersk Supply Service A/S - part of the A.
Keppel AmFELS LLC, a wholly owned US subsidiary of Keppel Offshore & Marine Ltd (Keppel O&M), has delivered the jackup rig, Coatzacoalcos, to Mexico's Central Panuco S.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Israel slams Ankara: This is no way for a NATO state to act
Israel accuses UN investigators of turning blind eye to terrorism
UNRWA declares state of emergency in Gaza after torrential rains
Shots fired from Gaza at IDF patrol, tanks return fire
British town council votes to ban all Israeli goods, in defiance of Labor policy
Majority expected to support bill dispersing Knesset
A graveside battle over Ben Gurion's legacy
With government's fate uncertain, Netanyahu seeks commitment from haredim for next coalition
Widow of slain rabbi blames internal haredi discord for Jerusalem synagogue terror attack
Slight reduction in HIV in Israel in 2013
*RX For Readers: Itchy-eyed in autumn*
Infant mortality rates higher in Arab population
Smartphones are keeping your children awake
Tech Talk: The best keyboard apps available for smartphones
Elbit Systems developing bus with supercapacitator fast-charging system
Zion Tech: Israeli start up Dogiz helps dogs and owners socialize
Zion Tech: Our Israeli start-up of the week aims to make air pollution visible
Grapevine: Remembering Rothschild
The Lion's share
Get your gobble on: Thanksgiving in Tel Aviv
5th annual Hullegeb Festival celebrates Ethiopian culture
Maccabi Tel Aviv on a roll as unbeaten CSKA comes to town
Another back-breaking loss for Jerusalem
Ga'ash, ESRA team up for golf tournament
Casspi making best of second stint as a King
Naked suspected sex offender runs over cop
Central Israel experiences rainiest November in 20 years
Birthright Israel cuts ties with New Israel Fund
South African Jewish leaders fete Abbas in Pretoria
Iranian Jews gather in Yazd for rituals
Orthodox leaders condemn US rabbi for anti-Arab rhetoric
US haredim seek to share kollels' 'burden'
Three Egyptian security forces killed in Sinai
Is the price of watermelons relevant to Iran's nuclear crisis?
ISIS says its flag will wave over Jerusalem, even if the Jews don't like it
Iranian Police: 200,000 people in the country are alcoholics
WATCH: Syrian child preacher says stop chasing half-naked women, look to your 72 virgins
Parting shot: How Iran doused the romance
Into the fray: The Arabs' war against the Jews (cont.): Root causes & red herrings
There's no need for a 'Jewish state' law
Column one: The storm over the teacup
My word: Keep your eyes on the road
Wishful doing
Cinema of reconciliation
On the volcano's edge
Knowledge, power and abuse
Arrivals: With a twinkle in her eye
Book Review: A gladiator in the study hall
Book Review: Disbelieving of his own survival
Hot off the Arab press
Grapevine: The history of Hansen Hospital
Less rioting, but more transportation delays
This week in Jerusalem
Taking Shape
Blogging sensation
Wading Through Widowhood: A museum by moonlight
Grapevine: Tel Aviv baby boom
Obama: Helping terror go nuclear
On incitement, lots of talk but little action
To finally look behind the news
Recognizing Palestine – anomalies and ambiguities
A song for Kislev: 'Sea of Sheaves'
שְתִיקָתוֹ שֶל בָּרוּך
שָרִים מִקוֹל הַלֵב
Speaking up
An expanding city
Queen Esther's 'hijos'
Meet the ambassador: Flying high
YouTube recycling video goes viral in Israel
Tradition Today: The blessing of daughters
Parshat Vayetze: The power and pain of love
Like a breath of fresh air
Pourquoi une loi sur l'Etat-nation?
Pour ou contre des élections anticipées?
Une horreur injustifiable
Une brèche dans la démocratie
Une petite fille juive du nord de Londres
Rétrospective en noir et blanc pour la ville d'Or
L'unité : notre seule planche de salut
Daniel Oren, maestro d'Israël, d'Italie et d'ailleurs !
Arad n'a pas encore jeté l'éponge
Le pot de chocolat liégeois par qui le scandale arrive
Le dernier kibboutz
La course aux étoiles
De Maxime Hauchard à Abou Abdallah Al-Faransi, itinéraire d'un Français parti faire le Djihad
On n'invite pas un pyromane à éteindre un incendie
Tuer l'EI dans l'œuf
Le mont du Temple et la guerre sainte de l'islam
L'Occident et l'Iran jouent les prolongations
La liste des organisations terroristes qui dérange
Les « Israéliens » de Kampala
Les attentats du lundi 10 novembre vus par la presse française
Netanyahou s'adresse à la communauté francophone
Christian priest speaks out strongly in favor of Jewish state law
Hispanic Evangelicals among Israel's greatest supporters
Christians United for Israel Chairman John Hagee says Obama is anti-Semitic
Temple Mount: Common ground between Jews and Christians
Pope Francis condemns Palestinian violence
Exploring Our Heritage
Holocaust Survivors See the Negev with KKL-JNF
KKL Belgium Donates Portable Bomb Shelter to Kiryat Gat
KKL-JNF Awards 2014 Blumberg Prize
Israel and Finland Connect through the Environment
KKL-JNF Experts Visit China for Future Environmental Collaborations
Mexican Politician and Business Leader Miguel Aleman Velasco Visits KKL-JNF in Jerusalem
International Conference in Sde Boker: Combating Desertification Together
In his Footsteps: Heritage Excursions in Memory of Yitzhak Rabin
Cleanup Day Activities in Central Israel
International Cleanup Day: Cleaning Together in Northern Israel
KKL-JNF's Eyes in the Forest - The Horshim Forest Green Patrol
Israel Today and Tomorrow: KKL France Mission Visits Israel
Start-up Israel: KKL Italy November Mission Learns about Israel's Past and Future
KKL-JNF and Desert Agriculture Latin American Diplomats visit the Negev
A Successful Annual Fundraising Event for KKL Milan
Living Green in Israel: the Contest and the Winners
Addressing Climate Change Conference
Nurturing the Foresters of the Future
Saving the Sabras
11.28.2014 | 6 Kislev, 5775
Media are Hamas's main strategic weapons, says visiting US historian
50 days of Israel's Gaza operation, Protective Edge – by the numbers
UN resolution to follow apparent success of Egyptian mediation efforts
Watch: Air strike rattles Gaza City
Analysis: 'Non-kosher' Islamists and 'kosher' ones
Amman asks Security Council members to pass cease-fire resolution
B'Tselem's Gaza war statistics under fire
Analysis: Fighting in Gaza will flicker out, not be dramatically doused
Serry: Damage to Gaza structures three times that from Cast Lead
US official 'cannot envision' support for UN investigation into Gaza
Hamas: We know how to make Netanyahu accept our demands
State indicts 5 Gaza terrorists captured during Operation Protective Edge
Operation Protective Edge
06/23/2014 19:20
Youtube satire of kidnapped teens.
(photo credit:YOUTUBE SCREENSHOT)
Palestinian filmmakers have released a satirical clip depicting the three kidnapped Israeli teens along with their captors. The film has spread across social media sites. In the clip, two armed Palestinians with covered faces stand behind three actors who play the roles of the kidnapped teens. The three actors, whose eyes are covered, read out their respective names, Gil-Ad Shaer, Naftali Fraenkel and Eyal Yifrah, under the threat of a gun. The three actors playing the kidnapped teens are then commanded to say Allau Akbar ("God is great"). In the film the captors make the following demands: the release of Palestinian prisoners in Israeli jails, the termination of the "occupation" in the West Bank and the end of IDF home demolitions and expropriation of land. Towards the end of the scene, other actors depicting IDF intelligence officials are shown watching the captors' demands. An actor in the film dressed as a haredi watches with the officials and proclaims that he is scared.
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text:
A video making the rounds on social media shows a woman on a hidden camera walking through the streets of New York with men doing horrible things like saying hello. The horror! Christopher Cantwell shares his thoughts on the matter.
Sexist coverage of the Pew Online Harassment poll
Yes to men's rights (provided it never actually happens)
Many people claim to support men's rights, but when asked to endorse the necessary changes to social and legal policy the same individuals get struck with a case of the "what ifs." Ayami Tyndall contends that unless support for men's rights is continuous and enthusiastic, it doesn't equate to genuine support.


text:
The Leading eBooks Store Online
for Kindle Fire, Apple, Android, Nook, Kobo, PC, Mac, BlackBerry ...
Complete Father Brown
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From London to Cornwall, then to Italy and France, a short, shabby priest runs to earth bandits, traitors, killers. Why is he so successful? The reason is that after years spent in the priesthood, Father Brown knows human nature and is not afraid of its dark side. Thus he understands criminal motivation and how to deal with it.
Old LandMark Publishing;
Title: Complete Father Brown
Author: G. K. Chesterton; G.K. Chesterton
Title: Complete Father Brown
Author: G. K. Chesterton; G.K. Chesterton
Buy, download and read Complete Father Brown (eBook) by G. K. Chesterton; G.K. Chesterton today!
More Fiction
Captivated By You 2014 US$ 9.99 352 pages
Fifty Shades of Grey 2011 US$ 9.99
Gray Mountain 2014 US$ 12.99
Burn 2014 US$ 13.49 416 pages
Subject categories


text: Stephan's review isn't valid--the temple doesn't reveal itself when you just drive by. This is one of the largest, if not THE largest intact Gold-Rush era Chinese Temple Complexes in California. The temple is filled with period artifacts that have been there since the 1840s. In addition, there is a recreation of the Fong Lee herb shop & gold buying... More


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...Teaching is fun if you love what you're doing. Thank you for trying to help your kids to learn more language. I can speak, read, and write Arabic.
2 Subjects: including Arabic, elementary (k-6th)
Walnut Creek, CA
I am a dynamic and creative teacher who is passionate to inspire students from all ages to learn and speak the French language. My background is Fine arts and Graphic design and I have been a Montessori teacher for over 12 years now. I have conducted a Private French program for over 10 years and tutored privately, students from kindergarten through 8th grades.
2 Subjects: including Arabic, French
Concord, CA
...My areas of expertise include: elementary math, basic and advanced reading, writing, spelling. I have a particular speciality in tutoring students in which English is their second language. In addition to the typical tutoring provided, I do have a broad range of computer skills which I believe are and will forever be pivotal skills to learn for future generations to come.
41 Subjects: including Arabic, reading, English, grammar
Stockton, CA
Hello there! I graduated from UCLA with a degree in Iranian studies (AKA Farsi/Persian language) and am currently earning an MA in linguistics from San Jose State University. I'm looking forward to sharing my knowledge with others in need.
2 Subjects: including Arabic, Farsi
Oakland, CA
...I am flexible with setting up appointments for tutoring, but,I would like to be given at least an hour notice for cancellations. I can also give make up lessons for any missed lessons. I would like to meet with my students in a convenient place in San Leandro such as in a cafe or a public library.
6 Subjects: including Arabic, grammar, phonics, elementary science
San Leandro, CA


text:
Conflict: Vietnam Cheats for PC - WindowsHome / PC - Windows /
This page contains Cheats for Conflict: Vietnam organized by sections for PC - Windows. Conflict: Vietnam is a Action Shooter Third-Person game, made by Pivotal Games, released on Oct 5, 2004 and published by Global Star Software. If you can't find a hint or secret in our list, then please check this page periodically for the latest updates.
- Developer:
Conflict: Vietnam PC - Windows CheatsPivotal Games
- Publisher: Global Star Software
- Genre: Action Shooter Third-Person
- Release Date: Oct 5, 2004
- ESRB: Mature
Cheat Menu Press and hold the left shift key and type AGENTORANGE 1st Air Cav mission: At the beginning of the level, get all the ammunition in the weapons room (to your left at the very start). Then, move on to the Major. When he tells you to go to the bunkers, take Ragman and the Doc and crouch do...From: topsoil
Stuck on this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let others answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an Conflict: Vietnam expert then please try to help others with their questions.
Tales From The Borderlands - Rewind Theater Trailer
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- Munin - Official Launch Trailer, (iPad)


text:
A sausage casing of an isotropic spun fleece of at least one polyamide, containing no binding agent, is joined in the longitudinal direction so as to form a tube and is partially compressed. Further, the invention relates to a process for the production of the sausage casing and its use for containing sausage products that are air-cured. Special mechanical and elastic characteristics are achieved by partial compression whereas the gas and water permeability for the raw sausage is retained to the required extent. The casing shrinks with the filling on curing, remains wrinkle-free, does not allow grease to escape, and can be easily peeled.
1. A raw sausage casing which comprises:
a spun random fleece which forms the sausge casing, with said fleece comprising at least one polyamide which contains no binding agent, and with said fleece being provided with edges and a longitudinal axis, wherein said edges are joined in a longitudinal direction along said longitudinal axis in such a way as to form a tube including webs of uncompressed fleece and areas of compressed fleece to avoid disadvantages of fray encountered during unpeeling of the sausage casing, said fleece further being provided with predetermined areas which are embossed by partial compression, with said partial compression having an area compression ratio VF, which is a ratio of compressed fleece surface that represents area sum of all predetermined areas compressed by being embossed relative to uncompressed fleece surface representing area sum of all webs, and a depth compression ratio VT, which is a ratio of embossed depth relative to initial wall thickness, and wherein said area compression ratio falls within a range of 0.12 to 2.3 and said depth compression ratio falls within a range of 0.24 to 0.5.
2. A raw sausage casing according to claim 1, wherein said fleece is a polyamide selected from the group consisting of PA6, PA6-6, PA6-10, PA11, PA12, and copolyamides of two or more monomeric precursors thereof.
3. A raw sausage casing according to claim 1, wherein said fleece is composed of a plurality of polyamides selected from the group consisting of PA6, PA6-6, PA6-10, PA11, PA12, and copolyamides of two or more monomeric precursors thereof.
4. A raw sausage casing according to claim 1, wherein said tube is provided with an inner surface and an outer surface, with said inner surface being embossed and said outer surface being smooth.
5. A raw sausage casing according to claim 1, wherein said fleece has a predetermined force-length change in a direction which is transverse to said longitudinal axis thereof, and wherein said force-length change:
(a) extends elastically according to Hooke's Law up to at least 90% of its tensile strength;
(b) encounters gradient values calculated from the area compliant with Hooke's Law that are ##EQU13## and (c) involves an elongation that is less than 90%;
all values being measured on strips 15�0.1 mm wide and 50 mm long, and wherein Fy indicates the tensile force in N and Δ1Hd x stands for the change in the measured length in millimeters caused by a force Fy.
6. A raw sausage casing according to claim 1, wherein said embossed area is provided with rectangular compressed areas and with uncompressed webs, with said uncompressed webs being positioned between said rectangular areas, and wherein said rectangular areas are provided with sides which are parallel or perpendicular to one another and which thereby extend parallel or perpendicular to said longitudinal axis of said fleece which forms said sausage casing.
7. A raw sausage casing according to claim 1, wherein said sides of said rectangular areas measure from about 0.5 to 1.5 mm, said uncompressed webs have a width which measures from about 0.3 to 1 mm, said uncompressed webs have a wall thickness which measures from about 0.125 to 0.25 mm, and said rectangular areas have a wall thickness which measures from about 0.06 to 0.125 mm.
8. A proces for the production of a raw sausage casing, which includes the steps of partially and permanently compressing a spun random fleece which has at least one polyamide and which contains no binding agent, forming an embossed surface on said fleece, and joining said fleece along its edges so as to form a tube including webs of uncompressed fleece and areas of compressed fleece to avoid disadvantages of fray encountered during unpeeling of the sausage casing, said partially and permanently compressing including an embossing by partial compression with said partial compression having an area compression ratio VF, which is a ratio of compressed fleece surface that represents area sum of all predetermined areas compressed by said embossing relative to the uncompressed fleece surface representing area sum of all webs and a depth compression area VT, which is a ratio of embossed depth relative to initial wall thickness, and wherein said ratio compression ratio falls within a range of 0.12 to 2.3 and said depth compression ratio falls within a range of 0.24 to 0.5.
9. A process according to claim 8, wherein said spun random fleece is partially compressed providing one surface of said fleece which is smooth and unembossed and one surface of said fleece which is embossed, and wherein said tube is formed with said embossed surface being on the inside of said tube.
10. A process according to claim 8, wherein said fleece is an isotropic spun random fleece composed of polyamide-6 having a surface weight of 30 to 80 g/m2 and wall thickness of 0.125 to 0.250 mm.
11. A process according to claim 8, wherein said partial compressing step is a thermomechanical partial compression process which is carried out at a pressure of up to 200 bar and at temperatures of up to 600 K.
12. A process according to claim 11, wherein said partial compression step is effected by a pair of rollers, with one roller having a surface that is wear-resistant, is formed with longitudinal and transverse grooves, and may be heated, and with one roller having a surface which is non-sticking and which may optionally be cooled.
13. A sausage casing according to claim 1, wherein said fleece is provided with a sausage filling that may be cured in air.
14. A process according to claim 8, which includes the further steps of filling said tube with a sausage, and air-curing said sausage casing and its filling.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a sausage casing, consisting of an isotropic spun fleece which is free of binding agent, is welded, cemented or stitched in the longitudinal direction, and consists of at least one polyamide and is partially compressed. Further, the present invention relates to a process for the production of such a sausage casing and for its use as directed for packing with sausage products that are to be air-cured.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Raw sausages are known to the consumer, for example, as salami, saveloy, or servalat sausages. These are produced from mixtures comprising coarse to medium-fine ground beef, pork, bacon, pickled beef, and spices, without the addition of water. Once the sausage casings have been filled with the mixture which has been cooled to approximately -4� C. and is for this reason very solid, the sausages are sweated for 1-2 days at approximately 18�-25� C. and at 98% relative humidity whereupon the characteristic red colour of the meat develops. Subsequently, the sausages are lightly smoked for approximately 3 days at 18�-20� C. and are then cured at a maximum temperature of 18� C. for several weeks in a curing chamber with slight air circulation, whereupon they lose between 25-45% of their weight in the form of water.
During the filling process, great demands are placed on the strength and elasticity of the casings, especially if automated filling processes are used, since what is required is an even solid filling in a cylindrical shape that is free of bulges.
In order that the curing process can proceed unhindered, the sausage casings must permit the passage of water vapor so that when water from the sausage interior reaches the surface of the meat filling, it can diffuse immediately through the casing and then evaporate from the surface of the sausage. Of course, a corresponding contraction in volume is associated with this loss of water and this becomes apparent primarily in a reduction in the circumference of the sausage, which the casing should follow by shrinking to the same extent.
During the course of the curing process, the fat that is contained in the raw sausage becomes more and more mobile and, if the casing is porous, this will then emerge from the sausage and soon become rancid. Since this is unhygienic and bothersome when the sausage is being handled, the sausage casings should also be fat-tight as far as possible.
Apart from sausage casings produced from collagens, which because the material is related to gut, are particularly suitable, it has to date been a problem to combine the characteristics set out above in an optimal manner to provide sausage casings produced from synthetic materials and intended for the production of raw sausage.
Of the many attempts that have been made to replace natural gut for raw sausage by casings of synthetic materials, only very few have achieved a noteworthy share of the market. In addition to collagen sausage casings and those that are impregnated with collagens and/or gelatine, these include woven or similar textile fibre structures, notably fibre reinforced recycled cellulose sausage casings and, to a slightly lesser extent, stitched sausage casings of cotton material.
There has been no lack of attempts to use fleece-type materials as a basis for raw sausage casings, although up to now these have achieved no economic importance due to the serious shortcomings of such materials.
The first attempts to produce sausage casings of fleece-type materials were aimed at the use of such materials as casings for boiling sausages. According to these, DE-PS-No. 19 17 265, DE-OS No. 19 62 331, DE-OS No. 21 05 715, and DE-OS No. 21 54 972 propose fleece-type materials of synthetic staple fibres with the addition of collagen fibres and with a coating of PVDC that is impervious to water vapour.
The use of a spun fleece as a sausage casing was taught for the first time in DE-OS No. 21 28 613. Polyamides, polyolefins, and polyesters were proposed as the starting material. Mixtures of these fibres with skin fibres or cellulose products were also proposed. A disadvantage of this fleece material was the fact that when peeled off, the sausage skins "split"- i.e., when pulled off the sausage, they divided so that the inner layer, which had become joined to the sausage material, had to be picked off and removed in small pieces. In order to alleviate this situation, it was at first proposed to use a lacquering or impregnating process with film-forming polymers. Subsequently, DE-OS No. 24 37 781 proposed preventing this "splitting" by use of a thermomechanical treatment. In this treatment, the spun fleece was calendered when hot so that the individual fibres were retained but became welded or blended together at the crossover points.
DE-OS No. 23 30 774 describes a sausage casing of a staple fibre fleece of polyamide fibres and/or viscose fibres and/or acrylic fibres. This material is stated to be suitable for boiling sausage and for raw sausage.
DE-OS No. 30 29 028 also teaches a sausage casing for the production of raw sausage. It is preferred that this should consist of a thermally consolidated spun fleece of PA or PP fibres, with a wet strength of at least 30N and a wet stretch factor of at least 95% and preferably be impregnated with a 1:1 mixture of polyvinyl alcohol and gelatine, to form a continuous film after drying.
Of the above-cited sausage casings, however, none has ever been commercially available. It is thus obvious that these fleece-type casings for raw sausages still suffer from one or several of the following shortcomings:
1. Insufficient strength, which becomes apparent not so much in bursting during the filling process as in a lack of consistency in diameter. This is to say that on being filled, the casings expand permanently under the filling pressure and for this reason are of varying diameter along their length or even bulge in places.
2. Inadequate permeability with regard to water vapour, which results in the need for an extended drying period-this being the result of using fleece bonding agents or a thermo-mechanical consolidation process that is too intensive to prevent fraying or shredding.
3. Too little capacity for shrinkage, which results in shriveled sausages and also in the casing peeling in places.
4. Inadequate proof against grease, which allows the fat to escape and drip off during the course of the curing process.
5. Fraying, i.e., splitting of the fibres during skinning, caused by inadequate bonding within the fleece itself.
Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide a casing for raw sausage having superior strength, permeability to water vapour, shrinkability, proof against grease, and peelability.
The present invention will now be described further by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is the force-length change diagram of a raw sausage casing according to the present invention, produced as described in Example 1;
FIG. 2 shows the partial deformation of a thermo-plastic spun fleece between rollers including an embossing roller;
FIG. 3 shows a section of the surface of the embossing roller of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 shows the spun fleece produced as in Example 1 in plan view;
FIG. 5 shows the fleece as in FIG. 4, in section along the line A-B;
FIG. 6 shows the force-length change diagram of a spun fleece as in comparative Example 5; and
FIG. 7 shows the force-length change diagram of a spun fleece produced according to comparative Example 3.
According to the present invention, there is provided a casing of an isotropic spun fleece that is free of bonding agents and is produced from at least one polyamide, said fleece being longitudinally formed into a tube and being partially compressed such that the fleece displays a specific area compression ratio VF in the range from 0.12 to 2.3 and a depth compression ratio VT of 0.24 to 0.5.
It is preferred that the polyamide for the spun fleece consist of one or more polyamides selected from the group consisting of PA 6, PA 6-6, PA 6-10, PA 11, PA 12, and/or copolyamides of two or more of the corresponding monomers.
In this connection, it is particularly advantageous that the raw sausage casing according to the present invention has an embossed inner surface which contacts the sausage filling, whilst the outer surface is smooth. Because of the special partial compression that is a feature of the present invention, the raw sausage casing according to the present invention displays the following characteristics:
1. The force-length change diagram for the casing is elastic in accordance with Hooke's Law up to at least 90% of its tensile strength.
2. The transverse irreversible stretching of the casing is always less than 90%.
3. The gradient values Fy /Δ1x calculated from the force-length change diagram for the casings amount to at least 1N/mm.
Measurement of these characteristics takes place in accordance with DIN 53 455.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the raw-sausage casing according to the present invention has on its inner surface rectangular (preferably square) compressed areas and between these, uncompressed webs, the edges of the rectangles being parallel or perpendicular to each other and to the longitudinal axis of the sausage casing.
The side lengths of the rectangles lie in the range from about 0.5-1.5 mm, the width of the webs in the area of about 0.3-1 mm. The wall thickness, measured at the uncompressed webs, is about 0.125-0.25 mm and, in the area of the compressed rectangles, is about 0.06-0.125 mm. The surface compression ratio VF provides the ratio of the compressed fleece surface (the area sum of all the rectangles-εFrectangle) to the uncompressed fleece surface (the area sum of all the webs-εFwebs): ##EQU1##
According to this, VF is determined by the selection of the rectangular sides and the width of the webs alone.
Accordingly, the depth compression ratio VT is the ratio of the embossed depth TG to the initial wall thickness WAusg : ##EQU2##
At a constant fleece initial wall thickness, VT is determined by the embossed depth alone.
For the smallest web width and the maximum rectangle side length, a maximum area compression ratio can be calculated according to Equation 1, this being ##EQU3## and correspondingly with the greatest web width as well as the smallest rectangle side length, a minimum area compression ratio of ##EQU4##
The maximum depth compression ratio at a constant fleece wall thickness of 0.250 mm occurs according to Equation 2 at the embossed depth ##EQU5## and the minimum depth compression ratio ##EQU6## for the smallest embossed depth.
At a VF greater than 2.27 and VT greater than 0.5 the foil character of the partially compressed spun fleece will predominate. This results in a number of disadvantages. The force-length change diagram will deviate more from the Hooke elasticity condition. The curve will be S-shaped. The fleece becomes increasingly brittle and loses too much strength. It is no longer possible to reach an appropriate gradient value ##EQU7## At a VF smaller than 0.125 and a VT smaller than 0.25, on the other hand, the fleece character will dominate, which also entails disadvantages. The force-length change diagram is characterized by an irreversible flow state. The required short elongation capability is no longer met. The purely Hooke region of the force-length change diagram, reduced to 20% of the tensile strength, leads to gradient values that are clearly below 1.0 n/mm.
In essence, this inadequate behaviour is caused by the defective thermal melting of the fibre crossover points within the fleece.
Raw sausage casings of polyamide-6-random spun fleeces with the above-described characteristics have not been known up to now nor proposed.
The raw sausage casing according to the present invention displays a number of valuable characteristics. It displays elastic behaviour according to Hooke's Law over the whole area of the skin that is processed. This is important because it ensures that the casing expands elastically to the correct diameter during the filling process. The short elongation capability that is also provided is connected with this and prevents a partial and permanent deformation of the casing under the loads imposed during the filling process. The gradient values from the force-length change diagram indicate that during the filling process the casing is distended elastically at least so far that, even in the case of long-curing, high quality raw sausage, it can keep up with the contraction of the filling, which can amount to up to 45%, by volume, and still remain crease-free.
Finally, characteristics that are in point of fact antithetical to each other can be combined optimally in the raw sausage casing according to the present invention--such characteristics as (a) rapid curing, although without the separation of fat, (b) rustic appearance with a homogeneous structure, (c) strong adhesion of the filling with ease of skinning, all being difficult to achieve with a pure fleece as with a pure film.
Rapid curing means a high drying rate, and thus a preferred fleece structure that also delivers optimal smoking results. However, undesirably large amounts of fat escape if a pure fleece is used.
The casing according to the present invention presents a balanced compromise in this regard.
The same also applies to the way the casing adheres to the surface of the meat. Because of the protein-like structure of the carbon amide group-CO--NH--in the polyamide macromolecule, all planar polyamides display special adhesion to the filling. On the one hand, this can be a highly desirable characteristic if it is a matter of preventing the casing from separating away from the filling or of ensuring the response of the casing during the curing process (preventing the formation of fat pockets at the contact surfaces between the casing and the filling). On the other hand, strong adhesion is extremely burdensome if the casing is to be removed prior to consumption and especially at a particular desired location-namely, at the contact surfaces between the casing and the filling. Here, too, the raw sausage casing according to the present invention achieves an optimum result in that the casing does not separate into individual strands when removed but can be skinned off easily and completely.
A further desirable and new, positive characteristic of the raw sausage casing according to the present invention is seen in its excellent characteristics with regard to stitching. It can be stitched, like a fabric, into special shapes and delivers seam strengths that cannot be achieved with either uncompressed or totally compressed fleeces.
The raw sausage casing according to the present invention is produced by a process that also constitutes part of the present invention in that a spun random fleece of polyamide-6 that is free of binding agent is subjected to a thermo-mechanical partial compression and embossing treatment, whereupon the partially compressed and embossed fleece is joined together in the longitudinal direction so as to form a tube whereby, according to a preferred embodiment, only one surface is embossed which then forms the inner side when joined together so as to form the tube.
A highly isotropic polyamide spun fleece with a surface weight of 30 to 80 g/m2 and/or thicknesses of 0.125 to 0.250 is used as the starting material.
The partial compression treatment is completed by the application of pressure and increased temperatures, preferably by means of a pair of rollers, said rollers forming a gap through which the fleece is passed.
It is preferred that the upper roller have a hardened metal surface that is formed with equispaced longitudinal and transverse grooves, and which can be heated to approximately 600 K. The upper roller can be pressed at a pressure of up to 200 bar onto the lower roller which, according to a preferred embodiment, has a smooth surface and a non-sticking coating. The lower roller, which can be a rubber roller, can optionally be cooled. The pressure and temperature of the upper roller are so adjusted that the fleece is compressed by the projecting squares of the upper roller, and remains uncompressed in the area of the grooves so that uncompressed webs remain between compressed rectangles.
The resulting rectangular shapes on the upper roller are preferably square and have a side length of 0.5 to 1.5 mm. The grooves between the rectangular shapes are of rectangular cross section. Their length amounts to 0.3 to 1 mm, and they are 0.06 to 0.125 mm deep. The longitudinal and the transverse grooves of a given roller preferably have the same contours although their dimensions can also be different.
The rate at which the fleece is fed into the described pair of rollers amounts to 5 to 20 m/minute. The spun random fleece is partially compressed in a precisely defined manner in the gap between the rollers. When this is done the outline of the upper roller is transferred to the surface of the spun fleece, whereas the underside remains smooth. The resulting quadrilateral shapes on the upper roller compress the fleece, whereas the grooves allow the fleece to pass through uncompressed.
As will immediately be apparent, the partially compressed areas have a wall thickness that is reduced by the height of the quadrilateral shapes and the areas that pass through the gap between the rollers uncompressed. The latter have retained their typically fibre-like structure whereas the former have now adopted a film-like structure and appear to be almost transparent. This different structure is the main feature of this application. It is the basic prerequisite for fulfilling the previously cited specific features 1, 2 and 3. It is defined by means of a particular area and depth compression ratio.
Production of the raw sausage casing from the partially compressed fleece is carried out in conventional manner by adhesion, stitching or welding along the longitudinal axis. Known and suitable adhesive formulations are set out in Volume IV of the plastics handbook Polyamides by Vieweg-Mueller (Carl Hanser Verlag), pp. 412-420.
Stitching and welding are preferred as dry joining methods. However, the production technique that is especially preferred is welding. Hot-element welding, high-frequency welding, and ultrasonic welding are all equally well suited as known methods. These are described in the above-cited plastics handbook, Volume VI, at pages 408-414.
Production is carried out from the spun random fleece cut to the correct area size in accordance with the diameter to be produced and pretreated according to the present invention. This is rolled off from the supply roll, formed over a suitable forming slip so as to overlap slightly along the longitudinal axis so as to form a tubular casing and then fixed in this particular shape by means of welding (stitching, adhesion). The tube then passes, optionally, through a drying tunnel if it has been cemented beforehand. However, it is preferred that it be laid flat and rolled immediately after the welding (stitching) process has been completed.
The casing can be marked by any known methods. These include colouring, printing, gathering up, binding, stitching into special shapes, etc.
Referring to FIG. 2, the isotropic PA-6 spun fleece 1 is passed between a pair of rollers 2 and 3, the upper roller 2 being embossed and the lower roller being smooth. FIG. 3 shows the roller 2 having a hardened metal surface 4 formed with quadrilateral raised areas 5 with equispaced grooves or webs 6 extending transversely and longitudinally therebetween. The quadrilateral areas 5 are preferably square and the grooves 6 are preferably rectangular in cross-section.
FIGS. 4 and 5 show the spun fleece in plan view--partially compressed, embossed areas 7 having a wall thickness which is reduced by the height of the rectangular areas alternating with uncompressed areas 8.
Pure polyamide-6 (PA-6) with a relative viscosity of 3.2, measured in 96% sulphuric acid according to DIN 53 727 at 298 K., of which the monomer and oligomer component fractions extracted in boiling water for 18 hours are less than 0.35%, is conventionally formed into an isotropic spun random fleece with a surface weight of 60 g/m2 and a starting wall thickness of 0.210 mm. This spun random fleece is then passed at 10 m/minute through the gap between a pair of rollers, the upper roller of which has a rectangular gravure with an edge length of 0.8 mm, an engraving depth of 0.080, and a web width of 0.4 mm. The hardened metal surface of this embossing roller was heated to 500 K. and pressed at 130 bar against the smooth anti-adhesive rubberized lower roller. On passing between this pair of rollers, the PA-6 spun fleece was partially compressed thermo-mechanically and acquired an embossed upper surface and a smooth underside. The wall thickness of the compressed areas mounted to 0.130 mm, whereas the uncompressed areas retained their initial or starting wall thickness of 0.210 mm. A value of ##EQU8## was calculated for the area compression ratio VF.
The depth compression ratio VT amounted to: ##EQU9##
The force-length change diagram of the fleece treated according to the present invention was established on the basis of DIN 53 455 from fleece strips of 15�0.1 mm wide and 50 mm long taken in the transverse direction.
The area that is strictly elastic according to Hooke's Law extends from 0 to 35N and thus corresponds to 94.6% of the tensile strength of 37N. The tear elongation amounts to 32.5 mm--i.e., relative to 50 mm span, 65%. The gradient value ##EQU10## in the Hooke area reaches 1.23 N/mm.
The fleece strip so obtained was then cut into 913.5 mm wide strips and formed by a forming slip into a tube of 60 mm diameter. The fleece ends, which overlap by a width of 5 mm, were then ultrasonically welded continuously in the longitudinal direction between a structured sonotrode and a smooth anvil, laid flat, and then rolled. The embossed surface of the fleece formed the inside surface of the casing. Gathering to 20-m chains on a commercial gathering machine of the type KUKO 6, of the Kollross Company, D-6080 Gross-Gerau, West Germany followed the automatic processing on a fill-and-clip machine of the type FCA, of the Niedecker Company, D-6000, Frankfurt/Main, West Germany, whereby the casing was filled with high quality salami filling.
The product withstood both the loads imposed by gathering and also the automatic processing with the clip machine, without any damage or failure. The full diameter amounted to 66�1 mm over the whole length of the 50-cm long raw sausage. On the 28th day of conventional curing, the cure was already well advanced with a 38.8% weight loss. No fat leakage could be detected from any of the 200 raw sausages. The skins could be peeled from slices of the raw sausage without any difficulty, and without leaving any fragments of fleece or filling on the slices. Separation of the casing and the filling always occurred along the intended contact surface. The embossed pattern of the inner surface of the casing had been transferred to the peeled-off sausage surface, which shows that the contact between the webs of the casing and the filling during the whole of the curing cycle had never been broken. No separation of the fleece casing from the filling could be detected in any of the 200 sausages. This makes it quite plain that the compressed fleece areas were not in any rigid contact with the filling and this was the cause of the outstanding peeling results that were obtained. The rustic appearance of the heterostructure of the casing and the outstanding smoke colour resulting from the excellent smoking characteristics are evidence of the balance achieved amongst the further characteristics.
Example 2 differs from Example 1 only in the technique used to assemble the casing. The casing is produced by stitching along the longitudinal axis. Whilst achieving the same results as were achieved in Example 1, in this particular example, in addition, the bursting pressure of the casing during the filling process was measured with an inductive type pressure system P11 (HBM, D-6100, Darmstadt, West Germany). The bursting pressure amounted to 0.42 bar overpressure (the average of 10 measurements). All types of casings burst along the seam at this pressure.
The same PA-6 initial spun random fleece as used in Example 1 was welded up ultrasonically to form a 60-mm diameter fleece casing, this being done without any thermo-mechanical partial compression. No VF or VT values can be quoted for these casings since the initial fleece structure was fully retained without compression.
The force length change diagram for this fleece is shown by the curve in FIG. 7. The irreversible deformation zone ID can be seen on the diagram, as can the great elongation caused thereby--far in excess of 90%--and the lack of Hooke elasticity up to 90% of the tensile strength. For this reason, there is no point in calculating the gradient value ##EQU11##
The casings could be gathered and filled without failures. However, local deformations occurred in nearly all the sausages during the filling process and this made it impossible to keep to a regular filled diameter. Curing took place even faster than in the casings described in Examples 1 and 2, with a 43% weight loss in 28 days. Fat loss was observed in 30% of the 200 trial sausages after 3 weeks of curing. It was impossible to peel the casings from the sausages without fragments of the fleece remaining on the slices. Despite an excellent smoke colour and smoky flavour, the casings in this example were not as rustic as the casings in Examples 1 and 2, as they appeared to be homogeneously single-phase.
The same procedure was followed as in Example 3, although with the difference that the casings were produced by stitching along the longitudinal axis. Bursting pressure measurements, made in a manner similar to those used in Example 2, led to an average value of 0.23 bar overpressure. In three measurements it was seen that the cases burst outside the area of the butted seam. This shows that the stitching strength of the cases used in this example could not be compared with the high level of stitched strength found in the casings in Example 2.
This comparative example differs from Example 1 only in the methods used for thermo-mechanical compression.
The starting fleece in Example 1 was compressed under the same conditions, although using a smooth hard metal roller, was compressed over its total surface. Thus, the starting fleece had a final wall thickness of 0.12 mm. The fleece structure was converted into an almost transparent film. No values can be cited for VF and VT because of the total-surface compression.
The curve shown in FIG. 6 indicates the force length-change diagram for this fleece. An S-shape with irreversible deformation in the middle 1 area can be seen in this diagram. Because of the brittleness that occurred it was impossible to reproduce the curve for different transverse measurement strips (compare the continuous or dashed/dashed-dotted curves). The condition for Hooke elasticity is not met and thus it is impossible to quote the gradient value ##EQU12##
Because of the brittleness of the fleece the tensile strength was so varied that short-elongation and long-elongation patterns resulted.
Wastage occurred during ultrasonic welding of the fleece to form the casing on account of frequent breaks. Holes were formed during the gathering process. Unacceptably high clip wastage was formed during the filling process. A weight loss of only 18% took place after 28 days of curing. Fat retention was guaranteed up to the holes caused by gathering.
It proved impossible to peel the casing off the filling with any ease. Several attempts had to be made in order to remove the casing from the slices of sausage and yet leave no residue. The degree of smoking was just acceptable but a rustic, textile appearance was lacking. The cases in this example are unusable.
This was a repetition of Example 5 although in this example the casings were stitched from the fleece as in Examples 2 and 4. The bursting pressures that were achieved were on average 0.18 bar overpressure. The point of burst for all 10 sample casings was the seam. Thus, the stitched strength of these casings is significantly lower than those quoted for Example 2.
The present invention is, of course, in no way restricted to the specific disclosure of the specification and drawings, but also encompasses any modifications within the scope of the appended claims.
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Now we see what all the fuss was about with this cricketing prodigy from Sheffield named Joe Root.
While the surname might cause commentators to take an extra breath and utter their sentences with caution into the microphone, one former England captain is bullish about where the baby-faced 22-year-old is headed.
"One day Joe Root will captain England," wrote fellow Yorkshireman Michael Vaughan, after his fellow Sheffield native struck a mature 73 on test debut against India in Nagpur in December.
Eleven years ago Vaughan came to New Zealand under the captaincy of Nasser Hussain and blazed the ball all over Eden Park in an ODI.
Root now seems to be mirroring Vaughan's progression, with his dominant unbeaten 79 off 56 balls in England's win in Napier on Wednesday in his seventh ODI.
"The similarities with my cricket career are uncanny," Vaughan wrote in the Telegraph.
"He started down the order for Yorkshire, and is now opening the batting. And, like me, he has started down the order for England but I'm sure he will end up opening.
"He uses the same bats and even bowls offspin. We have a similar temperament. I am his hero, which is stupid because I'm a mate. Joe will be a hero to my lad."
On Wednesday, Root strode to the crease with 121 required off 18.1 overs. He quickly owned McLean Park, moving about the crease and clipping the white ball to all parts including two effortless sixes. There was some luck, with dropped catches by Brendon McCullum and Ross Taylor, but this was still a class act.
"He's busy, almost Australian-like with his presence at the crease. He calls very loud and puts a lot of pressure on the fielders as well," McCullum said.
Root will play the three-test series against New Zealand, starting in Dunedin on March 6, and probably bat at No 6 with Kevin Pietersen to slot in at four.
Skipper Alastair Cook was surprised by his young team-mate's audacity on an admittedly belting pitch in Napier against a New Zealand attack which didn't cause too many problems.
"Yes he has [surprised me]. Especially that knock, he played shots which I didn't know he could play," Cook said.
"A lot of playing international cricket is about temperament and how you can handle yourself and he's certainly showing the right attitude and being able to handle pressure."
Name: Joe Root
Born: December 30, 1990 in Sheffield
Teams: Yorkshire, England
Style: Right-hand batsman, right-arm offspinner
Test career (debut v India in Nagpur, December 2012): 1 match, 93 runs at 93.00, highest score 73
ODI career (debut v India in Rajkot, January 2013): 7 matches, 298 runs at 74.50, HS 79no, strike rate 93
First-class career: 37 matches, 2108 runs at 39.03, HS 222no, 4x100
Future star: "One day Joe Root will captain England," says former skipper Michael Vaughan.
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Vote on beach fees canceled
Written by Christie Rotondo Wednesday, February 13, 2013 09:15 pm
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Commissioners say shared services will make up revenue
WILDWOOD-City officials have decided to cancel the March 5 referendum for beach fees, and instead are planning to look into island-wide shared services to generate more revenue.
The unanimous decision came after an hour-long executive session at the commissioner's meeting Wednesday night.
"I'm unbelievably pumped," Commissioner Pete Byron said of the decision. He explained that over the past five weeks, organizations and neighboring municipalities had rallied together to find a solution to Wildwood's budget deficit without having to impose fees on visitors.
The beach fees were the city's solution to a $1.6 million deficit in its budget. After a 50-year lease of the boardwalk Monster Truck building had to be rescinded, the city looked to beach fees to generate that missing revenue.
Troiano had said in the past that he was reluctant to impose the fees.
"I really was hoping that this would never come up in my time in government," Troiano said at the Jan. 11 meeting. "I was born and raised here and grew up going to the beach. But sitting in this seat here, I have to do what's best for the taxpayers."
Some residents had expressed support for the fees in the past, explaining that they hoped the fees would keep their taxes down, however, business owners were concerned that the fees would negatively affect the island's tourism.
"Now everyone is at the same table, and on the same wavelength," Byron said. "This is the right direction."
Byron said that the island's municipalities will be creating a shared services committee which will oversee the creation of new shared services. Mayor Ernie Troiano said that the municipalities may look to share lifeguards, beach maintenance, as well police and fire.
John Siciliano, executive director of the Greater Wildwoods Tourism Improvement and Development Authority, Steve Tecco, president of the Wildwoods Hotel Motel Association, and Gary McGhee, executive director of the association, all congratulated the city on the decision.
"Shared services is a win for the entire island," Siciliano said during public comment.
Commissioners made clear however, that this doesn't mean that beach fees will never make its way on the island's beaches. Troiano said that if beach fees were to become a reality, it would be an island-wide decision to implement them.
Sandra Dominguez, a Wildwood resident who said she was also a business owner and had been a tourist for 18 years before making the city her home, also congratulated the commissioners on the decision.
"Finally we can find ways to work together and try to find money from other sources," she said. "So I thank you for this new start."
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Manatee's financial status among best in Florida, analyst reports
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- Jane Meinhardt
- Staff Writer- Tampa Bay Business Journal
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Manatee County is on firm financial footing in the debt and credit realms, ranking fifth in among Florida's counties in credit ratings.
As Detroit and local governments around the country struggle with debt and fiscal crises, Manatee faces smooth sailing in the near future, according to a debt and credit update.
The commission and county staff has handled borrowing and payments on projects' debt much better than many of the other 66 Florida counties.
"They are very, very well managed from a credit viewpoint," said Ed Bulleit, managing partner of MBS Capital Markets LLC in Tampa, adding that it ranks fifth in credit ratings behind Hillsborough, Sarasota, Broward and Palm Beach counties.
The county's ratings from Moody's for general obligation debt is AAA, and Fitch Ratings assigned the debt an Aa1 rating.
The county's utilities bonds have a Moody's rating of Aa2 and a Fitch rating of AA+.
Manatee has refinanced four debt issues in the past several years to achieve better interest rates, saving millions of dollars. Next year's debt service payments are about $2 million less than payments made in past years.
Jane Meinhardt's beats include health care, law firms and lawyers.
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Movies can show us things we'd never see in real life, such as alien worlds, talking animals, or teenagers making a difference. Marvel at the inconceivable with this GrouponLive deal.
The Deal
- $10 for two tickets to one film block at the 2014 Chain NYC Film Festival (up to $20 value). Blocks last 90–120 minutes.
- When: August 4–16
- Where: Chain Theatre
- Section: general admission
- Ticket values include all fees.
This Groupon is not valid for special ticketed events, including the Karen Black Retrospective and reading of Mama at Midnight on Saturday, August 16, or the screening of Shadows on Saturday, August 9.
2014 Chain NYC Film Festival
Now in its second year, Variations Theatre Group's Chain NYC Film Festival celebrates independent cinema of all genres. Narrative features, documentary shorts, and web series might all be represented on the Chain Theatre's screen, with prizes awarded to cast and crew. But beyond silver screen glory, the festival concerns itself much more with opening lines of dialogue between filmmakers and film-watchers. As such, some screenings may feature talkbacks, and others could give you your own carrier pigeon upon admission, but all will work to cultivate this intimate artist-audience connection.
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Brothers jailed for conspiring to attend terror training camp in Syria
Two brothers have been jailed for conspiring to attend a terror training camp in Syria.
Man 'carrying sack of knives' Tasered by police after slash attack on woman in Ilford
A man carrying a bag of blades was Tasered by police as he slashed a woman's head and back in north east London.
Section of M1 closed after London man is killed in eight vehicle pile-up
A man thought to be from London was killed in a horrific crash on a busy stretch of the M1 yesterday.
Three men arrested on suspicion of murdering missing teenager Lee Boxell
Published: 08 April 2014
Updated: 14:17, 08 April 2014
Three men have been arrested on suspicion of murder over the disappearance of teenager Lee Boxell who vanished 26 years
The three, aged 41, 42 and 78, are also suspected of conspiracy to pervert the course of justice and indecency with children, along with a 42-year-old woman.
The arrests come after Scotland Yard launched new appeals for information early last year amid fears that the teenager could have been the victim of a paedophile gang.
They are investigating the possibility that Lee, who went missing in 1988, could have been killed after witnessing child abuse at a popular teenage hang-out in Cheam, south-west London.
The teenager was last seen in the High Street in Sutton, and detectives originally assumed he had gone to watch a football match at Selhurst Park.
However he had never been to the ground before and was in Sutton High Street at 2.20pm, which would not have left enough time for him to get there for kick-off.
Police also discovered that he used to spend time in an outbuilding at St Dunstan's Church, dubbed "the Shed", a gathering place for teenagers that became a target for sexual predators.
Met forensic teams spent three months using Army radar scanners to examine the graveyard at St Dunstan's church but did not find anything.
Speaking about the case last year, Detective Inspector John McQuade said: "The Shed attracted maybe not vulnerable teenagers but bored teenagers. This was an era without mobile phones or social networking sites, so people would be drawn to a physical location to spend time with their friends.
"Once you get a group of youngsters in that kind of environment they are going to be vulnerable. Some of them were as young as 12 or 13. There are people out there like Jimmy Savile who will take advantage of people like that."
A number of paedophiles were operating in the area at the time. One, William Lambert, was convicted of abusing four girls and jailed for 11 years in 2011, but police have not linked his case to Lee's disappearance.
Detectives used radar to look for any disturbance in the graves surrounding the Shed and carried out further searches last spring.
When he disappeared, Lee was 5ft 6in and of slim build with light brown hair and was wearing black jeans, a white Flintstones T-shirt and brown suede shoes. He was 15.
Despite Scotland Yard's longest ever forensic archaeological dig in the churchyard, no body has ever been found.
Detectives are also investigating the possibility that Lee himself was sexually assaulted and later died.
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Michigan handles the Razorbacks, 80-67
Glenn Robinson led U-M with 17 points, Trey Burke 16 plus 7 assists, and Jordan Morgan added 12 and…
|Coach Beilein Postgame Presser: Quick Hitters
The frontcourt - Morgan's game, plus McGary and Horford. Beilein's 100th U-M win. And Burkes technical.
Click to go to the GBW Premium Message Board, The Victor's Club, and read and add your opinion to:
Coach Beilein Postgame Presser - Quick Hitters.
One of three players expected to sign with Wisconsin today, Brewster (NH) Academy three-star power forward Alex Illikainen's goal of playing college basketball in the Midwest was fulfilled by a…Read More
Unfortunately, despite all his promise, we must lay to rest Minnesota Vikings WR Cordarrelle Patterson. No games with 100 or more yards receiving. Only one game with at least five receptions. The…Read More
Best friends off the field and heated competitors on it, Wisconsin junior tailback Melvin Gordon and Nebraska senior running back Ameer Abdullah are always trying to push one another to be better…Read More
Winners of four straight, No.22 Wisconsin needs a victory over No.11 Nebraska to remain in the driver's seat of the Big Ten West Division. Badger Nation gets the inside scoop on this week's opponent…Read More
Finding just the right present for that special someone can be a challenge, so we've compiled a wide variety of hunting, fishing and outdoor gifts that you—or Santa—can deliver this Christmas.Read More
Glenn Robinson led U-M with 17 points, Trey Burke 16 plus 7 assists, and Jordan Morgan added 12 and…


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Big Blonde Hair
Because I'm a celebrity fashion blogger, many of the Spring trends I love are inspired by the fun styles that my favorite celebs are trying out! I'm into bright colors and geometric prints but am totally obsessed with textured neutrals, as well. I also love the season's new twist on feminine stud detailing. Finding high- and low-priced items and mixing them, or simply creating a look for less, is something that I also look forward to creating this Spring. See more of my musings at Big Blonde Hair.
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Style Deals - A crop top featuring a striped pattern. Mock turtleneck. Long sleeves. Stretch knit. Lightweight. 14" approx. length from high point shoulder to hem, 28" chest, 26" waist, 25" sleeve length from high point shoulder Measured from Small 96% cotton, 4% spandex Hand wash cold, dry flat Imported
Forever 21 Standout Striped Crop Top $8.80 $5.99
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A crop top featuring a backward "Paris France" graphic. Round neckline. Sleeveless. Knit. Lightweight. 16" approx. length from high point shoulder to hem, 32" chest, 28" waist Measured from Small 92% cotton, 8% spandex Machine wash cold, tumble dry low USA
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Marlies Dekkers: Dame De Paris Collection - A versatile collection, Dame de Paris combines a smooth foundation with an alluring thin strap design for a modern, functional and seductive look. As seen on Carrie Bradshaw in Sex and the City II, this collection is a star. • Marlies Dekkers: Dame de Paris Padded Push-Up Bra • Seductive bra with crossing strap design in front. • Cups feature additional padding at the base for the ultimate push-up effect. • Shoulder straps are elasticized and adjustable. • 88% polyamide, 12% elastane.
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Cut-Out Dress. Crafted in Italian Doubleweave Stretch. Sleeveless shocking pink cut-out dress. Exposed back zipper. 90% nylon, 10% elastane. Don't be afraid to make a statement in this shocking pink cut-out dress. The vibrant color and sexy details make this piece feminine and bold for spring. care information Dry clean only.
Milly Cut-Out Dress $375 $187.99
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Curling in Massachusetts + Add to My Sports
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Sportsvite makes playing Curling in Massachusetts hassle free.
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Locker Room
Report the Rainbow. Taste the Rainbow. ®
Report the Rainbow. Taste the Rainbow. ®
Men's Room For Really Tall Guys
Best men's room sign ever.
This isn't how inspirational locker room speeches end in the movies!
You gotta man up and just walk through that locker room.
This is cool and all, but one of them simply could have just tossed it in and saved us all this stress.
Drake tried to enter the Miami Heat locker room after the team won their second NBA Championship in a row, but was turned away. Would you have let him in?
So that's why Manny was late for Science class.
They look like talented athletes.
Greg's boss questions his resume.
activism, advertising, alcohol, alternat...
Boy stands up to coach Sandusky
Lots of hot stuff!
Dude! Make like Lebron's hairline-- turn...
Mark Schlereth discusses whether Richie ...
Girls Locker Room ! Ooops ... Guy jumpe...
My friend doesnt know when to stop when ...
This video was created on Tongal- http-/...


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Nemo's Reef Answers for iPhone - iPodHome / iPhone - iPod /
Game Questions & Answers (Q&A) service lets you ask questions about video games for game consoles or PC games. So ask your Nemo's Reef question for iPhone - iPod and get answers from real gamers or answer questions and share your insights and experience with the rest of the gaming community.
- Developer: Disney
- Publisher: Disney
- Genre: Adventure General
- Release Date: Dec 20, 2012
- ESRB: Not Set
Question & Answers
Answer from: AlaskanFeef
You probably didn`t have a good connection or something like that.
Answer from: nemo6051
I had the same problem. You have to contact Disney and file a report be sure you have the confirmation and date that you bought the pearls. They eventually credited my pearls you may have to file twice. I hope this helps you and others.
Answer from: reefmomma5811
Same thing happened to me. i have contacted Disney 3 times & they have not fixed the problem. its been 7 days & no response from Disney. dont buy any pearls, you may get ripped off!
Answer from: nana4u
Call amazon as opposed to disney. Will fix immediately.
Unanswered Questions
From: Margie20841165
Posted on: 09-20-2014
Nemo's Reef - How to play
- Apr 14, 2013, Views: 913
Nemo's Reef - Gameplay Video
- Apr 8, 2014, Views: 616
Nemo's Reef - Gameplay Trailer
- Apr 8, 2014, Views: 612
Nemo's Reef - Build the perfect Reef Trailer
- Apr 8, 2014, Views: 1088
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The Malik Report
NHL draft etiquette, as summarized by the NHL's PR department
by George Malik on 06/30/13 at 01:18 PM ET
Comments (4)
Very interesting rules and regulations for drafting teams, per the NHL's PR department on Twitter:
Filed in: | The Malik Report | Permalink
There's a joke there somewhere,....
Posted by Bugsy on 06/30/13 at 01:26 PM ET
good thing the Wings didn't suck to get Seth. He's been Passed over more than that girl with flared up herpes at prom.
Posted by RWBill from cruising Brush Street with Super Creepy Rob Lowe. on 06/30/13 at 02:25 PM ET
Nashville picking Seth Jones should be a no brainer now.
Posted by RWBill from cruising Brush Street with Super Creepy Rob Lowe. on 06/30/13 at 02:27 PM ET
They forgot the rule about "No booing Bettman from your team's table. Booing will only be permitted off the main floor."
Posted by Figaro from Los Alamos, NM on 06/30/13 at 03:26 PM ET
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Resources and Publications
Resource and Publication
India best grows its economy by embracing an across-the-board productivity growth strategy.
Although it contains many positive proposals, the Tax Reform Act of 2014 would reduce the effectiveness of R...
ITIF analyzes specific public statements surrounding GMOs, their accuracy and the implications for public...
Comprehensively expanding the Information Technology Agreement (ITA) will significantly benefit China's...
NSF's new "Science and Engineering Indicators" presents a misleading view of U.S. tech-based...
Review of the new book "The Second Machine Age" by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee.
Lowering both the statutory and effective corporate tax rates will spur investment and U.S. competitiveness.
India's Preferential Market Access policy is poised to damage the Indian and broader global economy.
Maximizing global innovation requires a new approach to global trade and economic policy.
The origins of many technologies can be traced to an initial investment of U.S. federal research and...
Europe and America need to realize the global nature of the innovation competitiveness challenge, wrote Rob Atkinson in this special op-ed of the Spring 2013 issue of "Europe's World."
Renewed focus on battery innovation is what's needed for EV adoption.
Making EVs cost and perform like gas cars is a real barrier to EVs playing any role, big or small, in decarbonizing transportation.
A higher minimum wage would spur economic growth, while also increasing economic fairness.
In his monthly contribution to "IndustryWeek," Rob Atkinson argues anemic overall performance of the U.S. economy can be tied directly to the loss of traded sector, particularly, manufacturing competitiveness.
The president's proposed initiatives are a good start to revitalize manufacturing, but they don't go nearly far enough.
Innovators, whether they are in a scientific laboratory or a recording studio, must count on being able to recoup their risky investments without the threat of illegal copies.
President Obama has aggressively called for addressing climate change but ultimately came up short of a clear vision.
President Obama Calls for Creation of a National Network for Manufacturing Innovation in State of the Union Address
President Obama made a critical step in advancing manufacturing competitiveness during the State of the Union address.
Richard Bennett responds to the criticism, primarily from "Ars Technica," of the ITIF broadband report.
Rob Atkinson will moderate a Microsoft Conversation on U.S. manufacturing on October 23, 2012.
Rob Atkinson will give a presentation for the Free State Foundation at the National Press Club.
Rob Atkinson will present at FTC workshop "Competition & Consumer Protection Issues in the Pet...
Rob Atkinson's presentation to the 2012 World Computer Congress.
A panel presentation on "A Comparison of National Broadband Strategies in Developed and Developing Countries."
Richard Bennett will present at the Congressional Internet Caucus Advisory Committee event "Internet TV...
Rob Atkinson will give a presentation on "Successful Innovation In The Green Economy, The Importance of...
Rob Atkinson will give a presentation on "Technology and the Future of Work."
ITIF Senior Analyst Daniel Castro will present on current research to make voting more accessible at the...
Rob Atkinson will engage Jonathan Sallet and Jeff Eisenach in an interactive discussion of their views on the...
COPPA restricts the development of a robust Internet ecosystem for children and should not be strengthened.
Strong leadership in cloud computing is necessary to remain globally competitive, advance technology in the...
The FCC should not extend its authority to regulate the software installed on mobile devices.
The implications for the U.S. economy as a result of China's strategic decisions should be clear.
Testimony before House Energy and Commerce Committee on U.S. manufacturing.
House Subcommittee Testimony Avoiding the Spectrum Crunch: Growing the Wireless Economy through Innovation
Spectrum policy needs to realign spectrum into a smaller number of larger allocations for general-purpose...
ITIF comments on the NTIA multistakeholder process to develop consumer data privacy codes of conduct.
The tax code should reduce ineffective exemptions and incentives while expanding effective ones focused on...
Regulators should create policies that protect privacy while minimizing burdens on businesses.
ITIF filed comments with the FCC in favor of Verizon's proposed purchase of spectrum licenses from a...
Conventional economics provides an increasingly poor guide for economic policy and should be replaced by an evolutionary economics framework.
Rob Atkinson contributed the chapter "Public Policy, Innovation and New Technologies" to the textbook "Guide to U.S. Economic Policy."
Robert Atkinson contributed the chapter "Innovation in Cities and Innovation by Cities" for the book "Creating Competitiveness: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Polices for Growth."
In a chapter for the new book Practicing Sustainability, Rob Atkinson wrote about sustainability from an innovation economics perspective.
"Innovation Economics: The Race for Global Advantage." This new book delivers a critical wake-up call: a fierce global race for innovation advantage is under way and the United States is running the risk of losing.
Daniel Castro contributed a chapter titled "U.S. Federal Cybersecurity Policy" in the book "Cybersecurity: Public Sector Threats and Responses."
Rob Atkinson contributed a chapter titled chapter "Who's Who in Internet Politics" for the book "The Next Digital Decade: Essays on the Future of the Internet."
Supply-Side Follies: Why Conservative Economics Fails, Liberal Economics Falters, and Innovation Economics is the Answer
Supply-Side Follies methodically debunks the common assumptions of conservative economics and demonstrates why it is a flawed doctrine that is setting up the U.S. for a major economic downturn in the near future.
Taking into account the historical record, the book discusses the shortcomings of prevailing liberal and conservative economic doctrines and lays out a new growth economics agenda aimed at maximizing the productivity and innovation-enhancing forces of the New Economy.


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A group supporting the Domestic Partners Ordinance said over 550 people took part in a downtown Chattanooga "March for Equality" on Friday night.
Also, Mayor Andy Berke was to lead an effort to canvass voters on Saturday evening in support of the measure.
Those in attendance included Councilman Chris Anderson and church members from St. Marks United Methodist Church, New Covenant Church of Chattanooga, The Rock Metropolitan Community Church, Agape Christian Church, Christ Episcopal, Grace Episcopal ,Pilgrim Congregational Church – United Church of Christ, Relevant Church, Unitarian Universalist Church of Chattanooga, Chattanooga Humanist Assembly , Mercy Junction, Renaissance Presbyterian Church., St Elmo United Methodist Church and Northminster Presbyterian, officials said.
Kat Cooper said, "In recent past, we have watched our citizens marginalized for their gender, the color of their skin and now because of who they love. Next week, we have a great opportunity to ensure a safe and equal future for all our citizens. Our great nation has made monumental strides in this effort from coast to coast. We must not let Chattanooga fall behind."
The march helped launch YES Chattanooga's "Get out the Vote" phase of the campaign.
Officials said, "With more than 480 volunteers and over 34,000 calls made, we are confident that Chattanooga will stand up for fairness this coming Thursday. Neighbors having conversations with neighbors are a key element of any grassroots campaign and we believe strongly that we can overcome the cynicism and bigotry that sent this issue to the ballot.
"Faith outreach has been a central tenant of our YES Chattanooga campaign. Thus, we will be moving to our Get Out the Vote operations to St. Marks United Methodist Church on Mississippi Avenue. Any Chattanoogan that believes in fairness and equality and wants to help us with this final push should feel free to join us there Saturday through Wednesday 11 a.m.-8 p.m. Election Day we will be at Renaissance Presbyterian Church on Boynton Drive all day."
November 26, 2014
Here are the upcoming City Council agendas: Tuesday: I. Call to Order. II. Pledge of Allegiance/Invocation (Councilman Mitchell). III. Minute Approval. IV. ... (click for more)
County Commissioner Tim Boyd said he was using $11,670 of his "discretionary funds" to pay the final debt owed on a piece of public art that was installed in mid-April in Brainerd Hills. County ... (click for more)
Police said a dispute over a card game led Ladaquis Dewartae Southers to shoot Terrence Bivens multiple times. Southers has been returned to Hamilton County to face a charge of criminal homicide. ... (click for more)
Here are the upcoming City Council agendas: Tuesday: I. Call to Order. II. Pledge of Allegiance/Invocation (Councilman Mitchell). III. Minute Approval. IV. Special Presentation. V. Ordinances – Final Reading: VI. Ordinances – First Reading: PLANNING a. An ordinance to amend Chattanooga City Code, Part II, Chapter 5, ... (click for more)
County Commissioner Tim Boyd said he was using $11,670 of his "discretionary funds" to pay the final debt owed on a piece of public art that was installed in mid-April in Brainerd Hills. County Commission members get $100,000 per year to spend as they deem fit. Other commission members appeared to have no objection to the expenditure. He said members of the Brainerd Hills ... (click for more)
The recent verdict in Ferguson has thrown race relations in the spotlight again. It is far too easy to get caught up in the debate as to who was right. But the plain fact is that the community lost, the police force lost and the nation lost. So why does Ferguson matter in Chattanooga? Because a police force mainly composed of whites got into a conflict with a community mainly ... (click for more)
I'm not really sure how it all came about but a few days before Thanksgiving last year, what was usually a crowded table had dwindled down to just Mother, Aunt Martha and me. Just the idea of getting dressed up made both of them tired, which happens when you are 89 and 87, respectively, and the thought of preparing the traditional feast brought only further groans so I announced ... (click for more)
For the Chattanooga Mocs men's basketball team, it's good to be home. Just ask sophomore point guard Greg Pryor whose 13 points, including a trio of 3–pointers sparked a second half offensive surge as the Mocs defeated visiting Robert Morris (Pa.), 61-46 Wednesday afternoon in McKenzie Arena. The Mocs (2-3) advance to Thursday's championship game at noon of the ... (click for more)
The Soddy Daisy Trojans remained unbeaten after four games in basketball, including Tuesday night's 70-31 romp over the visiting Rhea County Golden Eagles, but please keep in mind that Rhea County is still playing football and at least seven regulars on the basketball court are still trying to win a state title on the gridiron. Preston Pugh scored on a layup with 6:39 to play ... (click for more)


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Added Aug 30, 2012
by laurenp
London, United K...
I love Grainline studio patterns, and this is no exception. My first pair of shorts since I was a child, I'm really pleased with how they turned out, despite a few mistakes on the waistband.
They are made up in a red denim, with some scrap Michael Miller quilting cotton for the facings. Slowly taming the stash!
Denim, quilting cotton, fusible interfacing, plastic zip, trouser hook and eye.
Aug 31, 2012, 06.15 AMby prettysewinggirl
love this :) i've also havent had a nice pair of shorts since childhood years! but I truly like yours and are inspired to make myself a pair :) thanks for sharing!!
Aug 30, 2012, 11.44 PMby smallone
beautifully made…love the quilting cotton, great contrast.
Aug 30, 2012, 12.49 PMby Mary Athey
I.ve never heard of these patterns but I ll check them out as the shorts are fab x
Add to Favorites 7 people added it
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