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Friday, 22 Aug 2014 10:41 PM
Latin America's No. 3 economy tipped into its second default in 12 years in July after U.S. District Judge Thomas Griesa blocked payments to holders of issued under U.S. law that was restructured following its record $100 billion default in 2002.
Griesa ruled that measures proposed by Argentina's president late on Tuesday to make debt payments locally and push bondholders to bring their debt under Argentine law violated past court rulings. But he stopped short of holding the country in contempt.
President Cristina Fernandez's measures, if enacted and executed, would potentially allow Argentina to skirt Griesa's court orders and thus resume interest payments on an estimated $29 billion in restructured bonds.
Argentine Cabinet Chief Jorge Capitanich said Griesa's choice of words was "unfortunate, incorrect and even, I would say, imperialist expressions."
Argentina defaulted after Griesa froze a $539 million interest payment, saying restructured bonds cannot be paid unless U.S. investment funds demanding 100 cents on the dollar, plus interest, are simultaneously paid.
Elliott Management Corp., a lead holdout investor suing Argentina via its NML Capital affiliate, is preparing to subpoena a number of international banks in its efforts to seize what it suspects are embezzled Argentine funds, a source at the hedge fund told Thomson Reuters IFR.
Argentine bonds extended losses but the peso halted a two-day rout, firming 0.2 percent on the black market to 13.880 per dollar. It struck a record low of 14.000 on Thursday.
Griesa's move not to level contempt charges against Argentina was aiding the peso erase some of its cumulative 5.2 percent loss on Wednesday and Thursday, market analysts said.
The government has pulled no punches in its stinging criticism of Griesa, accusing the judge of abusing Argentina's national sovereignty.
It said Griesa's remarks showed a "complete ignorance of the functioning of democratic institutions."
On Friday, Argentine dollar-denominated Discount bonds due in 2033 traded 2.8 percent lower to bid 78.925 cents on the dollar.
Fernandez's stance makes a resolution to the debt saga increasingly unlikely before the October 2015 presidential election, in which she is constitutionally barred from running.
"What may change that dynamic is a significant deterioration in the macro environment coupled with a meaningful further devaluation of the peso," said Nasser Ahmad, chief investment officer of New York-based hedge fund DA Capital.
"That may force the current government back to the negotiating table," he added.
The peso's mid-week slump reinforced expectations that a drawn-out crisis will fuel one of the world's highest inflation rates, sap shrinking foreign reserves and deepen the country's recession.
"If capital continues to pour out of the economy, the authorities will probably have to devalue," wrote David Rees, emerging markets economist at Capital Economics.
© 2014 Thomson/Reuters. All rights reserved.
Wednesday, 26 Nov 2014 16:04 PM
The 5½-year bull market for stocks has a bit further to go, but then it's going to collapse, says Jeremy Grantham, chief . . .
Thursday, 27 Nov 2014 14:23 PM
OPEC took no action to ease a global oil-supply glut, resisting calls from Venezuela that the group needs to stem the ro . . .
Thursday, 27 Nov 2014 14:26 PM
Toyota Motor Corp. recalled more vehicles in Japan on Thursday as part of a worldwide scare over defective air bags and . . .
Sincere thanks to all members of the grand jury who deliberated under extreme...
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Thanks, and yes I agree with your post 100%. I've studied so many religions and I've never come accross any that are "Bad." But it's just as you say, "try to get the paranoid to seperate the two?"
The new Vatican Central Bank is:
L'Autorità di Informazione Finanziaria (A.I.F.);
Origins and responsiblities are:
The Financial Information Authority is an institution connected to the Holy See and a canonical and Vatican civil juridic person[1] established by Pope Benedict XVI on 30 December 2010.[2]
On Wednesday, 19 January 2011, Cardinal [Attilio] Nicora was named by Pope Benedict XVI as the President of the four-person Executive Board of the Vatican's new Financial Information Authority. The new agency, by mandate of an Apostolic Letter, is charged with monitoring the monetary and commercial activities of Vatican agencies, such as the Governorate of Vatican City State, the Vatican Bank, the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See, the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, and smaller agencies such as the Vatican Pharmacy, the Vatican Supermarket, and the Vatican Museums.
Guess you were the reason they corrected it. :)
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For sale $220
Commercial Building Lighted Sign, 3' x 12' Long Condition : Used / Good Used Commercial Building Lighted Sign, 3' x 12' Long ... Phone or Text is the quickest way to get a hold of me now. Nice used commercial lighted sign if you can use it, obviously you would to have a sign shop make a new front for it, but ...
Seguin TX, United States1 week ago on ebay.com
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This listing is for a Lightly Used Oreck xl9300 xl Commercial Vacuum Cleaner Upright red. It Works Perfect and is Very Clean ~ Just some light signs of use ~ Please see Photos ~ No Bags included. ***Please Read Everything Below Before Bidding/Buying***(I do apologize if it sounds mean)If you have any issue with the item you receive, I ...
New Post 54828, WI, United States1 month ago on craigslist.org
For sale $60
---(9) in ground ,type of lights ,used for spot lighting, or to ,spotlight signs,billboards,landscaping,have heavy brass covers (originally over $900.00 each ) sell for $60.00 each* cash,obo, and (10) complete wall lights,used for parking lots,hall walls,stairwell lighting for stairs,parking lots,garages,wall lighting,commercial warehouse type buildings,built into the ...
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Post 97752, OR, United States1 month ago on craigslist.org
For sale $1,000
...Dicks! These units sell for over $3000 new and you won't find a used one for less than $1600. They are in great working condition. Show some minimal signs ...
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Gulf Breeze FL, United States1 day ago on ebay.com
For sale Auction
Henny Penny scr-8 Electric 2-Dr Commercial Chicken Ribs Roast Rotisserie Oven condition:Used in good physical condition with normal signs of wear.Manufacturer: Henny pennymodel: scr-8Product #: scr16.02themavec heat system208v, 60hz, 33.6a, 3-phase, 3 + g wire11.1 kwoverall dimensions: 35" x 40" x 38"Internal opening dimensions (overall): 29" x 31" x 28"Diameter ...
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West Palm Beach FL, United States3 weeks ago on ebay.com
For sale $165
You are looking at a Used Electrolux Lux Commercial Heavy Duty Vacuum Cleaner. The vacuum is in great used condition with some minimal regular signs of use/wear. The vacuum works great. Vacuum comes just as pictured. No other accessories included.
used commercial signs:
electrolux vacuum cleaner upright
Bradenton FL, United States4 weeks ago on ebay.com
For sale $254
...br420 Magnum Commercial Grade backpack Professional Leaf Blower Free Shipping !!! Up for sale is this used, in good condition Stihl br420 Magnum Commercial Grade backpack Professional Leaf Blower, that runs ...looking acceptable. The item is in good shape, even though it has some of the signs of previous use mentioned before (Please, see all pictures). The unit was tested and ...
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Cumming GA, United States4 days ago on ebay.com
For sale Auction
Used Faema mpn commercial espresso grinder. Tested and Works great! Shows some signs of use but shows more signs of storage. Tried to get everything in pictures. Missing grounds tray. Taken apart and cleaned from the inside out! Burrs are in great shape! Message with any questions. Thanks for looking!only 116 clicks on doser counter!
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Washington 20081, DC, United States1 week ago on ebay.com
For sale Auction
...redmax ebz8500 Gas Backpack Leaf Blower 75.6cc 4.4hp 908 cfm Used, will show signs of use but ready to go. For the commercial operator, redmax is easily the industry leader in terms of the selection and performance of power blowers. The ebz8500 backpack blower features the Strato-Charged 2-stroke engine with ultra-low emissions and high power. ...
Chicago 60687, IL, United States3 weeks ago on ebay.com
For sale $59
Pair of used commercial grade wall mounted light fixtures. Used but good condition contemporary style wall sconces. From a recent hotel renovation. Nice heavy duty pieces. Minor signs of wear but overall are in pretty nice shape. Several sets available. Metal is in a brushed steel finish. Pleated lamp shade is in a cream color. Has optional on/off ...
Chicago 60629, IL, United States17 hours ago on ebay.com
For sale $1,700
...as Please e-mail me with any questions. Experienced: Our equipment has been previously used. The machine is fully operational, may have some signs of cosmetic wear but we take ...
Millersville 17551, PA, United States1 day ago on ebay.com
For sale $75
Bunn Pour-O-Matic coffee brewer and warmer model vpr ... . Good commercial grade unit in working condition with a coffee pot included. It is used and shows signs of such as you can see in the photos. Please view the photos. If you have any further questions please ask prior to bidding. Shipping and handling will be $45.00
Enfield CT, United States4 days ago on ebay.com
For sale Auction
This generator is in used condition with some signs of wear. Although it is used, it is still fully functional.Local Pickup onlyhonda engineincludes wheelsincludes stops for wheelshonda gx 390ac Volts 120/240ac Amps 54.1/27.1ac Watts 6500dc Volts 12.0dc Amps 10.03600 rpm60 Hz
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Does autumn mean seasonal allergies for you?
Updated On: Oct 24 2013 10:46:47 AM EDT
Learning how to avoid allergy triggers and finding the right treatment can make a big difference. Immunologist Juan Carlos Guarderas,M.D., at the Sinus Clinic at Mayo Clinic in Florida, explains how seasonal fall allergens can affect our health and how we can deal with possible complications. A chronic allergy problem can be managed when we have a clear diagnosis and an action plan to help us avoid complications and disruptions to our daily life.
Reduce your exposure to allergy triggers
- Stay indoors on dry, windy days -- the best time to go outside is after a good rain, which helps clear pollen from the air.
- Delegate lawn mowing, weed pulling and other gardening chores that stir up allergens.
- Remove clothes you've worn outside; you may also want to shower to rinse pollen from your skin and hair.
- Don't hang laundry outside -- pollen can stick to sheets and towels.
- Wear a dust mask if you do outside chores.
Source: http://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/does-autumn-mean-seasonal-allergies-for-you
Distributed by Internet Broadcasting. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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Review: 'Race' offers intelligent, intense drama
Trust the David Mamet drama "Race" to raise thorny, uncomfortable questions about prejudice and sexism, and to explore answers through unhesitating,...
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Transportation bill defeated
Updated On: Nov 19 2013 11:14:38 PM CST
A proposed fix for Pennsylvania's roads and bridges has sputtered out in Harrisburg.
Governor Tom Corbett was pushing for this plan, and while lawmakers agree that something needs to be done, the proposed plan wasn't convincing enough.
"Any measure of quality of Pennsylvania roads puts it very low in comparison to other states," said Dr. Chris Borick, Political Science Professor at Muhlenberg College.
The State House shot down a transportation funding bill Monday night by a vote of 103 to 98.
"A fairly even split among democrats and republicans in terms of their caucus," Dr. Borick said.
The bill would have raised gasoline taxes and a host of motorist fees to spend billions on roads, bridges and mass transit systems.
Dr. Chris Borick said its rejection puts Governor Tom Corbett, who's up for re-election next year, in a tough situation.
"He needs signatures on legislative accomplishments. But on the other hand if he does accomplish this, and the public is dissatisfied with some of increases, that might have a negative effect on him," Borick said.
Borick said he believes some lawmakers quiver at the thought of raising taxes, especially at a time when public opinion lingers near record lows, even at the state level.
"It's never popular to have any type of legislation that might raise the expenses of the public," Borick said.
Now, house democrats are pushing for a vote on their transportation funding plan but it's unlikely that any transportation measure will pass before 2015.
Copyright 2013 WFMZ. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
DA: Missing Lehigh County woman found dead; stepfather charged
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Jackknifed truck closes snow-covered road in West Penn
Snow forces postponement of Easton-Pburg football game
Two teens wounded by gunshot in Tamaqua
Expert says residents should not be alarmed about recent missing woman cases
Denise Marie Nagrodski charged in murder plot


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YouTube Signs Licensing Deal With Independent Record Companies - November 12, 2014
Eminem's Cursing During His The Concert For Valor Performance Got A Lot Of People Mad - November 12, 2014
A Woman Gets Brain Surgery To Stop Her Seizures Caused By Ne-Yo's Music - November 12, 2014
A College Professor Wrote A Book About Lil Wayne Being A Genius - November 12, 2014
Jay Z's Made In America Festival Cost Los Angeles Residents About $170K - November 12, 2014
Chief Keef Dropped - October 22, 2014
Andre 3000 Says Being A Celebrity Is "Corny" - October 5, 2014
Former NFL Star Warren Sapp Calls Rick Ross A Liar - October 5, 2014
Wisconsin Rapper Sues Jeezy For Ripping Off One Of His Songs - October 5, 2014
Rick Ross Says Jay Z Is On His Upcoming Album 'Hood Billionaire' - October 5, 2014
Warrant out for chief keef
An arrest warrant was issued for Chief Keef in reference for his $10K in child support.
An arrest warrant was issued for the Chicago rapper, this time in reference to his $10K in child support.
The Chicago Tribune reports that Judge Maureen P. Feerick issued the warrant for Keef after he did not show up for a hearing on alleged back child support. The Chi-town rapper reportedly owes over $10K to the mother of his 17-month-old daughter, Erica Early.
Early spoke to the The Chicago Tribune revealing that although Keef made payments at the beginning of the year, he has yet to catch up on the hefty amount. Blaming his lifestyle for the current situation, Early said, ""I guess since he's living the lifestyle that he's living, that you know, right now he probably don't care about it too much."
Chief Keef is also currently in the middle of another child support battle with his second child's mother.


text:
How Does the Book of Jeremiah Point Us to Jesus?
Why Does the Bible Tell Husbands Specifically to Not Be Bitter with Their Wives (Colossians 3:19)?
Matt Redman - 10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord) (Official Music Video)
a-i'-ja (`ayya'):
A form of name for city Ai, found in Nehemiah 11:31. See AI; AIATH.
Bibliography Information
Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. "Entry for 'AIJA'". "International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". 1915.


text:
Help to find our missing ferret, pleads Cumbrian couple
Last updated at 11:30, Friday, 09 November 2012
A Workington couple have sent a plea out for the safe return of a pet ferret.
Rascal, a two-year-old ferret, went missing on Friday and his owners, Ashleigh Bell, 23, and Michael MacNamara, 28, of John Street, are distraught.
Ashleigh said: "It's like my kid has gone missing. I would be devastated if we didn't find him."
Ashleigh and Michael aren't the only ones missing Rascal. They have another six-month-old female ferret called Billie, who they said was pining for him.
Rascal is described as cream coloured.
A police spokeswoman said officers were making inquiries with someone they believed might have the ferret.
First published at 11:50, Friday, 09 November 2012
Published by http://www.newsandstar.co.uk
Have your say
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A coordinator object that contains access patterns indicating the sequences of accesses of the cooperating processes to the object is allocated to the common object. The coordinator object controls the accesses to the object requested by the processes with the assistance of the access patterns. The change from one access type to another access type ensues dependent on a switch condition that can be set. The switch condition is met when all accesses of a group of processes with respect to an access type or when a predetermined plurality of specific accesses have been implemented. The goal of the method is to coordinate the parallel processing of processes in a multi-processor system both given common address space as well as given distributed address space.
1. A method of coordinating an execution of processes cooperating with one another to access a common object, comprising:
declaring the common object as a coordinator object;
allocating access patterns that determine sequences of access of the processes to in access the coordinator object;
reciting a sequence of types of access in the access patterns;
determining using the coordinator object whether the access to the common object occurs given an execution of the processes; and
determining on a basis of the access patterns and until an access of another process has ended, whether the access to the common object is implemented or postponed.
2. The method according to
specifying using the access patterns whether a plurality of accesses per access type are handled with priority before an access of another access type.
3. The method according to
implementing the accesses of an access type in strict succession in order to avoid conflicts.
4. The method according to
informing the coordinator object that no instances of conflict occur given successive processing of the accesses of the access type so that the accesses are not strictly implemented.
5. The method according to
counting a number of the plurality of accesses per access type with a counter; and
allowing the access of the another process or of the another access type when an allowable number of the plurality of accesses per access type is reached.
6. The method according to
7. The method according to
switching the coordinator object into a write status or into a read status, wherein an initial status is the write status.
8. The method according to
initiating switching of the coordinator object from the write status to the read status, or vice versa, using a switch condition set by a keyword.
9. The method according to
setting the switching of the coordinator object where the plurality of accesses of one access type is met.
10. The method according to
setting the switching of the coordinator object where a total of the plurality of accesses by different processes is met.
11. The method according to
setting the switching of the coordinator object where accesses of a group of processes is met.
12. The method according to one of the
13. The method according to
14. The method according to
15. The method according to
generating the waiting set in the control program for each access type.
16. The method according to
selecting a next access to be processed from the waiting set.
17. The method according to
prioritizing one waiting queue so that the accesses of the one waiting queue are processed first.
18. The method according to
allocating a local memory that cannot be addressed by other processes of a process.
19. The method according to
20. A method of coordinating an execution of processes cooperating with one another to access a common object, comprising:
allocating access patterns that determine sequences of access of the processes to access the common object;
defining a sequence of types of access in the access patterns;
determining whether the access to the common object occurs; and
determining on a basis of the access patterns and until an access of another process has ended, whether the access to the common object is implemented or postponed.
21. The method according to
specifying using the access patterns whether a plurality of accesses per access type are handled with priority before an access of another access type.
22. The method according to
23. The method according to
allocating a local memory that cannot be addressed by other processes of a process.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a method for coordinating the execution of cooperating processes that access a common object in a parallel processing environment.
2. Description of the Related Art
Explicit parallel programming is characterized in that the programmer must specify how a plurality of cooperating processes coordinate their execution. Dependent on the computer architecture used, this coordination occurs by:
Synchronization in the case of processes with a common address space. Synchronization prevents common data from being accessed at the wrong time.
Communication between processes with distributed address space. Communication makes data between such processes available (at the right time).
In order to utilize the advantages of these two computer architectures, either communication (for distributed architectures) or synchronization (for architectures with a common address space) is offered as programming means in parallel programming models and parallel programming languages.
The support of what is referred to as the distributed shared memory is known from Bill Nitzberg, Virginia Lo: Distributed Shared Memory: A Survey of issues and Algorithms IEEE COMPUTER, vol. 24, no. Aug. 8, 1991 and is based on the fiction that an inaccessible memory can be accessed (automatic data migration then occurs). There is a great number of programming models for distributed memories in addition to this general operating system approach that refine this idea. For example, Emerald as disclosed in Distribution and Abstract Types in Emerald, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering SE 13, Jan. 1, 1987 distinguishes between reading and writing. In reading or writing accesses, objects are migrated according to obvious semantics onto the machine that needs them. None of these approaches is conceived for shared memories. An overview of these and similar models or, respectively, languages can be found in H. Bal, J. Steiner, A. Tanenbaum: Programming Languages for Distributed Computing Systems ACM Computing Surveys, September 1989
An object underlying the invention is comprised in providing a method that enables a uniform programming model for both synchronization and communication architectures. This and other objects and advantages of the invention are achieved by a method for coordinating the execution of processes cooperating with one another that access a common object, wherein: each common object is declared as coordinator object and access patterns that determined sequences of accesses of the cooperating processes onto the coordinator object are allocated to it; a sequence of types of access (access types) is recited in the access pattern; given execution of the processes, the coordinator object determines whether an access to the common object is present and, in this case, determines on the basis of the access pattern whether the access can be implemented or must be postponed until the access of another process has ended.
With the assistance of what are referred to as coordinator objects, the method can replace explicit coordination commands with a static declaration of allowable sequences of accesses, as a result whereof the dynamic executive behavior of the cooperating processes can be influenced. This approach of parallel programming leads to more comfort and portability than in conventional parallel programming without deteriorating the efficiency. Coordinator objects, thus, are passive objects on which the active processes operate.
Identical accesses are referred to with the term access type below. For example, writing accesses belong to one access type, reading accesses to another access type.
The underlying idea of the coordinator objects is thereby as follows: Parallel programmers indicate access patterns for commonly used objects (data). An access pattern describes what sequences of accesses of the cooperating processes to a common object are possible. This shall be explained with reference to writing and reading accesses to a common object. In this case, a distinction can be made between writing and reading accesses and objects that are ready to be read after which writing accesses can be specified. Conversely, objects that are again ready to be written after which reading accesses can also be specified. The patterns can generally be defined by counters that either log the accesses of all processes in common or the accesses of each individual process.
Corresponding to the indicating access patterns, a program behavior arises that implicitly leads to synchronization or communication (triggered by specific access sequences). For example, writing operations are delayed in the read status (i.e. the corresponding processes are put to sleep, ie., temporarily halted). When switching into the write status, the sleeping processes are awakened; they then behave exactly as though they had not yet even attempted their access. The behavior is oppositely identical in the write status. This execution usually occurs iteratively, i.e. the writing and the reading status alternate repeatedly with one another.
The critical idea of the coordinator objects is thus that a run time behavior that is characterized by automatic synchronization or communications is achieved by a priori indicated properties of objects. Accesses to coordinator objects modify the normal program behavior insofar as memory accesses can be delayedŚor, expressed differently: Corresponding to the specified access patterns, processes are blocked given accesses to coordinator objects and are re-awakened at a suitable point in time.
Developments of the invention are provided when the access pattern specifies whether a plurality of accesses per access type are handled with priority before an access of another access type. Preferably, the accesses of an access type are implemented in strict succession in order to avoid conflicts. The coordinator object can be informed that no instances of conflict occur given successive processing of the accesses of one access type, so that the accesses need not be strictly implemented. The number of accesses per access type are, in one embodiment, counted with a counter and an access of another process or of another access type is allowed when the allowable number of accesses per access type is reached. One access type covers writing accesses and the other access type covers reading accesses. In a preferred embodiment, the coordinator object can switch into the write status or into the read status, and the initial status is a write status. The switching of the coordinator object from one status into the other status is initiated by a switch condition that can be set by a keyword. The switch condition can be set such that a plurality of accesses of one access type must be met. Alternately, the switch condition can be set such that a total number of accesses by different processes must be met. Yet another alternative, the switch condition can be set such that the accesses of a group of processes must be met. The switch condition is determined by the process.
The coordinator object is realized as a central control program that is specified dependent on respective application. The control program administers accesses that cannot be processed yet in a waiting set. A waiting set is generated in the control program for each access type. The next access to be processed can be selected from a waiting set. Preferably, one waiting queue is prioritized, so that the accesses of this waiting queue are processed first.
In general, a local memory that cannot be addressed by other processes is allocated to each process. Given distributed memory, the control program sees to it for processes for which access is allowed that data consistent with the coordinator data are stored in their local memory.
The invention is explained in greater detail on the basis of exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the coordination of processes;
FIGS. 2 and 3 are schematic illustrations of the functioning of the coordinator objects when a plurality of processes access a common object; and
FIGS. 4-8 are diagrams which show examples of access patterns and their implementation in the coordinator object.
1. The Underlying Memory Model
The explanation of the coordinator objects is based on a memory model having the following properties: Each process has a local memory.
Accesses to this memory by foreign processes are in fact possible given a common address space but the accesses of different processes are uncoordinated (i.e. unsynchronized) insofar as synchronization is not explicitly carried out.
given a distributed address space, direct memory accesses by foreign processes are not possible at all.
For the purpose of a uniform programming model, it is therefore assumed that local memory accesses exclusively relate to process-local data, i.e. that communication or, respectively, data exchange is realized via local memory accesses.
Coordinator objects represent the sole exception. As a result of these, global objects that are visible for every involved process are made available to the programmer. Over and above this, a coordination of all accesses to these global objects is compelled. Both local as well as global objects can thus be both read as well as written. The memory model is illustrated by FIG. 1. The four processes 1-4 can access the common coordinator object coord. It can be seen that the processes can access their local memory but can only cooperate with other processes via coordinator objects.
Whereas writing and reading accesses to local objects occur in a conventional way, a special access model exists for the coordinator objects, this being explained by way of example in the following section.
2. Introductory Description of the Coordinator Object Access Model
Coordinator objects are in two different statusses in alternation: the write states (writeable) and the read status (readable). When generating the coordinator objects, these are in the write status.
Read accesses block in the write status and write accesses block in the read status. Blocking thereby denotes that the corresponding process is displaced (put to sleep), namely at least until the point in time of switching into the opposite status.
The diagram (transition network) of FIG. 2 illustrates this behavior. The following notation is thereby employed:
Events or logical conditions are noted above the edges of the transition network. The labelling under the edges expresses actions that are to be implemented when migrating across the corresponding edge. The following behavior applies:
Write accesses to a coordinator object that is in the read status are delayed (by blocking the writing process) until (at least) the coordinator objects switches back into the write status. Analogously, reading processes are delayed when the coordinator object is in the write status. For this reason, no edges occur in the transition network for read accesses in the write status or for write accesses in the read status.
Blocked writing processes are awakened when the write status is reached again and blocked reading processes are awakened when the read status is reached. They then again attempt to implement their access. A blocking can thereby fundamentally arise again (if the status has already changed again due to actions of another process). Then the processes again behave as described above.
The switching between the two statusses is triggered by the occurrence of switch conditions. Switch conditions are defined by the specification of access patterns and the previous sequence of accesses with respect to this access behavior. The access pattern is statically specified for each coordinator object by the user (programmer). The specification strategy is defined by answers to the following questions:
Which processes write a coordinator object how often before it is enabled for reading?
Which processes read a coordinator object how often before it is enabled for writing?
Access patterns are therefore defined for each access type (writing or reading); thus, for example, a write access pattern æwrite(each(wGroup,2))Æ denotes that the coordinator object is enabled for reading as soon as every process of the group of processes defined by wGroup (process group) has written the coordinator object exactly twice. The read access pattern æread(arbitrary(5))Æ denotes that the read condition is left as soon as exactly five read accesses of arbitrary processes to the coordinator object have occurred. The same process is thereby also allowed to access multiply. There are even more access patterns (see below).
The access patterns define a respective write or read phase. These phases can alternate arbitrarily often (as soon as the switch conditions apply). At the start, the coordinator objects are always in the write status, i.e. the first phase is always a write phase.
A full cycleŚcomposed of a write and of a read phase with terminating, renewed transition into the write statusŚis called a calculation step as described below. A pair of access patterns, for example æ(write(each(wGroup,2)), read(arbitrary(5)))Æ, thus defines the execution of a calculation step by indicating the switch conditions for write and read phase.
Said access pattern
((write(each(wGroup,2)), read(arbitrary(5)))
can be illustrated on the basis of a refined transition network (FIG. 3). We assume therefor that the process group wGroup is composed of two processes p1 and p2 with pε{(p1, p2} and that read processes qε{(q1, . . . qn} exist.
Notation (FIG. 3): The notation access| condition states that the edge is only crossed given the corresponding access when the condition is previously met.
Given the access pattern for write accesses, the switch condition is specified by the particular of the keyword æeachÆ as a condition that must be valid for every one of the participating processes.
When the switch condition is already met (writecount(p)==2) in this case, for example for the process p, then further write accesses of this process are likewise delayed even though the coordinator object is in the write status. Since such a write access can be executed no earlier than in the next write phase, process p is likewise only reawakened at the beginning of this phase. (It follows therefrom that there is no edge in the above transition network for the case write(p) | writecount(p)==2!).
Given the access pattern for read accesses, the keyword æarbitraryÆ means that neither the number of the accessing processes nor the contribution of each individual process is defined for meeting the switch condition but only the total number of accesses.
The initialization of a status contains, among other things, that the counters æwritecount(p)ÆŚone respective counter per process for the write statusŚor, respectively, æreadcountÆŚa common counter for the read statusŚare set to 0.
The above transition networks are incomplete: It is not specified what occurs when conditions do not apply or accesses occur ōin the wrong statusö. This shall be discussed later.
3. Access Patterns
Access patterns make it possible for the programmer to express the interactions between processes on a level that is very close to the behavior of the (abstract) algorithm. The access patterns are described separately for the two access types of write and read; the following access patterns are respectively available:
each(processGroup, numberOfAccesses)
arbitrary( )
As already mentioned, the status switch condition given an æeachÆ pattern must be met by every individual process from the process group processGroup. A process group is thereby a set of processes that must be known no later than the initialization time of the coordinator object and whose composition dare no longer change after this point in time. The specific fashioning of a corresponding data type is left up to the respectively implementation. Accesses of processes that do not belong to the process group are not allowed.
Given an æarbitraryÆ pattern, the set of access-authorized processes is not restricted, it therefore likewise need not be indicated.
When an access pattern contains a ænumberOfAccessesÆ particular (an integer data type), then the switch condition is met when the indicated plurality of accesses has been implementedŚby each process of the specified group given an æeachÆ pattern; the sum of the accesses of all processes counts given an æarbitraryÆ pattern.
When, by contrast, a number of accesses is not specified, then the switch conditions must be determined by the processes themselves. The switch condition for an access phase phase specified by æeach(processGroup)Æ is met when each process of the group has implemented exactly one æprocReadyWith(phase)Æ instruction. Given an æarbitrary( )Æ specification, the switch condition is produced by exactly one æswitchFrom(phase)Æ instruction of an arbitrary process.
3.1 Different Access Patterns
With their access patterns, coordinator objects describe different versions of write-reader (generator-user) scenarios. Some of these versions are described below.
The syntax of a coordinator object declaration coordinator . . . employed here was selected with the goal of readability; alternative syntaxes are, of course, conceivable. A specific parallel (access) behavior is respectively compelled by the following access patterns for the coordinator object variable æobjectÆ of the type æsome TypeÆ:
coordinator <someType> object (write(arbitrary(1)), read(arbitrary(1)));
The variable æobjectÆ is written and read respectively once in alternation. This behavior can be employed, for example, for handing over access rights to exclusive operating means.
coordinator <someType> object (write(each(group1,1)), read(each(group2,2)));
The processes from the group ægroupÆ write the variable æobjectÆ in common. When each process has made its contribution, the variable is read by all processes of the group ægroup2Æ (this is frequently identical to group1) exactly twice before it is enabled again for writing. Given such an access pattern, the variable æobjectÆ is typically a structured quantity, for instance a vector, that is processed by the processes in SPMD (single program multiple data) mode.
coordinator <someType> object (write(each(group1,1)), read(each(group2)));
Writing here is carried out in exactly the same way as above; however, how many times each participating process writes is not determined. Writing is only carried out again after each process from group2 has executed the instruction ōprocReadyWith(read)Æ in order to signal that it has ended its read phase. Such a coordination of the read processes is appropriate, for example, when the read processes implement different hinds of calculation with æobjectÆ.
coordinator <someType> object (write(arbitrary( )), read(each(group2)));
Here, reading is carried exactly as above. No determination to any process or a process group occurs given writing; a specific number of accesses is also not demanded. Reading is only carried when some process or other executes the instruction æswitchFrom(write)Æ. Such a write pattern can be employed when a main process supervises the work of a variable plurality of (writing) processes that implement different parts of the overall calculation and, thus, different numbers of write accesses.
coordinator <someType> object (write(,,,), read(arbitrary(4711)));
Here, writing is only carried out again when reading was carried out 4711 times.
4. Freedom from Conflict
Coordinator objects not only coordinate writing and reading operations relative to one another but also fundamentally prevent simultaneous accesses to the same object. When two writing accesses pend, they are executed strictly successively and are not interwoven. Inconsistent statusses that could arise due to this interweaving are thereby avoided. We thus always proceed on the basis of atomic accesses to coordinator objects.
This property enables reliable parallel programming. On the other hand, atomicity can be too strict for certain accesses: Inefficiency arises due to the sequentialization, this being avoidable when one knows that no conflicts at all can arise in reality. In general (not always!), thus, reading accesses are conflict-free. Writing accesses can also be conflict-free when writing is carried out onto different parts of structured objects.
Users of coordinator objects can inform the system of freedom from conflict. For write accesses, this occurs by specification of ænonconflictWrite( . . . )Æ instead of æwrite( . . . )Æ. Freedom from conflict is assumed as a standard for read accesses, so that the user must specify æexclusiveRead( . . . )Æ instead of æread( . . . )Æ in order to obtain atomicity of the read accesses. A program example with such specifications is recited in the Appendix.
5. Programming Language Integration
Coordinator objects can be integrated in any language; the language used in this specification is C++. However, it is critical that reading accesses can be distinguished from writing accesses. How this occurs is unimportant here. For example, the access types can be pre-defined for pre-defined functions to standard types; for user-defined functions and types, a specific user declaration can make it possible to distinguish between writing and reading operations. Let an example of a possible syntax for such specifications be provided for the coordinator access function sqrt employed in the following programming example:
coordination float sqrt(read float);
The specification of the keyword æreadÆ determines that a coordinator object that is assigned the function sqrt as a first (and only) argument is read by this function call.
6. Programming Example
A simple example from the field of numerics, the normalization of a vector, is considered:
A predetermined vector v is to be brought to length 1 and retain its direction in the n-dimensional space. A sequential program that implements the calculation looks like this in C++:
This program can be parallelized in that the vector is subdivided into strips and each strip is processed by a different process. Each process calculates a part of the scalar product; the partial sums are then added (in common). As soon as this value is available (i.e. when each process has attached its partial sum), each process can carry out the norm calculation and division (actually, the calculation of the norm only has to occur once, which is not done here for the sake of simplicity). A very frequently occurring access pattern derives: For calculation of the overall scalar product, a coordinator object is declared that is written exactly once by each process before it is allowed to be read. This likewise occurs exactly once per process but is not critical here since the coordinator object is not written again here after the reading.
Here, the unit of the parallel execution is the function ænormalizeÆ. This has the lower and upper boundary of the sub-vector that is to be handled as well as a reference to the entire vector as parameters. The function is called by the participating processes with respectively suitable lower and upper indices. The programming of the process generation and work distribution is not co-indicated here because it is not significant for the understanding of the programming with coordinator objects.
This example shows how a controlled access to ædotprodÆ occurs without any and all programming of synchronization or communication. To this end, the user-defined function æcollectiveAddÆ is specified as a write operation with respect to its first argumentŚas collective write operation to be more precise. Collective operations are explained in greater detail in the following section.
The global switch condition that triggers the transition into the read status and thus allows reading by the function æsqrtÆ is only valid when all processes have written their part by calling æcollectiveAddÆ. The following transition from the read status into the write status has no practical effects here because the program fragment is ended. If it was executed within a loop, the switching from the read status into the write status would likewise take effect.
7. Collective Write Operations
Collective operations (also partly called reduction operations) are particularly utilized in the field of scientific computing (see, among others, A. Geist, A. Beguelin, J. Dongarra, H. Jiang, R. Manchek, V. Sunderam: PVM 3.0 Users Guide and Reference Manual, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1993; The MPI initiative, firstname.lastname@example.com, 1994; R. Butler, E. Lusk, Monitors, messages, and clusters: The p4 parallel programming system, Parallel Computing 20, 1994; D. Culler, SPLIT C, //http.cs.berkeley.edu/śculler, 1996 and often allow a significantly simplified notation of algorithms when the value of an object must be repeatedly initialized. Coordinator objects offer support for collective operations in a very simple way by an automatic re-initialization at the respective beginning of a write phase.
To this end, a coordinator object implementation must make a generic function æcollectiveÆ available to the user that makes it possible to also defined user-defined collective operationsŚthe function æcollectiveAddÆ used in the above exampleŚ, for example in the following way:
The semantics of æcollectiveÆ can be described in the following way:
A call of æcollectiveÆ implements a memory access to the argument æresultÆ.
When a call of æcollectiveÆ is the first call within a write phase, then the new value of the coordinator æresultÆ derives as result of the function call æf(initValue,arg)Æ.
In following calls, the new value of the coordinator æresultÆ derives as result of the function call æf(result,arg)Æ.
With respect to æargÆ, æcollectiveÆ is defined as read access; no coordinators dare be handed over as arguments æfÆ and æinitValueÆ.
8. Semantics and Implementation of Coordinator Objects
Access patterns define a parallelism behavior that can be referred to best as an automatic coordination. This behavior is described in greater detail below. First, the semantics of coordinator objects is presented on the basis of a central contol program for a coordinator object. This represents a minimum demand of every implementation of coordinator objects. Implementation versions are discussed subsequently.
8.1 A Central Control Program for a Coordinator Object
A central control program for a coordinator object that defines the semantics of the coordinator object is presented below. An instance of this program exists conceptually for each coordinator object. Implementations are allowed to combine the tasks of a plurality of such instances in a program or to distribute the tasks of the control program to a plurality of cooperating programs. In systems with a shared memory, the communication with the control program described below can also occur without explicit message exchange when it is implemented in some other way. However, the logical executionŚexcept for time non-determinismsŚshould remain the same due to such changes.
8.2 Event-Controlled Functioning
For introduction into the functioning of the control program, the various possible accesses of a process to a coordinator object are described in the following sections on the basis of flowcharts. These show the communication with the control program (control program) respectively occurring in conjunction with an access. The messages to the control program are also referred to as events below. First, we shall show the basic pattern for the communication connected with an access, FIG. 4.
The process being considered sends a request (requireAccess) to the control program and waits for the request confirmation of the control program before it continues its program execution. From the point of view of the process, this execution thus behaves like a æremote procedure call (rpc)Æ. The control program registers the request as an event. The event is possibly delayed when it cannot be immediately processed in the momentary status of the coordinator object. To this end, the control program administers the events as four different event sets that are described in greater detail later.
When an event is finally selected for processing, then the control program initially executes a few event-related activities, what is referred to as the prologue. Given a distributed memory, the prologue contains the offering of the coordinator data at the requesting process, among other things. Subsequently, the request confirmation (rpcFinish) is sent to the requesting process, so that the latter can continue. When the following code of the process contains accesses to the coordinator data, then a termination message (accessDone) to the control program must ensue after the end of these accesses so that it can implement the terminating event-related activitiesŚthe epilogue. The requesting process need not wait for the conclusion of the epilogue since every further access to the coordinator object presumes a new request to the control program.
Prologue and epilogue are not explicitly shown in the other diagrams (FIGS. 5-8). By way of example, time-meshed accesses of a further process (concurrent process) are shown that influence, i.e. delay, the executive sequence behavior of the process under consideration (process of interest).
8.2.1 Reading or, Respectively, Writing Access
The diagram, FIG. 5, shows a reading access (requireAccess(read)), but is analogously valid for writing accesses (requireAccess(write)). The accessing process is only allowed to access when it has received the confirmation (rpcFinish) of its access request from the control program. It is assumed in the diagram that the read accesses are exclusive, for which reason a wait (1) is implemented for the end of the already started, competing access before the confirmation.
The control program must be informed of the end of the access (accessDone), as a result whereof potentially delayed events proceed to processing (2).
8.2.2 The procReadyWith Instruction
The æprocReadyWithÆ instructions signals the coordinator object that the calling process has ended its part in a write or, respectively, read phase. It is only meaningful and allowed when an æeach( . . . )Æ access pattern was declared for the corresponding phase. Given an access pattern æeach(group, numberOfAccesses)Æ, the process is potentially ended for the process before reaching the declared number of accesses ænumberOfAccessesÆ, i.e. all further accesses are delayed until the next time the appertaining phase is reached. Since the procReadyWith instruction does not involve an access to the coordinator object by the requesting process, the communication protocol is simpler here: The æaccessDoneÆ message to the control program can be omitted.
The exemplary diagram, FIG. 6, shows the communication execution of a æprocReadyWithÆ instruction for the read phase. The calling process must be delayed at least until the coordinator object is in the status to which the instruction refersŚthis is the read status in the example that is reached (1) here by a æprocReadyWithÆ instruction of the competing process. Such a waiting situation can occur, for example, when, following the end of its write phase, the process does not implement a single read access to the coordinator object in the following read phase but immediately ends its read phase with the æprocReadyWithÆ instruction. A following write access is delayed until the coordinator object again switches (2) into the write status, see FIG. 6.
8.2.3 The SwitchFrom Instruction
By contrast to the æprocReadyWithÆ instruction, the æswitchFromÆ instruction is a global status change signal. The status of the coordinator object changes after the end of all accesses already begun. The instruction is allowed for all access patterns; given access patterns with counter, the status also changes when the declared number of accesses has not yet been reached in the momentary phase.
The diagram, FIG. 7, shows the communication execution of a æswitchFromÆ instruction for the read phase. A following write access is delayed until the momentary read access of the other process has ended, since the status of the coordinator object does not change (1) until this point in time.
A delay by the control program is also possible given the æswitchFromÆ instruction, and the confirmation of the control program is therefore required, for example when a process that accesses the coordinator object exclusively in reading fashion successively implements two æswitchFromÆ instructions without having implemented a read access in the interim.
8.2.4 The Release Instruction
The æreleaseÆ instruction ends the coordination of the data supervised by the coordinator object. These data are made exclusively available to the calling process (as return value of the æreleaseÆ instruction). The process must therefore wait until the phase indicated in the instruction has been endedŚin the example, this occurs by ending the read access of the competing process (1). The conclusion of a æreleaseÆ instruction is the last allowed action of the control program, i.e. every further access of an arbitrary process to the coordinator object is viewed as an error, FIG. 8.
8.3 Event Processing by the Control Program
The above accesses (events) can alternate arbitrarily within a process (with the exception, of course, of the æreleaseÆ instruction). The control program will delay the process at every event as long as it is allowed according to the access pattern specified for the coordinator object. In order to enable this, the control program administers the events arriving from the various processes in four different event sets, which are described below. The term ōsetsö (and not ōwaiting queuesö) is intentionally used here since it is assumed that the processing sequence of existing events is arbitrary.
8.3.1 The Set of Active Events
This set contains all events not yet processed that are pending for processing at the moment. These are either ōnewö events (that were never yet considered by the control program) or events that, due to processing of an event from one of the waiting sets listed below, were transmitted anew into the set of active events. The control program takes a respective event from the set of active events by calling the procedure ænextEventÆ. The procedure waits given an empty set, potentially until a process generates an event. The method according to which the event to be taken is selected given a plurality of existing events is left up to the implementation. A possible prioritizing of the taking is as follows:
1. æaccessDoneÆ events in order to enable further exclusive accesses or a status change;
2. æswitchFromÆ events since this signals that a phase is ended overall;
3. æprocReadyWithÆ events since a process has met its sub-taskŚa phase change can be potentially accelerated;
4. ærequestaccessÆ eventsŚgiven a distributed memory, only those of processes that already have the coordinator data locally presentŚas a result whereof unnecessary data exchange can be avoided;
5. other ærequestAccessÆ events;
6. æreleaseÆ event.
8.3.2 Set of Events that can be Processed in the Next Write Phase
All events for which the control program determines that they can be processed (at the earliest) in the next write phase are accepted into this waiting set by a call ædelayForPhase(write,event)Æ. Given the next transition of the coordinator object into the write status, all events collected in this set are transferred back into the set of active events by calling æenableEventsDelayedForPhase(write)Æ.
8.3.3 Set of Events that can be Processed in the Next Read Phase
Analogous to the set just cited, there is the waiting set for the read phase. Events are added by ædelayForPhase(read,event)Æ and, given transition into the read status, are transferred back into the set of active events by æenableEventsDelayedForPhase(read)Æ.
8.3.4 Set of Events that Require Exclusive Coordinator Access
In addition to the events that must be delayed until a following phase, there is a set of ærequireAccessÆ events that can still be processed in the momentary phase but only after an exclusive access or another process that has already begun has ended. The procedure ædelayForExclusiveAccess(event)Æ serves for adding an event to this set. After the end of an exclusive access, the events collected in this set since the beginning of the access are re-activated by æenableEventsDelayedForExclusiveÆ.
8.4 Variables that Describe the Status of the Coordinator Object
The control program works with a number of variables that describe the momentary status of the coordinator object. These variables are listed here with their initial values:
Number of processes that are allowed access to the coordinator object at the moment. The value of the variable must be 0 at a phase change. When accesses of a phase are not free of conflict, æpendingAccessÆ is maximally allowed to have the value 1.
This is a flag that indicates whether the status of the coordinator object changes (true) after the conclusion of accesses already begun or whether further events must be processed (false) before the change.
In case of æarbitrary(numberOfAccesses)Æ access patterns, this variable serves as global counter of the accesses in a phase.
procReady[ ]={false, . . . ,false};
In case of æeach( . . . )Æ access patterns, this table of flags indicates for every process of the appertaining process group whether the respective process has ended its write or, respectively, read phase.
procCount[ ]={0, . . . ,0};
In case of æeach(group,numberOfAccesses)Æ access patterns, this table contains the process-related access counters.
This variable is set when processing a æreleaseÆ event and then indicates the process to which the data supervised by the coordinator object are made available given termination of the momentary phase.
This flag serves for supporting what are referred to as collective operations. At the beginning of a write phase, the variable respectively receives the value æfalseÆ in order to inform the first write within the phase that it is the first. An automatic re-initialization of the coordinator value in every write phase is enabled as a result thereof.
8.5 Notation
The operational semantics definition is provided in the form of pseudo-code that is based on C or, respectively, C++ notation. However, the semantics of some additionally employed constructs must still be explained:
forall id in group: block
executes æblockÆ for every process of the process group ægroupÆ once; the execution, however, is not continued for further processes when the control flow (for example, due to return) leaves the æblockÆ. In the æblockÆ, the variable æidÆ is linked to the respectively processed process.
match (object) {
fits pattern: block
fits pattern
or pattern: block
. . .
implements a pattern comparison (pattern matching) with respect to æobjectÆ. A component part of a pattern can be constant values (identified by quotations (for example, æEACHÆ), that must then correspond to the corresponding value in æobjectÆ (for example, EACH) or, on the other hand, variables to which the corresponding values of the predetermined pattern æobjectÆ are linked. The appertaining æblockÆ is executed for the first successful comparison.
Such a pattern comparison is, among other things, implemented with the access pattern of the coordinator objects valid for the respective access phase æphaseÆ that is respectively supplied by the function æaccessSpec(phase)Æ. The possible patterns are:
The values æprocessGroupÆ and æmaxCountÆ are thereby linked to the variables indicated in the matching pattern in order to be able to access them within the æblockÆ.
In the program context, an event is interpreted as a structured data type that must have the following components available to it:
the type of event, i.e. one of the values ærequireAccessÆ,
æaccessDoneÆ, æprocReadyWithÆ, æswitchFromÆ or æreleaseÆ;
the accessing process, i.e. the process that generated the event;
the phase for which the event is intended, i.e. either æwriteÆ or æreadÆ;
8.6 The Control Program
The meaning of some of the functions/procedures employed were already explained. These and a few other procedures are not specified by pseudo-code. They are either self-explanatory due to their naming or are yet to be addressed in the following discussion of the implementation. All functions/procedures for which a pseudo-code specification exists are emphasized by bold face given their employment.
8.7 Architecture-Dependent Implementation of Coordinator Objects
Every implementation must first realize the communication of the processes accessing the coordinator object with the control program, including the blocking of the processes waiting for an answer. In architectures with shared memory, this will typically occur by synchronized accesses to a shared memory area as well as the respectively offered means for process control (locks, signals, etc.); by message exchange with blocking reception routines for the waiting processes in architectures with distributed memory.
In architectures with distributed memory, a coordinator object implementation must, however, additionally see to it that the processesŚas soon as they have received the permission from the control program to access the coordinator dataŚrespectively encounter a consistent copy of these data in their local memory. This task is expressed in the above semantic specification by calls of the function æprovideDataForÆ and contains the exchange of messages that, in addition to containing internal coordinator status information, particularly contain the current value of the data object visible for the user. A coordinator object implementation thus assures an automatic data migration between the processes.
The exact semantics of such a migration must be observed, particularly given complex user-defined data types that contain pointers or references to other objects:
Which of the components of a structured data type are considered in the transmission to another process?
Does the recipient of a message interpret these data in a way that is consistent with the interpretation of the sender?
Is the property of an object that two sub-components are pointers or references to one and the same object also met after a migration of this object?
The first two points can generally not be decided by the system alone; rather, user support is necessary in order to be able to correctly implement the conversion of user data into the internal exchange format as well as the reverse conversion at the recipient side. This procedure is often referred to as data marshalling and must be supported by the system insofar as a correct conversion of the basic data types is possible. The conversion of the basic data types then forms the basis for the specification of conversion routines for user data types (regarding the topic of data marshalling, see, among others, Open Software Foundation: DCE Application Development Guide.
The property addressed in the third point is also referred to as intra-object sharing and is a property that must be assured by the coordinator object implementation by itself. Intra-object sharing, including the implementation aspects connected therewith, is discussed in M. Herlihy, B. Liskov: A Value Transmission Method for Abstract Data Types, ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems Oct. 4, 1982.
The entire administration of the status of the coordinator objects occurs by the system. In the distributed case, this means that coordinator object status information is kept consistent between different process spaces. The independent processes always behave as though the coordinator objects lay in a (virtual) shared memory; except for possible semantic deviations due to the (user-defined!) data marshalling, the user sees no difference between the two models.
Appendix A: A More Extensive Example
A method for the iterative solution of linear equation systems, the conjugated-gradient method (cg-method) is considered. The following C++ program sequentially implements the cg-method in an obvious way. Proceeding from an initial approximation, the vector x is modified in the body of the function until the equation A*x=b (A and b predetermined) is solved adequately exactly. The operations utilized are vector-vector, matrix-vector and vector-scalar operations. In particular, scalar products are frequently calculated.
This program can be parallelized in that the required vectors and the matrix (logical) are cut into strips that are handled by different processes. Each of the processes implements the function cgm on its own data area. Individual results, however, are required by all processes, particularly the scalar products. In order to be able to access this in controlled fashion, these are declared as coordinator objects. The same is true of the vector fullP that is written and read by all processes.
The ōstripsö are modelled as vector sections and matrix sections. Sections are administration structures that contain an upper boundary and a lower boundary of a sub-vector or of a sub-matrix as well as the complete vector and/or the complete matrix itself.
For understanding the following parallel algorithm, it is meaningful to initially ignore the coordination. The parallelization idea (the parallel strips or, respectively, sections) should be in the foreground. The above-recited sequential algorithm is only modified insofar as some operations become two-stage: first, a strip is operated upon, then the strips are handled in common. (collectiveAdd).
The method æassembleÆ copies sub-vectors (the sections localP) into the target vector æfullPÆ component-by-component. The function æcolectiveAddÆ has already been described.
This algorithm assumes that the section x is sent back at the end of the processing. This occurs automatically by programming models such as, for example, the workpool described in [KnRe96b] but also in DCE[DCE].
It should be noted that rr is read twice per iteration. This is reflected in the coordinator function.
This algorithm contains a great deal of coordination. However, as long as the coordinator objects are ignored, not much of this is visible. This demonstrates the advantage of coordinator objects: parallel algorithms can be developed and coordination can merely be made runnable later by the definition of the correct access patterns. The software development process is thereby critically improved. Nonetheless, the programs can then be efficiently run on both architecture types (shared memory and distributed memory).
Although other modifications and changes may be suggested by those skilled in the art, it is the intention of the inventors to embody within the patent warranted hereon all changes and modifications as reasonably and properly come within the scope of their contribution to the art.
H. Bal, J. Steiner, A. Tanenbaum:
Programming Languages for Distributed Computing Systems ACM Computing Surveys, September 1989,
Distribution and Abstract Types in Emerald
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering SE 13, Jan. 1, 1987
Open Software Foundation:
DCE Application Dvelopment Guide
M. Herlihy, B. Liskov:
A Value Transmission Method for Abstract Data Types,
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems Oct. 4, 1982
The MPI initiative
firstname.lastname@example.com, 1994
Bill Nitzberg, Virginia Lo:
Distributed Shared Memory: A Survey of issues and Algorithms
IEEE COMPUTER, vol. 24, no. Aug. 8, 1991
A. Geist, A. Beguelin, J. Dongarra, H. Jiang, R. Manchek, V. Sunderam:
PVM 3.0 Users Guide and Reference Manual
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1993
R. Butler, E. Lusk
Monitors, messages, and clusters: The p4 parallel programming system, Parallel Computing 20, 1994
D. Culler
SPLIT C, //http.cs.berkeley.edu/śculler, 1996
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
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text:
Russian expert: The US pressure upon Tbilisi hinders opening of the railway to Armenia
Elbat CJSC is planning to increase output by 30% in 2014
Beeline announces some changes in a number of mobile tariff plans
More than 21'000 people have visited www.orange5.am website and more than 4'100 shared their ideas for future
Putin stresses the need to open Abkhaz railway section
Experts: Sharp growth in USD exchange rate in Armenia is of adjusting nature
Taner Akcam sees connection between Genocide in Turkey 100 years ago and similar acts today committed by contemporary Islamist terrorists in Syria and Iraq
Expert: Turkey may ratify one of the Zurich Protocols in 2015
Zdzislaw Raczynski: The Association Agreement with EU would open more opportunities for Armenia
Defense Ministry: Military Honors Funeral to pilots of downed Mi-24 helicopter scheduled for 24 November
Armenia's deputy minister of defense informs Ambassador Kasprzyk of details of latest special operation to recover bodies of Mi-24 helicopter crew
Zdzislaw Raczynski says Poland remains committed to its principles in NK problem, that is, not to arm conflicting parties
System of a Down to perform in Yerevan in 2015
Fundamentally, Armenia may be pro-Russian but it does not mean that it may be pro-Putin, Richard Giragosian says
Ex-defense minister of Armenia: NKR Defense Army brilliantly conducted a risky special operation
Seyran Ohanyan: Parts of Armenian helicopter downed by Azerbaijan to be submitted for examination
Armenia confirms it will participate in Baku 2015 European Games, Patrick Hickey says
OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chairs' Nov 19 statement changed due to Azerbaijan's hysteria
Armenian Defense Ministry hints at big losses in Azerbaijani army due to special operation of NKR Special Forces
Armenia's banks have opportunity to expand their customer base in regions
Armenian Special Forces' actions excite admiration but they do not justify the criminal negligence of Armenian leadership, Artsakh war veteran says
NKR Defense Army Special Forces recover remains of downed Mi-24 helicopter crew
Minister advises Armenian jewelers to hire Indian diamond-cutters to enhance labor efficiency
In 2014 Armenia reduced imports of rough diamonds mostly due to decline in supplies to Russia
Karen Mirzoyan: Karabakh authorities have been taking all the necessary steps for returning of the bodies of the members of MI-24 crew
Every third resident of Armenia is "statistically" poor
Vahe Hakobyan dismissed from the position of the Head of Armenia's Water Management Committee
Ameria Management Advisory enlarges geography of its activities
David Babayan: James Warlick has de facto recognized the presence of a state border between Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan
MP from Armenian National Congress: Non-power parliamentary forces should be guided by statements of Ruben Hakobyan rather than Raffi Hovannisian
Raffi Hovannisian: Such a short distance between Armenian helicopter and Azeri positions raises numerous questions to Armenian command
Russian professor: Russia's political forces, starting from government officials to opposition, use xenophobic slogans
View from Moscow: Accession to Eurasian Economic Union will not increase number of Armenian citizens migrating to Russia
Expert: Developments in domestic political life of Armenia by no means comply with geopolitical processes in the world
France advocates returning Armenian pilots' bodies to Armenia
Russian professor: In case of the economic crisis growing, we have to expect much outflow of migrants from Russia
Political expert: Armenia has to choose between a maidan and a compromise with the opposition
Green activists again find violations at small hydro power plants (HPP) "Khachaghbyur-1" and "Khachaghbyur-2"
Surfactant saves lives of 135 premature babies in Armenia
Beelines supports repair of Artanish Cultural Center's roof
Stepanakert: Nagorny Karabakh Defense Army bears no relation to murder of Azerbaijani soldier
Head of Water Management Committee still performs his duties
Georgian Premier and Kazakhstan's President to Meet in Astana
RF, Georgian Diplomats Discuss Preparations for the Next Round of Geneva Discussions
EU Highly Values Georgia's Contribution to EU-led Operations - Herman
SOCAR President Travels to Greece
Georgian Premier Meets Head of NATO Liaison Office in Georgia
Media Situation in Azerbaijan in Spotlight of OSCE Conference
Visit of Ilham Aliyev to Hungary Starts
World Day for Decent Work Marked in Georgia
Georgia Toughens Punishment for Illegal Abortions
Georgia, Lithuania to Conduct Joint Military Exercises
Lukashenko calls for increased trade with Azerbaijan
Ministers of Defense, Transport and Foreign Affairs of Lithuania to visit Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan marks Kurban Bayram
Ashot Melkonyan: Armenia must take preventive measures so as not to be blamed for "100-year slander"
Ashot Manucharyan: It is very much dangerous and senseless to lead Russia to war readiness
Tigran Khzmalyan: Armenia has linked its Noah's Arc to Russia's sinking Titanik that is still selling tickets
Alexander Iskandaryan: Peace and war are the two things Russia does not need in the South Caucasus
Ariel Cohen: Putin may be compensating for reputational damage to Russia in the conflict in Ukraine by trying to resolve the Karabakh conflict
Hovhannes Igityan: Serzh Sargsyan's geopolitical choice is an obstacle for investments in Armenia's economy
Andrey Areshev: Russia wants to see Armenia as its strong and dynamically developing ally in the South Caucasus
Vahan Vardapetyan: October 10 will become the day of culmination of consolidation of the society around the Armenian centrist parties
by David Stepanyan
Turkey and Azerbaijan cannot take part in the Eurasian integration projects, Deputy Director of the Caucasus Institute Sergey Minasyan said in an interview to ArmInfo, when asked to comment on Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev's statement about Turkey's wish to join the Eurasian Economic Union.
"I see no way for a NATO member and the United States' key partner in the region to be involved in Russia's Eurasian projects. Besides, Turkey is part of the EU free trade area. So, it cannot be part of another economic zone," Minasyan said.
He doubts that Azerbaijan will join the Eurasian Economic Union any time soon as this is not a place where the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict can be settled.
"As regards Armenia, I think it will join the Union by Jan 1 2015 if nothing extraordinary happens in the region," Minasyan said.


text:
>Jay Johnson: The Two & Only! (2014/Jaysons DVD)
>The Expendables 3 (2014/Lionsgate Blu-ray w/DVD)/Into The Storm (2014/New Line/Warner Blu-ray w/DVD)/Ragnarock (2013/Magnolia/Magnet Blu-ray)/Reclaim (2014/Lionsgate Blu-ray)
>Shock Waves (1977/Blue Underground Blu-ray)
>Lost Christmas (2011/Inception DVD)/Pawn Stars: A Very Vegas Christmas Special (2014/Histo
>Amazing World Of Gumball, Volume 4 (2013 - 2014/Cartoon Network/Warner Archive DVD)/Out Of This World (1962/Associated British TV/BFI Region 2 PAL Import DVD)/Super Globetrotters (1979 Complete Animat
>The Wonder Years - The Complete Series (1988 - 1993/Time Life/Star Vista DVD Box set/Metal Locker replica)
>The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug - Extended Edition (2013/Blu-ray 3D w/Blu-ray)
>Housebound (2014/XLrator Media Blu-ray)
>Gingerclown (2013/Lionsgate DVD)
>Getting On: The Complete First Season (2013/U.S. remake/HBO Blu-ray)
>Maleficent (2014/Disney Blu-ray w/DVD)
>True Blood: The Complete Seventh Season (2014/HBO Blu-ray Set)
>Planes: Fire and Rescue (2014/Disney Blu-ray w/DVD)
>In The Land Of The Cannibals (2004 aka Land Of Death) + Mondo Cannibal (2004 aka Cannibal World/Intervision DVDs)
>Summer Of Blood (aka S.O.B./2014/MPI/Dark Sky DVD)
>Frontera (2014/Magnolia DVD)
>As The Light Goes Out (2014/Well Go USA Blu-ray)
>Monty Python Live (Mostly): One Down, Five to Go - At The 02 London (2014/Eagle Blu-ray)
>Stella Women's Academy, High School Division Class Cł - Complete Collection (2013/Sentai DVD)
>Vikings: Raiders From The North (2012 - 2014/Eagle Media DVD)
>Rozen Maiden: Zuruckspulen - Complete Collection (2013/Sentai DVD)
Die Zauberflote (aka The Magic Flute/Wolfgang
Amadeus Mozart) – Opus Arte Blu-ray
B Sound: B+ Extras: C+ Opera: B
To catch
up on their terrific series of Classical/Opera released they have already
issued in the HD-DVD format. Opus Arte has reissued an elaborate version of Die Zauberflote (aka The Magic Flute) on Blu-ray with the
same extras. You can read about it at
the link for the original edition:
It was
not that long ago I watched this and for as good as it was, it holds up, though
I was not stunned either. This never was
my favorite tale. Now, for the one big
difference besides the high definition formats.
HD-DVD offered Dolby TrueHD 5.1 and 2.0, but this Blu-ray offers its equivalent
in PCM 5.1 and 2.0 mixes. The
differences are minimal, much like that of the two hi-def format versions of
Martin Scorsese's The Departed
(reviewed on HD-DVD elsewhere on this site) with the exact difference in
encoding options per format. Sometimes,
the TrueHD can sound better, other times not, but the Blu-ray often settled for
PCM tracks over the new DTS MA or Dolby TrueHD options because HDMI can do PCM
5.1 and they do not involve royalties.
Also, Dolby had more to gain in royalties if HD-DVD had won the war, so
the Blu-ray camp avoided it where they could.
advantage of Dolby or DTS is that they are backwards compatible for tradedown
with the older systems that can take S/PDIF digital cords meant for the classic
version of DTS and Dolby Digital. For
those with older systems, that is a nice temporary bonus, though it is arguable
that those most likely to buy a title like this are more likely to have
higher-end equipment. Either way, the
audio is fine and dead even with its counterpart.
For more
Opus Arte Classical/Opera releases, try this link:
- Nicholas Sheffo