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Foothills Prospectors © copyright 2013 all rights reserved
Club Meeting
November 10th @ 7:00 PM
Arvada Police Building
Community Room
8101 Ralston Road
Arvada, CO
Please remember the Armed Forces defending our Nation at this time. May the good Lord protect them and safely return them home to their loved ones.
Welcome to the Foothills Prospectors official web site. We are an organization founded and organized to promote small mining operations and family recreational outdoor events and activities. The Foothills Prospectors made application to Gold Prospectors Association of America for Chapter affiliation for the State of Colorado in the metro Denver area on August 4, 2009. The organization would like to thank and recognize the main founding organizer, Benjamin Underwood for all of his hard work in getting the organization organized and running. The opening meeting had over fifty persons in attendance and after introductions of persons at the meeting the group organized the "Foothills Prospectors". The Club had it organizational meeting and election on August 4, 2009 and the Club is now dually organized.
On January 14, 2013 the Board of Directors held their Annual Board Meeting. The Club on December 10, 2012 voted to join the World Wide Association of Treasure Seekers as an Associated Club. The Board of Directors voted to become a Associated Club with the World Wide Association of Treasure Seekers. The Club's Association with WWATS and GPAA will make for a mission to Preserve, Promote and Protect the right to the use of the Land and Natural Resources for "We the People" now and in the future. The Officers of the Club will be card members of the GPAA.
The Foothills Prospectors meet in their monthly club meetings on the second Monday of the month at 7:00 PM to 9:00 PM. The meeting location is at the Arvada Police Building Community Room 8101 Ralston Rd Arvada, Colorado and we thank the Police and City of Arvada for their hospitality and support of our Club and it's membership.


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Gabriel's work is an astonishly good mix of hand-drawn linework and digital colouring that's packed with detail – yet immediately beautiful from afar.
Illustrator, engraver and painter based in Madrid, graduated of Fine Arts in the University of Sevilla in 98. Since then he worked in different design studios and ad agencies in Andalusia. In 2004 he moves to Madrid. In June 2007 he begins to show his portfolio and after being selected amongst the 20 new talents of illustration, by the London based magazine Computer Arts, he begins his succesful carreer as an illustrator.
At present he has worked with virtually every major national agencies, and is starting with his first commissions and international expansion. He has worked with numerous national and international publications, last August by the cover of the North American publishing Los Angeles Times Magazine.
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"An abstract resembles nothing. One does not look at it & say, "Ooh, I see a kitty". Nor is it a Rorshach, intended to reveal something about the viewer. Form & energy derive from organic roots, recognised but undefined, something fundamental has been referenced or exposed."
Geometric Illustrations by Geo A Day
Geo A Day, digital + (soon) physical goods from two dudes exploring shapes and form by Jeremiah Shaw & Danny Jones.
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Denise Duffield-Thomas is a life coach and the author of Lucky Bitch. She helps exceptional women embrace outrageous success. www.deniseduffieldthomas.com
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Yes, it will take time, but you'll also experience resistance around it... Just try one or two rounds each day.
Feel like this course is stirring up too much negative crap, like bad memories or making you feel worse about finding your soul mate? Don't worry - I want to share with you a very powerful personal development tool. Emotional Freedom Technique is a form of self-administered acupressure, designed...


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BeeHive > BeeLines > 2008 > Mar > Generic Advice and the FSA
Generic Advice and the FSA
Ive been thinking through where we are exactly now that the Thoresen Review on generic advice has come and gone1. That review has been likened to a roadmap by many commentators and officials as it has set a number of other initiatives in train.
The next step in the journey is to be a Pathfinder Project to see how a national money guidance service can be established. The good news about this two-year pilot project is that it will be lead by the Financial Services Authority (the FSA). The FSA already has much experience in this area and has already run a number of initiatives, such as its Parents Guide to Money 2and its Moneymadeclear3 website to help spread financial awareness.
The Pathfinder Project will be taking forward this idea of On My Side impartial financial information and guidance that the Thoresen Review came up with as it recognises that many consumers are ill-equipped to make informed decisions about their finances and can fall victim to the consequences of those poor choices.
The project is not just about pensions, of course, but as far as pensions are concerned, and the proposed auto-enrolment of millions into Personal Accounts in 2012, it is clearly important that people fully appreciate whats what so that they can avoid making poor choices. And its not just financial products that they need to know about either; indeed thats probably the easy bit. Its the real-life interaction with the wider financial environment that people need help to understand. Thats why Im pleased to see that it is the FSA that will be leading the Pathfinder Project because we already know, for example, exactly what the FSA thinks about pensions being distributed to people who could stand to lose state entitlements as a result of saving. The following is an extract from the FSAs Newsletter to financial advisers from back in January 20074:
Means tested state benefits
Factors that impact on the advice you give will vary from product to product and customer to customer. However, one factor that you may want to consider taking into account is whether a product will affect a customers entitlement for means tested state benefits. Principle 9 imposes a broad requirement for a firm to take reasonable care to ensure the suitability of its advice.
And principle 7 requires a firm to pay due regard to the information needs of its clients. You may wish to consider the impact of your financial advice on means tested benefits in communicating with some of your customers.
Among the failings we have seen in this area are a firm that recommended a low premium pension to someone in their late 50s with no previous pension provision. Another firm recommended a lifetime mortgage to a customer without considering the impact on the pension credit they were receiving.
Among the good practices we have seen are a firm that ensures all customers who are in receipt of child and family tax credits are aware of the different implications of achieving capital growth with their savings and investments.
You and your customers may want to look at the information available on the internet on websites such as DWP and entitledto.com to understand the available benefits and tax credits.
Obviously that was aimed at financial advisers, but it just seems unlikely to me that similar principles will now not find their way into the On My Side financial guidance that the UKs first national money guidance service will deliver to, among others, the many millions about to be auto-enrolled into voluntary saving in 2012.
To those advisers engaged in the daily and difficult business of advising people on pension issues this should, I think, be good news.
11 March 2008
1. HM Treasury website, Thoresen Review of Generic Financial Advice:Final Report and press statement, 3 March 2008.
2. FSA website, Free Tools.
3. FSA moneymadeclear website.
4. FSA website, Publications, Newsletters, January 2007.
Any research and analysis has been provided by us for our own purposes and the results of it are being made available only incidentally.


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the inside story of America's new health care law and what it means for us all
What it means for us all. The best, the worst, the future ; Priority one : expanding coverage ; The individual mandate : how it will work ; The insurers : more customers, more restrictions ; The insured : it's status quo
for now ; Under thirty : joining the system, like it or nor ; The Medicare changes : dollars and doughnuts ; Long-term care : a new national option ; Delivery of care : breaking bad habits ; On the front lines : how medical practice will change ; Preventive measures : more carrots and more sticks ; In the workplace : what it means for employers ; Medicaid's expansion : the impact on the states ; Paying for it : taxes, penalties and spending cuts ; The abortion fight : what the compromise means ; The rest of the story : mental health, dental, and more
Judging success
The law. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ; The Health Care & Education Reconciliation Act
Inside story of America's new health care law and what it means for us all
Health care reform
Long-term care facilities
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This book by the staff of the Washington Post is a guide to the Affordable Care Act that covers how the law was passed, what it means for consumers, and a summary of the law itself.
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White night Melbourne, foot bridge illuminated, and Crepuscular beam from the old Sandridge rail bridge
More comedy festival sketches , Daniel Oldaker, Sam Simmons, Watson, Andrew McClelland
Trying to draw all the comedians I see at the Melbourne international comedy festival as a drawing challenge for the month. Tim Ferguson, Dayne Rathbone, Simon Munnery, Geraldine Quinn, Dave Bloustien, Dave Callan
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24 into condominiums and apartments. Moreover, in 2000, the Changes in Future Land Use Plans and Regulations National Basketball Association's FedEx Forum was com- pleted, which upgraded and replaced the old Pyramid Arena. The city of Memphis did not change zoning or parking Additionally, the area has gained several large hotels, a per- requirements before implementation of the trolley system, as forming arts center, the National Civil Rights Museum, the a mixed-use zoning designation was already in place. Cur- renovation of the Cook Convention Center, a retail center, rently, the city is in the process of adopting a form-based and Beale Street Landing, a $27 million docking facility on zoning code that will correspond to the trolley routes. This the Mississippi River. zoning, which will encourage and create more pedestrian access, wider sidewalks, rear parking, and lower parking Madison Avenue and the city's Medical Center complex requirements, will follow historic building patterns, taking also have seen substantial development activity since the advantage of the trolley system transit. implementation of the Madison streetcar line. Examples include the GenX Inn, a 32-room hotel with a construction value of $12 million, two new for-sale residential projects Seattle, Washington with a total of 45 units ($11 million), and investment by the University of Tennessee at the Medical Center, including The Seattle Streetcar has led to a renaissance of interest in $500 million in a research park and College of Pharmacy, developing a citywide streetcar system. It has been an integral and $25 million in a biocontainment lab. factor in the redevelopment of the former light industrial South Lake Union area into Seattle's hottest new area for develop- In all, since 1991, more than $3 billion in development ment, attracting major corporate headquarters campuses such projects have been completed, are planned, or are under way as Amazon.com, as well as a range of biotech and high-tech on or near the three trolley corridors, leading to a transfor- uses along with extensive residential development. The city mation of the physical environment. However, as the man- council has adopted a concept for expansion of the streetcar ager of planning at MATA noted during an interview for this route to areas north, south, and east of South Lake Union. study, the trolley system was one of several critical factors contributing to the overall urban resurgence in Memphis; he Streetcar System considers the trolley system as a vital component, demon- strating public investment to improve the area. The Seattle Streetcar is a newer system, consisting of 1.3 mi in a combination of single- and double-track segments Impacts on Economic Development through the South Lake Union area, with stops every three blocks or up to 0.25 mi apart (see Figure 13). The route runs The city incentivizes development through the Center City between the city's new Lake Union Park at its north end Commission (CCC), the city's main economic development and the Westlake Transit Hub downtown. The streetcar line body. The CCC, through various tools, facilitates downtown opened in December 2007, with ridership to date running development by creating partnerships to implement projects approximately 30% above original projections. and by administering financial incentives that can help lower the costs of downtown development projects. The CCC's The South Lake Union area has been the target of exten- PILOT (Payment in Lieu of Taxes) Program encourages sive public and private investment to create a regenerated property renovation or new construction by freezing prop- urban neighborhood, focusing on biotech R&D, including erty taxes at predevelopment rates. The CCC's development facilities occupied by the Fred Kettering Cancer Research loan program lends up to $90,000 for building renovation, Center, the University of Washington, and support uses such further leveraging federal historic tax credits in some cases. as urban lofts, retail, office space, and privately occupied The city also issues tax-exempt and taxable bonds, provides R&D space. The streetcar operates the Inekon TRIO 12 financial assistance to downtown for fa�ade improvements streetcar, a double-ended, three-section articulated electric and signage, and offers forgivable loans to certain retailers. streetcar with a low floor center section (this is the same vehicle as used in the Portland system, with modifications). An interview with the vice president of planning and devel- The cars have capacity to carry up to 140 passengers (29 opment for the CCC, conducted for this study, indicated that seated), and feature an on-board passenger information whereas CCC's incentives have attracted small to mid-size system with audible announcements and digital displays, local developers to renovate historic properties, downtown and Global Positioning System (GPS) system for real-time Memphis has not attracted the larger national retailers it seeks. arrival information at stations and on the web. They also In the past few years, as national interest in transit-oriented feature regenerative braking. The streetcar stations feature development has accelerated, the vice president reported that raised platforms for easy boarding and digital displays of interest in retailing downtown has increased, attributable in real-time arrival information. part to Memphis's successful streetcar system.
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25 Average annual ridership has been approximately 450,000, and trends for this year suggest that it will reach or exceed 500,000 riders for the full year. In its second year of operation, weekday ridership has become the strongest, as opposed to earlier in its operation when many peak days would be on weekends. System Financing The total capital cost of constructing this route segment was approximately $50.5 million, including $25 million from a LID and the balance provided by local, state, and federal sources. FIGURE 13 Seattle streetcar. (Source: Seattle Streetcar.) The adoption of the LID worked well in this case, because this area has several major property owners participating System Development with the city of Seattle on revitalization, including Vulcan Properties (a private development company) and the Univer- South Lake Union is a former light industrial area that was sity of Washington. The University, as a tax-exempt entity, planned and rezoned for redevelopment to accommodate still pays the LID fee because of the benefits it receives from new office and R&D uses. It was designated in 2004 as one the streetcar line. of the city's six urban centers, where the city seeks to direct most of its residential and employment growth. The city of Seattle made its LID appraisal report available for review, a document that is interesting for several reasons Historically, the area lacked transit. Thus, the streetcar (12). Instead of taking a strict engineering-style approach to supported the development of jobs and housing in the area and allocating assessments to properties in a special assessment became an implementing action for the urban center. Neither district on a per square foot of land, distance from station, lineal bus nor light rail was considered; a community-based group foot, or some other physical relationship, this LID assessment Build the Streetcar advocated for a streetcar, and cited the approach values the before and after values of each property experience of Tacoma Link which showed higher ridership within the predetermined LID zone. However, the method- on a new streetcar line that replaced bus service. A streetcar ology cited in the report does not actually spell out how the also was more attractive to developers, who would not have transit improvements were applied to value each parcel. The to worry about its route being changed as they would with report notes that most parcels were valued "vacant, as is" for bus service, and as city staff noted, streetcars are seen as the before estimate, and to a highest and best-use value based public transportation with a sense of romance to it. A street- on comparables and income approach for the after series. The car was viewed as something that could be gotten up and Final Special Benefits Study found that in the aggregate, the running more quickly than a light rail system. before value of all properties in the LID zone totaled $5.385 billion, and the after aggregate value was $5.454 billion, for System Management a "special benefit" value difference of $68.4 million. Because the city of Seattle was seeking to assess a total of $25.7 million The system runs 7 days a week, Monday through Thursday through the LID assessment process, it would be capturing 6:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m., Friday 6:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m., and 38% of the "special benefits" value indicated (e.g., difference Sunday 10:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. Headways are approximately in before and after property values). 15 min throughout the day. Impacts of Streetcar on Built Environment Fares are $2.00 for adults, with reduced fares of $0.50 for seniors, youth, and the disabled; children under 5 years of Impacts on Existing Development age ride free. Other transit agency passes, such as PugetPass and Metro, are accepted, along with Metro transfers. Fare The South Lake Union area has seen extensive new develop- box revenues cover approximately 20% of operating costs. ment, with more than 3 million square ft of new office space and 6,000 new residential units either built or in various Based on fare checks, approximately 80% of riders have stages of development (including predevelopment). The area a transit pass, suggesting that they are regular local users of is seen as being highly successful in its goal of redevelop- multiple transit modes. Additionally, tourist traffic is signifi- ing the former light industrial area into denser, more urban cant--the streetcar itself is an attraction. Weekend ridership mixed use. The city, however, has not closely tracked changes is getting strong as riders use the streetcar to get to recre- in development, job attraction, or other aspects of the project ational opportunities. that would allow more detailed analysis of its impacts.
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26 Approximately 60 acres in the area is owned by a single developers or businesses. The primary incentive it controls is major property owner, Vulcan, making a large number of zoning. Most new development in the area is being built to the sites available so that several buildings could be developed maximum zoning. The city is now working on a zoning plan at once, rather than more limited infill development. Vulcan for its comprehensive plan, with an emphasis at the site level, Properties is a long-term developer and the owner has pro- and is looking to increase height limits to allow high-rise moted the area as a hub for biotech uses. buildings and density. Part of the consideration in the plan- ning process is that the streetcar would support greater height Although retail and other businesses are struggling dur- and density. At the same time, certain portions of South Lake ing the current recession, the area continues to experience Union are seen as being more residential, and height and other active leasing of new space, unlike the rest of the city. incentives will be used to encourage that use. A variety of road and streetscape improvements were Impacts on Economic Development made in conjunction with the streetcar, including a variety of pedestrian improvements and enhanced signage. Devel- The South Lake Union has become the hottest new area for opers have privately funded streetscape improvements as development in Seattle, with the streetcar seen as an added part of their projects, and the city and developers are work- attraction. Without the streetcar or improved bus service, it ing together to green sidewalks in the area. More recently, would have been much harder to attract firms. The area has the city has made improvements to promote bicycle access, attracted company headquarters, including those of Ama- along with a redevelopment of Lake Union Park that is now zon.com, Group Health Coop, and PATH. Part of the attrac- under construction. tion for these companies is the campus feel of the area, and how the streetcar provides a convenient connection to the Impacts on New Development Central Business District, while allowing them to be located just outside it. The streetcar, as part of a broader strategy, is The city has not been tracking changes in land values or credited with giving the South Lake Union area an advan- rents, so quantitative information on the streetcar's impact is tage over other areas that these firms were considering at not available. The city designed the South Lake Union as one the time. of six urban centers to receive a majority of future residen- tial and employment growth, and increased height limits to The streetcar has had an impact on the marketing of devel- 90 ft (but not downtown heights) to permit denser develop- opments, with projects being sold and promoted as being on ment. Previously, height limits were specifically increased to the line or within one block of the line. One project put in a accommodate biotech--that is, to allow a five-story building mid-block crossing to provide better access to the streetcar to go up to 85 ft in height. line on the next block. All parking requirements were eliminated, with the mar- Vulcan, as the major land owner has been careful to bring ket allowed to determine what parking would be provided. the types of retail it considers most compatible, avoiding an The city has not yet applied the maximum limits on park- emphasis on national retailers. The attraction of a Whole ing in the downtown area to the other urban centers. Public Foods store was seen as huge boost to the neighborhood. parking garages are not available in the area, and the nearest City staff sees the success of the area as a combination of the garage is at the Seattle Center. urban center zoning, Vulcan's actions, and the development of the streetcar, with all factors reinforcing each other. Following Vulcan's lead in obtaining LEED building cer- tification from the U.S. Green Building Council, much of the Changes in Future Land Use Plans and Regulations development along the line is seeking LEED certification as well. The city is assembling data so the South Lake Union The city has adopted a concept for streetcar expansion to area can be designated as LEED-ND Silver or possibly Gold, continue the line north across Lake Union toward the Uni- although currently no city mandate is in place. Future zoning versity of Washington, as well as to other established urban changes that allow for greater downtown heights and densi- neighborhoods. Other lines would run through the down- ties may lead to a future City requirement for projects to town area to various destinations, and down through to West obtain LEED Silver certification to be eligible for bonuses. Seattle. Washington State does not allow tax increment financing and is limited on the types of financial incentives it can offer


text:
Thank you all for the joy,laughter and friendship that you brought into my life over the last 2 years.
It's been fun but now it's time to go. I wish you all well for the future and hope that in time we will all be able to heal.
Good luck and God Bless.
As of this evening I will be closing my tumblr,I will leave it up I really cant bring myself to deleting all the beautiful pictures and videos of Cory and Lea. It's just too painful to be here right now.
If you would like to keep in touch and you have Facebook, message me and I'll send you a link to my page.
I've had a blast on here for the past 2 years but it time to go.
The death of Cory has left me with a 6' 3" size hole in my heart and I don't think I'll ever be able to fill it. He brought so many wonderful people into my life and for that I will be for ever grateful to him.
Thank you to everyone who has followed my little tumblr all 1139 of you. I wish you all a wonderful life and remember in the words of the wonderful Cory Monteith "Life's too short to be serious".
Everyone remember to pray for Lea, Ann, and even Lea's mom today. This is so heartbreaking for everyone I can not even imagine.
(Source: littlegleeprincess, via wilfullavishland)
I will always remember those dimples.
(Source: samswarrek, via applepiepancakes)
some of Cory's best acting on Glee. Glee won't be the same without it.
(Source: linseymorris, via sofia-gleek2)
(Source: calliemark)
Glee Cast-The Scientist
I started ugly-crying when I watched this :'(
RIP Cory, our Frankenteen <3
(via sofia-gleek2)
Untitled on We Heart It. http://weheartit.com/entry/68438851/via/PIIRADOO
FOREVer In oUr HEaRts <3


text:
Chapter 17. Learning and Memory
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by Moheb Costandi Rest easy after learning a new skill. Experiments in mice suggest that a good night's sleep helps us lay down memories by promoting the growth of new connections between brain cells. Neuroscientists believe that memory involves the modification of synapses, which connect brain cells, and numerous studies published over the past decade have shown that sleep enhances the consolidation of newly formed memories in people. But exactly how these observations were related was unclear. To find out, Wenbiao Gan of the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine at New York University Medical School and his colleagues trained 15 mice to run backwards or forwards on a rotating rod. They allowed some of them to fall asleep afterwards for 7 hours, while the rest were kept awake. The team monitored the activity and microscopic structure of the mice's motor cortex, the part of the brain that controls movement, through a small transparent "window" in their skulls. This allowed them to watch in real time how the brain responded to learning the different tasks. Sprouting spines They found that learning a new task led to the formation of new dendritic spines – tiny structures that project from the end of nerve cells and help pass electric signals from one neuron to another – but only in the mice left to sleep. This happened during the non-rapid eye movement stage of sleep. Each task caused a different pattern of spines to sprout along the branches of the same motor cortex neurons. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
Keyword: Sleep; Aggression
Link ID: 19705 - Posted: 06.06.2014
By Sadie Dingfelder Want to become famous in the field of neuroscience? You could go the usual route, spending decades collecting advanced degrees, slaving away in science labs and publishing your results. Or you could simply fall victim to a freak accident. The stars of local science writer Sam Kean's new book, "The Tale of the Dueling Neurosurgeons," (which he'll discuss Saturday at Politics and Prose) took the latter route. Be it challenging the wrong guy to a joust, spinning out on a motorcycle, or suffering from a stroke, these folks sustained brain injuries with bizarre and fascinating results. One man, for instance, lost the ability to identify different kinds of animals but had no trouble naming plants and objects. Another man lost his short-term memory. The result? A diary filled with entries like: "I am awake for the very first time." "Now, I'm really awake." "Now, I'm really, completely awake." Unfortunate mishaps like these have advanced our understanding of how the gelatinous gray mass that (usually) stays hidden inside our skulls gives rise to thoughts, feelings and ideas, Kean says. "Traditionally, every major discovery in the history of neuroscience came about this way," he says. "We had no other way of looking at the brain for centuries and centuries, because we didn't have things like MRI machines." Rather than covering the case studies textbook-style, Kean provides all the gory details. Consider Phineas Gage. You may remember from Psych 101 that Gage, a railroad worker, survived having a metal rod launched through his skull. You might not know, however, that one doctor "shaved Gage's scalp and peeled off the dried blood and gelatinous brains. He then extracted skull fragments from the wound by sticking his fingers in from both ends, Chinese-finger-trap-style," as Kean writes in his new book. © 1996-2014 The Washington Post
Keyword: Learning & Memory; Aggression
Link ID: 19701 - Posted: 06.06.2014
Ewen Callaway By controlling rats' brain cells they had genetically engineered to respond to light, researchers were able to create fearful memories of events that never happened — and then to erase those memories again. Neuroscientists can breathe a collective sigh of relief. Experiments have confirmed a long-standing theory for how memories are made and stored in the brain. Researchers have created and erased frightening associations in rats' brains using light, providing the most direct demonstration yet that the strengthening and weakening of connections between neurons is the basis for memory. "This is the best evidence so far available, period," says Eric Kandel, a neuroscientist at Columbia University in New York. Kandel, who shared the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work unravelling the molecular basis of memory, was not involved in the latest study, which was published online in Nature1 on 1 June. In the 1960s and 1970s, researchers in Norway noticed a peculiar property of brain cells. Repeatedly delivering a burst of electricity to a neuron in an area of the brain known as the hippocampus seemed to boost the cell's ability to talk to a neighbouring neuron. These communiqués occur across tiny gaps called synapses, which neurons can form with thousands of other nerve cells. The process was called long-term potentiation (LTP), and neuroscientists suspected that it was the physical basis of memory. The hippocampus, they realized, was important for forming long-term memories, and the long-lasting nature of LTP hinted that information might be stored in a neural circuit for later recall. © 2014 Nature Publishing Group,
Keyword: Learning & Memory; Aggression
Link ID: 19688 - Posted: 06.03.2014
Jessica Morrison Bees, like birds and butterflies, use the Sun as a compass for navigation, whereas mammals typically find their way by remembering familiar landmarks on a continuous mental map. However, the latest research suggests that bees also use this type of map, despite their much smaller brain size. The work adds a new dimension to complex bee-navigation abilities that have long captivated researchers. "The surprise comes for many people that such a tiny little brain is able to form such a rich memory described as a cognitive map," says co-author Randolf Menzel, a neurobiologist at the Free University of Berlin. The research by Menzel and his team, published today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences1, demonstrates that bees can find their way back to their hives without relying solely on the Sun. Instead, they seem to use a 'cognitive map' that is made up of memorized landscape snapshots that direct them home. The cognitive map used by mammals is thought to originate in the brain's hippocampus. Humans employ such maps on a daily basis; for example, even in a windowless office, many people can point towards their home, orienting themselves in space based on knowledge of their location relative to the outside world. "They can point to their home generally even though they can't see it, even along a path through a wall that they haven't travelled," explains Fred Dyer, a behavioural biologist at Michigan State University in East Lansing, who was not involved in the research. The study authors argue that bees can do something similar, albeit on a much more rudimentary level. © 2014 Nature Publishing Group
Keyword: Animal Migration
Link ID: 19684 - Posted: 06.03.2014
By DAAN HEERMA VAN VOSS I was 25 when I lost my memory. It happened on Jan. 16, 2012. I woke up, not knowing where I was. I was lying in bed, sure, but whose bed was it? There was no one in the room, no sound that I recognized: I was alone with my body. Of course, my relationship to my body was radically different than before. My body parts seemed to belong to someone else or, rather, to something else. The vague sense of identity that I possessed was confined to the knowledge of my name, but even that felt arbitrary — a collection of random letters, crumbling. No words can accurately describe the feeling of losing your memory, your life. Sammy Harkham Underlying the loss of facts is a deeper problem: the loss of logic and causality. A person can function, ask questions, only when he recognizes a fundamental link between circumstances and time, past and present. The links between something happening to you, leading you to do or say something, which leads to someone else responding. No act is without an act leading up to it, no word is without a word that came before. Without the sense of causality provided by memory, there is chaos. When I woke up, I had no grip on logic, and logic none on me. It was a profound not-knowing, and it was terrifying. I started hyperventilating. What struck me has a name: Transient Global Amnesia. T.G.A., as it's referred to, is a neurological disorder. The name sounds definitive, but in fact, it's just a fancy way of saying: We don't know the cause, we know only what the symptoms are. Its most defining symptom is a near total disruption of short-term memory. In many cases, there is a temporary loss of long-term memory as well. But there is a bright side. T.G.A. lasts for approximately two to 20 hours, so it's a one-day thing. At the time, though, I didn't know this. Two names popped into my mind: Daniel and Sophie. I didn't know where the names came from, or to whom they belonged. I stumbled across the room, opened a door, and discovered that I was alone in the apartment. (It was, in fact, my apartment.) I found an iPhone and, quite magically, I thought, knew how to work it. As it turns out, there was nothing magical about this: A characteristic of T.G.A. is that those afflicted with it can perform familiar tasks, even ones as difficult as driving a car. (But I wouldn't recommend that.) Occurrence of T.G.A. is rare, with at most 10 cases per 100,000 people. It is most likely to happen when you're between 40 and 80; the average age of a T.G.A. patient is 62 years old. But I have always been in the fast lane. © 2014 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Learning & Memory
Link ID: 19681 - Posted: 06.02.2014
Elizabeth Norton It's a sad fact that children born in poverty start out at a disadvantage and continue to fall further behind kids who are more privileged as they grow up. In developing countries, chiefly in Africa and Asia, some 200 million children under age 5 won't reach the same milestones—for physical growth, school performance, and earnings later on—as children who are less deprived. But a new analysis of a long-term study in Jamaica shows that surprisingly simple ways of stimulating children's mental development can have dramatic benefits later in life. The children were participants in the Jamaican Study, a project geared toward improving cognitive development begun in the mid-1980s by child health specialists Sally Grantham-McGregor of University College London and Susan Walker of the University of the West Indies, Mona, in Jamaica. They focused on children between the ages of 9 and 24 months whose growth was stunted, placing them in the bottom 5% of height for their age and sex (an easy-to-quantify gauge of extreme poverty). Children of normal height in the same neighborhoods were also studied for comparison. For 2 years, community health workers visited the families weekly. One group was given nutritional assistance only (a formula containing 66% of daily recommended calories, along with vitamins and minerals). One group received a mental and social stimulation program only, and one group got stimulation and nutritional assistance. A final group had no intervention and served as a control. The mental stimulation program involved giving parents simple picture books and handmade toys, and encouraging them to read and sing to their children and point out names of objects, shapes, and colors. They were also taught better ways to converse and respond to their toddlers. These everyday interactions aren't always part of the culture in low-income countries, explains Paul Gertler, an economist at the University of California, Berkeley. "Parents might have five or six kids and few toys. They might be working really hard and have a lot of competing demands. They might not have been taught how to talk to their children, or how important and effective it is," he says. Past research attests to the importance of everyday conversation for children's mental development: A recent study suggests that children of affluent parents do better in life in large part because their parents talk to them more. © 2014 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Keyword: Development of the Brain; Aggression
Link ID: 19675 - Posted: 05.31.2014
By KATE MURPHY The baseball hurtles toward the batter, and he must decide from its rotation whether it's a fastball worth a swing or a slider about to drop out of the strike zone. Running full speed, the wide receiver tracks both the football flying through the air and the defensive back on his heels. Golfers must rapidly shift visual focus in order to drive the ball at their feet toward a green in the distance. Many athletes need excellent vision to perform well in their sports, and now many are adding something new to their practice regimens: vision training. The idea has been around for years, but only recently have studies hinted that it might really work — that it might be possible to train yourself to see better without resorting to glasses or surgery. "Vision training has been out there for a long time," said Mark Blumenkranz, a professor of ophthalmology at Stanford University Medical School. "But it's being made more respectable lately thanks to the attention it's been getting from psychophysicists, vision scientists, neurologists and optometrists." Vision training actually has little to do with improving eyesight. The techniques, a form of perceptual learning, are intended to improve the ability to process what is seen. The idea is that if visual sensory neurons are repeatedly activated, they increase their ability to send electrical signals from one cell to another across connecting synapses. If neurons are not used, over time these transmissions are weakened. "With sensory neurons, just like muscles, it's use or lose it," said Dr. Bernhard Sabel, a neuroscientist at Otto von Guericke University in Magdeburg, Germany, who studies plasticity in the brain. "This applies both to athletes and the partially blind." Vision training may involve simple strategies — for instance, focusing sequentially on beads knotted at intervals on a length of string with one end held at the tip of the nose. This is said to improve convergence (inward turning of the eye to maintain binocular vision) and the ability to focus near and far. © 2014 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Vision; Aggression
Link ID: 19659 - Posted: 05.26.2014
By BENEDICT CAREY SAN DIEGO – The last match of the tournament had all the elements of a classic showdown, pitting style versus stealth, quickness versus deliberation, and the world's foremost card virtuoso against its premier numbers wizard. If not quite Ali-Frazier or Williams-Sharapova, the duel was all the audience of about 100 could ask for. They had come to the first Extreme Memory Tournament, or XMT, to see a fast-paced, digitally enhanced memory contest, and that's what they got. The contest, an unusual collaboration between industry and academic scientists, featured one-minute matches between 16 world-class "memory athletes" from all over the world as they met in a World Cup-like elimination format. The grand prize was $20,000; the potential scientific payoff was large, too. One of the tournament's sponsors, the company Dart NeuroScience, is working to develop drugs for improved cognition. The other, Washington University in St. Louis, sent a research team with a battery of cognitive tests to determine what, if anything, sets memory athletes apart. Previous research was sparse and inconclusive. Yet as the two finalists, both Germans, prepared to face off — Simon Reinhard, 35, a lawyer who holds the world record in card memorization (a deck in 21.19 seconds), and Johannes Mallow, 32, a teacher with the record for memorizing digits (501 in five minutes) — the Washington group had one preliminary finding that wasn't obvious. "We found that one of the biggest differences between memory athletes and the rest of us," said Henry L. Roediger III, the psychologist who led the research team, "is in a cognitive ability that's not a direct measure of memory at all but of attention." People have been performing feats of memory for ages, scrolling out pi to hundreds of digits, or phenomenally long verses, or word pairs. Most store the studied material in a so-called memory palace, associating the numbers, words or cards with specific images they have already memorized; then they mentally place the associated pairs in a familiar location, like the rooms of a childhood home or the stops on a subway line. The Greek poet Simonides of Ceos is credited with first describing the method, in the fifth century B.C., and it has been vividly described in popular books, most recently "Moonwalking With Einstein," by Joshua Foer. © 2014 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Learning & Memory; Aggression
Link ID: 19634 - Posted: 05.19.2014
|By Beth Skwarecki The protein family notorious for causing neurogenerative diseases such as Parkinson's—not to mention mad cow—appears to play an important role in healthy cells. "Do you think God created prions just to kill?" muses Eric R. Kandel of Columbia University. "These things have evolved initially to have a physiological function." Kandel's work on memory helped to reveal that animals make and use prions in their nervous systems as part of an essential function: stabilizing the synapses involved with forming long-term memories. These natural prions are not infectious, but on a molecular level they chain up exactly the same way as their disease-causing brethren. (Some researchers call them "prionlike" to avoid confusion.) Now neuroscientist Kausik Si of the Stowers Institute for Medical Research in Kansas City, Mo., one of Kandel's former students, has shown that the prion's action is tightly controlled by the cell and can be turned on when a new long-term memory needs to be formed. Once the prion's chain reaction gets started, it is self-perpetuating, and thus the synapse—where neurons connect—can be maintained after the initial trigger is gone, perhaps for a lifetime. But that still does not explain how the first prion is triggered or why it happens at only certain of the synapses, which play a crucial role in forming memories. Si's work, published February 11 in PLOS Biology, traces the biochemistry of this protein-preservation process in fruit flies, showing how the cell turns on the machinery responsible for the persistence of memory—and how the memory can be stabilized at just the right time and in the right place. © 2014 Scientific American
Keyword: Prions; Aggression
Link ID: 19629 - Posted: 05.18.2014
By DANIEL GOLEMAN Which will it be — the berries or the chocolate dessert? Homework or the Xbox? Finish that memo, or roam Facebook? Such quotidian decisions test a mental ability called cognitive control, the capacity to maintain focus on an important choice while ignoring other impulses. Poor planning, wandering attention and trouble inhibiting impulses all signify lapses in cognitive control. Now a growing stream of research suggests that strengthening this mental muscle, usually with exercises in so-called mindfulness, may help children and adults cope with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its adult equivalent, attention deficit disorder. The studies come amid growing disenchantment with the first-line treatment for these conditions: drugs. In 2007, researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, published a study finding that the incidence of A.D.H.D. among teenagers in Finland, along with difficulties in cognitive functioning and related emotional disorders like depression, were virtually identical to rates among teenagers in the United States. The real difference? Most adolescents with A.D.H.D. in the United States were taking medication; most in Finland were not. "It raises questions about using medication as a first line of treatment," said Susan Smalley, a behavior geneticist at U.C.L.A. and the lead author. In a large study published last year in The Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, researchers reported that while most young people with A.D.H.D. benefit from medications in the first year, these effects generally wane by the third year, if not sooner. "There are no long-term, lasting benefits from taking A.D.H.D. medications," said James M. Swanson, a psychologist at the University of California, Irvine, and an author of the study. "But mindfulness seems to be training the same areas of the brain that have reduced activity in A.D.H.D." © 2014 The New York Times Company
Keyword: ADHD; Aggression
Link ID: 19608 - Posted: 05.13.2014
By DAVID L. KIRP Whenever President Obama proposes a major federal investment in early education, as he did in his two most recent State of the Union addresses, critics have a two-word riposte: Head Start. Researchers have long cast doubt on that program's effectiveness. The most damning evidence comes from a 2012 federal evaluation that used gold-standard methodology and concluded that children who participated in Head Start were not more successful in elementary school than others. That finding was catnip to the detractors. "Head Start's impact is no better than random," The Wall Street Journal editorialized. Why throw good money after bad? Though the faultfinders have a point, the claim that Head Start has failed overstates the case. For one thing, it has gotten considerably better in the past few years because of tougher quality standards. For another, researchers have identified a "sleeper effect" — many Head Start youngsters begin to flourish as teenagers, maybe because the program emphasizes character and social skills as well as the three R's. Still, few would give Head Start high marks, and the bleak conclusion of the 2012 evaluation stands in sharp contrast to the impressive results from well-devised studies of state-financed prekindergartens. Head Start, a survivor of President Lyndon B. Johnson's war on poverty, enrolls only poor kids. That's a big part of the problem — as the adage goes, programs for the poor often become poor programs. Whether it's health care (compare the trajectories of Medicare, for those 65 and older of all incomes, and Medicaid, only for the poor), education or housing, the sorry truth is that "we" don't like subsidizing "them." Head Start is no exception. It has been perpetually underfunded, never able to enroll more than half of eligible children or pay its teachers a decent wage. If Head Start is going to realize its potential, it has to break out of the antipoverty mold. One promising but unfortunately rarely used strategy is to encourage all youngsters, not just poor kids, to enroll, with poor families paying nothing and middle-class families contributing on a sliding scale. Another is to merge Head Start with high-quality state prekindergarten. © 2014 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Development of the Brain; Aggression
Link ID: 19602 - Posted: 05.12.2014
Helen Shen For anyone fighting to save old memories, a fresh crop of brain cells may be the last thing they need. Research published today in Science suggests that newly formed neurons in the hippocampus — an area of the brain involved in memory formation — could dislodge previously learned information1. The work may provide clues as to why childhood memories are so difficult to recall. "The finding was very surprising to us initially. Most people think new neurons mean better memory," says Sheena Josselyn, a neuroscientist who led the study together with her husband Paul Frankland at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada. Humans, mice and several other mammals grow new neurons in the hippocampus throughout their lives — rapidly at first, but more and more slowly with age. Researchers have previously shown that boosting neural proliferation before learning can enhance memory formation in adult mice2, 3. But the latest study shows that after information is learned, neuron growth can degrade those memories. Although seemingly counterintuitive, the disruptive role of these neurons makes some sense, says Josselyn. She notes that some theoretical models have predicted such an effect4. "More neurons increase the capacity to learn new memories in the future," she says. "But memory is based on a circuit, so if you add to this circuit, it makes sense that it would disrupt it." Newly added neurons could have a useful role in clearing old memories and making way for new ones, says Josselyn. Forgetting curve The researchers tested newborn and adult mice on a conditioning task, training the animals to fear an environment in which they received repeated electric shocks. All the mice learned the task quickly, but whereas infant mice remembered the negative experience for only one day after training, adult mice retained the negative memory for several weeks. © 2014 Nature Publishing Group
Keyword: Learning & Memory; Aggression
Link ID: 19597 - Posted: 05.10.2014
By GRETCHEN REYNOLDS The more physically active you are at age 25, the better your thinking tends to be when you reach middle age, according to a large-scale new study. Encouragingly, the findings also suggest that if you negligently neglected to exercise when young, you can start now and still improve the health of your brain. Those of us past age 40 are generally familiar with those first glimmerings of forgetfulness and muddled thinking. We can't easily recall people's names, certain words, or where we left the car keys. "It's what we scientists call having a C.R.S. problem," said David R. Jacobs, a professor of public health at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis and a co-author of the new study. "You can't remember stuff." But these slight, midlife declines in thinking skills strike some people later or less severely than others, and scientists have not known why. Genetics almost certainly play a role, most researchers agree. Yet the contribution of lifestyle, and in particular of exercise habits, has been unclear. So recently, Dr. Jacobs and colleagues from universities in the United States and overseas turned to a large trove of data collected over several decades for the Cardia study. The study, whose name is short for Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults, began in the mid-1980s with the recruitment of thousands of men and women then ages 18 to 30 who underwent health testing to determine their cholesterol levels, blood pressure and other measures. Many of the volunteers also completed a treadmill run to exhaustion, during which they strode at an increasingly brisk pace until they could go no farther. The average time to exhaustion among these young adults was 10 minutes, meaning that most were moderately but not tremendously fit. © 2014 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Learning & Memory; Aggression
Link ID: 19584 - Posted: 05.07.2014
Erin Allday The game seems pretty simple. An alien-looking creature stands on a block of ice that's flowing down a river. The goal is to maneuver the ice around whales and other hurdles and periodically cause the alien to "jump" to grab green fish as they leap out of the water. The game is played on a tablet, and it looks a lot like any of hundreds of apps that can be downloaded for some mindless entertainment during an afternoon commute on BART. Here's what sets the game apart: It was designed by scientists at UCSF looking for a new way to treat serious symptoms of depression. "We're trying to see whether we can get the same effects with the game as with therapy," said Patricia Arean, a clinical psychologist at UCSF who is studying the potential mental health benefits of video game play in older adults. Arean is joining the burgeoning field of research into the use of video games as tools for promoting brain health. Video games undoubtedly have some kind of effect on our brains, but harnessing the technology and forcing a lasting - and positive - change is the challenge. So far, what little evidence does exist that video games can have a measurable impact on brain activity has been gathered almost entirely on healthy subjects. But in small clinical trials - like Arean's study of depression in older adults - the effects of games on both healthy and unhealthy people are being studied to find out whether they're useful in treating mental illness, such as autism, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Some neuroscientists say video games may also strengthen neural networks, potentially preventing or slowing down the brain deterioration associated with old age or diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. "We're in the infancy of this idea that entertaining and gaming stuff can be useful for you," said Joaquin Anguera, a UCSF neuroscientist who designs cognitive training games, including the one Arean is testing with patients. © 2014 Hearst Communications, Inc.
Keyword: Learning & Memory; Aggression
Link ID: 19583 - Posted: 05.07.2014
by Helen Thomson A 22-year-old man has been instantaneously transported to his family's pizzeria and his local railway station – by having his brain zapped. These fleeting visual hallucinations have helped researchers pinpoint places where the brain stores visual location information. Pierre Mégevand at the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research in Manhasset, New York, and his colleagues wanted to discover just where in the brain we store and retrieve information about locations and places. They sought the help of a 22-year-old man being treated for epilepsy, because the treatment involved implanting electrodes into his brain that would record his neural activity. Mégevand and his colleagues scanned the volunteer's brain using functional MRI while he looked at pictures of different objects and scenes. They then recorded activity from the implanted electrodes as he looked at a similar set of pictures. In both situations, a specific area of the cortex around the hippocampus responded to images of places, but not to images of other kinds of objects, such as body parts or tools. "There are these little spots of tissues that seem to care about houses and places more than any other class of object," says research team member Ashesh Mehta, also at the Feinstein Institute. Next, the team used the implanted electrodes to stimulate the brain in this area – a move that the volunteer said triggered a series complex visual hallucinations. First he described seeing a railway station in the neighbourhood where he lives. Stimulation of a nearby area elicited another hallucination, this time of a staircase and a blue closet in his home. When stimulation of these areas was repeated, the same scenes arose. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
Keyword: Learning & Memory; Aggression
Link ID: 19540 - Posted: 04.26.2014
By Emily Chung, CBC News If you're in your late 20s or older, you're not as sharp as you used to be, suggests a study of gamers playing the popular video game Starcraft 2. The study analyzed the way 3,305 people, aged 16 to 44, played the game against a single random opponent of similar skill, in order to measure the gamers' cognitive motor performance. Cognitive motor performance is how quickly your brain reacts to things happening around you, allowing you to act during tasks such as driving. The analysis revealed exactly when advancing age starts to take its toll on brain performance – at the tender age of 24 years. The results were published late last week in the journal PLOS ONE. Joe Thompson, lead author of the study, said he was surprised by how early the decline started and how big the age effect was, even among those in their 30s. "If you're 39, competing against a 24-year-old and you're both in the otherwise same level of skill," Thompson said, "the effect of age is expected to offset a great deal of your learning." Starcraft 2 is a popular strategy game, similar in concept to Risk, where players compete to build armies and conquer a science fictional world. Unlike Risk, however, players don't take turns. "Starcraft is like high-speed chess," said Thompson, a PhD student who plays the game himself. "You simply can make as many moves as you want, as fast as you can go." Players can't see the whole "world" at once, as they mine resources needed to build up their armies, as they attack their opponents, and as they defend against opponents' attacks, they need to quickly move their screen around from one part of the world to another. © CBC 2014
Keyword: Learning & Memory; Aggression
Link ID: 19495 - Posted: 04.16.2014
|By Janali Gustafson Cravings—we all have them. These intense desires can be triggered by a place, a smell, even a picture. For recovering drug addicts, such memory associations can increase vulnerability to relapse. Now researchers at the Florida campus of the Scripps Research Institute have found a chemical that prevents rats from recalling their drug-associated memories. The study, published online in Biological Psychiatry last fall, is also the first of its kind to disrupt memories without requiring active recollection. Over the course of six days the rats in this study alternated between one of two chambers. On days one, three and five, the animals were injected with methamphetamine hydrochloride—the street drug known as meth—and placed in one room. On the even-numbered days they received a saline placebo and entered a different chamber. After two more days, half the rodents were given a choice between the rooms. As expected, they showed a clear preference for the place they visited after receiving meth. The other half of the animals were injected with a solution containing Latrunculin A (LatA). This chemical interferes with actin, a protein known to be involved in memory formation. These animals showed no preference between rooms, even up to a day later: their choices seemed not to be driven by a memory of meth. Previous research has suggested that drugs of abuse alter the way actin functions, causing it to constantly refresh memories associated with these drugs rather than tucking them away into typical memory storage, which is more inert. As a result of their active status, drug memories might remain susceptible to disruption long after their initial formation. © 2014 Scientific American
Keyword: Learning & Memory; Aggression
Link ID: 19492 - Posted: 04.16.2014
By By Stephanie Pappas, A little stress may be a good thing for teenagers learning to drive. In a new study, teens whose levels of the stress hormone cortisol increased more during times of stress got into fewer car crashes or near crashes in their first months of driving than their less-stress-responsive peers did. The study suggests that biological differences may affect how teens learn to respond to crises on the road, the researchers reported today (April 7) in the journal JAMA Pediatrics. Efforts to reduce teen car accidents include graduated driver licensing programs, safety messages and increased parental management, but these efforts seem to work better for some teens than others, the researchers said. Alternatives, such as in-vehicle technologies aimed at reducing accidents, may be especially useful for teens with a "neurological basis" for their increased risk of getting into an accident, they said. Automobile accidents are the No. 1 cause of death of teenagers in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Car crashes also kill more 15- to 29-year-olds globally than any other cause, according to the World Health Organization.
Keyword: Stress; Aggression
Link ID: 19464 - Posted: 04.09.2014
By Sam Kean Kent Cochrane, the amnesiac known throughout the world of neuroscience and psychology as K.C., died last week at age 62 in his nursing home in Toronto, probably of a stroke or heart attack. Although not as celebrated as the late American amnesiac H.M., for my money K.C. taught us more important and poignant things about how memory works. He showed how we make memories personal and personally meaningful. He also had a heck of a life story. During a wild and extended adolescence, K.C. jammed in rock bands, partied at Mardi Gras, played cards till all hours, and got into fights in bars; he was also knocked unconscious twice, once in a dune-buggy accident, once when a bale of hay conked him on the head. In October 1981, at age 30, he skidded off an exit ramp on his motorcycle. He spent a month in intensive care and lost, among other brain structures, both his hippocampuses. As H.M.'s case demonstrated in the early 1950s, the hippocampus—you have one in each hemisphere of your brain—helps form and store new memories and retrieve old ones. Without a functioning hippocampus, names, dates, and other information falls straight through the mind like a sieve. At least that's what supposed to happen. K.C. proved that that's not quite true—memories can sometimes bypass the hippocampus. After the motorcycle accident, K.C. lost most of his past memories and could make almost no new memories. But a neuroscientist named Endel Tulving began studying K.C., and he determined that K.C. could remember certain things from his past life just fine. Oddly, though, everything K.C. remembered fell within one restricted category: It was all stuff you could look up in reference books, like the difference between stalactites and stalagmites or between spares and strikes in bowling. Tulving called these bare facts "semantic memories," memories devoid of all context and emotion. © 2014 The Slate Group LLC
Keyword: Learning & Memory
Link ID: 19455 - Posted: 04.08.2014
He was known in his many appearances in the scientific literature as simply K.C., an amnesiac who was unable to form new memories. But to the people who knew him, and the scientists who studied him for decades, he was Kent Cochrane, or just Kent. Cochrane, who suffered a traumatic brain injury in a motorcycle accident when he was 30 years old, helped to rewrite the understanding of how the brain forms new memories and whether learning can occur without that capacity. "From a scientific point of view, we've really learned a lot [from him], not just about memory itself but how memory contributes to other abilities," said Shayna Rosenbaum, a cognitive neuropsychologist at York University who started working with Cochrane in 1998 when she was a graduate student. Cochrane was 62 when he died late last week. The exact cause of death is unknown, but his sister, Karen Casswell, said it is believed he had a heart attack or stroke. He died in his room at an assisted living facility where he lived and the family opted not to authorize an autopsy. Few in the general public would know about Cochrane, though some may have seen or read media reports on the man whose life was like that of the lead character of the 2000 movie Memento. But anyone who works on the science of human memory would know K.C. Casswell and her mother, Ruth Cochrane, said the family was proud of the contribution Kent Cochrane made to science. Casswell noted her eldest daughter was in a psychology class at university when the professor started to lecture about the man the scientific literature knows as K.C. © CBC 2014
Keyword: Learning & Memory
Link ID: 19442 - Posted: 04.03.2014


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ibm.com | IBM India Recruitment | IBM India Needs Sales RepresentativeFriday, November 19th, 2010
About IBM India Pvt Ltd : www.ibm.com
BM has been present in India since 1992 (re-entry, after an exit in the 1970s). Since inception, IBM in India has expanded its operations considerably with regional headquarters in Bangalore and offices in 14 cities including regional offices in New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. Today, the company has established itself as one of the leaders in the Indian Information Technology (IT) Industry.
IBM has set the agenda for the industry with 'on demand business' – a kind of transformation where an organisation changes the way it operates and reduces costs; serving customers better, reducing risks and improving speed and agility in the marketplace. IBM is already working with customers to transform them into 'on demand' businesses. IBM is the only company in the world that offers end-to-end solutions to the customers from hardware to software, services and consulting. Linux support further enhances IBM's e-business infrastructure enabler capability.
Job Designation for the IBM India Pvt Ltd Job  : Sales Representative – Sterling Commerce – S&D
Qualification for the IBM India Pvt Ltd Job  : Any Graduate, Any Postgraduate
Experience for the IBM India Pvt Ltd Job : 4 to 6 Yrs.
Job Description of the IBM India Pvt Ltd Job :
GENERAL SUMMARY: A Websphere Sterling Commerce Software Sales Representative will be responsible for selling Sterling Commerce products to clients in .
Sterling Commerce is a leader in business-to-business (B2B) integration solutions for a wide range of industries and its capabilities include business-to-business process integration and cross-channel solution offerings.
Sterling Commerce has a diverse product portfolio that encompasses managed file transfer, integration solutions, B2B Services and Selling and Fulfillment solutions.
The ideal candidate will be someone who can proactively acquire new business across a large territory and form meaningful repeat purchase relationships with the key contacts in the assigned territory. Ultimate success will come from nurturing repeat business and aggressively driving new business.
The successful candidate will work closely with the Sterling Commerce team, Websphere and coverage reps to identify and close both transactional license and Software as a Service business.
Proven knowledge of Consultative Selling and software solution selling techniques is highly desirable as is significant experience with B2B Integration Solutions & Services.
KEY RESPONSIBILITIES: This position will be responsible for but not limited to the following duties:
• Deliver Sales of Sterling Commerce software products and solutions against assigned quota and territory.
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- Managed File transfer technologies, solutions and protocols
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To Apply : submit the CV online Form
IBM India Pvt Ltd Website : www.ibm.com
Click here for Details for the IBM India Pvt Ltd Job


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Amy Darnbrook
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Death Animal Style
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EAST NAPLES, Fla.- Collier County Sheriff's deputies are searching for the suspect who robbed a Domino's Pizza delivery man at gunpoint on Green Valley Circle Wednesday evening.
Roberto Alvarez flagged down a deputy nearby, just after the incident took place.
According to the 49-year old, he was completeling a delivery at an apartment complex on Green Valley Circle, when he was approached by man with a gun in the parkign lot. The suspect demanded money and made off with $80.
Speaking through a translator, Alvarez, said, "He sat down on his car and the guy pulled a gun to his face and the guy was like give me the money and he was like wait give me a second and the guy grabbed him by the neck."
The father of three is thankful to be alive, "He didn't think that moment when he was struggling with him, but after he said I probably could of got shot there and he then thought and got scared."
The restaurant's General Manager saidsince 2006 this is the third time one of their delivery men was robbed at gunpoint. However the drivers are not allowed to carry weapons or even pepper spray.
The victim described the suspect as a man standing 6 feet tall, weighing 170 pounds and said he was wearing a white shirt and black shorts at the time of the crime. The victim estimates the suspect is in his 20s.
If you have any information, you are asked to call Crime Stoppers at 1-800-780-TIPS.


text: Pictures of Trevor Project Event by Lauren Turner 12/06/10 0 Reactions 0 Shares Print 0 0 0 0 0 Previous Photo 1 of 31 View on One Page ADVERTISEMENT ( more slides) Next 1 Pictures of Trevor Project Event Read More Emma StoneAmy PoehlerJosh DuhamelJessica Alba Jessica Alba Cash Warren: 25 Things You Didn't Know About Me 20 hours ago Can't-Miss Celebrity Pics! 5 days ago We Can't Get Enough of Jessica Alba's Sweet Family Snaps 1 week ago 4 Major Stars You Totally Forgot Were on Beverly Hills, 90210 1 week ago You Probably Don't Need Us to Tell You That You Need an Army Jacket 1 week ago Jessica Alba's Sombré Highlights Are Perfect For Your Fall Makeover 2 weeks ago Stars Let Loose in This Week's Cute Celebrity Candids 2 weeks ago Josh Duhamel Josh Duhamel: Axl Isn't a Baby Anymore! 1 week ago Josh Duhamel Is All Business on the Top, Party on the Bottom 6 days ago Fergie and Josh Really Know How to Do Halloween Right 1 week ago Vince Gilligan Admits That He Didn't "Even Remotely" Predict the Success of Breaking Bad 7/18 45 Really, Ridiculously Good-Looking Pictures of Josh Duhamel 7/17 11 Things That Happen When Josh Duhamel Dresses as a Pink Bunny 7/10 Axl Duhamel Is Growing Up So Fast! See Fergie and Josh's Cutest Family Pics 6/27 Amy Poehler Amy Poehler on Life and Looks: 'I Don't Like Pretending Things Are Perfect' 23 hours ago 19 Times Amy Poehler Said What We Wish We'd Said 1 day ago All Your Favorite Women Were in One Place Last Night 1 day ago Drugs, Sex, and Divorce — Amy Poehler Doesn't Hold Back in Her New Memoir 1 week ago It's Oct. 3 — What Is the Mean Girls Cast up to Now? 2 weeks ago Laugh-Out-Loud Reads by Hollywood's Funny Ladies 3 weeks ago These Famous Women Aren't Afraid to Drop That Other F-Bomb 4 weeks ago Emma Stone 31 Photos That Prove Emma Stone Is The Most Stylish Person On Earth 4 days ago Can't-Miss Celebrity Pics! 5 days ago How to Channel Emma Stone's Sexy Cabaret Look 6 days ago You've Never Seen Emma Stone Look This Sexy Before 1 week ago Emma Stone Just Wore a Perfect Fall Skirt That You Can Get For Under $50 1 week ago Emma Stone Is the Worst but Most Adorable Liar to Jimmy Fallon 1 week ago Bill Murray's All-Female Cast For Ghostbusters Is Basically Perfect 9/09 Get the scoop with our daily newsletter Enjoy the latest news on the celebs you love in your inbox. Young Hollywood A Listers TV Movies Link Love Sarah Hyland is more optimistic than ever after her breakup — Us Weekly Kim Kardashian wants North West to get a job — HuffPost Celebrity Zac Efron celebrated his birthday with his new girlfriend — OK! Lindsay Lohan makes a controversial endorsement — Dlisted Is this George Clooney's only t-shirt? — Lainey Gossip Jennifer Hudson turns up the heat — JustJared Bill Murray shares his thoughts on Tinder — BuzzFeed Neil Patrick Harris wasn't the Oscars' first choice — Pink Is the New Blog Tina Fey just burned Rob Schneider — The Superficial Pregnant Zoe Saldana steps out in stripes — I'm Not Obsessed Are you feeling Kate Hudson's pink hair? — Hollywood Tuna Latest Celebrity & News


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Welcome to the official Tumblr of The Week Magazine.
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An engineer for the space exploration company SpaceX has outlined an elaborate plan to build Star Trek's USS Enterprise, which he says could be ready to fly within the next 20 years.
"We have the technological reach to build the first generation of the spaceship… so let's do it," writes BTE Dan on his website, BuildTheEnterprise.org (which has been loading intermittently because of heavy traffic).
The website includes conceptual blueprints, budgeting proposals, a timeline for research and development, and almost every other conceivable detail.
Could they actually pull this off?
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seriously my childhood
My childhood too. only the video would be in reverse haahaha
(Source: spacecadet, via thingsarebetterleftsaid-deactiv)
Names Ally. Just moved to NY. I love music, computers and food. I have serious body issues, so if you have nothing nice to say please fuck off and/or die. Thank you =D


text: Online cookbooks for Spain and Portugal are listed here: http://www.medievalcookery.com/etexts.html They include: A Treatise of Portuguese Cuisine from the 15th Century http://www.sca.org.au/cooks/Pages/articles/Faerisa/portuguese15thC.html Johnnae otsisto wrote: > My wee little Shire has been asked to serve lunch at an event. We have been > asked to serve stuff that is Spanish or Portugese and would have been served > at a faire/festival. > This is not my country of interest and I vaguely remember seeing a > discussion on tapas. > So any help or recommendations would be GREATLY appreciated. > > THANK YOU, > De > >


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PlasticVille V-6 Vehicle Assortment 5 Piece {PRE080196}
PlasticVille V-6 Vehicle Assortment 5 Piece {PRE080196}
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PlasticVille V-6 Vehicle Assortment 5 Piece {PRE080196} ,1- Orange School Bus, 2- Autos with Hood Ornaments, 2- Autos Without Ornaments, Cars= 3 3/4" long, Bus= 5" long, O or S Scale , Very Good Condition, Has Been Displayed No Box,
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text: 000 FXUS63 KSGF 251058 AFDSGF AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SPRINGFIELD MO 558 AM CDT Sat Oct 25 2014 .SHORT TERM...(Today and Tonight) Issued at 236 AM CDT SAT OCT 25 2014 A broad upper level ridge moving over the Ozarks region was providing pleasant weather to the region overnight. Clear skies, light winds and mild temperatures were in place across the area early this morning. The ridge will continue to move over the area today and tonight with temperatures climbing into the upper 70s to lower 80s this afternoon under sunny skies. The temperatures expected today will be 10 to 15 degrees above normal for this time of year. Overnight temperatures will only fall into the 50s as light winds and clear skies occur again. .LONG TERM...(Sunday through Friday) Issued at 236 AM CDT SAT OCT 25 2014 Sunday will see very similar conditions to Saturday with highs in the lower to middle 80s as the upper ridge moves over the region and southerly winds increase through the day. The winds will increase as surface low pressure moves across the northern and central plains. The surface low will begin to shift east in response to an upper level trough that will begin to flatten the upper ridge and push it east through Sunday night into Monday. The upper trough will slowly shift the low and a cold front east Monday night and bring showers and scattered thunderstorms to the Ozarks Monday night into early Tuesday morning. High pressure will move into the region behind the front and bring cooler, more seasonable temperatures to the area for most of next week. Another upper level ridge will begin to move over the region late next week into next weekend. Temperatures are not expected to be as warm however as a cooler Canadian high settles over the Ozarks. && .AVIATION...(For the 12Z TAFS through 12Z Sunday Morning) Issued at 555 AM CDT SAT OCT 25 2014 Clear skies and VFR conditions will continue through tonight. Light west to southwest winds will become light and variable tonight. && .SGF WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... MO...NONE. KS...NONE. && $$ SHORT TERM...Hatch LONG TERM...Hatch AVIATION...Schaumann


text:
Ms. Melody D. Barker
Family Medicine, Grant A Craig MD
- 2801 N Loy Lake Rd
Sherman, TX 75090
- 1 Office Location
- Email a Friend
- (903) 957-0190
Ms. Melody D. Barker is a practicing physician. Ms. Barker practices medicine in Sherman, TX and specializes in Family Medicine. Ms. Barker is affiliated with Texas Health Presbyterian WNJ.
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Hospital Affiliations: Texas Health Presbyterian WNJ
Specialties: Family Medicine
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text: Moody's Lowers NJ Debt Outlook, Cites 'Sluggish' Growth Under Christie Print article Send a Tip by Frances Martel 18 Dec 2013 post a comment Governor Chris Christie's deals to assure the pensions of public workers have put New Jersey's economy in such danger of overspending that Moody's Investor Service lowered the state's economic outlook to "negative" this week. The foreboding report suggested that New Jersey is currently in a "very weak liquidity position" caused by an imbalance between spending and income, reported the Star-Ledger this week. While giving Governor Christie credit for being "proactive," the report also tears apart the state's "sluggish" economic rebound and argues that it is consistently underwhelming at bringing in revenue. Another way of putting this is that New Jersey spends more money than it makes in a way that might be too unsustainable for its current credit rating. New Jersey's bonds remain at the same rating, however, at which they have been since 2011. This is the lowest rating in the country save for Illinois and California, achieved under the Jon Corzine administration but proven unable to rise during the Christie years. Christie's office rebuked the report, arguing that it was "flawed" and highlighting how November tax collections exceeded the expectations of the Christie Administration. It did not, however, highlight any decreases in spending that would allow the state to make more out of the money it takes in, because there are few such potential decreases. According to the Star-Ledger, Christie's deal with lawmakers to increase the state's contributions to public pensions have locked in the state's budget for some years. Hence, Moody's calls for a raise in taxes to make up for the corner into which the New Jersey legislature and the Christie administration have painted the state. Moody's had cited warning signs in New Jersey all year -- most notably this summer, when a Census survey showed that one fourth of New Jersey millennials are living with their parents because of the economically infertile climate. New Jerseyans in general ended the year with a dire outlook on their economy, exit polls after this November's gubernatorial election showing that seven in ten New Jersey residents believe the economy is worse off than it was four years ago. Despite this, the same poll showed two thirds of voters approved of Governor Christie's handling of the economy. This may be because the raw statistics show that the Christie reign has seen increases in employment and business revenue. However, as Moody's noted and a report by Bloomberg highlights, these increases are still among the slowest in the nation. Governor Christie has refused to raise taxes in the state or raise the minimum wage by statute. He has also, however, engaged in the aforementioned negotiation to increase tax dollar amounts going into public pensions and given major corporations tax breaks for doing business in the state. Governor Christie has also criticized other economic conservatives, primarily Senator Rand Paul, for not balancing the budgets of their states when New Jersey sees the third-least amount of revenue come back to the state from federal taxes. Whether the threat to downgrade the state will impact Governor Christie's popularity remains to be seen. The economy of his state has certainly not garnered the most headlines for the governor this month, however. Nationally, Governor Christie is seen as the frontrunner in the 2016 race, even edging out Hillary Clinton in Iowa polls. The panic among Democrats has led to a concerted effort to turn a Port Authority flap involving the closing of lanes of the George Washington Bridge in Fort Lee into a full-blown scandal.