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The Hoax Museum Blog
Category: Literature/Language
Remembering The Plumber From Plympton
Posted by The Curator on Fri Jan 13, 2006
Status: Marking an anniversary in hoax history The million little biographical lies of James Frey have been getting all the attention in the press this week, but as the Devon Western Morning News reminds us, this month marks the 50th anniversary of the publication of a memoir whose lies were far greater: The Third Eye by T. Lobsang Rampa (aka the Plumber from Plympton). Rampa claimed to have grown up in Tibet (born into a wealthy Tibetan family), to have studied in Lhasa to become a lama, and then to have undergone a mysterious operation to open up the "third eye" in the middle of his forehead.…
|Categories: Identity/Imposters, Literature/Language
|Comments (5)
James Frey, Fiction Writer?
Posted by The Curator on Tue Jan 10, 2006
Status: Undetermined (but the Smoking Gun presents a convincing argument) It seems to be quite the week for literary hoaxes. First there were the new revelations in the JT LeRoy case, and now The Smoking Gun is now accusing author James Frey of inventing many of the details in his autobiographical novel, A Million Little Pieces. The book tells the story of Frey's past as a drug-addict and criminal. But the Smoking Gun alleges that, "The 36-year-old author, these documents and interviews show, wholly fabricated or wildly embellished details of his purported criminal career, jail terms, and status as an outlaw 'wanted in three states.'" They concede that the guy was a drug addict and spent…
|Categories: Literature/Language
|Comments (14)
J.T. LeRoy: An Update
Posted by The Curator on Mon Jan 09, 2006
Status: Evidence is mounting that he's a hoax Last October I posted about the writer JT LeRoy, and the suspicion that he was an elaborate hoax: that his books had actually been written by a woman named Laura Albert, and that the person who appeared in public as LeRoy was an actor. Today the New York Times has revealed more evidence that seems to confirm this theory. The person who has been appearing in public as LeRoy seems to be Savannah Knoop, the half sister of Geoffrey Knoop (who's the guy that supposedly helped rescue the teenage LeRoy). The Times found an image of Savannah Knoop online, and people who have met LeRoy confirm that…
|Categories: Identity/Imposters, Literature/Language
|Comments (5)
Posted by The Curator on Mon Jan 09, 2006
Status: New word The American Dialect Society has announced its words of the year for 2005 (links to a pdf file). A number of them are relevant to the study of hoaxes. For instance, the word of the year is Truthiness: truthiness: the quality of stating concepts or facts one wishes or believes to be true, rather than concepts or facts known to be true. I suppose the opposite of truthiness would be hoaxiness. A few of the other words of the year include: flee-ancée: runaway bride Jennifer Wilbanks. Whizzinator: a trademarked urinating device using a realistic prosthetic penis and synthetic urine in order to…
|Categories: Literature/Language
|Comments (8)
Publishers Reject Booker Prize Winners
Posted by The Curator on Mon Jan 02, 2006
Status: Publishers hoaxed Convinced that the publishing industry can no longer recognize quality literature when they see it, the Sunday Times devised an experiment to test their theory. They submitted opening chapters of books by V.S. Naipaul and Stanley Middleton to twenty publishers and agents. The results: None appears to have recognised them as Booker prizewinners from the 1970s that were lauded as British novel writing at its best. Of the 21 replies, all but one were rejections. Only Barbara Levy, a London literary agent, expressed an interest, and that was for Middleton's novel. She was unimpressed by Naipaul's book. She wrote: "We . . . thought it was quite original. In the end…
|Categories: Literature/Language
|Comments (7)
Student Visited By DHS Agents After Requesting Little Red Book at Library
Posted by The Curator on Tue Dec 20, 2005
Status: Hoax A news report has been doing the rounds concerning a student at UMass Dartmouth who was visited by Department of Homeland Security agents after ordering the official Peking version of Mao Tse-Tung's Little Red Book via interlibrary loan. The student needed the book for a research paper on communism, but apparently the book is on some kind of government watch list, and thus the visit. However, over at Boing Boing, suspicions have been raised that the story is a hoax. Apparently a second version of the story is floating around that places the student at UC Santa Cruz. Also, people find it suspicious that the student is unnamed, and therefore the story is…
|Categories: Law/Police/Crime, Literature/Language
|Comments (10)
Patent The A and Patented Storylines
Posted by The Curator on Fri Nov 04, 2005
Status: Patent the A is satire; patented storylines is serious The Ecchi Patent Company claims to hold a patent on the letter A: The rights lie with us for all forms of the letter A, including, but not limited to, uppercase, lowercase, accented, Cyrillic, put in a little circle (e-mail users please note), in code, and in any form we may not have thought of already. Supposedly you need to obtain a license from them in order to use the letter A in any form: "we will soon begin prosecuting people who fail to purchase a license and continue to use the letter A." Of course, this is a joke. Unless…
|Categories: Law/Police/Crime, Literature/Language
|Comments (14)
Chris Elliott Falls for Boilerplate
Posted by The Curator on Wed Nov 02, 2005
Status: Hoax claims victim In my Gallery of Hoax Websites (which I created about four years ago, and which has since been superceded by the Hoax Websites category of the weblog), I list the website of Boilerplate, the Victorian Era Robot. The site details the history of a robot named Boilerplate who was supposedly created during the 19th century in order to replace humans in combat. I admit that the site had me going for a while, and that I only realized it was a hoax when I tried to check the bibliographic references, none of which referred to real books. It…
|Categories: Literature/Language, Technology
|Comments (4)
The Grafton Portrait of Shakespeare
Posted by The Curator on Fri Oct 28, 2005
Status: Art Fake (i.e. it's not Shakespeare) The National Portrait Gallery has reported that the Grafton portrait, long thought to depict Shakespeare as a young man, doesn't depict him at all. They don't know who the guy in the painting is. The portrait apparently served as the inspiration for the portrayal of Shakespeare in the movie Shakespeare in Love. So the Grafton portrait will now join the Flower portrait (revealed to be a nineteenth-century fake earlier this year) in the category of "portraits of Shakespeare that don't actually show Shakespeare." My hunch is that all…
|Categories: Art, Literature/Language
|Comments (10)
World's Longest Surname
Posted by The Curator on Fri Oct 21, 2005
Status: Seems to be true Charles Haberl e-mailed me with a question about the world's longest surname. Here's the main part of his message (it's kind of long): There's an bit of internet lore circulating around that the Guinness World Record for Longest Name in the world belongs to a Mr. Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Wolfeschlegelsteinhausenbergerdorffwelchevoralternwarengewissenschaftschafe rswessenschafewarenwohlgepflegeundsorgfaltigkeitbeschutzenvonangreifeudurch ihrraubgierigfeindewelchevoralternzwolftausendjahresvorandieerscheinenersch einenvanderersteerdemenschderraumschiffgebrauchlichtalsseinursprungvonkraft gestartseinlangefahrthinzwischensternaitigraumaufdersuchenachdiesternwelche gehabtbewohnbarplanetenkreisedrehensichundwohinderneurassevonverstandigmens chlichkeitkonntefortpflanzenundsicherfeuenanlebenslanglichfreudeundruhemitn icheinfurchtvorangreifenvonandererintelligentgeschopfsvonhinzwischenternart Zeus igraum Senior, who was born in Munich in 1904 and lived in Philadelphia for most of his life. Apparently he shortened his name to Wolfeschlegelsteinhausenbergerdorff, and subsequently went by Hubert…
|Categories: Literature/Language
|Comments (37)
Is The Word 'Dwarf' Derogatory?
Posted by The Curator on Tue Oct 18, 2005
Status: Not to my knowledge. Since my upcoming book is titled Hippo Eats Dwarf, this brief article in The Sun caught my attention: PANTOS of Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs are being censored — to outlaw the word DWARF. A shocked village drama group sent off for a script and found Dopey and his pals — played by kids — had to be called "gnomes" instead. Ray Lionet, 73, of the Coxheath Players in Kent, said the ban was to avoid offending short people. He said: "It's madness." I never thought the word dwarf was considered to be derogatory. I hope it's not, because it's way too late…
|Categories: Literature/Language
|Comments (36)
Is J.T. LeRoy a Hoax?
Posted by The Curator on Mon Oct 10, 2005
Status: Yes, he's a hoax J.T. LeRoy is either a) an extremely shy young man who, at the age of 13, while living a life of abuse and prostitution on the streets, met a psychologist who encouraged him to write down his experiences, which he did, thereby propelling him to literary stardom (now in his mid-twenties, LeRoy has three books, one of which has been made into a movie); or b) a woman in her late-thirties called Laura Albert who, for the past eleven years, has crafted an elaborate hoax to make people believe that LeRoy is a real person. Stephen Beachy believes that option…
|Categories: Literature/Language
|Comments (39)
Esquivalience Copyright Trap
Posted by The Curator on Wed Sep 07, 2005
The most recent edition of the New Oxford American Dictionary (NOAD) defines esquivalience as "the willful avoidance of one's official responsibilities." However, esquivalience isn't a real word. It's a copyright trap, placed in the dictionary so that the editors can know when others are stealing their work. This was reported in last week's New Yorker. The editors of NOAD admit that they made up esquivalience: "An editor named Christine Lindberg came up with "esquivalience." The word has since been spotted on Dictionary.com, which cites Webster's New Millennium as its source." But, of course, if enough people start to use the word, it could become real. I think the most famous case of fake entries in a dictionary occurred…
|Categories: Literature/Language
|Comments (2)
Gulliver's Erotic Adventures
Posted by The Curator on Mon Aug 22, 2005
A Russian woman, Neonilla Samukhina, claims that the original version of Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels was far racier, containing numerous explicit sex scenes... and she happens to have acquired a manuscript of this early version. She published a Russian translation of it last week. The book features the hero of 18th century Irish author Jonathan Swift's famous satire in physical encounters with tiny Lilliputs — who are only 15 centimeters tall — and in Brobdingnag, which is inhabited by 20-meter giants. No experts seem to be taking her claims very seriously. Obvious signs that it's a hoax are that she refuses to allow anyone to see the manuscript, nor will she allow…
|Categories: Literature/Language, Sex/Romance
|Comments (8)
Automatic Paper Generator
Posted by The Curator on Fri Apr 15, 2005
A group of MIT students wrote a computer program capable of creating "random Computer Science research papers, including graphs, figures, and citations." They then used this program to create a paper that they submitted to an academic conference: the World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, which sounds like a thrill a minute. The paper was accepted, which isn't really surprising since as the students point out conferences such as this are really 'fake' conferences "with no quality standards, which exist only to make money." The students hope to travel down to the conference (if they're still allowed to attend) and deliver a "completely randomly-generated talk."
|Categories: Literature/Language, Science
|Comments (5)
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Heading towards the finish line the Houston Rockets go. Every game matters. Tonight, the Houston Rockets travel to Cleveland to face the Cleveland Cavaliers.
Point Guard: Patrick Beverley vs. Jarrett Jack
Well, if Kyrie Irving was playing, this matchup would be more intriguing to see. Although Jarrett Jack can put points on the board, "junkyard dog" Patrick Beverley will give him a hard time. Jack will have limited points, and it may be a long night for him.
Edge: Rockets
Shooting Guard: James Harden vs. Dion Waiters
Both players can score the ball and have a huge impact on their team. Expect Waiters to shoot a lot and score a decent amount. If Harden catches on fire early, watch out! The whole Cavaliers team could be in even more danger.
Edge: Rockets
Small Forward: Chandler Parsons vs. Alonzo Gee
Looking at Chandler Parsons the last couple of games makes me worried. His shot hasn't been on target, and he just can't seem to find his rhythm. Alonzo Gee on the other hand, when he gets the ball, he has been productive as of late. I do believe that Parsons will get involved early tonight, and break out of his slump. I don't expect Gee to get many touches tonight.
Edge: Rockets
Power Forward: Terrence Jones vs. Tristan Thompson
Both of these players have potential, and can score the ball down low. I will have to bring up the fact of Terrence Jones and his home/road splits. Jones hasn't been all that productive on the road all season long. However, I do believe that he will be able to make an impact tonight. Although the Rockets are probably going to utilize Harden and Parsons, whenever Jones gets the ball down low, expect him to score.
Edge: Rockets
Center: Omer Asik vs. Spencer Hawes
Two different type of players going at it tonight. Although Omer Asik has been rusty ever since returning from his injury, he did have a productive game against the Timberwolves Thursday night. I don't see Asik having a productive night on offense unless he does what he did on Thursday night. I'm sick and tired of seeing Asik miss layup after layup after layup. DUNK IT BIG O! On the other side, we have Spencer Hawes. He can stretch the floor, and is able to know down shots from behind the arc. I don't expect him to shoot many, but if he does, let's hope for misses. The biggest factor will be how well Asik does tonight in this matchup. I believe Asik will defend the paint really well and will force the Cavaliers to be scared to drive towards the basket.
Edge: Rockets
Rockets: Jeremy Lin, Jordan Hamilton, Omri Casspi, Francisco Garcia, Isaiah Canaan, and Donatas Motiejunas,
Cavaliers: Shane Edwards, Tyler Zeller, Anderson Varejao, Matthew Dellavedova
Edge: Rockets
Rockets: Dwight Howard (GTD) Greg Smith (OUT)
Cavaliers: Luol Deng (GTD) C.J. Miles (GTD) Sergey Karasev (GTD) Carrick Felix (OUT) Anthony Bennett (OUT) Kyrie Irving (OUT)
This game could get really ugly for Cleveland Cavalier fans. Expect the Rockets to have full control from start to finish. I got the Houston Rockets dominating the Cleveland Cavaliers tonight, 115-88.
Tags: Houston Rockets

subset: commoncrawl


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NY Daily News Blind Item
Which young starlet demanded 17 free handbags after forgetting she needed to buy gifts?
Which young starlet demanded 17 free handbags after forgetting she needed to buy gifts?
Posted by ent lawyer at 9:17 AM
Labels: NY Daily News Blind Item
This could be anyone.
Off subject, but the blind from Thursday:
This D list movie and television actress with A+ list name recognition keeps auditioning for teenage and early 20's acting roles. The problem she hasn't realized yet is that all the meth she keeps consuming is making her look 40 and as a consequence hears one no after another for decent roles. Producers don't want to tell her that though for fear of making her angry or upset which could be very bad for future business.
This has to be Tara Reid after seeing photos of her at Coachella?!
wait this blind has to be about someone at the 17 again premiere.
Vanessa H or Michelle T?
Michelle T.
Rebecca, I guess it could be Tara Reid if her current sugar daddy is somebody important.
"young starlet"? hmm...taylor momsen, maybe?
Tara Reid knows it's over for her. She will take anything, including "grandma with runny nose".
lilo was a handbag freak. even though she looks like roadkill and has no talent, she's still only 21, isn't she?
Why would someone need to buy a bunch of gifts? Would these be shower gifts? Wrap party presents?
Exactly, Paisley. Who needed the gifts?
Mischa - there's a photo of her today (21st) and the handbags she's promoting.
Plus she's a skank and I can totally see her doing that.
Crazy Days and Nights is a gossip site. The site publishes rumors, conjecture, and fiction. In addition to accurately reported information, certain situations, characters and events portrayed in the Blog are either products of the author's imagination or are used fictitiously. Information on this site may contain errors or inaccuracies; the Blog's proprietor does not make warranty as to the correctness or reliability of the site's content. Links to content on and quotation of material from other sites are not the responsibility of Crazy Days and Nights.
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Back to school
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It was a beautiful day on the Washington State University campus Monday, the first day of the fall 2011 semester. As I made my way through campus, the streets were bustling with all of our students headed off to their first classes. I would like to take this opportunity to welcome our largest-ever incoming freshman class to campus as well as our returning students; it is great to have all of you here. Even with the challenges that we face, I am excited for this new school year to begin and I hope you are as well.
Over the weekend Carmento and I had the distinct pleasure of participating in Pullman's Lentil Festival Parade. Such a wonderful event and we were so proud to see all the WSU participants from our wonderful WSU marching band to all of our student athletes and coaches. It did not end there, so many of the participants in this event are members of the Cougar family. Whether you are faculty, staff, student or a Cougar fan, there was a great deal of excitement and pride felt on the streets of downtown Pullman. The parade and all the events that go along with the Lentil Festival provide an outstanding way for those new to Pullman and WSU to learn what this area is about and what it has to offer. All the volunteers and organizers of this community event did an outstanding job; I don't know a better way to spend a beautiful Saturday!
As we move past the first few days of classes and into the semester, I look forward to seeing everyone around campus – as well as filling up the stands at Cougar volleyball and football games! Welcome back and Go Cougs!


text: 'Diploma privilege' may be death knell for bar exam By: Edward Poll March 20, 2014 Wisconsin law school graduates are undoubtedly happier than other law school graduates — America's Dairyland is the only state that does not require a bar exam. Students who graduate from a state law school can practice in Wisconsin without taking or passing a bar exam. It's called "diploma privilege," and the system is currently under consideration ... Subscribe Login Email Address: Password: Already a paid subscriber but not registered for online access yet? For instructions on how to get premium web access, click here.Forgot your password? Share this:EmailPrintFacebookLinkedInTwitterGoogle +1 9:32 am Thu, March 20, 2014 Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly Edward Poll


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opentable.comThe product of blood, sweat, and tearsIt's almost time for the Oscars. That is, the Oscars of the food world: the James Beard Foundation Awards. Today marked the announcement of the restaurant and chef semifinalists, who were chosen from a record 28,000 online entries. Finalists ... More >>
This article was reported and written by Wayne Barrett and Georgia Bobley. In the glut of City Council races this season, one candidate stands above the crowd of unknowns, ex-firefighter Peter Gleason, who's challenging downtown incumbent Alan Gerson. Gleason has magically emerged from the shadows ... More >>
Recommendations by R.C. Baker
Terrorists in Retirement


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Select () or exclude () categories to narrow your recipe search.
As you select categories, the number of matching recipes will update.
Find exactly what you're looking for with the web's most powerful recipe filtering tool.
1/1 Photo of Cara's Sweet and Sour Crock Pot Chicken
Prep Time:
Cook Time:
1 hrs 10 mins
4 hrs
My friend Cara shared this family recipe with me - it's been a favorite on their table for years, and often requested. :) Prep time includes chilling.
Units: US | Metric
Serving Size: 1 (150 g)
Servings Per Recipe: 4
Your life in the kitchen will never be the same.


text: Do you feel limited in your vocal range? Does your Throat lighten as you sing higher or sometimes break or crack? Here is a chance to discover, and utilize your full vocal range. Because the voice is physical the right exercises can help maximize your range from top to bottom. Be the best you can be and enjoy all your voice has to offer.


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The Memphis Grizzlies return home to the Grind House A.K.A. FedEx Forum on Thursday Night to square off in Game 3 of the Western Conference Quarterfinals against the Oklahoma City Thunder.
Memphis dropped game 1 of the series 100-86 in disappointing fashion, but stormed back in game two holding Oklahoma City to under 40% shooting and ended up winning the game in OT 111-105. The Grizzlies would have held The Thunder to under 100 points if it wasn't for a miraculous shot by Kevin Durant that lead to a 4 point play and Mr. No-Show Kendrick Perkins tying the game on a put back with time expiring in regulation.
VIDEO: Kevin Durant completed a wild 4-point play to cut the Memphis lead to 1 with 13.8s left http://t.co/33F7w1cVxZ pic.twitter.com/1ykkE7jKH4
— Bleacher Report (@BleacherReport) April 22, 2014
Zach Randolph won the game for Memphis by outscoring Oklahoma City 8-6 in OT. Z-Bo finished with 25 points on 10-of-20 shooting and hauled in 6 rebounds. Randolph had to pick up most of the work down low for the Grizzlies in OT because Marc Gasol fouled out early in the extra period.
Memphis has won 14 straight at home which is a franchise record. They finished the season winning 20 of 22 at home with the lone losses coming against Dallas and New Orleans. The Grizzlies started off the season 7-12 at home.
The best play of Game 2 besides the fallaway play by Kevin Durant had to be the Randolph shot that extended the Grizzlies lead to 105-101 in OT. Z-Bo drove baseline, was behind the basket, drew contact with Kendrick Perkins and converted the shot.
Beno Udrih provided a much needed spark off the Bench for the Grizzlies scoring 14 points on 6-of-8 shooting. Mike Conley continues to dish out assists. He has 23 assists in the first two games of the series.
With the series tied 1-1, how do you think the Grizzlies will fair in game 3 & 4? Comment below with your predictions.
T.V. – (National) TNT 7 p.m. CST, (Local) Fox Sports South with Brevin Knight and Pete Pranica.
Radio – 92.9 ESPN in Memphis


text:
Southern Illinois University Carbondale
Lynn Andersen Lindberg, MBA, is the Director of Business Innovation and Research at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. The former owner of a start-up computer company, she is also associate director of the Southern Illinois Research Park. In these roles, she works with faculty, students, and entrepreneurs on technology entrepreneurship, business start-up challenges, and innovation activities. Lynn also co-developed the Saluki CEO Corps, an interdisciplinary student organization that helps educate college students in entrepreneurship through training, interaction with entrepreneurs, and direct counseling experience with emerging small businesses. Prior to assuming these responsibilities, she served as director of SIUC?s Illinois Small Business Development Center, which provides business information, research, counseling, and training to entrepreneurs and business owners and serves more than 600 clients annually. Lynn was also a member of the Illinois Manufacturing Extension Center?s management team for twelve years, serving smaller manufacturers with a comprehensive program of assessments and technical assistance.


text:
Hello, my name is Mike Hardaker I'm a photographer by night and and editor and publisher of a mountain lifestyle publication by day – Mountain Weekly News. This site showcases my passion for photography.
Brief Introduction
I like to take photos of a variety of subjects with a focus on outdoor sports and live concert photography.
There's never a dull moment while shooting photos, the picture is always changing and as a photographer I have the ability to capture moments in time to be shared for generations to come.
Canon EOS Digital Rebel XT Digital SLR Camera with EF-S 18-55mm lens Canon EF 75-300mm f/4-5.6 III Telephoto Zoom Lens 37mm Fisheye, GoPro HD Hero 3+ Black,
What Do You Shoot?
Mainly live music events, and action sports including snowboarding and surfing . I can shoot neckties too, however I get bored easily…
What do you charge?
For Prints: 8×10 = $10, 11×14 = $15, 12×18 = $25, 16×20 = $40


text: Hypercolour/ Tom Demac, Kevin McPhee, Shenoda, Alex Jones & Cedric Maison London Kevin McPhee Twitter Facebook Artist Filter Kevin McPhee Toronto. Nov 11, 2013 40 min Kevin McPhee London. Aug 13, 2012 48 min View All Shenoda Twitter Facebook Soundcloud Artist Filter Shenoda London. Aug 8, 2012 48 min View All Tom Demac Twitter Facebook Soundcloud Artist Filter Tom Demac London. Aug 22, 2012 48 min View All Close Video & Chat Dashboard Video only Primary Player Alternative Player Fullscreen Toggle Chat Tweets about "@boilerroomtv OR #boilerroomtv OR #brtv OR #boilerroom" WATCHING NOW: {{city.name}}- Since 2006 Hypercolour has been putting out some amazing 12"s, and in 2012 they've showed no signs of slowing down. So now they're coming to Boiler Room to put on a fine display of how they intend to see out the rest of the year. Tom Demac is rumoured to have been "born with a set of turntables connected to his hands", which sounds to us like a pretty traumatic childhood. Although I guess it can't have been all that bad because look at where he's at now. Regularly releasing stuff on Hypercolour and all that dope stuff. Can't have been a pleasant birth though, his poor mum! Like a lot of great things in the modern world, Kevin McPhee comes from Canada. Chances are one of his recent releases has genuinely moved you to tears, so I guess he doesn't need all that much of an introduction. Let's just say we've been wanting this guy on the show for a loooong ass time.. One of the first cats to release on Hypercolour, Shenoda, will also be joining the party. Since which he's garnered support from some of your facourite guys like Martyn, Konrad Black, Mosca and Deetron. Serious! Alex Jones is going to be playing some records too. No, not the woman from the One Show! Good heavens, who do you think we are. No, we mean the Alex Jones of Hypercolour.. who got one of his tracks remixed by Mr Fingers. Which is a pretty big statement. Cedric Maison of Galsstable and of course Hypercolour will be with us too. To hopefully give us a lovely little introduction to Hypercolour like the mix above. Tweets about "@boilerroomtv OR #boilerroomtv OR #brtv OR #boilerroom" Oneohtrix Point Never Caribou Nils Frahm Rødhåd Hudson Mohawke Lunice


text:
Animal & Veterinary
CVM Risk Assessment: Assumptions and Uncertainties
Dr. Kathy Hollinger and Mary Bartholomew
MS. BARTHOLOMEW: Good afternoon.
I hope you have had some time since lunch with the break and everything to get your serotonin levels back up to an acceptable point. And so on that assumption, I am going to get started talking about the assumptions and the statistical uncertainties in our risk assessment.
There are two different sorts of assumptions that are used in this model. The first sort is the type that is used when there is a lack of data. For example, there is information about the rate of seeking care among people with all sorts of diarrheal disease. There is not that same information about the rate of seeking care in patients with Campylobacteriosis.
So we had to make an assumption at that point. So that is one type of assumption. You don't have the data in the specific population of interest. So you make an assumption you can apply the same rate that you have got in a given population to another.
And then the other sort of assumption is a statistical assumption. We have data in the appropriate population, but it -- the parameter of interest is not known with perfect knowledge. So we make the assumption that given the data that we have got, we apply a particular statistical model. And that is our assumption, the given statistical model, to generate the uncertainty distributions about the parameter of interest.
So I am going to talk about a couple of the global assumptions of the first type. And then I will turn it over to Kathy. She will talk about some more of those. And since there is a lack of data involved, she will also consider some of the data gaps.
Our first global assumption is that susceptible and resistant Campylobacter have the same virulence characteristics. At the time that we started the risk assessment model, that is certainly what we thought. And as was mentioned earlier this morning by Dr. Angulo, there may be some indication of a difference -- that this is not true in the future.
So we will be looking for more information when it becomes available. And if that happens, we will have to modify something in the risk assessment.
We also assume that susceptible and resistant Campylobacter have the same survival characteristics from slaughter to the point of human exposure. Again, we have no indication that that is not the case.
We also made the assumption that human susceptibility to infection remains constant in the population.
And that consumption patterns remain constant. And in the short time frame that this risk assessment covers, that is probably true. But you have also heard some information from Dr. Cray earlier this morning that, in fact, if you look over a wide enough period of time, that is not true either.
Well, as we said, our risk assessment model is fairly simple and it is flexible. If we find out different information that leads us to believe that these assumptions are not true, we will update it. And I will turn this over now to Kathy. Dr. Hollinger will cover some of the other fine points of the data assumptions.
DR. HOLLINGER: So I get to give the top ten list so to speak, but in reverse of David Letterman's grouping of the -- his top ten list. Our risk assessment model modeled the measurable human health impact of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter jejuni and coli that were acquired from poultry sources using the most currently available data to model that risk.
The assumptions I have listed here in order of priority in the model, the impact in the model from my perspective, not necessarily from a mathematical perspective. The first assumption, the one with the most impact on the model, is that fluoroquinolone resistance in people calculated after we removed those people who traveled, those people who used fluoroquinolones prior to culture, and those for whom the time of fluoroquinolone use was unknown was attributed to chickens.
And we removed travelers because it is known that travelers carry very frequently higher levels of resistance than the general population. They don't acquire their disease in the United States. And, therefore, their disease was not tied to domestic drug use in food-borne sources.
Fluoroquinolone use is associated with development of resistance so that those people who had cultures taken after they had used a fluoroquinolone could possibly have had a resistant infection due to that use. And those people for whom the time of the fluoroquinolone use was not known could have then had their fluoroquinolones prior to taking cultures.
So that remaining resistance then was attributed to chickens. And we use the Campy case control study to be able to determine what proportion were travelers and who had used fluoroquinolones and those who did not know when their fluoroquinolone was used.
This assumption represents a data gap. The remaining level of resistance could have been distributed either uniformly across all sources of human infections that were remaining or that resistance could have been attributed to a single source or to certain specific sources.
So this assumption was based upon evidence of fluoroquinolone resistance developing in chickens, humans and when fluoroquinolones are used because there was no food animal fluoroquinolone use other than the use in poultry until late 1998. And there was no fluoroquinolone resistance observed prior to '92 in human cases in the U.S. even though fluoroquinolones had been approved for human use since 1987.
We felt it was unlikely that the increase in domestically acquired fluoroquinolone resistance that was observed in people since 1996 as reported in the Minnesota paper that was published in May of '99 could be attributed to levels of resistant Campylobacter that were uniformly distributed amongst all sources of human infection.
The distribution of resistance in food-borne sources of infection was more likely to be associated with specific exposures linked to drug use and was assumed to be limited predominantly to poultry.
Assumption number two states that the level of risk ascertained in the early 1980s represent the current level of risk in the U.S. population. And this is the risk of acquiring a poultry associated infection. And we modeled this estimate. And we used the literature. And the proportion of cases that could be attributed to exposure to chicken was 48 to 70 percent in the literature.
This wide range was modeled with a uniform distribution to account for the large amount of uncertainty in this parameter. The CDC is currently analyzing a case control study evaluating risk factors for Campylobacteriosis which we expect will provide an update of this estimate and maybe a more precise estimate.
Both assumptions one and two represent data gaps in, you know, precision of estimates and the proportion of human disease attributable to the specific source of infection and then how to determine the level of resistance in specific food-borne sources of infection.
Assumption number three, we had some data for the level of resistance that was observed in broiler chickens. And that data was a sample of only 159 isolates that were collected in a pilot survey. And the collection period was limited from October to December.
The level of resistance in chickens was modeled using the level of resistance in Campylobacter jejuni species alone as there were no data available that were specific to Campylobacter coli.
This may have slightly under-estimated the level of resistance. But because Campylobacter coli represents such a small proportion of human disease, only 2.7 percent in the NARMS isolates in '98, it was unlikely to have much, if any, impact on the overall estimate of the risk.
A prevalence survey is currently being conducted by FSIS that will provide a more robust sample for isolate susceptibility testing in 1999.
The next assumptions have been grouped together because Campylobacter-specific data were not available for the proportion of enteric cases that sought care for either bloody or non-bloody diarrhea for those cases that were requested to submit a stool and did submit a stool for culture for both bloody and non-bloody diarrhea and for the proportion of people that received treatment but never submitted a stool sample.
Rates for these parameters were obtained from population surveys conducted by CDC at FoodNet sites for diarrheal illness or from a survey of physicians that saw patients for diarrheal disease. And I will give one example of the seeking cure assumption.
This assumption states that the rate of seeking cure among people with diarrheal illness is similar to the rate of seeking cure among people with Campylobacteriosis. And then this assumption was divided into two components, one for bloody diarrhea and one for non-bloody diarrhea because the rates of seeking care were expected to be different.
Bloody stools were significant risk factors associated with seeking care in a multi-variate analysis of the population survey data. The rates of seeking cure were obtained from the population survey for persons with diarrheal disease. And diarrheal illness was defined as three or more lose stools within a 24-hour period or diarrhea lasting for more than one day or which resulted in an inability to perform normal activities.
And as a validity check or a cross-check to see if population data could really apply to these parameters for Campylobacteriosis, a comparison of symptoms significant in seeking care for diarrheal illness in Campylobacteriosis was made to determine if this rate was applicable to these Campy rates.
Comparing the groups, a greater proportion of people with culture-confirmed Campylobacter cases were affected by fever and blood in their stool than the people seeking care for diarrheal illness. Therefore, the actual rate of seeking care for Campylobacteriosis may be somewhat under-estimated.
However, because a greater proportion of people with fever and bloody stools would be cultured and possibly enrolled in the case control study, it makes such comparisons somewhat difficult.
Our next assumption was that the incidence rates for culture-confirmed Campylobacter infections in FoodNet catchment are representative of incidence rates for culture-confirmed Campylobacter infections in the United States. We compared demographic characteristics of the FoodNet catchment area population to the U.S. population. And we looked at characteristics available from the U.S. Census Bureau.
And some of those are rural to urban population distribution, age, sex and race. And these characteristics were similar except for fewer Hispanics were represented in the FoodNet catchment area than were in the U.S. population. And we felt that because this comparison of demographic characteristics was so similar between the FoodNet and U.S. populations, that this indicated risk factors for the disease may also be distributed similarly.
And, therefore, rates of disease obtained from FoodNet would be likely to be representative of disease rates in the United States. And the table comparing these demographic characteristics is available in Section 1 of the risk assessment.
Again, we group these assumptions 11 through 13 here because data were not available to describe invasive disease parameters. The invasive disease parameters that we were looking for were the proportion of cases seeking care, the proportion of cases that were requested for and submitted specimens, the sensitivity of culture methods and treatment rates.
Invasive disease is predominantly bloodstream infections and bloodstream culture methods are a fairly good method for isolating Campylobacter. And we felt that probably most of these invasive cases would be detected -- first of all, that they would seek care; that they would be detected through these culture methods; and that they would be treated with an antimicrobial.
Because invasive disease cases represent less than one percent of overall number of cases, we felt that even if we were slightly under-estimating or over-estimating the total number of cases, that it would have very little impact on the overall risk.
Assumption number 14 was the proportion of people not submitting a specimen that received antimicrobials for treatment of diarrheal disease was similar to the proportion of people with Campylobacteriosis that didn't submit a specimen and were treated. We didn't have a data parameter for that from the Campy case control study because all of the cases that were included there were culture-confirmed cases.
So we went to the population survey and looked, again, at diarrheal illness and found that those people who don't submit a stool sample were treated at a rate of around 40 percent compared to the culture-confirmed cases who were treated at a rate of 84 percent.
Assumption number 15 looked at the proportion of people treated with fluoroquinolones. And we used that to -- and it was the same for people with enteric disease and people with invasive Campylobacteriosis and enteric Campylobacteriosis that did not submit a stool for culture.
Again, the treatment rates using fluoroquinolones were obtained from the Campy case controls data. And, again, those were culture-confirmed cases and invasive Campy. And for those people who did not submit a culture, we needed drug use information. And then we assumed that they would be treated at the same rate as other individuals with enteric disease. Okay. Mary.
MS. BARTHOLOMEW: As I alluded to earlier, the second sort of assumption was applied in considering uncertainty distributions. When we didn't know -- when we didn't have perfect knowledge of a population parameter, we would want to estimate the uncertainty that we had about it. It would be in the specific population of interest. But we still needed to show that. We had only a sample out of the total population.
So we had to model the -- we had to model -- make an assumption about the statistical model that would be appropriate for doing so. So, for instance, if we had a proportion like the proportion of people seeking care that we wanted to model, we assumed that that binomial proportion was, in fact, a beta.
If we did not, in fact, have the real proportion, for instance, if the p that we were given -- the estimate for p being the proportion that we were seeking -- was a weighted estimate such as from a population survey, sometimes a population survey is done in such a way that the different areas that are sampled are disproportionate. So then the surveyors will adjust by giving you a weighted proportion.
Given the weighted proportion, we didn't have a numerator. So what we did was we took p* which was the given weighted estimate based on a sample of size n, and then we back calculated and said the success rate for that given p* would be n times p*, or s*, s* being the number of successes, the numerator that we didn't have.
And then we modeled p using that s* as a beta, s* plus one which is the number of successes plus one and the number of failures plus one. That is a kind of standard assumption for modeling binomial proportions.
I will go down a laundry list more or less for the different output variables. When several variables are strung together to create an output, then the output has the product uncertainty. So this was the output that Dr. Vose showed for the total number of Campylobacteriosis cases in the United States for 1998.
And as he mentioned, we should think of this not as the distribution of the number of cases, but as the expected mean. So that the mean could be anywhere from about 0.9 to about, what is it, nine something -- I can't read those numbers from here. But anyway, you can see what they are. And so that is not an estimate --
You can't? Oh, dear. I will tell you. It looks to me like 4.8 is kind of up there in the tail. Anyway, I will tell you the laundry list of the variables that were included. We had to incorporate uncertainty about the proportion of cases with enteric and bloody stools, and the enteric with non-bloody stools or those that had invasive disease in the first place.
Then we had to determine the proportion of each of those types who sought care and the uncertainty distributions about those. We had to develop the proportions of each type who requested -- who were requested and did submit culture specimens and the uncertainty distributions about them and the proportion of cases that were tested who were actually ascertained to be positive by the culturing procedure.
So that this estimate here involves the uncertainties from those four different -- five different sets of proportions.
This is the output variable for Section 3 which ways the fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter infections from chicken that received fluoroquinolone as treatment. And the laundry list of variables of uncertainties -- whose uncertainty distributions had to be included were proportion of Campylobacter due to chicken consumption, proportion of persons seeking care, proportion of those seeking care who receive antibiotic therapy, proportion of those receiving antibiotic therapy who have received fluoroquinolone and the proportion of infection from chicken that are resistant.
And then finally, we have the output variable for Section 4 is the nominal mean total number of people with fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter infection from chicken that we see fluoroquinolone as treatment. And the uncertainty in that variable comes from the prevalence of Campylobacter on chicken carcasses, the prevalence of resistance among Campylobacter isolates in the slaughter plant, the prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter on carcasses and amounts of chicken consumed.
And so naturally the probability distributions that you were shown as the final analysis in Section 5 depend on all of the above. And that pretty much describes how we dealt with model uncertainty. Thank you.
DR. LONG: Okay. These two are ready to take questions. I think they have tried to lay out the assumptions and the uncertainties. And we are interested in what you have to say. Please, if you can line up behind the microphone, that would be great.
MR. : I would like to ask just about a couple of further uncertainties and assumptions that you may be making. The first is that any chicken Campylobacter is the same as the Campylobacter that will cause infection in man. Although there clearly are cases where this thing can be made, I think there are many cases where it can't.
And as I understand, the distribution of Campylobacter in chickens doesn't by any means relate very closely to the distribution in a population from humans. That was the first one. Would you like to make a comment on that?
DR. HOLLINGER: Yes. I think that the Campylobacter on chickens very closely parallels the Campylobacter that we find causing infections in people. We have seen strain typing -- first of all, the list that Dr. Cray offered earlier today, if you look at the species level, the predominate isolate from chickens is Campylobacter jejuni. And you find that isolate in human clinical cases.
And if you want to look at the -- you know, looking at strains within Campylobacter jejuni, you can type strains by many different methods. And when you do strain type by either the biotyping, serotyping, or even using a PCR or some of the other RFLP techniques, you find that very -- there are -- there is a lot of overlap between human, poultry and cattle strains. And that is a recent paper out from Denmark.
And then you find a little different association from the Campylobacter coli. You find similar strains amongst swine, people and chickens. So I would say that the evidence is there. It is available in the literature. And it shows that the strains very closely do overlap between humans and poultry.
MR. : Is the question of the burden of contamination of the chicken carcass something that you are taking an assumption about, that any organism whether present in tens, hundreds or millions is equivalent regardless?
DR. HOLLINGER: We have a table in the risk assessment that shows the burden of contamination. The most probable number in the case of this survey, the FSIS baseline surveys, because they used enrichment procedures. And the burden of Campylobacter on chickens is considerably higher than any other food animal species that was sampled.
MR. : But you nevertheless have to assume that any contamination is equivalent to any other in your -- in the way you take these into account, do you not?
DR. HOLLINGER: David, do you have a --
(Away from microphone.)
DR. VOSE: --- but mathematically, it is looking at a quantity of --- and post-slaughter, just the chiller. And if it is infected with --- Campylobacter, then it doesn't really matter from the point of view of the mathematics what the number of bacteria there are in that sample. Clearly, it does matter when it comes to feeding that to a person because a large amount of bacteria, the more likely they are going to be ill of course.
But if the distribution of the number of bacteria that will be in contaminated carcasses remains constant, then the mathematics of this problem remains constant, too. If the distribution changes so if we were to institute some risk management technique that reduced the load, then we would have to make a change in our model which I think turns out to be a reasonably simple thing to do under a certain --- unlimiting assumption. But it does point at -- it is not necessarily considered a given item
--- how many Campylobacter ---
MR. : My final point is this one to do with the seasonality. As I understand it, the reason for this seasonality is far from clear. But it is very dramatic as we saw this morning. I wonder whether this really does raise a question about our knowledge of the epidemiology of this organism which suggests that maybe we are assuming a simplicity of connection here which maybe turned out to be misplaced in time. Thank you.
MS. BARTHOLOMEW: I think the important thing about that is that we are looking at an annualized rate. And so that if there are peaks and valleys, it is really sort of the annualized rate that we are modeling. And if there are significant shifts in that annualized rate, they will maybe have some peaks and valleys.
But if the peaks and valleys increase the following year, then the annualized rate the following year will also increase.
MR. : There is something odd going on though.
MR. CONDON: Yes, Robert Condon. It may affect your estimates to just that seasonality depending on these case control studies. The question I wanted to address was your estimates of the portion of cases coming from poultry chicken primarily and the case control studies that you used. And the values there are based on the factors they looked at. In the Colorado study, they only looked at it as reading a summary, only two things.
So the fact that you got 70 percent out of that study to me doesn't mean anything. If you only look at pets and poultry, you are going to have a higher proportion due to poultry. The more things you look at, the more possible sources, the less you are going to have from poultry. And that is a limitation on the study and that is a bias that you get in your estimates.
DR. HOLLINGER: Right. And I --
MR. CONDON: And that is something you haven't really -- I haven't seen mentioned here, the bias of these estimates yet.
DR. HOLLINGER: Okay. Well, there are some description of that in the risk assessment text itself. But in the university study, it is not that they only looked at two risks. They certainly looked at more risks.
But because they looked at a subset of the population that did not have certain exposures such as raw milk exposure or had not traveled, I believe that, you know, when you say there are biases, certainly the high level of risk in that population was due to their limited exposures. And I think that the reason that that study was included was because we have a lot of uncertainty in what that actual estimate ought to be, a more precise estimate. And we saw that between -- somewhere between 48 and 70 percent we thought would be an estimate for -- or it would be a broad enough range to include maybe the actual estimate for the general population because the general population is certainly an average set of exposures.
MR. CONDON: Well, but there are a couple of issues. One is the -- you've got a study that in your report here -- and I have only had a chance to look at this briefly -- it says it is not representative. Okay. I think at that point when you are trying to make an inference back to the population, you take that study, you put at the top of it, "Sample not representative", you put it away. You don't worry about it. You don't get confused by trying to use it.
I mean, the best example I can think of as far as a nonrepresentative study is in 1936, a political poll was done for who was going to be President. One hundred thousand people were asked. Roosevelt was going to be overwhelmingly defeated was the results of the poll, not even close.
There was a question about the representativeness of the poll. It was a telephone survey. And if you think back in 1936, a lot of people did not have telephones. A lot of the people who did not have a very high income did not have telephones. So there was a bias in that. And that set polling back 30 years.
DR. HOLLINGER: I would say --
MR. CONDON: And so that is where -- once you say the data is not representative, put it away. Don't even try to use it.
DR. HOLLINGER: Wait. No, no, no. You know --
MR. CONDON: Because it is just going to confuse you.
DR. HOLLINGER: Okay. And what I said was it was representative of certain sub-groups in the population, Bob. And the reason it was included was because we knew that people were eating more chicken than they had in the past. We knew that exposures have probably changed since 1981. And we wanted to show that we had little confidence in one single point estimate. That's why. David, did you have something you wanted to say?
(Away from microphone.)
DR. VOSE: Well, I just wanted to reiterate exactly what you said because --
DR. LONG: Come up to the microphone, please.
DR. VOSE: I wanted to reiterate exactly what Kathy has just said. I think -- we are trying very hard to recognize where we have uncertainty. And I think if we had gone to this one study, if you like, that had one figure, I think that that would have been more of a failure than to have taken some -- two studies that were dissimilar and say, well, hell, it is going to be somewhere in there, probably somewhere between the two.
It is much better from our point of view to recognize that we don't know that very well so that we instigate discussions like this because if we picked one single estimate, it is almost certainly going to be wrong. Actually, where we are right now, we are almost certainly going to be right that it is somewhere in where we are. And maybe we can argue, but later.
But -- and you are quite right. There is going to be a bias in there because we have got that higher prevalence. But this is a work in progress. As Dr. Sundlof said, it is a living document. And if this -- okay. Well, if I put in a single estimate, it wouldn't ever have appeared in that spider plot that you all saw. It wouldn't have appeared there as something that is flagged say, hey, we don't know a lot about that.
Because it is there, we are going to have a discussion. And maybe -- I hope it is because it is a very dominant parameter of the model. I hope that we are -- it is going to instigate some more research that will try to get a better estimate of what those values are. So I still -- from a modeling perspective, I prefer a strategy of modeling if you like. I prefer to put it in.
And you will notice it had a uniform distribution. Now, I don't know if any of you will ever read my book. There must be somebody. No? Oh, Louise, hurray.
Were you to read my book, you would see that I loath the uniform distribution. I hate it a lot. But -- and the only time I ever really use it is to make it stand up and to make people shout about it and say, hang on, that's not fair. You know, we've got to know something a little bit better than that. Hence this discussion.
So don't too much pick up the numbers. But certainly if you have some better data, then -- any of you, then, my goodness, we would be very willing to see it.
MS. BARTHOLOMEW: I can add that we have had this sort of discussion sort of internally about this, that we are not all that pleased with the 70 percent as being representative. But we didn't have other things in black and white. And there are ways, in fact, to incorporate expert opinion. We just didn't know whose expert opinion we wanted to incorporate there I guess.
MR. : Maybe I should sit down then. We agree that this is an important estimate. And it would be nice to know precisely what the proportion of Campylobacter cases in this country are attributed to each food commodity. And it would be nice to know how much is due to poultry and other foods.
I think it is in your range of estimates, the 48 percent to the 70 percent, is entirely defendable based upon the current published data. It has been replicated in the United States in smaller studies. And it has been demonstrated in very recent large case control studies in New Zealand, in Denmark and in the United Kingdom.
And whether you decide to put the -- use the uniform distribution, if you decide to put it at 48 percent or 70 percent, it doesn't -- the outcome is just influenced -- you still have this demonstrable outcome. And os if you want -- prefer to use a more conservative estimate, 48 percent or some people actually want to go lower than that, then you still can decrease the outcome by just as much.
But you still have this demonstrable outcome. So I really don't think it is -- it certainly -- to quibble about where to exactly put that estimate would be to speak against the current literature which has already gone through peer review.
MS. LASKEY: I am Tammy Laskey. I am an Epidemiologist at the Food Safety Inspection Service. And this may be a bit of a digression. But the contradiction of having a large proportion of cases associated with raw milk consumption and then such a low prevalence or exposure to raw milk in the population that one can't study it suggests that the probability of becoming infected given that the bacteria are in the raw milk is different than the probability of becoming infected if the bacteria are in the chicken for whatever reason, either a dose or a virulence or a strain, a reason that we don't know.
But it is a piece of very important information. And I would suggest it needs further exploration. It is very intriguing, as well.
DR. HOLLINGER: Well, I think the level of exposure from raw milk to chicken, the comparison, I mean, the difference is going to be huge. Very few people are drinking raw milk. And since I believe 1987, there was a raw milk interstate ban of sale. So raw milk has generally been associated with outbreaks. And that represents less than maybe one percent of all Campy cases.
So raw milk as far as being significant in this risk assessment is probably not. It is probably very, very small compared to poultry.
MS. LASKEY: Right. But I was saying in terms of understanding Campylobacter infections in general and the contribution by raw milk, it is suggesting something different is happening in the raw milk situation than -- because it is a way disproportionate number of cases. Even though it is small, one percent of the population does not drink raw milk. So finding one percent of the cases there is very strange. And I am just bringing this contradiction up as a point for further study.
DR. HOLLINGER: Thank you.
(Away from microphone.)
DR. VOSE: Kathy, does that have to do with the detection of milk before the infection ---
DR. HOLLINGER: I don't think that really, that if one percent of the population is having -- is an outbreak-associated case, fewer cases are raw milk-associated cases, much smaller number. As far as I think what she was getting at was somewhat about the pathogenesis.
And I think the interesting information that was brought to us from Canada about cross-contamination within the kitchen from poultry sources also is very interesting. So it really may be vehicle dependent. And, you know, the infection or susceptibility to infection may be vehicle dependent.
Certainly, Salmonella has shown that -- in fatty foods, that it is protected in the stomach from acid and then is more likely perhaps to cause an infection. So, yes, that is an area that could have more research done to understand. But, again, because it is such a low number of cases, that is a question apart from this risk assessment. Yes?
MS. MORNER: My name is Ann Morner. I work for Bayer in Europe. And I just wanted to draw your attention to Danish results within the Dane Map Surveillance System in which there is a considerably higher resistance level in Campylobacter isolated from retail products compared to isolates from the carcasses at the slaughterhouse indicating that something is happening.
Then I had a question regarding the -- if you have taken into consideration the number of people at risk, whatever 4,000 to 6,000 people being at risk, how many of these cannot be treated with fluoroquinolones because of their age or because of other factors so that they will not be given the fluoroquinolones as a first time choice.
DR. HOLLINGER: Yes. In response to your first question, the Dane Map and Danish situation, that difference has been demonstrated because of imported products. A lot of the imported foods -- and this was also demonstrated in the U.K. That the imported products has higher levels of resistance than did the domestically produced products. So that is one issue.
And as far as the children who were not treated with fluoroquinolones, we only looked at that actual proportion of people who were treated with fluoroquinolones. So those people who had other treatments or who were not treated were not considered in this risk assessment.
MS. MORNER: Thank you.
DR. KRISHINSKY: My name is Beth Krishinsky. I am with Wompler Foods. I just had a question on the volume of boneless, domestically-reared broiler that is consumed -- broiler products that is consumed in the United States. With the changing trends and consumption patterns from cutting up a whole bird at home to eating pre-prepared breaded, fried fast food products in the general population, fast food restaurants, how do you reconcile the exposure to raw chicken as being a source of Campylobacter infection or cross-contamination when an increasing percentage of chicken that is consumed is already precooked and packaged either in a restaurant or in fast food?
DR. HOLLINGER: What can happen in that circumstance is that they can be preparing the food. But after the food is prepared, they can handle or contaminate it. So food handler education would be very important. And I think that it is -- there is a considerable amount of cross-contamination either in restaurants or at homes. And that handling food isn't the only source of people's infections.
DR. KRISHINSKY: Do you think that your assumption of the volume of poultry that is consumed in the United States should be adjusted for products that are already pre-breaded and sold frozen and only deep fat fried at the restaurant site?
DR. HOLLINGER: David has an answer for that one. Excuse me.
DR. VOSE: You've got a good point. And one could do that. The value of K, this mystical K value, implicitly takes into account what you are saying. There is only a certain number that will go out into the consumer's pathway that still contains Campylobacter. And we don't know what that is. We have never tried to address it.
So there is a proportion, if you like, where you could separate that proportion that is already pre-cooked and never goes near a consumer before all the Campylobacter are dead and then that which are uncooked and received by the consumer.
And if we did that, we would say, well, the volume of meat now is much smaller. But the value of K will be correspondingly higher. It would quite amount to the same thing because we were saying that we now have a fewer number of pounds of potentially contaminateable meat. And yet they are producing this level of infection in humans. So this sort of --
(Away from microphone.)
DR. VOSE: Only if you see the chickens produce infections, well, absolutely right. I mean, of course. But if that is wrong, then, you know, the whole thing is blown out of the water. Yes.
But, absolutely. And I do hope that we make that assumption explicit. If we didn't, then I am making it now. If that is a shock to any of you, I hope not -- okay.
(Away from microphone.)
DR. KRISHINSKY: --- not agree with it.
DR. VOSE: Okay, well, if you don't agree with it, then yes.
DR. LONG: We need to move ahead. We will have one more question and any other comments can be deferred to the public comment section at the end.
MR. BRIAR: Yes, Mike Briar from Alfarma. I am having a little hard time figuring out just how this is going to fit in. But your number one assumption was that all of the resistance came from fluoroquinolone use in poultry. Am I correct about that?
DR. HOLLINGER: That is correct.
MR. BRIAR: And I think it is on page 313, you had a little footnote. And I assume that is based on this 1992 study that showed that there were no human isolates that were fluoroquinolone resistant.
DR. HOLLINGER: Right.
MR. BRIAR: I came across a paper that went from August 22nd, '92 to August 25, '95 which if memory serves me right was just before approval of serafloxicin in poultry from the Medical College of Wisconsin. And they had 12 percent resistance in their isolates as of the point just prior to the approval. I don't know how that figures in with your assumption that --
(Away from microphone.)
MR. : That was --- or that was ---?
MR. BRIAR: It doesn't say, but it is certainly not limited to --
DR. HOLLINGER: Right.
MS. : There is always that --- infections in travelers.
DR. HOLLINGER: We looked at domestically -- yes.
DR. BRIAR: It does not say anything about it.
DR. HOLLINGER: We looked at domestically acquired resistance. And our assumption was that everything was chicken-associated. And we removed the travelers and we removed prior fluoroquinolone use. And for those people who did not know or those cases for whom it wasn't known when they got fluoroquinolone.
As far as any prior fluoroquinolone resistance that was domestically acquired from food-borne sources in the United States, I am not aware of it from the data searches that we have done. But we would be very happy to have that paper and have a look at it and see if it changed --
MR. BRIAR: I don't know how this would figure in. I am just saying that it was rather striking that they did some rather extensive typing and they came up with 40 C. jejuni. And they had 12 percent of them already resistant prior to any use in food animals.
DR. HOLLINGER: We see this --
MR. BRIAR: It looks to me like in your model -- now, I may be wrong. Please correct me if I am. But it looks to me like your model that you would assume that any -- in other words, you are just taking the poultry percentage and applying that to the cases in the --
DR. HOLLINGER: What we did was we removed all the potential sources of resistance that would not be acquired from domestic sources. I believe in Canada also there is a hospital study where they show resistance in people and maybe someone here from Canada can speak up. But they do not use fluoroquinolones in food animals either. But a lot of these infections can be acquired from travelers returning from trips to places where they use fluoroquinolones in food animals.
MR. BRIAR: You know, it doesn't say in the paper, you know, whether that was travel-associated or not. It simply said that they had, you know, the 40 -- actually, there were quite a few more isolates, but 40 C. jejuni. And that was a little bit higher even than what we see from the NARMS data in poultry. That is what struck my --
DR. HOLLINGER: So, you know, this is a call for information. So please, you know, submit it. I would be very happy to look at it. Thank you.


text:
James Cozze assaults girlfriend after letting her back into home following quarrel, police say
A man roughed up his girlfriend after he let her back into their home following a quarrel over her whereabouts, officials said.
James A. Cozze grabbed the woman by her shirt, threw her against a desk and pushed her several times, injuring her forearm and cheek, in their home in the 2900 block of Charlotte Avenue, Palmer Twp., Northampton Co., around 4 p.m. Thursday, officials said.
The couple's 2-year-old son was in the home, officials added.
Cozze had locked the home's doors and windows after getting into an argument over the phone with the woman while she was out running errands, and the woman spent about 10 minutes knocking on the door before Cozze answered and let her in, officials said.
The woman told police she set her phone to record before she went inside because she knew Cozze would be angry, officials said.
Cozze, 30, was charged with assault and harassment and released on $15,000 unsecured bail, according to court documents.
A preliminary hearing is set for 9 a.m. May 3.
Copyright 2013 WFMZ. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Wilson man dead after chase, police-involved shooting
Foul language may stop plans to rename ASD field for Andre Reed
Police: Deaths of 2 men inside car a murder-suicide
Tractor trailer accident stops traffic on Route 422
Deadly shooting shatters quiet at Washington school
Police: Man provides false information about Eric Frein
Thousands of dollars raised for man repeatedly mistaken for Eric Frein
Restaurant owners distraught over plans to condemn property
Family makes plea for help to save their puppy
Did Eric Frein drive away?


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Snootie Wild teams up with Jeremih & Lil Boosie for a remix of "Made Me". Needless to say you gotta check out this track to hear Boosie Bad Azz absolutely snap. After the jump.
Snootie Wild teams up with Jeremih & Lil Boosie for a remix of "Made Me". Needless to say you gotta check out this track to hear Boosie Bad Azz absolutely snap. After the jump.
Think of the Strip Club All Stars in rap music. Got some dollar-sign rap names in your head yet? Ok. Now put them all on the best booty tune of the summer. I present to you "She Twerkin" remix. Rock your fists in the air. Hit your nay nay. It's whatever with this banger. Check the track after the jump.
Read More
Boosie Bad Azz is back in rare form with "She Want Some," slated to be included on his forthcoming project, Touchdown 2 Cause Hell.
Fresh out the pen, Lil Boosie is showing no signs of slowing down anytime soon. Today he blesses us with another new cut, the B-Real-produced "Grade A." Lil Boosie's new album, Touchdown 2 Cause Hell is set to drop July 15. Read More
2 Chainz releases his five-track FreeBase EP, which includes guest spots from A$AP Rocky, Rick Ross, and Lil Boosie as well as some strong production from the likes of Mike WiLL, Metro Boomin, Young Chop, & 808 Mafia.
2 Chainz is gearing up for the release of his five-track FreeBase EP, and today he unveils the cover art and tracklisting for the project.
Boosie sits down with Complex and reveals that he is planning on dropping his next LP on July 15. Read More
Boosie shoots a visual for "Show Da World," his first official release since being discharged from a Louisiana prison.
MMG releases the official tracklisting for third installment in their Self Made compilation series, dropping September 17. Read More


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Backcountry Hunters & Anglers Welcomes Ryan Busse of Kimber Arms as its Newest Board Member
Born and raised on the prairies of western Kansas, Busse began casting a fly rod at the age of 5 and developed a passion forMore
Crimson Trace 1911 Lightguard for Kimber and S&W 1911 Pattern Pistols Available
Crimson Trace today announced the release of their eagerly-anticipated addition to their Lightguard platform for Kimber and S&W 1911 pattern pistols...More
Kimber Solo Carry Handgun Review
Manageable for every hand size and strength, the Kimber Solo appears to be a rugged, well-designed subcompact 9. I think it would make a fineMore
GunBroker.com Helps USA Shooting Team Raise Funds for 2012 Olympic Games
Through Sunday, April 29, GunBroker.com members will be able to bid on a unique Kimber Team Match II .45 ACP and a Zombie-green Zombie MaxMore
Kimber Team Match II 1911 Pistol Review by Mousegunner
This is a really nice, reliable and accurate firearm. For myself, I find it too large for concealed carry. Someone else may find it justMore
Kimber Opposes New York Firearm Microstamping Legislation
In the event microstamping becomes law, it would increase manufacturing costs here in New York and force Kimber to reconsider its current expansion and itMore
Train With Economical .22 LR Ammo In Your Full-Size 1911 Pistol
These easy-to-install .22 rimfire conversion kits from Kimber will let you get even more enjoyment from your 1911 pistol...More
Crimson Trace Announces Partnership with Kimber for Solo Carry Lasergrips
Crimson Trace announces the upcoming availability for instinctively activated Lasergrips for Kimber's new, innovative compact 9mm carry pistol - The Solo...More
Kimber Continues to Support the USA Shooting Team
Kimber Manufacturing's Owner Leslie Edelman and Web & E-Commerce Specialist Alexander Edelman present USA Shooting Team members with a check at the 2011 SHOT Show...More
AzCDL Is Raffling Off Two New Pistols
Arizona Citizens Defense League is raffling only 225 tickets will be sold for each firearm. Tickets are $10 each...More
The Kimber Gun Talk 10mm 1911
As Tom Gresham says, it's a hog-hunting, self-defense, barbeque-going, full-size, sho-nuff, no-bull 10mm 1911 pistol...More
1911 Pistol Refuses To Die
After 99 years of service in the world's darkest places, it is hard to believe that the venerable M1911 pistol has been with us forMore
Arizona Citizens Defense League Gun Raffles – Buy Your Tickets Today
AzCDL is raffling off a Kimber 1911 Gold Match II in .45 ACP caliber...More
Friends of NRA Sells Final Kimber Marias Shotguns
Available through the Friends of NRA sponsor program, the shotguns have raised in excess of $700,000 for the shooting sports...More
Kimber and Glock at SHOT Show 2010
Kimber and Glock at SHOT Show 2010More
Kimber & Elk Foundation to Launch New Rifle in 2010
Kimber & Elk Foundation to Launch New Rifle in 2010 More
Kimber Donates $75,000 to Los Angeles Police Memorial Foundation
Kimber Donates $75,000 to Los Angeles Police Memorial FoundationMore
Kimber Model 8400 Police Tactical Rifle
Kimber Expands Tactical Rifle LineupMore
Kimber Manufacturing Inc. to Present $75,000 Check
Kimber Manufacturing Inc. to Present $75,000 CheckMore


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Word: À plus tard!
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À plus tard! = See you later!
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The lawyer for a man accused of assaulting cricketer Jesse Ryder is looking at getting the charges dropped.
Jonathon Eaton told the Christchurch District Court this morning he's looking to apply for a stay of proceedings as he doubts his client can get a fair trial.
The 37-year-old's facing two charges - one of assault, the other of injuring.
His 20-year-old nephew has this morning pleaded guilty to assaulting Ryder.
Judge John MacDonald agreed with the police and lawyers' arguments that lifting name suppression would risk fair trial rights so that suppression's been extended.
The men will be back in court next month.


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12 large fresh figs
2 oz blue cheese, cut into 12 cubes
2 oz or 6 strips prosciutto, cut lengthwise in half
8 oz Earth & Vine Provisions Tangerine Fig Balsamic Culinary Sauce
Cooking Instructions:
Let blue cheese come to room temperature. Cut figs vertically, not cutting all the way through. Place one cube of blue cheese in each fig and gently close, wrap prosciutto around each fig. Place figs upright on grill at medium/heat until browned and prosciutto is crisp on bottom. Plate and drizzle with Tangerine Fig Balsamic Culinary Sauce. Serves 6
Ann Marie's 414 Oneida St, Minocqua, WI 54548 1.800.706.9993


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The Morning Man is sad to announce his impending death. I've fought the good fight, lived a life of grace, courage and cheer, spread the TML gospel far and wide. But the end is near. The gout attacks are becoming more frequent, one every year or so now, and I have been advised, virtually, that […]
The Morning Line, 11/14
11/14/12 at 9:35am by Paul Daugherty | Comments
The Morning Line, 11/13
11/13/12 at 7:51am by Paul Daugherty | Comments
Top o' the frosty mornin' Mobsters. Can anyone tell me why my knockout roses look as robust now as they did all summer? I've cut a dozen buds in the past week, all blooming like postcards from Valentine's Day. One of life's small gifts, I guess. Speaking of gifts. . . HOPEFULLY, THE MEN WERE […]
The Morning Line, 11/12
11/12/12 at 10:10am by Paul Daugherty | Comments
They do this to you a lot, don't they? The Men, I mean. Maybe you rejoiced yesterday, over a win as good as any the Bengals have produced in a couple years. Right as you were ready to box up your DALTON jersey, they gave you reason to believe. As Westside Nick texted me, in […]
The Morning Line, Mountain Man Edition
11/09/12 at 9:01am by Alex Blumer | Comments
JP Wainscott here, checking in for the last time from the quaint, mountain town of Cumberland, MD. TML historians might recall that I have subbed for Paul in the past….. I think I am an original "Hemingway"…….at least that's what my resume says. While I appreciate Hemmingway's work, there was a point while reading Old […]
The 'We Gotta Do Better' Line
11/08/12 at 2:59pm by Alex Blumer | Comments
Today's guest blogger is Tyler Grote. There are times when it feels like everything in going on your life is somehow intertwined. Last night, I was tuning into some fair and balanced coverage on Fox News. I wanted to see how the Grand Old Party was doing the morning after getting our collective teeth kicked […]
The Morning Line, All-Baseball Edition
11/08/12 at 10:06am by Alex Blumer | Comments
If you still don't believe in Global Warming, you don't live where I do. Ten full days without power of any kind and the day I get it back—a Nor'easter slams my world with 10 inches of snow and trees already battered by Sandy get further weakened last night. This storm arrived almost a month […]
The Buy Bengals Tickets Line,11/7
11/07/12 at 1:48pm by Paul Daugherty | Comments
Nobody bothered to post this in my absence today. On vacation, I still work. Herewith, Mobster Andy Sanchez's take on Being A Good Fan. I disagree entirely. Maybe you don't. Cheers — TML. I'm applying for your vaguely worded call for a Hemingway, so here goes: Buy some Bengals tickets. Buy […]
The Morning Line, Joe Shaw Edition
11/06/12 at 11:30am by Alex Blumer | Comments
Writing about sports on the day of a Presidential Election is like writing about the Clermont County spelling bee the day of the Super Bowl. Sure, there's some drama there but nobody cares about fancy words like "guetapens" except for maybe Dennis Miller and, even then, nobody's gonna let him near the tv booth during […]
The Morning Line, 11/5
11/05/12 at 8:11am by Paul Daugherty | Comments
UPDATED PROGRAMMING NOTE FOR ALL WOULD-BE HEMINGWAYS… The Man is taking off the rest of the week. I can use Hemingways the rest of the week. Maybe you know the drill… email me at email@example.com and dazzle me with brilliance. Thanks… TML is going to feel great about himself today, good post or not, […]
The Morning Line, 'Old Guy' Howard Edition
11/02/12 at 8:03am by Alex Blumer | Comments
Good morning, my fellow Mobsters, from Sycamore Township. When my prose last appeared in this space a year or so ago, I wrote under the pseudonym "Baby Boom Edition" and deliberately played against the crowd. I expressed my allegiance to the heretical St. Louis Cardinals and (around here) the sort-of-envied, sort-of-hated, Ohio State Buckeyes. I […]
About MePaul Daugherty has been an Enquirer sports columnist since 1994 and has been chronicling Cincinnati sports since 1988. He has covered almost every major sporting event in America, as well as five Summer Olympics. Along the way, he has been named one of the country's top-5 sports columnists four times, and Ohio columnist of the year on seven different occasions.
- E-mail Paul
- Follow him on Twitter @EnquirerDoc
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G E Pro Line Deluxe The Lights and Sounds of Christmas
G E Pro Line Deluxe The Lights and Sounds of Christmas
Sold For:
or Sign In to see what it's worth.
Click here to upgrade your account
Sold Date: 11/29/2008
Channel: Online Auction
Source: eBay
Category: Entertainment
G E Pro Line Deluxe Lights and Sounds of Christmas. This model plays 40 songs, has two additional outlets. Low shipping charges, next business day shipping
Song List:
we come a caroling
Amazing grace
It came upon a midnight clear
Jingle bells
Quem pastores
Silent night
Dance of the sugar plum fairy
Good king wenceslas
O tannenbaum
Jolly old st. nicholas10 popular christmas carols:
Jingle Bells
We wish you a merry christmas
Frosty the snowman
Have yourself a merry little christmas
comes santa claus
Let it snow
Santa claus is coming to town
Sleigh ride
Walking in a winter wonderland
I saw three ships10 melodic christmas carols:
God rest ye merry gentlemen
we come a caroling
We wish you a merry christmas
Auld lang syne
Hark the herald angles sing
Jingle bell rock
What child is this
Little drummer bou
Oh little town of bethlehem
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|September 11
In 2012, on this day the publication of Bob Woodward's latest book "The Grand Bargain" described how the president and the House speaker defied Washington odds to establish a spending framework that resolved the Federal Debt Crisis.
Obama and Boehner strike the Grand BargainInstead of causing the outbreak of a partisan fight, the argument over deficit spending entered the ranks of the Republicans. Incredibly, the Boehner-Obama talks had started without the knowledge of House Majority Leader Eric Cantor, and Boehner later acknowledged to the president that Cantor was working against the very deal they were trying to reach. Nevertheless the deal was shephered through in the teeth of intense opposition from the Tea Partiers.
However, they subsequently formed their own caucus, and explored three future possibilties. Either to seek to evict the establishment in the Presidential primaries or failing that form their own party. However the most significant development was the third option, in which the various state Republican parties might run different people for President.
© Today in Alternate History, 2013-. All characters appearing in this work are fictitious. Any resemblance to real persons, living or dead, is purely coincidental.


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Dr. Milton K. Smoot, MD
Family Medicine, Family Care Center
- 200 Hawkins Dr
Iowa City, IA 52242
- 1 Office Location
- Email a Friend
- (319) 384-7222
Dr. Milton K. Smoot has been practicing medicine for 9 years. Dr. Smoot graduated from the Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine in 2005. He practices medicine in Iowa City, IA and specializes in Family Medicine. Dr. Smoot is affiliated with University Of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics. He speaks English and Chinese.
Gender: Male
Years in Practice: 9 Years
Languages Spoken: English, Chinese
Medical School: Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine
Graduation Date: 2005
Hospital Affiliations: University Of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics
Specialties: Family Medicine
©2005-2014 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.
WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. See additional information.


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Last week, I had the joy of joining Dennis Rainey and Bob Lepine on FamilyLife Today to talk about infertility, adoption, orphan care, our story, and Adopted for Life.
The program has sparked a lot of conversation and not a little controversy, particularly about my views on in vitro fertilization (cue the tune to the Johnny Cash version of "I Won't Back Down" here). More than that though, I've heard from hurting infertile couples, waiting adopting families, and previously adopted children all over the country.
Here's the audio for the programs. As you listen to them, be sure to thank God for Rainey, Lepine, and FamilyLife. There's just no other organization out there like this, doing the good things they're doing.
Grappling with Infertility (Day 1 of 3). This is a conversation about our grappling with infertility, what to do if you're infertile, and how churches can minister to hurting people who want babies and can't have them. I talk bluntly here with Dennis and Bob about how infertility can be a spiritually dangerous time.
Embracing Adoption (Day 2 of 3). This is a conversation about how to start thinking about whether God would call you to adopt, and how to get started, if so. It also helps friends and extended family members think about how they can empower adoption and orphan care.
Welcome to the Family (Day 3 of 3). This is a conversation about how we ought to think about moving beyond adoption into "normal" life in the family, including the family of the church.
Have something to say about this article? Leave your comment via Facebook below!
Recently by Russell Moore
- What Martin Luther King Can Teach Us About PreachingTuesday, September 03, 2013
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- Racial Justice and the Godness of GodMonday, July 15, 2013
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The latest labor market data released by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics show mixed trends.
There are 9,400 more jobs in Kentucky in August 2010 compared to August 2009. During the same period, the number of jobs in Ohio increased by 3,100. While this is welcome news, in Ohio and Kentucky, declines in unemployment insurance claims have been too small to indicate the local labor market is near equilibrium. Since January, initial claims in Kentucky have been averaging nearly 4,500 per month, while they total nearly 6,400 per month in Ohio. As a result, while jobs have increased, with the continuing level of initial claims, the unemployment rate remains at double digit levels. With the weak labor market, spending growth is expected to remain modest through the end of this year, including the all-important Christmas retail shopping season.
Posted in: Employment


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Earlier on Thursday morning, images of the NBA All-Star jerseys were leaked and posted all over the internet. To say the images we were a mess is to aggressively understate things as the sleeved jerseys brought back nightmares of the atrocities that were worn by teams during the games that day.
But much to the chagrin of fans around the NBA, adidas has confirmed that the gross jerseys we saw this morning are indeed what will be worn at the All-Star Game this year.
There jerseys were actually supposed to be revealed by adidas at a later date, but because the images that were leaked this morning were legitimate, adidas just pushed the unveiling up to now. While it sort of rains on the parade they might have wanted to throw for the unveiling, they likely saved a lot of time and money by just showing everyone a hi-res photo of the nasty jerseys.
Ugly doesn't begin to describe what seems to be a waste of cloth and polyester and whatever else the jerseys are made out of. Playing the game 'shirts vs. skins' style would have been a better look than wearing these eye sores, but this is what you get when the NBA gets a fetish for sleeved jerseys.
Tags: 2014 NBA All-Star Game


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Aye yo, this blog you'll find stupid texts by yours truely, and anything marvels related. Don't like that? The doors right over there, I mean seriously. Look at it. Damn, thats one fine door.
Who is louder?
Who is more experimental?
Who takes more risks?
Do they fuck or make love?
Lights on or off?
Who is more likely to be caught masturbating?
Who comes first?
Who is better at oral and who prefers it?
Who is more submissive?
Who usually initiates things?
Who is more sensitive?
don't date anyone who doesn't think hawkeye is a valuable member of the avengers
If you don't love Clint Barton don't even talk to me he is like Jesus to me.
I would like to say thanks for following and reblogging my ridiculous texts! (they're not even that funny guys come on) It means so much when I go around and see what people have added, and saying its funny, it just warms my heart! Thank you!
character: hate them | don't really care | like them | LOVE them | THEY ARE MY PRECIOUS
ship with:
general opinions:
So Eric went crazy after being mind controlled by Loki…
And we haven't seen hawkeye since avengers…
What if hawkeye's a little bit loopy at the moment? What if that's why we haven't seen him?
Clint: I don't know why I need to wear pants. Tony doesn't wear pants! I really want a taco, u want a taco? I want a taco.
Natasha; Clint, your scaring the children.
Clint: TASHA IM A FREE MAN! I LIVE IN AMERICA! IM ALOUD TO HAVE A TACO
Steve: preach it brotha


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Paul Harney tees off on the 3rd hole during the 1966 Masters, he finished T-8 with Raymond Floyd.
Jack Nicklaus basks in the glow of his 1972 Masters victory.
Credit: Golf Digest Resource Center
Lanny Wadkins putts during the 1974 Masters.
Arnold Palmer during the 1975 Masters.
A view of the 18th green during the 1960 Masters, won by Arnold Palmer. The cupola of Augusta National's clubhouse is visible in the distance.
Lee Trevino signs autographs at the 1975 Masters. He finished T-10.
Jack Nicklaus plays a bunker shot at the 1975 Masters. Nicklaus would edge Johnny Miller and Tom Weiskopf by one shot for his fifth Masters title.
A view of the 10th fairway during the 1964 Masters.
Sam Snead tees off on No. 18 during the 1974 Masters.
Now & then: Masters honorary starters Arnold Palmer, Gary Player and Jack Nicklaus kicked off the year's first major this morning with ceremonial tee shots. Top: The Big Three in a photo from the early 1960s.
Credits: Golf Digest Resource Center; Donald Miralle for Golf Digest


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How's the build quality?
How good are onscreen menus?
How much and how far can you adjust them?
Did you calibrate it?
What were the results?
Did you calibrate with osm or video drivers?
How uniform is its backlight?
Is it edge-lit led?
Any backlight bleeding?
Is the screen mate or glossy?
Why wouldn't you calibrate it?!That's like buying a sports car but not wanting to properly inflate its tires...--[Sig removed by Administrator: signature can not exceed 20GB]
As I stated before, the out of the box settings were sufficient. I bought the Auria EQ276W for my Wife and she was quite pleased with it out of the box as well. She isnt a graphics artiest, photographer, designer or the like but rather a developer / programmer. She needs good sharp text above all and shes got that and more.Id be more inclined to calibrate my Asus VE276Q, VE278Q VK278Q triple monitor setup because side by side you can see that they could really use it.
Don't know if you had the issue of the Auria not showing the POST screen during boot-up. I upgraded my EVGA GTX 580 to the latest nvidia beta drivers (306) and flashed the FW in it, and I can now see POST no problem.--If we lose this freedom of ours, history will record with the greatest astonishment, those who had the most to lose, did the least to prevent its happening.
Thanks for the heads-up.I haven't really had much of a problem but it's something to keep in mind if I switch the Auria EQ276W to a different system or try using it with a KVM. BTW I have heard that different inputs on this monitor may have a faster response to resolution change but haven't tested firsthand.I'm still thinking about getting another Auria EQ276W monitor. If I do it will probably be some time in October, great stuff these monitors,...
They also seem to have more 21:9 ratio WQHD monitors coming to market at 2560x1080. Not sure the price will be reasonable though:»www.ifa.philips.com/
I prefer 16:10 monitors but I think I'd still like to get my hands on one of these. 2560x1440 is still more vertical resolution than 1920x1200 that I have now.I wish they'd show up at somewhere other than microcenter though. They don't ship to Canada.
Microcenter seems to be out of the AURIA EQ276W in all locations near me (NY Yonkers, NJ Paterson and NY Long Island). I hope they get some more in stock because I was thinking about getting another in October.I was thinking either a GTX660, iPhone or AURIA EQ276W,...
They had a giant stack of them at the Northern VA store (Fairfax) if you feel like a road trip. I'll buy beers!
Interesting,......Online they are claiming the Northern VA store (Fairfax) store is out of stock. Wonder what is up with that,.....?
Check Rockville, MD.
"Microcenter web store" seems to let you add to cart,....
Anandtech has a review up of the Nixeus NX-VUE27 which they are claiming is or was $500 at the time of writing. Presumably it started at $430 but went up.»www.anandtech.com/show/6286/nixe···e-massesIll reiterate that the Nixeus NX-VUE27 seems to be the exact same monitor as the Auria EQ276W with the only exception being the stand, which, allows for height adjustment and rotation (portrait / landscape orientation). Neither of which is worth a ~$30 to ~$100 markup from the Auria EQ276W ~$399.99 price (for my use case) IMO. If I wanted a better monitor mount I could buy one probably as low as ~$25 USD.