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Five went mad at the Ian Thorpe Aquatic Centre! I hadn't taken all the children there before and was interested to see what the older boys would think. I took my four plus one random friend for … [Read more...]
Sydney School Holidays Day 28/47- Long Reef Beach
This is such a cool idea, a weatherproof book showing lots of sea creatures. It's at Long Reef beach, see map below. Long Reef Aquatic Reserve is here, one of only 12 aquatic reserves around … [Read more...]
Sydney Aquarium, Darling Harbour – Sydney's Best Animal Encounters
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Does Saving These Fixtures for a Future Reno Make Sense?
Good Questions
Q: Hello! I just purchased my first home, a brownstone in Brooklyn, and I came into the situation knowing full well that it was a fixer upper and that a lot had to be changed. There is no bathroom on the master bedroom floor, and I wanted to add a story on top of the back addition to create a bigger space for my bathroom, and then of course add plumbing to the space. Long story short, this will probably happen in the springtime or maybe even next fall, but I have started to collect fixtures for the bathroom — salvaged and inexpensive ones that I can not pass up.
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22 Comments
If you like your purchases and you can scrape the rust off the tub without jeopardizing structural integrity, keep them.
If your architectural plans are not approved and contractor selected by next spring, get rid of them.
I've done the same thing, so I certainly hope it's not hoarding! I'm a believer that if you find the right piece at the right price, jump on it and save it until you're ready to use it... within reason, of course. We bought our house and moved in 2 1/2 years ago, and I've still got a pedestal sink stored in the garage that hasn't been installed yet.
Difference between a hoarder and a project saver is a deadline. Don't keep anything you're not immediately ready to use, or give yourself a deadline by which to use or re-sell them, and stick to it.
As long as you only have ONE bathtub/sink plan/anything at a time, I say go for it! At the point that you start collecting tubs "just in case" you change your mind about the other, you had better stop. I agree that if your plans have not been accepted in a reasonable time period, it is time to give up the dream...
In a word, no. Remember the article recently about storage bins. Don't buy the things to put in the place until you've cleared out your space and have a place to put them. You don't know what you really need or what will work until you have the space to use it in.
I might be worried about what kind of plumbing work might be needed to fit your finds in. Plumbing is expensive, and if you have to do extra work to make refurbished pieces fit (i.e. sometimes the holes for faucets and fixtures create refitting issues) than it may or may not be a cost savings. I would ask a Plumber first.
I think if you are worried about being a hoarder, you are not a hoarder. :-)
If it turns out then you use some of the fixtures next year--then great. If not, you can salvage or sell the ones you don't use or want. If you didn't have a project and a timeframe in mind for their use, I would tell you to get rid of the stuff, but since you are planning to do the bathroom next year, I don't see the harm in planning ahead a bit.
I currently have a pedestal sink in my living room awaiting my bathroom renovation. I got it for practically nothing at Build It Green and it was exactly what I was looking for, so to me worth the slight inconvenience.
I would be careful with the older pieces you have, especially removing the paint. Many of the older fixtures contain lead and old paint certainly does.
I think if you can stop right here and not add more tubs and sinks etc. and have a timeline, then keep them.
But about the tub - if the porcelain has chipped and there's rust around the drain hole it may not be worth keeping. As I understand it, this makes an old tub un-useable. Although, check it out, I'm not an expert.
Collecting items to be used in a future renovation is not unwise. However it is important that you have some concrete ideas of the space dimensions/floorplan and item/fixture locations, with a good understanding of your potential needs before purchasing anything. Storing even cheap items can get expensive over time, especially if your dream items begin impinging on your normal storage. Many a storage facility is crammed with items intended to be used in projects but never were.
Your mention that a floor addition to your home will be needed in order to accommodate your expanded bathroom is an important issue. Before acquiring any further items for the space I strongly suggest you seek the advice of an architect, experienced local contractor, and the city's zoning code. Adding an addition to the top of an existing building or existing building addition can pose numerous important problems such as structural, plumbing, electrical, foundation, zoning, historic preservation rules, design aesthetic etc. and expose major hidden problems in your fixer-upper home. Know as much as possible about what you're getting into before spending money. even what appears to be a little money.
Just set a use or sell by deadline and then you are fine.
We did the same thing, only we kept them in the basement, or the bathroom to be reno'ed.
It's a very wise thing to do -- find all the pieces ahead of time, and have them at the ready. That way, when you are actually reno'ing you will have the pieces ready and waiting and won't have to compromise on what you want because you can't find it or get it in time when you need it.
My advice would be to think it through the entire process -- sand off the rust and paint the exterior of the tub, get the claw feet and have them done to match, and hunt around through architectural salvage places for your taps and other bits and pieces.
When we worked on our bathrooms in our first house, we dealt with wonderful vintage architectural brass dealers, and had stunning vintage taps, handrails and so forth.
But even if you want to combine them with modern pieces, get them NOW. Because if it is anything special, it may take a while to come in, and if you leave it to the end, you may have no budget left. And taps really make a difference!
Just don't take years to get this project off the ground -- only do this if it is a matter of months. If it is longer than a few months, you won't be able to live a normal life in your home with all that stuff around.
I've done this. In my case, the taps on the sink I salvaged aren't the greatest, the hot water tap leaks so I just turned it off rather than go through the hassle of replacing it now. It'll happen, just not yet.
My advice would be to find pieces you really love and save them for your reno. Just be realistic while you're salvaging, and don't buy 3 sinks for 1 spot.
Hee, I've got the same sink in my basement too - waiting for a cottage that may never materialize. A tip for the sink with separate faucets - use one hole for a single-handled faucet, and the other for a soap dispenser (or toothbrush holder, vase, etc).
I have that same sink in my bathroom (original to the house) and I would never get rid of it, I love it! I never understand why people get new fixtures when the old ones are so far superior in every way. And who cares if anyone thinks you are a hoarder, why in the world would you care about that? Buy things that speak to you whenever you see them available (you don't find great stuff every day!) - as long as you are fine with keeping them around for a while and have a purpose in mind, keep them for as long as you need to. Do not feel rushed to get them installed just because someone else has an opinion about it! Think for yourself and do what YOU think is best - you can always sell them later if you change your mind. Happy to see someone valuing old fixtures as much as you do!
@Franscis Fusilli, one reason some of us prefer new fixtures (you did say you "never understand") is because we hate the old ones, regardless of how "well made" they are. (I don't agree about that "well made" business when it comes to porcelain bathroom fixtures, by the way. New sinks are pretty much the same construction as old ones. Metal bathtubs are heavier but I'm not convinced they are "better".) Also, things with working parts do wear out, and newer is more likely to still function. Finally, chipped porcelain on any old fixtures requires repair and effort some of us don't think it worth the trouble... Not to try to say your choices are wrong, because they are, like all design choices, personal and appropriate for you.
I do agree that if you LOVE something and can get it ahead of time at a bargain price, more power to you. On the other hand, if you are JUST trying to save money and you don't love the old stuff, I'd get rid of it, free up the storage space, and watch for a clearance sale on something you do love. (I got all new appliances for my old kitchen that way. Saved literally thousands and got better quality than otherwise, too.)
How heavy is that old tub? Are you going to need a specially reinforced floor to use it as a bathtub?
I think it is fine...no--AWESOME to amass things for a special project. But you've got a to be careful and realistic about 'cheap'. A $70 tub that requires $1000 of rework and $1000 in custom faucet/fixtures isn't much of a bargain. Same goes for the 2-tap sink...I love the look but blending water temp kind of blows...IMHO. If you really love them...get all the architectural plans done with them incorporated/accommodated before you pump money into refinishing. And get multiple quotes/references on the refinishing...as once they are in place--you'd better be very happy with them!
Thank you for all of your advice, you have been very helpful! I am not adding a story to my home to make this bathroom possible, I have a back small mudroom type thing that was added to the house a long time ago, we were going to tear that down and create another back addition that would go one story higher. I have been shopping around for a good licensed contractor, but if you can recommend any in the NYC area who do a good job, please tell. The tub is in perfect condition on the inside save for some slight stains (no rust) and came with fixtures, also we will just sand the outside (with our masks on) and repaint it. I love the look of old fixtures and am excited to design my own bathroom! Thank you, and wish me luck!
Julian, I have an awesome contractor. We used them when we had to essentially remove and rebuild the back wall of our building. A few people use him for other projects during that time. I am using him for my gut renovation and they just finshied asinilar project for another apartment in our building.
They are not the cheapest we looked at, but their work is great and they pay attention to the details. For 3 months they were in and out of my apartment and if it weren't for the fact they leave the toilet seat up, I wouldn't have known they were there. They were particularly careful to make sure my cats didn't escape and learnt all their hiding places when they did the cat headcount everyday. I've had them back for a few smaller jobs and I just leave them keys.
They do everything and have full-time team of plumbers, electricians etc. The guy to contact is Fausto and his email is faulil930 () gmail
You can say you got his details from Clare
ps he rolled his eyes when he saw the sink in my living room and said I would NEVER find the matching toilet (he knows how particular I am about those things), but I did!
@SHERRYBINNH when I say the old fixtures are superior I mean they are beautiful and appropriate to the era of the house, I never said they are more well made than new fixtures. I agree with you that they can be a bit of a challenge when old parts go bad, but if you appreciate the style of original old fixtures they are completely worth the effort to restore. Obviously, if you don't like the style there would be no reason for you to hunt down old fixtures and keep them lying around, but I don't think that is where Julian is coming from - he appreciates the beautiful old home he bought and also appreciates the beautiful old period fixtures. I think Julian has great taste and I can completely relate to wanting to keep with fixtures that go with the period of your house - but that is just my humble opinion. ;)
As long as you have a timeline and budget set, go ahead and start collecting the supplies/fixtures you need. But stick to that timeline. If next November comes and goes and your bathroom fixtures are still not in the bathroom, sell them, or donate them to your local Habitat for Humanity resale shop. (That's also a good place for you to pick up remodeling supplies you still need for cheap!) My family had a kitchen sink that was saved "because someone could use it". It lived under the porch for 20+ years.
Bottom line, if you need it, and have an immediate use for it, buy it. If not, let it go.


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Rep. Michele Bachmann Hearts Bush
By SilentPatriot January 23, 2007 6:20 pm -
Congresswoman Michele Bachmann (R-MN) just couldn't keep her hands off President Bush last night. [media id=171] [media id=172] From ABC 5 Minn
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Some retarded damn f***** who killed his mother when he is born. Even as male, he goes through a female's period during puberty and has fish sperm. He is also a total shut-in and what's to be a janitor at Chuckey Cheeses. He also somehow developed a boob, but only one. And it is currently green and infected. Gets drunk off the internet. Thinks he has the almighty Basilikos Axe, though it is just a 2X4 with a nail in it.
There is only one DtB.
by I am me be afraid July 02, 2004
Acronym for "Dios Te Bendiga" or God Bless You in spanish
Used mainly by internet users
Used mainly by internet users
Feliz cumpleaños amigo DTB
by Arielrock1 March 07, 2011
down to burn
Sam: "Who's dtb?"
Sarah: "Link me up."
Sarah: "Link me up."
by thenamessarah October 06, 2013
Death to band sluts!
Tweeted by Michael Bohn from Woe, Is Me.
Tweeted by Michael Bohn from Woe, Is Me.
Band guy 1: That crazy blonde chick tried to break into our tour bus!
Band guy 2: Wtf, DTBS
Band guy 2: Wtf, DTBS
by deathtobandsluts July 28, 2011
Down To Bro.
Tommy: "Dude your always slammin your chick. You're never D.T.B. anymore bro!"
Steve: "Bro, I get off at 5 and I don't have shit to do. I'm so D.T.B."
Steve: "Bro, I get off at 5 and I don't have shit to do. I'm so D.T.B."
by Buffalo Bro January 24, 2010


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5:14 am
@Vnqshr: well, you WERE first to respond to my topic lol. And about the card, I believe Tosh wull try to get a regional card for te winner of that in case someone from outside the US wins it, but that's something Tosh would need to clarify.
@Yaminoshuyen: yeah we did it this way to try to weed out any double profilers and cheaters, but since there isn't a HUGE amount of entries, chances are definitely better.
9:15 am
9:47 am
We'll figure something out if the winner of the US PSN card can't use it.
10:29 am
Too bad you can't gift games on PSN as you can on the Wii Shop Channel. You would just have to change each others country to USA for the gift to be allowed. Now that I think about it, does Emrah own a Wii? That could be a way to get him the $20 since you can gift him two $10 games (Lostwinds and Nyxquest being great options, or even both Lostwinds games).
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text:
Internal Medicine Physicians in Orinda, CAContact Dr. Bachwani
The office of Dr. Jyothi Bachwani at 12 Camino Encinas in Orinda, California is part of Berkely Orinda Women's Health, which may also be known as Honegger, Marilyn M MD. A calculated estimate shows that the 6,122 sq. ft. office for this private company employs a staff of approximately 15 people. Berkely Orinda Women's Health's parent company employs 15 total people. The office has approximate revenues of $1,500,000 and Dr John Girard MD is the President.
Dr. Jyothi Bachwani has been compared 15 times. Details of Dr. Bachwani's practice are available on your free doctor report.
Are you Dr. Jyothi Bachwani?
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text:
8 Rare Gadgets Everyone and Their Mother Should Know About
Nintendo Reveals a New, Lightweight 3DS
5 Words: Ninja Turtle Nintendo Party Bus
A Group of Hackers Is Out to Get PlayStation and Xbox Live in a Big Way
Swing Copters Is the Flappy Bird Sequel You've Been Waiting For
Nintendo Responds to Petition to Create a Robin Williams Character
Robin Williams Will Live On as a Character in World of Warcraft
Lara Croft and Tomb Raider Are Back — but For One Gaming Console Only
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle NES Is Your Childhood Dream Come True
Pregnant? Announce It the Geeky Way!
A Tiny Space Gets Turned Into a Geek Paradise
The 20 Stages of Playing The Kim Kardashian Video Game


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RB – Giovani Bernard
The Chargers defense is not good in several categories, they are allowing 6.41 yards per play, which is good for a ranking of 32 out of 32 teams. In PPR leagues Bernard is a sure start almost every week, and over the last three weeks he ranks third on the team in targets with 17. Even if you are not in a PPR league Bernard will be very hard to sit this week. Start Gio as a RB2 in 10 team and all PPR leagues.
RB – BenJarvus Green-Ellis
We could see 3.4 yards and a cloud of dust with regularity this week and BJGE should be a good bet for 15 carries if all goes well. However he offers nothing in the passing game or as a TD vulture and should probably stay on the wavier or bench because Gio is going to see a high volume as well. Start only as a RB3.
Tags: A.J. Green AJ Green Bengals Fantasy Football Options To Roll With In Week 13 Cincinnati Bengals Giovani Bernard NFL


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People: Reader's Choice
Best Music Store (Instruments, Gear, Repairs)
Published: April 23, 2014
1. Robot Monster Guitars
517 E Woodlawn, (210) 320-1710, robotmonsterguitars.com
Robot Monster Guitars is as much a museum as it is a store. The mind-bending mixture of vintage guitars and rock 'n' roll attitude presents an amazing array of hard-to-find guitars as well as basses, amps and other instruments. The staff, comprised of avid musicians and collectors, is always looking for that next trade or purchase. The folks at Robot can also do repairs—they'll have your old Fender shredding again in no time.
2. Alamo Music Center
425 N Main, (210) 224-1010, alamomusic.com
3. Redbone Guitar Boutique
255 E Basse, #1085, redboneguitar.com
What makes them so special? Comment below.
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Comments in violation of the rules will be denied, and repeat violators will be banned. Please help police the community by flagging offensive comments for our moderators to review. By posting a comment, you agree to our full terms and conditions. Click here to read terms and conditions.


text:
I switched to Lightyear Wireless (s) Service and have saved thousands compared to what I was paying with my previous company. I can talk all I want, text all I want and use data all I want for only $59.99 per month!
We switched to Lightyear Wireless (s) Service and have saved thousands compared to what we paid with our previous company. We both have unlimited talk, text and web on very nice Smartphones we bought from Lightyear Wireless. We were paying only $109.99 for two unlimited plans and now that we referred a few friends, our service is FREE!
We love our FREE service with Lightyear Wireless (s) Service! We use our Smartphones to talk, text, surf the web, use navigation, find the closest restaurants, gas stations, ATMs and our Smartphones have replaced our Camera and Camcorder. Lightyear Wireless Service has it all!
The challenge in today's world of Network Marketing is that thousands of companies are out there offering products people simply don't need. Their reps are sick and tired of having to sell people on a product they don't want and can't use. In total contrast Lightyear gives you a product that makes perfect common-sense. We simply tell people how to save money using it and make money doing it. Then we show them how to own a business and create passive income by helping others do the same. It truly is a no-brainer concept!


text:
Related Photo Galleries
Bennett completely CNC-ports the chambers and the intake and exhaust runners. The exhaust side is specifically designed for a turbo motor, with smaller port dimensions to accommodate different header primary tube sizes and to keep flow velocity up.
© Hotrod.com
TEN: The Enthusiast Network
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text:
It pains me deeply to say this, but if the York family can't get their act together on a new stadium locally, they will most likely move the franchise to Los Angeles. The NFL has obviously wanted a football team back in LA since the Raiders & Rams moved over a decade ago, and a failing franchise owned by the Yorks would make the most sense.
I hate the thought of this but allowing the team to move, would allow a power owner (I.E. Larry Ellison) to buy into the NFL as an expansion team in a manner similar to the current Cleveland Browns. With Bryant Young's retirement, the existing 49er team has very few ties to the lore and history of the 49er teams of yore. Allowing a fresh start, with an Ellison run organization would help the fan base regain the faith that the Yorks have exploited since Eddie DeBartolo was forced out in the late 90's.
With the Yorks using the prospect of a Santa Clara stadium as leverage againt San Francisco, they have pried a great deal of federal money devoted to cleaning up the former naval land at the prospective new stadium location at Hunter's Point , and if the Yorks were allowed to leave, even more money would be poured into the area in hopes of landing an Olympic bid in the future. This would mean the infrastructure that is needed (public transit, freeway access, etc.) could be built and make it a more enticing area for developers, and maybe even a new arena so the Golden State Warriors could return to their former San Francisco home.
This may be a painful thought to stomach, and in the short run frustrating and hurtful to 49er fans; but the NFL is a organization that claims to have vision, and their vision could right the wrongs committed by the current 49er ownership. Long live the San Francisco 49ers, and good riddance the Youngstown mafia and their strong arming the 49er faithful.


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#FirstLadyOnTheScene: Cee-Lo Green Is Set To Do A TV Project Based On His Life
Originally posted on 106.7 WTLC:
NBC has green-lit Emerald Productions' head honcho Cee Lo Green to develop a family sitcom.
Green will develop, produce and star in his own scripted and unscripted projects; and is said to be working on a multi-camera comedy loosely based on his own life, showing his troubles balancing his home life and career as a producer and recording artist.
Follow Me On Twitter & Instagram @ILOVEFIRSTLADY and on Facebook.com/ILOVEFIRSTLADY2
Posted on September 15, 2012, in Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment.


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What does STFM mean in Professional Organizations?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand STFM in the Business field in general and in the Professional Organizations terminology in particular.
Society of Teachers of Family Medicine
Find a translation for STFM in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this STFM abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"STFM." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 20 Oct. 2014. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/1446566>.
Nearby & related abbreviations:
Alternative search:
- Search Society of Teachers of Family Medicine on Amazon.com
- Search Society of Teachers of Family Medicine on Google


text:
Jonathan Soh
Contact Information
Office: (707) 935-2503
Fax: (707) 935-1784
Email this Agent
25 East Napa Street
Sonoma, CA 95476
Jonathan Soh has been a licensed real estate broker since moving to Sonoma County in 1994. He has a breadth of experience in residential, commercial and agricultural real estate, focusing not only on the Sonoma Valley market, but servicing the Hwy 101 corridor in both Marin and Sonoma Counties. His clients include homebuyers, business owners and investors. He is always eager to think outside the box when it comes to finding solutions.
Jonathan has previously held the position of Senior Loan Officer for Glendale Federal Bank, servicing real estate loans for offices in Sonoma, Santa Rosa and Sebastopol. He has also worked in sales and marketing in the IT industry. He is a graduate of the University of Colorado, Boulder and holds an MBA from the Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota.
Jonathan was raised in Kailua on the island of Oahu in Hawaii. He currently resides in Santa Rosa, CA.


text:
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The AnyRoom® DVR from XFINITY lets you control each TV in your Orrs Island home.
XFINITY Internet packages from Comcast offer download speeds up to 105 Mbps in Orrs Island. That's 15 times faster than the U.S. national average of 6.7 Mbps.
XFINITY Bundles are another great way to save some money each month by paying one provider for all of your telecommunications costs. Join the 72% of other Orrs Island residents who already bundle their TV, Internet, and/or phone into one bill.
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XFINITY customers in Orrs Island, ME are part of the majority of Americans who watch 35 hours of television per week. Like new movies? Love the classics? Get the best movies with XFINITY TV specials. If you're a sports fan, you'll get the most live sports and local Orrs Island channels with XFINITY.
XFINITY allows Orrs Island residents to enjoy everything that TV has to offer. Choose from multiple affordable packages, which include digital cable channels, DVR options, and On Demand options. It's the perfect choice. Call today to find out what XFINITY TV can give you.
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xfinity is available in your area.
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text:
Byon November 2, 2011
No, not dessert. It could be a friend's gathering or, of course, the soon-to-be-all-too-real holiday party, the one where gift-giving is not only a requirement, but it has to compete against endless other gifts, some more well-conceived than others. But if they're the kind of dinner host who takes pride in dinner itself passing on great food and drink to the ones they care about then the best gift is something to help them do exactly that. Our own Elizabeth Gunnison and Leslie Pariseau put together this list of somewhat surprising but thoroughly useful tools to round out a home kitchen and bar this year. Like a pressure cooker (it's way cooler than it sounds). Plus: the dishes and drinks they'll want to make with them. You know, just so you have something to write on the card.
Follow Eat Like A Man Blog on RSS and on Twitter at @ESQFood.
This is a food blog for everyone, not just men. Even if you're not a man or you don't eat like one, we welcome you. It's just that there are foods that men love and there are ways that men eat that are just different, and we celebrate that. Every day, you'll find a mix of ideas, interviews, opinions, wisdom, tips, news, and recipes. For everybody. Especially men. And, very often, a drink.
What To Read Next


text:
Food Safety Classes
Quality Control Workshop (GMP)
This workshop will provide the necessary training to insure solid, basic understanding of current good manufacturing practices as a prerequisite for a successful HACCP program. The workshop will cover topics such as sanitation operating procedures, product identification & traceability, preventive maintenance and education & training of employees.
HACCP Workshop
HAACP is an internationally recognized food safety system. This course will provide training to develop and implement a HACCP system. The course will focus on dairy and juice. Participants will receive help designing a plan for their company.
Advanced Sanitation Workshop
This is an in-depth advanced training program for individuals having responsibilities for sanitation and quality control practices in food and dairy plants. The objective is to provide the individual with advanced skills regarding the properties of cleaning and sanitation.
Employee "Train-the-Trainer" Food Safety Workshop
This workshop is designed to provide the attendee with insight into how employees are key to the success of any food safety and quality program. It applies food science, behavioral science, and organizational culture to focus on both the process and the person performing the process.
Statistical Process Control Workshop (SPC)
Statistical process control is a tool used to control quality and improve business success. During this course, participants will learn about the history of SPC, variation, control charts, run charts and a variety of statistical tools. Using real life examples participants will have a broad, basic understanding of the SPC tools used in the business world.
Safe Quality Foods Workshop (SQF)
The workshop is designed to meet the training and certification requirements established by SQFI for Certified Practitioners. Successful completion of this workshop will provide participants with a certificate attesting to their knowledge of the SQF 2000 Code and will help companies to meet all SQF supplier training requirements evaluated during SQF-based third-party audits.
Registration Form
Click here to view or download a PDF version of the registration form.


text:
A modem for coupling a data terminal or other apparatus to a telephone line and deriving its operating power for both transmitting and receiving operation from the telephone line, and providing electrical isolation between the telephone line and the data terminal. The modem is switchable to provide orginate or answer operation in either of two operating frequency bands.
1. A telephone modem comprising:
a modem transmitter subsystem operative in response to data from a source to provide modulated data signals to the telephone line;
a modem receiver subsystem operative to provide data signals derived from signals received on the telephone line including a filter selectively providing in response to a mode control signal, a band-pass characteristic in one of two operating frequency bands and selectively providing in response to said mode control signal, a band-rejection characteristic in the other of the two operating frequency bands wherein the selected band-pass characteristic includes a range of frequencies exclusive of the band-rejection characteristic range of frequencies; and
control means operative to select either of two frequency bands for transmission and reception and for providing the mode control signal,
wherein said receiver subsystem filter comprises a switchable feedback network band-pass filter providing in response to said mode control signal, a predetermined band-pass characteristic having at least one relative signal amplitude peak in the one of two frequency bands of interest, and a simultaneous band rejected characteristic having at least one relative signal amplitude notch in the other of two frequency bands of interest,
wherein the filter circuit feedback network includes switch means which alter the feedback network topology to provide the selection of band-pass and band-reject characteristic from among the particular frequency bands of interest.
2. The modem of claim 1 wherein said filter includes a multi-stage active band pass/band reject filter.
3. The modem of claim 2 wherein the switch means includes low power electronic switches operative to provide selection of the intended filter characteristics of each operating band, the switch on resistance having no material effect on the filter characteristics.
4. The modem of claim 3 wherein said switches are CMOS switches.
5. The modem of claim 2 wherein said filter is a stagger tuned active filter.
6. The modem of claim 1 wherein said frequency bands are centered at about 1200 Hz and 2200 Hz respectively.
7. The modem of claim 1 wherein said receiver subsystem includes:
a frequency discriminator operative to provide a digital signal having a duty cycle representing the frequency of the signal from the switchable filter;
a data filter operative to provide an output voltage which is directly proportional to the frequency of the received signal; and
output means operative to provide one of more output signals of predetermined form.
8. The modem of claim 7 wherein said output means includes:
a data buffer operative to provide an output TTY data signal.
9. The modem of claim 8 wherein said output means includes:
an RS232 output interface operative to provide RS232 data signals and a carrier detect signal.
10. The modem of claim 7 wherein said output means includes:
a data buffer operative to provide an output TTY data signal and operative to provide a control signal representative of the mark or space state of the received data;
an RS232 output interface operative in response to the control signal from the data buffer to provide RS232 data signals and a carrier detect signal;
the data buffer including electro-optical isolators for electrically isolating the modem and utilization apparatus;
a carrier detector operative in response to a signal from the frequency discriminator to provide an output signal representative of valid carrier presence or absence; and
DC to DC converter means enabled in response to a signal from the carrier detector representing valid carrier presence and operative to provide the minimum power to the RS232 output interface necessary to ensure that the interface output signals are of sufficient signal level.
11. The modem of claim 10 wherein the DC to DC converter means includes:
means for providing an unbalanced square wave signal;
a transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding;
electronic switching means coupling the unbalanced square wave signal to the primary winding; and
a rectifier circuit connected to the secondary winding and providing an unbalanced voltage output.
12. The modem of claim 10 wherein said transmitter subsystem includes:
a transmitter operative to provide data to the telephone line for transmission to a receiving site;
a modulator operative to modulate the transmitter carrier; and
timing means including a crystal oscillator and providing clock signals to the transmitter and modulator.
13. The modem of claim 12 wherein said transmitter subsystem includes:
a data buffer having electro-optical isolators by which TTY and RS232 data signals are coupled to the modulator.
14. The modem of claim 1 wherein the total power consumption of said modem circuits is less than 160 milliwatts.
15. The telephone modem of claim 1, further including:
a first circuit for coupling to a telephone line and operative wholly in response to telephone line power to provide operating power for all modem circuits.
16. The telephone modem of claim 1, further including:
means operative in response to the mode control signal to provide a signal to said transmitter subsystem for selection of the intended transmission band, and a signal to said receiver subsystem for selection of an intended reception band.
17. A telephone line powered modem comprising:
a first circuit for coupling to a telephone line and operative wholly in response to telephone line power for all modem circuits;
a modem transmitter subsystem powered by the first circuit and operative in response to data from a source to provide modulated data signals to the telephone line;
a modem receiver subsystem powered by the first circuit and operative to provide data signals derived from signals received on the telephone line, including a switchable band-pass filter providing in response to a mode control signal, a predetermined band-pass characteristic in one and simultaneously a band-reject characteristic exhibits a notch in the other of two respective different operating bands, the selection of which bands are occupied by the band-pass and band-reject characteristics is made by selectable feed-back paths within said switchable band-pass filter; and
control means powered by the first circuit and operative to select either of two operating frequency bands for transmission and reception.
18. For use in a telephone line powered modem which includes a receiver operative to provide data signals derived from signals received on a telephone line, and a transmitter operative in response to data from a source to provide modulated data signals for transmission on the telephone line, a switchable filter operative wholly in response to telephone line power and comprising:
at least one active filter comprising a feedback network which includes solid state low power switch means;
in a first switch mode the filter exhibits a band-pass characteristic in one band of frequencies and a band-reject characteristic in another band of frequencies;
in a second switch mode the filter exhibits the band-pass characteristic in the other band of frequencies and the band-reject characteristic in the one band of frequencies;
wherein the band-reject characteristic exhibits a notch.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 203,111, filed Nov. 3, 1980, now abandoned.
This invention relates to data modems for coupling data to and from a telephone line, and more particularly to a modem which derives its operating power from the telephone line.
For data transmission on a standard voice grade telephone line a modem is employed which is operative to modulate data in a form suitable for transmission along the telephone line, and to demodulate data received from the telephone line to reproduce the data transmitted from a remote site. The modem requires a power supply for energizing its electronic circuits and this power supply is usually operative from an AC power outlet or a battery source.
In many instances an AC power source is not conveniently available, and, in the case of a battery source, the modem may be at a location where battery monitoring or replacement is inconvenient. In addition, the power supply adds to the expense and size of a modem. It would be advantageous to provide power for operation of the modem circuits from the telephone line itself to thereby dispense with the need for any separate modem power supply or access to a separate power source.
A modem is disclosed in copending application of O. Leon Pierce, Mark C. Smith, and R. Byron Driver, entitled Line Powered Modem, Ser. No. 203,108 filed Nov. 3, 1980 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,395,590 and assigned to the same assignee as this invention, in which the entire operating power for the modem circuits is derived from the available telephone line power.
In accordance with the present invention, a modem is provided which derives its entire operating power from the available telephone line power in a manner similar to that described in the aforesaid copending application, and which is selectably operable in originate or answer modes for transmission or reception in either of two operating frequency bands. The modem includes an interface and power source for coupling signals from the telephone line to the modem for demodulation, and signals from the modem to the telephone line for transmission. The interface and power source provides regulated operating voltages for the entire modem and at a minimum current sufficient to hold the telephone line in an off hook condition. The power source provides a low DC resistance and a high AC impedance sufficient to substantially match the telephone line impedance. The modem exhibits very low power consumption and within the 160 milliwatts of available power from the telephone line. A switchable feedback band pass filter is provided for selection of the pass band for either of the two available bands. The band switching is accomplished with CMOS switches with extremely low power consumption. The switches alter the topology of the feedback network of the filter to produce the selected band-pass and band-reject characteristics in the selected answer or originate mode.
The invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of a line-powered modem in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the power off inhibit circuit 21 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the DC to DC converter 24 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the switchable filter 13 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a plot of the filter response of the filter of FIG. 4; and
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the interface and power source 10 of FIG. 1.
A line powered modem embodying the present invention is shown in FIG. 1. In the illustrated embodiment the modem is a type 103 originate or answer modem which provides full duplex operation at transmitting and receiving rates up to 300 bits per second (baud) and employing two level frequency shift keyed (FSK) modulation. Two carrier frequencies are employed, one at a center frequency of 1170 Hz and the other for reception at a center frequency of 2125 Hz, and either of which may be used for transmission or reception. To minimize power consumption, the modem is constructed of CMOS digital integrated circuits which have inherently low current requirements. The CMOS circuits are also relatively inexpensive, thereby permitting economical construction. The modem employs digital signal processing including digital synthesis of the transmitted frequencies and digital discrimination of the received frequencies to achieve highly accurate frequency stability at low power levels and in a compact and relatively inexpensive manner.
The modem is connected to a fully powered by the telephone line, and is also connected to a data terminal, business machine or other apparatus to and from which data is transferred. The modem provides electrical isolation between the telephone line and the utilization apparatus. The telephone line is connected to a telephone line interface and power source 10 which provides operating power derived from the telephone line to all modem circuits. This interface circuit 10 also couples signals from the telephone line for demodulation by the modem, and signals from the modem to the telephone line for transmission. In order to hold the telephone line in an off hook condition, a current in the range of 20-150 milliamperes must be drawn. The minimum load requirements for the telephone line are specified to be 8 volts drop at 20 milliamperes. As a result, the telephone line can provide a minimum of 160 milliwatts of power to circuitry connected thereto. An input impedance of 600 ohms must also be maintained to accord with telephone specifications. The modem described herein has a minimum power requirement of 8 volts at 17 milliamperes, or 136 milliwatts. This very low power consumption is well within the 160 milliwatts limit of available power from the telephone line.
The telephone line has a specified nominal DC level of 48 volts and a DC equivalent series resistance (minimum source resistance) of 400 ohms. The actual DC current on a particular line will depend on the resistance of that particular line, which is a function of the length of the line from the central office power source. Typically, the equivalent line resistance can be from near zero to about 1200 ohms. For the illustrated type 103 modem, the interface and power source 10 provides a regulated 5 volt output with respect to a common terminal and a regulated 2.2 volt output with respect to the common terminal which is employed as a reference voltage in the modem. The 2.2 volt reference is employed in the shunt regulator of the power source and as a voltage bias for the receiver operation. The circuit 10 is also operative to couple audio data signals received on the telephone line to the modem receiver, and to couple data signals from the modem transmitter to the telephone line for transmission to a remote receiver.
The interface and power source 10 can be considered as a shunt regulator across the load and a current regulator in series with the load. The shunt regulator functions much like a Zener diode and provides a voltage level which is substantially constant irrespective of variations in applied current. The current regulator provides a low DC resistance of about 10-20 ohms, and provides an AC impedance which is relatively high such that audio variations in line voltage cause no appreciable current change through the load. This current regulator serves as an active electronic circuit equivalent to the large inductor which would normally be required to separate the audio signals from the DC telephone line current.
Referring to FIG. 1, received signals from the telephone line are coupled by interface and power source 10 to a switchable band pass filter 13 which is operative to limit the received signal spectrum to the desired band which is usually specified to be approximately 350 Hz centered at a frequency of either 1170 Hz or 2125 Hz, as selected by a user. The filter 13 includes an amplifier to provide an amplified output signal which is applied to a receiver frequency discriminator 14. This frequency discriminator includes a digital phase lock loop and is operative to provide a digital signal having a duty cycle representing the frequency of the signal from filter 13. The variable duty cycle signal is applied to a receive data filter 16 which removes unwanted harmonics and averages the variable duty cycle input signal to produce an output which is a linearly varying voltage which is directly proportional to the frequency of the received signal.
An answer/originate control 15 is manually operable by a user and provides a control signal to the switchable filter 13 for selection of an answer or originate mode; that is, for selection of the operating band to be employed for reception. This control signal is also applied to a frequency control 17 which provides corresponding control signals to the receiver frequency discriminator 14 for selection of the intended reception band, and to the transmitter 28 for selection of the intended transmission band.
The signal from the data filter 16 is applied to a receive data buffer 18 which provides as an output TTY (teletypewriter) received data. The data buffer 18 also provides an output signal to an RS232 output interface 20 which provides as an output RS232 received data and a carrier detect signal. The receive data buffer 18 includes a slicer circuit operative to determine whether the voltage corresponds to a frequency above or below the center frequency of the receiver band. If the analog voltage denotes a frequency above the center frequency, the data buffer 18 provides a voltage output level at the mark state. If the voltage denotes a frequency below the center frequency, the data buffer 18 provides an output voltage level at the space state.
The received data is provided by way of electro-optical isolators which achieve complete electrical isolation between the modem and the associated utilization apparatus. The data buffer 18 includes two electro-optical isolators which are part of an output buffer. One isolator is employed to provide a current switched between two levels, depending upon the mark or space state of the received data, for TTY equipment. The other isolator is employed to provide an RS232 data output by way of interface 20. The output interface 20 also provides a carrier detect signal in the presence of a valid carrier being received. In the 103 modem two criteria are employed for determining the validity of a received carrier. If there is sufficient energy in the receiver band, the presence of that energy is assumed to be a carrier from the transmitting site. Normally the level of discrimination is of the order of -46 DBM. Thus, if the received signal energy exceeds -46 DBM, and the frequency of the received energy is within a band of about 400 Hz centered at 2150 Hz, it is recognized to be a valid carrier.
The frequency discriminator 14 includes a level detector operative to detect signals above a predetermined level, and also includes circuitry for sensing within a predetermined frequency band. For recognition of a valid carrier signal, the signal level must exceed the discriminator threshold level and be within the discriminator band. The discriminator 14 provides to the carrier detector 22 a signal of one binary level upon detection of a valid carrier, and of a second binary level if no carrier is present or does not meet the detection criteria. Thus, the carrier detector 22 receives a bilevel signal from the frequency discriminator 14 indicative of the presence or absence of a valid carrier, and provides an enable signal to DC to DC converter 24 in the presence of a valid carrier signal. The converter 24 is driven by an unbalanced 50 kHz square wave signal from transmit modulator 30. The 50 kHz unbalanced signal has a duty cycle of 60 percent positive and 40 percent negative cycles.
The DC to DC converter 24 is operative to convert the 5 volt power signal derived from the telephone line to the voltages used to drive the RS232 interface circuit 20 which provides the interface signals to be applied to the associated utilization apparatus. The converter furnishes the minimum power necessary to ensure that the interface signals are of sufficient signal level to be properly received by the business machine or other utilization apparatus. The voltages provided by the converter are offset in the positive direction, since most RS232 receivers have a positive threshold in the range of +0.5 to 1.0 volt. The interface circuit 20 provides the carrier detect output signal and the RS232 received data signal to be applied to the associated apparatus. The RS232 interface is specified to have a minimum voltage of +3 volts or -3 volts, depending on the state of the output, and a minimum load of 3 K ohms. This requires a minimum of about 1 milliampere of current.
The DC to DC converter 24 is shown in FIG. 3. The carrier detect signal from received carrier detector 22, and the 50 kHz square wave from transmit modulator 30 are applied via a NOR gate 25 to the base electrodes of respective transistors Q5 to Q6 via RC networks composed, respectively, of resistor R20 and capacitor C4, and resistor R21 and capacitor C7. The collectors of transistors Q5 and Q6 are connected to one end of a first transformer winding 27, the other end of which is connected via a capacitor C5 to the emitter of transistor Q5 and via a capacitor C8 to the emitter of transistor Q6. The secondary winding 29 of transformer T1 is connected to anode of a diode D6 and to the cathode of a diode D7. The cathode of diode D6 is connected via a capacitor C6 to the other end of winding 29 and which is also connected via a capacitor C9 to the anode of diode D7. The two winding transformer T1 provides electrical isolation between the telephone line and the utilization apparatus to which the modem is connected. The primary winding of the transformer is driven by a 5 volt peak-to-peak square wave at a frequency of 50 kHz having an unbalanced duty cycle of 60 percent positive and 40 percent negative cycles. The voltage at the junction of capacitors C5 and C8 will assume the average of the voltage excursions, which is about + 3 volts. The transformer secondary has a voltage step-up ratio of about 2:1 and will provide an unbalanced voltage output of about +6 volts and about -4 volts which are rectified by diodes D6 and D7 to furnish about +5.5 volts and -3.5 volts to operate the RS232 interface 20.
To meet standard RS232 operating requirements, it is often required that the carrier detect and data signals be at a negative voltage to indicate a mark or off state even when no data is being sent or received. If the telephone line were not connected to the modem, the modem could not furnish any power to the interface circuit 20. In this instance, the RS232 transmit data is held in a mark state and a power off inhibit circuit 21 automatically applies this negative (mark) voltage to the negative supply voltage input of interface circuit 20, thereby to permit the interface circuit to provide the carrier detect and received data outputs in a mark or off state. The power off inhibit circuit 21 is shown in FIG. 2. When the modem is powered and the carrier detect signal is present, the transistors Q4 and Q3 are non-conductive and the circuit is disabled. When the modem is not powered or the carrier detect signal is not present, and therefore no power is applied to interface circuit 20, the mark or negative state of the RS232 transmit data signal causes transistors Q3 and Q4 to conduct and permits a negative output voltage to be provided to interface circuit 20. The mark level is specified to be in the range of -5 to -15 volts, and is usually in the range of -6 to -12 volts, and a corresponding negative voltage within these operating ranges is provided at the collector of transistor Q3. Thus, when the modem is not powered by the telephone line, the data terminal from the associated data apparatus provides the negative voltage to power the interface circuit 20 to permit it to provide the carrier detect and received data outputs in a mark state.
Master timing is provided by a crystal oscillator and frequency divider circuit 26. The crystal oscillator is operative at 1.012 mHz and, after division, provides a 506 kHz clock signal to frequency control 17 and to modulator 30. The crystal oscillator frequency of 1.012 mHz is selected to satisfy the frequency requirements of both operating bands with the digital logic employed. This crystal frequency also permits implementation of the oscillator with available CMOS circuits operable at a voltage level of 5 volts for the intended signal rates. The crytal oscillator frequency is divided by a factor of two to provide a 506 kHz clock signal which is sufficient for the maximum resolution required by the digital circuits.
The transmitter frequency of either 1170 Hz or 2125 Hz is digitally synthesized and provided by the transmitter 28. The FSK modulation is provided by transmit modulator 30. The TTY data or RS232 data to be transmitted is applied to a data multiplexer 32 which provides the data to modulator 30. The modulator is operative to frequency shift the transmitter carrier in a phase coherent manner to provide the FSK modulated signal which is applied via interface 10 to the telephone line for transmission to a compatible modem at the other end of the line. The modulator also provides a 50 kHz unbalanced square wave signal to drive the DC to DC converter. In addition, the modulator provides a 250 kHz clock signal to the receiver frequency discriminator 14, and flash control signal to interface and power source 10 to cause flashing of front panel indicator D15 when no valid carrier is present. The transmitter 28 includes a sinewave synthesizer, digital counters and digital-to-analog converter to generate an analog signal which after appropriate filtering is applied to the telephone line for transmission. The transmitted frequency is 1170 Hz or 2125 Hz�the frequency deviation caused by the mark or space states of the transmitted data.
The switchable filter is shown schematically in FIG. 4 and is operative in response to an answer/originate control level to provide a predetermined band pass characteristic in either of two operating bands and a predetermined band rejection characteristic in the other of the selected bands. The filter functions to enhance the signals being received from a transmitting modem in the selected answer band, while rejecting the signals from the local transmission in the originate band. The 103 modem operates in a full duplex manner, and thus frequencies in both operating bands can be simultaneously present. The local transmitting signal is quite strong, typically about -10 Dbm, while the received signal is quite weak, typically as low as -50 Dbm. The band pass/band rejection characteristics of the filter are therefore very stringent. The present switchable filter provides the intended band pass and band rejection characteristics for both switched modes with relatively low operating current. CMOS switches are employed by reason of their low current requirements for switching between the two intended filter bands. At the low operating voltage of 5 volts derived from the telephone line, these CMOS switches have resistances within the range of several hundred ohms, the particular switch resistance being rather unpredictable with presently available devices. The filter implementation is configured such that the switch resistance has an insignificant effect in the intended filter characteristics.
As evident from FIG. 4, the filter is a two-stage stagger tuned active band pass/band reject filter having capacitive and resistive feed-back paths. The filter stages are similar, preferably with the frequencies staggered by about 200 Hz. Each filter stage includes a differential operational amplifier Z27 and Z27', respectively, and associated resistance and capacitor networks which are selectably employed in a manner determined by the states of CMOS switches 300 and 302. The capacitors C31 and C32 provide a capacitive feed-back path for amplifier Z27, while the resistors R67 and R69 provide a resistive feed-back path for this amplifier. The resistors R66 and R66 provide a feed forward path to the non-inverting input of amplifier Z27 to provide a band reject or notch filter characteristic.
The answer/originate control signal is typically a logic level of +5 volts for the answer mode and 0 volts for the originate mode. Each pair of CMOS switches is operative in complementary manner. Thus, switch 300a is conductive in response to the control level of +5 volts, while the switch 300b is conductive in response to the control level of 0 volts. The switches 302a and 302b are similarly operative. For one mode of operation, switch 300a is conductive and switch 300b is nonconductive such that the resistive feedback is reduced, resulting in a filter pole at about 1200 Hz and a filter notch at about 2200 Hz. The operation of the second filter stage with switch 302a conductive and switch 302b non-conductive is substantially the same as in the first stage. Preferably, the frequency response of the second stage is staggered in relation to that of the first stage to provide an intended composite filter response.
In the second mode of operation, the switch 300b is conductive and the switch 300a is non-conductive to cause increase of the capacitive feedback, resulting in a pole at about 2200 Hz and a notch at about 1200 Hz. The output voltage of amplifier Z27 is divided by means of resistive dividers R70 and R72 and depending on the state of switch 300, the output voltage is applied to capacitor C31 or resistor R67 to cause a high pass or a low pass characteristic and associated notch. Since the impedances of capacitor C31 and resistor R67 are high, the resistance of the CMOS switch 300 has little effect on the intended characteristics of the filter. The resistor R71 provides equalization of the overall filter gain when switching from one band to the other. The second filter stage operates in similar manner.
The response of one stage of the filter of FIG. 4 is illustrated in FIG. 5. In one mode, the filter provides a pass band centered at about 1200 Hz and a rejection band centered at about 2200 Hz, as is employed for the lower (originate) frequency receive band. For the second operating mode in which the receive band is at the higher (answer) frequency, the filter provides a pass band centered at about 2200 Hz and a rejection band centered at about 1200 Hz.
The interface and power source 10 is shown in FIG. 6 and includes an input circuit having a switch S1 which selects routing of the telephone line between the modem and the telephone handset which is employed to complete a call. A fuse F1 protects the modem from high currents that can be caused by lightning strikes or transients on the telephone line, and a varistor VR1 serves to limit the voltage across the modem input to prevent application of any breakdown voltages to the modem. Typically, the voltage is limited to be less than 22-30 volts. The telephone line is connected via switch S1 and the protective elements to a bridge 50 composed of diodes D1 through D4 and which functions as a polarity guard to permit the modem to receive correctly polarized DC current from the telephone line even though the line may be reversed from its usual polarity.
The transistors Q10, Q11, and Q12 and the associated components function as a shunt regulator to maintain a constant voltage across the modem circuits, which are the load, and to shunt any excess current above that required by the load. The transistors Q15 and Q16 and associated components function as a constant current source to block AC current and pass DC current. The audio data signals are AC coupled to or from the telephone line by means of a capacitor C21. The received signals are applied to the receive filter 12 (FIG. 1), and the transmit signals are provided by the transmitter 28 (FIG. 1). The circuit of FIG. 4 also limits the voltage drop on the telephone line to ensure a minimum of 20 milliamperes of DC line current. An electro-optical isolator drive circuit 65 is driven by the collector current of transistor Q12 and is operative to drive the LEDs of the two isolators which are within receive data buffer 18.
The frequency response of the circuit is such that it is an active equivalent of a large inductor. It has a low resistance to DC current (20 to 30 ohms) but its impedance to audio frequency currents is sufficiently high (greater than 20 K ohms) to prevent degradation of the AC impedance of 600 ohms necessary to match the telephone line impedance. Thus, the circuit will pass whatever DC current is available from the phone line (20 milliamperes to 100 milliamperes), but will block any AC currents associated with this audio signal on the line. An inductor to provide such AC blocking while passing such DC currents would be so physically large and/or expensive as to be impractical in this application. This is done by providing the relatively large (1 microfarad) capacitor C17 to stabilize the base-emitter voltages of Q15 and Q16 at the DC line current available. Since C17 can only charge or discharge through R37 (typically 100 K ohms), R38 (typically 470 K ohms), and the high base resistance of Q15, the response to voltage changes is too slow to significantly follow audio signals above 100 Hz.
Initially, when the telephone line is connected, current begins to flow through resistor R37, and capacitor C17 is charged with available voltage within a few milliseconds. The charged capacitor provides a forward bias of the base-emitter junctions of the transistor pair Q15 and Q16, which causes current to flow in the collector-emitter junction of transistor Q16. The base-emitter voltage on the transistor pair reaches its saturation point of about 1.4-1.6 volts and most of the available current from the telephone line is passed through the collector-emitter junction of transistor Q16. This current flows to the shunt regulator and to the load, and any excess current not required by the load is shunted through the shunt regulator. The voltage drop across the line is composed of the 5 volts of the shunt regulator, the voltage across resistor R37, and the base-emitter drops of the transistor pair, and about 1.6 volts drop in the polarity guard, which totals about 7.9 volts at a line current of 20 milliamperes. Rapidly changing voltages on the telephone line will not permit capacitor C17 to change voltage, therefore the collector-emitter current of transistor Q16 remains relatively constant and the AC impedance remains constant at a high level, typically higher than 10 K ohms. The transistors Q15 and Q16 are connected in a modified Darlington configuration providing substantial current gain. This configuration permits the use of a capacitor C17 of small value, typically 1 microfarad, which can also be physically small. Since only a small amount of current need be supplied to the base of transistor Q15, the resistor R37 can be of large value, typically 100 K ohms. The resulting AC impedance across the Darlington pair is therefore high.
The modified Darlington configuration provided by transistors Q15 and Q16 provides the desired current regulation with the minimum voltage drop which will provide the intended constant current characteristics. The transistor Q16 serves as the primary current sink, while transistor Q15 serves as a current buffer between the base of transistor Q16 and the AC coupling circuit composed of resistor R37 a capacitor C17. The collector of transistor Q15 is connected to the reference voltage at the emitter of transistor Q12 which permits the transistor Q15 to maintain an operating voltage of 2-3 volts for efficient current amplifier operation. The resistor R38 between the base and collector of transistor Q15 in conjunction with the resistor R37 biases the voltage at the base of transistor Q15, allowing a decrease in the voltage across transistor Q16. The voltage across transistor Q16 is reduced by about 0.5-1 volt which reduces the total voltage drop across the telephone line to assure that the total voltage drop is below the maximum specified telephone line drop of 8 volts at the minimum line current of 20 milliamperes. The resistors R39 and R40 provide biasing of the respective transistors to limit the buffering characteristics of transistor Q15 and stabilize the AC resistance characteristics of transistor Q16 to minimize harmonic distortion which can interfere with modem performance.
The transistors Q11 and Q12 are also connected in modified Darlington configuration, with these transistors being of complementary PNP and NPN types. The base-emitter voltages of these transistors tend to cancel one another, and as a result the voltage at the base of transistor Q11 tends to remain equal to the voltage at the emitter of transistors Q12. The voltage across the combination of diodes D14 and D15, which is about 2.2 volts, serves as a voltage reference for the emitter of transistor Q12. The light emitting diode (LED) D15 serves as a reference diode having a Zener voltage of about 1.6 volts. This LED (D15) also serves as a front panel lamp to indicate an off hook condition. Additionally, this LED (D15) is part of the current path for the isolator drive 65, which current path also energizes the LED for its indicator function. The values of resistors R32 and R85 are selected to establish the ratio of the regulated 5 volts to the 2.2 volt reference voltage. If the voltage at the base of transistor Q11 is 2.2 volts, equal to the voltage at the emitter of transistor Q12, the total voltage drop across the divider composed of resistors R32 and R85 is 5 volts. This portion of the circuit therefore functions as a shunt regulator operative to provide the regulated operating voltages of 5 volts and 2.2 volts. This constant voltage is maintained for any value of current flow over the operating range.
The front panel indicator D15 flashes when no valid carrier is detected. The flash control signal is provided by the modulator 30 and is typically a 2.5 Hz square wave which is applied via resistor R98 to the bases of transistors Q17 and Q18 which are connected in modified Darlington configuration between Zener diode D14 and the LED D15 and in association with an LED D22 of substantially similar characteristics of those of LED D15. In the absence of a detected carrier, the flash control signal causes the indicator D15 to blink to denote the absence of a detected carrier. The diode D22 serves as the reference diode when the indicator diode D15 is flashing.
If the current changed appreciably, say from 20 to 120 milliamperes, the reference voltage could change appreciably, if all the current were allowed to flow through the reference diodes. This is prevented by an additional current shunt composed of transistor Q10, resistors R31 and R33, and capacitor C14. When the current flow through transistor Q12 reaches a level such that the voltage drop across resistor R33 is sufficient to forward bias transistor Q10, this transistor becomes conductive and shunts any additional current through the shunt path composed of transistor Q10 and resistor R31, rather than allowing the additional current flow through transistor Q12 and the diode pair. Thus for increased currents above a predetermined level, such increased currents are shunted by transistor Q10, and voltage at the emitter of transistor Q12 remains substantially constant.
Electro-optical isolators are employed to isolate the telephone line from the utilization equipment. Two isolators are provided in the transmit data multiplexer 32, one for TTY transmit data and the other for RS232 transmit data. Two isolators are also provided in the receive data buffer 18 for the TTY received data, and RS232 received data, respectively. The isolator circuits are substantially identical and each includes an LED which provides light signals in response to applied electrical signals, and a phototransistor pair providing a corresponding electrical output signal in response to received light signals from the LED. This isolator can be a commercial solid state microcircuit isolator such as an Optron OPI3250. To improve the response time of the isolator at the low current levels available, the isolator can be employed in a circuit such as described in the above-noted copending application, and which provides the necessary improvement in response time to meet the rise and fall time requirements of the modem logic circuitry which are of the order of 10 microseconds. The increased speed is achieved without increase in the low current drive to the isolator LED.
While the invention has been described in exemplary embodiment in a 103 modem, it is contemplated that other modems can be implemented in line-powered form in accordance with the invention. The invention is not to be limited by what has been particularly shown and described, except as indicated in the appended claims.
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