text:
Weather Links
Humidity 92%
Winds 4.6mph
KATC Investigates | Trick-or-treat Times | Nominate a teacher for LEF awards | Election Coverage | Amendments Explained
Sponsored by: Arceneaux Ford
Humidity 92%
Winds 4.6mph
May 18, 2009 12:27 PM
It's known as the "happiest place on earth" and if it's your birthday get a free pass to play at Disneyland Resort in California and Disney World in Florida.
"I'm in shock! I've been there and I don't remember getting anything for free," says mother of two, Camie Chimienti.
Military personnel also qualify for freebies. Retired, active, National Guard and Reservists get a five day free pass, called the Armed Forces Salute Ticket.
Disney freebies don't stop there. Kids two to eleven fly free to Disneyland on Alaska Airlines. The sale is happening now through June, with the purchase of an accompanying adult ticket.
"They do? I had no idea. I would love one," says Chimienti.
Shamu the Killer Whale is offering killer freebies in 2009. Right now, get two days of fun for the price of one. Buy a single-day ticket, get a second visit free. Use it anytime before year's end.
Military members get free admission under the Here's to the Heroes Program. Up to three of their kids get in for free too.
"That would be really appreciated, because that really stretches the dollar," says teacher Yvette Larkin.
Also at Seaworld, kids three and under get in free and if it's your birthday, pick up a free souvenir button at guest relations.
There are also freebies to be had when flying to your favorite destination. We're talking about Southwest Airline's "fee free" guarantee.
"It's costly and I hate airline fees, just not something I look forward to." says Teresa Guerrero.
Southwest also offers free checked bags, not one, but two. Other freebies include, free snacks, free curbside check in, and no "change fee."
If your ticket price changes between the time you buy it, and the day you fly, you can rebook your flight at a lower fare and the difference is refunded on your credit card.
"There are definitely last minute deals, last year there weren't at all," says travel expert Ralph Cooper.
If you're wanting to sail into summer, Cooper says besides cutting prices, cruise lines are offering free amenities such as: kids stay free, free shore excursions like snorkeling, free spa treatments, free meals and free night stays.
"They've got to fill the ships, if a ship sails with no one on it, that's lost revenue," says Cooper.
It's a $69 dollar savings if you play at Disneyland on your birthday.
Military members get 5 days free - that's a $345 value.
Let's say a family of 4, also takes advantage of Alaska Airline's "kids fly free" offer, if there's 2 kids, that's a $478 savings.
Add it all up... That's $1,927 worth of free stuff.
For Sea World in San Diego, that "free second day pass" is a $65 dollar value per person - for a family of 4 that's a $260 savings.
If you're a military family, up to 3 kids get in for free... That's $260 dollar savings for a family of 4.
Not to mention kids three and under get in free.
Add it up, that's a total savings of $520 dollars.
10 hours ago


text:
|AutomationDirect Live Chat
|- $
Electric Motor Premium Efficiency Requirements (EISA 2007)
In 2010, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 mandated that all applicable AC industrial motors manufactured or imported into the U.S. after December 2010 must meet the Premium Efficiency standards. Because this initiative was driven by the NEMA organization, the Premium Efficiency standard is commonly referred to as "NEMA Premium".
IronHorse MTCP Series Premium Efficiency motors meet or exceed the NEMA Premium Efficiency guidelines in the EISA 2007 standard.
Our Marathon Electric motors line also includes several model series that meet or exceed the Premium Efficiency guidelines in the EISA 2007 standard.
[Learn More]
IronHorse® General Purpose Rolled Steel AC Motors (1/3 - 2 hp)
IronHorse® electric motors are manufactured by a leading motor supplier with over 20 years experience delivering high-quality industrial electric motors to the demanding U.S. market.
The IronHorse alternating current rolled steel electric motors lineup includes:
IronHorse General Purpose Rolled Steel AC Motors Overview
[Learn More]
IronHorse® General Purpose Stainless Steel AC Motors (1/3 - 2 hp)
IronHorse stainless steel alternating current motors are designed for IP56 washdown applications!
Case, JBox and fan shroud are made of 304 stainless and the motor shaft is 303 stainless. Also installed for moisture protection are double lip seals, O-rings on end-bells, stainless steel drain plugs and a seal-tight cable gland.
The IronHorse stainless steel motors lineup includes:
IronHorse General Purpose Stainless Steel AC Motors Overview
[Learn More]
IronHorse® General Purpose Cast Iron AC Motors (1 - 300 hp)
Our supplier produces IronHorse® cast iron industrial electric motors in an ISO9001 facility which tests these AC motors during production and after final assembly.
The IronHorse cast iron alternating current electric motors lineup includes:
IronHorse General Purpose Cast Iron AC Motors Overview
[Learn More]
Inverter-Duty / Vector-Duty Marathon AC Motors (1/4 - 100 hp)
AutomationDirect offers a wide variety of alternating current inverter-duty / vector-duty motors from Marathon Electric Manufacturing Corporation® at great prices. These industrial AC motors are available in a variety of horsepower ranges from 1/4 Hp to 100 Hp. These high-quality industrial motors, unless otherwise stated, are rated for continuous operation in a 40°C ambient and for altitudes up to 3,300 feet (1,000 meters) above sea level.
All Marathon Electric motors come with a 3-year warranty supported by authorized Marathon Electric service centers.
NOTE: Our typical 30 day money-back return policy does NOT apply to these motors.
Our Marathon Electric motor products include:
* shipped standard ground or LTL (see Shipping Options for complete details and restrictions)
Do you need a general purpose AC motor or inverter-duty electric motor?
How to choose a general purpose AC motor vs. an inverter-duty motor
General purpose electric motors have been around for many years. They are the workhorse of almost every industry. An inverter-duty motor is a much newer concept that was necessary as general purpose motors began to be driven by variable frequency drives (VFDs or inverters). An inverter-duty motor can withstand the higher voltage spikes produced by all VFDs (amplified at longer cable lengths) and can run at very slow speeds without overheating. However, this performance comes at a cost: inverter-duty motors can be more expensive than general purpose AC motors.
Guidelines for choosing an Ironhorse general purpose motor vs. an inverter-duty motor are available below. If your application falls within the guidelines, there is no need to apply an inverter-duty motor. Marathon inverter-duty motors have limitations as well. Please see the Marathon Motors section for more details.Guidelines for choosing AC Motors
In summary, general purpose AC induction motors can be run with drives in many applications; however inverter-duty AC motors are designed to handle much lower speeds without overheating and they are capable of withstanding higher voltage spikes without their insulation failing. However, with the increased performance comes an increase in cost. The additional cost of an inverter-duty motor can be worth it if you need improved motor performance.
Shipping restrictions on all large motors:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Golden Globes turn into the gayest globes ever
Wow, were those just the gayest Globes ever or what? The Golden Globes could have easily renamed themselves the Gay Globes last night as out gay actors and projects with gay themes all took home tons of trophy. The Kids Are All Right, Glee and Black Swan all won big. Hell, even the song Cher sang in Burlesque won. Yeah, it was that gay.
The night started out with what is probably the simultaneously rudest and most refreshing bit of award show hosting in history by British comic Ricky Gervais. In less than three minutes with he savaged the quality of The Tourist, relevance of Cher, Sex and the City 2 photoshopping and closeted Scientologists. And then he pantomimed an obscene act between 84-year-old Hugh Hefner and his 24-year-old fiancée. In other words, don't expect Ricky to be hosting the Golden Globes – or anything else – again anytime soon.
But who cares which multimillionaire movie stars got their feelings hurt. You want to know about the gay stuff. Well let's get started, it was a busy night.
In one of the first awards of the night, Chris Colfer won for best supporting actor in a TV comedy for Glee. The win was his first and, might I add, richly deserved for a season that has highlighted the struggles and heart of Kurt Hummel. Colfer, who seemed genuinely shocked, started out his speech saying her dropped his heart "between Natalie Portman and Julianne Moore." He called Glee creator Ryan Murphy his "fairy godfather." And then, as if the young out star hadn't endeared himself enough with the gays, he ended his gracious acceptance speech with:
"Most importantly, to all the amazing kids that watch our show and the kids that our show celebrates who are constantly told no by the people and environments, by bullies at school that they can't be who they are or have what they want because of who they are. Well screw that, kids."
I think "Screw that, kids" is my new personal life slogan.
Soon after Justin Bieber and True Grit star Hailee Steinfeld came out to present looking like the most adorable lesbian couple at gay prom. Seriously, they would have won drag king and queen easily.
The night's good gay vibes kept rolling as Annette Bening won for best actress in a comedy. While some may puzzle at calling The Kids Are All Right a comedy, few can quibble with Bening's win. She was magnificent in the picture. On stage she thanked fellow nominee and co-star Julianne Moore calling her "my partner" as well as out director Lisa Cholodenko.
"I am very proud to be part of his very special film about two women who are deeply in love and trying to keep their family together … It was a labor of love for us."


text:
Betty crocker pie crust with lard
Recipes / Betty crocker pie crust with lard (1000+)
French Cherry Tart With Lemon Nut Pie Crust
323 views
French Cherry Tart With Lemon Nut Pie Crust, ingredients: 1 pkt Pie crust mix, 1/2 c. Grnd
Creamed Filled Horns Using Basic Pie Crust Mix
687 views
Horns Using Basic Pie Crust Mix, ingredients: 1/4 c. Cool water, 1 1/2 c. Pie Crust Mix, 1
Dessert Puffs Using Basic Pie Crust Mix
624 views
Puffs Using Basic Pie Crust Mix, ingredients: 1/4 c. Cool water, 1 1/2 c. Pie Crust Mix, 1
Chocolate Lover's Dream Cake from Betty Crocker
907 views
Betty Crocker I don't know ifmake. You can serve with or without pudding and pie filling
Texas Sheet Cake from Betty Crocker
608 views
container (1 lb) Betty Crocker® Rich & Creamy pan with baking spray with flour
Betty Crocker's Chocolate Pecan Pie Recipe
28 views
Betty Crocker's Chocolate Brownie Pecan Pies even with the inner pie crust. And pie crust
Betty Crocker's Citrus Cake with Lemon Whipped Cream Frosting
308 views
1 box Betty Crocker® pie filling over layer to within 1/4 inch of edge. Top with
Mom Miranda's Tourtiere (Quebec Meat Pie)
36 views
unbaked pie crust with the egg white to prevent the crust from getting soggy. Fill the pie
Mini Almond Pies with Figs and Whipped Cream Recipe
49 views
only is it faster, I like the pie crust with this delicate almond cream to be very, very
"No Cans" Healthy Pumpkin Pie Recipe {with a secret, ahem, twist}
18 views
Best for Pie Crust? This was the first time I'd tried making a pie crust with lard, and I
Groups / Betty crocker pie crust with lard (0)
Pies, Pies, Pies!
59 members
inventive crust alternatives; bite-sized pastries to comforting dinner pies - anything
Cooking With All-Natural Meats
30 members
you'll serve Niman Ranch all-natural meats with pride to your family and guests., main
COOKing MEALs With Gusto
823 members
COOKing MEALs With Gusto, Share your zest for life through the enthusiasm shown
Grilling with beer and wine Jellies
4 members
beer and wine Jellies, Once jellies are made with either beer or wine, they make a great
Cooks With Special Projects
12 members
are made for each other. Many cooks with resources online often undertake worthy projects
Themes / Betty crocker pie crust with lard (0)
Friday Pie-Day
What better way to celebrate Friday with a good ol' pie? Either homemade, or eat out
Melinda Winner's Six Layer Key Lime cake
Lime cake, Six-Layer Key Lime Cake with Cream Cheese Icing and Toasted Coconut , Six-Layer
Sunday Dinners with Donata's Painted Kitchen
s Painted Kitchen, Share your Sunday Dinner experiences with me!!! If you don't have a
Cooking with Freeze Dried Foods and Powdered Oils and Dairy
You can create your own home grocery store with freeze dried foods and powdered oils and
Helpful tips with baking
any level of baker can come and seek help with their baking dilemas., When you are baking
Trusted Results with Betty crocker pie crust with lard
Cooks.com - Recipes - Lard Crust
by Betty Crocker Editors. Delicious everyday meals you can eat to your heart's content! ... PIE CRUST WITH LARD. Rub the lard and salt lightly into the ... flaky and tender crusts ...
Miracle Baking Powder Pie Crust - All Recipes
But I wanted to experiment with adding baking soda so I chose Rocky's Miracle Pie Crust recipe. ... very good pie crusts for years with the standard Betty Crocker crisco + flour...
Pie Crust Recipe : Review : Alton Brown : Food Network
I have always wanted to try a crust with lard as I know that is the gold standard. I am an experienced pie baker and I loved this crust, and so did everyone else. ...
Cooks.com - Recipes - Crust Lard
Results 91 - 100 of 157 for crust lard. Result Page: Previous 4 5 6 7 ... Start with 1/3 cup cold ... and 1 double crust pie. This is enough for ... 2 Tupperware ...
Cooks.com - Recipes - Icing Lard
Sift flour and salt, cut in chilled lard with knives or dough ... BOURBON CREAM PIE AND CORNMEAL CRUST. Put in bowl 1 cup flour, cornmeal and 1/2 teaspoon ...
Cooks.com - Recipes - Pie Crusts
Home > Recipes > pie crusts. Asian Flavors. by Kim C. Lee. A harmonious balance of flavors, ... 2 crust pies. Mix flour, ... with apple pie directions. Ingredients: ...
Betty Crocker presents the very best pasta recipes from around the world, from Thai ... Mix the pudding mix with ... bottom of the pie crust. Spread mixture over bananas. ...


text:
smoking hot
DAMN she looks great!
"...by a duo"...lol!
I bet she gave her peers some "pointers" as well.
She reminds me of a young Grace Slick in this photo.
She looked beautiful, watching rightnow. One very beautiful woman.
You go Katy.............looking good.
Booooo. Fake Christian! Booooo!
I guess she didn't get the memo!
She looks so pretty! Good job Katy!
Another insecure broad that John maher bagged and will throw her out like a sack of potatoes
Looks good. And her hair is a normal color. Maybe she'll stop looking like a cartoon character now that she's so desperate to please John Mayer.
How convenient! After she gives me a bj I can put some cream on those melons.
Not the best color for her~


text: Many people think sinusitis—also known as rhinosinusitis or sinus infection—is a winter ailment. But while the symptoms may mimic a cold, sinusitis can be the result of a drainage issue as well as a contagious illness, and it can occur at any time of the year. Fortunately there are steps you can take to help ward off sinusitis or alleviate the pain.... More on this story »


text:
Faculty Panel 3:00PM-4:00PM TBA
Hans Adler, Monika Chavez, Sabine Gross, Venkat Mani, Nancy Kaiser, Joe Salmons, James Steakley
Interdisciplinary Approaches in Academia
Keynote Lecture 4:30PM-6:00PM Katie Chapman
Prof. Claire Kramsch - University of California, Berkeley e.g., German: Language departments as privileged sites for the study of meaning
This lecture will report on some initiatives taken at UC Berkeley to move from a department centered on German as national symbol to German as a case study in multilingualism and multiculturalism. It explores the potential of applied linguistics to bridge the gap between the language program and the literature/culture program in an effort to develop what the MLA Report has called "translingual and transcultural competence". By focusing on meaning from start to finish - a meaning mediated by various symbolic forms - the teaching of German acquires a new dimension and German departments a new mission. They are no longer in the business of teaching *German*, but of teaching *language*, i.e., one of many symbolic forms, through, e.g., German.
Conference Dinner 7:30PM-9:30PM
The Great Dane Pub and Brewery Co.
Interdisciplinary 9:00AM-10:30AM Ben Parrot
Heather Turo - University of Colorado at Boulder
The Valuation of Vokale: 19th century linguistic revelations and Wagner
I look to Grimm and Bopp not to expand on already well-established linguistic revelations but rather to look at the position of the vocalic phoneme in the 19th century. I use Helmholtz and his theories on vowels and tone to segue into Wagner and how he employs this newly valued vowel in "Tristan und Isolde" and other operas. Thus, using linguistics as a foundation, other aspects of German culture can take on a new meaning when viewed through a language-based perspective.
Daniel Kline - Michigan State University
Franz von Pocci's Kasperl: a Puppet Theatre for adults too
Franz von Pocci wrote puppet plays featuring Kasperl for the Münchener Marionetten Theater. While the intended audience was children, the themes presented in the plays were appealing to adults. Pocci entered the discourse about the changing trends in science and art through his plays. Examples of this are; Schimpanze der Darwinaffe, Hänsel und Gretel: oder der Menschenfresser, and Dornröslein.
Avram R. Shannon - The Ohio State University
German: The Other Semitic Language
This paper will examine the history of German Bibelwissenschaft and its profound influence on Hebrew scholarship, starting with Julius Wellhausen and moving into the present day. As a history of scholarship, this paper is a broad overview on how the traditions of German scholarship have guided and shaped Biblical studies. The paper will provide insight into the need for a continued close relationship between German departments and Near Eastern Languages and Culture departments.
Women's Studies11:00AM-12:00PM Katja Majewski
Karen von Harbou - University of Wyoming
Putting Woman in her Place - Mothers in Several Works by Friedrich Schiller
For Schiller, the woman equals mother and wife. While this harmony can be observed in his lyrical work, the dramatic work demonstrates a strikingly negative image of mothers. The mother is absent, neglecting, completely "unnatürlich" or refusing to become a mother at all. Despite this discrepancy in the portrayal of the mother Schiller's work ultimately shows a clear representation of his image of the ideal woman.
Theresa Schenker - Michigan State University
When mothers can't let go...Mothering, Identity, and Trauma in Elfriede Jelinek's Die Klavierspielerin
In this paper, I will analyze the concepts of mothering, identity, and trauma in the novel Die Klavierspielerin by contemporary Austrian writer Elfriede Jelinek. This novel introduces the highly dysfunctional relationship between Erika and her mother due to whose emotional and physical abuse Erika suffers from severe psychological trauma. In this paper I aim to show that although Erika, the novel's traumatized protagonist, makes several attempts at overcoming her trauma, she fails to establish an autonomous self and overcome her trauma. I will identify her attempts at overcoming her trauma by utilizing LaCapra's terminology of "working through" and "acting out" as explained in his book Writing History, Writing Trauma.
Literature and Philosophy 1:30PM-3:00PM Steve Krause
Robert Abbott - University of Chicago
A Reciprocal Reading of Hegel's Vorlesungen über die Ästhetik and Rilke's 'Archaïscher Torso Apollos'
Friederike Fichtner - University of Wisconsin-Madison
"Wer ist, der seiner Weihe freudig traut?" - Der Tod in Hugo von Hofmannsthals Der Tod des Tizian
The paper investigates the two "faces" of death in Hugo von Hofmannsthal's early play "Der Tod des Tizian" (1892). While Tizian's last hour is approaching, he seems to experience his liveliest and most productive moments as an artist. Meanwhile, his students are anxiously awaiting his death. I will argue that Hofmannsthal's intensive Nietzsche reception influenced his concept of art and, therefore, also the way he depicts death in two drastically opposing ways in his play. The presentation will be given in German.
Joan Gladwell - Queen's University
East Germans Exposing Family Secrets: Durs Grünbein's Porzellan: Poem vom Untergang meiner Stadt
In 1982, W. G. Sebald asked why the air raids on Germany's cities never appeared in German literature, calling them "eine Art Tabu behaftetes Familiengeheimnis." Writers still avoid the topic. So, when Durs Grünbein wrote Porzellan: Poem vom Untergang meiner Stadt (2005) on the firebombing of Dresden using satire, irony, and provocative sexual metaphors, he caused a stir. My paper examines how the former East German poet takes the German language beyond Expressionism and Celan's Hermeticism, creating a new poetic expression.
Linguistics 3:30PM-4:30PM Julie Larson-Guenette
Derek Drake - University of Wisconsin-Madison
"Oda wey" and "oda wos": repair initiators in a Bavarian dialect
This conversation analytic study examines "oda wey" ("or how") and "oda wos" ("or what") as a type of repair initiator in a Bavarian dialect of the Upper Palatinate region. The study at hand enhances our understanding of how participants collaboratively achieve repair on a moment-by-moment basis in German conversation. This presentation exemplifies one type of resource at a speaker's disposal in verifying understanding as it occurs in actual conversation.
Veronika Drake - University of Wisconsin-Madison
Telephone Openings on the German Radio Call-In Show Domian
This conversation analytic study investigates telephone openings in a German radio call-in show, with a focus on how the interlocutors achieve the social actions of identification and recognition. This presentation shows the multiple ways in which the participants' orientation to the overhearing audience affects the sequential organization of telephone openings. In addition, the talk highlights several ways in which American and German telephone openings differ sequentially.
Conference Reception 7:30PM -
1339 Rutledge, Apt. #1
This conference is made possible by the generous support from the Department of German, the Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies, the Language Institute, Center for German and European Studies, the Center for European Studies, University Lectures Committee, the UW Anonymous Fund, and ASM.
What constitutes a German department varies widely not only from institution to institution but also within individual departments. Many German departments are entirely German in their name only, and many others share their space (both physically and in the constructed space of academia) with other languages, disciplines and cultures. Germanists working in literature, linguistics, applied linguistics and all related sub-categories and fields may seem to have more in common with their peers in sciences, letters and humanities than with their colleagues in their own German department. Still, it is the German language that structures the myriad disciplines into one department.
What is our common ground? In what direction does our own research take us? How is what we do located within German Studies? What is a German department and what will we emerging Germanists make of it?
This conference will illustrate and celebrate the diverse work done by scholars who intersect at the term German. In order to address the question posed in the title, the conference committee cordially invites abstracts on any aspect of German, Austrian, or Swiss Studies including (but not at all limited to): literature, linguistics, applied linguistics, philosophy, film, art history, history, political science, musicology, sociology, minority studies, global studies and cultural studies.
The conference committee will host a pre-conference panel discussion with UW-Madison faculty members on the importance, marketability and reality of taking an interdisciplinary approach in academia.
Please submit your abstracts (approx. 250 words) to Joshua Bousquette by no later than January 25, 2010. The primary language of the conference will be English, however papers in German are also welcome. Submissions should not bear the author's name. Include the following information as a separate attachment: name, title of paper, department and university affiliation, address, phone number and e-mail address. Please contact any of the committee members with potential questions or concerns:


text:
- Critic Score
- Most active
- Publication
- Most clicked
There are no positive critic reviews yet.
User Score
Generally favorable reviews- based on 11 Ratings
User score distribution:
Positive: 1 out of 1
Mixed: 0 out of 1
Negative: 0 out of 1
Jun 11, 2013It's a good, but not great season of Jackie, that is a step down from the tremendous season four. We focus on Jackie's sobriety. But we're introduced to lousy new characters (Carrie) while great ones (O'Hara) go away. The finale is pretty great, but nothing happens for episodes at a time. I'll definitely keep watching in season six.… Full Review »


text:
'If you grow up poor then most of the people in your family are poor…'
Accordingly, even if you "make it out" and arrive in the middle class…you will likely be less financially secure than a person that earns the same income but came from a middle class family. That person can put all of their extra money towards buying a home…retirement, additional degrees, starting a business, and sending their kids to college. But the poor person who earns a middle-class income might use a significant portion of their income keeping their parents' heat on, helping their little brother go to college, or buying back-to-school clothes for their nieces and nephews. This makes it much harder for poor and working class people who become middle class to stay that way.
much more, here.


text:
Roy Culpeper, former President of the North-South Institute and currently a Senior Fellow of the University of Ottawa's School of International Development and Global Studies, and Adjunct Professor at the School of Public Policy and Administration, Carleton University, reviews From the Great Transformation to the Great Financialization for the Broadbent Institute here.
American Sociological Association Honors Karl Polanyi
The Economic Sociology Section of the American Sociological Association (ASA) marked the 70th anniversary of the publication of The Great Transformation with a session on Karl Polanyi at the 109th ASA Annual Meeting (San Francisco, CA, August 16-18, 2014). Panelists included Fred Block, Margaret Somers, and Kari Polanyi Levitt. To commemorate this anniversary, the Chair of the Economic Sociology Section, Nina Bandelj, presented a beautiful plaque to Kari. The plaque was donated to the Karl Polanyi Institute, Concordia in Montreal, where it is now prominently displayed.
In her address, Professor Polanyi Levitt recalled the significance of the Great War in the life and work of Karl Polanyi.
"… For my father and his generation, the First World War which consumed so many million lives, was a traumatic and transformative experience. It was, I believe, the defining event of his life, which motivated him to engage in the search for the ultimate origins of the collapse of all the apparent certainties of the world before 1914 and all the disasters which followed. In "The Calling of our Generation", Karl Polanyi expressed the profound sense of disenchantment of a whole generation. During the First World War, he was a cavalry officer in the Austro-Hungarian army on the Russian front. The conditions were appalling, and he was tormented by a sense of personal responsibility for the disasters, the killings, the war, and what he later described as the collapse of our civilization…" Read More
Kari Polanyi Levitt, 2014
It is not permitted to copy this text without explicit permission of the author
The Power of Ideas: Keynes, Hayek and Polanyi
The Power of Ideas: Keynes, Hayek and Polanyi
This is the title of the introduction to volume 41, no. 4 (Winter 2012-2013) of the International Journal of Political Economy. The full text can be downloaded below.
European intellectuals of the generation of Keynes (b.1883), Hayek (b. 1899) and Polanyi (b.1886) were conditioned to assume responsibility for the welfare of society. They believed in the power of ideas to affect the course of world events. They understood that ideological beliefs can sustain an unsustainable social and economic order, or release forces of revolutionary change. They profoundly affect how we live in society, or react to perceived injustice.
The Institutional Political Economy of Karl Polanyi and Its Basic Concepts
This article, written in 2004, was published as chapter 33, "The Institutional Political Economy of Karl Polanyi and Its Basic Concepts," in Karl Polanyi in Vienna, 2nd ed., Kari Polanyi Levitt and Kenneth McRobbie, eds., Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2006. With the small exception of references to economic issues of the era, it remains the most complete statement of my reading of the The Great Transformation and other works of Karl Polanyi. The first two paragraphs are below, followed by a link to the full text.
The year 2004 marks the 60th anniversary of the publication of The Great Transformation. Although the book enjoyed steady and consistent sales since its publication, and many scholars of diverse disciplines and successive generations have told me that they were deeply influenced by it, there has recently been an explosion of new interest in the work of Karl Polanyi. The Great Transformation, (1944) is now translated into fifteen languages and a Google search for Polanyi turns up some 30,000 hits.
Many authors have provided excellent expositions of the principal thesis of The Great Transformation and its relevance to contemporary globalisation. But none might give him more satisfaction, given his wish to engage the intellectual adversary, than to be identified as the most effective critic of the neo liberal project for the 21st century by a senior fellow at the Cato Institute, a leading right-wing think tank. "He has emerged in recent years as a kind of patron saint of globalisation's critics. George Soros notes his intellectual debt in his acknowledgments at the beginning of The Crisis of Global Capitalism. Dani Rodrik, of Harvard University and author of Has Globalization Gone Too Far?, refers to him frequently. John Gray, a professor at the London School of Economics who wrote False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism, titled his first chapter "From the Great Transformation to the Global Free Market."
For the full text: Chapter Thirty-Three_Tracing Polanyi's Institutional Political Economy to its Central European Source_Kari Polanyi-Levitt
Mme Kari Polanyi Levitt nommée Membre de l'Ordre du Canada
L'Ordre du Canada a annoncé aujourd'hui la nomination de Mme Kari Polanyi Levitt, économiste et professeur émérite de l'Université McGill, au titre de Membre de l'Ordre du Canada, pour avoir contribué à faire des études sur le développement international un champ de recherche pluridisciplinaire, ainsi que pour ses travaux de recherche sur l'économie politique dans les Caraïbes.
|Née à Vienne en 1923, Kari Polanyi est la fille unique de Ilona Duczynska et Karl Polanyi[i], un économiste et historien de l'économie, reconnu aujourd'hui comme un des auteurs d'économie politique les plus marquants du XXe siècle, principalement pour son apport aux théories institutionnalistes. En 1933, Karl émigre à Londres, suivie par Kari en 1934 et Ilona deux ans plus tard.
Diplômée du London School of Economics (1941 à 1943) où elle se spécialise en statistiques, elle immigre au Canada en 1947 avec son mari l'historien Joseph Levitt, et s'inscrit au programme de maîtrise en économie de l'Université de Toronto en 1957, après avoir donné naissance à deux garçons. Elle s'établit enfin à Montréal en 1960, alors que l'université McGill lui offre de donner un cours sur la planification économique. Mme Levitt s'implique alors dans un projet de recherche sur les intrants et les extrants (inputs/outputs) de l'économie des provinces maritimes canadiennes et dirigera ce vaste projet d'étude sur la région atlantique du Canada de 1965 à 1975, pour Statistiques Canada.
C'est à cette même époque qu'elle a son premier contact avec les Caraïbes, alors qu'elle s'implique dans un projet d'intégration entre les différents systèmes d'expédition de la région. Au cours des 40 années qui suivirent, elle s'investit aussi dans une multitude d'activités dans la région, parmi lesquelles des activités d'enseignement, de recherche, de conférences, de participation au débat public, ou de services de consultante auprès des gouvernements de la région. Sa trace laissée dans les Caraïbes dépasse sa contribution intellectuelle qui permet de mieux comprendre le développement, l'histoire économique et les particularités de la région. Elle y jouit d'une certaine reconnaissance, ayant publié 4 ouvrages assez importants, ayant mis au point conjointement avec Lloyd Best le modèle économique de la plantation et y ayant présenté plusieurs conférences et enseignements.
Kari deviendra donc une voix importante au sein de ce courant au carrefour de différentes disciplines des sciences sociales, principalement l'économie politique, les relations internationales, les statistiques et la politique appliquée qu'on allait nommer «études du développement» (developement studies) et dont la théorie de la dépendance représente le noyau conceptuel central. Ce concept cherche à démontrer les liens de dépendance inégaux entretenus par les pays développés par rapport aux pays du Tiers-Monde, et dénonce les obligations qui étaient imposées aux pays du Tiers-Monde, par exemple celles d'exporter à bon marché leurs ressources naturelles, qui maintiennent les moins développés dans un rapport de dépendance.
En 1970, Mme Levitt publie Silent Surrender, dont la thèse centrale soutient qu'entre les investissements directs étrangers (IDE) et les investissements de portefeuilles, il existe une différence centrale, celle du contrôle. L'impact de Silent Surrender est très important ; l'ouvrage est publié et republié et réédité plusieurs fois. Partout au Canada, le livre est recensé, puis est publié en français, sous le titre de « La Capitulation Tranquille », avec une préface enthousiaste de Jacques Parizeau, démontrant l'influence et la crédibilité qui était accordée à Kari tant par les cercles nationalistes canadiens que québécois.
En 1978, Kari hérite de l'ensemble des écrits de son père. Ce nouveau rôle de gardienne de la mémoire de Karl Polanyi lui donnera un nouvel élan, l'amenant à développer de nouvelles idées, basées sur la rencontre entre les siennes et celles de son père. En 1987, lorsque l'Université Concordia fonde l'Institut Karl Polanyi de politique économique, le Professeur Levitt rend toutes les archives de son père disponibles. Ceci concorde avec la fondation de CASID[ii], et l'établissement du prix annuel Kari Polanyi Levitt pour le meilleur essai académique traitant du développement international.
Après 30 ans au département des sciences économiques, Mme Levitt prend sa retraite à titre de professeur émérite de l'université McGill en 1992. Elle a alors gagné une reconnaissance internationale en tant qu'économiste du développement dans la tradition d'économie politique. Depuis 1999, elle a publié cinq livres, dont Silent Surrender qui fut ré-édité en 2002. Jusqu'en 1997, elle poursuit ses efforts d'enseignement et de recherche à l'Université des Indes Occidentales, en Jamaïque. En 2005, elle publie Reclaiming Development: Independent Thought and Caribbean Community et reçoit en 2008 un Doctorat honorifique de l'Université des Indes Occidentales, ainsi que le prix John Kenneth Galbraith au Progressive Economics Forum, conjointement avec Mel Watkins.
En 2013, Mme Levitt publie From the Great Transformation to the Great Financialization[iii]. Suivant les pas de son père, dont l'œuvre propose aussi un portrait historique de l'évolution de l'économie, elle adopte le point de vue historique des pays en développement, et enrichit la proposition de Karl Polanyi en constatant que, pour ces pays, le phénomène de la globalisation se manifeste d'une façon fort semblable aux fois précédentes où le capitalisme leur a été imposé. Dans son dernier chapitre, elle conclut que la crise financière de 2008 a mis en relief le déclin relatif de l'ouest au profit du reste du monde, ouvrant ainsi la voie à un futur possible de cohabitation entre les pays aux héritages historiques et culturels différents.
|L'Ordre du Canada
La nomination de Mme Kari Levitt à titre de Membre de l'Ordre du Canada vient couronner le travail de toute sa vie, et elle en est extrêmement honorée.
[i] Son ouvrage le plus important est sans contredit « La Grande Transformation », qui paraît pour la première fois en 1944, dans lequel l'auteur cherchait à expliquer la montée du fascisme au vingtième siècle.
[ii] Canadian Association for the Study of International Development
[iii] Définie comme étant la capacité, de la part des capitaux financiers, de prendre le dessus et d'ainsi dominer toutes les activités commerciales, la financiarisation découle d'une récurrente suraccumulation de capitaux. La tendance à la financiarisation s'observe donc dans différentes phases du capitalisme, incluant la phase préindustrielle. L'expansion financière et matérielle sont des processus qui se déploient dans un système d'accumulation et de normes dont l'ampleur s'élargit depuis des siècles.
Rappelons que l'Ordre du Canada été créé en 1967, l'année du centenaire du Canada, afin de souligner «les réalisations exceptionnelles, le dévouement remarquable d'une personne envers la communauté ou une contribution extraordinaire à la nation». Cet honneur a été décerné à plus de 6000 personnes jusqu'ici. Le titre de membre de l'ordre reconnaît « une vie vouée au service d'une communauté, d'un groupe ou d'un champ d'activité ». L'Ordre du Canada est la plus haute récompense du régime canadien de distinctions honorifiques. Il reconnaît des réalisations exceptionnelles, le dévouement remarquable d'une personne envers la communauté ou une contribution extraordinaire à la nation.
The Governor General of Canada has announced that Professor Kari Polanyi Levitt, Emerita Professor of McGill University in the Department of Economics, will receive the Order of Canada for her contribution to the study and multi-disciplined research in the field of international development as well as her research and insights into the political economy of the Caribbean.
Established in 1967 by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, the Order of Canada is the centrepiece of Canada's honours system and recognizes a lifetime of outstanding achievement, dedication to the community and service to the nation. The Order recognizes people in all sectors of Canadian society. Their contributions are varied, yet they have all enriched the lives of others and made a difference to this country. The Order of Canada's motto is DESIDERANTES MELIOREM PATRIAM (They desire a better country).
Seventieth anniversary of the publication of Friedrich Hayek's Road to Serfdom and Karl Polanyi's Great Transformation, in 1944.
For Hayek, the departure from minimalist laissez-faire government was the road to serfdom. For Polanyi, the self-regulating market was the road to the ruin of the western democracies.
In From the Great Transformation to the Great Financialization (2013), we trace the conflicting philosophies of Hayek and Polanyi to their origins, in Socialist Vienna of the 1920s.
Polanyi and Hayek arrived in England as émigré intellectuals in the early 1930s. The opening sentence of the Great Transformation reads: "Nineteenth century civilization has collapsed." Note the present tense of these words, written 30 years after the start of the Great War. Nowhere was the collapse of that civilization more evident than in Vienna, the former glittering capital of the Hapsburg Empire of 50 million people reduced to the impoverished capital of the 6 million Republic of Austria. In the socialist Red Vienna of my childhood, Hayek and his mentor Ludwig von Mises were the misfits, the remnants of the old order. As recalled by Mises in his memoirs: "To appreciate duly Doctor Hayek's achievements, one must take into account political, economic, and ideological conditions as they prevailed in Europe and especially in Vienna at the time the First World War came to an end" (M Mises, 1976: 183). They were traumatized by the socialist municipal administration that favoured the working classes. They considered socialism of all varieties and economic planning of any kind to be an infringement on personal liberty. They looked back on the liberal utopia of the pre-1914 economic order as an ideal to be recovered and refashioned.
In Chapter 2, we follow Hayek's career from Vienna to the London School of Economics to his influence on the Chicago School and the international thought collective of the Mont Pelerin Society. Neoliberal ideology was consciously constructed from European sources, but took root in the United States where it found support from opponents of New Deal policies. In its most radical form, neoliberalism defines freedom in purely economic terms. Politics is reduced to the rule of law by a strong state dedicated to the preservation of private property and free enterprise.
In Chapter 3, we introduce the reader to the formative influences on Karl Polanyi in pre-1914 Vienna, where Russian revolutionaries of all varieties were welcomed and assisted by family and family friends, and to Budapest, where he was a founding member and first president of a Hungarian student movement dedicated to Free Thought. In Vienna of the 1920s, he engaged Mises in the socialist accountancy debates and outlined a model of associational functionalist socialism, moderating criteria of economic efficiency with social justice and participatory democracy. His socialism was neither that of traditional European social democracy, nor that of centralized communist planning. It was more akin to the third stream of the European socialist tradition- the populist, syndicalist and quasi-anarchist one of corporatist guild socialism.
Kari Polanyi Levitt, Montreal, June 2014
Interview with Michèle Rioux: Nine Decades of Scientific and Militant Life
KARI POLANYI: Nine Decades of Scientific and Militant Life
Michèle Rioux
This is a transcript of an interview conducted by Professor Michèle Rioux, Director of the Centre d'études sur l'intégration et la mondialisation (CEIM) and full professor in the department of Political Science at the Université de Quebec á Montreal, with Kari Polanyi during the Fall of 2013 and published in Interventions Economiques. The interview is part of a research project leading to a book that will discuss the work and life of two extraordinary women in Canadian political economy, Kari Polanyi and Sylvia Ostry.
Summary of questions:
Michèle Rioux: Dear Kari, can you tell us about the first decade of your life?
Michèle Rioux: You were 11 years old? The second decade of your life was just beginning.
Michèle Rioux: Who was your favorite?
Michèle Rioux: When did you meet John Maynard Keynes?
Michèle Rioux: But you have been in contact with ideas of the general theory?
Michèle Rioux: Did the ideas of Kalecki and Keynes resonate with students or were they more inclined to study Marx?
Michèle Rioux: You were in your twenties and thirties, you were finishing your program and you then travelled to Canada. What made you cross the ocean?
Michèle Rioux: But you were a PhD Student?
Interviewer: So you were not the failure you thought you were!
Michèle Rioux: That brings us almost to the third decade of your life.
Michèle Rioux: But you never finished?
Michèle Rioux : Can you give us a sense of what was really original in this project?
Michèle Rioux: This was your first project as a McGill professor. Were you teaching courses at the time?
Michèle Rioux: When did you start the work on the Caribbean?
Michèle Rioux: What is the next important moment, the publication of your book Silent Surrender?
Michèle Rioux: In your economic planning model, what was the main element? What is related to the question of investment in Canada?
Michèle Rioux: Did you know at the time that it was important?
Michèle Rioux: Why were the seventies so important for you?
Michèle Rioux: Did you miss Europe?
Michèle Rioux: Who do you think was the most important person in your life and in shaping the way you have approached your work?
Michèle Rioux: And your children, you told me that you owe the title Silent Surrender to your son.
Michèle Rioux: For young people interested in political economy what would be your best advice?
Michèle Rioux: Dear Kari, can you tell us about the first decade of your life?
KARI: I was born in Vienna, shortly after the end of the First World War. It was a chaotic and economically very difficult time. My father, Karl Polanyi , then in his forties, had a good position as a journalist for an important weekly economic and financial journal. My mother was studying engineering, as she had wanted to do since she was a young woman. I had a very happy childhood, even though I was the only child. I grew up in Red Vienna, which was perhaps the most successful illustration of what a socialist urban government can achieve in a country that was quite poor, with a high rate of unemployment. Production in Austria did not reach the prewar level until 1928. Socialist governments were elected in Vienna from the revolution of 1918, which put an end to the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, until the overthrow of the working class movement in February 1934. Red Vienna had remarkable housing projects, of which the Karl Marx Hof was the best known but there were dozens, if not hundreds of them, built by the municipality. The defining moment of my life was when the working class movement was attacked.
Michèle Rioux: You were 11 years old? The second decade of your life was just beginning.
KARI: I was 10 years old going on to 11. The Austrian government destroyed the working class movement in Vienna. I knew more or less what was happening. There was to be a General Strike. On my way to school I noticed that the electric clock in the large public square had stopped, and I knew that this was the beginning of the General Strike and so turned around to go back home. My mother was very active, and she told me that she would be busy for the next few days and that I would be in charge of the house and of my grandmother. I was given for the first time paper money. I went down to buy a lot of bread and made all kinds of preparations for these few days without electricity. Because we lived rather near to the barracks, we could see the army bring their guns to bombard the social housing. I think this was the defining moment of my life because I knew which side I was on, the side of the workers of Vienna. I remained concerned with political events for the next ten years, twenty years or maybe eighty years. The civil war lasted four days. Eventually the government forces won. The leaders of the social democratic party left the country and went to Prague. I went back to school and almost half of the teachers were gone. They had been dismissed, and it was clear that this was because they were socialists.
In the following week, I was sent to England on a train. When I arrived in England, it was a challenge. I went to stay with very close family friends and learned English within a year or two. I was fortunate to have a very good education because I won a scholarship to a prestigious avant-garde boarding school. Former school mates tell me that I was forever reading. There was the Left Book Club and I think I read every single book that they published. At the time of the civil war in Spain, we raised money to buy wool and we made knitted sweaters. I was always politically active.
For those fortunate to be young in war-time England, which was never invaded, they were extraordinary times. They were the best years of my life. At school, I had two subjects that I loved, history and physics. When the time came, I did my examination in history. I got the entrance but I did not get the scholarships and my parents had no money. My father was then in the United States and my mother had joined him but I refused to leave England. I was living with family friends and I then tried for physics in Cambridge. All the exams were in mathematics, except for one practical lab and I did quite well. I was accepted into the second year of the program. But again, no scholarship. I decided that I was a failure, a total academic failure, having failed to get into Oxford to study history or Cambridge to study physics.
So I decided to follow my political left-wing interests at the London School of Economics (LSE). And of course, the fees were minimal and it was easy to get a loan from the local education authorities. The LSE was temporarily relocated to Cambridge, and we could attend lectures by any of the great and famous Cambridge economists, like Joan Robinson and others, as well as our own lecturers.
Michèle Rioux: Who was your favorite?
KARI: My real favourite and from whom I learned so much, that I have remembered it for the rest of my career in economics, was Nickolas Kaldor. His course on Economic Analysis was presented as a history of economic thought. He would present Adam Smith and the exchange of beavers and dears, you know that old story. But after having presented Adam Smith, he then proceeded to deconstruct him; likewise with Ricardo and the whole Ricardian system, and then with Marx, and the marginalists revolution. I will never forget how the course ended. "Ladies and gentlemen," he said, "there is currently a research survey to find out how business men set their prices. They report that they sum up the costs and they add a margin; so you see we still do not know the source of value."
I also attended a course by Professor F. von Hayek. Unfortunately, the course was mediocre because Hayek chose to lecture from a large textbook chapter by chapter. The textbook was written by Kenneth Boulding; it was a very fat, large book that my father called "the Boulder". After a few weeks, most of the students stopped attending the lectures because you could just read the book. We were never exposed to Hayek's theories.
I chose to specialize in statistics, because I had done a lot of mathematics. I loved mathematics and I thought a specialization in statistics might be more useful than economic theory. I wanted to know what happens in the real world.
After the first two years at the LSE, I was called up for National Service. I was told that I could find my own employment, and that would be my National Service. My ambition was to specialize in labour research. Because I had done some voluntary work with the labour research department built by a wonderful woman by the name of Margot Heinemann, I found employment in the research department of the Amalgamated Engineering Union, representing over a million workers employed in the war industries. During the war, the research department was located in South London and it was entirely staffed by women. The director was Yvonne Kaap who had previously worked at Vogue in Paris.
I later returned to complete my undergraduate studies at the LSE. A little known, but very important fact, is that the student movement in England in the thirties and during the war, was dominated by the communist party. Because of the rise of Hitler and the Spanish civil war, many bright young people thought that the Soviet Union was the only way to defeat fascism. And this indeed was true. Thus, while I was at the LSE, the communists were at the center and had the brightest of the students. On the left, were pacifists and rationalists and on the right was the labour party. And beyond the labour party there was nothing. There were no conservatives, no liberals. There was a total absence in the student life of the political spectrum of the right.
Michèle Rioux: When did you meet John Maynard Keynes?
KARI: I never met Keynes.
Michèle Rioux: But you have been in contact with ideas of the general theory?
KARI: We were aware of the Keynes' proposal of 1942 issued as an official government white paper as a blueprint for a new post-war international financial order. It was widely discussed. But the LSE was not friendly to Keynes. More precisely, Lionel Robbins had brought Hayek from Vienna in 1931, for the specific purpose of combating what they considered to be the dangerous influence of Keynes. Dangerous because it was inflationary, and the LSE was very close to the city. They feared Keynes because they thought that deficit financing would create inflation. The city and the bankers hate inflation like the devil hates holy water. Keynes was never part of the undergraduate curriculum at the LSE. When I wrote my final exam in in 1947, Keynes was not on the curriculum. In Cambridge, there were off campus classes in Keynesian economics taught by young LSE lecturers. Interestingly, at the same time, we were discovering the work of Michael Kalecki . There were also the usual classes on Marx that were given by the communist party. But that was all off campus.
Michèle Rioux: Did the ideas of Kalecki and Keynes resonate with students or were they more inclined to study Marx?
KARI: We were somewhat introduced to these ideas by Kaldor. He initially believed in the conventional neoclassical price theory, but then departed from that belief, and later relocated to Cambridge University. I certainly knew the basics of the Keynesian approach, but it was not taught in any of my courses. I recently reread Kolecki, he was prescient in his prediction that the Keynesian solution would ultimately fail. He argued that if we have full employment for a long period of time, as indeed we had in the 1950s and 60s, the power of the capitalist class would weaken to such a degree that they would find it intolerable, as indeed happened in the stagflation of the 1970s. The neoliberal counter revolution was constructed in think tanks as a response to the concern of the capitalist class that the world was getting out of control, both domestically and in the third world.
Michèle Rioux: You were in your twenties and thirties, you were finishing your program and you then travelled to Canada. What made you cross the ocean?
KARI: I had met in England some Canadians who had volunteered to fight fascism. They were all communists, including Joe Levitt and I agreed to join him in Canada when I finished my studies. He was demobilized in 1946 and I came to Canada in 1947, as a member of the communist party. I thought Canada would resemble Britain, allowing you to engage in any political activity of your choice, including the communist party. However, I discovered that although that was the case in theory, in fact it was quite different.
I arrived on the last day of October, which is Halloween. When the dead rise from the graves and in catholic Europe at that time, all the cemeteries are lit with candles. I thought it was a very appropriate entrance to my new life in Toronto. Joe made contact with the University of Toronto, as I was planning on continuing my graduate studies. I spent my first year in Canada at the University of Toronto. I had a teaching assistantship, because it was a course on economic history, a subject that I knew very well. The professor let me teach the classes, which I very much enjoyed, but I found the atmosphere oppressive, stifling, boring, really very depressing – grey halls, grey people. I decided I did not want to live this kind of life. This was not what I had come to Canada for. I wanted to pursue my interest in the labour movement and do labour research. In truth, I did not want to do graduate studies. However, I did meet the famous Harold Innis , a small man behind a desk piled up with books.
Michèle Rioux: But you were a PhD Student?
KARI: No, I was not a PhD Student. I had a BSc. I had a first degree, a BSc [econ] from the LSE, where I had tied for the first class spot with Ralph Turvey.
Interviewer: So you were not the failure you thought you were!
KARI: I was no failure, no. I tied for the first spot with Ralph Turvey, but Maurice Dobb broke the tie in favour of Turvey. I had offers of fellowships at LSE and, in many ways, I thought I should stay there because I had really wonderful career opportunities. In London, Nicki Kaldor had invited me to join his team on the famous British study on The Effects of Allied Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy. There was a very small team in Britain led by Kaldor and a very large American team led by John Kenneth Galbraith. This is how the two of them got to know each other. When the British and the American forces had invaded Germany, they had seized many documents on war production from the German war factories and brought them to London and to Washington respectively to be analyzed. The British team was very small. It consisted of Kaldor, who directed it, a professional statistician, whose name I don't remember, and myself. I was hired because I could read German. My task was to look at microfiches and record the information. The study found that the result of the heavy bombing of German industrial cities and the working class population was a constant increase of production. You cannot demolish a people just by bombing. You can demolish a lot of structures but you can't demolish the will of a people. The German bombing had a similar effect in England. If I had stayed in Europe, I would probably have gone to work with Gunnar Myrdal at the UN economic commission in Geneva, but instead I came to Canada for personal reasons, for love.
When I arrived in Toronto, it was depressing. The university was depressing and the center of the city was depressing. I got on a street car in west Toronto in search of the city, passed a few buildings and fields, and when we arrived at the terminus on the east side I said: "I thought we were going to the city." And they said "You've been through it. You've passed it already." King and Bay, a few tall buildings. It was in 1947, and I was 24.
Michèle Rioux: That brings us almost to the third decade of your life.
Kari: From 1947 until 1956, I was working in left-wing political movements. After the year I spent at the University of Toronto, I decided to go back to a milieu that I thought would be more interesting, more sociable. I looked for a factory job of the kind I had done in the summer vacations in England, and I found one on the Western Road of Toronto called the Acme Screw and Gear Company. I spent a year working there and enjoyed it very much, because the people were pleasant and kind. When I was sick with the flu, they brought soup and food to my home. I got involved in the United Automobile Workers. I initiated a newspaper for the local called Yours to Build. Later I worked in the research department of the United Electrical Workers. This was a frustrating experience. I was then invited to edit a sixteen page monthly tabloid for the Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers Union which was much more interesting. It was a new challenge.
In 1956, like many others, I resigned from the communist party, after the Hungarian revolution and the invasion by the Soviet Union. Because it seemed that I had wasted many years, I needed to get back to my studies, and I considered making a big change. At that time, information technology was just beginning, and opportunities were being offered to bright students with an undergraduate degree. Eventually I decided to stay in economics and enrolled in a Master's program in the University of Toronto instead. I did two years of the master's program and all the courses of the PhD program.
Michèle Rioux: But you never finished?
KARI: I never finished. I became interested in traditional Canadian economic history as well as in economic development; I wanted to combine this with the mathematics and the statistics. This is how I got engaged in the input-output studies of the Atlantic Provinces. I was drawn to it by Professor B. S. Keirstead. He had built an excellent department at Mcgill, including Jack Weldon and Tom Asimakopoulos. But a quarrel with the administration at McGill forced him to leave for Toronto, which is where I met him. He came from the Maritimes and he got me involved with the Maritimes as an underdeveloped region of Canada. So this is where my interest in development began. We were introduced to national accounting and I have spent much of my professional life in this area of national accounting and the construction of input-output tables. I was initially introduced to national accounting at LSE by a small book by J.R. Hicks, The social framework: An Introduction to Economics. It presented the system of national accounts, in terms of major constituent sectors.
In 1961 I received a job offer from McGill, which I think was at the prompting of professor Keirstead. I accepted the offer. I started at McGill without having finished the PhD, and I never finished it. I was initially engaged in a huge project on the production of input-output tables for the four Atlantic Provinces.
Michèle Rioux : Can you give us a sense of what was really original in this project?
KARI: It was original because at that time there was interesting work being done on the construction of the input output tables. The new idea came from Tadek Matuszewski at University Laval. He was brilliant and was advising the Quebec Bureau of statistics in the early 1960s. He introduced the idea of rectangular tables, instead of the square format that we all knew. Essentially, there are the basic tables of input, but they are rectangular with many more commodities than industries, corresponding to the reality of the economy. And then there was a matching rectangular table for the output of the many commodities of the few industries. This caused quite a bit of a storm, and I got involved in it. We made the tables for the Atlantic Provinces with that method, which was new at the time. Thus, I was involved from the beginning in Statistics Canada, working with Terry Gigantes, who was another McGill "product" and student of Professor Weldon. Most of the staff had actually come from McGill and Terry was the director of this input-output work. A recent book by Duncan McDowall, The Sum of the Satisfactions on Canada's national accounting, contains a generous treatment of my contribution.
The project was huge. It lasted for over 10 years and it was ultimately financed by the Atlantic Development Board, which does not exist anymore. There was a discussion at the time about regional policy. Should industries in the Maritimes be encouraged by Ottawa or should people be encouraged to emigrate and leave the region? That is a very classic problem. It is a problem that is currently much discussed in terms of the contribution of immigrants to their country of origin. I never supported that position. My initial work was on the industrialisation and economic development within the Maritime Provinces and then later I transferred that onto an international scale.
Michèle Rioux: This was your first project as a McGill professor. Were you teaching courses at the time?
KARI: I was teaching a very heavy load. When I first came to McGill, I was given a course about which I knew nothing, Canadian banking. In order to entice me to come they also gave me a course on technics of economic planning. I taught a course on business cycles, which I also found interesting. However, the problem was that in the sixties, business cycles had disappeared, and the course morphed into a course on economic growth. Instead of the old business cycle, recessions took the form of slowing down the rate of growth. For the banking course, I would start at five in the morning to have time to read the next chapter in the textbook, and I would present myself at 9 o'clock in the morning and behave as if I was totally familiar with the material. I was very strict with the students because I knew that this was a contest between my authority, as a relatively young woman, and a large class of commerce students, mostly male. If I did not exert my authority, I would be in trouble. So if I caught them reading a newspaper, I stopped lecturing and suggested that they read outside the class.
Michèle Rioux: When did you start the work on the Caribbean?
KARI: My contact with the Caribbean came shortly before I accepted the position at McGill, in 1961, and the person responsible was Professor Keirstead. It was the time of the Federation of the West Indies, which later collapsed in 1962. The circumstances were that he had a year of sabbatical leave and he was invited to undertake a study on the federal shipping service by Arthur Lewis.
Keirstead did what all professors do when they have a lot of work and it is a little boring. They find a graduate student. He asked for somebody who was more competent than myself, but they were not available. He then asked somebody else, who was also not available, at which point, in desperation, he sent me an invitation in December. I jumped at the opportunity. My husband was very helpful and cooperative and he said: "Ok, you can go." I prepared everything for the children for Christmas and I went and set foot in Jamaica, late in December of 1960 and there I encountered a very new and strange world.
I felt that I had stepped back into the nineteenth century, the world of the novels of Jane Austen. It was very, very colonial. I was sent to Trinidad, which is where I had to do the research. That is how it started. Then, in the following spring I was asked to come and proof read in Jamaica. There I met a number of relatively young economists who had been trained in Britain at the LSE or at Cambridge, with whom I found I had much in common. Friendships were formed and that was the beginning of it.
Michèle Rioux: What is the next important moment, the publication of your book Silent Surrender?
KARI: It all started with Charles Taylor, an eminent political philosopher who was very active in the New Democratic Party (NDP). The NDP were having many discussions about foreign ownership, and Charles persuaded me to interest myself in this issue to write a background paper that could be used for their discussions.
At that time, the heavy weights did not see a problem. The influx of foreign capital was believed to be obviously beneficial. The most influential economist of Canadian origin at that time was Harry Johnson. I don't know whether that name is still known, but he was a very high profile Canadian in favour of economic liberalisation. I started to look at this and I became increasingly interested. The first thing I noticed was that there is surely a difference between portfolio capital and the operations of subsidiaries of large corporations of foreign investment. This discussion continued over two or three years. I constantly had to fortify my position, which became increasingly negative towards the sell-out of Canada's manufacturing industries to a huge influx of American money.
At the same time, I maintained my connection with the Caribbean and was working with my colleagues on the construction an economic planning model for a typical Caribbean economy.
Michèle Rioux: In your economic planning model, what was the main element? What is related to the question of investment in Canada?
KARI: I think the question to ask is what did the effort in constructing an economic plan framework have in common with the discussion about private investment in Canada? What they had in common was that these economies were dominated by extremely large foreign owned extractive industries. You had in Jamaica a very large bauxite and alumina industry with the presence of Alcan and Alcoa, Kaiser, Reynolds; at least those four huge international companies. In Trinidad, there was Shell and Texaco, very large refineries, and there was also throughout the Caribbean a sugar industry dominated by British capital. The common factor was the effect on open economies of being dominated by subsidiaries and branches of large foreign companies. That was the common factor.
In the models that we attempted to construct, that reality had a central place. At this time there was an interesting intellectual movement in the West Indies and a published journal called the New World Journal. It was in that journal that my paper, which would become Silent Surrender, was first published in 1968. It was reprinted and circulated until the McMillan Company asked me if I would be interested in turning it into a book.
Michèle Rioux: Did you know at the time that it was important?
KARI: It certainly became very important in the NDP. Not only within the NDP, but because this was the time of Walter L. Gordon who was then the Minister of Finance. He commissioned the study which became the Watkins Report on foreign ownership, in which Mel Watkins and Stephen Hymer participated. That was at the same time as I was preparing the book for publication, and these were friends of mine.
Silent Surrender was an important document no doubt about it. It went to many re-printings and re-editions, large reeditions, physically larger, student editions, which were cheaper and so on. The book was reviewed, when it was first published, on the front page of the business section of the New York Times with an interview, etc. It was extensively reviewed in Canada. Then I found myself in demand to be speaking about this. I did not like it, it was interfering with my work and it was too much. I had to finish the input-output work, a big project in Ottawa. I had to teach. I had undertaken interesting work in the Caribbean. With all of this on my plate, I said "Look, if you want somebody to carry the Canadian flag and become an activist, it's not me. Do it yourself."
Incidentally I also had a dramatic encounter regarding my tenure in 1970, because after ten years my tenure was not yet confirmed.
I had written this book and I had an unfinished project. A committee of four, from which the two most important members of the department, professors Weldon and Asimakopulos, had reclused themselves, were discussing my promotion. The committee said: "We respect your work and when you finish this large statistical study, you will get your tenure." I had sent them a big pile of works including the book that has just been published. They asked me: "Incidentally, Kari, what do you think of this publication the Silent Surrender?" I replied: "In these circumstances, it is for you to judge". They said: "Yes, but we would like to know what you think about it." I thought for a moment and I still remember my reply. I said: "I think it is the most important thing that I have ever done, maybe the most important thing that I will do for the rest of my career." They looked totally stunned because the people to whom they had sent my work to be evaluated had reported very negatively on the book. They repeated; "You'll get your tenure when you finish your statistical study". I replied: "Fine, I intend to finish it, so it is ok".
Subsequently, I wrote them and said: "I think you owe me an explanation as to why this book is not a publication for the purposes of tenure and promotion". They replied: "You know you will get your tenure when you finish the statistical work."
Throughout my career, I have rarely submitted an article to a top of the line peer reviewed journal. I have not been motivated to do that. I can see really how much work I had actually done in my lifetime. It is a lot. None of it was motivated by advancing my career. But I understand that it is not possible anymore to behave in a university the way in which I behaved. I was fortunate in enjoying the privilege of the liberty to choose what I considered important to write and to publish. I don't know how possible this is anymore. Certainly, it is not possible to survive or to eventually become a full professor in a good university without having a doctorate.
Michèle Rioux: Why were the seventies so important for you?
KARI: They are a very important part of my life, because I had a good time and a lot of it were spent in the West Indies. I think I told you that I had started some work with Lloyd Best. We had a grant from McGill from the Center for Developing Areas Studies to develop our approach to plantation economy model for the Caribbean. I had wanted to continue this work with some CIDA funding in Trinidad at the University of the West Indies and something happened, a political intervention and CIDA took the money off the table. I had finally got leave from McGill and I had planned to move for two years with the family to Trinidad. In these circumstances I accepted an invitation from Mr. William Demas, then chief economist for Trinidad to employ my skills in national economic accounting to produce a new database for the next five-year plan for the country.
The project was initially financed by IMF Technical Assistance and had strong support from the government of Trinidad and Tobago. I was an adviser on the new system of national economic accounts. We built a team of young graduates in economics and worked with the statistical office to reorganize the economic statistics of the country. The work started in September 1969 and was abruptly terminated in 1973 by changing circumstances at the political level. This was regrettable because we had done an amazing detailed and careful statistical work which was methodologically innovative.
I then accepted a professorial appointment at the University of the West Indies and did not return to Canada full time until 1977. I was kind of floating. In the 1980s, I was determined to develop a really good course in development economics at the undergraduate and graduate levels at McGill.
In 1978, my mother passed away, and I inherited the responsibility of the literary legacy of my father Karl Polanyi. This added a whole new dimension to my life. There was my Caribbean work, my McGill teaching, and now the responsibility for the legacy of my father. In 1986, a centenary conference was organized by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Budapest, celebrating the life and work of my father. The earthly remains of my parents were transferred from Canada to a cemetery in Budapest.
Michèle Rioux:: Did you miss Europe ?
KARI: I missed it of course, but when time goes by, you distance yourself from your country origin. In my life, I grew ever closer to the West Indies and ever more involved in work there. When you ask me what I think is my most important contribution, it is probably my work in the Caribbean. I have published two edited books on the Caribbean, including the George Beckwood Papers (2000); Reclaiming Development: Independent Thought and Caribbean Community (2005), a collection of my essays on Caribbean topics; and jointly with Lloyd Best, Essays on the Theory of Plantation Economy: a Historical and Institutional Approach to Economic Development (2009).
In the 1990s, I was teaching a course on economic development in an excellent two year post-graduate program at the University of the West Indies in Jamaica.
In the Caribbean, there are many people who think of me as Caribbean by origin. Many are not aware that I have also a life in Canada. So I have three lives: Europe where I come from and continue to maintain contact, particularly in Vienna and Budapest, Canada where I have lived since 1947, in Toronto but much more importantly Montreal, and in the Caribbean, where I have developed another life.
Since I retired form McGill, I have more productive than ever before. I have been able to do a lot more writing, and my interests have widened and broadened. My interests have shifted from national economic accounting and technics of development planning towards a wider historical approach, to the trajectory of capitalism across space and time.
A collection of essays, under the title of From the Great Transformation to the Great Financialization, was published earlier in 2013. I am currently working on the completion of a manuscript on development economics economists from mercantilism and Adam Smith to the financial crisis of 2008 which revealed the rising importance of the global south in shifting geo-political power relations.
My sight is now very poor, I cannot read, but I have software that converts electronic text to speech. I am not saying the situation is good, it's not, but it encourages reflection on knowledge accumulated over the years, and discourages the accumulation of ever more material, which serve act as a substitute for creative thinking. When I need information, I depend on human assistance.
Michèle Rioux: who do you think was the most important person in your life and in shaping the way you have approached your work?
KARI: It must be my parents, but I think that this is ultimately true for just about everybody. No doubt that our parents have an enormous influence on how we are shaped. My parents are very different from each other. My father worked in the area of ideas and my mother was an activist. As a young woman, she played an important role in the Hungarian struggle against the First World War. She became a national heroic figure together with her comrade and first husband in organizing the production of anti-war literature distributed in the war factories and army barracks of Budapest. She was arrested and accused of treason. My mother has been described as a sovereign revolutionary; she was no camp follower. I hugely admired my mother when I was growing up in Vienna. When I was young, she was my model, rather than my father. It was much later in life that I grew to appreciate the ideas of my father.
Both my parents had an influence and I always felt, because of growing up in a socialist household, in a socialist Red Vienna, that I had to put the education that I had received and whatever natural intelligence I had been endowed with in some way to use in this world. I never had a career plan. Wherever I found myself I would become engaged in what I thought was a positive way, in an effort to serve a cause. It stems from the prevailing values of the family. The other thing is the curiosity. I am enormously curious and always continue to find what I do sufficiently interesting to attempt to keep writing and working.
Michèle Rioux: And your children, you told me that you owe the title Silent Surrender to your son.
KARI: There is no question that my children have suffered a lot from my active kind of life. If I had to do it over again, I might have chosen differently. But it is also the way that I was brought up. I was raised to be independent from an early age. My father was in rebellion against the bourgeois expectations of his mother, and my mother was in rebellion against her aristocratic family origins. They encouraged me to be independent and I thought when my children were growing up that that was the best for them too. I think there was a little too much independence and not enough caring.
Michèle Rioux: For young people interested in political economy what would be your best advice?
KARI: That is an enormous question. All I can say is that we have to rethink the way we live in this world. We have to reconsider our place in the universe, our relationship with nature, and perhaps the most important, we need to slow down, and to restore our personal relationships with people and with our physical environment. There is an increasing interest in other civilisations, in other societies, and all of that is good. The solution does not lie in ever more sophisticated technologies but on the contrary, in questioning how we really want to live with each other, in the natural environment we are too rapidly destroying.
Review of "From the Great Transformation to the Great Financialization: on Karl Polanyi and other essays" by Mel Watkins (on Rabble.ca)
Pope Francis and Karl Polanyi
My sincere thanks for the many responses to the invitation to comment on Pope Francis' first Apostolic Exhortation as outlined in the Atlantic article:"Pope Francis's Theory of Economics" http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/11/pope-franciss-theory-of-economics/281865/
Below we are posting a selection of the more substantive comments received.
I am confirmed in my initial view of the importance of Pope Francis' intervention and its resonance to the social philosophy of my father.
I also refer you to a communication by Brazilian liberation theologian Leonardo Boff, available in Spanish on the ALAI website: alainet.org
An English translation is available here:
Leonardo Boff-Pope Francis and the political economy of exclusion
The most recent communication is from Argentine-Canadian economist Alberto Rabilotta. He writes: "At the end of the 1920s, the economist Karl Polanyi wrote that "it is necessary to transcend the individual Christian ethic, to recognize the reality of society, the ultimate and insuperable nature of society, and to acquire consciousness of this insuperable character" (1).
In a recent article (2) the theologian and philosopher Leonardo Boff underlines some of the positions of Pope Francis in the Pontifical Exhortation and notes that there is a "perceptible affinity" with the thought of Karl Polanyi. In effect, reading what the Pope has written, and knowing something of the work of Polanyi, whether by accident or by design, this affinity exists."
For the full article, see:
I refer you also to the excellent article by James Carroll, in the New Yorker, "A Radical Pope's First Year"
James Carroll_ A Radical Pope's First Year _ The New Yorker
In connection with the origins of liberation theology, we are reminded of Karl Polanyi's close association with the tradition of Christian socialism in England, where he co-edited "Christianity and the Social Revolution" with Joseph Needham, the author of a multi-volume account of technology in China. It contains his essay "The Essence of Fascism."
"It is a great time to hear and see the actions and thoughts of a man with such great institutional authority abandon the market mentality. It generates a type of mystical euphoria. But be aware. A couple of months ago he participated and condoned a ceremony of canonization of all the catholic martyrs that died defending Franco's coup against the republic, which was promoted by the reactionary Spanish Catholic church hierarchy, with the support of the previous popes.
The historians that have studied the life of around three of these "saints", have found that their social activities during the war could best be defined as crimes against humanity. There are many other Basque priests that died defending the second republic, and none of them is in the new list of saints.
Fascism, according to Karl Polanyi, was also a response to the collapse of the ancienne régime, also being a rebellion against the hegemony of the markets.
Theology is easy, but let us remain scientifically sceptical."
- Francisco Bozzano-Barnes
"Je n'oublie jamais l'hommage fait par Karl Polanyi à la fin de la Grande Transformation d'Owen et du Christ…
Il est arrivé à Durkheim qui était athée de répondre à quelqu'un qui lui demandait "mais ce que vous appelez société c'est dieu?" réponse
"oh si vous voulez l'appelez ainsi cela ne me dérange pas"…"
- Jean-Michel Servet
"I'm sure your father would be pleased with this
article–just as he was glad to see included in an early edition of
Co-Existence an article that discussed Pope John XXIII's 'Pacem in
terris', the 1963 Encyclical that, in his reading, warned the flock
against chasing after "the daydream of a capitalist world community.""
-Gareth Dale
"I think this commentary does justice to what your father was suggesting, and the considerations seem to fit with some of the growth models being developed in parts of the world, particularly in China. In short, the struggle between economic and social man continues."
-James Palombo
"My friends in Argentina – survivors of the dirty war – were cautiously optimistic when Francis was appointed. It seems their judgment is being borne out. InRome and Milan, they tell me that he is having a shock-effect on the Italian political classes, and that too cannot be a bad thing."
-James Galbraith
"I live in Argentina. The actual pope lived all his long life here, and he never agreed or shared liberation theology. More than that, in the middle of 1970, he, as the chief of Jesuites, had separated priests who maked option for the poor. More! He is accused of facilitating the kidnapping of two priests by the military. The involvement of the Catholic Church in the dictatorship was never repudiated by the church or by the pope. Today we still expect the Pope to compel the Argentina Catholic Church to open adoption files because we are looking for the 400 children stolen under the dictatorship."
- Nora Britos
"This document is mostly about the Church. Some of it goes back to the Middle Ages. One of the slogans of the medieval reform movements was to call for reform "in capite et in membris", "in the head and in the members". Pope Francis is quite explicit in saying here that reform must begin at the top, at the centre. But the Church does not exist in a vacuum. It exists in societies. So he is looking at some of the problems of these societies, and in addition to a severe critique of inequality he is also — both in the Church itself and in various societies (the plural is important) — questioning the very notion of a pensée unique. Thus he cites the African bishops who complain about the imposition of European or North American institutions on the African reality. Thus the passage cited in the Atlantic article:
"If we really want to achieve a healthy world economy, what is needed at this juncture of history is a more efficient way of interacting which, with due regard for the sovereignty of each nation, ensures the economic well-being of all countries, not just of a few."
That is to say, globalization is not a solution: it is the problem, or one of the problems. Different societies have different needs, demand different structures. Hence his emphasis on decentralization, both in the Church and in the world at large. His approach to the so-called free market is here similar to that of Karl Polanyi: the market is a social creation, and as it actually functions, it supports social structures that are inherently unjust. It is, however, extremely important to note that for Pope Francis "decentralization" does not involve individualism, much less the extreme individualism of a consumer society. Margaret Thatcher denied the existence of society. Francis is very much aware of societies, and aware of the fact that societies are different one from another.
Hayek complained that an economy controlled by a central bureaucracy demanded a kind of knowledge that no one could attain. Keynes simply noted that the same is true of markets, let alone a "Market" which is supposed to control the whole world. Polany noted that this is quite impossible, and that reactions to this are inevitable. Inevitable but not a kind of automated magic. The form that this reaction would take may well be different in different societies, although in nineteenth century Europe it appeared to be somewhat the same in very different societies: Germany, France, Austria, England. They all evolved institutions to protect people from the dictatorship of markets. As was the case with Polanyi, Pope Francis simply does not accept economic determinism, either of the Marxian variety or of the Washington Consensus. Different societies have different needs, and solutions must be found there, not in Washington or Brussels. Here again the parallel with Polanyi is striking. "
- Jordan Bishop
"I was not at all surprised reading the very interesting and important "Apostolic Exhortation"[1] of Pope Francis.The encyclical letters of John Paul II on social and economic issues have been in many ways very similar.In his famous statement in 1991,in the Encyclical letter "Centesimus Annus". He said,that the Marxist solution has failed,but the realities of marginalization and exploitation remain in the world. He added that there was a risk that radical capitalist ideology could spread which refuses even to consider these problems. and warned the world about the inevitable failures of solutions based on the free market forces.[2]In other letters he said similar things. Pope Francis in his recent "Apostolic Exhortation"[3] was referring to the ongoing transformation of the world.Many of his ideas reminded me also of Polanyi's work about the "Great Transformation" and are in many ways similar to Kofi Annan statement in 2003. Pope Francis' formula "In our time humanity is experiencing a turning-point in its history, as we can see from the advances being made in so many fields". This epochal change has been set in motion by the enormous qualitative, quantitative, rapid and cumulative advances occurring in the sciences and in technology, and by their instant application in different areas of nature and of life. We are in an age of knowledge and information, which has led to new and often anonymous kinds of power.I think that in Chapter I of the encyclical letter on Capitalism, he went much further than just trying to rehabilitate the liberation theology.His analysis of the main structural, and systemic aspects of contemporary capitalism went in many ways beyond his predecessors. A few examples: "The family is experiencing a profound cultural crisis, as are all communities and social bonds…." A completely new culture has come to life and continues to grow in the cities .. . Cities are multicultural; in the larger cities, a connective network is found in which groups of people share a common imagination and dreams about life, and new human interactions arise, new cultures, invisible cities. Various subcultures exist side by side, and often practice segregation and violence"…." We cannot ignore the fact that in cities human trafficking, the narcotics trade, the abuse and exploitation of minors, the abandonment of the elderly and infirm, and various forms of corruption and criminal activity take place. At the same time, what could be significant places of encounter and solidarity often become places of isolation and mutual distrust". The "four no" "No to an economy of exclusion"…"No to the new idolatry of money".. "No to a financial system which rules rather than serves"."No to the inequality which spawns violence" and the detailed explanations" resemble to many, more radical UN documents and neo-marxist works. All these problems and the process of transformations comprise radical challenges also to the Roman Catholic Church. This institution of course survived many transformations, but the ongoing one is in many ways unprecedented. The adjustment or the new tasks will have to be radical and difficult.Not only because the doctrines. Theological changes have of course never been smooth and easy: In this era the Church has to take into account the forces o fan increasingly global ideological competitors which are both secular and clerical. The competition with Islam for example is not confined any longer to the developing regions of the World. Therefore I found the following statement also very important:
"I am aware that nowadays documents do not arouse the same interest as in the past and that they are quickly forgotten. Nevertheless, I want to emphasize that what I am trying to express here has a programmatic significance and important consequences. I hope that all communities will devote the necessary effort to advancing along the path of a pastoral and missionary conversion which cannot leave things as they presently are. "Mere administration" can no longer be enough".
-Mihaly Simai
"My guess is that the Pope may try to rehabilitate Liberation Theology, specifically regarding the debt issue. He can't afford to be called Marxist, which is what the Liberation Theologists were called, even though I published my critique first through Orbis books (the Maryknoll order) rather than by a left-wing publisher.But all my Catholic colleagues were isolated by the two bad popes that followed the murder of the last "good" pope just as he was to sponsor an Academy of Geoeconomics to focus on liberation theology. (The plan was for it to have been in New Orleans.)In any case, Polanyi is "safe," at least as compared to Marx.It would be intriguing if our research into the ancient Near East and the Mesopotamian origins of the biblical economic laws (esp. the Jubilee Year) were picked up by the Vatican.I'm afraid that would take a new generation of Catholic officials ? and the last two popes have pretty much sterilized such a generation by empowering Opus Dei in place of the Liberation theologists.(Our group, by the way, is the International Scholars Conference on Ancient Near Eastern Economies, ISCANEE, funded by Harvard and the Institute for the Study of Long-term Economic Trends, ISLET. Our fifth volume, on labor in the ancient Near East, is just being completed now.)"
-Michael Hudson


text:
As Low As
Time left to call today
XFINITY from Comcast is not available in all areas.
The AnyRoom DVR from XFINITY lets you control the content across every TV in your Angola home. That's just right for you if you fit in with the 33%, or 2,442 of Hoosiers with multiple TVs.
XFINITY Internet packages from Comcast offer download speeds of up to 105 Mbps. That's a significant increase in speed from the Angola average download speed of 9.13 Mbps.
XFINITY Bundles are another great way to save money each month by paying one provider for all of your telecommunications costs. Join the 72% of other Angola residents, or 5,327 people, who already bundle TV, Internet, and/or Phone.
As low as
As low as
As low as
Get XFINITY television packages in Angola, IN from Comcast, and get the best TV programming delivered right to your living room. Look no further than XFINITY TV for over 80 digital channels, plus On Demand and DVR options that make your TV viewing convenient.
The majority of Americans watch 35 hours of television per week, so XFINITY customers in Angola, IN and beyond will enjoy what XFINITY TV has to offer. Cable TV from XFINITY is the best choice for sports fans or anyone else who needs local Angola channels. If you prefer movies and TV shows, you'll love XFINITY TV specials, which include the current and classic options.
XFINITY provides Internet in Angola, IN, which means you can get super-fast speeds up to 105 Mbps. XFINITY Internte gives you as many as seven unique email addresses, plus the power to stream TV to any of your devices.
XFINITY Internet in Angola, IN is available in a wide variety of packages. XFINITY Internet has the right promotion for you, whether you need fast speeds to play games online, share music and photos, or get the whole family online. Plus, it includes Constant Guard® , the most comprehensive online protection suite.
How would it be to get Caller ID on your tablet, smartphone, computer, or TV? Bundle XFINITY Voice, Internet, and TV in Angola and join the 66% of Hoosiers already use a single telecommunications provider. Choose an XFINITY TRIPLE PLAY or DOUBLE PLAY Bundle from Comcast, and get back to watching your favorite TV shows, chatting with your friends in Angola, and liking pictures on Facebook.
One convenient monthly statement will save you time and money each month. Get the equipment you demand, standard, when you choose a Triple Play or Double Play to bundle your TV, high-speed internet, and home phone in a XFINITY package. XFINITY offers a variety of money-saving packages to residents in Angola.
If you're a sports fan in Angola, an XFINITY TV package is exactly what you need to follow the sports program at Trine University. Follow your favorite college teams from the first play of the season through the final game of the year. With XFINITY, you get local, regional, and national sports coverage and the best sports programming in the industry.
Local governments license the ability to provide cable service in Indiana. This means that there's usually only one provider for each geographical area.
xfinity is available in your area.
Call 1-855-282-4924 for pricing and packages. Click to Call×


text:
Biography: This is Snow my Baby White Labrador Retriever on the way home from me adopting her, isn't she the sweetest thing you ever saw? She looks like a baby Polar Bear.
Here at The Daily Puppy, we love puppies of all shapes, sizes, breeds, and colors. We encourage visitors to browse our puppy picture archives to look at all the adorable photos of past daily puppies, and to bookmark this page and visit often to see what cutie-pie graces the front page. Want us to run a feature of your special little puppy? We are always looking for submissions of the cutest puppies on the planet.
Report Issues or Problems?
Puppies | Dogs | Unsubscribe | Contact Us | Advertise With Us |
Ad ChoicesDog Care
Frequently Asked Questions | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Community Guidelines | Sitemap | Find us on Google+