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In hopes of bringing a bit of pretty and pleasant to your day, I thought I'd introduce you to a friend of mine who happens to be the Queen of making things beautiful!
Instead of me telling you all about who that gorgeous lady is {above}, why don't you read through our little conversation...
And enjoy the pictures!
Alright Love, tell us a little bit about yourself:
Hello friends and readers of Happy Wife. My name is Alexandra Joy and I'm a creative at heart. I'm happiest wearing a dress, sipping good coffee and feeling the sun on my face. I met the lovely Amber Dawn while living in Texas and attending Bible school together, and am thrilled to share some thoughts today about my life and business, Pink&Honey. Thanks for reading!
Pink & Honey is:
Pink&Honey is my event styling business. We specialize in custom styling for events and weddings, as well as for photo shoots and editorials. We aim to infuse personal and creative touches in every last detail of an event or project. Designing, creating, decorating- it's all about visual interest and putting together an amazing experience for a viewer or guest.
Check it out!
What's it like having your own business?
There are so many wonderful and challenging things about having a business. I love the flexibility, collaborating with the best clients, pursuing work that excites me, getting to be creative and inspired every day. However, I often miss working with a team. Wedding days are the best because I work with the most amazing assistants. I love being a boss. :) As the owner, you are responsible for every last piece of the business- even areas that don't interest you. It's been an exciting road so far, and when I'm working with beautiful flowers, or hand making a table runner, or choosing a color palette, I'm reminded of why this is worth the challenges.
All your work is so beautiful! Where do you gain inspiration from?
Aw, thanks! Staying inspired is key to the success of a stylist's role in order to offer clients the most unique and interesting ideas. I look for inspiration everyday, everywhere. I look to nature, food, flowers, color schemes, fabric and fashion. If I'm feeling uninspired, I go for a walk, go to boutiques and explore their merchandising, or sometimes, I simply observe people. For me, it's about seeking out an experience, as opposed to surfing the web.
What's your happiest moment been so far, since starting Pink & Honey?
It's the most amazing feeling seeing a vision come together on a wedding day. There is so much work that happens before that big day, it's incredibly satisfying to see each piece come together to create the cohesive, beautiful vision I'd imagined.
Sight, sound, thought, smell and taste: What are your favorites?
1. Favorite Place - My favorite place is somewhere where I'm enjoying a beautiful dining experience with my husband.
2. Favorite Song - Hmm, I don't really have one. :) I'm into an artist named Zee Avi right now. So mellow and sweet.
3. Favorite Book - Can't get enough of Kinfolk Magazine. The writing and photography is beautiful. I often cry.
4. Favorite Scent - Chanel Chance perfume. My mom gave it to me as a gift to wear on my wedding day. It reminds me of that day every time I wear it.
5. Favorite Healthy Snack - Popcorn with a honey drizzle.
Lastly, What's one verse that's stood out to you lately, One Truth that God has been pressing upon your heart.
God always brings me back to Philippians 1:6 where it talks about the Lord not being done working in our lives. I strive to be the best I can in so many areas of my life, it's almost a relief to revisit that verse and be reminded God will continue to work in my life always and that he is not finished pursuing me and teaching me.
Thanks for giving us a little peek into your world!
Your creations always leave me wanting to see more, and I'm so glad to share what you do with all of my friends here!
Now all you Lovelies must check out Alexandra Joy's website!
her portfolio is filled with loads of pretty pictures!
Have a Happy Wednesday!


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La Cite de Mirabel Inc. officially announced today that Ryan Courtemanche, Jr. will drive the No. 07 truck for SS Green Light Racing in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race at Canadian Tire Motorsports Park. Courtemanche. Jr. will have sponsorship backing from La Cite de Mirabel. Courtemanche, Jr. tested a truck earlier this month at the Virginia International Raceway road course to get used to driving the more powerful vehicle. "The first thing that hits you is the extra ... Read More »
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On NFL GameDay Sunday morning, Ian Rapoport passed along some growing concern within the Dallas Cowboys organization about the ability of running back DeMarco Murray to be a franchise running back.
Murray has had a history of injuries and continues to miss time, so the team could be looking to add a true work horse back at some point before the deadline.
Here is what Rapoport had to say:
From #NFLGameDay: Cowboys no longer sold on DeMarco Murray as franchise RB. Have had discussions about adding. Watch them at trade deadline
— Ian Rapoport (@RapSheet) October 20, 2013
We would have to see what running backs will be on the trade market as we head towards the deadline, but an Arian Foster or Ben Tate would be an obvious attraction.
The Cowboys passing offense is fine and has the ability to carry this team, but if they can add a respectable rushing game then they will be able to really round out their attack and be a complete offense that will be tough for anyone to deal with.


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Nightfly's Music Video Week in Review 12/18/11 - AWOLNATION, Mary J. Blige, Rihanna and more!
- Written by Nightfly on Sunday, December 25 2011 and posted in Features
Nightfly lists his preferred picks among last week's newly released music videos.
Chasing The Matrix:
Nightfly's Music Video Week in Review (week of 12/18/11)
I had no idea what to expect, but was pleasantly surprised at the ample amount of new music videos released last week. This column features multiple holiday videos and runner-up honorees, one make-up clip that should've appeared in my previous column, a derivative but successful Video of the Week winner, and two bonus vids from my own VEVO playlist as my personal Christmas gifts to you.
I'm only spotlighting one out-of-competition video in this entry, a typically poignant track from legendary songwriting poet Leonard Cohen.
"Show Me The Place" by Leonard Cohen {released 12/23 via VEVO}
It's Christmas today and we all have stuff to do so I'll get right to it.
It begins (in alphabetical order, except for the winners)....
* Warning: videos below may contain mature content not suitable for all ages *
"Anna Calvi" by Anna Calvi {released 12/20 via VEVO}
"Blow Up" by Sammy Adams {released 12/22 via VEVO}
"Cannonball" by Little Mix {released 12/20 via VEVO}
"Common Knowledge" by Asher Roth {released 12/21 via VEVO}
"Dancing in a Minefield" by Plushgun {released 12/21 via VEVO}
"Not Your Fault" by AWOLNATION {released 12/22 via VEVO}
Runners Up: [tie]
"Face To The Floor" by Chevelle {released 12/23 via VEVO}
"Unified Tribes" by Thievery Corporation (ft. Mr. Lif) {released 12/19 via VEVO}
Explicit Honorable Mention: *Warning* - this is essentially a mini Rated R action movie - Strange Days style.
"Antidote" by Swedish House Mafia vs. Knife Party {released 12/19 via VEVO} [TV-MA]
Animated Honorable Mention:
"Gathering Stories" (From We Bought A Zoo) by Jónsi {released 12/23 via VEVO}
"Pixelated People" by Jess Mills {released 12/20 via VEVO}
"Shot Caller" by French Montana (ft. Charlie Rock) {released 12/22 via VEVO}
"Stand Behind The Music" by Anjulie {released 12/21 via VEVO} [TV-MA]
"Who Knows?" by Youngman {released 12/20 via VEVO}
"You Da One" by Rihanna {released 12/23 via VEVO}
Make-up Section: Just one to catch up with from last week...
"A Case Of You" by James Blake {released 12/11 via VEVO}
New Holiday Video Releases:
"Chestnuts" by Ariana Grande & Elizabeth Gillies {released 12/23 via YouTube}
"Merry Christmas Wherever You Are" by Tanya Tucker {released 12/20 via VEVO}
"Santa Baby" by Naya Rivera (for Glee) {released 12/21 via VEVO}
"Shake Up Christmas 2011" (Live) by Natasha Bedingfield - (Official Coca-Cola Christmas Song)
Bonus Videos:
To close out this column I want to celebrate a victory for "Weird Al" Yankovic and leave you with a personal message from me about the holidays.
Firstly, fans of Chris Hardwick surely caught his The Nerdist: Year in Review show last nite on BBC-America, on which "Weird Al" won Chris' highly coveted Nerdist of the Year Award. To help commemorate that righteous victory (yes, I'm a "Weird Al" nerd myself) I'm re-spotlighting the last Yankovic video I featured in a Week in Review column, back before I even had a weekly Music Video column. As a longtime "Weird Al" fan, his mashups were always my favorites and this one showcases particularly comedic instrumentation (gotta love the Tuba-Banjo combination).
"Polka Face" by "Weird Al" Yankovic
And lastly, on a less comedic note, time with family can be precious but some family can also delight in pushing uncomfortable buttons or turning what should be a time of joy into a time of personal criticism. Maybe it's because this year you don't have bangs, or a job, or someone doesn't dig your tattoo, or significant other... whatever the case may be, those are the types of people that drive up the annual holiday statistics for suicide, drug abuse, and the like. If, like me, you come from a family that makes you crazy, please remember that no one knows your heart or inner-self better than you. There will always be folks ready to criticize and condemn the rare few that stand out or dare stick their heads up, but there will also always be those, like me and the following artist, that make it their priority to remind you you're perfect just the way you are right now.
"Who Says" by Selena Gomez & The Scene
Merry Christmas, Have a Great Holiday Week & Keep Your Groove On!
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About the Author - Nightfly
A proud member of NBCUniversal's and A+E Television Networks' Digital Media Teams, Nightfly routinely interviews producers, creators and stars of various network programs and films with a concentrated emphasis on the Syfy channel. Formally educated in Communications, Computer Science and Music, his résumé reflects more than a decade broadcasting in the fields of television and radio. With pieces routinely published at ScreenFad and Press Pass L.A., his primary areas of interest include TV, film, music, web series, comic books, fashion, pen 'n paper RPG gaming as well as various other pop-culture topics. An avid Twitter user, Nightfly supports the arts, the entertainment community, numerous charities and crowdfunding projects through his journalistic netizenship and non-partisan, multicultural-centric activism.
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Home > Newsletter Home > TOC > Article
by Frank Ierardi |
Between the law and the lawn
I enjoyed the Living Green article by Betty Brody in the Summer issue of Chesapeake. I agree with her point that there are better ways to keep ones land than as a lawn. In fact, I have been trying to follow that advice by reforesting about an acre of land adjacent to parkland in Montgomery County. In her article Betty states But wait . . . you neednt have a lawn at all. You can replace your lawn with low maintenance native bushes, trees and ground covers.
Unfortunately, Montgomery County does not go along with that idea. Any land zoned residential must be mowed. While this may make sense in developments where homes are on 1/4 acre lots, where I live, there is no public water supply, so homes are on 2 acre or larger lots. The lawns are therefore a couple of acres in size. My attempt at reforesting met with resistance.
This past February, a Montgomery County inspector told me I had to mow the land being reforested. When I explained that there were a number of seedlings hidden in the tall grass, he said the land was zoned residential so it had to be mowed. The irony is that when the County plants trees in residential area, just the opposite is true. It is illegal to mow those areas. When I contacted my county councilman, Michael Knapp, about this problem, he was not interested in the issue. So, while Betty Brodys idea is excellent, Montgomery County remains hostile to anything but lawns.
Frank Ierardi
Gaithersburg, MD 20882


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Clarke Broome
Clarke Broome has been an entrepreneur and business man for many years. When he was 22 years old, he launched a Real Estate career and 2 years later became a Real Estate Broker. Clarke founded his own real Estate Firm and with some partners, owned the Northern California rights to a successful Real Estate franchise. He was consistently in the top 5 in sales volume in both Sacramento and Placer County. During his career in Real Estate he marketed several successful subdivisions, helped subdivide, develop and market several parcels, and completed approximately 300 transactions. He also served as Co-Chairman of the Education Committee of the Board of Realtors. Because of his success and business training in the Real Estate Industry, Clarke was able to teach classes on being an Entrepreneur for Junior Achievement.
Clarke Broome and Financial Diversification
While Clarke started his career in the real estate business by building a small company into one of the most successful businesses In Northern California, he discovered that it wasn't enough. The more successful he became, the more he realized the need for financial diversification. At Age 31, Clarke retired from the Real Estate business. He had found a way to achieve the financial diversification he was looking for by developing an extremely successful consumer and business Network. In 1998 he started scaling and expanding his companies in the new economy. This came together In September 1999, when, along with a team of successful Independent Business owners, he launched a new business model. The business model was on the Internet and was designed for the New Economy. The new economy embraces the power of the internet, the understanding of information age distribution and the time tested principles of duplication. Clarke served 3 years on the board of a multibillion-dollar international company. Today, Clarke Broome is in high demand across the nation as a speaker and trainer on the Principles and Practices of building cash flow.
Clarke Broome, Family Life and Community
Even though Clarke is in high demand, because of the financial diversification he put in place, his time is his own. Family is important to him. He is currently living in the Sacramento area with his wife, Diana, and his beautiful girls. They are reaping the benefits of working hard and smart. Because of his accomplishments, he is greatly respected and has a high degree of influence in his community. Currently he serves on the Growth Committee of Inter Net Associates, is the CEO of CDB International Inc. and General Manager of Clarke and Diana Broome Unlimited LLC. He serves on the Financial Board of a local thriving Church and on the Board of Directors for The Lord's Gym. Clarke is involved in his community. Clarke believes that we should be involved in our community and in the lives of the people around us. He believes that a large part of his success stems from the idea that if you help enough people get what they want, you will have anything you want. Clarke has helped a lot of people.


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Search the POLITICO Bookshelf
68 Books Found in Church & State
The Faith Factor
The impact of religion on the 2004 presidential election results provoked widespread consternation and surprise. Given the results' intensity and closeness, however, the role of religion should not have come as a shock. In fact, religion and faith have long played a vital role in American elections, and here, John C.... Read more »
Religion in American Politics
The delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention blocked the establishment of Christianity as a national religion. But they could not keep religion out of American politics. From the election of 1800, when Federalist clergymen charged that deist Thomas Jefferson was unfit to lead a "Christian nation," to today, when some Democrats... Read more »
Religion and Politics in America
Religion and politics are never far from the headlines, but their relationship remains complex and often confusing. Religion and Politics in America offers a lively, accessible, and balanced treatment of religion in American politics. The authors explore the historical, cultural, and legal contexts that underlie religious political engagement while also highlighting... Read more »
Faith, Reason, and the War Against Jihadism
Price $9.99 - $18.95
With an unsettled Middle East, al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups actively plotting against America and its allies, and spillover from religious conflict in Muslim countries spreading instability and violence worldwide, George Weigel's Faith, Reason, and the War Against Jihadism is an acute analysis of one of the most dynamic forces in... Read more »
Souled Out
The religious and political winds are changing. Tens of millions of religious Americans are reclaiming faith from those who would abuse it for narrow, partisan, and ideological purposes. And more and more secular Americans are discovering common ground with believers on the great issues of social justice, peace, and the environment.... Read more »
Founding Faith
How Our Founding Fathers Forged a Radical New Approach to Religious Liberty
Price $12.99 - $16.00
The culture wars have distorted the dramatic story of how Americans came to worship freely. Many activists on the right maintain that the United States was founded as a "Christian nation." Many on the left contend that the First Amendment was designed to boldly separate church and state. Neither of these... Read more »
God in the White House
How did we go from John F. Kennedy declaring that religion should play no role in the elections to Bush saying, "I believe that God wants me to be president"? Historian Randall Balmer takes us on a tour of presidential religiosity in the last half of the twentieth... Read more »
Sacred Causes
Beginning with the chaotic post-World War I landscape, in which religious belief was one way of reordering a world knocked off its axis, Sacred Causes is a penetrating critique of how religion has often been camouflaged by politics. All the bloody regimes and movements of the twentieth century are masterfully... Read more »
Letter to a Christian Nation
Price $9.99 - $13.95
From the new afterword by the author:Humanity has had a long fascination with blood sacrifice. In fact, it has been by no means uncommon for a child to be born into this world only to be patiently and lovingly reared by religious maniacs, who believe that the best way to keep... Read more »
The Theocons
Secular America Under Siege
Price $11.99 - $14.95
An essential history of the influential men who have spearheaded the movement to erode the wall separating church and state.Beginning as far-left radicals during the 1960s, the theocons in Damon Linker's book (including Richard John Neuhaus, Michael Novak, and George Weigel) gradually transitioned to conservatism when they grew frustrated with the... Read more »


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"Rizzoli & Isles" Subtext Recap (5.04): Dykes on Bikes
Before heading back to the crime scene, Korsak asks Jane to sign a 40th birthday card for "Lisa in Dispatch." Suddenly I'm very curious about Lisa. Did she always want to work in dispatch? Does she also visit cat costume websites? Jane struggles with what to write, but then self-satisfyingly signs, "40 kind of sucks." But when she drops it back on his desk, that smug smile turns around quickly as she sees retirement paperwork.
Naturally, she runs down to see Maura so she can process her feelings. Lesbians, so predictable. Maura distracts her from her fretting by telling Jane the cause of the prepper's death: Halon gas. So it was almost definitely murder. But Jane can't focus, instead fretting about Korsak. Maura calms her down, tells her she could be jumping to conclusions. Such a sweet girlfriend, this one.
Maura and Frankie head back to the bug out to meet with its designer. It's a race between him and some guy neighbors saw the victim get in a fistfight with to see who is the first Red Herring No. 1. But it doesn't appear to be this guy, because all Maura wants to know is if he can build a shelter with a shoe closet for her.
Nope, instead it's the fisticuffs fellow–who also happened to be his gold dealer. No offense, preppers, but I think when the shit really goes down the only real commodities will be cans of tuna and rolls of toilet paper. Yes, pun intended.
Jane is back in Maura's office just hanging out. So now I'm starting to understand why employers have rules about not dating coworkers–all the lost productivity. She sneaks over to her computer and starts to look up Korsak's service record. Doing sneaky stuff on your girlfriend's computer so you won't get caught is a classic move, I'll admit.
The team is still stumped about how the gas got into the shelter. Jane wants Frankie to set up a ground-penetrating radar sweep for the next day. But he has an appointment he can't break, which only raises Jane's Big Gay Sister suspicions even more. Is he meeting guys on Grindr to get over Frostie?
Maura and Jane head home together–at this point do I even need to write that anyone? Isn't it just a given. Maura wants to show her something and Jane grumbles about it keeping her from eating nachos on the couch. Girl, I feel you. Nothing should get in the way of a woman's nachos. Maura tells her the case has made her think about planning for unforeseen circumstances.
So, clearly, that means she is thinking of buying a motorcycle. While I'm struggling to see how this will help in a zombie apocalypse, I'm thrilled that they will finally be able to join the Dykes on Bikes contingent at next year's Pride Parade.


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More important, if there's a hole to be filled with new blood, why not start with the weakest link? Costa has demonstrated he can excel as a center in this scheme. He showed flashes of brilliance in an injury-riddled 2012. Not to make too much of a single game, but recall his play against the Ravens? The broader point is Costa is young and still has upside; Bernadeau and Livings are both more road weary and have chronic knee issues.
Centers commonly develop first as guards: Andre Gurode went to five pro bowls as a Cowboys center; he started his playing career as a guard. It's not uncommon for centers to spend time at guard in their early years. This gives them the opportunity to master blocking schemes, learn to read defenses, and get used to the speed of the NFL. This all before they have to take on the leadership and assignment-calling duties of a center.
Fredbeard may well be the 'Boys center of the future; letting him develop his first year at guard wouldn't change that, and it might be a smart way to bring him along. It's not unprecedented. And it's really no different from drafting Tyron Smith as the franchise's left tackle of the future, and starting him his first year at right tackle.
Sure, the experts in the national media may skewer Cowboys owner Jerry Jones for starting his high-profile first-round center at guard. But Jerry must know by now that the experts will sneer at him no matter what he does – they simply don't know any other way to cover him. Expert dogma dictates Jerry is a meddler and a puppet master. So no matter what actually happens, the story writes itself.
The experts spent months blistering Jerry for picking a center in the first round – imagine the fun they'll have if Frederick starts at guard because he was beaten out at center by a former undrafted free agent. Cue the eye rolling. Would it matter if Frederick played well at guard? No. Damned if he does, damned if he doesn't. So at this point, why should Jerry care?
But competition is the keystone of Garrett's camp – you wanna play for Garrett, you gotta earn your spot. Every day. Costa should have ample opportunity to prove his worth at center this training camp. If past history is any indication, he's the type of player who can rise to the challenge and win the spot. It's a mistake to underestimate Bulldog Costa – just ask Andre Gurode.


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Table of Contents
4. Terms of Exchange
Before analyzing the problem of the terms of exchange, it is well to recall the reason for exchange—the fact that each individual values more highly the good he gets than the good he gives up. This fact is enough to eliminate the fallacious notion that, if Crusoe and Jackson exchange 5,000 berries for one cow, there is some sort of "equality of value" between the cow and the 5,000 berries. Value exists in the valuing minds of individuals, and these individuals make the exchange precisely because for each of them there is an inequality of values between the cow and the berries. For Crusoe the cow is valued more than the 5,000 berries; for
We have already seen what conditions are needed for exchange to occur and the extent to which exchange will take place on given terms. The question then arises: Are there any principles that decide the terms on which exchanges are made? Why does Crusoe exchange with
Let us take the hypothetical exchange of 5,000 berries for one cow. These are the terms, or the rate of exchange (5,000 berries for one cow). If we express one commodity in terms of the other, we obtain the price of the commodity. Thus, the price of one good in terms of another is the amount of the other good divided by the amount of the first good in exchange. If two cows exchange for 1,000 berries, then the price of cows in terms of berries ("the berry-price of cows") is 500 berries per cow. Conversely, the price of berries in terms of cows ("the cow-price of berries") is 1/500 cow per berry. The price is the rate of exchange between two commodities expressed in terms of one of the commodities.
Other useful concepts in the analysis of exchange are those of "selling" and "buying." Thus, in the above exchange, we may say that Crusoe sold 1,000 berries and bought two cows in exchange. On the other hand,
Let us again focus attention on the object of exchange. We remember from chapter 1 that the object of all action is to maximize psychic revenue, and to do this the actor tries to see to it that the psychic revenue from the action exceeds the psychic cost, so that he obtains a psychic profit. This is no less true of interpersonal exchange. The object in such an exchange for each party is to maximize revenue, to exchange so long as the expected psychic revenue exceeds the psychic cost. The psychic revenue from any exchange is the value of the goods received in the exchange. This is equal to the marginal utility to the purchaser of adding the goods to his stock. More complicated is the problem of the psychic costs of an exchange. Psychic costs include all that the actor gives up by making the exchange. This is equal to the next best use that he could have made of the resources that he has used.
Suppose, for example, that
1. 5,000 berries offered by Crusoe
2. 100 bbls. of fish offered by Smith
3. 4,000 berries offered by Jones
4. Marginal utility of the cow in direct use
In this case, the top three alternatives involve the exchange-value of the cow, the fourth its value in direct use.
It is evident that
Clearly, the converse is true for the buyer. The buyer will always purchase his good at the lowest possible price. This truth can be traced in the example just discussed, since, at the point that
5. Determination of Price: Equilibrium Price[22]
One of the most important problems in economic analysis is the question: What principles determine the formation of prices on the free market? What can be said by logical derivation from the fundamental assumption of human action in order to explain the determination of all prices in interpersonal exchanges, past, present, and future?
It is most convenient to begin with a case of isolated exchange, a case where only two isolated parties are involved in the exchange of two goods. For example, Johnson and Smith are considering a possible exchange of a horse of the former for some barrels of fish possessed by the latter. The question is: What can economic analysis say about the determinants of the exchange rate established between the two goods in the exchange?
An individual will decide whether or not to make an exchange on the basis of the relative positions of the two goods on his value scale. Thus, suppose the value scale of Smith, the possessor of the fish, is as follows:
(Any desired numbers of rank could be assigned to the various quantities, but these are not necessary here.)
It is clear that Smith would be willing to acquire a horse from Johnson if he could give up 100 barrels of fish or less. One hundred barrels or less are less valuable to Smith than the horse. On the other hand, 101 or more barrels of fish are more valuable to him than the horse. Thus, if the price of the horse in terms of the fish offered by Smith is 100 barrels or less, then Smith will make the exchange. If the price is 101 barrels or more, then the exchange will not be made.
Suppose Johnson's value scale looks like this:
Then, Johnson will not give up his horse for less than 102 barrels of fish. If the price offered for his horse is less than 102 barrels of fish, he will not make the exchange. Here, it is clear that no exchange will be made; for at Johnson's minimum selling price of 102 barrels of fish, it is more beneficial for Smith to keep the fish than to acquire the horse.
In order for an exchange to be made, then, the minimum selling price of the seller must be lower than the maximum buying price of the buyer for that good. In this case, it must be lower than the price of 100 barrels of fish per horse. Suppose that this condition is met, and Johnson's value scale is as follows:
Johnson will sell the horse for any amount of fish at or above 81 barrels. This, then, is his minimum selling price for the horse. With this as Johnson's value scale, and Smith's as pictured in Figure 8, what price will they agree upon for the horse (and, conversely, for the fish)? All analysis can say about this problem is that, since the exchange must be for the mutual benefit of both parties, the price of the good in isolated exchange will be established somewhere between the maximum buying price and the minimum selling price, i.e., the price of the horse will be somewhere between 100 barrels and 81 barrels of fish. (Similarly, the price of the fish will be set somewhere between 1/81 and 1/100 of a horse per barrel.) We cannot say at which point the price will be set. That depends on the data of each particular case, on the specific conditions prevailing. In particular, it will depend upon the bargaining skill of the two individuals. Clearly, Johnson will try to set the price of the horse as high as possible, while Smith will try to set the price as low as possible. This is based on the principle that the seller of the product tries to obtain the highest price, while the buyer tries to secure the lowest price. We cannot predict the point that the two will agree on, except that it will be somewhere in this range set by the two points.[23]
Now, let us gradually remove our assumption of isolated exchange. Let us first assume that Smith has a competitor, Brown, a rival in offering fish for the desired horse of Johnson's. We assume that the fish offered by Brown is of identical serviceability to Johnson as the fish offered by Smith. Suppose that Smith's value scale is the same as before, but that Brown's value scale is such that the horse is worth more than 90 barrels of fish to him, but less than 91 barrels. The value scales of the three individuals will then appear as is shown in Figure 11.
Brown and Smith are competing for the purchase of Johnson's horse. Clearly, only one of them can make the exchange for the horse, and since their goods are identical to Johnson, the latter's decision to exchange will be decided by the price offered for the horse. Obviously, Johnson will make the exchange with that potential buyer who will offer the highest price. Their value scales are such that Smith and Brown can continue to overbid each other as long as the price range is between 81 and 90 barrels of fish per horse. Thus, if Smith offers Johnson an exchange at 82 barrels per horse, Brown can compete by raising the bid to 84 barrels of fish per horse, etc. This can continue, however, only until Brown's maximum buying price has been exceeded. If Smith offers 91 barrels for the horse, it no longer pays for Brown to make the exchange, and he drops out of the competition. Thus, the price in the exchange will be high enough to exclude the "less capable" or "less urgent" buyer—the one whose value scale does not permit him to offer as high a price as the other, "more capable," buyer. We do not know exactly what the price will be, but we do know that it will be set by bargaining somewhere at or below the maximum buying price of the most capable buyer and above the maximum buying price of the next most capable buyer. It will be somewhere between 100 barrels and 91 barrels, and the exchange will be made with Smith. We see that the addition of another competing buyer for the product considerably narrows the zone of bargaining in determining the price that will be set.
This analysis can easily be extended to a case of one seller and n number of buyers (each offering the same commodity in exchange). Thus, suppose that there are five potential buyers for the horse, all offering fish, whose value scales are as follows:
With only one horse to be disposed of to one buyer, the buyers overbid each other until each must drop out of the competition. Finally, Smith can outbid A, his next most capable competitor, only with a price of 100. We see that in this case, the price in the exchange is uniquely determined—once the various value scales are given—at 100, since at a lower price A is still in the bidding, and, at a higher price, no buyer will be willing to conclude the exchange. At any rate, even if the value scales are not such as to determine the price uniquely, the addition of more competitors greatly narrows the bargaining zone. The general rule still holds: The price will be between the maximum buying price of the most capable and that of the next most capable competitor, including the former and excluding the latter.[24]
It is also evident that the narrowing of the bargaining zone has taken place in an upward direction, and to the advantage of the seller of the product.
The case of one-sided competition of many sellers with just one buyer is the direct converse of the above and may be considered by merely reversing the example and considering the price of the fish instead of the price of the horse. As more sellers of the fish competed to conclude the exchange with the one buyer, the zone of determination of the price of fish narrowed, although this time in a downward direction and to the further advantage of the buyer. As more sellers were added, each tried to underbid his rival—to offer a lower price for the product than his competitors. The sellers continued to underbid each other until all but the one seller were excluded from the market. In a case of many sellers and one buyer, the price will be set at a point between the minimum selling price of the second most capable and that of the most capable competitor—strictly, at a point below the former and down to or including the latter. In the final example above, the point was pushed down to be uniquely determined at the latter point—1/100 horse per barrel.
We have so far considered the cases of one buyer and more than one seller, and of one seller and more than one buyer. We now come to the only case with great importance in a modern, complex economy based on an intricate network of exchanges: two-sided competition of buyers and sellers. Let us therefore consider a market with any number of competing buyers and sellers. Any product could be considered, but our hypothetical example will continue to be the sale of horses in exchange for fish (with the horses as well as the fish considered by all parties as homogeneous units of the same good). The following is a list of the maximum buying prices of the various buyers, based on the valuations on their respective value scales:
The following is a list of the minimum selling prices of the various sellers on the market:
The "most capable buyer" of horses we recognize as Smith, with a buying price of 100 barrels. Johnson is the "most capable seller"— the seller with the lowest minimum selling price—at 81 barrels. The problem is to find the principle by which the price, or prices, of the exchanges of horses will be determined.
Now, let us first take the case of X1—Smith. It is clear that it is to the advantage of Smith to make the exchange at a price of 100 barrels for the horse. Yet it is to Smith's greater advantage to buy the good at the lowest possible price. He is not engaged in overbidding his competitors merely for the sake of overbidding. He will try to obtain the good for the lowest price that he can. Therefore, Smith will prefer to begin bidding for a horse at the lowest prices offered by his competitors, and only raise the offered price if it becomes necessary to do so in order to avoid being shut out of the market. Similarly, Johnson would make an advantageous sale at a price of 81 barrels. However, he is interested in selling his product at the highest possible price. He will underbid his competitor only if it becomes necessary to do so in order to avoid being shut out of the market without making a sale.
It is evident that buyers will tend to start negotiations by offering as low prices as possible, while sellers will tend to start by asking for as high a price as they think they can obtain. Clearly, this preliminary "testing of the market" will tend to be more prolonged in a "new" market, where conditions are unfamiliar, while it will tend to be less prolonged in an "old" market, where the participants are relatively familiar with the results of the price-formation process in the past and can estimate more closely what the results will be.
Let us suppose that buyers begin by offering the low price of 82 barrels for a horse. Here is a price at which each of the buyers would be glad to make a purchase, but only one seller, Z1, would be willing to sell at 82. It is possible that Z1, through ignorance, might conclude the exchange with some one of the buyers at 82, without realizing that he could have obtained a higher price. It is also possible that the other buyers will, through ignorance, permit the buyer to get away with this windfall without overbidding him for this cheap horse. But such a result is not very likely. It seems most likely that Z1 will not sell at such a low price, and that the buyers would immediately overbid any attempt by one of their number to conclude an exchange at that price. Even if, by some chance, one exchange was concluded at 82, it is obvious that such a price could not last. Since no other seller would make an exchange at that price, the price of further exchanges would have to rise further, as a result of upbidding by buyers.
Let us assume at this point that no exchange will be made at this price because of the further upbidding of the buyers and the knowledge of this by the sellers. As the offering price rises, the least capable buyers, as in the previous case, begin to be excluded from the market. A price of 84 will bring two sellers into the market, but will exclude X9 from the buyer's side. As the offering price rises, the disproportion between the amount offered for sale and the amount demanded for purchase at the given price diminishes, but as long as the latter is greater than the former, mutual overbidding of buyers will continue to raise the price. The amount offered for sale at each price is called the supply; the amount demanded for purchase at each price is called the demand. Evidently, at the first price of 82, the supply of horses on the market is one; the demand for horses on the market is nine. Only one seller would be willing to sell at this price, while all nine buyers would be willing to make their purchase. On the basis of the above tabulations of maximum buying prices and minimum selling prices, we are able to present a list of the quantities of the good that will be demanded and supplied at each hypothetical price.
This table reflects the progressive entry into the market of the sellers as the price increases and the dropping out of the buyers as the price increases. As was seen above, as long as the demand exceeds the supply at any price, buyers will continue to overbid and the price will continue to rise.
The converse occurs if the price begins near its highest point. Thus, if sellers first demand a price of 101 barrels for the horse, there will be eight eager sellers and no buyers. At a price of 99 the sellers may find one eager buyer, but chances are that a sale will not be made. The buyer will realize that there is no point in paying such a high price, and the other sellers will eagerly underbid the one who tries to make the sale at the price of 99. Thus, when the price is so high that the supply exceeds the demand at that price, underbidding of suppliers will drive the price downward. As the tentative price falls, more sellers are excluded from the market, and more buyers enter it.
If the overbidding of buyers will drive the price up whenever the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied, and the underbidding of sellers drives the price down whenever supply is greater than demand, it is evident that the price of the good will find a resting point where the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied, i.e., where supply equals demand. At this price and at this price only, the market is cleared, i.e., there is no incentive for buyers to bid prices up further or for sellers to bid prices down. In our example, this final, or equilibrium price, is 89, and at this price, five horses will be sold to five buyers. This equilibrium price is the price at which the good will tend to be set and sales to be made.[25]
Specifically, the sales will be made to the five most capable buyers at that price: X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5. The other less- capable (or less urgent) buyers are excluded from the market, because their value scales do not permit them to buy horses at that price. Similarly, sellers Z1–Z5 are the ones that make the sale at 89; the other sellers are excluded from the market, because their value scales do not permit them to be in the market at that price.
In this horse-and-fish market, Z5 is the least capable of the sellers who have been able to stay in the market. Z5, whose minimum selling price is 89, is just able to make his sale at 89. He is the marginal seller—the seller at the margin, the one who would be excluded with a slight fall in price. On the other hand, X5 is the least capable of the buyers who have been able to stay in the market. He is the marginal buyer—the one who would be excluded by a slight rise in price. Since it would be foolish for the other buyers to pay more than they must to obtain their supply, they will also pay the same price as the marginal buyer, i.e., 89. Similarly, the other sellers will not sell for less than they could obtain; they will sell at the price permitting the marginal seller to stay in the market.
Evidently, the more capable or "more urgent," buyers (and sellers)—the supramarginal (which includes the marginal)—obtain a psychic surplus in this exchange, for they are better off than they would have been if the price had been higher (or lower). However, since goods can be ranked only on each individual's value scale, and no measurement of psychic gain can be made either for one individual or between different individuals, little of value can be said about this psychic gain except that it exists. (We cannot even make the statement, for example, that the psychic gain in exchange obtained by X1 is greater than that of X5.) The excluded buyers and sellers are termed submarginal.
The specific feature of the "clearing of the market" performed by the equilibrium price is that, at this price alone, all those buyers and sellers who are willing to make exchanges can do so. At this price five sellers with horses find five buyers for the horses; all who wish to buy and sell at this price can do so. At any other price, there are either frustrated buyers or frustrated sellers. Thus, at a price of 84, eight people would like to buy at this price, but only two horses are available. At this price, there is a great amount of "unsatisfied demand" or excess demand. Conversely, at a price of, say, 95, there are seven sellers eager to supply horses, but only three people willing to demand horses. Thus, at this price, there is "unsatisfied supply," or excess supply. Other terms for excess demand and excess supply are "shortage" and "surplus" of the good. Aside from the universal fact of the scarcity of all goods, a price that is below the equilibrium price creates an additional shortage of supply for demanders, while a price above equilibrium creates a surplus of goods for sale as compared to demands for purchase. We see that the market process always tends to eliminate such shortages and surpluses and establish a price where demanders can find a supply, and suppliers a demand.
It is important to realize that this process of overbidding of buyers and underbidding of sellers always takes place in the market, even if the surface aspects of the specific case make it appear that only the sellers (or buyers) are setting the price. Thus, a good might be sold in retail shops, with prices simply "quoted" by the individual seller. But the same process of bidding goes on in such a market as in any other. If the sellers set their prices below the equilibrium price, buyers will rush to make their purchases, and the sellers will find that shortages develop, accompanied by queues of buyers eager to purchase goods that are unavailable. Realizing that they could obtain higher prices for their goods, the sellers raise their quoted prices accordingly. On the other hand, if they set their prices above the equilibrium price, surpluses of unsold stocks will appear, and they will have to lower their prices in order to "move" their accumulation of unwanted stocks and to clear the market.
The case where buyers quote prices and therefore appear to set them is similar. If the buyers quote prices below the equilibrium price, they will find that they cannot satisfy all their demands at that price. As a result, they will have to raise their quoted prices. On the other hand, if the buyers set the prices too high, they will find a stampede of sellers with unsalable stocks and will take advantage of the opportunity to lower the price and clear the market. Thus, regardless of the form of the market, the result of the market process is always to tend toward the establishment of the equilibrium price via the mutual bidding of buyers and sellers.
It is evident that, if we eliminate the assumption that no preliminary sales were made before the equilibrium price was established, this does not change the results of the analysis. Even if, through ignorance and error, a sale was made at a price of 81 or 99, these prices still will be ephemeral and temporary, and the final price for the good will tend to be the equilibrium price.
Once the market price is established, it is clear that one price must rule over the entire market. This has already been implied by the fact that all buyers and sellers will tend to exchange at the same price as their marginal competitors. There will always be a tendency on the market to establish one and only one price at any time for a good. Thus, suppose that the market price has been established at 89, and that one crafty seller tries to induce a buyer to buy at 92. It is evident that no buyer will buy at 92 when he knows that he can buy on the regular market at 89. Similarly, no seller will be willing to sell at a price below the market if he knows that he can readily make his sale at 89. If for example, an ignorant seller sells a horse at 87, the buyer is likely to enter the market as a seller to sell the horse at 89. Such drives for arbitrage gains (buying and selling to take advantage of discrepancies in the price of a good) act quickly to establish one price for one good over the entire market. Such market prices will tend to change only when changing supply and demand conditions alter the equilibrium price and establish a condition of excess supply or excess demand where before the market had been cleared.
A clearer picture of equilibrium prices as determined by supply and demand conditions will be derived from the graphical representation in Figure 13.
It is evident that, as the price increases, new suppliers with higher minimum selling prices are brought into the market, while demanders with low maximum buying prices will begin to drop out. Therefore, as the price decreases, the quantity demanded must always either remain the same or increase, never decrease. Similarly, as the price decreases, the amount offered in supply must always decrease or remain the same, never increase. Therefore, the demand curve must always be vertical or rightward-sloping as the price decreases, while the supply curve must always be vertical or leftward-sloping as the price decreases. The curves will intersect at the equilibrium price, where supply and demand are equal.
Clearly, once the zone of intersection of the supply and demand curves has been determined, it is the buyers and sellers at the margin—in the area of the equilibrium point—that determine what the equilibrium price and the quantity exchanged will be.
The tabulation of supply offered at any given price is known as the supply schedule, while its graphical presentation, with the points connected here for the sake of clarity, is known as the supply curve. Similarly, the tabulation of demand is the demand schedule, and its graphical representation the demand curve, for each product and market. Given the point of intersection, the demand and supply curves above and below that point could take many conceivable shapes without affecting the equilibrium price. The direct determinants of the price are therefore the marginal buyers and sellers, while the valuations of the supramarginal people are important in determining which buyers and sellers will be at the margin. The valuations of the excluded buyers and sellers far beyond the margin have no direct influence on the price and will become important only if a change in the market demand and supply schedules brings them near the intersection point.
Thus, given the intersection point, the pattern of supply and demand curves (represented by the solid and dotted lines) could be at least any one of the variants shown in Figure 14.
Up to this point we have assumed, for the sake of simplicity and clarity, that each demander, as well as each supplier, was limited to one unit of the good the price of which we have been concentrating on—the horse. Now we can remove this restriction and complete our analysis of the real world of exchange by permitting suppliers and demanders to exchange any number of horses that they may desire. It will be seen immediately that the removal of our implicit restriction makes no substantial change in the analysis. Thus, let us revert to the case of Johnson, whose minimum selling price for a horse was 81 barrels of fish. Let us now assume that Johnson has a stock of several horses. He is willing to sell one horse—the first—for a minimum price of 81 barrels, since on his value scale, he places the horse between 81 and 80 barrels of fish. What will be Johnson's minimum selling price to part with his second horse? We have seen earlier in this chapter that, according to the law of marginal utility, as a man's stock of goods declines, the value placed on each unit remaining increases; conversely, as a man's stock of goods increases, the marginal utility of each unit declines. Therefore, the marginal utility of the second horse (or, strictly, of each horse after the first horse is gone), will be greater than the marginal utility of the first horse. This will be true even though each horse is capable of the same service as every other. Similarly, the value of parting with a third horse will be still greater. On the other hand, while the marginal utility placed on each horse given up increases, the marginal utility of the additional fish acquired in exchange will decline. The result of these two factors is inevitably to raise the minimum selling price for each successive horse sold. Thus, suppose the minimum selling price for the first horse is 81 barrels of fish. When it comes to the second exchange, the value forgone of the second horse will be greater, and the value of the same barrels in exchange will decline. As a result, the minimum selling price below which Johnson will not sell the horse will increase, say, to 88. Thus, as the seller's stock dwindles, his minimum selling price increases. Johnson's value scale may appear as in Figure 15.
On the basis of this value scale, Johnson's own individual supply schedule can be constructed. He will supply zero horses up to a price of 80, one horse at a price between 81 and 87, two horses with the price between 88 and 94, three horses at a price of 95 to 98, and four horses at a price of 99 and above. The same can be done for each seller in the market. (Where the seller has only one horse to sell, the supply schedule is constructed as before.) It is clear that a market-supply schedule can be constructed simply by adding the supplies that will be offered by the various individual sellers in the market at any given price.
The essentials of the foregoing analysis of market supply remain unchanged. Thus, the effect of constructing the market-supply schedule in this case is the same as if there were four sellers, each supplying one horse, and each with minimum selling prices of 81, 88, 95, and 99. The fact that it is one man that is supplying the new units rather than different men does not change the results of the analysis. What it does is to reinforce the rule that the supply curve must always be vertical or rightward-sloping as the price increases, i.e., that the supply must always remain unchanged or increase with an increase in price. For, in addition to the fact that new suppliers will be brought into the market with an increase in price, the same supplier will offer more units of the good. Thus, the operation of the law of marginal utility serves to reinforce the rule that the supply cannot decrease at higher prices, but must increase or remain the same.
The exact converse occurs in the case of demand. Suppose that we allow buyers to purchase any desired number of horses. We remember that Smith's maximum buying price for the first horse was 100 barrels of fish. If he considers buying a second horse, the marginal utility of the additional horse will be less than the utility of the first one, and the marginal utility of the same amount of fish that he would have to give up will increase. If the marginal utility of the purchases declines as more are made, and the marginal utility of the good given up increases, these factors result in lower maximum buying prices for each successive horse bought. Thus, Smith's value scale might appear as in Figure 16.
Such individual demand schedules can be made for each buyer on the market, and they can be added to form a resultant demand curve for all buyers on the market.
It is evident that, here again, there is no change in the essence of the market-demand curve. Smith's individual demand curve, with maximum buying prices as above, is analytically equivalent to four buyers with maximum buying prices of 83, 89, 94, and 100, respectively. The effect of allowing more than one unit to be demanded by each buyer brings in the law of marginal utility to reinforce the aforementioned rule that the demand curve is rightward-sloping as the price decreases, i.e., that the demand must either increase or remain unchanged as the price decreases. For, added to the fact that lower prices bring in previously excluded buyers, each individual will tend to demand more as the price declines, since the maximum buying prices will be lower with the purchase of more units, in accordance with the law of marginal utility.
Let us now sum up the factors determining prices in interpersonal exchange. One price will tend to be established for each good on the market, and that price will tend to be the equilibrium price, determined by the intersection of the market supply and demand schedules. Those making the exchanges at this price will be the supramarginal and marginal buyers and sellers, while the less capable, or submarginal, will be excluded from the sale, because their value scales do not permit them to make an exchange. Their maximum buying prices are too low, or their minimum selling prices too high. The market supply and demand schedules are themselves determined by the minimum selling prices and maximum buying prices of all the individuals in the market. The latter, in turn, are determined by the placing of the units to be bought and sold on the individuals' value scales, these rankings being influenced by the law of marginal utility.
In addition to the law of marginal utility, there is another factor influencing the rankings on each individual's value scale. It is obvious that the amount that Johnson will supply at any price is limited by the stock of goods that he has available. Thus, Johnson may be willing to supply a fourth horse at a price of 99, but if this exhausts his available stock of horses, no higher price will be able to call forth a larger supply from Johnson. At least this is true as long as Johnson has no further stock available to sell. Thus, at any given time, the total stock of the good available puts a maximum limit on the amount of the good that can be supplied in the market. Conversely, the total stock of the purchasing good will put a maximum limit on the total of the sale good that any one individual, or the market, can demand.
At the same time that the market supply and demand schedules are setting the equilibrium price, they are also clearly setting the equilibrium quantity of both goods that will be exchanged. In our previous example, the equilibrium quantities exchanged are five horses, and 5 x 89, or 445 barrels of fish, for the aggregate of the market.
6. Elasticity of Demand[26]
The demand schedule tells us how many units of the purchase good will be bought at each hypothetical price. From this schedule we may easily find the total number of units of the sale good that will be expended at each price. Thus, from Table 2, we find that at a price of 95, three horses will be demanded. If three horses are demanded at a price of 95 barrels of fish, then the total number of units of the sale good that will be offered in exchange will be 3 x 95, or 285 barrels of fish. This, then, is the total outlay of the sale good that will be offered on the market at that price.
The total outlay of the sale good at each hypothetical price is shown in Table 3.
Figure 17 is a graphic presentation of the total outlay curve. It is evident that this is a logical derivation from the demand curve and that therefore it too is a curve of outlay by buyers at each hypothetical price.
A striking feature of the total outlay curve is that, in contrast to the other curves (such as the demand curve), it can slope in either direction as the price increases or decreases. The possibility of a slope in either direction stems from the operation of the two factors determining the position of the curve. Outlay = Price x Quantity Demanded (of purchase good). But we know that as the price decreases, the demand must either increase or remain the same. Therefore, a decrease in price tends to be counteracted by an increase in quantity, and, as a result, the total outlay of the sale good may either increase or decrease as the price changes.
For any two prices, we may compare the total outlay of the sale good that will be expended by buyers. If the lower price yields a greater total outlay than the higher price, the total outlay curve is defined as being elastic over that range. If the lower price yields a lower total outlay than the higher price, then the curve is inelastic over that range. Alternatively, we may say that the former case is that of an elasticity greater than unity, the latter of an elasticity less than unity, and the case where the total outlay is the same for the two prices is one of unit elasticity, or elasticity equal to one. Since numerical precision in the concept of elasticity is not important, we may simply use the terms "inelastic," "elastic," and (for the last case) "neutral."
Some examples will clarify these concepts. Thus, suppose that we examine the total outlay schedule at prices of 96 and 95. At 96, the total outlay is 192 barrels; at 95, it is 285 barrels. The outlay is greater at the lower price, and hence the outlay schedule is elastic in this range. On the other hand, let us take the prices 95 and 94. At 94, the outlay is 282. Consequently, the schedule here is inelastic. It is evident that there is a simple geometrical device for deciding whether or not the demand curve is elastic or inelastic between two hypothetical prices: if the outlay curve is further to the right at the lower price, the demand curve is elastic; if further to the left, the latter is inelastic.
There is no reason why the concept of elasticity must be confined to two prices next to each other. Any two prices on the schedule may be compared. It is evident that an examination of the entire outlay curve demonstrates that the foregoing demand curve is basically elastic. It is elastic over most of its range, with the exception of a few small gaps. If we compare any two rather widely spaced prices, it is evident that the outlay is less at the higher price. If the price is high enough, the demand for any good will dwindle to zero, and therefore the outlay will dwindle to zero.
Of particular interest is the elasticity of the demand curve at the equilibrium price. Going up a step to the price of 90, the curve is clearly elastic—total outlay is less at the higher price. Going down a step to 88, the curve is also elastic. This particular demand curve is elastic in the neighborhood of the equilibrium price. Other demand curves, of course, could possibly be inelastic at their equilibrium price.
Contrary to what might be thought at first, the concept of "elasticity of supply" is not a meaningful one, as is "elasticity of demand." If we multiply the quantity supplied at each price by the price, we obtain the number of barrels of fish (the sale good) which the sellers will demand in exchange. It will easily be seen, however, that this quantity always increases as the price increases, and vice versa. At 82 it is 82, at 84 it is 168, at 88 it is 352, etc. The reason is that its other determinant, quantity supplied, changes in the same direction as the price, not in the inverse direction as does quantity demanded. As a result, supply is always "elastic," and the concept is an uninteresting one.[27]
[21]Cf. Mises, Human Action, pp. 204–06; and Menger, Principles of Economics, pp. 192–94, 305–06.
[22]Cf. Böhm-Bawerk, Positive Theory of Capital, pp. 195–222. Also cf. Fetter, Economic Principles, pp. 42–72; and Menger, Principles of Economics, pp. 191–97.
[23]Of course, given other value scales, the final prices might be determinate at our point, or within a narrow range. Thus, if Smith's maximum buying price is 87, and Johnson's minimum selling price is 87, the price will be uniquely determined at 87.
[24]Auction sales are examples of markets for one unit of a good with one seller and many buyers. Cf. Boulding, Economic Analysis, pp. 41–43.
[25]It is possible that the equilibrium point will not be uniquely determined at one definite price. Thus, the pattern of supply and demand schedules might be as follows:
89 5 6
90 6 5
The inequality is the narrowest possible, but there is no one point of equality. In that case, if the units are further divisible, then the price will be set to clear the market at a point in between, say 89.5 barrels of fish per horse. If both goods being exchanged are indivisible further, however, such as cows against horses, then the equilibrium price will be either 89 or 90, and this will be the closest approach to equilibrium rather than equilibrium itself.
[26]Cf. Benham, Economics, pp. 60–63.
[27]The attention of some writers to the elasticity of supply stems from an erroneous approach to the entire analysis of utility, supply, and demand. They assume that it is possible to treat human action in terms of "infinitely small" differences, and therefore to apply the mathematically elegant concepts of the calculus, etc., to economic problems. Such a treatment is fallacious and misleading, however, since human action must treat all matters only in terms of discrete steps. If, for example, the utility of X is so little smaller than the utility of Y that it can be regarded as identical or negligibly different, then human action will treat them as such, i.e., as the same good. Because it is conceptually impossible to measure utility, even the drawing of continuous utility curves is pernicious. In the supply and demand schedules, it is not harmful to draw continuous curves for the sake of clarity, but the mathematical concepts of continuity and the calculus are not applicable. As a result, the seemingly precise concept of "elasticity at a point" (percentage increase in demand divided by a "negligibly small" percentage decrease in price) is completely out of order. It is this mistaken substitution of mathematical elegance for the realities of human action that lends a seeming importance to the concept of "elasticity of supply," comparable to the concept of elasticity of demand.


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Erasmus House Brussels, Belgium 1521 (Erasmus); 1932 (museum)
The great humanist and reformer Erasmus of Rotterdam only lived here for less than a year, in 1521, but tourists have been visiting his house since the 17th century. It now houses a museum.
Quick Facts Quick Facts on Erasmus House
- Go Historic ID
- 319290
- names
- Erasmus HouseMaison d'ErasmeErasmushuis
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- address
- Rue du Chapître 311070
- phone
- + 32 (2) 521 13 83
Blog Posts on Erasmus House
Day 5: Crossing Northern MontanaPosted October 19, 2014 by Holly Hayes Part of: Pacific to Mississippi Road Trip
Day 5 was mostly about making good eastward progress, so I spent most of my time behind the wheel. As usual, I had rejected the usual freeway route (I-90 in this case) in favor of a smaller highway (Highway 2), and was glad I did.
Day 4: History and Hiking in Glacier National ParkPosted October 13, 2014 by Holly Hayes Part of: Pacific to Mississippi Road Trip
104 years ago, President Taft signed a bill designating Glacier National Park as the 10th national park. Today there are over 50 national parks, but Glacier is still one of the largest and most notable. Called the "Crown of the Continent," it contains over 1 million acres of mountains, lakes, hiking trails, historic sites, and wildlife. It was designated a World Heritage Site in 1995.
Day 3: A Sunny Autumn Day in Kalispell, MontanaPosted October 7, 2014 by Holly Hayes Part of: Pacific to Mississippi Road Trip
I spent two nights in the small town of Kalispell, Montana, and had a great time. The sun was shining, the leaves were turning colors, the downtown was quiet and walkable, there were many good lodging options and interesting things to check out, and it's right next to Glacier National Park. Highly recommended.
Day 2: Spokane to KalispellPosted September 28, 2014 by Holly Hayes Part of: Pacific to Mississippi Road Trip
The first night of my road trip was spent at Spokane's historic Davenport Hotel, built in 1914. It's an impressive place with impressive history:
Day 1: Portland to SpokanePosted September 24, 2014 by Holly Hayes Part of: Pacific to Mississippi Road Trip
This is the first post in a series on a roadtrip from Oregon to Minnesota - and possibly beyond! As usual, I'm avoiding freeways, visiting historic places, staying in historic hotels, and eating in historic restaurants. The first day I drove from Portland, OR to Spokane, WA, with many stops along the way.
Bibliography of Erasmus House
- Official Website of Erasmus House. Web. Official website.
Article Info
- Submitted by
- Holly Hayes
- Published
- October 8, 2013
- Last updated
- July 11, 2014


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Another amazing MAC foundation! it helped with my oily/combi skin but by the end of the day i would be shiny, even though i set it with a powder. the coverage is fantastic, but at the price of £24 it only lasted a month. and i applied with my 187 brush and didn't think i used much of it on a daily basis. I will repurchase this as its great to have for nights out.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
I will use this as long as it's available! I have acne scarred skin and this foundation transforms my skin. It's all in the application. Build your coverage according to your desired look. Tap a stippling brush very lightly into the foundation and stipple it onto your skin. Then spray the tips of the stippling brush with water, shake off the excess and begin swirling the foundation onto your skin. Repeat these actions until the desired coverage is reached. This method was taught to me by a make up artist and the results were unbelievable. My acne scars are deep, ice-pick type scars and you could not see them after I was done. I had a professional photographer take my picture and it looked like he photoshopped my scars away.
This is a must try foundation. It is top-rated with many make up artists. You will not be disappointed. I still break out but not because of the foundation. The application method is VERY important to success. U-tube has a make up artist that demonstrates the application. He has many videos so you may have to search for it. Go to "Gossmakeupartist" and look for "How to Apply Foundation". It's also shown on his "Top Five Foundations" video. You will love the results!
6 out of 8 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
I use this product for extra coverage after applying my normal liquid foundation. I have combination skin and in my dry areas, it really accentuates the dryness but it's fine for my normal/oily parts which is weird since it's a cream.. The packaging is wonderful as always! I don't think I'd buy this product again however, especially for the price of $30. I'd rather try something else like the Studio Fix Foundation.
This foundation broke me out so bad I had huge pimples all over my face. It just felt so heavy and greasy I hated it the worst foundation I've ever tried! Would not recommend at all!
First of all I have to say that the coverage of this product and the finish it leaves it pretty amazing. It makes your skin look very even with a dewy glow.
I started using it about 5 months ago and really liked it in the beginning.
After about 3-4 weeks of using it I started breaking out big time, especially on my cheeks, my neck and my jawline.
I used to have puberty acne in my teens but rather on my T-Zone and I had been having it pretty much under control for the last 7 years. Also, I never had this cystic, really painful acne that I started to develop.
I first didn't connect the break out with the foundation since I had also started using a different cleanser, toner and cream at the same time and I had also never before reacted badly to any foundation.
After stopping anything else though that I used before and using acne products (BTW - I started using Exposed skincare, it's pretty amazing) I figured out that it could only be the foundation.
Also, friends of mine have been saying that they broke out after using the MAC studio tech foundation.
I stopped using it now and my skin is turning back to normal. I'm now back to using MAC pro longwear and Sisley phyto teint eclat. Both are great!
Again, looks great on your skin but I guess you can only use this foundation if you are not acne prone at all!
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
First love the color NC 45. Perfect match. MAC is not that expensive and the sponge that comes with compact is a good one. Only drawback? This broke me out big time! I had to stop using it after a week and see a dermatologist for the acne and dark spots I developed. And I don't just mean whiteheads or red bumps. I had large tender bumps under he skin. Guess some people have negative reactions and some don't. A friend of mine also broke out badly with this foundation, but I also have a friend that's been wearing it for years and has never had a problem.
Great foundation, good coverage and lovely finish, just try to use a flat top brush to apply or else you will hit pan in no time!!
I love this product so far! The only flaws I have found is layering can be a little on the cakey side, and the product runs out fairly quickly. I love this cream consistency for my oily skin. For me, it stays on all day with about medium coverage. I you have MAC face and body foundation, but that on and then Studio Tech. Those put together are flawless! Atleast on me :) Also, if you have the E.L.F. studio powder brush (flat top), try using that to apply Studio Tech. It makes a flawless look with a little bit more coverage! I also LOVE the packaging on this product, just wish it would last me a little longer!
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
Good and bad. Perfect colour match, good coverage, feels great, doesn't look cakey. The only bad thing is that it doesn't last very long. For what you pay anyways.. I have probably used it 10 times and I have hit the pan. It also dries out easy. Perhaps I got a bad batch but nonetheless I would purchase again.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
This is the foundation that I ALWAYS go back to. It is perfect for my sensitive skin and it covers the redness I have due to my malar rash that I get from systemic lupus. Although it looks like it can be a thick foundation, you can apply it in a thin or thick layer, whichever you prefer it goes on smooth is is very blendable. Besides coverage I love that when I wear this foundation I do not feel it on my skin at all!
It photographs great too which is always a bonus! I use a brush to apply. I use either my Clinique foundation brush, my Real Techniques buffing brush or my MAC 187 Duo Fibre brushes. I never use the sponge (that comes in the compact) for application. I only use it if I need a quick touch up which I hardly do. This foundation will last me close to 8 hours without retouching maybe more.
People say that MAC foundations break them out but I believe it must be the skin care they use because this foundation is TERRIFFIC! It does not make me break out or irritate my skin at all.
I use NC27 because I am neutral skin tone, with light-medium color. With a tan I am NC35.
Hope this review helps when making a choice in picking out a foundation.


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Who do you think looks best today? (5 photos)
The best street style from London Fashion Week: http://ow.ly/p48HS via @StyleCaster
Beauty Products We Love
Our holiday fragrance lineup just got more decadent thanks to #Marni's...
Hair Pins, Goody, $3; at drugstores or duanereade.com.
WATCH NOW! Ted Gibson creates a perfect, polished updo in just five steps. Read MoreLess


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The Walking Dead/Woodbury Arena photograph print now available in my webstore - http://ryanrussell.bigcartel.com
Last year I visited some of the locations used in the Walking Dead down in rural Georgia. Always loved this one of the Woodbury Arena location so wanted to offer it for the first time as a print. Two sizes available and only sold for 1 week. Order yours at http://ryanrussell.bigcartel.com.


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Written by:
The moon in the night sky inspires me to write.
How can we miss it when it shines so brightly?
It encourages me with its awesome light.
I have been joined by quite a bit of company.
Up in the sky, it is not really very far.
Monthly, it only shows one face.
Being close by, it outshines every star.
We are never completely in the dark at any place.
It is more than just a big rock in the sky.
For lovers, it makes many evenings romantic.
That golden orb is something nobody can deny.
There is nothing closer to being totally semantic.
Yes, I would have to say the moon is my muse.
It is also something a lot of other writers choose.
February 25, 2013


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10 Compliments Men Love to Hear!
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Meaghan Ramsey, the Global Director of the Dove Self-Esteem Project is highly disturbed by the fact that about 10,000 people every month...
5 Life Lessons I Learnt While Camping
Self-discovery has been the ultimate goal for many a sage since the beginning of time. A quest that I believe takes a lifetime and even...
How to Plan a Romantic Dinner Date at Home
It's always a good idea to indulge in some mushy romance to keep the spark alive in a relationship. And one way of doing it, is by...
If You're Guilty of Celebrating the...
The festive season is here and as we gear up to celebrate there is one important thing that needs to be considered. In the land of culture,...
plz ans asap.i m 30 yr old.n hv a guy who loves me alot n want to marry me as well.i have had physical... by: Anonymous
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VMware Fusion Technology Preview July 2014 includes ESXi management options
VMware has released the VMware Fusion Technology Preview July 2014 as of Jul 3, 2014. One of the new items included in the Features list was this one:
Support for viewing VMware Fusion Professional to VMware Workstation, VMware ESXi, VMware vSphere servers in the library (File > Connect to Server)
When I investigated, it looks like this feature brings to VMware Fusion something that's been in VMware Workstation for a while: a way to manage free ESXi and paid vSphere servers.
For more details, see below the jump.
Open Directory in Mavericks no longer requires multiple processors
In Mac OS X Server 10.7.x and 10.8.x, there's been an issue that Mac admins have run into more than once:
"I'm trying to set up Open Directory in this VM, but the service won't enable."
Profile Manager in 10.7.x and 10.8.x also has an known issue where it crashes when set up in a VM. The root cause is the same: Profile Manager needs to have Open Directory running and Open Directory won't turn on.
The fix for this issue in 10.7.x Server and 10.8.x Server is simple – give your VM more than one processor. Once you give the VM multiple processors (two is fine), Open Directory should begin working. This will also fix the Profile Manager crashing issue, as Open Directory should now enable properly.
In Mavericks, it appears Apple has addressed this issue. In my testing, Open Directory no longer requires multiple processors.
Now that Open Directory can run with one processor, Profile Manager also now runs properly on a one-processor VM.
Slides from the Virtualization and Testing Session at MacTech Conference 2013
For those who wanted a copy of my virtualization talk at MacTech Conference 2013, here are links to the slides in PDF and Keynote format.
PDF – http://tinyurl.com/mt2013vmPDF
Keynote – http://tinyurl.com/mt2013vmkeynote
create_vmware_osx_install_dmg script updated with Mavericks support
I've updated the create_vmware_osx_install_dmg.sh script that I had previously posted about here. The script now includes support for Mavericks, so the script can now be run on 10.7 – 10.9 to create custom OS X 10.7.x, 10.8.x and 10.9.x installers for VMware Fusion and VMware ESXi. See below the jump for the details.
OS X NetBoot now supported on ESXi 5.5
VMware Fusion's support of NetBoot, combined with DeployStudio's deployment flexibility, has given me the ability to quickly build VMs to desired specifications since VMware Fusion 5.x.
This ability has been hugely useful to me and I've long wanted that same flexibility when building ESXi-hosted VMs. With the release of ESXi 5.5, VMware has now included NetBoot support for OS X VMs on ESXi. This gives me the ability to build VMs on an ESXi host using the same DeployStudio-driven deployment process that I've been using to build VMs in Fusion.
Needless to say, this greatly simplifies my build process and all but eliminates any need for me to build OS X VMs in Fusion first and then transfer them to an ESXi server. Thanks to the folks at VMware who built this support into ESXi; it's going to make life a lot easier for Mac admins who want to virtualize OS X.
Updating my ESXi server from 5.1 to 5.5
In the wake of VMware's release of ESXi 5.5 on Monday, September 23, I needed to upgrade my home's ESXi 5.1 server to ESXi 5.5. Since I didn't want to fire up my Windows VM, I did the upgrade from 5.1 to 5.5 via SSH and esxcli. For those interested, see below the jump for the details of the process I used.
VMware custom OS X installer script adds support for VMware ESXi
I've updated the create_vmware_osx_install_dmg.sh script that I had previously posted about here. It now includes the ability to create an .iso file, which can be used with VMware ESXi servers running on Apple hardware. See below the jump for the details.


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The torch, carried into the Friday morning general session by Cindy Goodwin, team strategist, Women's Missions and Ministries/Missions Education team, Florida Baptist Convention, represented the "passing of responsibility" for missions' education and support to the next generation of Florida Baptists, explained State WMU President Anna Guy.
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Philadelphia 76ers
5 Worst Teams In NBA Heading Into 2014-2015 Season
With the NBA season right around the corner, let's break down which five teams are the worst.
13 Reasons Why You Need To Follow Joel Embiid On Twitter Now
The Philadelphia 76er has been chatting up Kim Kardashian and Rihanna in recent weeks but the 20-year-old Cameroonian has been making a splash on twitter for sometime now. Here are 13 of his best tweets and 13 reasons why you need to follow this future NBA star.
2014 NBA Draft Predictions
Two weeks have now passed since we last saw the San Antonio Spurs dismantle the Miami Heat to win their fifth championship. On Thursday, it will be time for the winners to put the champagne down as the 2014 NBA Draft commences
Who Wore It Best? 5 Injury Protective Gear Worn By Athletes
Protective injury gear is becoming more popular in professional sports these days and athletes are taking the opportunity to make a fashion statement (and endorsement deals). So who wore theirs the best?
5 Best NBA Finals Rematches
The Miami Heat and San Antonio Spurs have punched their tickets back to the NBA Finals for the second year in a row, giving basketball fans all over the globe a much-anticipated and welcomed finals rematch.
Heat Take On 76ers To Close Regular Season
The Miami Heat resigned themselves to finishing with the second seed in the Eastern Conference. Considering their recent busy schedule and dominance over their likely first-round opponent, that may not have been a bad idea.
Miami Heat To Host Week Of Events To Kickoff Playoffs
Good news for Miami Heat fans. The NBA Playoffs have returned and so has White Hot Heat Week.
Spurs Continue Dominance In Western Conference
While the Philadelphia 76ers are on a historic losing streak, the San Antonio Spurs continue to show every other team how to be the best organization in professional sports.
76ers Pursuing Infamous NBA Losing Streak
While the Miami Heat and Indiana Pacers are on cruise control heading towards the NBA Playoffs, one Eastern Conference team is also closing in on a record season, but not one the franchise will likely be proud to mention.
Heat Keeping Close Eye On Oden's Progress
The Miami Heat is hoping to avoid a four-game losing streak when the team plays the Philadelphia 76ers Friday night. One of the biggest questions in the game will be the status of center Greg Oden.


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Randy Weiner (Sleep No More) is the creator of Queen of the Night.
The Queen of the Night has associate direction by Jenny Koons, creative direction by Giovanna Battaglia, set and scent design by Douglas Little, fashion design by Thom Browne, lighting design by Austin R. Smith, sound design by Darron L. West and Charles Coes, magic design by Cuiffo and interior design by Meg Sharpe, with choreography by Lorin Latarro. Nathan Koch and Jennie Willink produce.
Visit queenofthenightnyc.com.


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"You have to know how to accept rejection and reject acceptance.
Find a translation for this quote in other languages:
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Discuss this Ray Bradbury quote with the community:
Use the citation below to add this quote to your bibliography:
"Ray Bradbury Quotes." Quotes.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 25 Oct. 2014. <http://www.quotes.net/quote/19705>.


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As the Grand Ole Opry celebrates its 74th birthday, it's time to reflect on its illustrious past, while looking ahead to the future. What began as a little Saturday night radio program on Nashville station WSM-AM, hosted by "The Solemn Old Judge" George D. Hay has weathered many changes. There have been multiple venue changes, changes of personnel and changing trends in musical preferences, most notably with the advent of rock 'n' roll in the '50s, which caused attendance to take a nosedive as the new music roared into America's collective consciousness. The loss of such stars as Patsy Cline and Jim Reeves in the 1960s was another critical blow.
In 1974 the Opry moved from the Ryman Auditorium in downtown Nashville to its present
location, the new Grand Ole Opry House near the Opryland Hotel, and attendance started to spiral once again. The number of
required annual appearances was relaxed for Opry members, and younger, popular talent took an avid interest and started performing
-- stars such as Vince Gill, Randy Travis, Garth Brooks, Reba McEntire and Alan Jackson. Today, a member of the Grand Ole
Opry performs a minimum of 12 shows a year, the equivalent of four complete weekends including Friday and Saturday night shows.
Currently, there are 71 acts that make up the cast.
On Friday and Saturday, October 15-16, the Opry will celebrate
its 74th anniversary with three star-studded shows. Opry members Loretta Lynn, Lorrie Morgan, Marty Stuart, Diamond Rio and
Martina McBride are some of the scheduled performers, as well as special musical guests Jo Dee Messina, Brad Paisley, Trace
Adkins, John Berry and Ray Stevens.
There will be a special Friday night performance of the current Ryman Auditorium
musical Smoke on the Mountain, an open house Saturday where guests can tour the backstage area and dressing rooms,
and the Bill Monroe Bluegrass Celebration to follow in the afternoon. TNN will broadcast a special one-hour segment of Grand
Ole Opry Live Saturday at 8 p.m. ET.
The biggest change for the Opry this year has been the addition of new General
Manager Pete Fisher, who took the reins in June. Fisher, who was raised in Maryland and Pennsylvania, did not grow up listening
to the Opry but was exposed to Nashville through programs on The Nashville Network (TNN). This, he feels, is an advantage
rather than a disadvantage. "Obviously, we're fortunate to have many fans who have just grown up on the Opry and tune in from
wherever they're at on WSM. I'm not one of those people," he explains. "I'm someone who has been a solid country music consumer
for 15 years, but then a peripheral consumer prior to that, just through growing up and listening to Pure Prairie League,
Linda Ronstadt, The Eagles and James Taylor.
"I tell people my lack of historical experience with the Opry I think
is a real asset, because what I do bring is a passion for country music and true respect for the Opry's traditions. But I
think solid sensibilities are where the Opry needs to go."
An affable man, Fisher is speaking from his office located
to the right of the artist entry to the Grand Ole Opry. Dressed in a casual suit, he is articulate and youthful, a modern
reminder of changes to come. He talks at length about the perception of the radio show and how it will be marketed in the
near future to reflect the changing climate of country music, while holding on to the traditions already established.
could just sit back and say we're a 74-year-old radio show, the world's longest-running radio show with a worldwide brand,
and this is it. This is the way it's going to stay. Over time, most people would agree that approach would diminish the value
of the Opry. The Opry has never taken that approach - it has always evolved with the times," he says thoughtfully. "So I come
in with the sensibilities of, hey, what makes for an exciting country music entertainment event, for lack of a better word,
for the new millennium? A great respect for the tradition, but I think a vision for what is going to keep the Grand Ole Opry
in the forefront of country music -- to be the premier focal entertainment event for the genre."
Fisher realizes that
one of the perceived pitfalls he's up against is a preconceived notion of what the show is about. "It's very easy, when you
say the words 'Grand Ole Opry,' to kind of think of that Nashville cornball kind of stereotype image," he counters. "I'd be
lying if I said that we didn't need to reposition our brand, but again, it's an evolutionary process. One-third, and sometimes
more, of our music is contemporary music on the Opry. We'll have five and six guests a night beyond our core members, and
you'll see a variety of musical styles. If you look on the Americana chart, 25 percent of the artists on the chart have performed
here in the past two months. There's a part of the Opry that's very traditional but a part that's very progressive as well.
"We're not out there to define what country music is," he further clarifies. "I think many Opry consumers would say
'keep it country,' or 'keep it traditional.' We're here to say, 'let's keep it country,' but let's not define what country
music is. We'll reflect what the mass media will define as country, whether it's Jimmy Dickens, or Vince Gill, or one of our
guest artists such as SHeDAISY or BR5-49, Gillian Welch or Billy Joe Shaver. The Opry will present everything under the umbrella.
But I think we'll always be defined for what we're known best for and that is presenting the legacy of country music. Our
core cast of membership is really the way that the Opry is best defined."
There's been a surge of interest in the
Opry lately among the younger generations of country artists. Trisha Yearwood, the 71st and newest member, was inducted in
March of this year. Rising stars Brad Paisley, Mandy Barnett, Chely Wright and Clay Walker are just a few of the up and comers
choosing to play as guests. This is a trend that Fisher believes will continue.
"I think that the Opry artists
find a true sense of place. An artist spends most of their time jumping from one city to the next, one fair to the next, really
just seeing the insides of their bus and the backsides of the stage, and then an audience for a few minutes, and they're back
on that bus. The Opry welcomes all -- that's our philosophy now.
"When people say that the Opry is a family, it's
so true," he continues. "It's a place that thrives on diversity and community, and artists recognize that. It's almost a place
where they all get their 'gas tanks' refilled when they come. There's a good population of artists that come to the Opry just
to get re-inspired again, to get back in touch, to get centered. It has to do with being able to come back in touch with people
and talk with the people who have made country music what it is and who are part of making country music what it's gonna be."
For the younger artists, the Opry is an education in country music and tradition, Fisher says. "The magic doesn't
just happen in that circle on the stage, there's a lot of the magic that happens in the dressing rooms and in the relationships
that new artists develop with some of our older cast. It's a great mentoring opportunity, and a lot of artists like Brad Paisley
and Chely Wright take advantage of that. I always encourage the newer artists to take advantage of the wisdom that's backstage."
As the Opry enters the 21st century, there are plans for more entertainment features, capitalizing on tourism opportunities
created with the completion of Opry Mills, a large mall being constructed by Gaylord Entertainment, the parent company of
the Opry. The new megamall is located immediately next to the Grand Ole Opry building and will open in Spring 2000. Fisher
explains that there will be more little extras added to the experience of seeing the show, such as the Minnie Pearl impersonator
that currently greets the patrons outside the doors.
"We're truly concerned about what people experience from the
moment they step out of their car or tour bus in the parking lot and come into the Opry House. Those characters, they're out
there every week. We have a bluegrass band that plays out in the plaza, and we plan to enhance not only the plaza activities
but also the audience activities as well," he says.
The Opry returned to the Ryman Auditorium, The Mother Church of
Country Music, for a weekend this past January after nearly a 25-year absence. The sold out shows were very successful, and
Fisher foresees future shows at the historic venue. "That is something that will happen. The audiences and the artists love
when the Opry goes back to the Ryman. Everyone who performs on that stage, much like performing on the Grand Ole Opry event,
says that the Ryman stage is like nothing else."
All these changes, or evolution as Fisher likes to call the process,
are proof positive that a new day is dawning for the Grand Ole Opry, but Fisher emphasizes that a quality musical experience
is still the primary goal as the show heads into the new millennium.
"The Opry is about two types of diversity: musical
diversity and generation diversity. When you come to see the Grand Ole Opry, you'll get a 2 ½-hour show where you'll
see a 17-year-old to a 93-year-old perform. You'll see musical styles that range from traditional country to contemporary
to alternative country, to Cajun, to Western, to bluegrass and also comedy and square dancing. We really want the Opry to
represent the full spectrum of musical styles under what's defined as country music."


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Russian Helicopters Tackles Customer Support
Russian Helicopters is introducing an "advanced after-sales service system" through subsidiary Helicopter Service Company. The "new approach" is built on "integrated logistic support" and uses new procedures to certify service centers. Russian Helicopters pledges maintenance will be easier thanks to the widespread introduction of information technology. Parts will be available for order online and aircraft documentation will become electronic.
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