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Chaco Canyon lies in northwestern New Mexico on the upper reaches of Chaco River, a tributary of San Juan River (fig. 1). Chaco River, about 100 miles long, is an ephemeral stream such as is characteristic of arid regions. Its sandy bed throughout the greater part of the year is dry and the stream is dignified by the name of river only because of its considerable length and the violence of its floods. The stream begins in the high plains country north of Chacra Mesa at an altitude of 6,900 feet and flows a little north of west for 68 miles. Here the course changes sharply to the north and the river flows nearly parallel to, and on the east side of, the ridge known as the Grand Hogback for 26 miles and thence, breaking through the Hogback in a narrow canyon, it reaches San Juan River in 7 miles. The total length of the stream is thus about 100 miles, of which, however, only 15 or 20 miles of the upper course lies in a canyon worthy of the name. About 12 miles of this canyon, the portion with which we are concerned, is shown on the accompanying map (fig. 1).
Chaco Canyon lies in the southwestern part of the great Plateau province which occupies northwestern New Mexico, northern Arizona, western Colorado, and eastern Utah. The province is noted for its extensive flat surfaces, long lines of cliffs, and deep canyons. The flat surfaces are in part developed on the more resistant beds of nearly horizontal sedimentary rocks, although in part they consist of large outflows of lava, and in part they are the remnants of extensive plains of erosion. In northwestern New Mexico the largest unit of the Plateau province is the San Juan Basin, a vast area in which the rocks dip gently from the periphery toward the center. Chaco Canyon lies near the southern part of this area with a dip of about 2° to the north and east.
Sandstone and shale are the characteristic rocks. The shale is eroded into broad, flat surfaces or gently sloping valleys; the sandstone stands out as ridges or plateaus, bounded, especially on the south, by cliffs. The order and succession of these rocks have been studied by a number of geologists2 interested primarily in the occurrence of coal or of vertebrate fossils.
Chaco Canyon is cut in the Cliff House sandstone, the upper member of the Mesaverde group. This sandstone member is 369 feet thick as measured by Reeside on Meyers Creek, a few miles northwest of Pueblo Bonito. It is underlain by dark shale containing thin sandstone and coal (Menefee formation) which crops out in the cliffs on the south side of Chaco Canyon and in a few places on the north side. The Mesaverde group is overlain by the Lewis shale which forms the plain north of Pueblo Alto and has a thickness of about 70 feet. Above the Lewis shale lie the Pictured Cliff sandstone and higher formations.
The Cliff House sandstone consists of two massive sandstones separated by relatively thin bedded sandstone. Consequently, weathering tends to produce two cliffs separated by a bench of gentler slope. The lower of these two massive sandstones is buff-Colored and about 140 feet thick. The cliffs which make the northern wall of Chaco Canyon are carved from this rock by processes considered more in detail on pages 18-20.
The climate of the Chaco country is arid, but such a simple statement does not adequately summarize the effect of climate on the geologic processes. Aridity has many gradations from the almost total lack of rainfall characteristic of parts of the Libyan desert of Africa, and of certain areas on the west coast of Peru, to the tempered aridity of California where trees and grass thrive in areas having relatively low rainfall. Aridity is thus an inclusive term embracing climates having varying amounts of precipitation up to a quantity fixed arbitrarily around 20 inches of rainfall a year. The many shadings and gradations of aridity are dependent on such factors as the proportion of the precipitation that may occur as rain or as snow, on the distribution of precipitation throughout the year, and on the incidence of rainfall whether in hard showers or gentle drizzles. Similarly the daily or seasonal range of temperature and the extremes of heat and cold with their incidence and duration are all factors in aridity.
Climatic elements directly affect various subprocesses involved in the weathering of rocks and indirectly influence the nature of streams which act as the agents of removal and of transportation of weathered rock. Slight differences in degree of aridity often have marked influence in the growth of a vegetative cover, one of the greatest single factors influencing and delimiting erosive and sedimentary processes. In the account of these processes given hereinafter it will be seen that the scant vegetation of an arid region is a necessary prerequisite to the relative intensity of action, or even the existence, of many of the subprocesses. It follows, therefore, that any past or anticipated climatic change, provided it is sufficient to alter the existing vegetation, may have relatively large effect on geologic processes.
The available rainfall records of the Navaho Country up to the end of 1913 were collected by Gregory (1916, pp. 51-59) and the factors of climate in Chaco Canyon are now being recorded by the National Park Service. Herein only such general elements of climate are described as seem necessary for the purpose of defining climate in respect to geologic processes.
The climate of the Plateau province may be considered moderately arid. On the higher portion, between the valleys of San Juan River and the Little Colorado, there is greater precipitation than in the lowlands. In the mountains doubtless as much as 20 inches may fall each year, but current rainfall stations are all on lower ground. St. Michaels, Ariz., altitude about 6,950 feet, has a mean of 13.72 inches based on records for 29 years out of a period of 68 years; Crownpoint, altitude 6,800 feet, has 10.93 inches, based on an incomplete record extending over 11 years. At lower elevations, especially to the north and south of Chaco Canyon, the precipitation is less. Holbrook, Ariz., altitude 5,069 feet, has 9.38 inches with 25 years of record out of a total of 33 years. Places in the San Juan Valley have a lower rainfall: Fruitland, N. Mex., altitude 4,800 feet, 6.38 inches with 7 years of record; Farmington, N. Mex., altitude 5,220 feet, 9.23 inches with 7 years of record; Aneth, Utah, altitude about 4,700 feet, 4.96 inches. It seems likely the Chaco Canyon district has a precipitation similar to that at Crownpoint with a little less rainfall on the floor of the canyon which is 300 to 400 feet lower than the adjacent cliffs. For the purpose of this study it will be assumed that Chaco Canyon has a mean of about 10 inches.
A large part of this precipitation falls during the so-called summer rainy season in July and August. This period is characterized by sharp local or general rains from cumulus clouds or thunderheads. The rate of rainfall is high but the storms seldom last long. The incidence of the rains is also variable in time and space. Small areas are deluged and adjacent areas are left dry. The rains may come as early as June or as late as September, or may be inconsiderable in amount for a whole summer.
Gregory (1916, p. 63) summarizes many observations as follows:
The winter precipitation falls gently and is likely to be widely spaced in time, but on the average totals nearly as much as the summer rainfall. At elevations above 6,000 feet there are 17 to 25 inches of snow, and at lower elevations some snow is possible each winter.
The distribution of precipitation throughout the year and its effect on agriculture is best expressed in the following table compiled by Gregory and amplified in a quotation also from him (ibid., pp. 61-62):
The variation in rainfall from year to year is of the greatest importance. The amount ranges between half the normal and twice the normal. For the 29 years of record at Fort Defiance and St. Michaels the year of greatest rainfall was 1854 with 22.44 inches; the year of lowest rainfall was 1900 with 6.52 inches. It is obvious that in years of severe drought like 1900 almost nothing grows. Such years are periods of starvation for a population dependent on agriculture or on the pasturage of animals.
Similarly the native vegetation must be able to resist these extremes of drought and precipitation. In general, sagebrush and scattering grass grow in the dryer areas, and perennial grasses where precipitation is more generous. With a slight additional increase of rainfall, cedar (juniper) forms sparse groves and a total precipitation of 15 to 20 inches is adequate for the open pine forests of mountain areas. These vegetative zones are, however, not strictly bounded by lines of equal rainfall because slope, exposure, and soil are all factors in the growth of plants. Near Chaco Canyon the flat parts of the plateau are generally underlain by clayey soils derived from shale or by loams formed by the admixture of sand from the sandstone beds with clay from the shale areas. These soils, under the influence of the local climate, support a fairly continuous cover of perennial grasses. The outcrops of sandstone have a rough and broken topography without soil or with only a thin sandy soil. Here grow scattered cedars, occasional woody bushes, and patches of "sand grass" but large portions of such areas are bare rock. The floor of Chaco Canyon supports a growth of greasewood (chico) with, in areas overflowed by storm water, a fair growth of perennial grass. A few cottonwood trees have survived from the period when the stream bed was shallow and are evidence that, with a slightly higher water table or less interference by man, domestic animals, and floods, many of these trees would again grow in the valley.
The temperatures of the region are, when expressed in yearly or monthly means, those of a temperate region. Yearly means range from 47.6° F. to 60.6° according to the altitude of the station. The annual and daily ranges in temperature are, however, very great. The maximum range recorded for various stations in the region is as follows: Fort DefianceSt. Michaels, 122° (98° to 24°); Fruitland, 124° (110° to 14°); Holbrook, 127° (106° to 21°); Crownpoint, 103° (98° to 5°). Temperatures exceeding 100° normally occur for 10 to 20 days each summer and 5 to 6 days of below-zero weather are likely each winter. The daily ranges in temperatures may amount to as much as 40° to 50° and, although doubtless effective in producing the disruption of rocks, are somewhat mitigated in their effect on man and beast by the low humidity of the air.
The growing season, or number of days between the last killing frost of spring and the first killing frost of autumn, ranges at various stations from 89 days to 161 days. In general, localities of lowest altitude have the longest growing season but there is at all stations a variability from year to year in the length of the growing season that may be shorter than the mean by as much as a month. Fort Defiance, at an altitude of 7,000 feet, has experienced killing frost in every month of the year except August. Obviously these variations in the length of the growing season add an additional hazard to agriculture in a region where rainfall is scant and also highly variable in incidence and amount. The data also give an index of the probability of changes in temperature that cross the frost line and these changes are the ones effective in the disruption of rock by frost action.
One who climbs the north wall of Chaco Canyon to Pueblo Alto is rewarded by magnificent views of a region that appears to be flat on all sides. To the south, beyond the canyon, he sees a vast plain from which rise a few low hills and, far to the southwest, high mesas that close in the horizon south of Crownpoint. To the north, the valley of Escavada Wash is a prominent feature bordered by ragged bluffs, but beyond lies a plain similar to the one on which he stands. This high level plain occurs generally on the more elevated parts of the San Juan Basin and is more or less independent of the hardness of the underlying rock. Canyons divide this plain into several parts that are obviously remnants of a once continuous erosion surface that formerly extended over the entire region. The plain has been too little studied to warrant strict definition or to hazard correlation with the Mojave peneplain which Robinson (1907) believes to have existed over the whole of northwestern New Mexico and northeastern Arizona.
Bryan and McCann (1936) imply that this surface is older than the Ortiz surface and other surfaces which, in the drainage of the Rio Puerco (of the East), are graded to the Rio Grande.
From the evidence near Chaco Canyon it seems possible to postulate two or more erosion cycles during each of which the region was reduced to very low relief. Whether a single peneplain or a more complex series of erosion cycles will be demonstrated by further work in the area, Chaco River and the adjacent streams gained their courses in a region of such moderate relief that the direction of flow was more or less independent of the distribution of hard and soft rocks. After a general uplift of the Plateau country, the "Canyon Cycle of Erosion" was initiated and the great canyons of the Colorado River system were cut.
Chaco River, a distant and rather feeble tributary of the Colorado, also lowered its bed. In some places it excavated canyons and in others fairly broad valleys. That its canyon cutting was not continuous is evidenced by a well-marked erosional terrace near the mouth of Escavada Wash, a terrace capped by gravel largely derived from the local rocks and lying at an elevation about 150 feet above Chaco River. How important or general this pause may have been awaits field work over a larger area.
The general course of the river appears to have been controlled by undiscovered factors on the ancient plain already mentioned, but details of the carving of the rocks within Chaco Canyon, as we see it, result from the interaction of forces of erosion normal to the climate and the structure of the rocks.
The most notable feature of the canyon is its asymmetry. The north, or rather northeast, wall is steep and but little indented; the south or southwest wall is gentler and broken by branching canyons. Asymmetry is not an uncommon feature of valleys and canyons in New Mexico that have an east-west trend. For example, the relatively smooth, boulder-strewn slope of the south wall of Canyon del Rito de los Frijoles, near Santa Fe, contrasts strongly with the sheer cliffs of its north wall, in which Indians carved caves for occupancy in pre-Spanish times. Yet this canyon, cut in lava and tuffs having a slight dip downstream, is essentially alike in the two walls. The south side, however, is shaded for much of the day, a condition that leads to lower evaporation both of rain and snow, and consequently plants thrive. Small bodies of soil are held in place by grass and bushes; chemical erosion is promoted; talus heaps become overgrown with trees and mantle the rock slopes. In contrast, the north wall with its slope exposed to the sun is relatively dry. The mechanical forces of erosion are in full swing here and debris once loosened from the wall falls clear from rock surfaces which are thereby again exposed to the weather.
Chaco Canyon also has an almost east-west course and is subject to the same influences. A more important factor in creating a difference in the slopes of the canyon walls is, however, a northeasterly dip of the rocks. This inclination varies from 1 to 2 degrees with the result that the base of the Cliff House sandstone lies at or below the floor of the canyon on the north side, whereas it is from 50 to 100 feet above on the opposite side. In consequence the south cliff is undermined with relative ease by sapping of the underlying soft sandstone and shale. The fall of blocks is also assisted by a slight inclination of the bedding planes. Consequently, numerous and relatively large branch canyons have developed. In the vicinity of Fajada Butte a large tributary drainage has completely destroyed the south canyon wall and enters through a valley broader than that of Chaco River (pl. 2, upper).
On the north side of the Chaco the base of the Cliff House sandstone lies below the canyon floor from Escavada Wash to Mockingbird Canyon. This part of the escarpment is characterized by having a sheer cliff surmounted by a bench and a more gentle cliff above. Its tributary canyons are generally less than half a mile in length and many are mere indentations in the cliff, of the type commonly called "rincons." From Mockingbird Canyon upstream the base of the sandstone lies above the valley floor and the lower cliff is benched rather than sheer, the tributaries are longer and the aspect of the canyon wail is more like that of the southwest wall.
Excavation of the canyon is a process long since interrupted, for the main stream nowhere runs on rock today, nor is it cutting laterally against the walls of the canyon. The process of canyon cutting was succeeded by a period of alluviation resulting in deposition of a valley fill to the level of the present valley floor (see below). Filling of the canyon has also been interrupted by formation of the present arroyo (p. 35).
After cutting Chaco Canyon to a depth somewhat greater than at present, the stream changed its habit and began to deposit more material than it removed. The gradual character of this filling and details of the process are here recounted at some length. This change from erosion to sedimentation was not confined to Chaco Canyon. Other canyons of the Plateau province and other streams throughout the Southwest were also filled and alluviation was the characteristic process up to a time within the memory of man. The isolation of Chaco Canyon has prevented the accumulation of definite historical data on characteristics of the canyon during this recent period of alluviation. However, canyons of adjacent parts of the Plateau province furnish reliable and analogous data since they lie at similar elevation, and are cut in like rocks under similar conditions of climate and settlement.
During the surveys of Powell and Dutton in 1878-1880, the canyons were undergoing alluviation as attested by the following statement (Dutton, 1882, pp. 228-229):
Such conditions no longer exist and had, even in Dutton's time, ceased in certain parts of the San Juan drainage. At present every main canyon in the area is occupied by an arroyo with vertical banks from 10 to 100 feet high. The streams now run at a level lower than the flat floors Dutton described by an amount equal to the height of their banks. These arroyos began at or near the lower end of canyons and progressed headward by a receding fall. The upper (or falls) portion of an arroyo is ordinarily marked by a vertical bank or a chaos of jagged, vertical banks and great blocks of detached alluvium. In many canyons the head of the arroyo has not yet completed its advance and, generally, only in the lower and larger tributaries have branch arroyos been formed.
In the undissected parts of canyons and in minor tributaries there can still be seen at work the processes by which their flood plains were built up during the period of alluviation that has so recently been brought to a close. The flat floor of such a canyon slopes downstream at a grade dependent on the ratio of the volume of water in floods to the supply of sediment carried. In general there is no well-marked central channel, but numerous small discontinuous and branching channels mark the central part of the canyon floor. Low alluvial fans consisting of sediment carried in from minor tributaries diversify the plain. Some of these fans are so large they have partly dammed flood waters of the main canyon and thus created temporary lakes or leveled broad stretches of the canyon floor. In such places perennial grasses may grow in quantities great enough to be cut for hay. However, the features of these canyon floors constantly change, since floods vary in volume, in quantity of material carried, and in the time of their occurrence in the annual cycle. Obviously a flood that occurs after a long dry season during which vegetation has been reduced to a minimum by the dryness of the soil will readily change the minor features of the plain over which it flows. However, generally speaking, the parched soil will absorb so much that only when it is present in large volume will floodwater be able to run the full length of a canyon. On the other hand, a heavy rain and small flood in early summer may produce such a rapid growth of vegetation that the plain will, for the rest of the summer, be protected against erosion by much greater floods.
Obviously, also, floods down the axis of a canyon tend to produce a slope more or less uniform at any locality but of decreasing declivitythe so-called graded slope of a stream. Floods in the tributaries, however, tend to dump material on the floor of the main canyon and interrupt this "graded slope." Opposite the fan of a tributary, therefore, the main stream may have a marked channel that is constantly renewed and shifted in position. Such discontinuous channels must be sharply differentiated from the arroyos characteristic of dissection.
Discrimination of these minor channels from continuous channels that indicate a new cycle of erosion is not always easy. Both are commonly described in the Southwest as arroyos. The character of discontinuous channels can best be explained by an example. The Cañada del Magre, located about 90 miles southeast of Pueblo Bonito, is a narrow, flat-floored canyon tributary to the Rio Puerco (of the East). Its walls are of buff Cretaceous sandstone similar in color, massiveness, and porosity to the Cliff House sandstone. A tributary, the Cañada de Bernardo, is similar. In 1909 a steep-walled gully about 25 feet deep extended from the arroyo of the Rio Puerco across the abandoned flood plain of that stream and a quarter of a mile within the Cañada del Magre where it ended in a chaos of blocks of alluvium and an intricate dry falls. This was the head of the new arroyo representing the readjustment of grade of the Rio Puercoa readjustment gradually affecting all its tributaries. Upstream from this arroyo head the floor of Cañada del Magre was a grassy flat for a distance of about half a mile. There the center of the flat became sandy and this sandy stretch was enclosed in low banks which gradually increased upstream until they were about 6 feet high and which closed in from the sides until they were only 10 feet or so apart. Here there was an other dry falls, more or less grassed over. Some grass also grew on the floor of the arroyo. Above this latter falls was another grassy flat, succeeded at irregular distances by similar gullies and similar grassy flats. It is evident that these discontinuous channels are merely a phase in the process of transportation and deposition on the floor of such a valley. If the grade is locally out of adjustment but the grass cover prevents the easy removal of a thin sheet of alluvium over the whole floor, more sand and clay become lodged in the grass. Alluvium thus continues to be deposited even though the floor is above grade. Finally the strong currents of an exceptional flood break through the grass cover and initiate a gully which then increases headward rather easily. The overpour at the head of the gully so increases the ability of floods to erode that the gully is carried deeper than necessary and its lower end begins to fill with coarser sediment derived from the upper end. The manner in which these gullies disappear can only be inferred from the characteristics of certain ones which are very broad and low-banked at the downstream end and shallow and almost obliterated by the growth of grass at the upper end. Evidently lateral erosion in the lower and middle parts of a gully removes material lying above normal grade, and since the head of the gully stands below this grade it is, with the help of vegetation, gradually filled in.
That such discontinuous gullies existed during the alluviation of Chaco Canyon there seems no reason to doubt. The kind of sediment in the floor and the nature of rocks in the drainage area are so similar to those of the Cañada del Magre and other canyons of the Rio Puerco drainage as to preclude the possibility that dissimilar conditions existed. Cross sections of the valley fill exposed in the banks of the modern arroyo show numerous irregularly placed channel deposits from 10 to 40 feet wide and 2 to 10 feet deep that may well have been deposited in discontinuous gullies.
The existence of channels of this type adds much uncertainty to the usefulness of the accounts of travelers in dating the initiation of modern arroyo systems. Thus Simpson (1850) states that in 1849 the banks of the Rio Puerco were 10 feet high and had to be cut down to allow the passage of artillery at a point 7 miles above Cabezon. Banks of similar height at the crossing of Arroyo Torrejon (Torreones) and the Arroyo Cedro are also recorded. Yet even in 1926 the upper portions of the Cañada (en) Medio, a tributary of the Torrejon, and the Cañada de Piedra Lumbre were undissected and their flat floors were farmed by Navaho Indians. A recent investigation (Bryan, 1928a) has, however, shown that the early discontinuous channels of the Rio Puerco were relatively shallow and narrow compared to the existing arroyo which was initiated between 1885 and 1890.
These minor features of the canyon floor, though constantly changing, doubtless had a marked similarity from year to year for there is a balance between the forces involved that could only have changed gradually with the progressive fill of sediment. The experienced observer can easily predict what areas of such a canyon floor will be gently flooded and what areas will be scored and eroded by tumultuous waters. Only gently flooded areas will be suitable for floodwater farming.
The process of filling Chaco and other canyons was doubtless a slow one and for each foot of material permanently added many feet were deposited temporarily and later shifted downstream. The irregularities in bedding produced by this process preclude an estimation of the time involved in deposition by any method now known.
At various places wind is effective in shifting material and thereby adding complexity to minor features of a canyon floor. Much of the material dropped by floods adjacent to channels of greatest flow is incoherent and sandy. It is easily picked up by the wind and piled in low mounds or dunes. Such material is often in motion within an hour after recession of a flood. Nevertheless, these piles of sand are often effective in changing the courses of channels and in spreading floods. Areas so affected are small and usually are confined to three locations, here listed in the order of their relative importance: 1, Adjacent to channels; 2, on alluvial fans of tributaries carrying sandy debris; 3, outcrops of sandstone.
The work of winds in the vicinity of human habitations is notable and is described on pages 21-22.
Historical records at Chaco Canyon are meager, and it is impossible to fix precisely the beginning of its present arroyo. That this is recent and that the process is still continuing is self-evident. Many of the tributary canyons, such as Mockingbird, were yet undissected in 1925, although a falls that receded each year marked the head of their respective arroyos. Since 1925, extension of these gullies probably has destroyed the alluvial plains in the tributaries. That the main Chaco arroyo has increased since early expeditions to the canyon was recognized by Dodge (1910) and the evidence is here reviewed. Not only are its physical features recent but they resemble in every detail those of other arroyos in the Southwest whose date has been fixed with some assurance (Bryan, 1925a, 1928a). It seems reasonable to assume, therefore, that the trenching of Chaco Canyon took place at about the same time as the trenching of other valleys.
During a military expedition against the Navahos in 1849 under command of Col., afterward Gen., John M. Washington, Chaco Canyon was visited and a description of its ruins recorded by Lt. J. H. Simpson. According to this account (Simpson, 1850, p. 78), the "Rio Chaco" had, on August 27, 1849, a width of 8 feet and a depth of 1-1/2 feet at the expedition's camp near Una Vida. It is evident that this description applies to the muddy water then flowing. No mention is made of a gully although Simpson described the steep-walled arroyos of three other streams that were crossed on the way to Chaco Canyon.
Lt. C. C. Morrison (1879, p. 367) visited the Canyon in 1875 but does not mention an arroyo. Oscar Loew (1879) was there about the same time, but his description of the topography of the canyon is too vague to be of value.
William H. Jackson, whose pioneer archeological work in the Southwest is of great accuracy as to detail, spent five days in Chaco Canyon in 1877. Five or six miles above Pueblo Pintado the arroyo was so shallow that Navahos had formed "water pockets" (reservoirs) by obstructing the channel; nearer Pintado the arroyo was 10 or 12 feet deep (Jackson, 1878, p. 433). Between Pueblo Pintado and Wejegi the depth of the arroyo almost entirely cut off communication from one side of the canyon to the other. Numerous small cottonwoods grew along the bank. Near Una Vida Jackson noted that the arroyo was dry where Lt. Simpson had found running water in 1849 and explains that his own visit was made in the spring, when floods are rare, whereas Simpson was there in August when floods are more common (ibid., pp. 436-437). At Pueblo del Arroyo the arroyo was 16 feet deep and 40 to 60 feet wide, as stated and also shown by his sketch map (ibid., p. 443 and pl. 59); 250 yards below this ruin there were shallow pools of stagnant water and here Jackson camped. New grass among young willows and cottonwoods in the bed of the arroyo extended for half a mile up and down stream (ibid., p. 446). The rapidity with which this channel has developed may be judged from the fact that, at Pueblo del Arroyo where Jackson recorded a depth of 16 feet and a width of 60 feet, the arroyo is now (1925) 30 feet deep and 150 to 300 feet wide.
Mr. Judd has diligently collected local traditions on past conditions in Chaco Canyon. Jack Martin, a long-time freighter in the region, said that between 1890 and 1900 the arroyo was so shallow most freight wagons could be hauled across without doubling the teams. The favored crossing was just south of Pueblo del Arroyo and part of the dugway down the north bank is still recognizable. In 1925 Padilla, an old Navaho who lives 7 or 8 miles west of Pueblo Bonito, stated to Mr. Judd and also to me that in his boyhood the arroyo was an "arroyito" not more than breast deep (about 5 feet) and that along it grew cottonwoods and willows. Since his boyhood it has continually widened and deepened.
Later the same year Wello, a Navaho thought to be about 75 years old, told Mr. Judd that Chaco River had no channel when he was a boy; that there were cottonwood and willow trees on the flat opposite Pueblo Bonito and grass was knee high. Water was close to the surface of the ground. Padilla was present at this interview and agreed that these things were so. He may be 5 to 10 years younger than Wello and doubtless based his agreement on knowledge gained from older men, but he still insisted on the truth of his previous statement that, in his boyhood, the "arroyito" was only breast high. If we can accept 1860 as the period to which these elders referred then we have an approximate date for the beginning of the Chaco arroyo. It was 5 feet deep when Padilla was a boy; about 10 years earlier there was no channel at all, according to Wello. Simpson did not mention an arroyo because such a feature did not exist in 1849.
The original notes and maps of the townships surveyed under contract for the U. S. Land Office Survey in the early 1880's have been inspected. These records contain gross errors, and some of the township surveys appear to be entirely fictitious. Hence no useful information was obtained from them.
In attempting to determine a proper date for the beginning of arroyo cutting in Chaco Canyon, the problem is to decide whether the arroyo described by Jackson in 1877 is a portion of a through-going and complete arroyo system. It may have been merely a discontinuous arroyo with a head in the broad areas of the valley near Fajada Butte and a fan near the entrance of Escavada Wash downstream. Our information refers only to this part of the river and we have no data on conditions farther down the Chaco. It seems necessary, therefore, to assume that the arroyo of 1877 was the headward portion of a new system and that the present arroyo is its successor.
The year 1877 cannot be the beginning of this arroyo and allowance must be made for growth of the one described by Jackson. Some weight must also be given to statements of the two Navahos, Padilla and Wello. If Padilla is 70 years old he cannot remember farther back than 1860 to 1865. Wello, an older man, remembers, or remembers statements by others, that there was once no arroyo. Balancing these considerations, it seems that 1860 is as early a date as is possible since it affords 17 years for cutting the arroyo Jackson saw and is consistent with the stories of the two old Indians. The date must be considered as an arbitrary choice, however, and not very precise.
Elsewhere in the Southwest existing evidence indicates that the phenomenon of arroyo cutting began at slightly different times, stream to stream. A considerable period elapsed between initiation of a given channel and its completion throughout the length of its valley floor. The date of beginning is apparently earlier in southern Colorado, northern New Mexico, and northern Arizona than elsewhere, and may easily fall in the decade 1860 to 1870. On Rio Puerco, however, a nearby and similar stream, the date has been satisfactorily placed within the years 1885 to 1890, and in the Hopi country, arroyos were not cut until after 1900.
The effect of arroyo cutting on native vegetation and on habitability of the area affected is very considerable. In southern Arizona, meadows of coarse-top sacaton with groves of cottonwood and walnut have been drained by arroyos, and dense forests of mesquite have since sprung up. On the Rio Puerco, natural hay fields of fine-top sacaton and other grasses once naturally irrigated have dried up and the deep rooted chamiso, "wafer sage," has replaced the grasses. Areas near San Ignacio and San Francisco that were once irrigated by use of crude ditches or by natural flooding are now 30 feet above the stream bed. Since these areas can no longer be farmed, the towns have been abandoned.
Instances of similar change in native vegetation and of the abandonment of fields could be multiplied (see references given in Bryan, 1925a, 1928b). The present lack is a quantitative estimate of the decrease in vegetation and consequent lessened opportunity for man under the changed conditions. Primitive man, without domestic animals, would not suffer from decrease in forage or from loss of hay fields but, to the extent that he was dependent on floodwater farming, might have his very existence jeopardized by these changes. On the other hand entrenchment of Moenkopi Wash, near Tuba City, Ariz., has, according to Gregory (1915), increased the low water flow of the stream and thereby provided more water for irrigation during the critical period of plant growth. An old Hopi farming village here, after long abandonment, was reoccupied in 1880 and is now a thriving community of about 300 people.
Last Updated: --2008


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FrenchPrice: $50 and over
T.W. Food
- Dining Style: Fine Dining
- Website: http://twfoodrestaurant.com/
- Phone: 6178644745x
- Hours of Operation:
Brunch: Sunday: 10:30am - 2:00pm;
Dinner: Sunday 5:00pm - 9:00pm, Tuesday - Thursday 5:00pm - 9:00pm, Friday & Saturday: 5:00pm - 9:30pm, Closed Mondays
July 4th - July 7th Closed for the holiday!
- Payment Options: AMEX,Discover,MasterCard,Visa
- Cuisine: Italian, French
- Executive Chef: Tim Wiechmann
- Dress Code: Business Casual
- Accepts Walk-Ins: Yes
- Additional Details: Beer, Farm to Table, Non-Smoking Restaurant, Weekend Brunch, Wine
- Entertainment: Jazz Brunch served every Sunday 10 am - 2 pm
A word from T.W. Food
We produce creative New American cuisine, enjoying the best ingredients in their ever changing seasonality.Continued
Foodspotting photosSee all photos
Awards voted by OpenTable diners
- Diners' Choice WinnerBest Overall
- Diners' Choice WinnerBest Service
- Diners' Choice WinnerFit for Foodies
T.W. Food - Best Restaurants in Cambridge ›
T.W. Food reviews from OpenTable diners
147 reviews since July 3, 2014
- Food4.6Service4.7
- Ambiance4.4Noise LevelModerate
fit for foodies (118)neighborhood gem (101)special occasion (96)romantic (81)notable wine list (44)great for brunch (22)good for groups (7)late-night find (2)hot spot (2)scenic view (1)great for outdoor dining (1)great for lunch (1)vibrant bar scene (1)Show More
- A brilliant mushroom dinnerjr2204VIPDined on 10/29/2014The annual "special-event" found Tim Wiechmann, his chef-de-cuisine Connor Dennehy, and the whole TW crew on absolutely top form: dish after dish ranged from delicious to mind-blowing. Beautifully chosen wine pairings, the usual friendly and alert service ... memorable ...Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- AmyJ.AmyJDined on 10/29/2014Our favorite restaurant in Cambridge. The food is always exceptional with a friendly professional wait staff.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Totally deliciousOpenTable Diner Since 2014Dined on 10/26/2014Out for a special but casual dinner with my daughters - food was terrific - serving sizes moderate - service attentive and gracious, in no way overbearing or intrusive - prix fixe not inexpensive but worth every penny - beautifully presented - and the desserts!!Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Excellent Sunday brunchDanbeeDined on 10/26/2014Imaginative menu, good service, moderately priced. A very enjoyable experience.Special Features:
- Fresh delicious farm-to-table foodkikigreenDined on 10/24/2014This restaurant is one of only a small handful in Cambridge that do fresh, local, farm-to-table food well. The flavors were superb. The vegetarian and beef dishes were incredible and the salty chocolate dessert was one of the best sweets we've ever tasted. Perfect service, quiet vibe. Highly recommend.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Nothing but netFoodgirlDined on 10/23/2014Great food and service. Definitely will come back.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Prix Fixe is Amazing!GabyDined on 10/14/2014The Tuesday Prix Fixe is not only amazing, but it's a steal. I love T.W. Food!Special Features:
- OpenTable Diner Since 2012Dined on 10/11/2014We love how small it is and nice and quiet. Most restaurants are much to busy and noisy. If one cannot talk and hear no point going out. The food and service are excellent.Special Features:
- OpenTable Diner Since 2006VIPDined on 10/10/2014Very special. The place is small and intimate. The wait staff truly cares about your whole dining experience and the food is beautifully created and delicious. They love what they do here and bring you right into that mind set by providing an aesthetically pleasing atmosphere with some extraordinary dishes. The emphasis on local and seasonal takes it up another notch. Worth the money and worthy of your most special date.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- A few mistakesAnonymousVIPDined on 10/4/2014Amanda was our server and was very pleasant. I called ahead to see if they could accompdate a low-salt diet. They said they could, but actually were unable to do so, and simply didn't add salt to already quite salty food. (If you have heart failure, run way.) Both proteins were a bit overdone, and my BF was a bit annoyed to have his steak cooked beyond medium rare. Presentation was nice. A second glass of wine showed up at maybe 3 oz. We thought surely there was more to come and it was a half pour, but it wasn't, and we were charged full price. This is a great place and hopefully this was just an off night. I've always put it up there with Bondir, Craigie, Salts, and Rialto. Hopefully that is still true but that night was a turnoff.
- 1st time visit left me wanting moreOpenTable Diner Since 2007Dined on 10/3/2014A friend suggested we go for the chef tasting. We had 1 each of the vegetarian and the omnivore with the wine pairings, and we shared. Not a lot of food, but certainly enough. What there was a lot of was variety. Too much to keep track of. There were 7 courses, so for us, 14 half courses. And a generous serving of wine with each, so forgive me if I'm a little fuzzy on the details. A seviche that was perfection; an adorable arrangement of just about every teenie-tiny potato know to man, with "potato soil", made from mushrooms, I think; foie gras: I don't want to know what happened in the goose's mouth, but it fairly melted in mine; thank God each menu had the cheese plate, so there was no bloodshed. And so on. Can't wait to go back.Special Features:
- Outstanding ExperienceEatDessertFirstDined on 9/26/2014I had an outstanding meal at T.W. Food. Everything from the amuse-bouche through to the dessert was absolutely delicious, innovative, and the perfect portion as well. Foie-gras crème brûlée! The service was good, but not the most attentive. In all, I would recommend this restaurant to anyone without hesitation.Special Features:
- T.W. Food receives an A+AmyJDined on 9/23/2014Charming restaurant with delicious, fresh, inspiring dishes perfectly matched with paired wines. This was my first visit to T.W. Food and I was impressed from start to finish. The decor, portion sizes, beautifully arranged plates and professional yet unpretentious wait staff all make for an enjoyable experience. Perfect place for a romantic dinner or small gathering. Enjoyed the entire experience and will definitely be back again for another fabulous meal and their amazing homemade bread that has the perfect crunchy crust with a chewy center!Special Features:
- Such a great find!playneDined on 9/21/2014Thank you to Aaron and all the TW staff for making our night so memorable and delicious! It was a lovely evening spent with great friends~thank you for making their birthdays special~and the food was just so special. seasonal, fresh, petite plates and so flavorful! thank you again, we'll be back!Special Features:
- Best kept secret!chefclfDined on 9/21/2014Eating at TW Food is a pleasure because the owners and chefs actually care and understand about the food they serve, a rarity it seems nowadays. Ingredients and flavors are perfectly balanced, dishes are beautifully presented - artistic but not contrived. Thankfully the menu choices are small (a delightful contrast to most places where the menu gives me mental indigestion before I have even eaten) but varied so accommodating to broad tastes. Every dish appealed to me. What a pleasure!Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- spectacular secretOut2EatDined on 9/20/2014TW Food is easy to miss, tucked inconspicuously in North Cambridge, and I've never seen it advertised. Find it. The food is spectacular, the atmosphere intimate and the servers congenial. We chose the Tasting Menu, two of us vegetarian and two not. While the meat eaters raved about their smoked scallop, I delighted in carrots with hay roasted husk cherries, creamy black pepper vinaigrette and pickled ramps. The broccoli soup was velvety smooth, just the right warmth, decorated with buttery brioche croutons, raw mushroom slivers, and nasturtiums. Every dish was amazing in its subtlety, complexity, and beauty on the plate.Special Features:
- Excellent as alwaysmaish1Dined on 9/19/2014T.W. Food is a wonderful restaurant. I've been there many times. The food is as good as any I've ever eaten. (I particularly recommend the foie gras creme brulee.) Their selection of beers is good but limited. (I didn't order wine with dinner, so I can't talk about the wine list, but my wife liked the Chardonnay she ordered.) Their dessert wines are very good; I haven't seen Tokaji on a menu before, and I really like it. As for the service, we had two servers at various times. One was fine, answering questions well and solicitous that we were enjoying ourselves. The other was maybe too present; I felt she was hovering over us when we didn't need help. Still, that's a minor quibble with a restaurant my wife and I have long enjoyed.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- ragdollDined on 9/16/2014We had the wine tasting menu and it was beyond wonderful. I can't wait to return.Special Features:
- Good but not greatjed63Dined on 9/14/2014Heard great things about the restaurant but was a little disappointed. Atmosphere very nice, menu looked great, but food was just average. Biggest problem, which is common in less hyped restaurants, too much salt. I always find that salt is a weak chef's way to make the food have taste. Keep working on it - great potential.Special Features:
- ChatDined on 9/14/2014Phenomenal experience. No issues at all. Food was excellent. Very romantic setting. Best brunch I've had in BostonSpecial Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Sunday BrunchBirdsallVIPDined on 9/14/2014Poached eggs on Duck Hash and a Crouque Madame with a sweat touch of Strawberry made for a delicious Prix Fix Brunch. If you are interested in a more intimate brunch than the busier Sunday spots like Hennriettas and Gaslight, see if you can make a reservation for one of the hand full of tables at TW Food.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Good food mediacre serviceBiotech150Dined on 9/13/2014The food was great as usual, however the service can use some improvements. The wine glasses did not get refilled, took quite some time to clear away the plates after the entres, etc. Overall, for this price tag a much better service would have been nice.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Lovely location and cuisineOpenTable Diner Since 2011Dined on 9/12/2014I took my fiance here for a surprise birthday dinner and we had a fantastic time. We ordered the tasting menu and we enjoyed each of our courses. The waitstaff is very attentive and super helpful in making decisions about wine pairings. Wonderful place!Special Features:
- Tomato in excelsisjr2204VIPDined on 9/10/2014T. W. Food's special dinners are often a highlight; the recent "Celebration of the Tomato" was most definitely one -- constantly surprising and imaginative, with a high percentage of outright knockouts. Wine pairings, too, exceptional.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Awesome!DougDined on 9/5/2014We are from Baltimore, had heard about this place from my wine group, a very discerning lot with food as well as wine. It is an exceptional restaurant in every way. Aaron, our waiter, went above and beyond with us. If you are fortunate and lucky, have dinner there!Special Features:
- Great food!LV1981Dined on 9/3/2014My boyfriend and I went to T.W. Food for the first time to celebrate his birthday and we had a great time. We were warmly welcomed at the door and allowed to choose our table. During the course of the meal, the staff was attentive and friendly. We never felt rushed to get through our meal, which allowed us to enjoy the tasting menu and our time together. They were accommodating and allowed us to substitute the soup on the testing menu for the gazpacho from the prix fixe menu. The food was fantastic and we left with bulging bellies! Would highly recommend this T.W. Food! We will be back again.Special Features:
- OpenTable Diner Since 2012Dined on 8/31/2014The food was fabulous. Small portions, but that's how we should be eating. So tasty! We will certainly eat at T.W. Food again!Special Features:
- mellenVIPDined on 8/29/2014We went during restaurant week and the prix fixe was delicious! They did not skimp at all with either the quality of the food or the choices on offer or the wine pairings. The dark chocolate budino dessert was to die for.Special Features:
- First time visitingThecakeninjaDined on 8/29/2014My roommates and I went for restaurant week and had a great time. The mussels in a chorizo apple cider sauce was the most delicious mussel dish I've ever had; very inventive and complex. This really set the tone for the rest of the dinner. Everyone enjoyed their food very much and the service was excellent. We loved all of the wines that they paired with the dishes too. If there was anything to complain about it would be the cherry brownie sundae. The brownie was kind of dense and dry, the ice cream didn't taste like cherry at all. My roommate commented "I would rather have had a huge glass of this brown sugar whipped cream." But really in the grand scheme of things, this was a wonderful meal and we plan to go back again.Special Features:
- Nice Dine-Out Week SurprisektamfunDined on 8/27/2014Three of us made a last minute decision to try out this restaurant according to the previous reviews. Everything we had from the free bread and butter to the end of the 3-course prixe-fixe was delicious with excellent quality to me. I particularly like the wild rice miexed with crispty bacon bits and eggplant. It's tasty with interesting texture. Together, we've tried these dishes - Cream Burlee Foi Gras, Chilled tomatoe and cantaloupe soup, Bluefish, Pork Loin, Bavette steak. For dessert, we had Bundino and berries with sweet cream. Bundino does not disappoint with sea salt chocolate custard. Our waitress was very attentative and friendly. Yes! I will definitely go back to try different offerings!Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- A sparkling jewelNancyCDined on 8/26/2014We went to T. W. Food for the first time during Restaurant Week. Based on other reveiws we expected our food to be exquisite (it was) but we didn't realize how wonderful the ambiance and service would be as well. This has instantly become our new favorite special occasion place.Special Features:
- Always fantasticAwangDined on 8/22/2014This is our go to place for special occasions. The food is always inventive and every course memorable. Their soups are amazing! I love their tasting menus because you get to sample more dishes that way. It also has a fantastic atmosphere that is both relaxed and romantic. This place is a total gem!Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- abruzzoDined on 8/22/2014I ate here for restaurant week and this place is definitely a great find. It is small inside and the tables are sort of close together. The food was outstanding and seemed like artwork. Everything was done with care and precision. I had the corn souffle as a starter which was velvety and smooth. I had the pork loin as the main dish and I my only criticism was that it could have been more tender. I ended with the panna cotta for dessert. Definitely recommend this place to foodies!Special Features:
- Great food, perfect portions!PediRNDined on 8/22/2014Loved this small little restaurant off the beaten path in Cambridge. Quiet neighborhood and great ambience inside. Easy parking. Dinner was delicious and the wine selections with dinner were perfect. Everyone left satisfied and full! Great choice for restaurant week!Special Features:
- Very Good...but not AmazingBUFBOS2009Dined on 8/21/2014Granted, we did the dine out Boston menu - so maybe that was the reasoning of the somewhat lackluster menu. The items were prepared well but seemed lacking in overall creativity. I would recommend for a fun, unique experience. Excellent wine list - that may have been our favorite part.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- patwDined on 8/21/2014I would eat here every night of my life (if I could afford it!)!!!Special Features:
- Very happy, will return!MariangelaDined on 8/20/2014We each had mussels for appetizer, budino for dessert, plus bluefish and beef for mains. Mussels were wonderful! That hit the spot. Bluefish was just right and so was the beef, prepared with precision -- steak lovers take note! The budino we had for dessert made with Valrhona chocolate -- OH MY! This is not to be missed, creamy and heavenly, the best chocolate dessert I've had. We each had French and Italian wines, perfect suggestions for our meals, French Press brewed coffee and loose tea specially blended for me and brewed. Everything was wonderful as was the service, which was professional, friendly and accommodating. Almost everything on the menu was gluten-free, btw.Special Features:
- Check this place outNancyVIPDined on 8/16/2014We chose the 3 course pre fixe menu and each course we had was perfectly prepared. They also provided lovely touches like an amouse bouche of spinach mousse with pickled radish, a hearty sour dough bread, and finished the meal with a delicate almond financier. I started with the mussels and chorizo. The broth was so good, I picked out the mussels from their shells and ate it like soup. The broth had tremendous depth of flavor. For my main I picked the pork loin which was juicy and paired well with the 5 grain salad. My only complaint was the spinach reduction on the plate reminder me of baby food. For dessert, I selected the stone fruit paired with cornmeal cake. I basically licked the plate clean after each course. Can't wait to go back.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Very nice restaurantOpenTable Diner Since 2011Dined on 8/16/2014The food at TW was good, and the service is excellent - very pleasant staff that accommodated a number of our needs (table for group, specially printed menus). Highly recommend.Special Features:
- PerfectChristianjamesVIPDined on 8/15/2014Do the six course, end of story. Service is fantastic. If you're not sure what to order, just ask!Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.


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The Complete Genealogy Builder 2009 build 90605
The Complete Genealogy Builder 2009 build 90605 has been released.
• Improved: Date formatter dropdowns have been extended to show all months instead of using a scroll bar.
• Fixed: Age calculator erroneously calculated 0d instead of the actual number of days when less than 30 days spanning two months.
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Need Help?
Please read the 'Geneanet First Steps' pages to learn more about GeneanetFirst Steps
To ask for help on any topic related to the Geneanet website, to report a bug and to make a suggestion, please go to our forum.Forum
Questions not related to blog notes will not be answered here. Many thanks for your comprehension.


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I've finally gotten around to posting a blog post on the first AutoMicroFarm prototype. The prototype is a modified barrel-ponics system, with a few modifications. The photos are roughly in the order of constructing the prototype.
In hindsight, I probably should not have done the modifications, since they took up a lot of time, trial and error, and did not contribute towards answering the important technical questions that I set out to answer on the prototype. The greenhouse is also turned out to be a large time and money sink, but it did make it possible for me to start during the winter months.
My main goal is to see whether it's possible to attain at least 20 lbs/ft^2 annually. This comes out to 0.6 lb/day in my 11 square foot grow beds. I'll track the yield, as well as other metrics of the prototype, in a spreadsheet that I'll link to on the blog.


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How to Uninstall Guild Wars 2 - Step by Step Guide to Remove Unwanted program Completely with the perfect Uninstaller
Remove/Uninstall Guild Wars 2 Program?
Are you in the dilemma that the program is not working properly in your machine and you need to immediately uninstall this program for an upgrade or switch to other program instead? Or you may have trapped in the situation that you can still not able to install the upper version because it is not compatible with the one that previously installed even though you have already removed it from your PC.
Are you facing the problem like missing necessary files to uninstall Guild Wars 2, or do not have permission to uninstall it, which resulted in the impossibility to conduct a complete removal from your machine?
As we all know that normally, we can uninstall this program directly from Add/Remove Programs or with its own uninstaller. Sometimes, we may be lucky to uninstall it there, but not all because there must be some leftovers left down in the drives and registry.
Normally, some people who are more professional on computer, can solve this kind of uninstall problem by first deleting the related file of from the drives and then go to modify the associated registry entries.
Video Guide: How to delete registry entries when you want to uninstall Guild Wars 2 completely
In fact, this will be useful in uninstalling some simple programs, but for the stubborn or corrupted programs, which combine well with the operating system, won't be completely uninstalled in this way. More severe, if any mistake was made in this risky way, your operating system can become unmanageable and may not work properly.
Why is it hard to uninstall Guild Wars 2 sometimes
There are times when people had to take computers to a store asking the technicians to solve the frustrating uninstall problem when they fail to uninstall Guild Wars 2, which wasted them more time and took them a large amount of money. So why does it become difficult to uninstall a unwanted program? Generally speaking, the main reasons may be: not all people are professional on computers, who can uninstall any unneeded application and its leftovers completely, that makes the uninstallation difficult and dangerous.
It is also recommended to run a FREE performance scan on to check out related Windows Error so as to resolve the potential program uninstall errors completely.
How to Uninstall it when you Get error message
Are you one of many users that received error messages when you continuously tried to uninstall Guild Wars 2?
The most common error message you might received when you try to uninstall Guild Wars 2...
Look familiar? You must have tried the following steps:
Uninstall Guild Wars 2 Using its default uninstaller
Uninstall Guild Wars 2 with Windows Add/Remove Program
To completely remove and uninstall Guild Wars 2 from your computer and totally eliminate any uninstall errors and other hassle along the way, you still need to delete the related registry entries and unneeded folders of the program from your system.
(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Guild Wars 2)
(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\eg ui)
C:\Program Files\Guild Wars 2
(C:\Document and Settings\All Users\Application Data\)
(C:\Documents and Settings\%USER%\Application Data\Guild Wars 2)
These manual uninstall steps are only recommended when you are comfortable with this process or if you're a computer technician. It happens that some of the related files and registry entries still remain, leaving a potential risk to your PC. Thus, you get crazy and frustrated.
Uninstall Guild Wars 2 in Easy Steps using an uninstaller (recommended)
Max Uninstaller is the best choice for you. With Max Uninstaller, you can remove and uninstall this program completely and easily, including its registry entries and files. Furthermore, other sticky unwanted programs on your PC can also be fully uninstalled. Doesn't it sound great? By following the steps, you will be able to uninstall it quickly and thoroughly from your computer.
Step 1: Download Max Uninstaller, install and launch it.
Step 2: Check Guild Wars 2 on the right. Press "Run Analysis".
Step 3: Max Uninstaller will review the program files and associated registry entries. Click Complete Uninstall to start the normal uninstall process of the program.
Step 4: Click Yes to start the uninstall process.
Step 5: Wait for the standard uninstall process to be completed. Click Scan Leftovers.
Step 6: Max Uninstaller will conduct a full scan on your computer for a few minutes. When it finish scanning, click Delete Leftovers to thoroughly remove the program and its leftovers.
Step7: Max Uninstaller has now fully uninstall the program and deleted all files and extensions.
Click OK to finish and now the unwanted application is totally uninstalled and removed from your PC.
Uninstall it using force uninstall method in easy stepsIt occurs that the associated files and extensions usually get corrupted and the only way to uninstall this program from your PC, becomes by force uninstall through a professional installer like "Max Uninstaller".
Below is a step by step guideline on how to force uninstall Guild Wars 2 or other unneeded program from your computer for good.
Step1: Download Max Uninstaller, then follow the on screen prompts to install in on your computer.
Step2: Run Max Uninstaller. Click Not listed above button and select the installed folder path.
Step3: Click "Scan" to begin the uninstallation process. Follow the on-screen steps to finish the removal.With the force uninstall steps, you can thoroughly uninstall Guild Wars 2 and any unwanted program from your computer without worrying that it will leave down some unexpected entries both in program files and Windows registry.
Benefit of Max Uninstaller - Why make use of it
There are really some useless programs and software in your computer that are hard to uninstall or remove by simply using the default uninstaller or Window default Add/Remove program. Sometimes, this default uninstaller leaves a lot of leftover components and registry entries behind. Consequently, in this case, the computer performance and stabilization will be affected by the leftover components in the registry that become threats.
Max Uninstaller makes these things out of your computer if you make the most use of it. This tool provide a better and easier way to effectively and thoroughly uninstall any unwanted applications or components that the standard uninstaller of Window cannot remove.The benefits that Max Uninstaller can offer:
What if your computer got infected by virus?
Most of the time people cannot find and delete the virus that infect certain program, especially those hidden programs. What's more, some malicious file cannot remove by hand. So, it is best to fully uninstall the infected software before your computer gets totally haunted by these virus. So now! why not land to get the useful and professional tool to uninstall the malicious files and other software you don't want to use any more? I am sure you will be satisfied with its powerful uninstalling features!
Target Program Info
|File name:
|Guild Wars 2
|Last update:
|C:\Program Files\
How to Fix the Windows Error you received during the uninstall
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Ohio State Loses in the NCAA Tournament, Penn State is Happy
The first upset of the NCAA tournament is already in the books, as 6-seed Ohio State fell to Dayton 59-60 earlier this afternoon. Penn State basketball somehow managed to beat the Buckeyes twice this year, and it looks like our fans are still taking solace in Ohio State's defeat.
Athletics - Penn State Intercollegiate Athletics currently supports 31 varsity sports in the Big Ten. Read more


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C.H. Mason Upper Room Prayer Chamber
School loans paid in full
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PALMYRA, Ind. (WHAS11) -- Indiana State Police is investigating accident on Highway 150 just east of Palmyra that killed one person and left another one with life-threatening injuries.
The accident happened around 7:30 Tuesday morning in front of the Palmyra Recycling Center.
According to an Indiana State Police news release, a Kia Spectra driven by Anthony Schlicher, 22, from Salem, was traveling west on US Highway 150 when the car crossed the center line and struck a 2003 Saturn Ion. The driver of the Ion, 45-year-old Lisa Wilson of Palmyra, was pronounced dead at the scene.
Police said Wilson made an attempt to avoid the accident, but could not.
Schlicher was transported to University of Louisville Hospital with life-threatening injuries.
The cause of the accident is still under investigation.


text:
By Jef With One F
The 10 Biggest Rockers Living in Texas
By Rocks Off
By Chris Lane
By Angelica Leicht
By Corey Deiterman
Drake Returns to Warehouse Live
By Brando
By Angelica Leicht
6 Bands No One Noticed Broke Up
By Corey Deiterman
For me, the Houston Press Music Awards Showcase opened and closed with odd juxtapositions of cultures. It began with the Lady D firing up her zydeco machine as I watched Argentina piss away a 2-1 advantage in the last seconds of the final of the Copa America tournament, and then completely fall to pieces in the ensuing penalty shootout, much to the dismay of the Speakeasy bartender in the striped Argentina jersey. Five hours later, I watched Los Skarnales put their gritty, corrosive Pachuco Boogie Sound System through the paces at Blu Torch, a nightclub normally known for being an Asian-American hang. Creole zydeco and South American soccer? Barrio ska at a swanky Asian dance club? That's Houston in the 21st century, baby.
In between those multicultural bookends rested a library of intense sights and glorious sounds, and a few things that were just downright weird. I saw indie rock at a jazz bar, rock en español at the Mercury Room and a kinky freak-out in one of the inner sanctums of Jesse Jones's crown jewel. That last would be the impromptu set by JW Americana in a function room upstairs at the Rice Hotel. Of all things, this gig put me in mind of the Kennedy assassination. Rodney Elliott's stage attire -- an old-school Western suit and plastic cowboy hard hat -- has always reminded me of the big plainclothes cop in that picture of Lee Harvey Oswald getting shot, and the Rice Hotel, where JFK spent his last evening alive. Anyway, as the band sang about hot dogs, I was subconsciously thinking of this when Elliott and JW Americana bass player Doug Kosmo went all Madonna-Britney on us, French-kissing right there on stage. Jesse Jones probably went into convulsions in his grave.
A couple of hours earlier, Greg Wood had a hard time making it to his set at the Blu Torch. Somehow he was forgotten out at his Spring Branch bowling alley, and was forced to resort to taking a cab to his gig, which he said devoured all his gig money. Which wound up costing me money, as he demanded I buy him a drink just as his band launched into a super-intense, 15-minute set. In return for the drink, he did dedicate a song to me, and where once he branded me "A Bad Example of a Man," this time around I was labeled "Texas Trash." Who says even lowly music journalists can't come up in the world? At any rate, Wood's set culminated with the singer on his knees, his one good eye rolling back in his head, and the band kicking out all the jams as he bellowed out "Everything Is Okay."
And everything was as I took leave of that and headed over to the Mercury Room for Chango Jackson. Cactus Music general manager Quinn Bishop was in attendance as well, and he was very impressed. "If I could sign one band in Houston, Texas, right now, it would be Chango Jackson. Their level of professionalism is amazing. They played the perfect showcase set." They had some new stage gear -- Afro wigs, cheesy T-shirts with their names printed on them, white socks pulled up to their knees -- but the set list for the most part remained the same. The flying tamales and "Speak English You're in America" were a couple of the highlights, although the same stage was the scene of some idiocy after their set; specifically my moronic, rambling and drunken introduction of Clouseaux. Hey, guys -- I did it on purpose. Yeah, that's the ticket -- I wanted to make an ass of myself so it would be easy for y'all to sound great by comparison. Uh-huh. Anyway, they did sound fantastic, and the Mercury Room's pretty much the perfect venue for their suave sounds.
And one of the best things about the whole day was how every band brought their A-game. The Lady D, UME, Chango Jackson, JW Americana, Greg Wood, Clouseaux, Los Skarnales...every band I saw freakin' rocked, and the only thing that sucks is that you can never see even half the bands you want to see. I had three or four bands highlighted in every time slot, and just about every time I planned to flit from venue to venue, taking in a little of this or a little of that, I would wind up waylaid by a killer performance, stopped in my tracks by something I couldn't tear myself away from.
But that's not what I like best about the event. My favorite thing has got to be how this event chips away at the endemic cliquishness of the scene, or make that scenes. Indie rockers go to blues shows. Hip-hoppers check out a little honky-tonk. Jazzbos catch a little rock en español. And vice versa. Houston's multiethnicity bodes well for the future of the city as a music town, but only when and if people start sounding like what we look like. If we continue to copy styles from other cities, if many bands keep taking the words "You don't sound like you're from Houston" as a compliment, we'll always be an afterthought. But if we revel in all of what's offered here -- an incredible blend of people with European, Central and South American, African and Asian heritages -- and come up with music that reflects all that, bands from outside Houston will start taking it as a compliment when people tell them they "sound like a Houston band."


text:
RICHMOND, Va. – Shaka Smart understands the hype around his freshman class. He did recruit Justin Tillman, Jonathan Williams, Michael Gilmore and Terry Larrier, after all. But he's also seen enough freshmen struggle to know that caution is often the best path.
"We have four freshmen who have done a really nice job since they got here in June," Smart said Wednesday. "Right now they're going through the typical freshman fall ups and downs and transitioning to getting physically ready for real college practice and the competition that comes with that every day."
Smart will get a closer look at his freshman class' transition soon. The Rams kick off full team practices Friday, six weeks prior to their season-opener on Nov. 14 against Tennessee in Annapolis.
No VCU recruiting class has garnered as much attention as this far-reaching quartet, which Smart and his staff tapped from Detroit (Tillman), New York (Larrier), Jacksonville (Gilmore) and Richmond (Williams). ESPN rated the class No. 14 in the country last year. Larrier, Gilmore and Tillman were all ranked in ESPN's Top 100 players.
Larrier has received the bulk of the preseason hype. A consensus four-star and top-50 recruit, Larrier's choice of VCU over UConn was seen by many as a coup for the Rams. A 6-foot-8 guard, Larrier possesses an advanced offensive game, as well as the length Smart covets in his high-energy, full court press.
"He's going to help us a lot this year," Smart said. "I think he's going to have a big role. I would say similar to a Treveon Graham, a Melvin Johnson did as freshmen. Maybe a little bit more if he can put it together. It's always interesting to see how freshmen are able to deal with everything that goes into being a freshman, and he's just getting started with that."


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Pretty pink pony cake
I had some icing left over from another cake and loved the colours so I decided to make this pretty cake. My children thought it would be nice to donate it to a friend who turns five tomorrow so I added a pony based on a tutorial by Lucie Milbachová and customised it with her age. Apologies again for photo orientation I need to start taking my pictures with my camera and uploading via a computer rather than relying on my phone!
Sara, United Kingdom, https://www.facebook.com/SarasCakeCreations


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Brave Princess Merida
Disney "Brave" Princess Merida – A 10" round chocolate cake w/fudge in whipped cream; her face is fondant hand painted, w/fondant curlys for her hair, and banner w/hbday and name/scrolls/flowers are fondant.
And for some reason my camera wanted to act up while I needed to take a picture! Did what I could .


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Called me and was sooo excited to tell me all about his day. I'm talking and talking, fist pumping and throwing my hands up while I'm driving because I was sooo excited about his recall and so proud of him. So, I pull up to a stop light and realize the car behind me the past 2 miles was an undercover state trooper. Oh Crap! He puts his lights on and pulls me over. Great. He comes up to my window and before he could say anything I say, "I'm sorry, I know exactly what I did, I was talking on my phone!" He explained that I was the first person all day to admit to what I did wrong, and then explained he was lowering my ticket because I was being so cool about it! He then closes with, "you know you talk with your hands alot?" BUDDY, My best friend from dance just recalled at Worlds. Do you know how much of a big deal that is, no wonder I was fist pumping and "talking with my hands" I laughed and said "I'm not even Italian!" I proceeded to drive away with the biggest smile, and somehow my day is not even ruined #irishdancerproblems
As I'm driving to work today my little BFF Jack, who just recalled at his first worlds…
16 notes / 1 year ago
tagged as: irish dance, irish dancer problems, yayyyy,
tagged as: irish dance, irish dancer problems, yayyyy,
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text:
Statements from the Greater Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky House delegation on the health care bill vote.
Republicans voted 'no.' Rep. Steve Driehaus, the area's only Democrat, voted 'yes.'
- "In this economy, with this unemployment, with our desperate need for jobs and economic growth, is this really the time to raise taxes, to create bureaucracies, and burden every job creator in our land? The answer is no."
Minority Leader John Boehner, R-West Chester
- "I opposed this bill because it will increase budget deficits and decrease the quality of our health care services. Furthermore, it will cut more than $500 billion in Medicare resulting in reduced health care for seniors."
Rep. Mike Turner, R-Centerville
- "My heart is heavy with grief tonight at this turning point for our nation. This vote will define the America we will have in the future. Massive tax burdens, rationed care, and intrusive bureaucracy.
Rep. Geoff Davis, R-Hebron
- "If you were listening this weekend, you would have heard it summed up at rallies at the Capitol – "Kill the Bill." They fear government involvement in their medical decisions. They fear a future of higher taxes and debt heaped on their children and grandchildren. They fear a bill that rations care. And, they are tired of the backroom deals and politics as usual. Worse than all of these, they are afraid of a government too arrogant to listen to what they have to say.
Rep. Jean Schmidt, R-Miami Twp.
- "Over the last year I heard from dozens of small business owners facing double-digit increases in their health care premiums, forcing them to cut benefits or drop coverage for their employees altogether. This legislation will help to turn that around, ensuring quality care at lower costs for greater Cincinnati families."
Rep. Steve Driehaus, D-West Price Hill
Posted in: 1st Congressional District, 2nd Congressional District, 8th Congressional District, Election 2010
Tags: health care, Jean Schmidt, John Boehner, Mike Turner, Steve Driehaus


text:
CAREER: Has started all but five matches in her career (91 overall) … Recorded four assists and three goals for nine points in her career … Holds one career game-winning goal.
2013 - SENIOR: Has started in 20 of 25 games this season ... Scored her first goal of 2013 against Arkansas (Oct. 11) ... Recorded first assist of the year against Texas Tech (Nov. 22)
2012 - JUNIOR: Started all 25 matches for the Aggies in her junior campaign … Starred on a defense that notched a school-record 15 shutouts and posted a 0.63 goals-against average …Tallied 13 shots, three shots-on-goal, one goal and one assist on the season … Lone goal came as the game-winner against LSU (9/14) …Her lone assist came in a 4-1 victory over Rutgers (8/31).
2011 - SOPHOMORE: Team co-captain who started in each of the Aggies' 24 games on the backline ... Played in every minute of 20 matches ... Contributed one assist, against Loyola-Chicago (Sept. 25) ... Took five shots on the season, including one on frame at Texas (Oct. 28) ... Helped the backline in holding opponents to under half the number of shots taken by A&M, including just 119 shots on frame on the season ... Named to the Preseason All-Big 12 Team and the TopDrawerSoccer.com 2011 Women's Preseason Upperclassmen Top 100 list ... Ranked No. 7 on the TDS Big 12 Top 20 Player Rankings ... Selected to the All-Big 12 First Team and the Academic All-Big 12 Second Team.
2010-- FRESHMAN: Saw action as a starter on the backline in 22 of the Aggies' 23 matches ... Led the Aggie defense in allowing only 296 shots on the season, compared to 468 by A&M ... Had first career goal vs. Virginia Tech (Aug. 27) ... Took career-high two shots vs. St. John's (Aug. 22), and again vs. Virginia Tech, Washington State (Aug. 29), and Cal State Northridge (Sept. 19) ... Had shots on frame vs. St. John's, Virginia Tech, and Iowa State (Oct. 22) ... Netted a penalty kick in the shootout vs. Colorado (Nov. 3) to advance to the Big 12 semifinal, and again vs. North Dakota State (Nov. 12) to advance to the second round of the NCAA Tournament ... Was the only freshman named to the All-Big 12 first team and was selected to the Big 12 All-Newcomer team ... Titled a Soccer America All-Freshman Team member ... Took honors on the NSCAA/Performance Subaru All-Region Team.