text:
Cancer Health Center
Hypopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI] - Stage II Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Treatment has been primarily surgery, which is usually followed with postoperative radiation therapy (PORT). Because these tumors are clinically silent until they reach advanced stages, it is very unusual to diagnose these tumors at the T2 N0 stage.
Standard treatment options:
Recommended Related to Cancer
Purpose of This Summary This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the treatment of childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians who care for cancer patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions. Reviewers and Updates This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Pediatric...
Read the About This PDQ Summary article > >
- Laryngopharyngectomy and neck dissection has been the most frequently used therapy for hypopharyngeal cancers. In very selected cases of pyriform sinus cancers, that is, those arising in the upper medial wall, a partial laryngopharyngectomy may be successfully used to preserve vocal function. In T2 cases, PORT has been given in combination with surgery in an effort to improve the local control rates of surgery alone. There are advocates of preoperative radiation therapy, but all groups giving radiation advocate high-dose treatment to the primary site and to both sides of the neck to include the retropharyngeal and lateral cervical nodes.[1,2]
- Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, as given in clinical trials, has been used to shrink tumors and render them more definitively treatable with either surgery or radiation. The chemotherapy is given prior to the other modalities, hence the designation, neoadjuvant, to distinguish it from standard adjuvant therapy, which is given after or during definitive therapy with radiation or after surgery. Many drug combinations have been used in neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is commonly used to treat patients who present with advanced disease to improve locoregional control or survival, despite the lack of data from randomized, prospective trials.[3] The use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to increase organ preservation has also been advocated. In a prospective randomized trial, referred to as the GORTEC-TREMPLIN trial (NCT00169247), the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer compared surgery plus PORT to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (i.e., cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil) followed by radiation in responding patients. Local and regional failures were similar in both groups. Although median survival was 25 months in the immediate surgery arm of the study and 44 months in the induction chemotherapy arm (P = .006), 5-year disease-free and overall survival were the same. A functional larynx was preserved in 42% of patients at 3 years and 35% at 5 years in patients who were receiving induction chemotherapy. These data have not been confirmed by other phase III trials but suggest that larynx preservation may be feasible without jeopardizing survival.[4][Level of evidence: 1iiA,1iiC]
Most neoadjuvant chemotherapy clinical trials have included stage II hypopharyngeal carcinoma patients for the trials because of the low survival rates for this group of patients.[5]
Current Clinical Trials
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage II hypopharyngeal cancer. The list of clinical trials can be further narrowed by location, drug, intervention, and other criteria.
WebMD Public Information from the National Cancer Institute


text:
Welcome to our DocTalk page on Bovine Veterinarian ! Each week Dr. Dan Thomson and his guests will discuss important issues related to livestock welfare and management, including current animal agriculture research, ways to keep the food supply safe and companion animal health issues. Dr. Thomson is an internationally recognized leader in beef cattle production and health management, and he serves as the director of K-STATE's Beef Cattle Institute. His guests include nationally and internationally known veterinarians and animal scientists.
DocTalk: Breeding soundness exams in bulls
DocTalk Dr. Dan Thomson visits with Dr. Bob Larson, a professor and researcher at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Kansas State University. They will be discussing breeding soundness exams in bulls. With sub-fertility rates averaging from 10 to 20 percent in bulls, it is critical to know before the breeding season starts if your bulls are able to perform. Learn what takes place in breeding soundness exams, how stress negatively affects the performance of bulls and what age-related issues affect younger and older bulls.
DocTalk: Testing toxic weeds to avoid livestock health hazards
Commentary: Savory's solution will change views of livestock
0% Complete
- NIAA Antibiotics Use and Resistance Symposium nears
- K-State conference focuses on antibiotic regulations
- Post-wean digestion impaired in intensive-fed rapidly weaned calf
- USDA seeking feedback on animal disease reporting, response
- Potential role of wildlife in BVDV transmission
- Free BQA certification

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Love Academy: Shirato Haku
Again some of this will be under a cut. And it's been a few days since I've played this so I won't be exact on the details going off of my screen captures.
Also at the end I will be posting the picture that you get when all the panels are open.
So Shirato is a singer who can also play guitar. As his profile says he calls himself a cat. A stray cat. And he has his reasons…
13 Notes/ Hide
- otomewalkthroughsffr reblogged this from romancingpixels
- akemihatiko likes this
- chasingandrea reblogged this from romancingpixels and added:
I've been crying so hardcore over the normal ending I got what the fuck
- arthyem likes this
- still-loving-anime reblogged this from romancingpixels
- still-loving-anime likes this
- stacy--strawberry likes this
- zeralyn9 likes this
- there-are-roses-in-heaven reblogged this from otomesweetheart
- ayameyumi likes this
- otomesweetheart reblogged this from romancingpixels
- otomesweetheart likes this
- romancingpixels posted this


text:
Stranger By The Lake at Prince Charles Cinema
From to
Franck visits a local beach almost every day where other gay men sunbathe naked and occasionally head off into the undergrowth for anonymous sexual encounters. During these visits, Franck develops a fixation with a good-looking older man called Michel but these feelings are complicated when Franck witnesses the object of his affections drowning a partner in the crystal blue waters. Rather than go to the police, Franck decides to keep quiet, potentially marking him as Michel's next victim.
- Director:
- Alain Guiraudie
- Duration:
- 100
- Country:
- Fr
- Year:
- 2013
Practical Information
From to
Prince Charles Cinema
7 Leicester Place, London, WC2H 7BY
Venue Details & Map
Prince Charles Cinema
- Address
7 Leicester PlaceLondonWC2H 7BY
- Telephone:
- +44 (0)207 494 3654
- Public transport:
- Leicester Square Tube Station


text:
Dr. Carlos M. Isales, MD
Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Georgia Regents West Wheeler
- 1220 W Wheeler Pkwy
Augusta, GA 30909
- 2 Office Locations
- Email a Friend
- (706) 869-1515
Dr. Carlos M. Isales is a practicing physician. Dr. Isales practices medicine in Augusta, GA and 1 other location and specializes in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism and Internal Medicine. Dr. Isales is affiliated with Georgia Regents Medical Center. Dr. Isales speaks English and Spanish.
Gender: Not Available
Years in Practice: Not Available
Languages Spoken: English, Spanish
Medical School: Not Available
Graduation Date: Not Available
Hospital Affiliations: Georgia Regents Medical Center
Specialties: Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Internal Medicine
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Appointments for details.
©2005-2014 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.
WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. See additional information.


text:
Your question was published, help is on its way!
I have a Admiral model # AED4475TQ1 That after 1-year it stopped working i check all the thing under troubleshooting and bypassed the door switch Please Help!!
Follow Question
by Manage My Life Last activity date:Be the first to comment
Ask your friends
Answers (5)
I see this is a duplicate question. The expert will respond withing 24-48 hours if not sooner.
Answered in 3 minutesby Manage My Life | | Be the first to comment
0 votes
Add your own answer
Sign in to answer a question
Didn't find what you are looking for? Ask a question


text: Greetings unto Elfsea, I am seeking a duputy to help me in this quest to breath life into the archery community within elfsea. Make no mistake, this will be a hard and often times frustrating task (looks at contact names for local ranges that haven't called back) This person should possess the following to be considered. 1: Membership to the SCA 2: Understanding of target and combat archery 3: Understanding of range setup/takedown The following is a bonus: 1: Shoots archery bow or crossbow 2: Is a range marshal - either way we will get you that 3: regularly attends moot and business meetings 4: Can attend elfsea's events regularly. I am looking for someone with ideas, knows how to present those ideas in clear ways and knows how to follow through. We will be in for a rough, but fun ride while we bring a regular archery practice back to elfsea and build her bow and crossbow shooting pool. If you believe you can do this and hold the qualities above - email me a short email listing those qualities. I will name the deputy archery marshal on or by June 15th. Lord Ulrich of Carolingia Elfsea Archery marshal Dmruff1 at yahoo.com


text:
Thinking on going on a beach getaway? Why don't you go to Batangas? In Batangas you'll find some of the best beaches in Luzon. Best of all, it's very near Manila. Surely, you want to stay in a beautiful resort with a great beach but you also want to make sure that you will be staying in something affordable. This is possible with affordable beach resorts in Batangas.
Affordable? Possible!
In Batangas, there are a lot of resorts specifically in the area of Nasugbu, which houses some of the best resorts and beaches in this province. Finding affordable beach resorts in Batangas is not impossible because there are a lot out there. Here are some of them:
This beach resort proves that an affordable resort can still offer loads of fun activities. Stay in this resort and have fun playing volleyball. Enjoy the water and rent their snorkeling and surfing equipment. While resting, enjoy affordable food at the coffee shop. There are also several accommodation options so you can surely find the one that will fit your budget.
A beautiful beach resort situated in white sand with beautiful huts right on the beach, a small cove area, which means that you get some privacy if you want some. This is perfect for those who wants some relaxation and at the same time who also wants to participate in recreational activities offered by the resort. The resort also allows you to set up your own tent if you are on a strict budget.
For the perfect secret hideaway, this is a great resort and is also one of the most affordable beach resorts in Batangas as well. The resort has 36 fully-air-conditioned rooms that are complete with all the amenities that you need such as TV, ref and hot and cold shower. You can also avail of the twin native cottages that are available. It also comes with a pool and as multi-function room if you have any events.
These are some of the affordable hotels that you can stay in Nasugbu, Batangas. In fact there are even more hotels or resorts that you can find in this area of Batangas with amazing prices that will perfectly fit your budget. It is important that you check out these resorts as they are also some of the most reputable resorts in the area.
Since you are looking for an affordable resort, always keep in mind that you should always check the quality of the service and the accommodations given by the hotel before you make a reservation. You wouldn't want to pay a price with lousy service. It is still important that you think about the quality first before anything else because your accommodation will play a huge role to ensure that you get the best experience and stay in Nasugbu, Batangas. Those resorts listed above are really some of the best and will provide you with great prices!


text:
Is There a PS That Specializes in Abdominoplasty in Florida?
- 1 year ago
I've been searching for months on the internet for a PS who 'specializes' in Abdominoplasty in Florida. There seem to be so many Cosmetic Surgery Centers now that perform this surgery making it almost impossible to narrow it down to who actually 'specializes' in it. Your recommendations would be greatly appreciated!!!
Comments (6)
Hi There,
Here's a link to the board certified doctors in your area who perform Tummy Tucks.
Hopefully this helps!
Hi DA50,
We do not allow doctors on our site to self-promote nor make referrals. I might suggest that you read the Tummy Tuck reviews, where our users rate their doctors based on their experience. This has been extremely helpful for many people who are researching and just beginning their journey.
I was able to find one review with a doctor that did drainless Tummy Tucks. Here's the link to their review:
Had Tummy Tuck on 12/18/12 - Tampa, FL
I hope this helps!


text:
A postgraduate program
Fast facts
Course type: Postgraduate (coursework)
Availability (full-time or part-time): Full-time l Part-time
Location: On campus l External | Online
Course name: Graduate Certificate in Disability Studies
Duration (full-time equivalent): 6 months
SATAC code: 2GC043 (Commonwealth supported place) | 2GC543 (Full fee paying place)
CRICOS code: 027987G
Course name: Master of Disability Policy and Practice (Full Program Entry Level)
Duration (full-time equivalent): 2 years
SATAC code: 2CM184 (Commonwealth supported place) | 2CM584 (Full fee paying place)
CRICOS code: 085325J
Course name: Master of Disability Policy and Practice (Advanced Program Entry Level)
Duration (full-time equivalent): 2 years
SATAC code: 2CM161 (Commonwealth supported place) | 2CM561 (Full fee paying place)
CRICOS code: 085326G
This articulated program offered by the Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences is professionally oriented. The Graduate Certificate is designed to meet the needs of practitioners working in education, health and community services that support people with disabilities.
Students choose topics relevant to their area of specialty. These may include: autism, behaviour management, community inclusion, technology and disability, intellectual disability, physical disabilities, communication difficulties and transition from school to adult life for students with disabilities.
Additional Graduate Certificates in specific areas such as Autism Spectrum Disorders and Technology and Augmentative Communication, are also available.
Other specialist areas such as Down Syndrome and Dual Disabilities are offered from time to time, in response to community interest.
The Masters provides advanced professional experience for graduates from a range of professional fields associated with disabilities, including nursing, psychology, social work, education and medicine, and assists them to become effective and competent leaders and scholars in the field of disability studies. It is concerned, at an advanced level, with general principles relating to disabilities, but students are invited to specialise in areas of particular interest.
What will I study?
Refer to the course rule:
- Graduate Certificate in Disability Studies
- Master of Disability Policy and Practice - course rule to be published
Entry requirements
Applicants must normally hold an approved Bachelor degree or equivalent qualification from an approved tertiary institution or the Graduate Certificate in Disability Studies from Flinders University (or equivalent qualification).
The Masters degree is a 72-unit course but credit of up to 48 units may be granted for an approved four-year degree and/or relevant work experience. Students who have completed the Graduate Certificate or equivalent receive credit when progressing to the Masters. Masters students may exit with a Graduate Certificate after completing sufficient studies.
International students: Entry and English language requirements
|Domestic students
|Mid year entry:
|Application closing dates:
Check SATAC.
|International students
|Mid year entry:
|How to apply
|Application closing dates:
|Semester 1 - 30 November of the year preceding admission
Semester 2 - 31 May of that year.
Annual fees
|Domestic students
|International students
|Graduate Certificate in Disability Studies
Place type: Commonwealh supported
2015: $3,076
Place type: Full fee paying
2015: $7,740
|2015: $13,200
|Master of Disability Policy and Practice
Place type: Commonwealh supported
2015: $6,152
Place type: Full fee paying
2015: $15,480
|2015: $26,400
- Domestic student fees are indicative only. Further information: How are these fees calculated?
- If the number of applicants for Commonwealth supported places exceeds the number of places available, applicants will be ranked based on their Grade Point Average (GPA).
- We accept international applications for programs commencing beyond the year advertised and tuition fees for these years will be higher. Please note that your tuition fees may be subject to an annual increase.


text:
Trailer of the Week
Search for Brockport Textbooks
Double Poetry Reading Event featuring Bill Heyen and Dr. Nathan Pritts
Apr 3 2011 1:00 pm
All are welcome to attend a poetry reading featuring nationally recognized Brockport poet (and National Book Award Finalist) Bill Heyen and talented local poet Dr. Nathan Pritts. Don't miss the opportunity to hear two great poets read selections of their poetry and talk in general about their experiences as poets of their times. Free and open to the public. Books available for purchase and signing.
Search for Books & eBooks
Coming Events
Ebook Deals


text:
This has been my mascara for years now and honestly, I couldn't and still can't think of a better one. It lasts longer than the three months a mascara should last and not once has it become dry and cloggy. I also love how this is available in special boxes every once in a while with a little cream pot or a sample of eye patches and whatnot. Great stuff.
Will buy again!
Great mascara!!! Its very easy to remove too.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
This mascara does give a dramatic look! A bit too much for me, actually, I prefer the natural look. It stays put during the day, yet it is easy to remove. However, when removing it, I get quite a bit of tiny mascara fibres stuck in my eyes - not good.
I used YSL Faux Cils for years and thought it was my perfect match. Unfortunately it gets really dry really to fast so I had to start my search for the perfect mascara again. This is definately it!
I got it as a sample at first and loved it so I had to finally get the full sized one. This gives length and volume, and gives just as good result as Faux Cils did. It's easy to remove, but still stays on for as long as I want it too. The only bad thing about this is that I didn't buy it sooner. A new HG, I love it!
I love this mascara. I use it for daytime, and I find that it has given me all of the things I want out of my mascara:
-no flakes
I don't need to curl my lashes with this, but when I do, the results are great. This mascara works really great with my lashes, and I can take it off very easily with makeup remover. I like the brush on it, and find it very easy to apply and get all of the little lashes.
I would definitely repurchase this mascara.
this is a decent mascara. i havent been able to build the amazing volume that ive seen others get but i do like that it adds just enough volume in one sweep and doesnt clump or flake off and its not extremely expensive. i most likely wont repurchase this but you never know. maybe my continuing search for the perfect mascara will be shortened b/c i might end up coming back to this bc the price and quality is good enough but i cant say for sure.
My favourite mascara. Makes my lashes look thick and full without looking fake. Applies smoothly and washes off easily. My only complaint with this mascara is that it has a tendancy to smear a little by the end of the day and can flake a little under your eye, giving you the "dark circle" look. I usually receive this as part of GWP events so I have probably only ever purchased 1 or 2 tubes although I have worn it for years. Will repurchase.
***UPDATE***: Have switched to Naturally Glossy Mascara for everyday. I prefer the more natural look and better wear. I was sick of having mini-raccoon eyes by the end of everyday. This is still a great mascara for drama, length and fullness but will save it for evening wear.
Disclaimer: I have the infamous short Asian lashes, and I have yet to find a mascara that works for me.
I got this mascara as GWP. It does not do anything noticeable to my lashes (e.g. lengthen or volumize), nor is it able to hold a curl. It's also clumpy and the skin around my eyes were stung when I accidentally put too much product on. The only thing I like is the brush, but unfortunately the product does nothing for my lashes.
Eyes say no, but eyebrows say yes, yes, yes!
The sales assistant did not find it in black, but recommended brown instead. In retrospect I am very glad.
I know Clinique is all fancy with hypoallergenic products, but this really made my eyes water. Perhaps as a result, it smudged. As much as I loved the colour, I just had to stop using it as a mascara.
However, all was not lost! I now use it on my too-light-for-my-hair-colour eyebrows, and they love it like crazy. The brown looks quite natural on me, and it's easily spreadable and combable and all sweet things. Also, it makes me feel less guilty about not following the three-months-rule, because it's not in my eyes.
All in all, sweet!
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
I got this as a trial size a while ago and I love it. I'm currently trying to get my hands on it again, as I'm all out. It's by far my favorite mascara I've come across.
I love the double brush. And I love the texture of the mascara, I think it's just the right consistency to not make my lashes clumpy. I've found a lot of people are iffy about comb brushes, but you need to make sure you don't just take the comb out and run it through your lashes... the mascara gathers too much inbetween the teeth of the comb. What I do is I take the comb and I run it along the rim of the top (like a string on a violin). It works great.
Overall, I love that there's a regular brush and a comb. I really love this mascara and it makes my lashes look fantastic!


text:
- Shopping Bag ( 0 items )
Publishers WeeklyCommon sense and just the right amount of folksy humor make this treatise on feces a pleasure to read whether or not you've ever knowingly come within 50 miles of a compost heap. Logsdon writes for a wide scope: how to recognize a manure spreader for those who don't know; the finer points of old-fashioned pitchfork tines, for readers who actually use them. In addition to lots of clear DIY instructions for utilizing waste, Logsdon, a blogging farmer in Ohio, draws from his boyhood experience during the days of the privy, his Amish neighbors, and his understanding of how ancient China saw agricultural productivity rates the likes of which we've never had in the U.S. Ultimately, the real coup here is that this book overcomes the yuck factor and illustrates how, as with many things American, we've taken a natural, healthy, efficient system and replaced it with something expensive, toxic, and marketable - in this case, chemical fertilizers. As food locavores gain visibility and popularity, so too should the rear end of sustainable farming practices.
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


text:
New Cross, though a small area in south London, will never let you down - there's always something going on. With its diversity of people, it has almost developed a culture of its own, making for an interesting place to grow up. Here are 11 things you'll learn growing up in SE14.
1. There is an overwhelming student population. Goldsmiths students occupy all of the pubs, bars and cafes spending their money on cheap drinks and breakfast meal deals.
2. It is not the place to be if you want to do some shopping. You will have to get down to Lewisham Centre if you want a somewhat decent shopping experience.
3. Venue offers the cheapest nights out in London, with £1 entry attracting clubbers from all around.
4. Telegraph Hill Park is the place for summer fun – everyone comes out to soak up the long-awaited sun.
5. Every parent wants their child to go to Haberdasher's Askes Hatcham College. The school's academy status puts it in high prestige.
6. Teenagers are constantly roaming around on their roller skates. They usually skate around in batches of seven or eight shouting random words.
7. All the chicken shops get overwhelmingly packed with rowdy school kids after 3pm.
8. No one around the Woodpecker Estate uses a lead when walking their dog.
9. Every morning the 53 bus is packed to the point at which it doesn't let anyone on. If you are lucky to get on, the bus smells of rotten fish anyway.
10. Shifty-looking "homeless" men make appearances outside New Cross Gate station every now and then.
11. The Mexican chicken panini at La Boulangerie in New Cross Gate is the best you will ever taste. At a reasonable £3.50, it will definitely satisfy.
Is there anything we've missed? Tell us about it below.
- 10 inappropriate Hallowe'en costumes
- Five differences between the north and south - by a real northerner
- Thirteen weird Halloween facts to help keep the spooks at bay
- 11 ideas for what to do with your extra hour when the clocks go back
- 11 obscure ghosts haunting Bromley
- 10 of the best from a decade of Bromley Comedy Club
- QUIZ: Take our Halloween test to see how brave you really are
- Santa spotted in Gravesend - and later branded an imposter
- Stat Chat: Top 5 tips for happy life - with 58 revealed to be best age
- Top 10 facts you probably didn't know about autumn


text:
The Convergence of Science and Hope
Argos Therapeutics, Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of fully personalized immunotherapies for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. The Company has developed a pipeline of products based on its proprietary Arcelis technology platform.
Argos in The News
Argos Therapeutics Breaks Ground on State-of-the-Art Biomanufacturing Facility in Research Triangle Park Area
Read more
Argos Therapeutics Announces Plans for New Manufacturing Facility in Research Triangle Park Area in Durham, North Carolina
Read more
Argos Therapeutics to Present at the 13th Annual BIO Investor Forum
Read more
When Our Company Was Founded
First Arcelis product (AGS-003) clinical trial initiated in mRCC
Phase 3 mRCC ADAPT Study Launched
Newly diagnosed RCC patients daily in the US, of which ~ 30 will present with stage IV or metastatic RCC


text:
Sikhs serving in US military is more a civil rights issue than than one of sant-sipahi (saint-soldier) tradition
View Post
Tags: Joseph Crowley Kamaljeet Singh Kalsi Simran Lamba United States Armed Forces United States Army US Army US military
This is the Tumblr for AmericanTurban.com, a blog about the issues and experiences of Sikhs living in America.
Powered by Tumblr. Minimal Theme designed by Artur Kim.


text:
This was a difficult place to find; located on a small residental back street that is not on the map (the tagged location is actually the local nightmarket). Asking locals "Where is the Bee & B?" inevitably got the response "Which B&B?" - "The B&B" - "Yes, which one?".. argh.. I had a local Thai call to ask where it... More
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Agoda so you can book your The Bee & B reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
A Type 2 AK-47, the first machined receiver variation
|Assault rifle
|Place of origin
|Soviet Union
|Service history
|In service
1949-1980s (USSR)
|Used by
|See Users
|Production history
|Mikhail Kalashnikov
|Izhmash and various others including Norinco
|Number built
|≈ 75 million AK-47s, 100 million Kalashnikov-family weapons[3][4]
|See Variants
|Without magazine:
3.47 kg (7.7 lb) AK[5]
Magazine, empty:
0.43 kg (0.95 lb) (early issue)[5]
0.33 kg (0.73 lb) (steel)[6]
0.25 kg (0.55 lb) (plastic)[7]
0.17 kg (0.37 lb) (light alloy)[6]
Ammo weight:
16.3 g × 30 = 0.49 kg (1.1 lb)[8]
|880 mm (35 in) fixed wooden stock[citation needed]
875 mm (34.4 in) folding stock extended[citation needed]
645 mm (25.4 in) stock folded[5]
|Barrel length
|415 mm (16.3 in) total[5]
369 mm (14.5 in) rifled[5]
|7.62×39mm M43/M67
|Gas-operated, rotating bolt
|Rate of fire
|Cyclic 600 rounds/min,[5] practical
40 rounds/min semi-automatic[5]
100 rounds/min fully automatic[5]
|Muzzle velocity
|715 m/s (2,350 ft/s)[5]
|Effective firing range
|400 metres (440 yd) semi-auto[9]
300 metres (330 yd) full auto[9]
|Feed system
|Standard magazine capacity is 30 rounds;[5] there are also 5- 10-, 20- and 40-round box and 75- and 100-round drum magazines
|Adjustable iron sights with a 378 mm (14.9 in) sight radius:[5]
100–800 m adjustments (AK)[5]
100–1000 m adjustments (AKM)[7]
A Type 2 AK-47, the first machined receiver variation
|Assault rifle
|Place of origin
|Soviet Union
|Service history
|In service
1949-1980s (USSR)
|Used by
|See Users
|Production history
|Mikhail Kalashnikov
|Izhmash and various others including Norinco
|Number built
|≈ 75 million AK-47s, 100 million Kalashnikov-family weapons[3][4]
|See Variants
|Without magazine:
3.47 kg (7.7 lb) AK[5]
Magazine, empty:
0.43 kg (0.95 lb) (early issue)[5]
0.33 kg (0.73 lb) (steel)[6]
0.25 kg (0.55 lb) (plastic)[7]
0.17 kg (0.37 lb) (light alloy)[6]
Ammo weight:
16.3 g × 30 = 0.49 kg (1.1 lb)[8]
|880 mm (35 in) fixed wooden stock[citation needed]
875 mm (34.4 in) folding stock extended[citation needed]
645 mm (25.4 in) stock folded[5]
|Barrel length
|415 mm (16.3 in) total[5]
369 mm (14.5 in) rifled[5]
|7.62×39mm M43/M67
|Gas-operated, rotating bolt
|Rate of fire
|Cyclic 600 rounds/min,[5] practical
40 rounds/min semi-automatic[5]
100 rounds/min fully automatic[5]
|Muzzle velocity
|715 m/s (2,350 ft/s)[5]
|Effective firing range
|400 metres (440 yd) semi-auto[9]
300 metres (330 yd) full auto[9]
|Feed system
|Standard magazine capacity is 30 rounds;[5] there are also 5- 10-, 20- and 40-round box and 75- and 100-round drum magazines
|Adjustable iron sights with a 378 mm (14.9 in) sight radius:[5]
100–800 m adjustments (AK)[5]
100–1000 m adjustments (AKM)[7]
The AK-47 is a selective-fire, gas-operated 7.62×39mm assault rifle, first developed in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov. It is officially known in the Soviet documentation as Avtomat Kalashnikova (Russian: Автомат Калашникова). It is also known as Kalashnikov, AK, or in Russian slang, Kalash. No number was present in the Soviet nomenclature until the adoption of the AK-74.
Design work on the AK-47 began in the last year of World War II (1945). After the war in 1946, the AK-47 was presented for official military trials. In 1948 the fixed-stock version was introduced into active service with selected units of the Soviet Army. An early development of the design was the AKS (S—Skladnoy or "folding"), which was equipped with an underfolding metal shoulder stock. In 1949, the AK-47 was officially accepted by the Soviet Armed Forces[10] and used by the majority of the member states of the Warsaw Pact.
Even after six decades the model and its variants remain the most popular and widely used assault rifles in the world because of their durability, low production costs, availability, and ease of use. The AK-47 has been manufactured in many countries and has seen service with armed forces as well as irregular forces worldwide, and was the basis for developing many other types of individual and crew-served firearms. More AK-type rifles have been produced than all other assault rifles combined.[3]
During World War II, the Germans introduced the StG 44 (Sturmgewehr, literally "storm rifle") in large numbers—about half a million were built. This gun, from which the English terminology "assault rifle" originates, was chambered in a new intermediate cartridge, the 7.92×33mm Kurz.[11] The Soviets captured an early prototype of the StG 44, a Mkb 42(H), and they were also given samples of the U.S. M1 Carbine, which was also developed for a less powerful round. Based on these developments, on 15 July 1943, the People's Commissariat for Armaments decided to introduce a Soviet intermediate cartridge. A team led by N.M. Elizarov (Н.М. Елизаров) was charged with the development of what eventually became the 7.62×39mm M43; the new cartridge went into mass production in March 1944.[12][13] At the same meeting that adopted the new cartridge, the Soviet planners decided that a whole range of new small arms should use it, including a semi-automatic carbine, a fully automatic rifle, and a light machine gun. Design contests for these new weapons began in earnest in 1944.[12]
Mikhail Kalashnikov began his career as a weapon designer while in a hospital after he was shot in the shoulder during the Battle of Bryansk.[4][14] After tinkering with a submachine gun design in 1942[15] and with a light machine gun in 1943,[16][17] in 1944 he entered a competition for a new weapon that would chamber the 7.62×41mm cartridge developed by Yelizarov and Syomin in 1943 (the 7.62×41mm cartridge predated the current 7.62×39mm M1943).[citation needed] In the 1944 competition for intermediate cartridge weapons, Kalashnikov submitted a semi-automatic, gas-operated carbine, strongly influenced by the American M1 Garand, but that lost out to a Simonov design, which was adopted as the SKS-45.[18]
In the fully automatic weapon category, the specifications (тактико-технические требования - TTT) number 2456-43[19] passed down by the GAU in November 1943 were rather ambitious: the weapon was to have a 500–520 mm long barrel and had to weigh no more than 5 kg, including a folding bipod. Despite this, many Soviet designers participated in this category, Tokarev, Korovin, Degtyarev, Shpagin, Simonov, and Prilutsky are some of the more prominent names who submitted designs;[20] Kalashnikov did not submit an entry for this contest.[19] A gun presented by Sudayev, the AS-44 (weight: 5.6 kg, barrel length 505 mm), came up ahead in the mid-1944 trials.
However subsequent field trials conducted in 1945 found it to be too heavy for the average soldier and Sudayev was asked to lighten his gun; his lightened variant (5.35 kg, 485 mm barrel) turned out to be less reliable and less accurate. In October 1945, the GAU was convinced to dispense with the built-in bipod requirement; Sudayev's gun in this variant, called OAS (облегченный автомат Судаева - ОАС), weighed only 4.8 kg. Sudayev however fell ill and died in 1946, preventing further development.[21][22][23]
The experience gained from the reliability issues of the lightened Sudayev design convinced the GAU that a brand new competition had to be held, and for this round the requirements were explicitly stated: a wholesale replacement of the PPSh-41 and PPS-43 sub-machine guns was what they were after. The new competition was initiated in 1946 under GAU TTT number 3131-45. Ten designs had been submitted by August 1946.[24]
Kalashnikov and his design team from factory number two in Kovrov submitted an entry. It was a gas-operated rifle which had a breech-block mechanism similar to his 1944 carbine, and a curved 30-round magazine. Kalashnikov's rifles (codenamed AK-1 and −2, the former with a milled receiver and the latter with a stamped one) proved to be reliable and the weapon was accepted to second round of competition along with designs by A. A. Dementyev (KB-P-520) and A. A. Bulkin (TKB-415). In late 1946, as the rifles were being tested, one of Kalashnikov's assistants, Aleksandr Zaitsev, suggested a major redesign of AK-1, particularly to improve reliability. At first, Kalashnikov was reluctant, given that their rifle had already fared better than its competitors. Eventually, however, Zaitsev managed to persuade Kalashnikov. The new rifle (factory name KB-P-580) proved to be simple and reliable under a wide range of conditions with convenient handling characteristics; prototypes with serial numbers one to three were completed in November 1947. Production of the first army trial series began in early 1948 at the Izhevsk factory number 524,[25] and in 1949 it was adopted by the Soviet Army as "7.62 mm Kalashnikov assault rifle (AK)".[10]
The AK-47 is best described as a hybrid of previous rifle technology innovations:[26] the trigger mechanism,[27] double locking lugs and unlocking raceway[citation needed] of the M1 Garand/M1 carbine, the safety mechanism of the John Browning designed Remington Model 8 rifle,[citation needed] and the gas system of the Sturmgewehr 44.[citation needed]
Kalashnikov's team had access to all of these weapons and had no need to "reinvent the wheel",[26] though he denied that his design was based on the German Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifle.[28] Kalashnikov himself observed: "A lot of Russian Army soldiers ask me how one can become a constructor, and how new weaponry is designed. These are very difficult questions. Each designer seems to have his own paths, his own successes and failures. But one thing is clear: before attempting to create something new, it is vital to have a good appreciation of everything that already exists in this field. I myself have had many experiences confirming this to be so."[14]
There are claims about Kalashnikov copying other designs, like Bulkin's TKB-415[2] or Simonov's AVS-31.[29]
There were many difficulties during the initial phase of production. The first production models had stamped sheet metal receivers. Difficulties were encountered in welding the guide and ejector rails, causing high rejection rates.[30] Instead of halting production, a heavy machined receiver was substituted for the sheet metal receiver. This was a more costly process, but the use of machined receivers accelerated production as tooling and labor for the earlier Mosin–Nagant rifle's machined receiver were easily adapted. Partly because of these problems, the Soviets were not able to distribute large numbers of the new rifle to soldiers until 1956. During this time, production of the interim SKS rifle continued.[30]
Once manufacturing difficulties had been overcome, a redesigned version designated the AKM M for "modernized" or "upgraded" (in Russian: Автомат Калашникова Модернизированный [Avtomat Kalashnikova Modernizirovanniy]) was introduced in 1959.[31] This new model used a stamped sheet metal receiver and featured a slanted muzzle brake on the end of the barrel to compensate for muzzle rise under recoil. In addition, a hammer retarder was added to prevent the weapon from firing out of battery (without the bolt being fully closed), during rapid or automatic fire.[30] This is also sometimes referred to as a "cyclic rate reducer", or simply "rate reducer", as it also has the effect of reducing the number of rounds fired per minute during automatic fire. It was also roughly one-third lighter than the previous model.[31]
Both licensed and unlicensed production of the Kalashnikov weapons abroad were almost exclusively of the AKM variant, partially due to the much easier production of the stamped receiver. This model is the most commonly encountered, having been produced in much greater quantities. All rifles based on the Kalashnikov design are frequently referred to as AK-47s in the West, although this is only correct when applied to rifles based on the original three receiver types.[32] In most former Eastern Bloc countries, the weapon is known simply as the "Kalashnikov" or "AK". The photo above at right illustrates the differences between the Type 2 milled receiver and the Type 4 stamped, including the use of rivets rather than welds on the stamped receiver, as well as the placement of a small dimple above the magazine well for stabilization of the magazine.
|Receiver type
|Type 1A/B
|Original stamped receiver for AK-47. -1B modified for underfolding stock. A large hole is present on each side to accommodate the hardware for the underfolding stock.
(this naming convention continues with all types)
|Type 2A/B
|Milled from steel forging.
|Type 3A/B
|"Final" version of the milled receiver, from steel bar stock. The most ubiquitous example of the milled-receiver AK-47.
|Type 4A/B
|Stamped AKM receiver. Overall, the most-used design in the construction of the AK-series rifles.
In 1974, the Soviets began replacing their AK-47 and AKM rifles with a newer design, the AK-74, which uses 5.45×39mm ammunition. This new rifle and cartridge had only started to be manufactured in Eastern European nations when the Soviet Union collapsed, drastically slowing production of the AK-74 and other weapons of the former Soviet bloc.
The main advantages of the Kalashnikov rifle are its simple design, fairly compact size, and adaptation to mass production. It is inexpensive to manufacture and easy to clean and maintain. Its ruggedness and reliability are legendary.[33] The AK-47 was initially designed for ease of operation and repair by glove-wearing Soviet soldiers in Arctic conditions. The large gas piston, generous clearances between moving parts, and tapered cartridge case design allow the gun to endure large amounts of foreign matter and fouling without failing to cycle. This reliability comes at a slight cost of accuracy, as the looser tolerances do not allow for precision and consistency.
The bore and chamber, as well as the gas piston and the interior of the gas cylinder, are generally chromium-plated. This plating dramatically increases the life of these parts by resisting corrosion and wear. This is particularly important, as most military-production ammunition (and virtually all ammunition produced by the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact nations) during the 20th century contained potassium chlorate in the primers. On firing, this was converted to corrosive and hygroscopic potassium chloride which mandated frequent and thorough cleaning in order to prevent damage. Chrome plating of critical parts is now common on many modern military weapons.[citation needed]
In addition to the USSR, the AK-47 and its variants were/are made in dozens of countries, with "quality ranging from finely engineered weapons to pieces of questionable workmanship."[34]
To fire, the operator inserts a loaded magazine, pulls back and releases the charging handle, and then pulls the trigger. In semi-automatic, the firearm fires only once, requiring the trigger to be released and depressed again for the next shot. In full-automatic, the rifle continues to fire automatically cycling fresh rounds into the chamber, until the magazine is exhausted or pressure is released from the trigger. As each bullet travels through the barrel, a portion of the gases expanding behind it is diverted into the gas tube above the barrel, where it acts on the gas piston. The piston, in turn, is driven backward, pushing the bolt carrier, which causes the bolt to move backwards, ejecting the spent round, and chambering a new round when the recoil spring pushes it forward.[35]
The gas operation uses what is known as a long-stroke, that is the piston moves back into the receiver a long way, pushing the bolt carrier along. This contrasts with most other gas operated rifles of the 20th century which used a short-stroke piston. Those designs have a piston that gives a single sharp blow to get the bolt group moving through transfer of momentum rather than pushing it all the way back. Rifles using that system are the commonly used FN FAL and AR-18, along with others such as the SA-80. The comparison is of importance because the FAL, and later the M16 have been the rifles which faced the Kalashnikov in battle throughout the 2nd half of the 20th century. In contrast to the AK, the gas system of the M16 does not use a piston at all.
The prototype of the AK-47, the AK-47, had a separate fire selector and safety.[36] These were later combined in the production version to simplify the design. The fire selector is a large lever located on the right side of the rifle, it acts as a dust-cover and prevents the charging handle from being pulled fully to the rear when it is on safe.[37] It is operated by the shooter's right fore-fingers and it has 3 settings: safe (up), full-auto (center), and semi-auto (down).[37] The reason for this is, under stress a soldier will push the selector lever down with considerable force bypassing the full-auto stage and setting the rifle to semi-auto.[37] To set the AK-47 to full-auto requires the deliberate action of centering the selector lever.[37] Some AK-type rifles also have a small vertical selector lever on the left side of the receiver just above the pistol grip.[37] This lever is operated by the shooter's right thumb and has three settings: safe (forward), full-auto (center), and semi-auto (backward).[37]
The AK-47 has a 378 mm (14.9 in) sight radius.[7] The AK-47 uses a notched rear tangent iron sight, it is adjustable and is calibrated in hundreds from 100 to 800 metres (100 to 1000 metres for AKM models).[38] The front sight is a post adjustable for elevation in the field. Horizontal adjustment is done by the armory before issue. The "fixed" battle setting can be used for all ranges up to 300 metres.[38][39] This "point-blank range" setting marked "П",[39] allows the shooter to fire at close range targets without adjusting the sights. These settings mirror the Mosin–Nagant and SKS rifles which the AK-47 replaced. Some AK-type rifles have a front sight with a flip-up luminous dot that is calibrated at 50 metres, for improved night fighting.[38]
All current AK-47s (100 series), have a side rail for mounting a variety of scopes and sighting devices, such as the PSO-1 Optical Sniper Sight.[40] One feature, the side rail, allows removal and remounting of optical accessories without interfering with the zeroing of the optic.
A drawback, however, is that their side folding stocks cannot be folded with the optics mounted.[41]
The standard AK-47 or AKM fires the 7.62×39mm cartridge with a muzzle velocity of 715 m/s (2,350 ft/s).[7] The cartridge weight is 16.3 g (0.6 oz), the projectile weight is 7.9 g (122 gr).[8] The cartridge produces significant wounding effects if the projectile tumbles in tissue;[42] but it produces relatively minor wounds when the projectile exits the body before beginning to yaw.[43][44]
The AK-47's accuracy has always been considered to be "good enough".[45][46][47] The milled AK-47s are capable of shooting 19.4–12.7 cm (7.62–5 in) groups at 90 m (100 yd), whereas the stamped AKM's are capable of shooting 10–15 cm (4–6 in) groups at 90 m (100 yd).[47] "There are advantages and disadvantages in both forged/milled receivers and stamped receivers. Forged/milled receivers are much more rigid, flexing less as the rifle is fired, thus not hindering accuracy as much as stamped receivers. Stamped receivers are a bit more rugged, since they have some resilience and are less likely to fail due to fatigue under heavy usage."[47] As a result, the newer stamped steel receiver AKM models are less accurate than their predecessors.[47] The AKM, with the 7.62×39mm cartridge, has a battle range of around 350 metres (1,150 ft).[7] The best shooters are able to hit a man-sized target at 800 metres with five shots (firing from prone position or a trench) or ten shots (standing).[48]
A major but often overlooked factor in a firearm's reliability is the design of its magazine. The AK-47's magazine has a pronounced curve which allows it to smoothly feed ammunition into the chamber. Its heavy steel construction combined with "feed-lips" (the surfaces at the top of the magazine that control the angle at which the cartridge enters the chamber) machined from a single steel billet makes it highly resistant to damage. This makes the AK-47 magazine more reliable, although heavier than U.S. and NATO magazines. The standard magazine capacity is 30 rounds.[49]
The steel AK-47 magazine weighs 334 g (0.736 lb) empty.[6][50] There were also 164 g (0.362 lb) aluminum alloy magazines which appeared in 1961. They were too sensitive to damage and were soon replaced by plastic ones (20 g (0.71 oz) heavier). The plastic magazines were modernized in 1967 by the addition of steel magazine hooks and reinforcing plates to the feed lips – these improvements have increased the (plastic) magazine's life expectancy by four times.[50] The current-issue plastic magazine weighs 250 g (0.55 lb) empty.[7]
Most Yugoslavian and some East German AK magazines were made with cartridge followers that hold the bolt open when empty; however, most AK magazine followers allow the bolt to close when the magazine is empty.
The AK-47 magazines are interchangeable with the 40-round box and 75-round drum RPK magazines. There are also 10- and 20-round box and 100-round drum magazines.
All current model AK-47 rifles can mount under-barrel 40 mm grenade launchers such as the GP-25, GP-30 & GP-34, which can fire up to 20 rounds per minute and have an effective range of up to 400 metres.[51] The main grenade is the VOG-25 (VOG-25M) fragmentation grenade which has a 6 m (9 m) (20 ft (30 ft)) lethality radius. The VOG-25P/VOG-25PM ("jumping") variant explodes 0.5–1 metre (1.6–3.3 ft) above the ground.[52]
The Zastava M70s (AK-type rifle) also have a grenade-launching sight and gas cut-off on the gas block, and are capable of launching rifle grenades. To launch them a 22 mm diameter grenade launching adapter is screwed on in place of the slant brake or other muzzle device.[53] Other AK-47 variants tuned for launching rifle grenades are the Polish Kbkg wz. 1960/72 and the Hungarian AMP-69.[54]
The AK-47 can also mount a (rarely used) cup-type grenade launcher that fires standard RGD-5 Soviet hand-grenades.[55]
Early variants (7.62×39mm)
Modernized (7.62×39mm)
Low-impulse variants (5.45×39mm)
The 100 Series
5.45×39mm / 5.56×45mm / 7.62×39mm
Other weapons
AK-12 series
Military variants only. Includes new designs substantially derived from the Kalashnikov.
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2013)
Automatiku Shqiptar model 56 (ASH-78 Tip-1) Albanian Automatic Assault Rifle Model 56 Type-1 [Made in Poliçan Arsenal] (Straight forward copy of Type 56, which in turn is a clone of the Soviet AKM rifle)
Automatiku Shqiptar Tipi 1982 (ASH-82) Albanian Automatic Assault Rifle Type 1982 [Made in Poliçan Arsenal] (Straight forward copy of AKMS)
Automatiku Shqiptar model 56 (ASH-78 Tip-2) Albanian Light Machine Gun [Made in Poliçan Arsenal] (Straight forward copy of RPK)
Automatiku Shqiptar model 56 (ASH-78 Tip-3) Albanian Automatic Hybrid Rifle Model 56 Type-3 [Made in Poliçan Arsenal] (Hybrid rifle for multi-purpose roles mainly Marksman rifle with secondary assault rifle and grenade launcher capability)
Other unknown variants.
|K-3 (bullpup, 5.45×39mm)
|Khazri (AK-74M)[58]
|Chinese Type 56
AKK/AKKS (Type 3 AK-47/w. side-folding buttstock)
AKKMS (AKMS), AKKN-47 (fittings for NPSU night sights)
AK-47M1 (Type 3 with black polymer furniture)
AK-47MA1/AR-M1 (same as -M1, but in 5.56 mm NATO)
AKS-47M1 (AKMS in 5.56×45mm NATO)
AKS-47S (AK-47M1, short version, with East German folding stock, laser aiming device)
AKS-47UF (short version of -M1, Russian folding stock), AR-SF (same as −47UF, but 5.56 mm NATO)
AKS-93SM6 (similar to −47M1, cannot use grenade launcher)
RKKS (RPK), AKT-47 (.22 rimfire training rifle)
|Chinese Type 56, Soviet AK-47, and AKM
|People's Republic of China
|Type 56
|Galil ACE
|East Germany[60]
MPi-K/MPi-KS (AK-47/AKS)
MPi-KM (AKM; wooden and plastic stock), MPi-KMS-72 (side-folding stock), MPi-KMS-K (carbine)
MPi-AK-74N (AK-74), MPi-AKS-74N (side-folding stock), MPi-AKS-74NK (carbine)
KK-MPi Mod.69 (.22 LR select-fire trainer)
|AK-47, Misr assault rifle (AKM), Maadi
|AK-47, AK-103 (manufactured locally at the State-run Gafat Armament Engineering Complex as the Et-97/1)[61]
Rk 62, Valmet M76 (other names Rk 62 76, M62/76), Valmet M78 (light machine gun), Rk 95 Tp
AK-55 (domestic manufacture of the 2nd Model AK-47)
AKM-63 (also known as AMD-63 in the US; modernized AK-55), AMD-65M (modernized AKM-63, shorter barrel and side-folding stock), AMP-69 (rifle grenade launcher)
AK-63F/D (other name AMM/AMMSz), AK-63MF (modernized)
NGM-81 (5.56×45mm NATO; fixed and under-folding stock)
INSAS (fixed and side-folding stock), KALANTAK (carbine), INSAS light machine gun (fixed and side-folding stock)
Trichy Assault Rifle 7.62 mm, manufactured by Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli of Ordnance Factories Board[62]
|Tabuk Sniper Rifle, Tabuk Assault Rifle (with fixed or underfolding stock, outright clones of Yugoslavian M70 rifles series), Tabuk Short Assault Rifle
IMI Galil: AR (assault/battle rifle), ARM (assault rifle/light machine gun), SAR (carbine), MAR (compact carbine), Sniper (sniper rifle), SR-99 (sniper rifle)
|Bernardelli VB-STD/VB-SR (Galil AR/SAR)[63]
|Produced by the Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria as OBJ-006[64][65]
|North Korea
|Type 58A/B (Type 3 AK-47/w. stamped steel folding stock), Type 68A/B (AKM/AKMS), Type 88 (AKS-74)[66][67]
|Reverse engineered by hand and machine in Pakistan's highland areas (see Khyber Pass Copy) near the border of Afghanistan; more recently the Pakistan Ordnance Factories started the manufacture of an AK-47/AKM clone called PK-10[68]
pmK (kbk AK) / pmKS (kbk AKS) (name has changed from pmK – "pistolet maszynowy Kałasznikowa", Kalashnikov SMG to the kbk AK – "karabinek AK", Kalashnikov Carbine in mid-1960s) (AK-47/AKS)
kbkg wz. 1960 (rifle grenade launcher), kbkg wz. 1960/72 (modernized)
kbk AKM / kbk AKMS (AKM/AKMS)
kbk wz. 1988 Tantal (5.45×39mm), skbk wz. 1989 Onyks (compact carbine)
kbs wz. 1996 Beryl (5.56×45mm), kbk wz. 1996 Mini-Beryl (compact carbine)
PM md. 63/65 (AKM/AKMS), PM md. 80, PM md. 90, collectively exported under the umbrella name AIM or AIMS
PA md. 86 (AK-74), exported as the AIMS-74
PM md. 90 short barrel, PA md. 86 short barrel, exported as the AIMR
PSL (designated marksman rifle; other names PSL-54C, Romak III, FPK and SSG-97)
|South Africa
|R4 assault rifle, Truvelo Raptor, Vektor CR-21 (bullpup)
|MAZ[70] (based on the Type 56)
|Vepr (bullpup, 5.45×39mm), Malyuk (bullpup)[71]
|AKM-1 (AKM), TUL-1 (RPK), Galil Ace 31/32
|License granted, factory under construction[72]
Certainly more have been produced elsewhere; but the above list represents known producers and is limited to only military variants. An updated AK-47 design – the AK-103 – is still produced in Russia.
The basic design of the AK-47 has been used as the basis for other successful rifle designs such as the Finnish Rk 62/76 and Rk 95 Tp, the Israeli Galil, the Indian INSAS and the Yugoslav Zastava M76 and M77/82 rifles. Several bullpup designs have surfaced such as the Chinese Norinco Type 86S, although none have been produced in quantity. Bullpup conversions are also available commercially.
OJSC IzhMash has repeatedly claimed that the majority of manufacturers produce AK-47s without a proper license from IZH.[73][74] The Izhevsk Machine Tool Factory acquired a patent in 1999,[clarification needed] making manufacture of the newest Kalashnikov rifles, such as AK-100s by anyone other than themselves illegal in countries where a patent is granted. However, older variants, such as AK and AKM are public domain due to age of design.
Throughout the world, the AK and its variants are among the most commonly smuggled small arms sold to governments, rebels, criminals, and civilians alike, with little international oversight.[citation needed] In some countries, prices for AKs are very low; in Somalia, Rwanda, Mozambique, Congo and Tanzania prices are between $30 and $125 per weapon[citation needed], and prices have fallen in the last few decades due to mass counterfeiting. Moisés Naím observed that in a small town in Kenya in 1986, an AK-47 cost fifteen cows but that in 2005, the price was down to four cows indicating that supply was "immense".[75] The weapon has appeared in a number of conflicts including clashes in the Balkans, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Somalia.[76]
The Taliban and the Northern Alliance fought each other with Soviet AKs; some of these were exported to Pakistan. The gun is now also made in Pakistan's semi-autonomous areas (see Khyber Pass Copy).[citation needed] "'The Distribution of Iranian Ammunition in Africa', by the private British arms-tracking group Conflict Armament Research (CAR), shows how Iran broke trade embargos and infiltrated African markets with massive amounts of illegal, unmarked 7.62 mm rounds for the Kalashnikov-style AK-47 rifles."[77]
Estimated numbers of AK-type weapons vary. The Small Arms Survey suggest that "between 70 and 100 million of these weapons have been produced since 1947."[78] The World Bank estimates that out of the 500 million total firearms available worldwide, 100 million are of the Kalashnikov family, and 75 million are AK-47s.[3] Because AK-type weapons have been made in other countries, often illicitly, it is impossible to know how many really exist.[79]
"Basically, it's the anti-Western caché of it ... And you know, one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter, so we all sort of think, oh boy, we've got a little bit of Che Guevara in us. And this accounts for the popularity of the (AK 47) weapon. Plus I think that in the United States it's considered counterculture, which is always something that citizens in this country kind of like ... It's kind of sticking a finger in the eye of the man, if you will."
Russia/Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, as well as Western countries (especially the United States) supplied arms and technical knowledge to numerous countries and rebel forces in a global struggle between the Warsaw Pact nations and their allies against NATO and their allies called the Cold War. While the NATO countries used rifles such as the relatively expensive M14, FN FAL, HK G3 and M16 assault rifle during this time, the low production and materials costs of the AK-47 meant that the Russia/USSR could produce and supply its allies at a very low cost. Because of its low cost, it was also duplicated or used as the basis for many other rifles (see List of weapons influenced by the Kalashnikov design), such as the Israeli Galil, Chinese Type 56, and Swiss SIG SG 550. As a result, the Cold War saw the mass export of AK-47s by the Soviet Union and the PRC to their allies, such as the Nicaraguan Sandinistas, Viet Cong as well as Middle Eastern, Asian, and African revolutionaries. The United States also purchased the Type 56 from the PRC to give to the mujahideen guerrillas during the Soviet war in Afghanistan.[81]
The proliferation of this weapon is reflected by more than just numbers. The AK-47 is included in the flag of Mozambique and its emblem, an acknowledgment that the country's leaders gained power in large part through the effective use of their AK-47s.[82] It is also found in the coats of arms of East Timor, the revolution era coat of arms of Burkina Faso and the flag of Hezbollah.
In parts of the Western world, the AK-47 is associated with their enemies; both Cold War era and present-day. In the pro-communist states, the AK-47 became a symbol of third-world revolution. During the 1980s, the Soviet Union became the principal arms dealer to countries embargoed by Western nations, including Middle Eastern nations such as Syria, Libya and Iran, who welcomed Soviet Union backing against Israel. After the fall of the Soviet Union, AK-47s were sold both openly and on the black market to any group with cash, including drug cartels and dictatorial states, and more recently they have been seen in the hands of Islamic groups such as the Taliban and Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and Iraq, and FARC, Ejército de Liberación Nacional guerrillas in Colombia. Western movies often portray criminals, gang members and terrorists using AK-47s. For these reasons, in the U.S. and Western Europe the AK-47 is stereotypically regarded as the weapon of choice of insurgents, gangsters and terrorists. Conversely, throughout the developing world, the AK-47 can be positively attributed with revolutionaries against foreign occupation, imperialism, or colonialism.[80]
In Mexico, the AK-47 is known as "Cuerno de Chivo" (literally "Ram's Horn") because of its curved magazine design and is one of the weapons of choice of Mexican drug cartels. It is sometimes mentioned in Mexican folk music lyrics.[83]
In 2006, Colombian musician and peace activist César López devised the escopetarra, an AK converted into a guitar. One sold for US$17,000 in a fundraiser held to benefit the victims of anti-personnel mines, while another was exhibited at the United Nations' Conference on Disarmament.[84]
The AK-47 made an appearance in U.S. popular culture as a recurring focus in the 2005 Nicolas Cage film Lord of War. There are numerous monologues in the movie focusing on the weapon and its effects on global conflict and the gun running market, such as:
"Of all the weapons in the vast Soviet arsenal, nothing was more profitable than Avtomat Kalashnikova model of 1947. More commonly known as the AK-47, or Kalashnikov. It's the world's most popular assault rifle. A weapon all fighters love. An elegantly simple 9 pound amalgamation of forged steel and plywood. It doesn't break, jam, or overheat. It'll shoot whether it's covered in mud or filled with sand. It's so easy, even a child can use it; and they do. The Soviets put the gun on a coin. Mozambique put it on their flag. Since the end of the Cold War, the Kalashnikov has become the Russian people's greatest export. After that comes vodka, caviar, and suicidal novelists. One thing is for sure, no one was lining up to buy their cars."[85]
The Kalashnikov Museum (also called the AK-47 museum) opened on 4 November 2004, in Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic. This city is in the Ural Region of Russia. The museum chronicles the biography of General Kalashnikov, and documents the invention of the AK-47. The museum complex of small arms of M. T. Kalashnikov, a series of halls and multimedia exhibitions is devoted to the evolution of the AK-47 assault rifle and attracts 10,000 monthly visitors.[86]
Nadezhda Vechtomova, the museum director stated in an interview that the purpose of the museum is to honor the ingenuity of the inventor and the hard work of the employees and to "separate the weapon as a weapon of murder from the people who are producing it and to tell its history in our country."
|Look up ak-47 in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
|Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: AK-47
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to AK-47.


text:
The bi-monthly membership meeting is this Friday 9/26 from 9:30am-11:30am. It will be held at Oakland's Cesar E Chavez Branch Library. The address is 3301 E 12th St, Oakland, CA, 94601, and we'll be meeting in ste. 271 on the second floor. See you all there!
Reminder: BPLG meeting this Friday 9/26September 24th, 2014
Reminder: BPLG meeting this Friday 3/21 concluding with special guest Judge Polly A. WebberMarch 19th, 2014
As a reminder, we will be having our bi-monthly BPLG meeting this Friday at the Mountain View Public Library. After a quick meeting, the honorable Judge Polly A. Webber will speak to us about recent changes in immigration law and will take questions from the audience. Please RSVP to Marti if you are able to attend. We look forward to seeing you there!
Day at the RacesFebruary 22nd, 2014
Please join us for our annual fundraiser: Day at the Races
Date: Sunday, June 8, 2014
Time: 11am
Location: Golden Gate Fields
1100 Eastshore Highway
Berkeley, CA 94710
Ticket Prices: $40/adult and $20/child
Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com or firstname.lastname@example.com for tickets and information


text:
This week's five questions segment is with Paul Miller of BuffaLowDown. We begin by discussing the overall state of the Bills, who have come close a few times this year, but despite their apparent improvement still find themselves floundering at the bottom of the standings…
The Viking Age: The Bills are sort of the Lions of the AFC. Everyone sees them as a spunky team that is slowly improving, yet they can't seem to quite get over the hump, hence their 2-9 record. How close are the Bills to really breaking through and becoming at least a respectable team?
BuffaLowDown: The Bills have been playing a lot better than their 2-9 record indicates. But at the end of the day, even though they are playing better, they haven't been able to put together a complete game yet. It's not secret that the lack of success for the Bills has to do with the inconsistency at the QB position. There hasn't been a proven leader since Jim Kelly to take over this position and role for the Bills. And we all know in the NFL without a QB, a team doesn't stand a chance (minus the 2000 Ravens of course). Now Fitzpatrick has proven to be able to keep the Bills in most games, but I'm still not sure if he's the long-term answer.
The good thing to take away from this season is that the Bills' players are finally starting to trust and believe in each other and their coaches. Confidence goes a long way for a young, struggling team, so hopefully the Bills use this season as a building block to get to the next level in 2011.
TVA: What's the lowdown on Ryan Fitzpatrick? His completion percentage isn't so hot but he does have a nice TD-to-INT ratio. Good QB? Bad? Indifferent?
BLD: Ryan Fitzpatrick has been one of the best surprises in the 2010 NFL season. He took a lifeless Bills teams and made them competitive for the first time in a long time. But as I mentioned before, I don't think Fitzpatrick may be the Bills answer at QB.
What players and fans like about Fitzpatrick is that he is not afraid to throw the long ball, or squeeze a tight into his receiver against the defense. But there are at least 5-7 throws a game that are completely off target, or land five feet away from the receiver. Now whether that's his mechanics or a sign of things to come remains to be seen.
But, compared to who the Bills have had play under center, Fitzpatrick is a good QB for this team to slowly become relevant once again.
TVA: What kind of job is Chan Gailey doing as head coach?
BLD: As you can see from the way the Bills team have been playing, especially in the second half, Chan Gailey has won the trust of his players and they are finally starting to buy into the system. It's extremely tough to say a coach has done a good job on a team that has a 2-9 record, but again it feels like the Bills finally have a plan and are heading in the right direction under Buddy Nix and Chan Gailey.
TVA: The Bills' defense is pretty poor. Break it down for us.
BLD: It's been a tough year for the Bills' defenders, especially against the run. In order for the defense to start improving, the coaches need to decide what type of defense they want to run.
At the beginning of the season defensive coordinator, George Edwards, was set on installing a 3-4 defense, and used this draft to hand pick some players that might fit the system. Well, after a few games of other teams running all over the Bills, Edwards decided to switch back to 4-3.
And yes, the Bills running defense is still horrible, but players are finally starting to know their assignments and are slowly starting to hold their opponents and create turnovers.
So in the end, I think it's time for people not to judge defenses solely on rankings and stats, but how they play on the field and if they do enough to win. Look at the New England Patriots defense, they are ranked 31st, yet they have a 9-2 record, so obviously they have been playing well enough to win.
TVA: Stevie Johnson has gone back on his controversial assertion that God caused him to drop that potential game-winning pass. How relieved are you to know that Stevie is once again cool with the almighty?
BLD: Everyone took Steve Johnson's tweet WAY out of context. If your a follower of Johnson, like I am, you know that he is an extremely religious guy, and always references the lord in his tweets. When he missed the game winning catch against the Steelers, he wasn't blaming God for the drop, he was asking God why could something like this happen to him? How could God allow him to mess up (under his own power) considering how loyal he was been to God. Most of us pray every night to someone asking for guidance and blessing, and I think this was just a case of that.
In the end, I think 'the drop' will be good for Johnson, he was slowly starting to act a little too much like a Ochocinco & T.O. I would much prefer him to be a great player and act like Lee Evans & Andre Reed.
Follow FanSided on Facebook. Follow The Viking Age on Twitter.


text:
Now Playing
Connect with Us
Podcasts & RSS Feeds
|All Content
|View all podcasts & RSS feeds
Health Officials Expect More Cases From Hepatitis Outbreak
Colorado health officials are investigating a dozen cases of hepatitis A within the state, a number that could climb higher as time goes on.
The cases are potentially tied to packages of organic frozen berries sold at Costco and Harris Teeter stores across the country. Nationwide, 49 people have been sickened by hepatitis and may be linked to the outbreak, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Cases have popped up in six other states besides Colorado: New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Hawaii, and California.
People sickened in the outbreak range from 2 to 71 years old, with about 60 percent of those ill being women. About 44 percent of patients have been hospitalized due to the hepatitis infection.
The maker of the berry mix, Oregon-based Townsend Farms, has since issued a voluntary recall of the product. The berries came from Townsend Farms, but the product itself had been sourced from all over the world, including Turkey, Chile and Argentina.
Colorado health officials are expecting the number of cases to rise in the coming days and weeks. "It takes on average one month to develop illness after ingesting the virus, so we do expect to hear about more cases," said Jan Stapleton, a spokeswoman for the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE).
The 12 cases under investigation in Colorado span eight counties: Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, Clear Creek, Douglas, Eagle, El Paso and Jefferson.
Last week, Costco called customers known to have purchased the frozen berries. Approximately 240,000 customers were notified that they had purchased the bags of mixed berries and pomegranates.
Early signs of hepatitis A appear two to six weeks after exposure, according to CDPHE. Symptoms include mild fever, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, pain in the upper right side of the abdomen, dark urine and jaundice.
Hepatitis A infections vary in severity. Mild cases can last two weeks or less. More severe cases last four to six weeks or longer. The CDC cautions that even mildly ill people can be highly infectious.
The Salt
The Salt


text:
The New England Patriots officially released offensive guard Brian Waters by terminating his contract on Tuesday. The moved shall allow Brian Waters to search for a new contract with the other 31 NFL teams after he became an unrestricted free agent today.
Brian Waters signed to a two-year contract with the New England Patriots ahead of the 2011 season and played highly, providing some stability on the offensive line for the AFC Champions. The 36-year-old Brian Waters had a Pro Bowl season, playing all 19 games leading up to the New England Patriots' appearance in the Super Bowl; but he was reluctant to come back the following season. The New England Patriots still tried to work things out with Brian Waters, as many expected him to return on an improved contract in the 2012 season. But after initially being excused for mandatory camp, Brian Waters went on to miss the New England Patriots' OTAs, as well as the entire training camp and preseason in 2012.
As neither side budged, the New England Patriots opted to retain his rights, in light of rumors that Brian Waters would be willing to play for a team closer to his Texas home. In Brian Waters' absence, the New England Patriots moved Dan Connolly from center to right guard, while Ryan Wendell stepped in as starting center. Subsequently, the New England Patriots didn't appear to miss Brian Waters as both Dan Connolly and Ryan Wendell played well in their new roles.
But after seeing no change in Brian Waters' stance over an entire season, the New England Patriots decided to end their association with the guard by taking him off their reserve/did not report list.
Brian Waters also spent a major part of his 12 active-seasons in the NFL with the Kansas City Chiefs. Starting off as an undrafted free agent out of North Texas in 1999, Brian Waters found his way onto the Kansas City Chiefs' roster in 2000 and became a mainstay of their offensive line shortly afterwards. Brian Waters made five Pro-Bowls and was twice named an All-Pro while with the Kansas City Chiefs.
However, after spending a year removed from football, the 36-year-old Brian Waters is unlikely to make a comeback in the 2013 season.
Patriots officially let go G Brian Waters
5/1/13 in NFL | IvanRogers | 1352 respect


text:
OUS Introduction
Hello! We are a Smith College Student Organization called Organizing for Undocumented Students. We started meeting in December of 2012 after two undocumented students received Smith Admissions letters that said their applications were incomplete. We have not been able to get clear answers to what occurred in that specific case because of confidentiality restrictions. Our group strives to make Smith more accessible to undocumented students. We have met with Carol Christ (Smith College president), Audrey Smith (VP of Admissions), Deb Shaver (Director of Admission), and also Carol Christ has forwarded all the emails we sent her to the new college president, Kathleen McCarthy. Smith College Alumnus, faculty in the Latin American Studies Department, students and faculty in the Five College area, and volunteers from Freedom University have been amazing allies to us.
According to the admissions officers we have talked to, Smith does admit undocumented students. Currently, undocumented students are considered to be international applicants. Financial Aid is divided up a certain percent international, a certain percent Ada Comstock, and a certain percent domestic. The international percentages of money are much more competitive because not many colleges give aid to international students. International students also cannot receive federal aid or take out government loans. There are minor exceptions to undocumented students' international applicant status, for example Undocumented Students are allowed to apply for Women of Distinction, Discovery Weekend, and Bridge; all of which are reserved for domestic students.
For the large majority of the semester, our group put pressure on Admissions to publish more information on the admissions website. Due to the pressure that our group has put on the administration, they did end up posting a statement about undocumented students on the admissions website (To see this click here then search the question: 'How does Smith consider applications from undocumented students?) We want there to be more information available on the admissions website for undocumented students.
According to Smith admissions officers, undocumented students can apply but we want to make sure that claimed policy is actually practiced! We would love to hear the stories of other undocumented students who have tried to apply to Smith, if that is something that you feel comfortable sharing. In the future, we want to push for financial resources for undocumented students (If you know how to set up these grants/scholarships please email us!). If you have any information for us that would be helpful in our campaign please email email@example.com


text:
Looking for a Hot Air Balloon Ride near Pigeon Forge?
With a network of hot air balloon pilots that stretches from coast-to-coast, Tennessee Ballooning is your best bet to find a hot air balloon ride near Pigeon Forge, Tennessee! If you are looking for a unique ballooning experience near Pigeon Forge, call one of our County Hot Air Balloon Experts at 1-855-445-8968 and ask about launch sites near you!
Pigeon Forge Balloon Rides: 1-855-445-8968
Pigeon Forge, Tennessee 37863
Pigeon Forge Ballooning, Pigeon Forge Hot Air Balloons, Pigeon Forge Balloon Rides, Pigeon Forge Hot Air Balloon Rides, Pigeon Forge Air Balloon Rides, Balloon Rides near Pigeon Forge, Balloon Rides in Pigeon Forge, Balloon Rides Pigeon Forge, Things to do in Pigeon Forge TN, Balloon Rides Pigeon Forge TN, Tennessee Hot Air Balloon Rides, Balloon Rides in County, Tennessee Ballooning, Balloon Rides 37863
Balloon Rides | Hot
Air Balloon Gift Certificates | Hot
Air Balloon Reservations | FAQ
Charters/Corporate Events | Romance
| Champagne Flights | Weddings
Photo Gallery | Passenger
Comments | Contact Us | Home
Hot Air Balloon Flights | Why
Choose Us | Pricing Information
| Safety | Hot
Air Balloon Pilot Certification
"Balloon Rides in Pigeon Forge" is a popular search term for hot air balloon rides near Pigeon Forge and surrounding areas and is not intended as a guarantee of location(s). Please call 1-855-445-8968 for the launch site nearest Pigeon Forge, TN.


text:
The best Netflix experience is on Roku, featuring support for English subtitles, 1080p HD video and Dolby Digital + surround sound (where available). Works easily with your Netflix unlimited membership.
Crackle delivers hundreds of full-length, uncut Hollywood movies and TV series such as Snatch and Seinfeld every month – all free and on demand.
Amazon Instant Video features more than 150,000 titles, including new release movies and next-day TV episodes to rent or purchase. In addition, Amazon Prime members can watch thousands of videos at no additional cost to their membership.
PBS has partnered with Roku to give you free and easy access to PBS original and featured programs: thousands of videos from multiple genres including history, news, science, technology and the arts. Select your favorite PBS station for a unique localized experience.
With MLB.TV Premium, you can watch over 2,430 MLB regular season games LIVE or on-demand in HD Quality. Purchase a MLB.TV Premium subscription from www.MLB.tv/Roku and catch all the action.
VUDU delivers a cinema-like experience at home with the hottest new releases and the largest HD library. Choose to rent or own from thousands of titles available in vibrant 1080p with rich Dolby Digital Surround Sound.
Get unlimited access to every episode of every season of your favorite HBO shows, including HBO original series, hit movies, sports, comedy specials, documentaries – and more – all FREE with your HBO subscription through participating TV providers.
Watch Disney videos, like clips from your favorite Disney TV shows and movies, behind-the-scenes sneak peeks and interviews, classic cartoons, online originals, new music videos, and more.
Hulu Plus brings the latest and greatest TV series to the biggest screen in the house. Enjoy every episode, all season long, of Glee, Modern Family, New Girl, and dozens of other popular TV shows in HD.
Featured Paid (46)
Instant Watch Browser
The Instant Watch Browser allows you to browse the entire Netflix instant watch catalog! Browse new, expiring and upcoming releases, genres, sub-genres, and related titles, or search by title, actor, and director.
Instant Watch Browser
Movie Vault
Movie Vault brings you hundreds of Classic public domain Movies from the last hundred years. All content features original cover art as well as detailed information direct from IMDB. Action, Comedy, Drama, Horror, Sci-Fi, Westerns, and more!
Movie Vault
Nowhere Cast
Enjoy a variety of content from our curated library of podcasts. Full-length public radio programming, short-form video from local news outlets around the country, and plenty of niche content from independent sources. There's something for everyone.
Nowhere Cast
Four In A Row
Play this classic game on the 7x6 board, trying to get four in a row vertically, horizontally, or diagonally. Play against a friend (by sharing the remote), or against the Roku using one of four different levels, from beginner to expert.
Four In A Row
Classic Westerns
Classic Westerns is filled with amazing public domain classic Western Films. Featuring John Wayne, Roy Roger, Tim McCoy, and more. One-time fee/no subscription required. Content is also available in the full version channel, Movie Vault.
Classic Westerns
The Streaming Bible
The Streaming Bible delivers complete Narrated Audio Bibles, daily prayers, Audio books, Christian music and more. The Channel is updated weekly with new content.
The Streaming Bible
SEQUENCE Word Game
SEQUENCE is a quick-on-the-button word game. We'll flash words on-screen at you; you've just got to spell them, as fast as you can.
SEQUENCE Word Game
BabyFirst is the leading TV channel made for babies, toddlers and their parents. Created by childhood education experts, BabyFirst introduces important concepts such as numbers, vocabulary, music, animals, colors, language and so much more. Subscribe to BabyFirst and watch your baby blossom.
10 Player Texas Hold-em tournament, with realistic betting and blinds. You are pitted against 9 other random players. Each player starts with $3700 cash, and the game is played until 1 player is left.
Candy Bear
You are a bear, a bear dodging green bunnies and collecting delicious candy. You're running over bricks, climbing up ladders, traversing bars, floating on moving platforms, and pushing crates to reach that elusive next level. You are a Candy Bear, doing your thing on 80+ tasty levels.
Candy Bear
House of Horrors
The House of Horrors is filled with amazing public domain classic Horror Films. From Alfred Hitchcock to Roger Corman and featuring Bela Lugosi, Boris Karloff, Lon Chaney and more. One-time fee/no subscription required, content is also available in the full version channel, Movie Vault.
House of Horrors
Innovative Language - Spanish
Learn Spanish the fast, fun, and easy way with Innovative Spanish. Start speaking real life Spanish through our fun and effective lessons. You'll learn the vocabulary and grammar behind daily Spanish conversation plus culture tips you won't find in a textbook!
Innovative Language - Spanish
Pride Player
The very best GLBT and GLBT Friendly Podcasts and Radio from around the World
Pride Player
30 DAY FREE TRIAL NOW AVAILABLE - Subscribe and Activate this channel at www.NetFit.tv. Unlimited access to all the workouts on supported devices. Customized Workout Plans, Trainer Support and Real Results.
Over 2,000+ Ad free Movies for a great night in! We regularly update our library so you never get bored. A huge selection of classic movies with no ads to interrupt your viewing, view anytime or grab some popcorn and share with friends and have a great night in!
Tile Smashing Fun! Bounce a ball into tiles for points in this classic game of skill. Includes 7 Powerups like sticky paddle, multi-ball, speed, free ball, with more than 50 levels of play.
Addicting game where the goal is to bounce your energy ball against a variety of targets to destroy them. Move through advancing levels of difficulty and face the Dark Sisters who have imprisoned you.
Aquarium Screensaver
Turn your television into a relaxing aquarium or a stunning living oil painting with a variety of tropical fish and a dynamic and colorful coral reef. Also know the time and weather at a glance! Additional themes and content are also available for purchase via the custom settings screen.
Aquarium Screensaver
Earn points by creating rows of three or more matching game pieces.
Retro Tennis
Match your skill against the computer in four retro-style paddle games: Classic Tennis, Multi Tennis, the Wall, and Ball Launcher.
Retro Tennis
Photo Puzzle
The classic sliding piece puzzle. Choose from 8-, 15-, 24-, 35-, 48-, and 63-piece puzzles and a variety of different images.
Photo Puzzle
Timeless Toons
24/7 live classic animation and cartoons from FlickStream.com. Cartoons from the 1930's to the 1990's.
Timeless Toons
Karaoke Party On Demand
Subscribe to the hottest karaoke library and turn your Roku into a Karaoke Party On Demand! All your favorite artists and genres. Thousands of titles available, with new songs being added, all for $4.99 per month.
Karaoke Party On Demand
Paranormal Reality
Do you like ghost hunts, u.f.o.'s, and mysteries? This is the network for you. Original paranormal content including monthly tv shows. Rare interviews and documentaries. Old Horror and Scifi classics.
Paranormal Reality
Brain Puck
A classic game of follow the leader. The brain puck plays a series of keys which you must remember and play back. The longer you play, the more difficult this simple but addictive memory game becomes.
Brain Puck
Innovative Language - French
Learn French the fast, fun, and easy way with Innovative French. Start speaking real life French through our fun and effective lessons. You'll learn the vocabulary and grammar behind daily French conversation plus culture tips you won't find in a textbook!
Innovative Language - French
Double Draw Solo Poker
A unique and highly addictive combination of Solitaire and Video Poker. It takes a lot of skill and bit of luck to make it to the Hall of Fame.
Double Draw Solo Poker
Find and destroy germ cells as you pilot a microscopic vessel through the blood stream of your patient to eliminate an infection.
Lottery App
View the latest Powerball and Mega Millions draws on your Roku connected TV. Current estimated jackpots as well as historical draws. Try Lottery App and stop waiting around for the local news to check your lottery ticket.
Lottery App
FlickStream TV
A live 24/7 channel featuring movies and original series. Includes classic and off-beat movies as well as television programming.
FlickStream TV
Sudoku Art
Classic Sudoku - with a twist! Initial clues of puzzle appear in an artistic pattern. Download a unique puzzle for each day of the year, some inspired by historical events. Standard type puzzles also available. Access over 600 puzzles, total. Auto-save and auto-correct features.
Sudoku Art
Math Flash
Pick from Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction and Division. With easy, medium and hard math problems. Help get stick guy up the treehouse!
Math Flash
Thousands of hours of motorsport racing programs in their original 'made for TV' quality. American LeMans, FIA GT, WRC, British Rally and Superbike, European LeMans and Formula 3, FIM Motocross and Supermoto, Australian Drag Racing, DTM, BTCC, and many more.
Innovative Language
Innovative Language TV is the fastest, easiest and most fun way to learn a foreign language. Whether you're a beginner or a seasoned speaker, you'll learn how to speak, grow your vocabulary and get cultural tips through our fun and effective lessons!
Innovative Language
Clever Clocks Screensaver
Clever ways to tell the time. Choose from multiple clever clock styles including: Word, Binary, Daylight, Illusion, Nixie, Matrix, Googly Eyes, and Flip, or let the screensaver choose one for you. Also includes current weather!
Clever Clocks Screensaver
A 1 to 5 player strategy game similar to Puerto Rico board game. Players will invest in commodities, build factories, hire workers, produce product, sell product and ship product in an effort to win the game. This game has an extensive help system and a video to help you learn how to play.
Tides App
Check the tide before you head to the beach with Tides App. Predictions for over 3,500 locations in the US. High and Low tide times, current level, graphs, maps and coastal weather where available.
Tides App
Anna Montana
The hippest housekeeper in town makes her debut on Roku! Practice your time-and-resource-management skills as you take Anna Montana through Glamour Lane in gorgeous HD. Do laundry, vacuum, mop, and organize the homes of eccentric - yet familiar - individuals, all to help send Anna to school.
Anna Montana
Jonathan Bird's Blue World
Jonathan Bird's Blue World is an Emmy Award winning family-oriented underwater adventure series hosted by dynamic naturalist and underwater photographer Jonathan Bird.
Jonathan Bird's Blue World
Vanguard Cinema PLUS
Watch the best independent films, ad-free
Vanguard Cinema PLUS
Puppy Saver
A beautiful screen saver showing oh-so-cute pictures of puppies. Featuring images from WallpapersWide.com under the Free Culture License.
Puppy Saver
Nowhere Headlines
A news ticker screensaver for your Roku. Choose from a variety of news sources and watch the latest headlines scroll across the screen.
Nowhere Headlines
Oregon Beaches
Endangered Screens provides beautiful, simple screen savers to brighten the room when you're not watching Roku. Don't forget to check out our Flowers screensaver.
Oregon Beaches
Endangered Screens provides beautiful, simple screen savers to brighten the room when you're not watching Roku. Don't forget to check out our Oregon Beaches screensaver.
IndiMusic TV
Watch the latest, cutting edge Independent music videos, live performances and original programs from the NY underground scene, the US and around the globe. Want to get "your" video on ROKU? Go to www.indimusic.tv for a free preview and details!
IndiMusic TV
Stuck In Customs
Beautiful photos and a premium screensaver for your Roku! From Trey Ratcliff at StuckInCustoms.com.
Stuck In Customs
has been added to your Roku player


text:
Shop Nebraska Cornhuskers Apparel and Merchandise for Huskers Fans and Alumni
HOME Nebraska Cornhuskers Gear Nebraska Cornhuskers Ladies Nebraska Cornhuskers Ladies T-Shirts (225 items) Product ID: 842306
Main Content
As a die-hard Cornhuskers fan, you always want to be outfitted in the latest and greatest Nebraska style. Before you head to the game, make sure you toss on this cool Cirrus tee! This burnout tee features a distressed school name above the Nebraska logo and raglan-style contrast-colored sleeves. On game day, you will be the most stylish Cornhuskers fan in the stadium!
- 3/4 length raglan sleeves
- 60% Cotton/40% Polyester
- Distressed screen print graphics
- Imported
- Officially licensed collegiate product
- Slub fabric
- Tagless collar
Cornhuskers Customers also liked:
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


text:
Our neurosurgeons specialize in caring for patients with diseases of the spine and peripheral nerves. We provide care for patients with degenerative disease of the spine, spinal deformities, complex spinal tumors, peripheral nerve disorders and Chiari malformation. Our neurosurgeons are also experts in minimally invasive spine surgery which allows us to treat spinal diseases using techniques that require much smaller incisions, less blood loss, and less tissue dissection. These techniques allow patients to have surgery with less morbidity than standard operations.
Degenerative disease of the spine is a major cause of morbidity and chronic disability and is the most common reason for visits to neurosurgeons in the U.S. Degenerative disease develops as a normal part of aging. However, in a subset of the population, these changes may lead to significant pain and disability. Pain may originate from bone, joints, ligaments, supporting muscles, nerves or intervertebral discs. Our neurosurgeons are skilled at determining the cause of pain and treating this pain by both surgical and nonsurgical methods.
Spinal deformities can lead to progressive debilitating pain. This can lead to loss of function. Our surgeons are experts in the surgical and nonsurgical care of patients. We focus on providing our patients with the latest options to improve their level of function and their lives. We use a wide range of treatments that are tailored to each patient's needs. Our surgeons focus on the reduction of spinal deformities with preservation of nerves with the overall goals of treatment of pain relief, prevention of paralysis and the restoration of functional capacity.
Our surgeons also specialize in the treatment of spinal tumors, treating both metastatic and primary tumors. We treat tumors that arise from neural structures as well as those affecting the spinal column. In cases where an operation is not the primary treatment, we collaborate with our medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, and other providers to provide patients with alternative treatment.
Minimally invasive spinal surgery techniques are routinely used to treat our patients. These techniques allow patients to be treated effectively using smaller incisions, with less blood loss and shorter hospital stays. Our surgeons employ these techniques to perform a wide range of procedures using minimally invasive techniques, ranging from simple decompressions to more complex fusions.
Chiari malformations are disorders that are characterized by the cerebellum being herniated through the base of the skull. This the herniated cerebellum blocks the pathways of cerebrospinal fluid circulation which can cause a syrinx or cavity to form within the spinal cord. Patients suffering with Chiari malformations can have a wide range of symptoms, ranging from headache to paralysis. Our neurosurgeons are experts in the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.
Department of Neurosurgery Phone: 504-988-5565 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com