text:
Magnetization-induced second- and third-harmonic generation in magnetic thin films and nanoparticles
ABSTRACT The results of our recent experimental studies of magnetization-induced second- and third-order nonlinear optical effects in magnetic nanostructures are surveyed. Magnetization-induced variations of the intensity, the polarization state, and the relative phase of the second-harmonic wave are studied in magnetic nanogranular films, self-assembling films with garnet nanoparticles, thin magnetic metal films, and Langmuir-Blodgett films containing rare-earth ions. The nonlinear magneto-optical Kerr effect (NOMOKE) in second-harmonic generation (SHG) from thin magnetic and granular films is shown to exceed the linear magneto-optical Kerr effect by at least 1 order of magnitude. Magnetization-induced optical third-harmonic generation (THG) is observed in thin magnetic metal films and nanogranular films. The NOMOKE in THG from these magnetic nanostructures appears to be of the same order of magnitude as the second-order NOMOKE in SHG. The NOMOKE magnetic contrast in the THG intensity is up to ~0.1 in CoxAg(1-x) nanogranular films. For the THG wave, the magnetization-induced rotation of polarization is up to 10° in thin Fe(110) films, and the relative phase shift is up to 70° in thin Co films. The studies of the magnetization-induced quadratic and cubic nonlinear-optical effects show the interconnection between the magnetic, structural, and magneto-optical properties of magnetic nanomaterials.
- SourceAvailable from: Stefaan Vandendriessche
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ABSTRACT: We have measured the magnetization-induced second harmonic generation (MSHG) of a nanocomposite consisting of iron oxide nanoparticles in a polymer film. The existing theoretical framework is extended to include DC magnetic fields in order to characterize the MSHG signal and analyze the measurements. Additionally, magnetic hysteresis loops are measured for four principal polarizer-analyzer configurations, revealing the P(IN)-P(OUT) and S(IN)-P(OUT) polarizer-analyzer configurations to be sensitive to the transverse magnetic field. These results demonstrate the use of MSHG and the applied formalism as a tool to study magnetic nanoparticles and their magnetic properties.Applied Optics 01/2012; 51(2):209-13. · 1.69 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Chirality effects in optical second harmonic generation (SHG) are studied in periodic planar arrays of gold G-shaped nanostructures. We show that G-shaped structures of different handedness demonstrate different SHG efficiency for the left and right circular polarizations, as well as the opposite directions of the SHG polarization plane rotation. The observed effects are interpreted as the appearance of chirality in the SHG response which allows clear distinguishing of two enantiomers.Optics Express 04/2012; 20(8):8518-23. · 3.55 Impact Factor
Article: The role of chiral local field enhancements below the resolution limit of Second Harmonic Generation microscopy.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
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Page 1
Magnetization-induced second- and
third-harmonic generation
in magnetic thin films and nanoparticles
Oleg A. Aktsipetrov, Tatyana V. Murzina, Evgeniya M. Kim, Ruslan V. Kapra, and Andrey A. Fedyanin
Department of Physics, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
Mitsuteru Inoue
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580,
Anatoliy F. Kravets
Institute of Magnetism, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, 03680 Ukraine
Svetlana V. Kuznetsova, Mikhail V. Ivanchenko, and Victor G. Lifshits
Institute of Automation and Control Processes, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
Received June 4, 2004; revised manuscript received September 13, 2004; accepted September 13, 2004
The results of our recent experimental studies of magnetization-induced second- and third-order nonlinear op-
tical effects in magnetic nanostructures are surveyed.
polarization state, and the relative phase of the second-harmonic wave are studied in magnetic nanogranular
films, self-assembling films with garnet nanoparticles, thin magnetic metal films, and Langmuir–Blodgett
films containing rare-earth ions.The nonlinear magneto-optical Kerr effect (NOMOKE) in second-harmonic
generation (SHG) from thin magnetic and granular films is shown to exceed the linear magneto-optical Kerr
effect by at least 1 order of magnitude.Magnetization-induced optical third-harmonic generation (THG) is
observed in thin magnetic metal films and nanogranular films.
nanostructures appears to be of the same order of magnitude as the second-order NOMOKE in SHG.
NOMOKE magnetic contrast in the THG intensity is up to ?0.1 in CoxAg(1?x)nanogranular films.
THG wave, the magnetization-induced rotation of polarization is up to 10° in thin Fe(110) films, and the rela-
tive phase shift is up to 70° in thin Co films.The studies of the magnetization-induced quadratic and cubic
nonlinear-optical effects show the interconnection between the magnetic, structural, and magneto-optical prop-
erties of magnetic nanomaterials. © 2005 Optical Society of America
OCIS codes: 190.4350, 160.3820, 190.3270.
Magnetization-induced variations of the intensity, the
The NOMOKE in THG from these magnetic
For the
Optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) is one of the
most intensively studied phenomena in nonlinear optics
of nanostructures and microstructures over the past two
Interest in SHG stems from a unique sensi-
tivity of this probe to structural, electronic, magnetic, fer-
roelectrics, etc. properties of surfaces, buried interfaces,
nanostructures, and microstructures.
high sensitivity comes about because SHG is forbidden in
the bulk of centrosymmetric materials in the electric di-
pole approximation.4
On the other hand, the lack of in-
version symmetry at interfaces and in nanostructures al-
lows us to probe them by means of second-order nonlinear
Another domain of the nonlinear optics of interfaces
and nanostructures appears as the break of the structural
inversion symmetry is combined with the broken time-
This unusually
SHGand sum-frequency
reversal symmetry in magnetic materials.
magnetization is an axial vector does not break the inver-
sion symmetry in centrosymmetric materials, but it does
break the time-reversal symmetry.
centrosymmetric magnetic material does not contribute to
the magnetization-induced SHG (MSHG) in the dipole ap-
proximation.However, the combination of the magneti-
zation with the lack of inversion symmetry creates the
nonlinear magneto-optical sources with proper localiza-
tion at surfaces and in nanostructures.
combination, MSHG becomes an extremely sensitive
probe of thin magnetic films and nanostructures.6–8
This pronounced surface sensitivity of the MSHG probe
kept magnetization-induced effects in third-order nonlin-
ear optical phenomena for a long time in shadow.
ever, third-harmonic generation (THG) and its magneto-
optical analog; magnetization-induced THG (MTHG),
seem to be very capable of probing magnetism and elec-
The fact that
Thus the bulk of a
Owing to this
138 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B/Vol. 22, No. 1/January 2005Aktsipetrov et al.
0740-3224/2005/010138-10$15.00© 2005 Optical Society of America
Page 2
tronic properties in nanostructures.
MTHG probe provides complementary information for the
MSHG characterization.
Study of nonlinear magneto-optics dates back to the
middle 1980s, when the MSHG was predicted for the
bulk9and surface10of magnetic materials.
mental observation of the MSHG dates to 1988, as the
nonlinear magneto-optical Kerr effect (NOMOKE) and
nonlinear-optical Faraday effect in MSHG were observed
in thin magnetic garnet films.11,12
from atomically clean surfaces of magnetic single crystals
was observed in Ref. 13. Later, other classes of magnetic
composite materials were involved in nonlinear magneto-
optics: MSHG in magnetic multilayer structures,14–16
magnetic nanogranular alloys,17,18and films containing
magnetic nanoparticles.19
Recently MTHG was observed
magnetoresistance,20garnet magnetophotonic crystals,21
and thin garnet films.22
MSHG in garnet magnetophoto-
nic crystals was observed and studied in a series of
The SHG optical diffraction in magnetic
garnet films with the stripe structure (which can be con-
sidered, in some sense, as magnetophotonic crystals) was
also studied recently.28
Apart from studies of nanostructured and microstruc-
tured magnetic materials, magnetization-induced SHG
probes have found broad applications in the characteriza-
tion of bulk magnetic materials:
rare-earth manganites,30Cr2O3,31NiO,32etc.
In this paper, the results of systematic studies of
magnetization-induced second- and third-order nonlinear
optical effects in magnetic nanostructures, such as nan-
ogranular magnetic films, self-assembled polymer films
containing yttrium iron-garnet nanoparticles, thin metal-
lic magnetic films, and Gd-containing Langmuir–Blodgett
films, are presented. The paper is organized as follows.
Section 2 is devoted to general aspects of the phenomeno-
logical description of the nonlinear magneto-optical re-
sponse in magnetic materials.
sults of the experimental studies of nonlinear magneto-
optical effects in magnetic nanostructures.
Moreover, the
The experi-
NOMOKE in SHG
rare-earth garnets,29
Section 3 contains the re-
A. Magnetization-Induced Nonlinear Susceptibilities
and Nonlinear Polarization
The description of the MSHG is based on the introduction
of magnetization-dependent second- and third-order sus-
ceptibilities, ? ˆ(2)/(3)(M), that can be divided into two
parts.The first one is an even function of the magneti-
zation M and coincides with the nonmagnetic crystallo-
graphic susceptibility:
? ˆ(2)/(3)even(M) ? ? ˆ(2)/(3)cryst.
second part of ? ˆ(2)/(3)(M) is an odd function of M:
? ˆ(2)/(3)odd(M) ? ?? ˆ(2)/(3)odd(?M).
polarization at the second-harmonic (SH) and third-
harmonic (TH) wavelengths, which are the sources of the
magnetization-induced SH and TH waves, are given, re-
spectively, by
Thus the nonlinear
PNL?2?, M? ? ?? ˆ?2?cryst? ? ˆ?2?odd?M??:E???E???,
PNL?3?, M? ? ?? ˆ?3?cryst
? ? ˆ?3?odd?M??]E???E???E???,
where E(?) is the fundamental wave with the frequency
To explain a strong Faraday and Kerr rotation of polar-
ization of the SH wave, one should consider an appear-
ance of the s-polarized SH wave in magnetized material
that is forbidden in a nonmagnetic material for the proper
combination of polarizations of the fundamental and SH
waves. For example, nonmagnetic quadratic susceptibil-
ity [crystallographic term in Eq. (2.1) with even parity
with respect to magnetization] of in-plane isotropic mate-
rials possesses three independent nonzero components:
?2?cryst? ?zyy
?2?cryst? ?yzy
where in the sample coordinate frame x and y are in-plane
axes, the z axis is normal to the sample, and the zx plane
is the plane of incidence.These components are respon-
sible for the p-polarized nonmagnetic SH wave, Ep(2?).
For example,
Ep?2?? ? ?xzx
?2?crystEz???Ex??? ? ...,
where Ez(?) and Ex(?) are the corresponding compo-
nents of the p-polarized fundamental field.
the nonmagnetic s-polarized SH wave is not allowed in
isotropic materials. In contrast, a component of the
magnetization-dependent quadratic susceptibility, for ex-
ample ?yzx
ometry of magneto-optical Kerr effect, contributes to the
s-polarized component of the nonlinear polarization and
brings aboutthe appearance
magnetization-induced SH wave
(2)odd(M), which appears in the longitudinal ge-
Es?2?, M? ? Ey?2?, M? ? ?yzx
and, as a consequence, causes the NOMOKE polarization
rotation.Thus the rotation angle of the SH wave polar-
ization is given by
?2?? arctg?Es?2?, M?/Ep?2???
? 2arctg??yzx
The ratio of the magnetization-induced and nonmagnetic
quadratic susceptibilities in Eq. (2.2) can be a noticeable
quantity, and ?2?is typically more than 1 order of magni-
tude larger than the linear magneto-optical Kerr rotation.
Intensity effects in MSHG and MTHG are character-
ized quantitatively by the NOMOKE contrast:
where I2?/3?
for opposite directions of the magnetization.
Contrary to the rotation of the SH wave polarization,
magnetization-induced variations in the SHG intensity
appear in the transversal geometry of the magneto-
optical Kerr effect. The SHG intensity in the far-field re-
gion from a magnetized noncentrosymmetric medium is
given by
I2??M? ? ?Ecryst?2?? ? Eodd?2?, M??2,
are the SHG and THG intensities
and I2?/3?
Aktsipetrov et al.
Vol. 22, No. 1/January 2005/J. Opt. Soc. Am. B139
Page 3
where Ecryst(2?) and Eodd(2?, M) are the SH fields gen-
erated by the nonmagnetic and the magnetization-
induced nonlinear polarizations, respectively.
cal interference of the nonmagnetic (crystallographic) and
magnetization-induced (odd) terms in Exp. (2.4) results in
the appearance of cross-product terms in the intensity of
the MSHG, which is odd in magnetization.
bution to the SHG intensity is not supposed to be small,
while odd terms in magnetization SH field, Eodd(2?, M),
are much smaller than the contribution from the crystal-
lographic susceptibility. This interference effect, called
internal homodyne effect,6,19can result in noticeable
magnetization-induced variations of the SHG and THG
The magnetic contrast ?2?/3?can appear in absorbing
media where the relative phase between the odd and crys-
tallographic components of the susceptibility, ?2?/3?, is
different from ?/2. In this case, and for a relatively small
value of the term of susceptibility, which is odd in magne-
tization, the magnetic contrast of the SHG intensity can
be expressed by
The opti-
This contri-
?2?,3?? ?2?eff
The relative value of the effective magnetic component of
the nonlinear susceptibility tensor, ? ˆeff
deduced from the SHG/THG interferometry measure-
ments when providing both the magnetic contrast ?2?/3?
and the relative phases ?2?/3?.
(2)/(3)odd(M), can be
B. Internal Homodyne Effect
In this section, the mechanism of the homodyne enhance-
ment is applied to intrinsically weak magnetization-
induced effects in SHG (or THG).
logical model of internal homodyne in magnetization-
induced effectsinSHG
interference of strong reference (crystallographic) SH
fields and magnetization-induced SH fields, each gener-
ated in the bulk and at the surface of a magnetic material.
The SHG intensity in the far-field region from a semi-
infinite medium is given by
A simple phenomeno-
takes intoaccountthe
where ES(2?) and EB(2?) are the SH fields irradiated by
nonlinear polarizations localized at the surface and in the
bulk of the sample, respectively.
Subsection 2.A, the nonlinear polarization in magnetic
materials consists of nonmagnetic (crystallographic) and
magnetization-induced components, both of the surface
and the bulk localization.The ith components of the SH
fields generated by the surface and the bulk are given by
As was mentioned in
S?z?, 2??
? Pi
S?z?, 2?, M??G0?z, z??dz?
? g0??ijk
?2?S? exp?i?S??ijk
Gij?z, z???Pj
B?z?, 2??
? Pj
B?z?, 2?, M??dz?
? exp?i?B??jkl
where Pi
and ?ijk
magnetization-induced nonlinear polarizations and ten-
sor components of second-order susceptibilities, respec-
tively; ?S, ?Bare the relative phases between the corre-
polarizations; G0(z, z?) ? ? (z ? z?) and Gij(z, z?) are
the tensor Green functions for the surface and bulk non-
linear polarizations, respectively; ?z is the subsurface
layer where the surface nonlinear polarization is localized
and over which the integration is performed; g0is a nu-
merical factor that does not change the phase of the sur-
face SH field; the components of tensor Aˆ? ?Aij? are real
constants for a transparent film; ?k ? 2k?? k2?is the
phase mismatch; and k?and k2?are the fundamental
and SH wave vectors, respectively.
ometry of the MSHG experiment (NOMOKE measure-
ments) the phase mismatch is ??k? ? ?k??, and in trans-
mission geometry (nonlinear-optical Faraday effect) it is
??k? ? ?k??.In transparent films, as ?1? ?2? ?/2, Eq.
(2.6) for the MSHG intensity takes the form
S(2?), Pi
(2)S, ?ijkl
S(2?, M), Pj
(2)S(M), ?jkl
B(z?, 2?), Pj
(2)B(M) are the ith compo-
B(z?, 2?, M),
(2)B, ?jklm
For the reflection ge-
??g0?ES?2?? ? iES?2?, M?? ?
? iEB?2?, M???
?2?S? i?ikl
? i?jkl
. (2.8)
It follows from Eq. (2.8) that variations of the SHG in-
tensity with odd parity in magnetization are determined
by the interference of MSH fields, and those that are in-
dependent from magnetization are described by effective
these cross terms are supposed to be small, despite intrin-
(2)B(M), andsurface–surface,
Neither of
(2)S(M), homodyne cross products.
140J. Opt. Soc. Am. B/Vol. 22, No. 1/January 2005Aktsipetrov et al.
Page 4
sically small values of magnetization-induced suscepti-
bilities, whereas nonmagnetic (crystallographic) suscepti-
bilities are relatively large.
The internal homodyne effect has been considered here
for the two specific cases of MSHG and for semi-infinite
magnetic material.Generalization of this approach on
MTHG is straightforward; the bulk localized third-order
nonlinear polarization from Eq. (2.6) should be introduced
in the second part of Eq. (2.7), as one can ignore surface
contributions to MTHG.The tensor components Aijin
Eq. (2.8) are complex for films of a finite thickness or for
particles of finite size. The complexity of Aijwill bring
about the appearance of more cross-products, which are
odd in magnetization, than the two aforementioned.
A. Experimental Setup
Nonlinear-optical experiments are performed with an out-
put of a YAG:Nd?3laser at a 1064-nm wavelength, a
pulse duration of 15 ns, and a repetition rate of 25 Hz,
with the intensity per pulse being 1–10 MW/cm2.
SHG or THG radiation is detected in reflection from the
sample by a photomultiplier tube (PMT) and gated elec-
tronics.The fundamental and output polarizations are
set and checked by Glan prisms, and the SHG(THG) ra-
diation is filtered out by appropriate color filters, interfer-
ence filters, or a monochromator.
setup for the measurements of magnetization-induced
hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) involves a Ti:sapphire
laser operating at a wavelength of 800 nm with a pulse
width of about 80 fs, a repetition rate of 82 MHz, and an
average power of 100 mW focused onto a spot of ?100 ?m
in diameter.For normalization of the SHG(THG) inten-
sity over the laser fluency, a reference channel with a
?-barium borate crystal as a reference SHG signal is
The azimuthal angular dependencies of the SHG(THG)
intensity are measured by rotation of the sample with re-
spect to the normal to its surface. For characterization of
the nonlinear-optical scattering from the sample, i.e., to
check for the specularly reflected or diffuse nonlinear-
optical response, the HRS patterns are measured as the
detection system (PMT and related optical components)
are rotated around the sample in the plane of incidence.
The magnetic measurements are performed under ap-
plication to the samples of an in-plane dc magnetic field
up to 2 kOe by means of an Fe–Nd permanent magnet.
Figures 1(b) and 1(c) show the geometry of the application
of the magnetic field for the transversal and the longitu-
dinal magneto-optical Kerr effect.
magnetic field is changed by the azimuthal rotation of
For study of the magnetization-induced shift of the
relative phase of the SH and TH waves, the interferomet-
ric measurements are performed with an experimental
scheme, shown in Fig. 1(a).
SHG(THG) signal detected by a PMT is determined by
the interference of the SH(TH) waves originated from the
sample and the reference. The reference of the SH(TH)
wave is a 30-nm-thick indium-tin-oxide (ITO) film on a
fused quartz substrate. The measurements are carried
out as translating the ITO film along the direction of
The experimental
The direction of the
With this method, the
propagation of the fundamental wave.
pattern appears as a result of the relative phase shift be-
tween the SH(TH) waves from the sample and the refer-
ence owing to a dispersion of air at the fundamental and
SH(TH) wavelengths.33
phase shift of the SH(TH) waves from the sample can be
deduced from the relative shift of the interference pat-
terns measured for the opposite directions of the magnetic
The interference
B. MSHG and MTHG in Magnetic Thin-Metal Films
The studied samples are 200-nm-thick Co films, deposited
on glass ceramic substrates by evaporation of Co at the
residual pressure less than 10?4Pa, and Fe(110) films
100 nm and 200 nm thick epitaxially at the residual pres-
sure of 10?9Pa grown on a Si(111) or GaAs substrate.
The NOMOKE in SHG and THG is studied for the trans-
versal magnetic field. In this case, the change of the di-
rection of the dc-magnetic field can result in variations of
both the SHG and THG intensity.10,20,21
interferometry patterns measured for the opposite direc-
tions of the magnetic field provide both the magnetic con-
trast in SHG(THG) intensity and the magnetization-
induced shift of the relative phase, ?2?/3?.
us to deduce the ratio of odd components in M and crys-
tallographic components of the nonlinear susceptibility in
accordance with Eq. (2.5).
Figure 2(a) shows the SHG interference patterns mea-
sured for the opposite directions of the transversal mag-
netic field for thin Co film and for the p-in, p-out combi-
nation of polarizations.The magnetic contrast of the
SHG intensity calculated from these dependencies is ?2?
? 0.26, and the magnetization-induced shift of the SH
The SHG(THG)
This allows
Fig. 1.
transversal and (c) longitudinal magneto-optical Kerr effect.
(a) Scheme of the interferometry measurements for
Scheme of the magnetic field application for (b)
Aktsipetrov et al.
Vol. 22, No. 1/January 2005/J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 141
Page 5
interference patterns is ?10°.
mation of the ratio of magnetization-induced and crystal-
lographic components of the effective second-order sus-
ceptibility, ??(2)odd(M)?/?? ˆ(2)cryst? ? 0.18.
The interference patterns measured for the case of
THG are shown in Fig. 2(b).
induced phase shift up to 70° and a magnetic contrast of
the THG intensity ?3?? 0.09 are found for thin Co film,
which gives the ratio of the effective components of third-
order magnetization-induced and crystallographic suscep-
??(3)odd(M)?/??(3)cryst? ? 0.5.
The analogous experiments performed for thin Fe films
allow us to estimate the ratio of the effective second- and
third-order susceptibility components odd in M and crys-
tallographic second- and third-order susceptibility compo-
??(2)odd(M)?/??(2)cryst? ? 0.3
??(3)cryst? ? 0.09.The magnetization-induced rotation
angle of the TH wave polarization in Fe films is found to
be ?10°.
It is worth noting that the observed NOMOKE in both
SHG and THG exceeds the linear magneto-optical analog
by at least 1 order of magnitude.
NOMOKE in SHG is discussed in Ref. 7 for magnetic
metal surfaces and is attributed to the surface nature of
the spin–orbit interaction.
plays the key role in large values of NOMOKE in THG for
Co and Fe surfaces.
This allows for the esti-
A large magnetization-
This enhancement of
The same effect apparently
C. MSHG and MTHG in Magnetic Nanogranular Films
The samples of CoxAg1?xgranular films of the composi-
tion 6 ? x ? 80 vol.% and of 400-nm thickness are de-
posited on glass ceramic substrates at room temperature
at the residual pressure 10?4Pa with a dual-electron-
beam deposition system as described elsewhere.34
composition of the films is characterized by energy disper-
sive x-ray analysis. The crystalline structure of the films
is studied with the Bragg–Brentano x-ray diffraction
technique and reveals the existence of the nanogranules
between 5 and 20 nm in size.
giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect at room tempera-
ture. The GMR characterization is performed for the
transverse geometry of the applied magnetic field, the in-
plane electrical current being perpendicular to the mag-
netic field.The GMR coefficient is given by ?R/R
?? ?R(0) ? R(H)?/R(0), where R(H) is the resis-
tance of the film in the magnetic field H and R(0) is the
resistance for the demagnetized state. The dependencies
of ?R/R on the content of the magnetic component in
CoxAg1?xfilms are shown in the dashed curves of Fig. 3.
These structures exhibit
Fig. 2.
from Co thin films and measured for the opposite directions of
the magnetization.
Interferometry patterns for the (a) SHG and (b) THG
Fig. 3.
wavelengths of 1064 nm and 800 nm; solid circles and triangles,
respectively; (b) NOMOKE contrast in THG (solid circles) and
SHG (open squares) for magnetic CoxAg(1?x)nanogranular films
as a function of the composition x.
tion of the composition x is shown as open circles; the dashed
curve is a guide to the eye.
(a) NOMOKE contrast in SHG for the fundamental
Magnetoresistance as a func-
142 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B/Vol. 22, No. 1/January 2005Aktsipetrov et al.
Page 6
The increase of the GMR coefficient at a certain concen-
tration of the magnetic component (x ? 0.3 for CoxAg1?x
films) is connected with the existence of nanogranular
structure, which results in an enhancement of the spin-
dependent scattering of electrons under the application of
the magnetic field. Acorrelation between the magnetore-
sistance and NOMOKE in SHG from magnetic granular
structures, which manifests itself in a similar dependence
of the GMR and NOMOKE in SHG on the content of the
magnetic material in the film x was observed recently.18
Figure 3(a) shows the dependencies of the magnetic
contrast of the SHG intensity and the GMR coefficient on
the content of cobalt x in CoxAg1?xfilms.
contrast is measured for two wavelengths of the funda-
mental radiation, 800 and 1064 nm, for the p-in, p-out
combination of polarizations of the fundamental and SH
waves.For both fundamental waves, a clear maximum
of the NOMOKE contrast is observed at x for the range of
0.25–0.3, which stays in a good agreement with the maxi-
mum of the Co-content dependence of the GMR coeffi-
cient.These data show that the local maximum of the
?2?(x) is definitely observed for the Co concentrations x
? 0.4/0.5 where isolated Co nanogranules exist, and the
position of local maximum of the ?2?(x) is spectrally in-
Figure 3(b) shows ?2?(x) for another series of magnetic
CoxAg1?xfilms.These dependencies reveal a maximum
of the SHG(THG) magnetic contrast at x ? 0.3 for MSHG
and x ? 0.35 for MTHG, which is close to the concentra-
tion values corresponding to the maximum of the GMR
coefficient. This is again proof that the concentration de-
pendence of the NOMOKE contrast is spectrally indepen-
dent.A steep rise of ?2?/3?(x) in the vicinity of x
? 0.45 should be attributed to the formation of ferromag-
netic ordering in the granular structure at the percolation
The magnetization-induced phase shift for the THG
wave is found to be ?15° in Co0.31Ag0.69granular film,
which gives a ratio of the effective third-order compo-
nents, ??(3)odd(M)?/??(3)cryst? ? 0.16.
ments for the magnetization-induced SHG give the ratio
??(2)odd(M)?/??(2)cryst? ? 0.08.
The NOMOKE
Similar measure-
To study the SHG mechanism in CoxAg1?xgranular
films, the SHG spectroscopic measurements are carried
out with the output of an optical-parametric-oscillator la-
ser system tuning in the wavelength range of 490–670
nm. Figure 4 shows the SHG intensity spectra measured
for the films of the compositions of x ? 0.19 and x
? 0.27. Both spectra reveal clear maxima in the vicinity
of 620–640 nm, the spectral position of the maximum of
the SHG intensity being redshifted for the film with
larger content of silver.These features of the SHG spec-
tra are probably caused by the excitation of local surface
plasmons in silver nanogranules at the Co–Ag interfaces.
The numerical calculations of local surface plasmons
spectra in CoxAg1?x granular films were performed
The SHG spectra in Fig. 4 are in good agree-
ment with the calculated ones.
Thus the NOMOKE in magnetic nanogranules is ob-
served in both SHG and THG.
surface plasmons in nanogranular CoxAg1?xfilms is re-
corded by means of the SHG spectroscopy, which perhaps
plays an important role in the correlation between GMR
and NOMOKE in SHG and THG.
The excitation of local
D. MSHG in Gd-Containing Langmuir–Blodgett Films
In this section, the nonlinear magneto-optical properties
of magneticsuperstructures
dimensional layers of Gd ions in organic matrix are stud-
ied by NOMOKE in SHG. The studied samples are su-
perstructures, each period being formed by a monolayer of
Gd ions sandwiched between two monolayers of stearic
acetate.The superstructures consisting from 10 to 40
periods are composed with the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB)
technique from a water solution of Gd acetate.
5(a) shows a schematic view of the deposition procedure of
the LB films.
The structural and morphological properties of Gd-
containing LB films are characterized by x-ray diffraction
and the anisotropic SHG probe.
diffraction pattern that reveals sharp scattering peaks,
which confirm the periodicity of Gd layers across the
Figure 5(c) shows the azimuthal an-
gular dependence of the SHG intensity from the LB films
for the s-in, s-out combination of polarizations.
muthal dependence exhibits (i) anisotropic two-fold modu-
lation of the SHG intensity that is attributed to C2sym-
metry of LB superstructures and (ii) an isotropic
contribution independent from azimuthal angle. The lat-
ter contribution, forbidden in homogeneous films,36indi-
cates that the SHG is observed in the form of hyper-
Rayleigh scattering and is due to a random spatial
inhomogeneity of linear and nonlinear-optical properties
of Gd-containing LB films.Thus the SHG response from
Gd-containing LB superstructures consists of the sum of
coherent (anisotropic and specular) and incoherent (dif-
fuse) components. The random inhomogeneity of the LB
films is attributed to a two-dimensional islandlike mor-
phology of Gd3?ion aggregates in Gd layers sandwiched
between stearic acetate monolayers.
Figure 6(a) shows the MSHG polarization diagrams,
i.e., the dependencies of the SHG intensity on the azi-
muthal angle of the analyzer, measured for the longitudi-
nal NOMOKE Gd-containing LB films of 10 periods thick.
consisting of two-
Figure 5(b) shows x-ray
This azi-
Fig. 4.
SHG spectra for Co0.27Ag0.73and Co0.19Ag0.81granular
Aktsipetrov et al.
Vol. 22, No. 1/January 2005/J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 143
Page 7
Changing the direction of the applied magnetic field re-
sults in a rotation of the polarization plane of the SHG
wave to an angle of ?12° for the s-polarized fundamental
radiation.Figure 6(b) shows the SHG interference pat-
terns measured in the longitudinal NOMOKE for the s-in,
s-out polarization combination and for the opposite direc-
tions of the magnetic field. The azimuthal position of the
sample is set to the maximum of the SHG anisotropy,
which gave the maximum of the coherent SHG compo-
nent. In SHG interferometry measurements in partially
inhomogeneous films, interference involves only this com-
ponentof the SHwave
magnetization-induced phase shift of the SH wave from
the film is ?115°. The magnetization-induced effect in
the SHG intensity from Gd-containing LB films is not
Meanwhile, the observed magnetization-
induced variations of the polarization rotation angle and
the relative phase shift indicate a strong magnetic inter-
action and ordering in Gd aggregates induced by the ex-
from thesample.The
ternal magnetic field. However, hysteresis-type behavior
is not observed for the polarization rotation angle and for
the phase shift as functions of magnetic field amplitude.
This implies that the magnetic order in Gd islands is close
to a superparamagnetic state that is confirmed by recent
magnetic studies of Gd-containing LB films.37
E. Magnetization-Induced Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering
from YIG Nanoparticles
This section presents the results of the experimental
studies of magnetization-induced SHG from the layer-by-
layer (LBL) self-assembled films containing yttrium iron
garnet (YIG) nanoparticles.
on the dependence of the SHG intensity on the number of
layers in LBL films as a discriminator between coherent
SHG and HRS.19
The LBL films containing nanoparticles of YIG and 32
nm in diameter are deposited by the self-assembling pro-
cedure.Glass substrates are immersed in poly(dial-
lyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and then in a
A special emphasis is made
Fig. 5.
containing Langmuir–Blodgett films; (b) x-ray diffraction pat-
tern from 50-layer-thick Gd-containing LB film; and (c) azi-
muthal dependence of the SHG intensity for the s-in, s-out
combination of polarizations.
(a) Schematic view of the deposition procedure of Gd-
Fig. 6.
longitudinal NOMOKE and (b) MSHG interference patterns for
the transversal NOMOKE measured in Gd-containing LB films
for the opposite directions of the external magnetic field.
(a) Polarization diagrams of the SHG intensity for the
144 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B/Vol. 22, No. 1/January 2005 Aktsipetrov et al.
Page 8
beaker containing the YIG suspension in water.
multilayers, the cycle of PDDA and YIG adsorption is re-
peated as many times as is necessary.
microscope image of the surface of LBL film is shown in
Fig. 7(a), demonstrating the existence of individual par-
ticles and their agglomerates of a size less than 100 nm.
The measurements of the azimuthal dependencies of
the SHG intensity reveal the isotropy of both p- and
s-polarized SHG components.
of the s,s-prohibition rule36and is typical for HRS.
ure 7(b) shows a diffuse SHG scattering pattern for a p-in,
p-out combination of polarizations for 10-layered YIG-
containing LBL film.This dependence shows a peak of
the SHG intensity in the direction of the specular reflec-
tion from the film and a broad peak with a maximum cen-
tered at the normal to the sample.
festation of HRS.
The dashed curve in Fig. 8, main panel, shows the de-
pendence of the nonmagnetic SHG intensity on the num-
ber of layers of LBL YIG-containing film for p-in and p-
and s-out combinations of polarizations.
the dependencies of the SHG intensity on the number of
layers are close to a linear function, which is also an at-
tribute of HRS.
In the case of the s-polarized SHG, the intensity tends
to zero with a decreasing number of YIG-containing lay-
To form
The atomic force
The latter is the violation
The latter is a mani-
In both cases,
ers, which indicates that SHG originates only from YIG-
containing layers, i.e., that there is no SHG (or HRS) sig-
nal from the PDDA layers and from the substrate.
the contrary, the p-polarized SHG intensity tends to a
constant nonzero value, which should be attributed to the
contribution from the polymer sublayer and/or the sub-
strate. This contribution is responsible for the specular
SHG peak presented in Fig. 8.
nonlinear response of YIG nanoparticles is proved to be
incoherent SHG, i.e., hyper-Rayleigh scattering.
The magnetic properties of YIG nanoparticles are stud-
ied in the geometry of the transversal NOMOKE.
dependencies of the SHG intensity on the number of lay-
ers measured for the opposite directions of the magnetic
field are shown in the main panel of Fig. 8. These depen-
dencies appear to be close to linear functions.
magnetic contrast is calculated from these linear depen-
dencies for the p-in, p-out combination of polarizations,
shown in Fig. 8, bottom inset, as a function of the number
of layers in the LBL films.
experimental accuracy ?2?is constant, which stays in
agreement with the expectations for the magnetic con-
trast of HRS; this relative parameter is expected to be in-
dependent from the number of scatterers.
The SHG intensity from YIG-containing films in the di-
rection of specular reflection is given by I?(N) ? K?N
? IS, where the subscript ? ? 0, ? refers to different
polarities or to the absence of the magnetic field, and ISis
a coherent contribution of the polymer sublayer and the
interface.The linearity of the HRS intensity with re-
spect to N allows us to relate the SHG intensity with the
hyperpolarizability of an individual YIG nanoparticle ? ˆ,
? ˆ (M) ? ? ˆ0? ? ˆM(M), where ? ˆ0and ? ˆM(M) are the non-
magnetic and odd-in magnetization tensors of the hyper-
polarizability of an individual nanoparticle.
Thus the second-order
The HRS
One can see that within the
By analogy
Fig. 7.
ing pattern for the p-in, p-out combination of polarizations for
the 10-layer-thick LBL film containing YIG nanoparticles with
solid curve as a guide.
(a) Atomic force microscope image and (b) SHG scatter-
Fig. 8.
ticles without the external magnetic field (triangles) and for the
opposite directions of the magnetic field in the transversal
NOMOKE (circles) (main panel).
for H ? 0 for p-in, s-out SHG; Bottom inset; NOMOKE contrast
as a function of number of layers in LBL films containing YIG
SHG intensity in LBL films containing YIG nanopar-
Top inset, the SHG intensity
Aktsipetrov et al.
Vol. 22, No. 1/January 2005/J. Opt. Soc. Am. B145
Page 9
with Eq. (2.5), the HRS magnetic contrast is ?2?
? 2? ˆM(M)/? ˆ0.This contrast stems from the assump-
tion that the HRS magnetic contrast is independent of the
number of layers. The latter stays in agreement with the
experimental data described above.
measurements, ?2?
A nonzero magnetic contrast in the SHG intensity from
LBL films containing YIG nanoparticles indicates that a
relative phase between nonmagnetic and magnetization-
induced terms in Eq. (2.2) for these films is not equal to
90°. Apparently this is due to a resonance of the SH
wave with the absorption band in spectra of the YIG
nanoparticles. As a consequence, each of these terms has
real and imaginary contributions that result in the ap-
pearance of an odd term in the MSHG intensity owing to
the internal homodyne mechanism.
As a result of the
HRS? 0.15 and ? ˆM(M)/? ˆ0? 0.08.
In summary, the results of the performed experiments
show the efficiency and the potentials of the nonlinear op-
tical probes, MSHG and MTHG, for studying the magne-
tism in magnetic thin films and nanostructures.
varieties of magnetic nanomaterials reveal significant
magnetization-induced effects in second- and third-order
nonlinear optical response.
Specific details of nonlinear magneto-optical response
are related to the structural features of nanostructures
and to the type of magnetic ordering in their spin sys-
tems; e.g., the ferromagnetic state of Co and Fe thin films,
or super paramagnetic ordering in prepercolation granu-
lar Co–Ag films and Gd islands in the Gd-containing LB
magnetization-induced HRS, is observed in nonlinear
magneto-optical studies of random arrays of magnetic
nanoparticles, such as self-assembling LBL films and Gd
islands in the Gd-containing LB films.
Extension of conventional nonlinear magneto-optics re-
stricted for decades to the MSHG studies, to the third-
order nonlinear-optical effects, results in an observation
of MTHG. Strong magnetization-induced effects in THG,
observed for the transversal NOMOKE in thin metal
films and in nanogranular systems, make the MTHG a
sensitive probe of the magnetic properties of nanostruc-
tures. It is shown that owing to a different localization of
THG as compared with the surface-sensitive SHG, MTHG
provides additional information about the behavior of the
spin system in the bulk of nanoparticles that is comple-
mentary to the characterization by the MSHG probe.
Moreover, a comparative analysis of NOMOKE in SHG
and THG seems to be accurate for the studies of the sur-
face spin–orbit interaction.
Observations of magnetization-induced effects in SHG
and THG with odd parity with respect to magnetization
show the fundamental role of internal homodyne mecha-
nism in magnitudes of nonlinear magneto-optical effects.
SHG, i.e.,
The authors gratefully acknowledge helpful and stimulat-
ing discussions with A. A. Nikulin.
mutov and N. Kotov for supplying the samples of LB and
We thank G. B. Kho-
LBL films.
sian Foundation for Basic Research (grants 04-02-16847,
04-02-17059, and 03-02-39010), the Presidential Grant for
Leading Russian Science Schools (1604.2003.2) and grant
03-51-3784 of the International Association for the Pro-
motion of Cooperation with Scientists from the Indepen-
dent States of the Former Soviet Union (INTAS).
This work is supported in part by the Rus-
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I'm not at all talking about you. You have been just asking questions and there's nothing wrong with that. But there are some other people who don't take any information that contradicts their prejudged belief. People not just asking questions but making ridiculous claims and accept no evidence that refutes it. So sorry if you thought I was referring to you because I wasn't, I have no problems with people asking questions about anything. But some are asking questions and then refute every answer given no matter how credible or undeniably factual because it doesn't fit their theory, I'm referring to those fools.
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Michael: Did I ever tell you about the day that Steve Martin died?
Pam: Steve Martin's not dead, Michael.
Michael: I know. But I always thought that the day that he died would be the worst day of my life. I was wrong. It's this.


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Ultimate apple pie
By Angela Nilsen
Cooking timeReady in 2½ hours
Skill levelModerately easy
ServingsServes 8
A traditional, comforting dish where simplicity is the key to success - one for all the family
Nutrition and extra info
Additional info
- Freezable
- kcalories
- 695
- protein
- 9g
- carbs
- 95g
- fat
- 33g
- saturates
- 20g
- fibre
- 4g
- sugar
- 32g
- salt
- 0.79g
For the filling
- 1kg Bramley apples
- 140g golden caster sugar
- ½ tsp cinnamon
- 3 tbsp flour
For the pastry
- 225g butter, room temperature
- 50g golden caster sugar, plus extra
- 2 eggs
- 350g plain flour, preferably organic
- softly whipped cream, to serve
Buy Ingredients
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Want to know how this works? Read all about it here.
- Put a layer of paper towels on a large baking sheet. Quarter, core, peel and slice the apples about 5mm thick and lay evenly on the baking sheet. Put paper towels on top and set aside while you make and chill the pastry.
- For the pastry, beat the butter and sugar in a large bowl until just mixed. Break in a whole egg and a yolk (keep the white for glazing later). Beat together for just under 1 min – it will look a bit like scrambled egg. Now work in the flour with a wooden spoon, a third at a time, until it's beginning to clump up, then finish gathering it together with your hands. Gently work the dough into a ball, wrap in cling film, and chill for 45 mins. Now mix the 140g/5oz sugar, the cinnamon and flour for the filling in a bowl that is large enough to take the apples later.
- After the pastry has chilled, heat the oven to 190C/fan 170C/gas 5. Lightly beat the egg white with a fork. Cut off a third of the pastry and keep it wrapped while you roll out the rest, and use this to line a pie tin – 20-22cm round and 4cm deep – leaving a slight overhang. Roll the remaining third to a circle about 28cm in diameter. Pat the apples dry with kitchen paper, and tip them into the bowl with the cinnamon-sugar mix. Give a quick mix with your hands and immediately pile high into the pastry-lined tin.
- Brush a little water around the pastry rim and lay the pastry lid over the apples pressing the edges together to seal. Trim the edge with a sharp knife and make 5 little slashes on top of the lid for the steam to escape. (Can be frozen at this stage.) Brush it all with the egg white and sprinkle with caster sugar. Bake for 40-45 mins, until golden, then remove and let it sit for 5-10 mins. Sprinkle with more sugar and serve while still warm from the oven with softly whipped cream.
Recipe from Good Food magazine, October 2004
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Comments, questions and tips
No! Never again! Tough but brittle dough that shattered in splinters when cut and tough semi-raw apple in a pool of so much fluid that the base didn't stand a chance.
A disappointing thing to offer our special guests, the offer of seconds was not taken up.
Shameful, a shop-bought one would have gone down better.
I loved this recipe the pastry was amazing it was melt in the mouth, the filling was amazing it did have a lot of juice in but soon went due to being taken out of the oven so tip to leave to cool before cutting. I also added a beaten egg yoke and covered the top of the pie and put sugar on so it was crispy and golden brown when it was done :) x would recommend this recipe
Have made this several times and it has always turned out beautifully -everyone thinks I can actually cook! I have found the most important thing is to put the apple slices in a single layer on kitchen paper then put another layer of kitchen paper over the top and lightly press on them to remove as much juice as possible. The pie turns out perfectly with a crispy pastry and lovely juicy filling.
Yuk! I hope someone can tell me what went wrong - I followed this recipe exactly and after 45 minutes, took out a fabulous looking pie from the oven. But when I cut into it around 90 minutes later, half-cooked slices of apple were floating in at least half a teacup full of dirty-dishwater coloured juice.
Apart from the lid which we've just eaten with cream(!), the whole lot went into the bin.
Really a shame and I have no idea how I got it so wrong!
Works great cooked straight away or frozen and then defrosted before cooking. I used ready rolled pastry for quickness but had to roll thinner to have enough to line and top the tin. I used a cake tin with a removable bottom which worked really well. Goes well with ice-cream as we like apple pie a bit sweeter.
After my third bag of apples from my father in law i took the hint and made him this apple pie. I rolled the pastry between some cling film as it was very flakey and as previously suggested i added more cinnamon. The end result was a lovely light pastry with no soggy bottom. My father in law might have no teeth but the pie disappeared that day. Im waiting for my next delivery of apples.


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South: Five-star Update
Seven five-star prospects out of the south remain uncommitted and you can find out where they stand…
Update in Pics: Matthew Thomas
By Chad Simmons
National Recruiting Analyst
Date: Nov 12, 2012
Matthew Thomas is the No. 13 overall prospect in the country and he has taken the recruiting process fairly slow. Get the latest on Thomas here.
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Dr. Roto believes Miami Dolphins WR Jarvis Landry will overtake WR Brian Hartline as the team's No. 2 receiver sooner rather than later. Stay ahead of the curve with Dr. Roto!Read More
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Seven five-star prospects out of the south remain uncommitted and you can find out where they stand…


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Changes related to "Bekker, Peter (1687-1749)"
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19 October 2014
m 23:01 Hulshoff, Hendrik (1664-1745) (diff; hist; +146) RichardThiessen (Added additional information; added category.)


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Education briefs
- Lafayette PTO Meeting set for Thursday at 5:30 p.m.
- Oxford High School Class of 1970 Reunion set for Double Decker Weekend
- Local students receive highest academic award at Honors Day convocation
- Lafayette Upper Elementary will host an open house for upcoming third-graders on Thursday from 4:30 to 6 p.m.
- Lafayette School District has two national winners in the Classworks WIN contest.
- Six inductees to enter NWCC Sports Hall of Fame with former Ole Miss player Don Kessinger as the keynote speaker.
- Summer Ecology camp offered and registration now underway.
OMS announces honor roll for third nine weeks
The Oxford Middle School honor roll for the third nine weeks of school has been announced. Students on the principal's list received all As. Students on the honor roll received all As and Bs. (April 20, 2010, Page 7)
Congressional art competition
The Congressional Art Competition will be held at the Gum Tree Museum of Art in Tupelo on Saturday, May 15, and will feature two-dimensional artwork from First District high school students. For more information or to submit work, call 202-225-4306. (April 20, 2010, Page 7)
Lifeteam visits Tech
Air Evac flew in its helicopter to the Oxford-Lafayette School of Applied Technology to discuss career opportunities and what they do as a pilot, paramedic and registered nurse. James DeNigris, pilot for the Air Evac team, shows students the engine. (April 20, 2010, Page 7)
'Wide Mouth Frogs'
PHOTOS — Children at Bramlett Elementary School performed the play "Wide Mouth Frogs" Friday morning. (April 20, 2010, Page 7)
New school, more taxes?
On Friday, the Oxford School Board met with the Oxford Board of Aldermen to present them with the district's proposal for a new high school and complete renovation of the entire school district. (April 19, 2010, Page 1A)
Cheer squad OK'd for OMS
The Oxford School Board approved Tuesday a new Oxford Middle School cheerleader squad that will include tryouts, and cheer camp as well as training. (April 16, 2010, Page 6A)
New faces, new play at OHS
Several new faces will make their stage debut tonight as Oxford High School's Theatre Department presents the Neil Simon play, "Rumors," in the Kayla Sue Mize Auditorium at OHS. (April 15, 2010, Page 1)
Courage recalled
Former CBS Evening News anchor Dan Rather shared memories of covering the 1962 riots at the University of Mississippi when speaking to a standing-room-only crowd Wednesday at the Overby Center on campus as part of the Society of Professional Journalists naming the school as its 100th National Historic Site in Journalism. (April 15, 2010, Page 1)
Skip school, pay price
Skipping school or being tardy too often next year will come with some very real consequences if a new policy is approved by the Oxford School Board. A compulsory school attendance policy that follows state law will be voted on as soon as April 29. (April 14, 2010, Page 1A)


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No. 6 is a series that I almost bought at Ohayocon 2013 (and now I'm kind of sad I didn't). I was in the dealers room on the last day, looking for more things to spend money on, and was considering picking up a new series I hadn't watched yet. 333 more words
Tags » Nezumi
No. 6 [anime]
Hello, everyone! Here I will give you link where you can download episodes on the anime "No. 6″. I love it! I hope that anime fans will like it too!54 more words
Capturing the Center – Part 3 – Cult
The Cult of Yurei has possibly the most powerful objective grabbers of the game, but also he is limited with his choice of models for reach the center of the table fast enough. 198 more words


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You can access thousands of recipes by subscribing to WeightWatchers.com.Learn more
Tasted just like the real thing minus all the points!!
I loved this! I travel for a living, so I make my food days ahead of time. Even sitting in a fridge for a few days, this was an excellent dish! I added some extra seasoning though. I will make this again on another outing!
Solid receipe, and pretty taste dish. Before making it I read that some people thought it lacked flavor, so I added onion, garlic, and ginger powder to the chicken before cooking, and a dash of sesame seed oil with the soy sauce, which helped. I also added diced onion and radish with the celery, and bok choy towards the end. I did not end up using cornstarch to thicken, although I did let it reduce more. I liked having the extra liquid to soak into the rice. My husband and toddler both loved it!
Kids ate it up with no complaints.


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Arranging patio furniture inside gazebos creates protected seating areas anywhere in your yard. Traditional wooden gazebos look lovely when surrounded by flowering plants and shrubs. Cloth gazebos with metal frames are made for use anywhere outdoors, so you can erect one to shield your patio from the sun during the hottest part of the day or put one by the pool so you always have a shady spot to sit. Garden Oasis, Grand Resort and others offer these enclosures in a variety of shapes. Round and hexagonal gazebos add a touch of elegance to yard decor. Square and rectangular models are perfect for setting up above picnic tables whenever you want to eat outdoors. Keep pests at bay by choosing a gazebo with cloth or mesh enclosures on each side.
Once you have your yard and patio set up for summer entertaining, you'll need some charcoal to get the grill going. Though gas grills are popular for cookouts, there's something about preparing a meal over a mound of classic black charcoal bricks. Natural wood blocks or pellets impart a unique flavor to whatever you cook. Choose from woods such as maple, apple or oak for a variety of delicious results. For special dishes, you might want to fire up your smoker with wood chips that cook food slowly, ensuring moist texture and appealing flavor every time.
Every barbecue goes smoothly when you have the right cooking tools on hand. Check out Mr. Bar-B-Que, Craftsman or Cuisinart brands for sets that include everything you need to create the ultimate grilling experience. Flippers, forks, and tongs put you in control every step of the way. Griddles and grilling baskets let you cook small foods without dropping them into the flames and help to ensure even cooking of large pieces. Don't forget a brush for cleaning off stuck-on food between cookouts.
With the right combination of furniture and cooking accessories, your next warm-weather gathering is sure to be a hit. Turning your patio into a fun, attractive extension of your home is easy with a little imagination. Check out what Sears has to offer and you'll have the patio of your dreams in no time.


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1 Bed Flat For Sale Queen Elizabeth Road Kingston-on-Thames
Queen Elizabeth Road, Kingston , Kent
For the overs 60s. Located in the heart of Kingston town centre, Riverstone Court was constructed by McCarthy & Stone and offers 38 secured...
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Rookery Court, Tonbridge, TN12 9TW
Roundel Way, Marden, Tonbridge Tn12 9Tw, Kent
Rookery Court, a gated development exclusively for the over 60s, offers the perfect setting for rural living and truly opens up the...
24/09/2014 in New Homes for Sale
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2 Bed Residential Property For Sale William Gibbs Court...
William Gibbs Court, Faversham Me13, Kent
These desirable retirement apartments offer a pleasant lifestyle for the over 60s. There is a manager and owners have full use of the residents...
1 week, 6 days ago in Property Pigeon
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Bramley Close, Orpington BR6, 4 bedroom detached house
3 Bramley Close Kent, Orpington, Bromley Br6 8Js, Greater London
Offers over £750,000. Located on an extremely quiet and popular close just off Crofton Road is this sizeable four bedroom detached home...
19/08/2014 in Primelocation.com » Langford Russell, Locksbottom
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William Gibbs Court, Orchard Place, Faversham - 2 bedrooms
William Gibbs Court, Orchard Place, Faversham, Faversham Me13 8Rp, Kent
These desirable retirement apartments offer a pleasant lifestyle for the over 60s. There is a manager and owners have full use of the residents...
2 weeks, 5 days ago in Rightmove » Baldwins Estate Agents Limited
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Similar properties for sale: rural kent
4 bedroom semi-detached house for sale
Tibbs Court Lane, Tonbridge Tn12 7Aj, Kent
...indoor sports, youth club, primary school and kindergarten, Over-60s, 3 churches, and as many clubs and societies as one could wish for.
03/06/2014 in AlltheAgents
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Newbury, Gillingham - 1 bedrooms
Newbury, Gillingham, Gillingham Sp8 4Wg, Kent
Summary over 75% now sold!... DESCRIPTION Royal Lodge is a delightful retirement development of 35 one and two bedroom apartments for the over...
27/03/2014 in Rightmove » Connells
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October 30, 2014
Posted Tuesday, August 20, 2013 --- 2:24 p.m.
From our news partner, WLUK in Green Bay:
If you're planning on taking a Labor Day trip, you'll be one of 34.1 million people expected to head out for a holiday vacation.
AAA says that's up 4.2 percent from last year. It's also the highest level since 2008.
In Wisconsin, 713,000 people are projected to travel for the last of the summer holidays. That's a 3.4 percent increase from last year.
AAA is forecasting a lift because of an improving economy, increased consumer spending and optimism in the housing market.
Another factor that may affect the increase is the date of Labor Day this year, September 2nd.
According to AAA, Americans are more likely to travel when the holiday falls earlier in the month.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


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3rd Web Monday Zurich 2014
Join us on August 18th, 2014 at Zurich's new co-working space - daycrun.ch!
Registration now open further below!
Join us on August 18th, 2014 at Zurich's new co-working space - daycrun.ch!
Registration now open further below!
Handling loads of data with nodes and fields in Drupal can be a painful experience: every field is put into a separate table which makes inserts and queries slow. In case you just want to import & display unstructured data without the flexibility and sugar of fields, this walkthrough is for you!
DrupalCon Europe 2014 was all about a new era that has now began on Wednesday, October 1st with the official beta 1 release - the era of Drupal 8. Compared with the DrupalCon Europe 2013, this conference was more about business and development and less about UX related matters. However, UX topics and raised questions are definitely worth mentioning.
When given the opportunity to design a landing page announcing the launch of Drupal 8 Beta, I created this hero image that not only lives now on Drupal.com, but also Drupal.org.
The last day started good with some lightning talks. Michael was leading through the program and took presenters, whose talks were too long, off stage.
Day one of DrupalCon was jam packed with lots of frontend and Drupal 8 goodness. Here are some of my highlights.
I started the day early with the Prenote (yes of course i did take the Prenote Selfie). It wasn't until later that i found out that we were all over Dries' keynote (thank you Dries).
DrupalCon Amsterdam has started and there was a lot going on in the last few days. After the Tour de Drupal people had a warm welcome in the Vondelpark on Sunday. The conference started with the trainings, the Community- and Business Summits on Monday. Meanwhile the Exhibition hall was prepared for all the Drupalistas.
It's the final countdown! It's only one week to go until DrupalCon Amsterdam.
Amazee Labs (Austin and Zurich) are developing drupal.com using Drupal 8.
You might think that because Switzerland is a fairly small country the number of Swiss attendees at Drupalcon Amsterdam was small - but, you're wrong.


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|Total (w/tax)
|Total (w/tax)
Book Description:
Rich in content, the book covers all aspects of childrens life: eating, sleeping, bathing, dressing, making friends and so on. When their knowledge is increased, the babys intellectual potential can be developed at the same time. The young kids can memorize the simply repeated language, and they love the vivid images of animals. The book also includes guidance texts from the experts, reminding the parents to forget the arrangement details. The rounded edge design does not hurt the hands, where the children can do independent reading, and let the baby understand the joy of reading as soon as possible! The book is suitable for 1-year-old kid to read independently or read with the parents.


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Economic growth was firming in the United States and the United Kingdom, according to OECD data released in February 2013 on global composite leading indicators (CLIs) in December 2012. CLIs showed growth rates were diverging among other major global economies.
CLIs indicated that the economy in the UK were slightly weaker than the previous month's assessment.
Growth signs are seen in CLI trend in Japan and Brazil.
Euro Area--and notably in Italy and Germany--CLIs indicate stabilization in prospects for growth. Weak growth is still expected in France.
China and India CLIs indicate growth is below trend when compared with the previous month's assessment.
Canada and Russia CLIs indicate growth below trend.
to Daily News
Daily News
Oct 21, 2014: AHRI Annual Meeting Registration Remains Open
Oct 20, 2014: Electrolux 3Q Operating Income up 29%
Oct 17, 2014: Whirlpool completes purchase of majority interest in Indesit
Oct 17, 2014: Corrected: AHRI Annual Meeting Registration Remains Open
Oct 17, 2014: Walmart will moderate brick-and-mortar growth and increase capital spending on e-commerce capabilities
Daily News>>
September 2014: Appliance Industry Focus: HVAC
June 2014: Appliance Magazine Market Insight: April 2014
May 2014: Appliance Magazine Market Insight: March 2014
April 2014: Appliance Magazine Market Insight: February 2014


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Vegetarian Sam likes to have lots of fruits when she's home on weekends. Speedy bought a whole pineapple last Saturday but Sam was not able to come home. The pineapple won't … [Read more...]
Zucchini medallions with mozzarella and chili
Ever since I made the meatballs a la parmigiana, I've been wondering how to transform it into a vegetarian dish. Eggplants would turn too soggy if baked or fried then baked … [Read more...]
Vegetarian baked stuffed potatoes
So filling. So delicious. The stuffing is a mixture of kidney beans, chili, chopped tomatoes, onions and bell peppers, seasoned with salt, pepper, lemon juice and tossed with … [Read more...]
Spicy tofu in coconut cream (Bicol Express-style)
Spicy, subtly hot, rich and creamy. Satisfy the vegetarians and omnivores in your family without breaking your back with the cooking. Prepare a vegetable and spice base, … [Read more...]
Grilled pork, pepper and mango stir fry with peanut sauce
Today's 15-minute lunch is a medley of meat, vegetables, fruit, aromatics and a sauce that will leave you wondering why you never thought of throwing together pantry basics to … [Read more...]
Pork, beans and chili with coconut milk sauce
The pork and beans combination is good with tomato sauce but tomato sauce isn't the only sauce the combo is good with. Pork and beans are good with coconut milk too especially … [Read more...]
Chili relleno spring (egg) rolls
The immortal Asian spring rolls with a classic Mexican filling -- whole chilies stuffed with cheese. And, yes, it is lacto-vegetarian. These spring rolls were dipped in eggs … [Read more...]
How to cook a creamy and tasty vegetable curry
Vegetable curry is one of my favorite vegetarian dishes. But only when it's cooked right. Meaning? No overcooked soggy vegetables. I want the vegetables cooked through but … [Read more...]
Spicy pulled pork with flash-fried eggplants
A dish I cooked on December 1, 2012, according to the neatly organized photo folders in my external drive. That hard drive is about the only place where I have neatly … [Read more...]
Chili pork adobo with coconut cream
More than eight years ago, I was told about Adobo Republic's Adobo Diablo. Knowing how the devil is associated with the heat of hell, I knew it would be spicy hot. I cooked my … [Read more...]
Ginger pork with spinach and baby corn
Meaty, spicy, colorful and with lots of texture. The pork was cut into thin, thin slices then marinated in a little fish sauce and lots of grated ginger. Then, the meat was … [Read more...]
Fried fish with spicy tamarind sauce (pla rad prig)
By itself, fried fish does not excite me. But pair fried fish with a good sauce and I get an adrenalin rush. We had a pack of bangus (milkfish) belly fillets in the freezer … [Read more...]


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24 Sep
Melbourne and Olympic Parks Diversity and Inclusion Plan 2014-2017
The Melbourne and Olympic Parks (M&OP) have released their Diversity and Inclusion Plan, 2014-2017. The parks – with a number of ovals, courts, and arenas – cover 40 hectares and host an extensive range of events such as the Australian Open tennis Grand Slam, other major sporting events, and cultural events (for example, concerts by Andrea Botcelli, The Rolling Stones, and Miley Cyrus). The Plan is based on six key customer focused objectives. These are that people of all abilities:
1). Can navigate around M&OP
2). Have easy access to all information about M&OP
3). Can enjoy events and functions with their family and friends
4). Have access to the full range of seating options
5). Will be treated as equal and valuable guests in all dealings with M&OP, and finally, that
6). M&OP will leverage its accessible conference facilities to actively promote its expertise in conferences for all abilities.
The plan goes on to detail what strategies will be used to achieve these objectives. These include the creation of enhanced accessible wayfinding and navigational information on site and online, working with transport providers to enhance accessible public transport to venues, and improving accessible seating and enhance the booking procedure to include total information about accessible seating.
M&OP are to consider a new conference facility strategy to market their facilities to the global disability conference market. We say that if they do in fact carry out their access enhancement programme, marketing by M&OP should extend beyond this market as all conferences – no matter the subject – are attended by a certain percentage of people who have disabilities who would appreciate fully accessible facilities.
Source: M&OP.


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Nov. 1 (Bloomberg) -- David Rosenberg, chief economist and strategist at Gluskin Sheff & Associates Inc., talks about the impact of superstorm Sandy on the economy and consumer spending.
Rosenberg speaks with Betty Liu and Michael McKee on Bloomberg Television's "In the Loop." (Source: Bloomberg)
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