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A method of extracting cellular components, e.g., nucleic acids, particularly DNA, from biological, especially solid tissue, samples, particularly from plants, is provided, whereby all of the steps can be performed in one vessel, and the entire process can be automated. A vessel suitable for this process is provided, as well as a system for the automated performance of the process steps.
1. A device useful for storing, transporting and processing a biological sample from which solvent soluble components in a fluid are extracted, comprising:
an extraction vessel having an upper chamber and a lower chamber, the chambers being separated by a radially extending wall having an upper surface and a lower surface and means for allowing fluid to pass therethrough,
a plunger having an end surface for insertion into the lower chamber; and
a plurality of serrations formed on the lower surface of the radially extending wall and on the inserted opposing end surface of the plunger for disrupting a biological sample upon relative movement between the plunger and the extraction vessel, whereby solvent soluble components are released from the biological sample.
2. The device of claim 3, further comprising a tube having a barrel, the tube being insertable into the upper chamber for accumulating the fluid introduced therein from the lower chamber, the tube further including means for separating the soluble components from the insoluble components in said fluid after transfer of the fluid from the lower chamber into the upper chamber, and means for sealing between the tube and the upper chamber to block fluid communication through the upper chamber.
3. The device of claim 2, wherein the means for separating the insoluble components in said fluid is a filter.
4. The device of claim 3, wherein the plunger means includes a slot and further wherein the slot is engagable by means for reciprocating the plunger means axially to move the plurality of serrations in and out of proximity with one anther and to push fluid back and forth between the lower chamber and the upper chamber of the extraction vessel.
5. An apparatus for automatically extracting at least on solvent soluble component from at least one sample, the sample comprising solvent soluble components in a fluid and residual debris, the apparatus comprising:
(a) an extraction vessel assembly including:
(i) an extraction vessel having an upper chamber and a lower chamber, the upper and lower chambers being separated by a radially extending wall having an upper surface and a lower surface and a plurality of holes formed therein for allowing fluid to pass from the lower chamber to the upper chamber,
(ii) a plunger having an end insertable into the lower chamber, and
(iii) a tube having a barrel, the tube having an end being insertable into the upper chamber for accumulating the fluid introduced therein from the lower chamber, the tube including a filter for separating the soluble components from the insoluble components in the fluid after the transfer of the fluid from the lower chamber to the upper chamber;
(b) a turntable having a plurality of sample holding positions circumferentially distributed therearound, each sample holding position having an extraction vessel port for receiving an extraction vessel and a tube port disposed in radial alignment with the extraction vessel port for receiving a tube;
(c) a vessel inserter for inserting the extraction vessel assembly into each extraction vessel port;
(d) an actuator for pushing the plunger up and squeezing the sample between the lower surface of the radially extending wall and the upper surface of the plunger, thereby releasing the debris and the fluid from the sample;
(e) a tube inserter for inserting the tube into the upper chamber of the extraction vessel assembly;
(f) a tube extractor for removing the tube from the vessel assembly and placing it into the tube port;
(g) an array of microtiter dishes disposed on an indexable table located below the turntable;
(h) a vessel remover for removing the extraction vessel assembly from each extraction vessel port; and
(i) a tube remover for removing the tube from each tube port.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, further comprising:
(j) a buffer injector for injecting a buffer into the upper chamber of the extraction vessel;
(k) a solvent injector for injecting a first solvent into the upper chamber of the extraction vessel;
(l) a plunger mixer for engaging the plunger at a slot formed in the plunger and for reciprocating the plunger to mix the sample in the solvent to form a first solution;
(m) a filter plunger for pushing the filter disposed in the tube into the upper chamber of the extraction vessel, thereby forcing the first solution through the filter and separating the first solution from the debris of the sample;
(n) a precipitant injector for injecting a precipitant into the tube for causing a substance in the first solution to precipitate out of the first solution, thereby forming a precipitate;
(o) a plunger extractor for pulling the plunger out of the extraction vessel assembly by engaging the slot in the plunger;
(p) a plurality of first pressure injectors disposed in engagement with the barrel of each tube for applying pressure progressively to force the first solution through the precipitate and the filter;
(q) a plurality of wash injectors for injecting wash fluid into each tube;
(r) a plurality of second pressure injectors disposed in registry with each tube for applying pressure to progressively force the wash fluid through the precipitate;
(s) a solvent injector for injecting a second solvent to dissolve the substance in the washed precipitate and to form a second solution;
(t) a bar code reader for reading a bar code on each extraction vessel;
(u) a third pressure injector disposed in registry with a respective tube for applying sufficient pressure to the second solution to force the second solution through the filter and into a respective microtiter dish; and
(v) a controller for controlling the operation of elements (c) - (u) and for receiving the bar code information.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/543,928 filed Jun. 26, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,114,858.
The purification of DNA to a degree of purity suitable for further use, for example, amplification or processing with restriction enzymes, probe hybridization, cloning and so forth, is a well-known procedure (See, e.g., M. Ausubel et al., Eds., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 2, Section I.1-I.4, Wiley, 1989). These procedures lend themselves to rapid processing and automation, so long as the source of the DNA does not require physical grinding or maceration to disrupt cells or tissue; for example, DNA from biological fluids.
A need therefore exists to rapidly and reliably purify DNA from sources that require grinding or maceration to release DNA into solution (hereinafter referred to as "solid samples" for brevity). These samples, e.g., from plant, animal or microorganism sources, leave insoluble tissue or cellular material as by-products of the purification process.
The purification of DNA from these sources is considerably more difficult and time-consuming than from biological fluids, since another phase separation step (the solid from the liquid phases) is needed (see M.W. Lassner, P. Peterson and J.I. Yoder Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 72, 112-128 (1989). Techniques for automating such processes are lengthy and normally employ centrifugation to separate phases. These requirements have prevented the development of commercially viable, fully automated protocols for the purification of DNA from plants, animals and microorganisms when mechanical disruption is needed to release DNA from the samples.
This invention relates to a process of isolating subcellular components, especially nucleic acids, e.g., DNA, from a biological sample, particularly a solid tissue sample, employing a novel filtration/reverse-filtration step after maceration or grinding, if necessary, of a solid sample, whereby centrifugation of the extraction mixture to separate cellular debris can be eliminated, and the number of overall steps heretofore required is dramatically reduced. Moreover, the process of this invention is efficient enough to permit reliable and rapid automated processing of large numbers of samples. In addition, the process can be easily adapted to isolate essentially any subcellular components of such biological samples. Furthermore, this invention also relates to a system that is particularly useful for purifying cellular components such as nucleic acids, e.g., DNA, from solid samples using said process, and a vessel that is particularly useful in said system.
Thus, this invention provides a method of separating nucleic acids from a biological sample, comprising:
(a) breaking open cells of the sample;
(b) separating aqueous solvent-soluble components of the cells into one phase and organic solvent-soluble components of the cells into a second phase, in the first compartment of a vessel assembly comprising two compartments separated by a filter;
(c) filtering the aqueous phase into said second compartment through a filter having a first side and a second side, such that said aqueous solvent phase is on the first side of said filter and said organic solvent phase and any cellular debris is on the second side of said filter;
(d) precipitating nucleic acids out of the aqueous phase in the second compartment of the vessel; and
(e) filtering the precipitated nucleic acids onto the second side of said filter in the second compartment of the vessel, the filtrate passing through the filter.
In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid is DNA.
More generally, this invention provides a method of fractionating cellular components of a biological sample, comprising
(a) breaking open cells of the sample;
(b) separating (a) aqueous solvent-soluble components of the cells into one phase and/or (b) organic solvent-soluble components of the cells into a second phase, in the first compartment of a vessel assembly comprising a first and a second compartment;
(c) filtering the aqueous phase into said second compartment through a filter having a first side and a second side, such that said aqueous phase is on said second side of said filter and said organic phase and any cellular debris remains on said first side of said filter; and
(d) separating onto the second side of the filter a desired cellular component from undesired cellular components.
The invention further provides a vessel assembly for storing, transporting and/or processing biological samples from which cellular components such as nucleic acids are extracted, comprising:
an extraction vessel having an upper chamber and a lower chamber, the chambers being separated by a radially extending wall with means for allowing fluid to pass therethrough, the upper chamber and lower chamber of the extraction vessel having openable ends;
a plunger means for insertion into the lower chamber, and means for retaining the plunger means in the lower chamber to retain said sample between the plunger means and wall;
means associated with the plunger means and wall for disrupting the sample upon relative movement between the vessel and sample, whereby nucleic acids inter alia are released therefrom, and
means for sealing between the plunger means and the lower chamber to block fluid communication of the released nucleic acids and/or other cellular components through the lower chamber openable end.
In a preferred embodiment, the vessel assembly further comprises a tube means having a barrel, the tube means insertable into the upper chamber for accumulating the, for example, nucleic acid-containing fluid introduced therein from the lower chamber, the tube means further including means for separating soluble from insoluble material in said fluid upon transfer of said fluid from the upper chamber to the barrel of the tube.
The invention further provides an apparatus for automatically extracting nucleic acids or other cellular component from biological samples which apparatus utilizes the above-mentioned vessel assembly, the apparatus comprising in combination with the assembly;
a turntable having port stations with a first array of ports circumferentially distributed therearound for receiving the extraction vessels without the filter tubes inserted therein and a second array of ports distributed circumferentially therearound in radial alignment with the first ports for subsequently receiving the filter tubes;
means for inserting the extraction vessels in the first ports;
means for inserting the filter tubes in the upper chambers of the extraction vessels;
means for removing the filter tubes from the extraction vessels and inserting the filter tubes in the second ports radially adjacent the first ports;
means for removing both the extraction vessels and filter tubes from the turntable after separating the nucleic acid or other material extracted from the biological sample; and
processing means associated with at least one station for processing the sample at said station.
Upon further study of the specification and appended claims, further objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art.
Various other objects, features and attendant advantages of the present invention will be more fully appreciated as the same becomes better understood when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters designate the same or similar parts throughout the several views, and wherein:
FIG. 1A is an sectional view taken along lines 1A--1A of FIG. 1B of a double-ended extraction vessel configured in accordance with the principles of the instant invention for containing a solid tissue sample;
FIG. 1B is a bottom end view of the vessel of FIG. 1A;
FIG. 2A is a side view of a grinder-plunger which is assembled with the vessel of FIGS. 1A and 1B;
FIG. 2B is top end view of the plunger of FIG. of 2A showing a serrated surface;
FIG. 2C is a bottom end view of the grinder-plunger of FIG. 2A showing a rotational drive coupling;
FIG. 3A is a sectional view taken along lines 3A--3A of FIG. 3B of a filter tube which is assembled with the extraction vessel of FIG. 1A during practice of the instant invention;
FIG. 3B is a cross-section taken along lines 3B--3B of FIG. 3a;
FIG. 4 is a side section view of a vessel assembly showing the extraction vessel of FIG. 1A in combination with the grinder-plunger of FIG. 2A;
FIG. 5 is a side section view of a vessel assembly showing the extraction vessel of FIG. 1A in combination with the grinder-plunger of FIG. 2A and the filter tube of FIG. 3A;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an apparatus which sequentially processes a multiplicity of the devices set forth in FIGS. 1-5 to automatically extract nucleic acids from the tissue samples;
FIG. 7 is an analysis of the DNA preparations by agarose gel electrophoresis; and
FIG. 8 is an agarose gel showing that DNA prepared by the process of this invention utilizing the vessel of this invention is suitable for amplification using Taq DNA polymerase.
As an overview, the process of this invention generally comprises first disrupting a biological sample, particularly a solid sample, of, e.g., plant or animal tissue, e.g., by mechanical grinding or maceration, in thepresence of an aqueous extraction buffer in one compartment of a vessel assembly containing at least two compartments. In the case where the tissue sample has been previously dehydrated, e.g., lyophilized, the sample is preferably first rehydrated, e.g., in the extraction buffer prior to disruption, which significantly enhances nucleic acid yield. The disrupted tissue is incubated in a mixture of the extraction buffer and anorganic solvent, e.g., chloroform, which is immiscible with the aqueous phase. The two liquid phases of the extraction mixture are then allowed toseparate, and the aqueous phase is then passed through a filter into a second compartment of the vessel assembly to remove particulates. Care is taken to filter only the top aqueous phase; the bottom solvent phase is left behind at this step.
With respect to a preferred aspect of this invention involving nucleic acidextraction, a nucleic acid precipitant such as an alcohol, e.g., isopropanol, is then added to the aqueous filtrate to precipitate the nucleic acids. The remaining solution is then removed by passing the sample back through the same filter, leaving the nucleic acids in the second compartment of the vessel assembly and passing the filtrate back into the first compartment. A washing solution can then optionally be passed over the precipitate on the filter to further wash the precipitate.Finally, the nucleic acid precipitate is recovered by dissolving it in an aqueous solvent.
The isolated nucleic acids generally consist of about 90% RNA and 10% DNA. The purity of the DNA is such that, e.g., it can be amplified or can be cut with restriction enzymes. The purity of the nucleic acids is thus sufficient for, e.g., amplification, e.g., by PCR, screening for the presence or absence of a particular DNA sequence, locating the site of insertion of an engineered gene sequence, creating cDNA libraries from theRNA, Southern blot hybridization for the detection of particular DNA sequences, isolating DNA for subsequent cloning and/or sequencing, etc. Other uses for the products of this invention are fully conventional, and are well-known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
The process of the instant invention is preferably performed in the vessel assembly of FIG. 5. The full process can be performed in as few as 8 steps, with no steps requiring manual transfer of solutions between vessels, centrifugation, etc., so that the process can be fully automated.
In the process described below, reference is made to the various componentsof the vessel assembly which is also a subject of this invention. However, it is understood that one of ordinary skill in the art could easily and routinely substitute related and/or equivalent means for performing the steps described below for achieving substantially the same result. Therefore, the process as described below is but one embodiment of a process which can be achieved by other means, but which are within the scope of this invention. The particular advantages of this process are best achieved, however, when most if not all of the steps are performed within a single vessel, and when the two filtering steps are performed in opposite directions on a single filter. Thus, although the method describes two compartments separated by a filter, when the vessel assemblyof this invention is employed, which assembly is particularly suitable for extracting nucleic acids from solid tissue samples without transfer to other vessels, the first compartment referred to in the method correspondsto the combined two chambers in the extraction vessel, which communicate through holes in the partition, and the second compartment corresponds to the space within the barrel of the filter tube.
It is further noted that, although the preferred embodiment of the method of this invention is the isolation of nucleic .acids, in particular DNA asmentioned, it is well within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art to also utilize this invention as a general method of isolating various cellular materials, in particular, the non-nucleic acid aqueous soluble components of the cell, the organic solvent-soluble components of the cellor the insoluble components of the cellular debris from, respectively, the filtrate from the nucleic acid precipitate, the organic solvent phase, or the cellular debris. This can readily be accomplished by using the apparatus and devices of this invention in conjunction with conventional reagents and process conditions which, in combination with the manipulation of the apparatus and devices of this invention in analogy to the manipulations exemplified herein, can effectively and selectively separate the desired component from the undesired components.
Except for the optional heat treatment in step 4, each of the following steps can be conducted at about room temperature, although any temperaturein the range of about 0�-37� C. is acceptable. If integrity of the eluted nucleic acids is critical, variations in the following process, well known to one of ordinary skill in the art, can be employed, e.g., performing the steps with little delay after extraction, performing the process at cold temperatures, addition of RNAase or DNAase inhibitors,etc.
The term "biological sample" as used herein refers to any material comprising or derived from a living or once-living organism, including viruses, bacteria, yeasts, fungi, plants and animals including humans. In the process steps described below, reference is made in particular to the extraction of solid tissue samples. However, it will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art that this process is equally applicable to biological samples which are not solid, such as, e.g., blood cells, bacterial cultures, previously disrupted samples, etc., with or without the use of some of the particular components, e.g., the plunger-grinder, of the vessel assembly described below.
In the first step, a tissue sample is placed in an extraction vessel, e.g.,of the type of the instant invention. Between 0.005 and 5.0 g of tissue is typically used, preferably about 0.5 g. When the extraction vessel of thisinvention is used, the sample is placed into the lower chamber 19, which isseparated from the upper chamber 18 by a partition 14 containing holes 17, which acts as a frictional surface for disrupting the tissue and as a coarse filter for the aqueous extract. A means for disrupting the tissue, e.g. a grinder-plunger 20 which securely fits into the lower chamber 19 and which has a surface 22 having a means for disrupting the tissue, is inserted into the lower chamber 19 of the extraction vessel. If the sampleis to be extracted immediately, the next step is performed at once. Otherwise, the plunger can be fitted into the lower chamber without crushing the tissue and acts as a plug until the sample is to be extracted. If the sample is not to be extracted within a short period of time, e.g., the same day, the sample may be lyophilized or frozen for longer-term storage. Alternatively, of course, if the sample is not to be extracted immediately, another type of plug may be employed to secure the sample in the vessel, and the plunger fitted into the vessel at the time of extraction. Also alternatively, the sample can be collected, lyophilized, transported, and/or disrupted in a different container. The vessel containing the sample will preferably be labelled; this labelling is preferably effected by use of a machine-readable label so as to facilitate the automation of the succeeding steps, and to prevent mix-ups.
In the second step, an aqueous extraction solvent is added to the sample. The extraction solvent can be any aqueous solution in which the nucleic acids are both soluble and stable; for example, the CTAB extraction bufferof Lassner et al., supra, is preferred. Other suitable aqueous solvents canroutinely be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. Simultaneouslywith, just prior to or immediately after the disruption of the cells described below, an aqueous extraction solvent, e.g., an aqueous buffer, is added to the tissue sample or the previously disrupted cellular pulp. When the vessel assembly of this invention is used, the solvent can be added, e.g., by placing the buffer in the upper chamber 18 and withdrawingthe grinder-plunger 20 a distance sufficient to draw the extraction buffer into the lower chamber 19. In particular, if the tissue sample was lyophilized prior to the extraction, it is preferably rehydrated, e.g., under conventional condictions. For example, it is preferably allowed to soak in the extraction buffer a sufficient time, e.g., about 6 min., in order to rehydrate the sample. The preferred volume of extraction buffer is about 4 ml, in the case of the dimensions of the preferred vessel assembly, in order to have a volume that is conveniently handled in later steps of the process. For other sizes and configurations of vessel assemblies and other volumes of tissue, one of ordinary skill in the art can routinely optimize these conditions.
The tissue sample is generally disrupted in the third step. Note, however, that the extraction solvent may also be added after the tissue sample is disrupted without significantly affecting the outcome of the process, if the sample contains sufficient fluid to allow the sample to be efficientlydisrupted. When the vessel of this invention is employed, first the disruption means, e.g., the surface of the grinder-plunger 22 is applied to the tissue, such that the cells of the tissue are substantially disrupted, e.g., crushed and/or ground, against the vessel partition, releasing intracellular contents. The plunger is pushed all the way into the lower chamber until it is abutting the vessel partition, with the sample disposed between the plunger and the partition, and the plunger is then rotated in a single direction or in both directions, while maintaining a constant pressure on the sample. Using the grinder-plunger of this invention, a leaf sample of 0.5 g is generally completely disrupted within 15 sec. However, any other means of disrupting the cells,in particular a means which is amenable to automation, may be substituted for the plunger or other mechanical grinding means of this invention, e.g., a sonicator.
After the tissue sample is completely disrupted in the extraction solvent, an aliquot of organic solvent is added to the buffer/aqueous solvent/disrupted tissue sample mixture. This solvent is preferably chloroform, but any organic solvent which is immiscible in the aqueous solvent, which solubilizes e.g., hydrophobic proteins and cellular lipids,and which does not have an adverse effect on the nucleic acids or on the subsequent partitioning step, is suitable, e.g., phenol. The amount of organic solvent will vary with its properties, with dimensions of the device of this invention, with the cellular components involved, etc., butwill generally be from 0.1 to 1.0 ml, preferably 0.4 ml when the organic solvent is chloroform and the amount of the aqueous solvent is 4 ml. The buffer/aqueous solvent/disrupted tissue sample mixture is then thoroughly mixed with the chloroform in order to extract the organic-soluble components from the aqueous solvent phase.
When using the vessel assembly of this invention, the organic solvent is conveniently added to the top chamber of the extraction vessel and is drawn into the lower chamber by withdrawing the plunger an appropriate distance. The mixture is completely mixed with the organic buffer by pushing the plunger in and out one or more times, with the final position determined so as to just draw all of the sample out of the top chamber andinto the lower chamber. Other means of mixing the solvents with the disrupted tissue sample are also possible.
In the fourth step, the disrupted tissue is incubated with the aqueous and organic solvents for routinely determinable time periods, e.g., 1 to 20 min. Preferably, although not necessarily, this incubation step is carriedout at elevated temperatures sufficient to inactivate cellular enzymes; forexample the incubation can be carried out at temperatures between about 20� to 100� C. Preferably, the incubation step is carried out at about 65� C. for about 5 min. When the vessel assembly of this invention is used, the mixture is forced into the upper chamber 18 ofthe extraction vessel by pushing the plunger all the way into the lower chamber 19, abutting the partition, after the incubation period is complete. After the incubation period, the sample is allowed to sit undisturbed for a sufficient time, e.g., at least two minutes, to allow for partitioning of the organic and aqueous solvent phases.
In the fifth step, after the aqueous solvent phase has partitioned from theorganic solvent phase, wherein the organic phase settles below the aqueous phase, any remaining particulate matter is removed from the aqueous extract by filtration. A filter tube 28 of pore size 0.2 to 10 μm, preferably 1 μm, such as a Uniprep filter (Genex Corp.), is inserted into the top chamber 18 of the vessel assembly while holding the plunger 20 firmly against the partition 14 between the chambers. This causes the aqueous extract phase to pass through the membrane 33 of the filter into the barrel 38 of the filter tube. It is understood that any other suitablefiltration means can be interposed into a suitable vessel assembly for the same purpose of separating the organic phase and cellular debris into a first compartment of the vessel assembly by filtering the aqueous phase into a second compartment, and would be a routine variation for one of ordinary skill in the art. The filter tube 28 is pushed into the upper chamber 18 of the vessel assembly of this invention far enough to filter the aqueous phase into the barrel 38 of the filter tube while avoiding contact with the organic phase. Other equivalent means of filtering the aqueous extract through the filter can readily be envisioned by one of ordinary skill in the art, such as, e.g., gently forcing the aqueous phasefrom below with, e.g., the grinder-plunger or by air pressure, up to a filter already in place; applying negative pressure from the opposite sideof a filter already in place; etc., each of these means to be considered fully equivalent of the process as set forth herein.
In the sixth step, the nucleic acid is precipitated e.g., by creating a homogeneous mixture of the aqueous phase and a nucleic acid precipitant, e.g., isopropanol or other conventional precipitant, in the upper compartment of the vessel assembly. The volume of precipitant added is that which is required to precipitate the majority of the nucleic acids present in the extract; in the case of isopropanol, it will typically be at least 0.6 times the volume of the filtrate. Other suitable nucleic acidprecipitants include other organic solvents, e.g., ethanol or acetone, which are suitably miscible with water and cause precipitation of nucleic acids dissolved in the aqueous solvent, especially the DNA. Another advantage of the alcoholic precipitant is that it assists is removing turbidity associated with the lysate filtered through the filter.
In the seventh step, the liquid portion of the precipitated nucleic acid/aqueous solvent/nucleic acid precipitant is passed out of the barrel of the filter tube, back through the reverse side of the same filter, and into the extraction vessel. This may be accomplished by any suitable means, e.g., vacuum applied from below, or, preferably, by applying pressure, e.g., air pressure, of suitable force, e.g., less than 100 psi, to the top of the filter tube barrel. The precipitated nucleic acid is thus trapped on the top, i.e., second side, of the filter.
The eighth step, which is optional, depending upon the use for which the nucleic acids are being isolated, is to wash the precipitated nucleic acidsample free of any remaining impurities such as, e.g., salts and/or detergents from the aqueous solvent. The wash solution, e.g., a 70:30 solution of ethanol:water or any other solution conventionally designed with respect to the systems of interest, can be introduced into the barrelof the filter tube through the open end and forced or suctioned through theprecipitate on the filter as in step 7.
In the ninth step, the nucleic acids are eluted from the filter. Any methodof solubilizing the nucleic acids which is compatible with the materials from which the extraction vessel and filter tube are made and the subsequent use of the nucleic acids is suitable. The preferred method is add at least 0.1 ml of a solution in which the nucleic acids are soluble, e.g., Tris-EDTA (= TE; = 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5, 0.1 mM EDTA), directly to the barrel of the filter tube and applying positive pressure, e.g., 10 psi, to the barrel of the filter, or negative pressure at the open end of the filter, to force the solution and dissolved nucleic acids through the filter membrane to the open end of the filter, from where the solution is collected. A variation of this method is to force at least 0.1 ml of Tris-EDTA from the open end of the filter into the barrel of the filter using either positive pressure at the open end of the filter or negative pressure in the barrel of the filter, and collecting the dissolved nucleicacids from within the barrel of the filter. A third possibility is to soak the filter for a sufficient length of time and then directly remove, e.g.,by pipetting, the eluate from the surface of the filter, thereby avoiding the use of forced air. A fourth possibility is to remove the filter tube from the vessel assembly, dissolve the nucleic acids in a liquid (either before or after removing the filter tube from the assembly), and apply airpressure to the top open end of the filter tube, forcing the dissolved nucleic acids back through the filter and into a collection means.
Although extraction of DNA is a preferred embodiment of this invention, it will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art that other cellular components also may be readily prepared utilizing this extraction method and the device/apparatus of this invention in analogy to the discussion herein. Thus, the nucleic acids obtained by this technique include both DNA and RNA, and RNA may be isolated from the precipitate by fully conventional techniques.
Furthermore, the technique of this invention may be adapted to isolate other desired non-nucleic acid components of the cells. For example, the filtrate which passes through the filter in step seven contains the aqueous solvent-soluble proteins, as well as other aqueous-solvent solublematerial, which were co-extracted with the nucleic acids. These proteins may be isolated from the filtrate by fully conventional techniques well-known to one of ordinary skill in the art, e.g., selectively precipitating with ammonium sulfate, or by binding of protein selectively with a specific antibody followed by the addition of the usual adjuvants for rendering the protein-antibody complex insoluble. This selective precipitation may also be applied in the case of other aqueous solvent-soluble components, e.g., small molecules which may also be precipitated using the antibody binding technique. The term "selectively precipitating" as used herein is most general, e.g., meaning that the concentration of the desired component in the precipitate is enhanced overthat of the other components compared with its concentration in the aqueousphase from which it is precipitated. Preferably, of course, the precipitatewill contain essentially only the desired component. It is further noted that the extraction conditions, in particular the buffer solutions and times of extraction, may be optimized by one of ordinary skill in the art using only routine experimentation and/or routine knowledge.
Still further, the organic solvent phase will contain other cellular materials which may be of interest in particular applications; for example, the lipid profile of the cells may be determined by analysis by fully conventional techniques, such as, for example, high performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography. The components of the organicphase may be isolated after the aqueous solvent-soluble components are separated or instead of the aqueous solvent-soluble components. Thus, using the method of this invention, after the aqueous phase has been filtered into the second compartment of the vessel, the aqueous phase can be removed from the compartment, e.g., by pipetting the liquid out. It is also noted that the aqueous phase may or may not have already been subjected to the selective precipitation steps discussed above. The organic phase can then be filtered into the second compartment, and the organic solvent-soluble components can then be separated, e.g., from the organic solvent, onto the filter by means well known to one of ordinary skill in the art, e.g., crystallization, evaporation of the organic solvent, etc. It is noted also that for certain applications, further separation of the components from the solvent may be unnecessary, e.g., for gas chromatography analysis.
It is possible that the remaining insoluble cellular debris will also be ofinterest, in which case one or more of the above-described separations willbe followed by removal of substantially all liquid from the first compartment of the vessel, i.e., both aqueous and organic phases, followedby removal of the insoluble material which would then be subject to furtherpurification or analysis.
In each of the above-described cases, it is further noted that, when more than one component is to be separated sequentially, it may be desirable toemploy a clean filter after each component is isolated. Thus, for example, when using the vessel assembly of the instant invention, after one component has been separated from the liquid phase, the original filter tube may be removed and a new filter tube inserted in its place before thenext component to be isolated is precipitated. Suitable filters for use in this invention include, e.g., those having pore sizes in the range of about 1-5 μm to achieve conveniently short filtration times, e.g., lessthan about 2 min; however, larger or smaller pore sizes can be used, e.g., where shorter or longer times are desired or tolerable and/or where efficient filtration is still achieved.
Each of the modifications of the method of this invention, as described forthe separation of nucleic acids, which may be required to use this method for these other above-described uses will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art, and will require only routine experimentation and optimization of fully conventional techniques.
A second aspect of this invention is a vessel particularly suitable for performing the process of this invention.
Referring now to FIGS. 1A and 1B, there is shown a double-ended extraction vessel, designated generally by the numeral 10, having a first end 11 and a second end 12. The extraction vessel 10 is preferably made from an injection-molded plastic such as polypropylene which is inert to the tissue samples and processing chemicals employed in the practice of the invention. A temporary cap 13 plugs the first end 11 of the vessel 10 whenthe vessel is used as a sample transport or storage container in order to keep moisture and foreign contamination from entering the first end 11 of the vessel. Approximately midway between the first and second ends 11 and 12 of the vessel 10 is a partition 14 which has a smooth surface 15 and a first roughened surface 16 comprised of a series of serrations. Extending through the partition 14 is a plurality of holes 17 which permit fluid communication between a first chamber 18 of the vessel 10 and a second chamber 19 of the vessel. The holes 17 provide coarse filtration.
Referring now to FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C there is shown a grinder-plunger 20 which can be made of the same material, e.g., polypropylene, as the vessel10 of FIG. 1A. Grinder-plunger 20 has a second roughened surface 22 at one end and a pair of indentations 25 at the opposite end. The indentations 25provide a clutch for engagement with a rotational drive means (discussed inFIG. 6) which rotates the grinder-plunger 20 within the vessel 10 (FIG. 1A)to grind tissue to be analyzed against the serrated surface 16 on partition14 of vessel 10. A groove 26 is disposed in the shank of grinder-plunger 20for receiving an O-ring 27, which sealingly engages with the inner wall of chamber 19 when assembled with the vessel 10 as seen in FIG. 4. The seal also acts to retain the grinder-plunger 20 in chamber 19.
Referring now to FIG. 3A and 3B, a filter tube 28 is shown, which again is preferably made from injection molded plastic such as e.g., polypropylene and is similar to the filter tube described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,800,020, incorporated herein by reference. Other similar filtration devices are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,454,231, 4,456,690, 4,310,058 and 4,587,221.Filter tube 28 slides into the upper chamber 18 of the double-ended vessel 10 of FIG. 1A as is shown in FIG. 5. Proximate its bottom end 30, the filter tube 28 has a filter element 33 which has at least one layer of foramenous material providing a selected porosity. Filter element 33 is held tightly against partition 36 to avoid any leakage there around which might provide pathways with openings of a greater diameter than the porosity of the filter. A ring 35 is secured to the end 30 of the filter tube 28 to hold the filter element 33 in position against partition 36 shown in FIG. 3A. The partition 36 has openings 37 therethrough that permit fluid communication between the filter element 33 and the interior barrel 38 of the filter tube 28. An O-ring groove 39 provides a seat for an O-ring 40 which seals against the interior wall 18 of the double-ended vessel 10 as is shown in FIG. 5.
Major components of the system comprising the double-ended vessel 10 (FIG. 1) the grinder-plunger 20 (FIG. 2) and the filter tube 28 (FIG. 3) have thus far been structurally described. These structural elements interact as set forth in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6.
Referring now to FIG. 4 the tissue sample 41 from which DNA is to be extracted is disposed within the chamber 19 of the double-ended vessel 10 for storage and transport. The tissue sample may be in a fresh or dried state e.g., a freeze-dried leaf sample from a corn plant. Sample 41 is retained within chamber 19 by inserting the grinder-plunger 20 into the chamber 19. The O-ring 27 provides a tight seal and frictionally retains grinder-plunger 20 in place so as to sandwich the sample 41 between serrated surfaces 16 and 22 of the partition 14 and the grinder-plunger 20respectively. Freeze-drying of the tissue sample 41 is preferably carried out in a conventional manner with the sample stored in the double-ended vessel 10 and the cap 13 removed. To avoid contamination of the sample 41 subsequent to the freeze-drying step, cap 13 is replaced after freeze-drying.
Referring now to FIG. 5, the filter tube 28 is shown in assembly with the double-ended vessel 10 and the grinder-plunger 20, a step which occurs in the apparatus of FIG. 6. As will be explained hereinafter, extraction of the DNA is accomplished by moving the grinder-plunger 20 up and the filtertube 28 down in order to force a solution within the chamber 19 containing the DNA to be analyzed into the barrel 38 of the filter tube 28 from whichit is eventually removed for analysis.
A third aspect of this invention is the process as described above performed in conjunction with the vessel as described above, in order to provide a reliable automated method of extracting, e.g., nucleic acids from large numbers of samples in a rapid, reproducible, essentially error-free way, by allowing the various steps of the process to all be performed within a single extraction vessel from the time of removal of the sample from its natural environment, through storage, to the preparation of isolated cellular component such as nucleic acid, and thus avoiding manual handling, transfer, centrifugation and other time-consuming and error-inducing steps.
Referring now to FIG. 6, referring, as exemplary, to the use of this invention to obtain nucleic acid samples, there is shown an apparatus, designated generally by the numeral 42, which provides an automated DNA extraction system utilizing the components of FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 in accordance with the principles of the instant invention. The apparatus 42 comprises a rotary indexing table 43 with multiple sample holding positions around its periphery. In the illustrated embodiment, there are 100 positions referred to as P-1 to P-100 and numbered at every tenth position. Each sample holding position contains a double-ended vessel port44 and a filter-tube port 45. The turntable 43 indexes one position at a time and dwells at a position for about 1 minute during which time, the sample 41 (See FIGS. 4 and 5) is processed.
Surrounding the turntable 43 are the following processing devices disposed at various processing stations: vessel inserter 46, buffer injector 48, actuator 52 for the grinder-plunger 20, solvent injector 54, plunger mixer56, filter tube inserter 60, filter plunger 62, precipitant injector 64, grinder-plunger extractor 68, pressure injectors 70-75, wash injector 76, pressure injectors 78-83, filter tube extractor 84, solvent injector 86, bar-code reader 88, pressure injector 90, microtiter dish table 92, vesselremover 94, and filter tube remover 96. A controller 98, in communication with the aforementioned devices, device mounted sensors, and the turntable43, coordinates the different activities in the process utilizing standard controller technology. Coordination of various steps utilizing the articles of FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 in combination with the assemblies of FIGS. 4 and 5 by utilizing the apparatus of FIG. 6 will now be explained.
As has been previously stated, while in the field, the sample 41 is retained in the double-ended vessel 10 by grinder-plunger 20 at which timea bar code I.D. is applied to the exterior of double-ended vessel.
When the double-ended vessel 10 arrives at the lab and is ready for processing, an operator removes the cap 13 from the vessel assembly 10/20 of FIG. 4 comprising the double-ended vessel 10 and grinder-plunger 20. The vessel assembly of FIG. 4 is then placed in the magazine of the vesselinserter 46. Inserter 46 places one vessel assembly in each port 44 as the turntable 43 indexes with the grinder-plunger end 21 oriented down as shown in FIG. 2A. In the illustrated example, vessel assembly 10/20 minus cap 13 is inserted at the vessel port 44 adjacent position P-1 and buffer injector 48 injects about 3 milliliters of CTAB into the now open chamber 18 of the vessel assembly 10/20 to rehydrate the tissue sample 41, if the tissue sample was freeze-dried, and to act as a buffer in later processingsteps. The index positions P-2 - P-7 provide time for the sample 41 to rehydrate if necessary. At position P-8, grinder-plunger actuator 52 pushes the grinder up and squeezes the sample 41 between the roughened surface 16 on partition 14 in vessel 10 and the roughened surface 22 on the grinder-plunger 20. Drive pins on the actuator 52 engage the wedge-shaped indentations 25 on the grinder-plunger end 21 so as to rotatethe grinder-plunger and grind the sample 41 between the serrated surfaces.
At position P-9, a solvent injector 54 injects about 0.4 milliliters of organic solvent, e.g., chloroform, into the open end 11 of the vessel 10. While at position P-9, the grinder-plunger mixer 56 engages the grinder-plunger 20 at slot 25A and reciprocates the grinder-plunger back and forth in the vessel 10 to mix the sample 41 in the solvent dispensed by injector 54. When mixing is complete, the grinder-plunger 20 is in the down position and the solution is in the lower chamber 19 of the vessel 10.
At position P-10, the assembly 10/20 enters the heater 58 where the tissue sample 41 remains through position P-25 so as to reach an equilibrium temperature of approximately 65� C. Settling and cooling of the tissue sample 41 occurs at positions P-26 - P-30.
At position P-31, the filter tube inserter 60 for the filter tube 28 of FIG. 3 removes a single filter tube from a magazine or a vibratory feeder and places it in the chamber 18 of the vessel 10 so as to provide the assembly 10/20/28 shown in FIG. 5. At position P-32, the filter plunger 62pushes the filter tube 28 slowly down into the upper chamber 18 of the vessel 10 thereby forcing the solution through the filter 33, separating the solution from debris of the tissue sample 41 by leaving the organic solvent and cellular debris on the side of the filter adjacent the ring 35.
At position P-33, a precipitant injector 64 injects about 2.0 milliliters of a precipitant, e.g., isopropanol, into the open ended barrel 38 of the filter tube 28. The isopropanol causes the DNA in the solution to precipitate out of the solutions, The precipitant injector nozzle 64A is used to jet mix the precipitant dispensed by injector 64 thoroughly in thesolution. During the time the vessel assembly indexes through positions P-34 - P-38, precipitate forms and settles onto the upper side of filter 33. At position P-39, the grinder-plunger extractor 68 pulls the grinder-plunger 20 down out of the vessel 10 by engaging the slot 25a at the lower end of the grinder-plunger 20. The grinder-plunger 20 is then discarded. Precipitate, in conjunction with the small porosity of the filter 33, keeps most of the liquid in the barrel 38 of filter tube 28.
At positions P-40-45, pressure injectors, 70-75 successively engage the barrel 38 of the filter tube 28 and apply pressure progressively to force the liquid through the precipitate and filter. The precipitate is left deposited on the upper surface of the filter 33.
At position P-46, the wash injector 76 injects about 6.0 milliliters of ethanol into the barrel 38 of the filter tube 28 and at positions P-47 - P-52, pressure injectors 78-73 successively register with the barrel 38 ofthe filter tube 28 and apply pressure to progressively force the liquid dispensed by wash injectors 76 through the precipitate and filter 33 to wash solution residue from the precipitate and filter.
At position P-53, the filter tube extractor 84 pulls the filter tube 28 from the vessel 10 and places it in the filter tube port 45 on the turntable 43 radially adjacent to vessel 10 and vessel port 44 from which it has been removed.
At position P-52, the solvent injector 86 injects about 0.5 milliliters of a nucleic acid solvent, e.g., Tris-EDTA, to dissolve the DNA in the washedprecipitate which is on the back side of the filter 33. At positions P-53 -P-70, the filter tube 28 remains undisturbed and the solvent slowly dissolves the precipitate. The surface tension of the solution prevents the solution from flowing through the small pore of filter 33.
At position P-67, bar code reader 88 reads the bar code on the empty vessel10 directly opposite the sample in the filter tube 28 and relays this information to the controller 98 by conventional means.
At position P-70, the pressure injector 90 registers with barrel 38 and thefilter tube 28 and applies sufficient pressure to force the fluid in which the precipitant is now completely dissolved through the filter 33 and intoa microtiter dish on indexable table 92. Forcing the solution through the filter 33 ensures that all of the sample precipitant on the upper surface of the filter is dissolved, so a high yield of DNA from the sample is assured. The microtiter dish positioner 92 positions the appropriate microtiter dish under the filter tube 28 and the sample is discharged intothe dish under the control of controller 98. The bar code reader reads the bar code on the microtiter dish in the indexable table 92 and by using conventional methods, keeps track of samples in the control 98.
At position P-72, the vessel 10 is removed from the double end vessel port 44 of the turntable 43 and discarded. At position P-73, the filter tube 28is removed from the filter tube port 45 of the turntable 43 and discarded.
In order to provide for expansion of the process or extending process timesduring the development of the DNA extraction system, positions P-74 - P-100are provided in the turntable 43. Turntable 43 indexes in one minute time intervals so the process of extracting the DNA takes about 72 minutes fromstart of the process until the DNA is in the microtiter dish on table 92. From there, the DNA can be replicated and analyzed to determine the samplecharacteristics. Time to extract the DNA utilizing the automated apparatus of FIG. 6 in combination with the vessel system FIGS. 1-5 is substantiallyless than that required in previous manual methods employed. Moreover, the system is inherently reliable and precise for each sample so that the maximum yield of DNA is achieved without sample mixup or loss.
Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present specific embodiments which are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever.
In the foregoing and in the following examples, all temperatures are set forth uncorrected in degrees Celsius and unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages are by weight.
The entire disclosures of all applications, patents and publications if any, cited above and below, are hereby incorporated by reference.
The following purification was performed using plant leaf tissue and the vessel assembly shown in FIG. 5. Two samples each of lyophilized maize were prepared.
0.11 g maize were placed in the lower chamber of the extraction vessel. Theplunger was fitted into the lower chamber of the extraction vessel. Since the maize was lyophilized, the leaf sample was rehydrated by adding 4 ml of the CTAB Extraction Buffer and the plunger was withdrawn so that the leaf sample could soak in the lower chamber for 5 minutes. The sample was ground by pushing the plunger all the way into the lower chamber and rotating in a single direction for 45 seconds. Chloroform (0.4 ml) was added and quickly mixed by pulling the plunger down and pushing it up intothe lower chamber for 2 cycles ending with the liquid in the lower chamber.The vessel assembly was immediately immersed in a 65� water bath such that one inch was above the water surface. After heating for 15 minutes, the vessel was removed from the bath and the plunger was pushed all the way into the lower chamber to force the liquid into the upper chamber. The vessel was allowed to sit undisturbed for 5 minutes. Next, the Uniprep filter unit (filter assembly consisting of filter membranes; 149 micron polypropylene, 1.2 micron nylon, 1.6 micron glass fiber, 149 micron polypropylene, in order from the filter barrel side of the filter to the open side of the filter) was pushed into the upper chamber while holding the plunger firmly against the wall between chambers. The Uniprep was removed from the vessel and the volume of filtrate measured. To precipitate the nucleic acids, isopropanol was added at a volume of 0.7 times that of the filtrates. The filtrate volume was 2 ml, and the volume of isopropanol added was 1.4 ml. The sample was mixed by pipetting up and down to form a homogeneous solution and allowed to sit at room temperature(21� C.) for 15 minutes.
At the end of the precipitation time, air pressure (40 psi) was applied to the top of the Uniprep barrel in order to force the liquid through the filter. The Uniprep barrel was filled with 6 ml of 70% ethanol, 30% water solution. This solution was forced through the filter under air pressure the same as with the precipitate, to wash the filter and precipitate.
To elute the nucleic acid from the filter, 0.25 ml TE (10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5, 0.1 mM NaEDTA) was added within the barrel of the Uniprep filter and allowed to soak at room temperature (21� C.) for 20 minutes. To collect the eluted DNA, TE was forced through the filter under air pressure (20 psi) and collected as it emerged from the bottom of the Uniprep.
The following purifications were performed using plant leaf tissue and the DNA vessel assembly shown in FIG. 5. Two samples each of lyophilized maize, fresh soybean and lyophilized rice were prepared.
Maize, rice (0.11 grams per sample) and soybean (0.5 grams per sample) wereplaced in the lower chamber of the extraction vessel. The plunger was fitted into the lower chamber of each sample. Since maize and rice were lyophilized, the leaf samples were rehydrated by adding 4 ml of the CTAB Extraction Buffer and the plungers were withdrawn so that the leaf samplescould soak in the lower chamber for 5 minutes. Soybean, being fresh, was ground before the buffer was added. All samples were ground in the same manner by pushing the plunger all the way into the lower chamber and rotating in a single direction for 45 seconds. At this point, 4 ml of CTABExtraction Buffer was added to the soybean samples. Chloroform (0.4 ml) wasadded to all samples at the same time and quickly mixed by pulling the plunger down and pushing it up into the lower chamber for 2 cycles ending with the liquid in the lower chamber. The vessels were immediately immersed in a 65� water bath such that one inch was above the watersurface. After heating for 15 minutes, the vessels were removed from the bath and the plungers were pushed all the way in to the lower chamber to force the liquid into the upper chamber. The vessels were allowed to sit undisturbed for 5 minutes. Next, the Uniprep filter units as in Example 1 (filter assembly consisting of filter membranes; 149 micron polypropylene,1.2 micron nylon, 1.6 micron glass fiber, 149 micron polypropylene, in order from the filter barrel side of the filter to the open side of the filter) were pushed into the upper chamber while holding the plunger firmly against the wall between chambers. The Unipreps were removed from the vessel and the volume of filtrate measured. To precipitate the nucleicacids, isopropanol was added at a volume of 0.7 times that of the filtrates. The filtrate volumes for sample #1 Maize, #2 Maize, #3 Soybean, #4 Soybean, #5 Rice and #6 Rice were, respectively 2 ml, 1.5 ml, 1.7 ml, 1.6 ml, 1.5 ml, 1.1 ml. Isopropanol volumes were, respectively, 1.4 ml, 1.0 ml, 1.2 ml, 1.2 ml, 1.0 ml, 0.8 ml. The samples were mixed by pipetting up and down to form a homogeneous solution and allowed to sit atroom temperature (21� C.) for 15 minutes (samples 1 and 2), 5 minutes (samples 3 and 4), 10 minutes (samples 5 and 6).
At the end of the precipitation time, air pressure (40, 60, 50, 45, 50, 50 psi for samples 1-6, respectively) was applied to the top of the Uniprep barrels in order to force the liquid through the filters and trap the nucleic acid precipitate on the filter. Each Uniprep barrel was filled with 6 ml of 70% ethanol, 30% water solution. This solution was forced through the filter under air pressure the same as with the precipitate, towash the filter and precipitate.
To elute the nucleic acid from the filter, 0.25 ml TE (10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5, 0.1 mM NaEDTA) was added within the barrel of the Uniprep filter and allowed to soak at room temperature (21� C.) for 20, 20, 10, 10, 20and 20 minutes for samples 1-6, respectively. To collect the eluted DNA, TEwas forced through the filters under air pressure (20 psi) and collected asit emerged from the bottom of the Uniprep. The yield and quality of the DNAproduct was analyzed as described in FIG. 7.
Gel Electrophoresis: 15 μl of each DNA preparation from Example 2 was dried under vacuum (Speed Vac; Savant Corp.) and dissolved in 15 μl of deionized water. 1 μl of RNAase A (1 mg/ml water) was added to each sample and the samples were incubated at 21� C. for 10 min. 1 μlsodium dodecylsulfate (1.5% in water) was added to each sample and the samples were incubated at 65� C. for 5 min. The samples were mixed with 4 μl of Stop Buffer (0.17% bromophenol blue, 0.17% xylene cyanol, 33% glycerol, 83 mM NaEDTA and were electrophoresed on 0.8% agarose gel according to common practice (J. Sambrook, E.F. Fritsch and T. Maniatis, eds. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, pp. 6.3-6.9) The DNA samples areas indicated. Determination of total nucleic acids: 10 μl of each DNA sample was added to 390 μl of TE and the optical absorbance at 260 nm was measured. The total yield of nucleic acid in each sample was calculated using a conversion factor of 40 μg/ml per absorbance unit. Determination of DNA: The total amount of DNA in each sample was determined by analysis with diphenylamine (K.W. Giles and A. Myers. 1965. Nature 206:93-100).
Maize DNA was prepared as described in Example 1. A cocktail consisting of the ingredients for amplification was prepared by mixing 353 μl of water, 45 μl of the 10� reaction buffer specified in the brochureaccompanying Amplitaq polymerase (Cetus Corp), 7.2 μl of 0.25 M MgCl2, 6.75 μl of the oligodeoxynucleotide primer 5'-GCAAGTAGCT (10 μM stock solution), 36 μl of a solution consisting of 1.25 mM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP, and 1.8 ∞l of Amplitaq polymerase(5000 units/ml; Cetus Corp). A series of wells in a polyvinylchloride microtiter plate (Falcon #3911) were filled with 50 μl of the above cocktail, except that 75 μl was placed in the first well of the series.Ten microliters of maize DNA was heated at 99� C. for 3 minutes, and7 μl of this was added to 75 μl of cocktail in the first well. Twenty-five μl of the contents of the first well were transferred to the second well; 25 μl were transferred to the second well, and so on, to produce a series of eight 3-fold dilutions of the DNA in the cocktail. Empty wells in the microtiter plate were filled with 50 μl of water. Every sample well was overlayed with 40 μl of mineral oil and the microtiter plate was placed in a Biocycler oven (Bios Corp.). The oven wasprogrammed for 35 cycles with the thermal profile 94� for 1 minute, 35� for 30 seconds, ramp to 72� in 2 minutes, 72� for2 minutes. Twelve μl of Stop Buffer (supra) was added to each sample and15 μl of each was electrophoresed in a 1.4% agarose gel according to common practice (J. Sambrook et al., supra).
The volume of the DNA preparation added to each 50 μl reaction mixture was calculated according to the dilution factor, and is indicated in FIG. 8. In this example, amplification of 0.8 μl of maize DNA was sufficientfor visualization of amplified DNA segments in the ethidium bromide-stainedgel. Since the DNA preparation is in a volume of 250 μl, a total of 250/0.08 or 3125 separate amplification reactions could be performed on the DNA from a single preparation.
The preceding examples can be repeated with similar success by substitutingthe generically or specifically described reactants and/or operating conditions of this invention for those used in the preceding examples.
From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertainthe essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing fromthe spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications ofthe invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions.
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Personal Home Page
Septembeer 29, 2014
The special episodes of Gnostic Lectures has been completed. There will be a new series of special lectures starting in January, 2015. It will probably be called Genesis.
There is a new episode of Rusty Microphone in post-production. This is called The Microcosmos and the Macrocosmos. It should be posted soon.
Richard Roocroft

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Here's a classic "Surf Rock" song from the early 60's by the best guitarist that you probably never heard of. This song is based on a Greek folk song. Those of you who are Orthodox will recognize that this song sounds a lot like Byzantine Tone 6. Enjoy!
Saturday, October 16, 2010
Posted by Fr. James Early at 10:13 AM
3 comments:
- s-p said...
I was there when it was a hit. Dick Dale rocks... or well, surfs....
- October 17, 2010 at 12:57 AM
I assume the blonde also left the Baptist Church.
- October 17, 2010 at 3:33 PM
- Fr. James Early said...
Steve, he does both. :-)
Anonymous, she did indeed. She was kicked out for dancing. But she never forgot the haunting Eastern melody of the song "Miserlou." Years later, she discovered the roots of the folk song Miserlou is based on are the same roots that Byzantine Chant comes from. She developed a love for Byzantine Chant, and eventually this love led her to convert to Orthodoxy. All this because of Dick Dale.
- October 19, 2010 at 8:11 PM
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In September staff from ISU Extension's Value Added Agriculture program traveled to Croatia and Romania on two rural development projects. They met with agricultural officials, university faculty, funding institutions and project coordinators.
ISU Extension is working with the University of Zagreb to develop a Croatian value-added Web site similar to the Ag Marketing Resource Center Web site, said Mary Holz-Clause, interim associate vice president for ISU Extension and Outreach. The site will provide online resources and other support for producers and service providers. A similar project is beginning in Romania.
"These projects assist in economic recovery to these regions and promote the economic success of agricultural-related businesses, farmers and consumers," Holz-Clause said. "Projects such as these provide leadership, vision, information and contacts for value-added agriculture and business development."
This article appeared in October 2006 -- From Jack Payne Newsletter
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Wash your clothes without water
Water is too expensive to waste, so innovations in washing machines are making strides to become more sustainable.
Water is too expensive to waste, so innovations in washing machines are making strides to become more sustainable.
Making green decisions during construction and furnishing of your house can save you money and reduce your carbon footprint on the world around you.
The Solar Impulse 2 is a solar-powered airplane attempting to make a journey that's the first of its kind.
Harnessing the power of ocean currents may provide the world with a clean and sustainable source of energy all over the world.
As more and more homeowners begin the quest to achieving a sustainable house, you see people using their imaginations when it comes time for construction.
The Rainforest Guardian is designed to protect the Amazon from fires and act as a hub for study and observation of its beautiful ecosystem.
Spring is the best time to finally splurge on those home renovations you've been dreaming about.
Already LEED silver certified, the Barclays Center may be going even further to make the site even more eco-friendly and sustainable.
Wood has been one of the main constructive resources used in mankind's buildings for many years. It may be the next material used in the skyscrapers of the future.
Technology may one day be able to transform even the most inhospitable areas into bustling city centers.


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This contemporary, open master bathroom allows for ample storage space and his and her sinks. The soaring clean lines with traditionally styled vanities and light color palette help add to the open feeling and distribute more light through the master tub window. The brushed nickel provides a great highlight for the vanities, light fixtures, mirrors and faucets.
A link to %this page% was e-mailed
ContemporaryAndreas Charalambous
ModernErinn Valencich
EclecticErinn Valencich
ContemporaryDaniel Bodenmiller
TraditionalAlan Hilsabeck Jr.
ModernLori Dennis
TransitionalChristopher J. Grubb
ModernAmmie Kim
ModernGregory Augustine
ContemporaryAlan Hilsabeck Jr.
ContemporaryDrury Design
TransitionalChristopher J. Grubb
Browse new bathrooms from top designers.
Browse top-rated spaces from people like you.


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Marylhurst Chamber Choir Performs at Invitational
The Marylhurst Chamber Choir has been invited to perform at the Oregon Music Educators Association All State conference in Eugene in January 2015.
The student leadership organization at Marylhurst University
Student Leadership Council Membership (apply for vacant positions)
Student Leadership Council Offices
Council Meetings
The council convenes regular meetings to further develop student government at Marylhurst.
The council invites you to be an integral part of the Marylhurst University Student Leadership Council by participating in the council meetings. Agendas for meetings will be posted on the Student Leadership page on My Marylhurst.
If you are unable to attend in person, you may participate via teleconferencing. Contact information can be found on the Student Leadership page on My Marylhurst.
Victoria Wortham: Chair/Liaison
Treasurer: currently vacant
Lauren Sanseri: Recorder
Laura Jones: Communications
Online Advocate: currently vacant
If you are interested in serving on the Council, please contact Victoria Wortham at email@example.com.
The Student Leadership Offices and Student Lounge are located in Davignon Hall, Rooms 220-221.
The Marylhurst Chamber Choir has been invited to perform at the Oregon Music Educators Association All State conference in Eugene in January 2015.
Eileen Marr, interior design alum, was named an associate at GBD Architects in October 2014.
Online Exam. Opens: Friday, 12 noon. Closes: Monday, 11:59 pm. To register for the exam, use the regular course registration process through My M...
The MGA leadership team will share and seek feedback on provisional plans for MGA this year. There will also be roundtable discussions on the areas...
Some LAC requirements may be meet through non-credit outcome assessments or credit-bearing course challenges. Confer with your academic adviser to ...
The Marylhurst student handbook is a great resource -- you'll find most answers within its pages.
The Student Leadership Council is your collective, representative voice.


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The recorder can be set to record for a fixed time, or to pause or terminate after a period of silence - at the end of one side of a record or tape.
The editor displays the recording in an easily understood way, and the track hunter feature can find the starts and ends of tracks. Markers can be moved manually and the recording can be played from any point.
Add and edit information about albums, tracks artists etc and this data will be sent to iTunes with the edited tracks.
Send your tracks to iTunes more...
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- Mac OS X 10.6.6 or later


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Domestic Long Hair - Louie - Large - Senior - Male - Cat
13-year-old lovebug Louie is one cool cat! He came to the shelter recently after his owner sadly passed away, and he is now looking for a new forever family to spoil him with love. Louie is quite a unique boy with a ...
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Western Slope :
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Domestic Short Hair - Black - Rizzo - Medium - Adult - Female
Hey there, Im Rizzo! Cool name, right? I think Im named after that spunky lady from Grease. After all, we both have dark hair and a lot of personality! Once you meet me, youll find out that Im a petite, lovely ...
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Denver :
Denver - Cats & kittens
Extra - Toes Cat (Hemingway Polydactyl) - Brody - Medium - Adult
Hemingway and I would get along like two peas in a pod since he liked polydactyl cats and that is me! I don't want to spend my life brooding around in a shelter since that is not my style and I would like to ...
May 25 -
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Denver - Cats & kittens
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Sounds Like: Lupe Fiasco, Jay-Z, Wiz Khalifa, Skrillex, Common
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French President Nicolas Sarkozy plans to call Chinese President Hu Jintao tomorrow to discuss China contributing to a planned euro-area investment vehicle, a person familiar with the matter said. The fund is one of the options being considered by European leaders at a summit tonight to help bolster its efforts to end the debt crisis.
Xi Jinping was named China's president by the national legislature, replacing Hu Jintao in the country's most rapid formal transfer of power in more than a generation.
Stephen Harper was in need of a new friend with a big appetite for oil. The Americans just weren't cutting it.
China will work toward bolstering global economic growth in 2013, President Hu Jintao said in a New Year's Eve address, amid optimism that a recovery in the world's second-biggest economy is gaining traction.
Xi Jinping replaced Hu Jintao as head of the Chinese Communist Party, ushering in the fifth generation of leaders set to run the world's second-biggest economy over the next decade. He was also named chairman of the party's Central Military Commission.
"Adjusting the economic structure is a very important task."
- Hu Jintao on Apr 25, 2010


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Immune-mediated parasite clearance in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei following treatment with manzamine A.
ABSTRACT Manzamine A, a sponge-derived alkaloid, was recently shown to possess in vivo antimalarial activity against the blood stages of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. A single intraperitoneal dose of 100 micromol/kg of manzamine A suppressed parasite growth but was followed by parasite recrudescence. Forty percent of mice with recrudescing parasites were able to recover and clear the fulminating parasitaemia. Examination of sera from these mice revealed that infected mice treated with manzamine A had a suppressed IFN-gamma production but an increase in their IL-10 and IgG production. The prolonged survival of infected mice treated with manzamine A and the eventual clearance of recrudescing parasites in some of these mice involve a down-regulation of Thl responses and a switch to antibody dependent-Th2 responses.
- Citations (0)
- Cited In (10)
- SourceAvailable from: Esther Guzman
Article: The marine natural product manzamine a targets vacuolar ATPases and inhibits autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Manzamine A, a member of the manzamine alkaloids, was originally isolated from marine sponges of the genus Haliclona. It was recently shown to have activity against pancreatic cancer cells, but the precise mechanism of action remained unclear. To further our understanding of the mechanism of action of manzamine A, chemogenomic profiling in the yeast S. cerevisiae was performed, suggesting that manzamine A is an uncoupler of vacuolar ATPases. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed this effect on yeast vacuoles, where manzamine A produced a phenotype very similar to that of the established v-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1. In pancreatic cancer cells, 10 µM manzamine A affected vacuolar ATPase activity and significantly increased the level of autophagosome marker LC3-II and p62/SQSTM1 as observed by western blot analysis. Treatment with manzamine A in combination with bafilomycin A1 (inhibitor of autophagosome-lysosome fusion) did not change the levels of LC3-II when compared to cells treated with bafilomycin A1 alone, suggesting that manzamine A is a potential inhibitor of autophagy by preventing autophagosome turnover. As autophagy is essential for pancreatic tumor growth, blocking this pathway with manzamine A suggests a promising strategy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.Marine Drugs 01/2013; 11(9):3500-16. · 3.98 Impact Factor
Article: A blood stage fraction of Plasmodium berghei induces protective and long lasting immune response in BALB/c mice.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Incorporation of parasite's subcellular fractions in subunit vaccines can be a possible approach for formulation of vaccine against malaria. In this study, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of 10,000g fraction of blood stage Plasmodium berghei was evaluated in mouse model. This fraction induced higher levels of anti parasite antibodies and provided complete and long lasting protection as compared to whole parasite antigens. Antiserum raised against it was immunoadsorbed on CNBr activated sepharose-4B to elute antigens from this fraction. Eluted antigens were characterized electrophoretically, and after lyophilization these were designated as ML-I (having 55, 64, 66, 74kDa proteins), ML-II (having 51, 64, 66, 72kDa proteins) and ML-III (having only 47kDa protein) sub-fractions. Mice were immunized with these sub-fractions and immune responses induced by various immunization regimens were evaluated and compared with that of 10,000g fraction. These sub-fractions imparted partial protection except ML-III, which was non-protective. 10,000g fraction as a whole provided complete protection and generated significantly higher level of IL-2 and IFN-γ in immune mice. ML-I produced significant amount of IL-1 and IL-4 as compared to ML-II. Enhanced level of malaria-specific IgG1 was produced by ML-II, but IgG2a was significantly higher in ML-I immunized mice. Conclusively, this study identifies 10,000g fraction as a promising blood stage vaccine candidate and suggests that a vaccine based upon multiple antigens may be more efficacious as compared to single antigen based formulations.Parasitology International 10/2012; · 2.30 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Chemical investigation of the Red Sea sponge Dragmacidon coccinea led to the isolation of a new nucleoside, dragmacidoside (1), along with eight known compounds: adenosine (2), inosine (3), deoxycytidine (4), methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (5), clionasterol (6), stigmasterol (7), campesterol (8) and brassicasterol (9). The compounds were isolated from chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of the methanolic extract of the sponge, and their structures were established based on various spectroscopic data including MS, 1D and 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC and HMBC). Biological testing revealed that the chloroform fraction possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema in rats.Natural product research 05/2014; · 1.01 Impact Factor


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Sponsored Deals
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OK, yes, companies pay a little something to be Sponsored Deals. But we don't allow just any old crap in this section. Sponsored Deals are proposed to us by other retailers, manufacturers, and even other daily deal sites. If we find the deal compelling enough that our members will appreciate us bringing it to their attention, we'll feature it here. Believe it or not, we have a reputation to uphold. If your store would like to be considered for this space, please contact us for details. But if your deal is lame, or sketchy, no amount of money will let you buy your way in.
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Pretty much, anyway. This is where you find the deals that wooters like you have ferreted out and brought to light. We're thinking it'll turn into a massive database of discounted products from around the Web, constantly expanding to absorb the newest deals from the very moment their prices are slashed, with each deal immediately rated by hordes of savvy voters to spotlight the very greatest deals in the world today. Hey, we can dream, right?
We use a fancy algorithm to determine which deals are catching the most buzz – they're under the Popular tab, which is the default view of this section. You can look for the most popular deals today, this week, or this month. The Fresh tab features the most recently submitted deals, so that's where to look for deals that everybody else doesn't know about yet. And the Search bar does what a Search bar does, only, uh, much wootier! Yeah! Right on!
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Originally published Wednesday, July 13, 2011 at 10:20 PM
Costco, Kemper Freeman and SEIU putting money on initiatives
The latest campaign-finance reports show that Costco, Bellevue developer Kemper Freeman and the Service Employees International Union have each put more than $1 million into initiatives that will likely appear on the November ballot.
Seattle Times staff reporter
The latest campaign-finance reports show that Costco, Bellevue developer Kemper Freeman and the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) have each put more than $1 million into initiatives that will likely appear on the November ballot.
State reports show I-1183, which would privatize the state liquor system, has raised $1.86 million in cash and in-kind contributions, largely from Costco. The initiative would close state liquor stores and sell their assets, including the liquor-distribution center. It would allow private stores to sell liquor and create licensing fees for sale and distribution of liquor based on sales revenue.
I-1125, which would make it harder to toll highways, has raised almost $1.3 million with nearly $1.1 million of that coming from Freeman. The measure, sponsored by longtime initiative promoter Tim Eyman, would require that the Legislature, not the state Transportation Commission, set tolls and mandate that a toll on a particular road or bridge be used only for construction, operation or maintenance of that project.
I-1163, aimed at reinstating training requirements for home health-care workers, has raised $1.38 million, all of it coming from SEIU. The measure would require background checks and training for long-term-care workers and providers. It essentially would reinstate a measure approved by voters in 2008 that was delayed by the Legislature because of budget shortfalls.
Sponsors of I-1183 estimate they turned in more than 350,000 signatures to the Secretary of State's office last week; I-1125 turned in a projected 327,000 signatures; and I-1163 backers say they delivered more than 340,000 signatures.
The state requires at least 241,153 valid signatures of registered voters.
Andrew Garber: email@example.com
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Wet 'n' Wild • Mega Last in Cherry Bomb 918D • Lipstick
(54 reviews)
|Average Rating.
|Would buy this product again.
Z67 on 10/20/2014 8:16:00 PM more reviews by Z67
Age: 19-24 Skin: Sensitive, Fair Hair: Red, Fine Eyes: Green
I recently bought this lippie since I was looking for a dupe for MAC Hearts Aflame LE lippie- this isn't a dupe, but I heard this is a dupe for MAC Sin. I don't own Sin, so I can't comment on that, but this lipstick is fantastic; a deep wine-y color that is perfect for fall/winter. The packaging could be better I always get some product on the inner lid :( and this does stain my lips badly with a pink tint, anybody else have this happen to them? Other than that, it's great for the price.
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Naima1587 on 10/20/2014 7:15:00 PM more reviews by Naima1587
Age: 25-29 Skin: Acne-prone, Tan, Warm Hair: Brunette, Straight, Fine Eyes: Brown
I figure for the hype and couple dollars in my pocket, it was worth checking out. Cherry bomb is a dark, vampy red which suits many skin tones including mine. I tend to gravitate towards burgundy, deep red colors and Cherry bomb was right up my alley! The best way to describe Cherry Bomb is a deep wine.
Keep in mind because these lipsticks are matte and tend to be on the drier side, I always apply lip balm to maintain moisture. After an hour of wear or when I press my lips, I've experience slight grittiness but it's nothing a little tissue and reapplication won't fix.
For the price, these lipsticks are incredible. I would repurchase this color and look into the rest of their line.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No
loveintheasylum on 10/15/2014 5:25:00 AM more reviews by loveintheasylum
Age: 30-35 Skin: Acne-prone, Dark, Warm Hair: Black, Curly, Medium Eyes: Brown
Something about the color is so sexy to me; it's like a deep, plushy red velvet color on my lips, flattered my NC 50 skin so very well and looks great with understated makeup, i.e winged liner, mascara and neutral shadow for almost a classic retro-ish look. It is a matte lipstick, so I made sure to put lip balm on before and after application, ontop of exfoliating my lips so it could be applied smoothly. Its pigmented and wore very well, didn't bleed and it ended up leaving a pretty kind of pinky berry stain when it finally faded off which was fine by me. WnW's lipsticks are amazing for the price point, but damn if the packaging doesn't suck so hard. I'm just thinking of cutting them off, then out of the tube and putting them in an old pill saver and apply by lip brush not to lose product by twisting them up and down in that godawful tube and putting the cap back on which smushes everything. I mean for $1.99 it's no loss or anything, but just seems like a good idea. Anyway, it's a great shade for fall and the holidays, just a great lipstick in general. Its a given that I will buy it again.
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Amaris392 on 9/29/2014 4:46:00 PM more reviews by Amaris392
Age: 18 & Under Skin: Oily, Fair Hair: Blond Eyes: Hazel
I love the lipstick. It is amazing for the price of $2. it is very pigmented. and it last forever. i always add gloss becasue it may be just a tad bit drying but that doesnt really matter when you have a lipstick this amazing. i always pair it up with a lipline and a gloss and it gives me amazing plush lips for long hours. only collecion i truly LOVE save the money don tb ut the maybelline 14 hour lipsticks there are amazing. (and matte) even thought the packaging sucks
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ellakizz on 9/29/2014 12:13:00 PM more reviews by ellakizz
Age: 19-24 Skin: Acne-prone, Fair Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Coarse Eyes: Hazel
I love this lipstick. I do, I do, I doooooo! Its stays on for a very long time (usually 3+ hours for me). It also looks gorgeous on any skintone! I have several friends who've purchased Cherry Bomb and it looks different but absolutely perfect on each and every one.
Its Matte but only very slightly drying. I usually use lip balm overnight, I know I'm a creep but I like wearing lippies during the day!
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sage4dylan on 9/25/2014 9:08:00 AM more reviews by sage4dylan
Age: 36-43 Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Neutral Hair: Brunette, Medium Eyes: Brown
I absolutley love this lipstick. I am not really a "lipstick gal". I dont fuss over lipstick like I do my other make up. I researched this color in different brands and am so glad I picked this one. It is EXACTLY what i was looking for. Its matte and stays put half the day once on. If you don't like dry lipstick, you wont like this but it doesnt bother me. The color is amazing. It was only 2$ which is even better. I will buy this till they dont make it anymore. The ONLY thing that I didnt like about this is that there is no "slant" to the top of the lipstick so that it applies more evenly to lips. Its flat across the top .... but its something that I can live with. Love love love this!
2 out of 2 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No
SilverAngel621 on 9/5/2014 2:56:00 AM more reviews by SilverAngel621
Age: 19-24 Skin: Acne-prone, Medium, Warm Hair: Black, Wavy, Medium Eyes: Brown
Hella cheap price ranging from 1.99 to ~2.50
ah-mah-zing! pigmentation
not exactly matte, more satiny
Kay, so these things are marketed as matte and some people complain they dry you out. they so do not! They last for about 4 hours but the darker colors do leave a stain so thats good. I find for me, if i want a less shiny application, i pat the lipstick against my lips rather than swiping it and occasionally patting with toilet paper(if it ain't used, it ain't ewww people!). that makes it more matte.
this is a really dark, vampy red. Brown based red. I don't wear this alone. I put on my Stila Stay All Day Liquid lipstick in beso and tap cherry bomb on top to darken eth shade and I LOVE IT!!!!! my freaking HG red lip. Its a very bruised looking red, not orange or blue toned red, its just a true red that works for everyone and is so gorge! Like i said, a bruised looking red, just beautiful. Try it out, people.
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*TOP REVIEWER* Sunnydelite62901 on 9/3/2014 3:48:00 AM more reviews by Sunnydelite62901
Age: 30-35 Skin: Combination, Olive, Warm Hair: Brown, Straight Eyes: Brown
this color reminds me of the lipstick shades we wore in high school in the 90's. Great matte and creamy wear it with a Mac lipliner great cooler weather color.
3 out of 3 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No
*TOP REVIEWER* Shanplum on 8/26/2014 10:31:00 PM more reviews by Shanplum
Age: 25-29 Skin: Sensitive, Fair, Neutral Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Fine Eyes: Hazel
My HG deep blacky plum/wine lip for winter - super dramatic and vampy borderline goth but it works so well on fair skin. Love how it is matte also. Super buildable, long lasting and easy to get a precise application with. A shade deeper and more purple than Revlon's Red velvet lip butter, almost identical to Revlon's Black cherry superlustrous which I love the shade of but hate the patchy formula, similar to Revlon's Wine Not matte formula but better/stronger pigment and less drying however my go to is Wet n Wild megalast in Cinnamon spice - just a fraction less dark and more brown toned and it looks a lot more wearable on me.
5 out of 5 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No
toofaced1112 on 8/19/2014 1:31:00 AM more reviews by toofaced1112
Age: 19-24 Skin: Dry, Medium Hair: Red Eyes: Brown
This is probably one of my favorite lipsticks, and without a doubt, my favorite red. I do not like bright reds on me, so in my case the darker the better. Alot of people have said that this is an exact dupe for MAC's Diva. It's the perfect deep red, almost burgundy lip color. If it's too dark, you can mix it with a lighter red, and get the perfect medium. Or even apply to both lips, blot it down, and dab another red, like WnW's Stoplight Red (like I do) in the very middle. Cna't go wrong with this one. :)
3 out of 3 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No
Top Rated Lipstick
- 45 reviews
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