text: L K N Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Technische Universität München Prof. Dr. Ing. J. Eberspächer Lab Course Communication Networks Experiment SDH PDH SDH STM- 622 4* 4 Mbit/s 1* 1* STM- 140 C-4 VC-4 AU-4 AUG 155 Mbit/s 1 Mbit/s 3* 34 1* TUG- C-3 VC-3 TU-3 Mbit/s 3 7* 1* TUG- VC-2 TU-2 2 3* VC- TU- 2 Mbit/s C-12 12 12 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Technische Universität München Arcisstr. 21 80333 München Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH Contents 1 Why Lab Course SDH? __________________________________________________ 5 2 General _______________________________________________________________ 6 2.1 SDH Mapping ______________________________________________________________7 2.2 Experimental System ________________________________________________________9 2.2.1 Structure of the Multiplexer _____________________________________________________10 2.2.2 Management Software UNIGATE ________________________________________________11 2.2.3 SDH Measuring Tool ANT-20E __________________________________________________12 2.3 Homework________________________________________________________________13 3 Network Configuration _________________________________________________ 14 4 Clock Synchronization __________________________________________________ 15 4.1 Background_______________________________________________________________15 4.1.1 Why Clock Synchronization? ____________________________________________________15 4.1.2 Clock Signal Distribution _______________________________________________________17 4.2 Synchronization by External PRC ____________________________________________17 4.2.1 Hardware Configuration ________________________________________________________17 4.2.2 Software Adjustment ___________________________________________________________19 4.3 Synchronization by Internal Clock Source _____________________________________22 4.4 Without Synchronization____________________________________________________22 4.5 Homework________________________________________________________________23 5 Connections __________________________________________________________ 24 5.1 Lower Order Path Cross-Connections_________________________________________24 5.1.1 Loopback in the same Multiplexer ________________________________________________25 5.1.2 Mapping of the VC-12 _________________________________________________________25 5.2 Higher Order Path Cross-Connections ________________________________________27 5.2.1 Short Way ___________________________________________________________________28 5.2.2 Long Fiber ___________________________________________________________________28 5.2.3 Long Way ___________________________________________________________________29 5.3 Homework________________________________________________________________29 6 Protection Switching Mechanisms ________________________________________ 29 6.1 Multiplex Section Protection Termination Function (MSPTF) ____________________30 6.2 Path Protection____________________________________________________________32 6.2.1 APS caused by Fiber Failure _____________________________________________________33 6.2.2 APS caused by Connection Failure ________________________________________________33 6.3 Homework________________________________________________________________34 7 Performance Measurement ______________________________________________ 35 7.1 Homework________________________________________________________________36 8 Literature ____________________________________________________________ 37 9 Appendix _____________________________________________________________ 38 A-2 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH Laser Warning An invisible laser light is emitted from the OI622 module sender which can be dangerous, so please take precaution when using it. Please also take precaution when using the SDH measuring tool ANT-20E optical interface. Always turn off the laser before disconnecting a fiber connection. Glass fibers should not be physically damaged or strained! Don't touch the end face of the connectors! When turing off the laser on the multiplexer, the following steps should be taken. • Open the <MSPTF-4/RTF-4> window in the UNIGATE <Function View> of the multiplexer in order to choose the optical sender you would like to disconnect. • When clicking on menu, you may select <RTF work./west #1> or <RTF prot./east #2>, depending on wether the fiber is connected on the left or the right side of the OI 622 module. The OI 622 module should be disconnected by selecting <Configuration> <Optical>. • When the window is opened, select the combo box <Forced Laser Shutdown> and press the <Apply> button. For switching off the laser of the ANT you have to do this: • Press the <LASER> button in the <Signal Structure> window of the ANT. • The yellow LASER LED on the ANT, which is next to the sender connector, should be extinguished. A-3 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH Abbreviations ADM Add-Drop Multiplexer ANT Advanced Network Tester APS Automatic Protection Switching ATM Asynchronous Transfer Modus AU Administrative Unit AUG Administrative Unit Group BBE Background Block Error BSHR Bi-directional Self Healing Ring C Container DM Degraded minute DUT Device under Test EB Errored Block EFS Error-free second EI Electrical Interface ES Errored Seconds HOA Higher Order Assembler HOI140M Higher Order Interface 140 Mbit/s HPXVC4 Higher Order Path Cross-Connection VC-4 ISDN Integrated Service Digital Network ITU-T Telecommunication Standardization Sector of International Telecommunications Union LAN Local Area Network Line Signals SDH signals like STM-1 and STM-4 transported on the SDH network LOI Lower Order Interface LPXVC Lower Order Path Cross-Connection VC- M155 Multiplexer/Demultiplexer 155 Mbit/s MSP Multiplex(er) Section Protection MSPTF Multiplexer Section Protection Termination Function MTS Multiplex Timing Source Mux Multiplexer OC Optical Carrier OI622 Optical Interface 622 Mbit/s PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy POH Path Overhead PRC Primary Reference Clock RTF-4 Regenerator Termination Function STM-4 SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SES Severely Errored Seconds SET Synchronous Equipment Timing SN Switching Network SOH Section Overhead SONET Synchronous Optical Network STM-N Synchronous Transport Module, level N=1; 4; 16; 64 STS Synchronous Transport Signal TDM Time Division Multiplex TP Termination Point Tributary Signals signals extracted from or inserted into the SDH bitstream on the network TTI Trail Trace Identifier TU Tributary Unit TUG Tributary Unit Group UAS Unavailable Second VC Virtual Container A-4 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH 1 Why SDH? What is SDH? SDH is the abbreviation for Synchronous Digital Hierarchy. It is a technique for broadband transmission which has significant importance in modern commercial networks, especially in the backbones of wide area networks. SDH can be used with optical and electrical networks. SDH is a Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) technology. The multiplexing is done in a hierarchical way. This allows multiplexing of different channels with different bit rates. This is very useful because it is always possible to add or drop channels with low expenditure. Compared with the older PDH system, it is much easier to extract and insert low-bit rate channels from or into the high-speed bit streams in SDH. It is no longer necessary to demultiplex and then remultiplex the whole plesiochronous structure, which can be both a complex and costly procedure. Figure 1: Schematic diagram of hybrid communications networks Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a SDH ring structure with various tributaries, i.e. subordinate signals. The mixture of different applications is typical for the data transported by SDH. Synchronous networks must be able to transmit plesiochronous signals while at the same time be capable of handling more advanced services such as ATM. These networks have to be clock-synchronized. Clock synchronization enables data transmission without unnecessary delays. Its disadvantage, however, is that master clocks with very high precision are needed. The reference timing signal of these clocks has to be distributed throughout the whole network and it has to be ensured that "clock islands" do not appear. Within these "clock islands", timing would then deviate from the timing in the other A-5 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH parts of the network. This can be a problem when bearing in mind that SDH network nodes can compensate for just relatively small phase differences within the network. SDH networks provide special mechanisms for protection switching, in case of failures in cables or nodes, such as switching signals to spare infrastructure. There are different mechanisms with shared and dedicated protection paths for ring and line networks. In this lab course, we want to show you what SDH is and how to operate a SDH network. In the theoretical part, we explain how the SDH multiplexing works. We also want to describe and explain the configuration of the network, which is already pre-configured in the beginning. In the lab part, we start with synchronizing the network. After that, we will set up connections and make quite a few measurements. Protection switching mechanisms will be introduced. Finally we make some measurements in testing the performance of the network. The equipment in our experiment consists of three synchronous multiplexers which are controlled by a PC, which has a commercial network management software installed on it. For measuring, we use a commercial SDH network tester. Our thanks goes to Siemens AG, Mr. Sikora and Mr. Wahl for supplying this lab course with the hardware, software, training and know-how. Hardware has also been supplied by Spinner GmbH and for Wavetek Wandel Goltermann Eningen GmbH & Co special knowledge of the lab's content. The pointing hand in the lab course indicates when the student needs to make configuarations on the management unit in order to control the hardware. The pencil indicates when the student needs to take down measurements. Further information such as parts of the literature used and some interesting web links for the SDH lab can be found find on the LKN web page at "Studium" "Lehrveranstaltungen" "Praktikum Kommunikationsnetze 1 und 2" "SDH". 2 General As introduced in the ISDN lab course, the analog telephone signal is sampled at a bandwidth of 3.1 kHz, quantized, encoded and then transmitted at a bit rate of 64 kbit/s. By Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 30 such coded channels are collected together into a frame. Together with two channels reserved for signaling information a transmission rate of 2048 kbit/s results. This transmit rate is called the primary rate and is used throughout the world. Only the USA, Canada and Japan use a primary rate of 1544 kbit/s, which is formed by combining 24 channels instead of 30. The growing demand for more bandwidth meant the need for more adavnced techniques of multiplexing throughout the world. This led to Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH), which allowed for further multiplexing stages of 8, 34 and 140 Mbit/s. Slight differences in timing mean that justification or stuffing is necessary when forming the multiplexed signals. A-6 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH Towards the end of the 1980s, the so-called Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) was introduced. This paved the way for a unified network structure on a worldwide scale, resulting in a means of efficient and economic network management for network providers. 2.1 SDH Mapping Because of the heterogeneous nature of modern networks, there are many different signals such as ATM or PDH which need to be transported over SDH networks. The process of matching the signals to the network is called mapping. The container is the basic package unit for tributary channels. A special Container (C-n) is provided for each class of a PDH tributary signal. These containers are always much larger than the payload to be transported. The remaining capacity is partly used for justification (stuffing) in order to equalize timing inaccuracies in the PDH signals. When synchronous tributaries are mapped, fixed fill bytes are inserted instead of justification bytes. A Virtual Container (VC-n) is made up of a container and a so-called Path OverHead (POH). The VC is transmitted unchanged over its path through the network. Tasks of POH are: • Identification of the VC • Quality monitoring • Signaling A VC-12, the virtual container for PDH signals with a primary rate of 2048 kbit/s, has a bit rate of 2240 kbit/s. Because the position of the VC in the Synchronous Transport Module (STM-N) frame is not fixed, there has to be a pointer which points to the start of the VC. This pointer leads to the start of the VC. If the pointer value is 0 the first bit of the VC is transmitted immediately after the last byte of the pointer. The unit formed by the pointer and the VC is called an Administrative Unit (AU-n) or a Tributary Unit (TU-n). Several TUs together form a Tributary Unit Group (TUG-n). These are in turn collected together into a VC-4. One ore more AUs form an administrative unit group (AUG). These you call mapping. An idea of what an AUG looks like is displayed below: Pointer Pointer Pointer Pointer VC-3 VC -3 VC -3 VC-4 STM -1 Figure 2: "Logical" mapping in an AUG A-7 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH Lastly, the AUG plus the Section OverHead (SOH) form the STM-N. The SOH does the following: • Synchronization of an STM signal • Identification of an STM-1 frame (especially if there are more than one STM-1 in a STM- N) • Quality monitoring • Channels for network monitoring • Channels for voice connection between network nodes • Signaling for Automatic Protection Switching (APS) Ways of mapping a PDH signal into a STM-4 frame, which are important for the lab course are shown in Figure 3. The whole plan for mapping in SDH is shown in the appendix. PDH SDH STM- 622 4* 4 Mbit/s 1* 1* STM- 140 C-4 VC-4 AU-4 AUG 155 Mbit/s 1 Mbit/s 3* 34 1* TUG- C-3 VC-3 TU-3 Mbit/s 3 Path Overhead Processing ("Mapping") Pointer Processing ("Aligning") 7* (De-)Multiplexing 1* TUG- STM Synchronous Transport Module VC-2 TU-2 2 AUG Administrative Unit Group AU Administrative Unit 3* TUG Tributary Unit Group VC- TU- TU Tributary Unit 2 Mbit/s C-12 12 12 VC Virtual Container C Container Figure 3: Mapping in SDH in the lab course The ITU-T Recommendation G.707 defines a frame with a bit rate of 155.520 Mbit/s as first level Synchronous Transport Module (STM-1). Figure 4 shows the format of this frame. 2 7 0 b y te s P o in t e r P a y lo a d SOH 9 ro w s ( tr a n s p o r t c a p a c ity ) 9 b y te s Figure 4: Schematic diagram of STM-1 frame A-8 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH It is made up of a byte matrix of 9 rows and 270 columns. Transmission is done row by row, starting with the byte in the upper left corner and ending with the byte in the lower right corner. The frame repetition rate is 125 µs. Each byte in the payload represents a 64 kbit/s channel. The STM-1 frame is capable of transporting any PDH tributary signal (≤140 Mbit/s). A STM- 4 frame, which is used on the optical ring in the lab course, is generated by interleaving 4 STM-1 frames in a byte-by-byte manner. As already mentioned, in the USA, Canada and Japan, a different system called SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork) is used. The base bit rate is 51.84 Mbit/s and is designated as a STS-1 (synchronous transport signal). If this bit rate is transmitted over an optical cable system, the signal is designated as a OC-1 (optical container). 2.2 Experiment Setup The experiment setup consists of a bi-directional ring with a bit rate of 622.08 Mbit/s which is setup with three synchronous add/drop multiplexers (ADM) which are connected together by fibers pairs (see Figure 5). The multiplexers can be controlled from a PC because the multiplexers are connected to a LAN. A measurement tool can be connected to the optical ring to enable monitoring of the signals transmitted on the ring. It also can even change data in the header from the packets or insert bit errors into them. Lastly, it can be used for monitoring the signals on the electrical interfaces of the multiplexers. Pair of Fibers w Mux 1 e 622 Mbit/s LAN w Mux 2 e w Mux 3 e Network Management Unit (UNIGATE) SDH Measuring Tool (ANT-20E) Figure 5: Expirement Setup A-9 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH 2.2.1 Structure of the Multiplexer In the lab course we use three Siemens SMA4C multiplexers that work as synchronous Add- Drop Multiplexers (ADM). By means of ADMs, plesiochronous and lower bit rate synchronous signals can be extracted from or inserted into high speed SDH bit streams. This feature makes it possible to set up ring structures. The ADMs also provide means for protection switching in the event of a failure. On the panel of each multiplexer are connectors for power supply, a connection to the LAN, an electrical tributary and line signals. Tributary signals are signals, extracted from or inserted into the SDH bit stream. This SDH bit stream is called a line signal. The rack on the other side supplies sufficient space for plug-in hardware. The hardware has a modular design, so that the multiplexer can easily be adapted to the local requirements, e.g. more interfaces for 2 Mbit/s PDH signals if there are a lot of signals with low bit rates. Power Supply Tributary Interfaces Service and LAN Interfaces Modules line west line east Figure 6: Hardware view of the multiplexer Mapping of tributary PDH signals into VCs is done in tributary modules. For each class of a PDH signal there are special tributary modules: the Electrical Interfaces EI2, EI34 and EI140. The EI155 module can either be used for tributary or line signals. Multiplexing signals and adding and dropping signal into the line signal is done in a Switching Network module called SN. One can add an additional SN module for module protection switching in case one SN module fails. The module M155 consists of a multiplexer and a demultiplexer. The Multiplexer combines four STM-1 signals into a STM-4 signal and the demultiplexer takes the STM-4 signal and splits it up back into four STM-1 signals. Lastly, the Optical Interface OI622 is responsible for transforming the electrical signal into an optical signal and transmitting and receiving the optical signal. The OI622 module to the left is called the line west of the multiplexer and the OI622 module to the right represents the line east. A-10 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH The Universal Control Unit module UCU-C and the Local Alarm and Disc module LAD are responsible for controlling and monitoring the unit. They are connected to a LAN with a PC which runs the network management software UNIGATE. lin e lin e w es t e as t S T M -4 S T M -4 trib u ta ry LAN Figure 7: Flow of data through the modules of the SMA4 2.2.2 Management Software UNIGATE The software for controlling the multiplexers is installed on a PC running under Windows NT. When logging onto the network management PC as the user "SDH", UNIGATE will start automatically. Use the <NCT> mode for the lab course, which will allow you to control all network elements connected to the LAN. When UNIGATE ,starts, an overview of the structure of the network is displayed. When you double-click the icon of a multiplexer, you will get its details. You can choose either the module or the function view. The module view is needed when you want to change the hardware setup of the multiplexer. It is somewhat similar to the hardware view in Figure 6. A-11 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH Number of slot LEDs for signaling Alarms: O Operation Mode green Mode Operation yellow Mode Maintenance A Alarm Suppression green No Alarm Suppressions set brown Alarm suppressions set working Ring west Card Ring east protection Figure 8: UNIGATE Module View The functional view is a view of the way in which user data is transported and handled in the multiplexer. This view has similarities to Figure 3. In the functional view window, you can establish and change connections through the network. This view is much more important in our lab course than the module view. Figure 9: UNIGATE Functional View Red colored or red flashing symbols signal new alarms in the corresponding functional element. Yellow symbols mean that there are no problems. You can select red or yellow symbols with the right mouse button to get a sub view of this element or to configure it. Names of fields, windows and entries in menus as well as entries to be made or selected are printed in acute brackets<> and in italics in this lab course manual. 2.2.3 SDH Measuring Tool ANT-20E For measuring tasks, we use a modern commercial SDH measuring tool called the ANT-20E. It is built on top of the standard Windows 95 graphical user interface. You can use it for measuring the delay of a signal through the network or measuring the automatic protection switching time. It can also be used for monitoring and changing the SDH overhead. There is also the possibility of inserting and monitoring defects. Because of the different possibilities A-12 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH of using ANT, you first have to edit the signal structure. Often used structures are already available as files. You can open them in the menu <Application>. The ANT is also used as a signal source for the connections. You can find a download for the demo software of the ANT and interesting SDH manuals at http://www.acterna.com/products/ant/ant.html. Anomaly/Defect Analyser Overhead Generator Pointer Analyser Overhead Analyser Anomaly/Defect Insertion Delay Time Edit Signal Structure Button for switching Measurement On/Off the Laser Automatic Protection Switching Time Measurement Figure 10: Signal structure window of the ANT 2.3 Homework 1. Calculate the relative loss of transport capacity of a STM-1 due to the SOH and the pointer. 2. Calculate the relative loss of transport capacity of a VC-12. 3. Compare the loss when you only calculate the loss due to the SOH (and pointer) and POH (as you calculated in 1. and 2.) with the real loss when the maximum number of VC-12, 63, is transported in a STM-1 and explain the difference. 4. How many STM-1 frames are sent per second on a STM-1 link with 155.520 Mbit/s? How long does the emission of a STM-1 frame take? 5. Calculate the propagation time on a glass fiber with a length of 2283 m. Remember that the refractive index of the glass fiber is about 1.5. The vacuum speed of light is 300000 km/s. 6. How long is a section of a fiber occupied by a STM-1 frame? A-13 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH 3 Network Configuration Before we can start to set up the synchronization and the connections, we have to configure the network. This however, is already done for you, in order to save time. We want to mention something before we continue. Before you can start with the configuration of the network you have to think about the topology. It can be a line or a ring topology. When there are more than three network elements ,it can also be a mixed structure, e. g. like a star. We have chosen a ring topology with a bi- directional ring set up by two fibers between each multiplexer. The line west side of a multiplexer is connected to the line east side of its neighboring network element. When building up the ring, always be sure that an optical sender and an optical receiver are connected. When installing the glass fibers, don't go below the minimum radius of 3 cm because if you do, the fibers will be damaged. More complicated than the hardware configuration is the software configuration. Each multiplexer must have its own LAN address. This address has to fulfill some specifications. The first 13 of 20 bytes and the Area-Codes must be identical in all of the multiplexers connected by LAN to the same network management PC. When the multiplexer is activated, plugged-in modules have to be configured, i.e. it needs to be defined that there is a XYZ module (no automatic recognition!) and if the module is working or protection. As said in the beginning, this adjustments are already done. This chapter was only for your further information. A-14 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH 4 Clock Synchronization 4.1 Background Considering high-bitrate media like optical fiber which offers 2.5 or 10 Gbit/s transport capacity per optical channel, it is obvious that most of today's traffic sources do not suffice to adequately load the links of optical networks. Therefore, the capacity of optical network links is usually shared by quite a number of different traffic streams, which undergo several (de)multiplexing processes on the transmission path in general. When multiplexing several traffic streams, the resulting bitstream needs to be augmented by additional (control) information which enables subsequent demultiplexing. In packet-switched networks, for example, each individual packet contains its own control information, whereas in circuit-switched systems, like SDH, a continuous scheme of back-to-back frames encapsulate the payload data. SDH frames are of deterministic size/duration, which causes a constant frequency of incoming frames (8000Hz @ 155Mbit/s). This is especially advantageous in high-bitrate systems. The SDH bitrate range starts from 155 Mbit/s and goes up to 10 Gbit/s due to the fact that subsequent frame starts can be predicted by a prior knowledge (previous frame starts & given frame size), which avoids the need of tracking the control and payload information. 4.1.1 Why Clock Synchronization? The need for synchronization1 isn't really obvious until the interaction of different traffic streams on the high-bitrate links of an optical network is considered. Consider three traffic streams as depicted in Figure 11. Given an initial state where these streams share a common bitrate on the link in an ideal situation (Figure 11a), consider when one of them sends out its frames at a slightly lower frequency than the others such as 7999 frames/s, rather than 8000 frames/s. The frames of the lower-frequency source would gradually be delayed in relation to frames of other streams, and at some point in time, the probability that collisions would occur would be higher, as shown in Figure 11b. 1 The dispute over the definition of bit synchronization (i.e. recovery of the ideal bit sampling time) has been considered in this lab manual. When using the term synchronization, we refer to clock synchronization throughout this manual. A-15 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH Thus, proper measures must be taken to prevent the occurence of this situation. The options are: (a) Removing affected frames when a collision occurs (b) Provide a mechanism which controls and adjusts the timing of the frames with respect to each other at their sources (c) Provide a mechanism which controls and adjusts the timing of the frames with respect to each other on the transmission links While option (a) is undesirable in general, option (b) is exactly what clock synchronization in synchronous systems (including SDH) is about. Once the frames are synchronised properly on the shared link, the sources share exactly the same timing when considering the subsequent transmission of frames. See Figure 11c. Note that option (c), known in SDH as "pointer mechanism", has been described above. (a) (b) (c) Figure 11: Contending signals on a shared link A-16 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH 4.1.2 Clock Signal Distribution In order to provide the same (in)accuracy in timing to all network nodes, the nodes must be organised in a master-slave relationship with clocks of the higher level nodes supplying the timing signals for clocks of the lower-level nodes. All nodes can be traced to a primary reference clock (PRC) with extremely high stability and accuracy. The ITU-T recommendation G. 811 specifies a timing accuracy ∆f/f ≤ 10-11. This reference clock signal must be distributed throughout the entire network, which can either be done via an external synchronization network, or by deriving it immediately from one of the incoming SDH signals. In other words, the frequency f of frame arrivals is the clock signal itself and its measured deviation ∆f represents the clock accuracy ∆f/f. For the reason that it would take a long time to verify clock accuracies as low as 10-11 just by measurements, the accuracy of the timing source is coded in a special byte ("timing marker") of the SOH and the receiver trusts that it is correct. If the clock supply fails, the affected network element switches over to a clock source with the same or lower quality, or if this is not possible, it switches into a hold-over mode. In this situation, the clock signal is kept relatively accurate by applying the stored frequency correction values from the previous hours and taking the temperature of the oscillator into account. To avoid the creation of clock "islands", the state of the clock supply is transmitted to the neighboring network elements by the marker. Clock islands cause increased clock drift and would eventually result in a synchronization disaster. Thus, when a network element uses a timing signal transmitted by another element, it in turn sends back the marker <Don't use for sync>, so that a network element doesn't use its own clock. Special problems arise in gateways between networks with independent clock supplies. SDH network elements can compensate for clock offsets within certain limits by means of pointer adjustment. Pointer activity, called pointer jitter, is thus a reliable indicator if problems or failures have arisen with the clock supply. 4.2 Synchronization by External PRC In our experiment, we want to first use the ANT-20E as a primary reference clock (PRC). Although it doesn't fulfil the ITU-T recommendation G.811, its timing accuracy of ± 2ppm is better than that of the internal clock of the multiplexers with an accuracy of ± 4,6 ppm. 4.2.1 Hardware Configuration A-17 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH To synchronise the timing of the ANT with the PRC, one needs to configure the hardware as described below. We have to supply one multiplexer with the ANT timing signal. We also want to see possible pointer actions. For this we have to watch the signals on the optical ring. Because we can't disconnect the ring during the measurement, we use the ANT optical power splitter, so that the power of the signal on the ring reduced to 90%. 10% of the optical power is transmitted to the optical input of the ANT, so that the signal can be monitored. We want to insert the ANT into the optical link from Mux 2 to Mux 1. This configuration is shown in Figure 11. w e w e M ux 1 M ux 3 M ux 2 e w G .8 1 1 PRC ANT Figure 12: Configuration of the ring with external PRC • Connect the electrical output ANT-20E 1,5...156 Mbit/s with the coax cable with the140 Mbit/s Mux 2 input . • Switch off the laser in Mux 2 line east. Instructions for doing this can be found in the beginning of this lab course manual or is again restated below: − Double click the field <MSPTF-4/RTF-4> in the functional view of Mux 2 with the left mouse button. − In the window opened, select the field <RTF prot./east #2>, which represents the optical line east module OI622 of Mux 2, with the right mouse button. − In the menu opened, choose <Configuration> <Optical>. − Select the combo box <Forced laser shutdown> and press the <Apply> button. − The field <RTF #2> will turn red: This signals an alarm. When you choose <Fault> in the menu of field <RTF #2>, you can see where the failure or problem is. This symbol represents an optical Loss Of Signal (LOS). • Disconnect the optical connection between the Mux 2 east sender and the Mux 1 west receiver. When you point with the open end of the fiber connected with the sender of Mux 2 east on the active field of the infrared indicator card, you should see nothing. But be careful nevertheless, because the system tries to restart the laser and therefore checks the optical connection. A-18 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH • Plug the open end of the fiber connection with the sender of Mux 2 east into the input of the optical splitter of the ANT. • Connect the 90 % output of the optical splitter of the ANT with the Mux 1 west receiver. • Connect the 10% output of the optical splitter of the ANT to the optical input of the ANT. • Start the signal structure <140 - STM4 VC4 140 - Pointer Jitter> in the ANT menu <Application> <Open...>. • Switch off the forced laser shutdown in Mux 2 line east. 4.2.2 Software Adjustment After having set up the hardware connection, we can start making software adjustments. Now, we select which timing signals the multiplexers are allowed to use for synchronization. It would be favorable if Mux 1 and Mux 3 use the signal they get from line east. They should not use it if it has the ´status <Unknown> or <Don't use for sync>. Mux 2 shall use the signal received at the 140 Mbit/s input <HOI140M> only. Otherwise, ´clock islands` can occur. We set the marker for the quality of this signal to <G.811> although it doesn't fit the ITU-T recommendation. • Select the <SET> field in the UNIGATE functional window of Mux 2 with the right mouse button and chose <Configuration> in the menu opened. • In the window <SET Configuration> you can select which timing source should be used. Mux 2 shall use the timing signal received at the 140 Mbit/s input <HOI140M>. This is adjusted in the <SET Configuration T2> window. To open this window double click the <T2> field with the right mouse button. The <Class of PDH Port> is <HOI140M>, the <PDH Port> is <1> and the <Quality of Clock Source> has to be defined as <G.811>. Use either T2(1) or T2(2), the choice is arbitrary. • Set the <Priorities of Clock Source for T0> in the <SET Configuration> window for the used clock to <Prio1 High>. • The signal should not be used if it has the status of <Unknown> or <Don't use for sync>. Therefore, select in the field <Quality of Clock Source to Reject for Timing Reference> in the window <SET Configuration T1>. • Mux 1 and Mux 3 should use the timing signal they get from line east, i.e. the <Class of SDH Port> <RTF-4>, <SDH Port> <2>. They should not use it if it has the status of <Unknown> or <Don't use for sync>. These adjustments are made in the window <SET Configuration T1>. The usage of T1(1) and T1(2) is arbitrary again. The priority of a clock source for the port to be used is <Prio1 High> again. You can see the correct adjustments in Figure 12 and Figure 13. A-19 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH To be able to observe the pointer jitter on the ANT we have to establish a bi-directional connection between line west and line east of the Mux 2. This is done in the <HPXVC4 Configuration> window of Mux 2: • Double-click on the function group <HPXVC4> with the left mouse button to open the <HPXVC4 Configuration> window. • Select the card <Create> and choose the <Direction> <Bidirectional> and <Unprotected>. • The <TP A Port class and No.> is <MSPTF4 #001> and the <TP Index> is <01/01w>. • The <TP B Port class and No.> is <MSPTF4 #001> and the <TP Index> is <03/01e>. • Choose the <Action> <Create, Connect> and press the <Apply> button. Interfaces for receiving the clock source Line Tributarty Auxilliary Figure 13: SET Configuration in Mux 1 and Mux 3 for external PRC A-20 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH Figure 14: SET configuration in Mux 2 for external PRC Look at the markers of the transmitted and the received timing signals in the window <MSPTF4 Configuration MSTTP Working> for the line west and in the window <MSPTF4 Configuration MSTTP Protection> for the line east. Write down the clock qualities. To open these windows select <Configuration> in the menu of the <MSPTF> field in the <MSPTF- 4/RTF-4> subview. There is also the possibility to watch the marker of the timing signal by the overhead analyzer of the ANT. The quality of the timing signal is coded in byte S1. To decode the bytes, use the Interpreter. To watch pointer activities use the Pointer Analyzer of the ANT. In the Pointer Analyzer window there is a button <CSR>. When you press it you will get a numerical view of pointer activities. 1. Which markers do the the transmitted timing signals have? Write them down in Figure 11. 2. Are there any pointer activities? A-21 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH 4.3 Synchronization by Internal Clock Source Now we examine what happens if the external PRC fails. One should disconnect the electrical connection between the ANT and Mux 2. Mux 2 gets no external signal for timing anymore. So, it switches to the internal clock source. You can see this in the <SET Configuration> window because the arrow pointing at the used clock source disappears. In case the timing signal of the PRC appears again, the multiplexer shall switch back to this clock source. This is the <Revertive> Mode. To avoid permanent jumping between two timing sources in case of an unstable signal, the multiplexer has to wait a certain time before switching back. The <Wait to Restore Time> and <Revertive> Mode are adjusted in the <SET Configuration Mode> window. Figure 15: SET Configuration window The internal clock is situated on the module SN. The SN module in Mux 2 is doubled, so that we gain better timing accuracy and higher reliability in case of a failure in the SN module. When the internal clock is used for timing, the transmitted timing marker is <MTS>. The other stations now use this timing signal. 1. Look at the transmitted and received timing markers in the <MSPTF4 Configuration MSTTP Working> and the <MSPTF4 Configuration MSTTP Protection> window. Use the <Update> button to get the actual view. Again, write down the changes. 2. Do the changes have an influence on the pointer activities? 3. How could a clock island emerge in this situation? 4.4 Without Synchronization Finally we try to see what happens if the transmission of the timing signal fails. To do this, we set the priority of each clock source in each multiplexer in the <SET Configuration> window to <Don't use for sync>. The result is that the multiplexers think they do not get any timing signal. In turn, they all use their internal clock sources. Because the accuracy of the clocks in the multiplexers slightly differ from each other, we will see pointer activity, which is an indicator for problems with the clock supply. A-22 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH 1. Which markers do the transmitted and the received timing signals have now? 2. Try to see what happens when Mux 2 uses the <MTS> timing signal of Mux 1 for synchronization and Mux 3 still uses its own clock source. Can you see differences in the step width of the pointer jitter in comparison with the situation when each multiplexer uses its own clock source? Reset the software adjustments in UNIGATE for synchronization by external PRC. Remember that the ANT as PRC can be connected to the 140 Mbit/s input <HOI140M> <1> or to the 2 Mbit/s input <LOI2M>, <PDH Port> <15> of Mux 2. The 140 Mbit/s input shall have the higher priority. A timing signal received at the 140 Mbit/s input shall get the marker <G.811> and a signal received at the 2 Mbit/s input <G.812 Transit>. Turn off the laser for reestablishing the direct optical connection of Mux 1 and Mux 2 without going through the optical splitter of the ANT. Delete the connection between line west and line east in Mux 2. 4.5 Homework 1. Sketch what happens when the station getting the timing signal from the external PRC fails. A-23 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH 5 Connections Once the SDH network is synchronized, one can set up connections between the network elements. If a PDH signal is to be sent over a SDH network it first has to be mapped into a STM-N frame, as mentioned in chapter 2. In this chapter, a step by step procedure will be represented, which shows mapping of a STM-N frame. In section 5.1., an unprotected connection will be established and then later on in chapter 6, different types of proetection mechanisms will be considered. 5.1 Lower Order Path Cross-Connections We start off with a 2 Mbit/s PDH signal. Connect the electrical 1,5...156 Mbit/s interface of the ANT with the 2Mbit/s interface #015 of the Mux 2. Before continuing, we have to adjust the ANT signal; e. g. the input and output used. This time one´s aim should be to edit it on one´s own: • In the <Signal Structure> window click on <Edit> in the menu bar and then click <Signal Structure>. • In the <Edit Signal Structure - TX> window press the <Clear> button to delete the existing structure. • We want to have a <2M> <PDH> signal. The <PDH Mode> should be <Framed>. • Press the <TX=>RX> button to make the receiver structure identical to that of the transmitter structure. A-24 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH Transmitter Receiver ITU-T Standart Make Receiver equal to Transmitter Clear existing structure Figure 16: Edit signal structure window of the ANT 5.1.1 Loopback in the same Multiplexer At first we only want to make an internal loopback in Mux 2, i.e. a channel from the incoming signal is sent in the other direction through the ring back to the sender. • Open the <LPX VC12 Configuration> window in the functional view of Mux 2 and select the <Create> card. • In the field <Direction> select <Loopback>. • The Termination Point <TP A> is <LOI2M #015 TP01>. • Select <Create, Connect> in the <Action> field. • Press the <Apply> button. • The red <LOS> indication of the ANT should vanish. This signifies that the connection is built up successfully. 1. Press the <Delay> button in the ANT <Signal Structure> window for measuring the delay on the connection. Write the result down. 5.1.2 Mapping of a VC-12 Once the task in Section 5.1.1 is done, one is ready to map the 2 Mbit/s signal into a VC-4. The VC-4 can then be mapped into a STM-4 that can be transmitted over the SDH network. To do this we have to make some adjustments to the VC-4 before continuing. A-25 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH We want to set up a connection to the next Mux 1 and make a loopback there. When doing this, bear in mind that our multiplexer provides up to four VC4 connections on the ring; two in every direction. Normally, there is room for four VC4 in a STM-4 frame, but in our configuration, there are two in each direction which are reserved for protection means. Therefore only two are left to be connected. • Create a bi-directional unprotected connection in the <HPX VC4 Configuration> of Mux 2 between <MSPTF4 #001 TP 03/01e> or <MSPTF4 #001 TP 04/02e> representing the optical unit and the Higher Order Assembler <HOA #001 TP01> which is the functional unit where the mapping is done. • Open the <HOA #1> window of the <HOA> subview. • Once the <HOA #1> is opened, one has to adjust the size of the VC which one wants to map into the VC-4. A VC-4 can carry 3 VC-3s. Our aim is to map a VC-12, which is the smallest possible VC. So, select the combo box <7 TUG2> under the <VC3 (1)> field. Then one can see that one could map a 7 VC-2 into a VC-3, but only a VC-12 is available. Therefore, mark the combo box to the left of the VC2 (1) field. In the VC-2 field 3 new fields are opened. Each resembles a VC-12. Note that there is room for 3 * 7 * 3 = 63 VC-12 in a VC-4. When seeing the HOA window, one will see similarities to Figure 16, which shows the multiplexing heirarchy in SDH. 1* VC-4 3* 1* TUG VC-3 TU-3 -3 7* 1* TUG VC-2 TU-2 -2 3* VC- TU- 12 12 Figure 17: UNIGATE window HOA #1 • Create the bi-directional connection between <LOI2M #15 TP 01> and <HOA #001 TP01> in the <LPX VC12 Configuration> window in Mux 2. • When adjusting the <HPX VC4 Configuration> in Mux 1 remember that the line east of Mux 2 is connected with the line west of Mux 1! So the TP for the loopback is the <MSPTF4 #001 TP 01/01w> when using the <MSPTF4 #001 TP 03/01e> in the Mux 2 or the <MSPTF4 #001 TP 02/02w> when using <MSPTF4 #001 TP 04/02e>. A-26 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH When building up a connection start with the high order path in the <HPXVC4 Configuration>. When deleting a connection start with the low order path in the <LPXVC Configuration>. 1. When the connection works correct redo the delay measurement. 5.2 Higher Order Path Cross-Connections Now you know how the mapping in the multiplexer works. In the last chapter, it was mentioned that one needs a VC-4 for transmission over the SDH network. Now, the aim is to fill the VC-4 with a C-4. So, therefore connect the Mux 2, 140 Mbit/s with the electrical 1,5...156 Mbit/s ANT interface. The ANT signal has to be changed into a 140 Mbit/s signal on the sender and the receiver side. Try to edit the <Signal Structure> window of the ANT by yourself without using the saved structure. A C-4 signal can be easily sent without specific adjustments to mapping. Delete the connections of chapter 5.1 first. Then you can go directly to the <HPX VC4 Configuration> in order to make the new connection in the Mux 2. We want to send our C-4 signal received at the <HOI140M #001 TP 01> of Mux 2 to Mux 1 and make an external loopback at the Mux 1 140 Mbit/s interface by a loopback plug. 1 O I 4 0M H L O I1 2M TP1 TP 3 TP 4 e R T F -4 HPX VC4 M S P T F -4 M ux 1 TP 1 TP 2 w R T F -4 1 TP1 TP 3 H O I 1 40 M TP 4 e R T F -4 HPX VC4 M ux 2 M S P T F -4 TP 1 ANT TP 2 w R T F -4 TP 3 TP 4 e R T F -4 M ux 3 HPX VC4 M S P T F -4 TP 1 TP 2 w R T F -4 Figure 18: Connections between multiplexers As can be seen in Figure 17, one can take one of two ways when connecting Mux 1 and Mux 2. One can either go the direct way from Mux 2 line east to Mux 1 line west or go a longer A-27 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH way from Mux 2 line west to Mux 3 line east and than on from Mux 3 line west to Mux 1 line east. 5.2.1 Short Path Let us first take the shorter path over Mux 2 line east. Here you can choose again between <MSPTF4 #001 TP 03/01e> and <MSPTF4 #001 TP 04/02e>, because we have two connections in every direction. When adjusting the <HPX VC4 Configuration> in Mux 1 remember that the east side of Mux 2 is connected with the west side of Mux 1! Connect the <MSPTF4 #001 TP 01/01w> or <MSPTF4 #001 TP 02/02w> respectively with the <HOI140M #001 TP 01> of Mux 1. When you have used <MSPTF4 #001 TP 03/01e> in Mux 2, the corresponding port in Mux 1 is <MSPTF4 #001 TP 01/01w>. 1. This time we will use the delay measurement for calculating the delay time of a signal in a multiplexer and for verifying the estimated time for propagating along a fiber of a certain length. Make the delay measurement and write down the result. 5.2.2 Long Fiber We want to check our calculation for the delay in a fiber of a certain length. To do this, first turn off the laser in Mux 2 east. Now you can disconnect the optical connection and insert the long fiber. 1. When you have turned off the <Forced Laser Shutdown> and the system works properly again, start the delay measurement again and compare the result with the calculated delay for a fiber with a length of 2283 m. 2. We then want to measure the dimming of the light in the fiber. To do this, we have a measurement tool for measuring the optical power. So, turn off the laser in Mux 2 east again and disconnect the connection between the long fiber and the receiver in Mux 1. Connect the long fiber with the measurement tool and make a <Manual Laser restart> for <90 seconds>. Write down the optical power. The optical power can be displayed in dBm or mW. 3. Turn off the laser in Mux 2 east and remove the long fiber. Connect the sender of Mux 2 east by the short fiber with the measurement tool and redo the power measuring, in order that you can calculate the loss of optical power per kilometer and compare it with the value given on the fiber. 4. What is a reason for possible differences between the given dimming and the result of the measurement? A-28 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH 5. Turn off the laser in Mux 2 east for reestablishing the connection between Mux 2 and Mux 1 without using the long fiber. 5.2.3 Long Way Now we want to take the longer path via Mux 3. For this you have to change the connections in the <HPX VC4 Configuration> of Mux 1 from west to east and vice versa in Mux 2. The path now passes Mux 3. So we have to make some adjustments in this network element as well, so that signals can pass. In the <HPX VC4 Configuration> of Mux 3 we have to build up a bi-directional connection of <MSPTF4 #001 TP 03/01e> <MSPTF4 #001 TP 04/02e> with <MSPTF4 #001 TP 01/01w> respectively <MSPTF4 #001 TP 02/02w>. 1. When the connection works properly start the delay measurement again. 2. While the length of the fibers between the multiplexers is comparable short, we can say that the difference in the delay times is originated by the delay in the Mux 3. When calculating the delay of the signal in the multiplexer, remember that the signal passes Mux 3 twice. Delete all the connections in the HPX's of the multiplexers. 5.3 Homework 1. The given dimming per kilometer for a signal with a wavelength of 1300 nm is 0.5 dB. When a signal with a power of 1mW (=0 dBm) run through a fiber with a length of 1 km, what is its optical power once it reaches the end of the fiber? 6 Protection Switching Mechanisms In modern high speed networks it is very important to have fast automatic protection switching (APS) mechanisms in case of the failure of a fiber connection or a network element. When the protection switching is fast enough, the user doesn't realize that parts of the network have failed. In our lab course, we only want to take a look at protection mechanisms in case of a failure in a fiber. Our multiplexers provide two different protection switching mechanisms for our network configuration. They have protection mechanisms in case of the failure of a module as well, but we won't study them here. A-29 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH 6.1 Multiplex Section Protection Termination Function (MSPTF) For a Multiplex Section Protection Termination Function for STM-4 (MSPTF-4), we have the bi-directional self healing ring with 2 fibers (BSHR-2). MSPTF means that all the multiplex sections, which are connections between neighbored multiplexers , are protected. The BSHR-2 is built up out of a minimum of 3 network elements, each with two OI622 modules, with their line interfaces connected to a ring. Each line interface is connected to a coming in and gong out fiber. From these bi-directional fibers, we get virtually two rings, one clockwise and one anti clockwise ("2-Fiber-Ring"). The BSHR-2 is a 1:1 protection switching mechanism, which means that there is no reserved protection path. In case of a failure, traffic with lower priority would have to be removed from the protection path. In the following figure there are four multiplexers instead of three that we previously had. We don´t have three this time because with three you won't see the difference to path protection as clear as with four. In the upper part of the figure there is a logical view of the BSHR-2 with a bi-directional connection and a protection ring. These rings are not comparable with the optical rings formed by the fibers which are unidirectional. This physical layer is shown in the lower part of Figure 18. The two directions of the working and the protection ring are divided up and transported alternately on the different fibers as you can see there. As you can see in the figures, in case of protection the connection doesn't take the shortest path any longer. Instead, the network elements adjacent to the failure redirect the signal so that it takes a detour around the whole ring in order to reach the next network element which is on the other side of the failed ring segment. This network element then redirects the signal to the receiver. A-30 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH Logical view Mux 1 Mux 2 Mux 1 Mux 2 Mux 4 Mux 3 Mux 4 Mux 3 Physical view Mux 1 Mux 2 Mux 1 Mux 2 Mux 4 Mux 3 Mux 4 Mux 3 Working ring Protection ring Optical link Figure 19: BSHR-2 in working situation (left) and in protection situation (right) In this chapter of our lab course we want to build up this protection mechanism and do some measurements on it. We want also to take a look at the signals responsive for the APS. The MSPTF has to be activated in each multiplexer. This is done by the network management: • In the subview of the function group <MSPTF-4/RTF-4> in the Unigate functional view select the function unit <MSPTF>. • Open the window at <Configuration> <MSPTF...>. • Select the combo box <Enable MSPTF> and press the <Apply> button. Now you can build up the 140 Mbit/s connection between Mux 1 and Mux 2 on the short way again. The connections had to be deleted, because the adjustments for this APS mechanism can only be made when there are no connections. 1. When the connection works properly again you can start the measuring of the APS time on the ANT. For this press the button <APS> in the ANT signal structure window. Now turn off the laser in Mux 1 line west. Write down the APS time. 2. Look at the alarms occurred in the UNIGATE alarm history window. A-31 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH Now go back to the working path. For this first restart the laser in Mux 1 line west. In the <MSPCo Configuration> window of the multiplexers you can see which line is used. We want to go back to the working line. So select <Lockout of Protection> as <Protection Switch Request> in the <MSPCo Configuration> window of Mux 2 and press the <Apply> button. When the line works properly the <Active Line> should be <Working Line / Normal State> again. Finally we have to choose <Clear> as <Protection Switch Request> for enabling MSPTF again. 3. Do a APS measurement during switching back to the working path. 6.2 Path Protection Path protection is a 1+1 protection mechanism, i. e. for each path to be protected there is a reserved protection path. But path protection has to be established severally for each connection to be protected. This means much more work when arranging the connections for the whole network and you loose transport capacity. But when reminding the picture with the BSHR-2 you see that protection paths can use shorter paths than they would do with MSPTF. In Figure 20 is only displayed path protection for a unidirectional connection. This is for easier understanding of the picture. We want to use two methods for releasing APS. One is by shutting down the laser which simulates a break of a fiber. The other method is by means of trail trace identifiers (TTI) which are given to a connection for avoiding false connections. We will change this TTI with the ANT to simulate a misconnection. M ux 1 M ux 2 L o g ica l v ie w M ux 4 M ux 3 M ux 1 M ux 2 P h ysica l vie w M ux 4 M ux 3 W o rk in g rin g P ro te c tio n rin g O p tic a l lin k Figure 20: Path protection for a unidirectional connection A-32 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH 6.2.1 APS caused by Fiber Failure For installing path protection switch off the MSPTF. This is done in the <MSPTF Configuration> window. Otherwise you would get a mixture of protection switching mechanisms. The protection paths are adjusted in the <HPXVC4 Configuration> window for the 140 Mbit/s connection by the <Action> <Add Protection Path>. Select also the combo box <Switch Report> so that we can see which path is taken actually. As protection path we want to use the longer path between Mux 1 and Mux 2 via Mux 3. In Mux 1 or 2 you have to make a forced switch to the protection path so that we get the correct time for APS. If both multiplexers had to switch, the APS time would be much to large, because it takes a lot of time to make an automatic laser shut down for the disturbed connection in the receiving multiplexer, so that both ends of the connection notice the disturbance. When the protection path is built up correctly - don't forget the connection in Mux 3 between line west and line east - start the APS measurement on the ANT and switch off the laser in Mux 2 line east. 1. What can you see in comparison with the MSPTF? 2. How would you describe this? Restart the laser in Mux 2 line east. 6.2.2 APS caused by Connection Failure To avoid falls connections in case of MSPTF in big networks or because of wrong adjustments it is possible to give each connection a so-called Trail Trace Identifier (TTI). This TTI is at the tail end of a connection compared with the expected. When there is a mismatch, protection switching is done. We want to use this for our next experiment. We want to cause TTI mismatch by false adjustment in the network management software or by changing the TTI with the Overhead Generator of the ANT. The TTI string is adjusted in the <HOI140M Configuration> window of Mux 1 and Mux 2 for the connection between those network elements. You have to double-click the yellow <TTI> field for changing the TTI strings. The sent string can be chosen arbitrary, but use different strings for the sent TTI strings in Mux 1 and Mux 2. The received and expected strings doesn't matter. The comparison and the triggering of protection switching is done in the termination point for the optical connection, i.e. the AU4CTP #1/1 west or AU4CTP #2/2 west for connections received from line west and the AU4CTP #3/1 east or AU4CTP #4/2 east for connections received from line east. The configuration windows for this functional elements are found in the menu <Configuration...> of the <MSPTF #1> in the subview of the <MSPTF-4/RTF-4>. To active the controlling of the TTI select <Enable TTIP> for <Trail Trace Identifier processing> in the related AU4CTP. Change the expected TTI strings so that they match with the received. You have to do this in Mux 1 and Mux 2. A-33 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH When there are no more alarms displayed - check this in the alarm list of the NE-UNIGATE window - go back to the working paths and make sure that the Protection State is Clear. 1. For this time we change the expected TTI string in one of the used AU4CTPs to simulate a connection failure. Before doing this start the APS measurement on the ANT and write down the switching time. 2. Watch also the alarms occurred. Now we want to use the overhead generator of the ANT for changing the TTI string. For using the overhead generator we have to switch the ANT directly into the ring. So switch of the laser in Mux 2 line east and connect the optical sender of Mux 2 line east with the optical input of the ANT. The optical receiver of Mux 1 line west has to be connected with the optical output of the ANT. Edit the signal structure of the ANT so that you can send and receive a VC-4 with 140 Mbit/s in an optical STM-4 stream and restart the laser in Mux 2 line east. To edit the TTI string which is coded in the J1 byte in the overhead generator of the ANT you have the button <TI> on the overhead generator. The TTI string has a length of 16 bytes, i.e. the bytes not used are blanks. Consider this when adjusting the expected string in the AU4CTP #1/1 west in Mux 1! When all alarms have disappeared switch back to the working path and to the Protection State Clear. Try different TTI strings in the overhead generator and watch the received ones on with UNIGATE. Use the <Update> button to get the current view. Switch of the laser in Mux 2 line east and in the ANT and remove the ANT from the ring. Connect the ANT with the electrical 140 Mbit/s interface of Mux 2 and restart the laser in Mux 2 line east. Suit the signal structure of the ANT to the current used. 6.3 Homework 1. How long can the APS last maximum if only one byte per ISDN connection is allowed to be lost? 2. What do you think, is the APS for MSPTF or for path protection faster? Try to explain your supposition. A-34 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH 7 Performance Measurement Finally in our experiment we want to know something about the quality management in SDH. Although our network management software UNIGATE provides a very comfortable tool for quality monitoring we will use the performance analyzer of the ANT. By means of this tool we can see the number of seconds with bit-errors occurred. The results are divided in errored seconds (ES), severely errored seconds (SES) and unavailable second (UAS). They are defined in the ITU-T recommendation G. 821: • Errored second (ES): A one-second time interval in which one or more bit errors occurs. • Severely errored second (SES): A one-second time interval in which the bit error ratio exceeds 10 -3. • Unavailable second (UAS): A circuit is considered to be unavailable from the first of at least ten consecutive SES. The circuit is available from the first of at least ten consecutive seconds which are not SES. • Error-free second (EFS): A one second time interval in which no bit errors occur. • Verdict shows if the availability on the path is good enough during the measurement. In this chapter we want to try what happens when we insert defects and anomalies in the bitstream with the ANT. We can also see how great the influence of APS is on the quality of service. Figure 21: Performance Analyzer Window of the ANT We want to use the anomaly/defect insertion on the ANT for adding a frame alignment signal (FAS-140) on the 140 Mbit/s PDH signal. We can adjust the rate of this signal from 10-10 to 10-3. A-35 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH 1. Start the measurement and try when the performance analyzer remarks an ES or a SES. 2. Check also the influence of some other anomalies and defects. 3. Switch the anomaly/defect insertion off and try what the performance analyzer registers in case of MSPTF APS. Redo this a few times. Why can occur different results? 7.1 Homework 1. What influence do you think has an APS, which lasts 25 ms, on the performance? A-36 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH 8 Literature [1] Eberspächer, J.: Skript zur Vorlesung "Kommunikationsnetze 2" Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze, TU München 1999 [2] Schultz, S.: Pocket Guide to Synchronous Communications Systems Wavetek Wandel Goltermann Eningen GmbH& Co., Eningen u. A., without year. [3] Sexton M., Reid A.: Broadband Networking: ATM, SDH, and SONET Artech House, Norwood, 1997 [4] without name: Information SMA1-2.3 und SMA4-2.3 TED Siemens AG, München, 1998 [5] without name: Bedienung SMA1-2.3 und SMA4-2.3 OMN:LCT Siemens AG, München, 1998 [6] without name: Inbetriebnahme SMA1-2.3 und SMA4-2.3 ITMN Siemens AG, München, 1998 [7] without name: Wartung SMA1-2.3 und SMA4-2.3 MMN Siemens AG, München, 1998 A-37 Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsnetze Lab Course SDH 9 Appendix STM- 2488 16* 16 Mbit/s STM- 622 PDH SDH 4 Mbit/s 4* 1* 1* 1* STM- 155 140 Mbit/s C-4 VC-4 AU-4 AUG 1 Mbit/s 3* 3* 1* TUG- VC-3 TU-3 3 7* 1* 1* STM- 52 34 Mbit/s C-3 VC-3 AU-3 0 Mbit/s 7* 1* TUG- 6 Mbit/s C-2 VC-2 TU-2 2 Path Overhead Processing ("Mapping") 3* Pointer Processing ("Aligning") VC- TU- (De-)Multiplexing 2 Mbit/s C-12 12 12 STM Synchronous Transport Module 4* AUG Administrative Unit Group VC- TU- AU Administrative Unit 1,5 Mbit/s C-11 11 11 TUG Tributary Unit Group TU Tributary Unit VC Virtual Container C Container Figure 22: Complete mapping structure in SDH A-38


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text:
Lawsuit against Jindal considered over reef money
Gov. Bobby Jindal's appointees on the state's wildlife and fisheries regulatory panel are threatening to sue the Jindal administration.
At issue is Jindal's continuing diversions of millions of dollars donated by oil companies to turn old drilling rigs into artificial reefs to instead pay for other items across state government.
Jindal proposes using nearly $21 million from the fund for public colleges in the 2013-14 budget that he submitted to lawmakers. That would nearly drain the fund.
Billy Broussard, vice chairman of the Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, says if the fund gets raided again without plans for repayment, the commission intends to file a lawsuit.
Sean Lansing, a spokesman for Jindal, says the administration is continuing negotiations with commission members about the money, without offering further details.
Copyright 2013 by The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Lakeview resident shares surveillance video in hopes of identifying thief
Two St. John the Baptist Parish employees indicted in amoeba investigation
Police: Teen struck by SUV in Mandeville breaks 8 bones, has spleen removed following incident
Cleaner discovers human remains inside abandoned Belle Chasse residence
Early voting for November elections begins across Louisiana


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Police: Man passed out drunk while stalking womanSeptember 13,2013BENNINGTON A man is facing criminal charges after police said he stalked an Arlington woman who said she was trying to stay away from him so she could maintain her sobriety.
Gerald V. Vaughn-Tifft, 54, of Sandgate, was arraigned Wednesday in Bennington criminal court on misdemeanor charges of stalking and driving under the influence of alcohol.
In an affidavit, Sgt. Jesse Robson, a trooper with the Vermont State Police, said he and another trooper were sent to Roys Road in Arlington on Tuesday around 10:30 p.m. Police were told a male stalker, later identified as Vaughn-Tifft, was passed out in his truck near a womans home.
Robson said he spoke with the woman who said she was an alcoholic. After eight years sober, she told police she had relapsed when she began drinking with Vaughn-Tifft until going to a rehabilitation facility Aug. 4.
After leaving the facility, she decided she didnt want to see Vaughn-Tifft because she is being careful with her sobriety and feels as though his presence in her life would put her sobriety at risk, she told Robson.
The woman said she ran into Vaughn-Tifft unexpectedly at the Vermont State Fair on Sept. 7 and told him she was done with drinking and wanted him to leave her alone.
On Tuesday, she found she had a message on her answering machine from Vaughn-Tifft saying he loved her and was 100 yards from her home. The message caused the woman substantial emotional distress and she called police, Robson said.
Robson said police found Vaughn-Tifft passed out behind the steering wheel of his truck on a side street near the womans home. Robson said he opened the door and, smelled the strong odor of intoxicants and urine.
It appeared to me that Gerald was waiting for (the woman) to arrive home. However, he passed out while waiting, Robson said.
A preliminary breath test taken around 11:40 p.m. Tuesday indicated Vaughn-Tiffts blood alcohol content was 0.122 percent. The legal limit in Vermont is 0.08 percent.
Vaughn-Tifft, who pleaded innocent to the charges, was released without bail after his arraignment.MORE IN This Just In
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Printable View
Valve working with partners on
Multiple manufacturers making multiple consoles to multiple specs? Sounds messy.
Like I say, they seem big on announcements and light on detail at the moment. The idea of a SteamBox (done right) is a compelling one. Just not convinced they are doing right yet...
If a game says it needs 7 for graphics, you just by a card rated 7 or higher.
The current way is annoying... "Requires: GTX6600million or higher". Check... look at benchmarks... Oh, it's a PoS card that my laptop outstrips.
Bah! I can't get the "launch a game and play with a gamepad" to unlock.
All I use is big picture with a controller.
I ran TF2 :)
Also Portal 2 is worth finishing!
I played Half Life 2 for a couple of hours with a game pad and big picture. Unlocked it for me. I'm guessing there's a time for how long you have to play before it unlocks.
Is Big picture itself fully controlled from a gamepad, or just the launched game? Also, do all games automatically launch with gamepad controls selected, or does it depend on the game?
Just wondering how far they've developed it and how much you can do without going near a keyboard or mouse? This is what I want them to show us in SteamOS. The OS needs to run without the need for keyboard or mouse at all for it have a proper shot at the TV set, and that proberly means a better lock at Installation and Updating than Microsoft Windows currently manages.
If the game supports gamepads, it should auto detect it and set it up accordingly, but I think that's the game itself and not BPM specific.
I WAS playing Portal 2 purist style [KB/M controls] and when I connected the gamepad it didn't re-enable controllers until I did it manually. If I had left it, it would have used the controller.
Saints Row 3 loads with gamepad controls on when I launch it from BPM AND regular Steam if I have one attached.


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How do you follow up a Booth debut as fresh and unconventional as Kurt De La Rocha, the first feature from Windy City crew BBU? However you damn well please, as long as it's dope. More conventional than its predecessor, though no less bracing or controversy-seeking, The Hood finds beatsmith Classick and crew member DJ Esquire serving up a funky, sampled beat as Jasson Perez, Epic and Illekt flaunt their inner-city style and street politics. G.O.O.D. Music's GLC, a member of Chi-town's old guard, guests. For more, check out BBU's bell hooks mixtape when it drops February 14, via Mishka Records.
Update: Click "Listen Now" above to view BBU's "The Hood" video.
Written by richard on 01/27/12
Submit your Rating
Mishka Records
First DJ Booth Appearance:
"Kurt De La Rocha" (2012)
Total DJ Booth Features:
3 Songs
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text: In Pictures: 19 Apple rumours that were just wrong Some of the rumours about Apple over the years were just ridiculous. Yoni Heisler (Network World) 0 - - - - print email prev next Loading... Apple to buy Disney This rumor had a rather long shelf life, perhaps enabled by the fact that Steve Jobs for many years was the largest individual shareholder of Disney stock. And, oh yes, did we mention that he also sat on Disney's board of directors? While a proposed Apple buyout of or merger with Disney was intriguing, if only because of the parties involved, such a deal never made much business sense and obviously never came to be. Prev Next 4/20 Comments on this image There are currently no comments for this image. Comments are now closed. Close In Pictures: 19 Apple rumours that were just wrong 20 images


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By Jonny Whiteside While rock & roll is necessarily classified as a form of pop music, it is actually an idiom whose radical, destructive primitivism established a new type of socio-cultural disorder. It's about rejection of the status quo and celebration of the dis-imprisonment it instills. Alway ... More >>
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Energizer Battery 319 Silver Oxide
Product #: 757574 Energizer #: 319TZ UPC #: 039800109651
Product Information
The Energizer 319 Silver Oxide Battery is designed to deliver long-lasting dependability and powerful performance.
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- Non-rechargeable
- Seven year shelf life
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text:
Introducing myself and my journal
About Me:
J aime aider les gens en detresse, je n'aime pas voir les gens souffrir moins encore les femmes...
Lagnuage is a barrier...Welcome to WorldPulse. we feel the pulse
Dear Rosalie,
I do not understand what you have written. Yet I am excited to see your stories in this forum. Language is always a barrier not the feelings we share.
Welcome to PulseWire! You are now part of a thriving community of grass roots women leaders and supporters from185 countries. See the PulseWire Getting Started Guide to learn more about networking in our community: http://www.worldpulse.com/pulsewire/about/guide
I look forward to hearing your voice in the community!
In friendship,


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UGA Opera Theatre to present Engelbert Humperdinck's 'Hansel and Gretel'
UGA Today
The quasi-children's opera is the best-known work of 19th century German composer Engelbert Humperdinck. Based upon the well-known Grimm brothers' fairy tale, "Hansel and Gretel" tells the story of a brother and sister sent by their mother to gather food in ...
5 Live Music Musts - October 10, 2014
Engelbert Humperdinck of course, and he's just released a new album, Engelbert Calling, featuring duets with artists as diverse as Elton John, Smokey Robinson, Dionne Warwick, and Gene Simmons. The Sunday night show at Cranston's Park Theatre is ...
The Providence Journal
Engelbert Humperdinck returns to Rhode Island Sunday
The Providence Journal
Humperdinck earned legions of fans, mostly females, across the globe in the 1960s, '70s and '80s with a string of major hit songs. Now, at 78, he has a new album and will perform Sunday at the Park Theatre in Cranston.
Engelbert Humperdinck will make a call to American Music Theatre
Humperdinck isn't bringing the likes of Elton John, Gene Simmons, Olivia Newton-John and Johnny Mathis — some of the co-stars on his new duet album, "Engelbert Calling" — to American Music Theatre on Friday. But the English singer is bringing enough ...
Engelbert Humperdinck duets with Canadians Ron Sexsmith, Johnny Reid on ...
TORONTO - Engelbert Humperdinck decided to dial up friends and non-friends alike for his first duets record, "Engelbert Calling" — and apparently he wasn't daunted by international fees. Two Toronto-based artists — celebrated songwriter Ron Sexsmith and ...
and more »
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Stat1124's DJ BOOTH PROFILE
Name: Stat1124
Join Date: October 23, 2009
Last Login: July 18, 2011
Total Ratings: 70
Stat1124's TOP HIP HOP SINGLES
Jah Cure - "Unconditional Love"
"Keep ya head up Jah Cure! Pure and Simple...Classic!!"Stat1124's Rating: Posted on Jul 15, 2011
Lloyd - "Dedication To My Ex (Miss That)"
"Track is catchy but damn man we need 3000 back making music. His is just flawless!"Stat1124's Rating: Posted on Jul 15, 2011
Joell Ortiz - "Marijuana Man"
"This might be considered a throw away track for Joel but that trax still be rollin' for me!"Stat1124's Rating: Posted on Jul 01, 2011
Bad Meets Evil - "Lighters"
"I admit I had a chuckle when the track started off with Bruno and the melodramatic melody thinking, "what in the hell are they going to do with this?" Hell I might be in the minority but I have to say they pulled it off and I can see this making it into rotation when I'm feeling a little introspective. With each dropping track I find myself wondering more and more just what the hell this album is going to be all about. Gettin' Amp'd for June 14th!"Stat1124's Rating: Posted on Jun 03, 2011
Bad Meets Evil - "Im on Everything"
"I dunno bout Caveman but this beat is sicc on this joint!! Of course the lyrics are juvenile but I really didn't expect the entire album to be str8 lynching souls with every syllable. I'm good with a couple throw away tracks where they are just clown'n. This is fine by me. Where I will agree is when they start the 2nd verse, trading off back and forth...THIS IS THE EXACT REASON WHY THIS ALBUM WAS BADLY NEEDED!!! Str8 Fiyaaaaa! I'm salvating for this album to drop!!"Stat1124's Rating: Posted on May 27, 2011
» View More of Stat1124's Top-Rated Tracks
Stat1124's TOP ALBUMS
» View More of Stat1124's Top-Rated Albums
Note: Favorited tracks and albums no longer show up on member profiles
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