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Redesigning the American Dream
Z Papers is designed to answer the question, "What do we want?" with articles on vision and strategy for social change. What follows is an excerpt from Delores Hayden's excellent book (1984; revised 2002) exploring the interconnections between feminism, domestic and public space, and the built environment.—eds
In the years between 1870 and 1930, home life provoked a phenomenal amount of political debate. Because this topic linked the Woman Question to the Labor Question, it attracted the attention of housewives, feminist activists, domestic servants, inventors, economists, architects, urban planners, utopian novelists, visionaries, and efficiency experts. Housework, factory work, and home were all susceptible to restructuring in the industrial city. Women and men of all political persuasions generally agreed that burdensome household work, as it had been carried out in the pre-industrial houses of the first half of the nineteenth century, left most women little time to be good wives and mothers. Industrial development was transforming all other work and workplaces, and it was expected that domestic work and residential environments would be transformed as well. Activists raised fundamental questions about the relationships between women and men, households and servants. They explored the economic and social definitions of "woman's work." They also raised basic questions about household space, public space, and the relationship between economic policies and family life concretized in domestic architecture and residential neighborhoods.
Many proposed solutions drew, in one way or another, on the possibilities suggested by new aspects of urban and industrial life: new forms of specialization and division of labor, new technologies, new concentrations of dwelling units in urban apartment houses or suburban neighborhoods. But domestic theorists also had to deal with a number of unwelcome consequences of these new developments: hierarchy in the workplace, replacement of handcraft skills by mechanization, erosion of privacy in crowded urban dwellings, and development of conspicuous domestic consumption in bourgeois neighborhoods. Although life in the isolated household was burdensome, inefficient, and stifling, many reformers feared that the socialization of domestic work would deprive industrial society of its last vestige of uncapitalized, uncompetitive, skilled work. That is, they worried about mother love and home cooking.
Three Models of Home
For the most part, the major domestic strategies of the time have been ignored or misunderstood by both historians and political theorists. William O'Neill, in his popular book Everyone Was Brave, scathingly condemned the leaders of the American nineteenth-century woman's movement as "weak and evasive" activists, completely unable to tackle the difficult ideological problem of the family. He called them frustrated women who never understood that a revolution in domestic life was needed to achieve feminist aims. Betty Friedan, in her 1981 book The Second Stage, reiterated O'Neill's views approvingly, as support for her mistaken belief that twentieth-century feminists were the first to introduce serious concern for domestic life into political organizing. Some contemporary writers still dismiss any serious theoretical concern with housework as a waste of time; they look to wage work to liberate women, much as Bebel did in 1883 and Lenin in 1919.
Almost all American women involved in politics between 1870 and 1930 saw domestic work and family life as important theoretical and practical issues. The material feminists argued that no adequate theory of political economy could develop without full consideration of domestic work. They debated both businessmen and Marxists with an eloquence that has rarely been equaled. The years between 1870 and 1930 produced three major strategies for domestic reform: Catharine Beecher's capitalist haven strategy, a Marxist industrial strategy, and the material feminists' neighborhood strategy. Finding a new approach requires that all of these strategies, and the experiences of trying to implement them, are clearly understood.
The Haven Strategy
The leading exponent of the home as haven, Catharine Beecher, explained the technological and architectural basis of a refined suburban home beginning in the 1840s. As discussed in Chapter 2 ["From Ideal City to Dream House"], she proposed to increase the effectiveness of the isolated housewife and to glorify woman's traditional sphere of work. Beecher devoted her energy to better design. The housewife would be equipped with an efficient kitchen, adequate running water, and effective home heating and ventilation. She would have a better stove.
In The American Woman's Home, Beecher suggested that the housewife devote more of her labor to becoming an emotional support for her husband and an inspiring mother for her children. Self-sacrifice would be her leading virtue. The home, a spiritual and physical shelter from the competition and exploitation of industrial capitalist society, and a training ground for the young, would become a haven in a heartless world. Beecher believed this division of labor between men and women would blunt the negative effects of industrial society on male workers. She argued that both rich and poor women, removed from competition with men in paid work, would find gender a more engrossing identification than class.
For Beecher, it was extremely important that the housewife do nurturing work with her own two hands. As she performed many different tasks each day, she was to be a sacred figure, above and beyond the cash nexus. Her personal services as wife and mother were beyond price. The biological mother was presented as the only focus for her children's needs. The virtuous wife was presented as the only one who could meet her husband's needs as well. The spatial envelope for all of this exclusive nurturing was a little cottage in a garden. Nature surrounding the home reinforced belief in a woman's natural, biologically determined role within it. Beecher also showed how domesticity could be adapted to a tenement apartment or a single teacher's residence.
The Industrial Strategy
The industrial strategy, as promoted by Bebel, is here illustrated by a view of women as paid workers making frozen dinners on an assembly line, 1945
The German Marxist, August Bebel, in his classic book Women Under Socialism (1883), wanted to move most traditional household work into the factory, abolishing women's domestic sphere entirely. Bebel argued: "The small private kitchen is, just like the workshop of the small master mechanic, a transition stage, an arrangement by which time, power and material are senselessly squandered and wasted…. In the future the domestic kitchen is rendered wholly superfluous by all the central institutions for the preparation of food." He also predicted that just as factory kitchens would prepare dinners, and large state bakeries would bake pies, so mechanical laundries would wash clothes and cities would provide central heating. Children would be trained in public institutions from their earliest years. Women would take up industrial employment outside the household, and the household would lose control of many private activities. The effects of industrialization would be general, and women would share in the gains and losses with men, although their new factory work would probably be occupationally segregated labor in the laundry or the pie factory. A life of dedication to greater industrial production and the socialist state would reward personal sacrifice in the Marxist version of the industrial strategy.
In Bebel's version of home life, both nature and biology disappear in favor of industrial efficiency. Bebel believed that nurturing work should be done by women, but he tended to see women as interchangeable service workers. The demand that women nurture with a personal touch, so central to Beecher, was replaced by a sense that any day-care worker could offer a substitute for mother love and any canteen worker could serve up a substitute for home cooking. The spatial container for this interchangeable, industrial nurturing was to be the apartment house composed of industrial components and equipped with large mess halls, recreation clubs, child-care centers, and kitchenless apartments. Of course, service workers would need to be constantly on duty to keep these residential complexes running, but Bebel did not consider this service as labor of any particular value or skill. He underestimated the importance of the socialized home as workplace, even as he recognized the private home as workshop.
The Neighborhood Strategy
Midway between the haven strategy and the industrial strategy, there was a third strategy. The material feminists led by Melusina Fay Peirce wanted to socialize housework under women's control through neighborhood networks. In contrast to the advocates of the haven approach, who praised woman's traditional skills but denied women money, or the advocates of the industrial approach, who denied women's traditional skills but gave women wages, the material feminists argued that women should be paid for what they were already doing. As Jane Cunningham Croly put it in [Elizabeth Cady] Stanton and [Susan B.] Anthony's newspaper, The Revolution: "I demand for the wife who acts as cook, as nursery-maid, or seamstress, or all three, fair wages, or her rightful share in the net income. I demand that the bearing and rearing of children, the most exacting of employments, shall be the best paid work in the world."
Material feminists agreed that women were already doing half the necessary labor in industrial society and should receive half the wages. They believed that women would have to reorganize their labor to gain these demands. The first reason for organizing was to present a united front; the second was to utilize the possibility of new technologies and the specialization and division of labor, in order to perfect their skills and to shorten their hours. Peirce argued that "it is just as necessary, and just as honorable for a wife to earn money as it is for her husband," but she criticized the traditional arrangement of domestic work as forcing the housewife to become a "jack-of-all-trades."
The neighborhood strategy inspired this sketch by Thomas Nast, 1870, of a harried, servantless housewife confronting her labors
Peirce's proposed alternative was the producers' cooperative. She envisioned former housewives and former servants doing cooking, baking, laundry, and sewing in one well-equipped neighborhood workplace. Women would send the freshly baked pies, the clean laundry, and the mended garments back to their own husbands (or their former male employers) for cash on delivery. Peirce planned to overcome the isolation and economic dependency inherent in the haven approach, and the alienation inherent in the industrial approach. While revering woman's traditional nurturing skills and neighborhood networks as the material basis of women's sphere, Peirce proposed to transform these skills and networks into a new kind of economic power for women by elevating nurturing to the scale of several dozen united households.
Peirce also overcame another great flaw in the haven approach. In the early 1870s, there were very few appliances, aside from Beecher's own inventions and architectural refinements, to help the housewife who worked alone. Almost all of the major advances, such as clothes-washing machines, dishwashers, refrigerators, and new kinds of stoves, were being developed for commercial laundries, breweries, hotels, hospitals, and apartment houses. They were designed to serve fifty to five hundred people, not one family. Peirce proposed, like Bebel, to use this technology, but to use it at the neighborhood scale, in a community workplace.
Peirce understood economic activity as both industrial production and human reproduction. She argued that her cooperative housekeeping strategies would lead to complete economic equality for women, because men could sustain farming and manufacturing while women ran the new, expanding areas of retail activity and service industries, in addition to their old standby, household production. Thus she retained a gender division of labor but planned to revise national measures of productive economic activity. In this part of her analysis, Peirce anticipated Richard Ely, Helen Campbell, and Ellen Swallow Richards, who attempted, beginning in the 1880s and 1890s, to introduce home economics (or domestic economy) into academic debates and public policy as the "economics of consumption" on an equal plane with the economics of production. All of the material feminists knew what many later Marxist and neoclassical economists alike have tended to forget: it is not the wage that defines work, it is the labor.
When Catharine Beecher, August Bebel, and Melusina Peirce framed their views of what the industrial revolution should mean to domestic life, they set up models of women's work and family life marked by all the hopes and fears of the mid-nineteenth century. They accepted gender stereotypes so strong that not one of these three models incorporated any substantial male responsibility for housework and child care. Yet Beecher's and Rebel's models of home continued to shape home life and public policy for over a century. The haven strategy and the industrial strategy became the ruling paradigms for domestic life in capitalist and in state socialist societies where the paid employment of women was a fact, not a hope or a fear. Neither model of home life incorporated any substantial critique of male exclusion from the domestic scene. Both models disconnected household space from other parts of the industrial city and its economy. Attempts to repair their conceptual difficulties accelerated in the years after World War I, but neither model has undergone the total revision that would enable planners of housing, jobs, and services to create the spatial settings for modern societies where the paid employment of women is essential.
As a result, women have become disadvantaged workers in both capitalist and state socialist societies. If we look at the evolution of these two models, we see that there have been many ingenious modifications and ideological surprises as capitalists attempted to industrialize the haven strategy or state socialists attempted to domesticate the industrial strategy. The neighborhood strategy of Peirce met a rather different fate. Its adherents advanced their cause effectively in the United States and Europe, creating many interesting small experiments. As a result, they extended their argument for justice and women's liberation, but never had to provide a framework for government policy.
The evolution of all three models of home in different societies during the twentieth century reveals a great deal about capitalism and the role of the state in advanced capitalist societies, socialism and the role of the state in state socialist societies, and feminism and the persistence of male economic control of female labor.
Three Models Translated Into Built Form
When nineteenth-century theorists generated three schematic models of how home life might be developed in industrial society, they also generated three schematic building programs for housing types, strongly related to three architectural styles. The haven strategy produced the program for the detached, single-family suburban house treated as a primitive, sacred hut. The industrial strategy produced the program for high-rise mass housing treated as an efficient machine for collective consumption. The neighborhood strategy produced the program for low-rise, multifamily housing treated as a village with shared commons, courtyards, arcades, and kitchens. The earliest formulations of the haven strategy and the industrial strategy required constant revision in the twentieth century. They evolved as models of family life with many borrowings from each other and from the neighborhood strategy. In the same way, basic programmatic deficiencies in the sacred hut model or the efficient machine model for housing were soon apparent. Architects, urban planners, and builders began to copy each other's materials and details. Primitive hut buildings were realized with machine-aesthetic materials. Mass-consumption buildings were trimmed with primitive half-timbering. The designers of both kinds of projects also borrowed the rhetoric of the neighborhood strategy to declare that they "freed women for modern life" or that they offered "an unsurpassed sense of community," although this rarely meant that they included significant, shared social services or spaces.
A building program is the implicit or explicit statement of spatial requirements to be fulfilled within the constraints of available sites, budgets, and technologies. The one thing that architectural style cannot do is transform the building program. So if the basic social model of home is outdated, or the basic economic model of home is not appropriate, then architectural design cannot save the situation. Architects cannot make outmoded family etiquette modern; they cannot make false economic definitions of market and nonmarket work equitable.
Few housing experts acknowledge this. Urban planners and social scientists have tended to divide the content and form of housing by focusing almost exclusively on programmatic analysis and treating aesthetics as irrelevant. Architects and art historians have tended to conflate content and form by focusing on the aesthetic analysis of design and subsuming the program under this formal discussion. Because program and style have often been analyzed as unrelated parts of a shelter planning problem, or as identical aspects of a housing design solution, contemporary practitioners in architecture and urban planning often sound confused.
Horatio West Courts, Santa Monica, 1919
The architectural historian Kenneth Frampton has written that modern architects, since the Enlightenment, have wavered between rationalism and piety, between the geometric Utopias of a designer such as Ledoux and the piety of a Gothic revivalist such as Pugin: "In its efforts to transcend the division of labor and the harsh realities of industrial production and urbanization, bourgeois and culture has oscillated between the extremes of totally planned and industrialized Utopias on the one hand, and, on the other, a denial of the actual historical reality of machine production." For all their aesthetic differences, Pugin and Ledoux shared a nineteenth-century commitment to separate spheres for men and women, and to a male double standard of female conduct. Ledoux, after all, had temples to both virgins and prostitutes in his ideal city. Such romantic views of gender underlie the designers' predicament: most modern practitioners have been unable to develop more subtle definitions of private and public domains. Thus housing is the great missed opportunity for the design professions in the last century. Under every modern economic and political system, most architects have failed to understand the social programming and the aesthetic complexities essential to the production of space for modern family life. They have, instead, tended to follow Beecher or Bebel, seeing women as pre-industrial hearth tenders, or as industrial wage workers identical to men. As architectural critic Ada Louise Huxtable has put it, "Housing remains architecture's and society's chief unsolved problem."
Just as the advocates of the haven strategy had secluded women in the home to keep the human race partly protected from the market economy (and then asked women to undertake wage work to help pay for the seclusion), so the advocates of the industrial strategy had demanded the full integration of women into the socialized labor of industrial society (and then asked women to keep the hearth fires burning too). Neither model of home life led to an acceptable building program for housing in the twentieth century….. Several million Americans in high-rise public housing may find their future aesthetic satisfaction depends on learning how best to modify these structures in social, economic, and aesthetic terms. If the tracts of suburbia fail to offer solutions, perhaps the history of the neighborhood strategy and its aesthetic offers some clues.
The models for the neighborhood strategy were the cloister and the village. The designers who favored this approach believed that in terms of housing, the whole must be more than the sum of its parts. For private space to become a home, it must be joined to a range of semiprivate, semipublic, and public spaces, and linked to appropriate social and economic institutions assuring the continuity of human activity in these spaces. The neighborhood strategy not only involved thinking about the reorganization of home in industrial society, it also involved defining "home" at every spatial level—from the house, to the neighborhood, the town, the homeland, and the planet. If the haven strategy stressed privacy, and the industrial strategy stressed efficiency; the neighborhood strategy highlighted accountability.
The academic village. Just as Benthani's Panopticon prefigured later interest in the home as machine, so Thomas Jefferson's "academical village" at the University of Virginia prefigured later interest in the home as part of a neighborhood. Although Jefferson had also promoted the isolated family farm, his University of Virginia commission offered him the chance to build housing for students and faculty beginning in 1817. He organized the students' rooms along an arcaded walk punctuated by pavilions serving as faculty residences and lecture halls. The scheme culminated in a domed library. Among the precedents for this project were French hospital designs of the late eighteenth century, but Jefferson also cherished the Carthusian monastery of Pavia, near Milan, as a model of collective living and he visited it before commencing his design work for Charlottesville.
An archetypal expression of the relationship between privacy and community, Pavia consisted of private cells for each monk, connected by a generous arcade to a communal dining room, church, and large estate (where produce was grown to support not only the praying monks but each of the lay brothers and agricultural workers necessary to provide the economic base for the spiritual activity). The cells looked like sacred huts. They were peaked-roof houses with walled gardens, heavy doors, small windows, and well-defined chimneys. The monks devised ingenious, flexible, minimal furnishings for each hut that still look modern. At the same time, the monastery was a collective. A broad arcade gathered the meditating monks into a common dining room. When Jefferson translated the spatial program at Pavia into the University of Virginia, in the early nineteenth century, the monks' huts become the professors' pavilions. There, too, hierarchies of labor were required: just as the monks had lay brothers, the young men had personal servants and the professors had household slaves. Using this monastic model, Jefferson's design of the academical village still stands as an American statement about how to link individuals, households, and work spaces.
Throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, as American women began to experiment with the neighborhood strategy and its implications for housing design, plans for courtyards and arcades appeared. Following the work of Caroline Howard Gilman, Jane Sophia Appleton, and Amelia Bloomer, Melusina Peirce began to develop a more thorough analysis of the architectural implications of cooperative housekeeping. When she proposed a housewives' producers cooperative in 1868, she also introduced the idea of a model neighborhood of thirty-six houses with a single work center, a building with a central courtyard and arcades. Marie Stevens Rowland tried to develop this idea. In the 1890s, Mary Coleman Stuckert of Denver reiterated Peirce's and Rowland's ideas when she exhibited a model for an urban row house development with a central open space, central kitchen, and shared childcare facilities. In 1915, Alice Constance Austin tried to develop a new Californian city with the same centralized services. While they built relatively little, the influence of these material feminists on architects and planners in both the United States and Europe was considerable.
Quadrangles in the garden cities. The designers of the Garden Cities movement, including Ebenezer Howard, Raymond Unwin, and M.H. Baillie Scott, translated the material feminists' ideas into built form. Their overall objectives included ending the split between town and country, easing the conflict between capital and labor through cooperative production, and ending the servant problem and the exploitation of women through cooperative cooking and dining. The physical framework for this activity was the new town of 30,000 people, designed around "cooperative quadrangles," or living groups of about thirty households with a common dining room. Unwin's sketch of the earliest cooperative quadrangle suggests an Oxford or Cambridge college, or a medieval village, which was the inspiration many designers, such as M. H. Baillie Scott, also adopted.
The cooperative quadrangle looked like home—albeit an institutional one. The inglenooks, half-timbering, stucco, peaked roofs, massive hearths, numerous chimneys, and the interior detailing with wood and handmade ceramic tile, recalled the Arts and Crafts movement led by Charles Ashbee and William Morris, and their polemics against the machine. The cozy feeling of these cloistered housing quadrangles was enhanced by flower gardens and vegetable gardens, shaded arcades and benches. Unlike the sacred hut houses of the early twentieth century that shared some of these materials and details, the quadrangles of the Garden City designers attempted to recreate the scale of larger social institutions, recognizing that the rural subsistence farmstead could no longer be the unit of aesthetic expression.
While the Garden Cities influenced planners all over the world, and one of Howard's favorite architectural styles—Tudor revival—became popular with architects all over the United States, the program for the cooperative quadrangle was not part of the set of ideas fully realized in England and widely exported. In the United States, between 1910 and 1940, several housing developments were influenced by the Garden Cities approach. The concepts of neighborhood planning at Forest Hills, New York, developed by Grosvenor Atterbury in 1911, included the provision of an apartment hotel structure for singles and the elderly in a town square at the railroad station, as well as clusters of attached houses. Clarence Stein and Henry Wright, the designers of several major projects, began developing what they called the superblock in 1924 at Sunnyside, Long Island, where they created a small park at the heart of a moderate income housing development. In 1929 at Radburn, New Jersey, Stein and Wright designed a garden city "for the motor age," restricting the domain of the automobile by developing pedestrian courtyards leading to a larger park system running through the project.
Courtyards and greens. Finally, one project synthesized the influence of Jefferson's academical village, the feminist experiments, and the Garden Cities. The Baldwin Hills Village in Los Angeles, where Clarence Stein served as consultant to Robert Alexander and the other local architects, opened in 1942. A leisurely walk through the three parks of this project reveals mature trees, tended flowers, an expansion and contraction of landscaped spaces that is in striking contradiction to awareness that one is in the heart of a major city, in the center of a low-cost housing complex. Each housing unit, small or large, also has a private garden or balcony. Serpentine walls enclosing the gardens recall Jefferson's influence.
Irving Gill was another brilliant designer in the American tradition who found low-cost housing with shared courtyards an interesting architectural problem. Trained in the office of Louis Sullivan, Gill tried to find a way to develop a vernacular style suited to Los Angeles and San Diego. He admired the adobe structures, arcades, and courtyards of the Spanish colonial style, but redefined these traditions with a pure geometry of cubes and circles. He used an innovative technological approach, with concrete walls poured in place in the ground and raised into position in the manner of traditional barn raising. If ever a designer was prepared to resolve the aesthetic and technical ambiguities of the twentieth century, it was Gill. His Horatio West Court in Santa Monica and his Lewis Courts in Sierra Madre both display his genius for manipulating shared spaces. The Lewis Courts were especially successful, so the client decided that middle-class rents could be charged for what started as a low-income housing project. In each case Gill also drew from the bungalow courts and courtyard housing schemes of Los Angeles as the strongest local tradition for multifamily housing design. Projects such as Bowen Court in Pasadena in the Craftsman-style by the Heinemann brothers, or the Andalusia in Hollywood, in the Mediterranean revival style by Arthur and Nina Zwebel, expressed many of the same commitments in program as Gill's work, but were a bit more aesthetically flamboyant. In each case the use of lush landscaping and of local ceramic tiles heightened the sense of place. Los Angeles is the American city with the most interesting multifamily housing stock on the courtyard model, and the best projects are still worth studying.
Tynggarden, outside Copenhagen, Denmark. Site plan showing six courtyards housing 15 families each: (1) Central building with cafe and sports facilities; (2) Multi-purpose community buildings
Cohousing. Courtyard housing is the strongest typological response to the need to balance privacy and community. In the European tradition, as we have seen, a good many designers struggled to graft the ideas of the feminist exponents of the neighborhood strategy onto multifamily housing projects with extensive facilities for child care, shared meals, and community facilities. While the early-twentieth-century collective houses, apartment hotels, and family hotels of Scandinavia provided some good examples of the neighborhood strategy explored in terms of the machine aesthetic, a Danish housing project, Tynggarden, by the architectural firm, Vankunsten, carried on the social tradition of these experiments in the 1970s, and added new courtyards. Each family gave up 10 percent of its allocated interior square footage to create a shared neighborhood center for ten to fifteen families. They shared a courtyard that contained the mailboxes, the washing machines and dryers, a community kitchen, and a large two-level space for activities planned by the residents, from child care to classes to political meetings. The project's combination of private and shared facilities provided an early example of cohousing. The designers also developed plans for the eventual expansion of the private units, to permit future flexibility for adding rental units or units for elderly dependents.
The designers liked the large red and cream-colored Danish barns in the agricultural area surrounding the project, and favored similar massing, color, and wood siding…. Adventure playgrounds filled the active courtyards, while grass, flowers, and vines grew in the quiet courtyards.
In 2002, Tynggarden continues as a successful project. It draws on the agricultural building types of the region, but goes beyond the recalling of stylistic details or the sacred-hut mentality to make a new community comfortable with a mixture of old and new spatial and rethinking private life technical forms: row houses and apartments, metal stairs, corrugated metal roofs, cars. The skyline of a village is simulated in the shed roofs of the community centers, with their place for solar panels, and their exaggerated, tall chimneys. What could be more sociable than a large front porch lined with mailboxes? Unlike the cooperative quadrangles of the Garden Cities movement, which look a bit corny in their Tudor half-timbering, the courtyards of Tynggarden look backwards and forwards at the same time, carrying a complex social program and cultural agenda into a stylistic expression.
The Mothers' House, Amsterdam, 1980
Transitional housing. Another European project of great interest is Aldo Van Eyck's courtyard housing complex for single mothers in Amsterdam, Holland. Van Eyck gave care and attention to both social program and aesthetic realization. In this commission his client was an institution that had long served unmarried mothers. Van Eyck…made housing for children, housing for parents, counseling spaces, and a common dining facility in addition to offices and outdoor space. "The Mothers' House" suggests what can be done to make institutional housing a truly supportive setting in aesthetic as well as social terms. A rainbow of colors animates the building; the courtyard is beautiful and serene. The kibbutz-like nature of the child-rearing spaces may seem too communal for many households, but the project helps these single parents make a transition, rather than offering them a permanent residence. The Mothers' House is a project that helps sustain a new family form—the single-parent family—in urban society, rather than a model of a permanent collective settlement, such as the Israeli kibbutzim or American communes of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which go beyond a neighborhood strategy into a shared communal life.
The City Of Women's Equality
For the last two centuries, the quintessential American intellectual, political, and architectural dilemma has been: dream house or ideal city?…. The common sense of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the urban visions of Bernice Johnson Reagon, the political energy of the feminist campaigns of the municipal housekeeping advocates, the settlement workers, and the material feminists offer precedents. Other societies such as Denmark, Sweden, England, and Holland also provide examples of complex, innovative approaches to nurturing and earning, but no country has yet created an urban fabric and an urban culture to support men and women on equal terms as citizens and workers. As Janet Abu-Lughod wrote in 1974, "The city we seek as women is a human city in which all will share in the pleasures and pains, where women will be neither dolls nor drudges, and where the role specializations so idealized in the past—females nurturing and males laboring—will give way to whole and cooperating humans."
The world awaits the city of women's equality…. Its architecture will combine professional craft and political activism. Its social life will blend nurturing and services. Its neighborhoods will be vibrant when Americans' diverse households transcend the architecture of gender to define for themselves their future patterns of housing, work, and family life.


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as installing my WordPress blog. I simply clicked the Email
Accounts option in cPanel, which redirected me to a very straight
forward form. Choosing the password can be a little tricky, since
it has various difficulty requirements, meaning a generic password
might not work. Some helpful approaches include incorporating
numbers and special characters into the password, or alternating
lowercase and capital letters to make your password more
Once your password is accepted, you simply select whether you'd
like a limited (250 MB) or unlimited email storage amount. Your
account should be available instantly, and you should be able to
visit your inbox as soon as you'd like.
To test the account, I sent an email from my new account to a
personal account at 2:12 p.m., which was available in my personal
inbox a few seconds later. I then responded to this email to test
out the new account's receiving abilities and was pleased when it
arrived just a moment later. This entire process only took about a
When I contacted HostMetro's chat support, I found them to be
very helpful, answering all of my questions. Unfortunately, getting
ahold of this service was more difficult than the other support
services offered, which were always available. For quick answers on
the fly, though, HostMetro's chat service can't be beat, especially
since it will let you work out your problems in real time with
someone who can provide assistance with relevant links to tutorials
and instructional articles. The service also incorporates a print
button, which allows you to print out the advice directly from the
chat window.
The phone support team was entirely impressive, fully willing
and able to help at a moment's notice. To test the phone service, I
placed a call at 2:09 p.m., which was connected to a representative
at 2:15 p.m.-just a little over five minutes. The operator's
knowledge was very impressive and helped me to resolve my issue in
less than 10 minutes.
HostMetro's email support system is very well structured and
helpful for all issues a web builder might encounter. I contacted
the customer support team several times via email with questions
ranging from technical support to billing information. After
opening a ticket from the member's area, I received a reply email
to inform me that my request had been received. Most of the emails
sent during HostMetro's business hours were answered in an hour or
less, with straight to the point information that was clear and
concise, providing the necessary answers.
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Reproduction in whole or in part in any form or medium without express written permission
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Ultimate Fighter 17 Finale drug test results are in from the Nevada State Athletic Commission (NSAC), which on Friday confirmed that all 24 fighters tested for illegal/banned substances after competing at the "Faber vs. Jorgensen" mixed martial arts (MMA) event on April 13, 2013 in Las Vegas have all passed with flying colors.
Each combatant was screened for performance enhancing drugs such as steroids as well as drugs of abuse such as cocaine and marijuana, among others.
Results from these battery of tests all returned negative, according to an e-mail send to MMAmania.com from NSAC Executive Director Keith Kizer.
TUF 17 Finale featured a main event between bantamweight contender Urijah Faber and Scott Jorgensen. "The California Kid" delivered another strong performance with a fourth-round submission of "Young Guns" for his second victory in a 49-day span.
Kelvin Gastelum, Travis Browne and Bubba McDaniel also scored crucial victories on the main card, but the highlight of the FX card was the two-and-a-half round war between Cat Zingano and Miesha Tate that ultimately saw Zingano emerge victorious by third-round technical knockout.
To relive all the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) action from the weekend be sure to check out our complete TUF 17 Finale event archive here.


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Keep on, keepin' on! Just be YOU! (Fellas, you too, even if that means 300�or Kratos cosplay.)
[Source: Alexandra Dal]
Keep on, keepin' on! Just be YOU! (Fellas, you too, even if that means 300�or Kratos cosplay.)
[Source: Alexandra Dal]
really? fat guys don't get ridiculed? a simple google search would prove otherwise.
That's not nearly the point. It's the fact that girls are at the forefront of ridicule. Every time.
You have to be pretty friggin fat before anyone will ridicule you. And if I had a dollar for every fat guy I ever saw criticizing a woman's body shape, I could at least take myself out for a nice steak dinner.
I beleive the point is that the fat guys are dissing the fat chicks cosplaying. "Hello, Pot, my name is Kettle." And not that fat guys cosplaying don't get riciduled, because really, unless you are "hot" by some flawed definition, you are ridiculed no matter what you do, or hohw you don't meet the definition (which for the ladies can even be being too muscular, or too thin, or not endowed enough or too much).
Hello Pot my name is Kettle? Is the expression The pot introduces itself? No… Your entire statement fell apart right there. Thanks for playing though.
I understood her comment just fine, but was unaware of a game involved with the comments. Is there a scoring system? Are you winning?
No, sorry John, being pedantic merits a 5-point penalty and a ten-minute stay in the penalty box.
At least all the characters involved in this comic have great costumes, unlike a majority of real cosplayers
SO glad I wasn't the only one thinking this -__-
I don't see this very often. Most of the time it's none cos players that make the comments on weight and characters people should and shouldn't play. This cartoon gives cos-playing a bad name in general, I don't like it, ever cos player I've met accepts the segregation from reality . And to be honest I've heard more bad comments about large men playing muscular/'fit' characters, from both men and women.
I do in part blame the media of cosplay events, which often focus on 'hot' girls that have either sexed up a character or gone for one with as little clothes as possible. (just to make it clear i'm in no way saying that these people shouldn't do cosplay it's for everyone). It's not about the looks it's about the getting involved, and a little bit of escapism
In short i just don't like this picture because it makes the entire cosplay culture look bad. Rant over.
Thanks for not listening to the scores of female cosplayers who have spoken up and said this happens to them. Remind me to never take your version of events seriously from here on out. If I even remember who you are.
If you don't want cosplay culture looking bad, don't act bad. Simple. It is not the mirror that makes an ugly person ugly.
Oh yes, this happens. Often.
For added comedy, there's what those two guys were saying just a few minutes before this comic:
"Dude, why don't we see more chicks at these cons?"
i just love the way this is drawn :D
The Kratos cosplayer looks like Bobby Hill.
Sure are a lot of fedoras in here


text:
x = independently organized TED event
Theme: U-TURN
Chennai, India
August 17th, 2013
About this event
Talks by speakers who switched over from one career to another and made it big.
Venue and Details
Vivekananda Auditorium
College Of Engineering,
Anna University, Guindy
Chennai, 600028
Event Type (what is this?) University
This event occurred in the past.
See more TEDxCEG events »
Madhan Karky Vairamuthu
Madhan Karky Vairamuthu
Chennai, India


text:
Just in case you lost track of the Martins Beach saga, here is a quick summary and update. According to reports, a couple of years after billionaire Vinod Khosla bought beachfront property in San Mateo County for over $30...more
The State Public Works Board (the "Board") adopted four Resolutions of Necessity approving the High-Speed Rail Authority's (the "Authority") use of eminent domain for public necessity to acquire four parcels in Fresno and...more
Much was written by law school professors and property rights groups following the U.S. Supreme Court's 5-4 decision in Koontz v. St. John's River Water Management District (2013), which found that land-use permit...more
Eminent Domain/Deposit Funds: plaintiff's right to interest on funds placed on deposit with Clerk during eminent domain proceedings pursuant to section 74.051, Florida Statutes (2007) needed to be resolved in initial takings...more
One issue that eminent domain attorneys face routinely involves helping businesses obtain the relocation benefits to which they are entitled under the law, while at the same time pursuing a claim for lost business goodwill. ...more
Valuing mineral rights in eminent domain proceedings is inherently speculative and can lead to wide swings in property valuations. So how do appraisers best deal with the uncertainty involved in mineral exploitation? The...more
In Olive Lane Industrial Park, LLC v. County of San Diego (July 18, 2014, D063337) -- Cal.App.4th --, the Court of Appeal considered whether the owner of property acquired by eminent domain could attain prospective property...more
"Motions in limine" are motions made shortly before trial, and they're typically filed in an attempt to limit the introduction of evidence to the jury. They are a powerful tool in eminent domain proceedings, and can be used...more
On May 27, 2014, the Colorado Supreme Court issued its opinion in Town of Dillon v. Yacht Club Condos. Home Owners Ass'n, 2014 CO 37. Overturning the rulings of both the trial court and the Colorado Court of Appeals, the...more
Californians who have owned their properties for years understand the benefits of Proposition 13: their property taxes are based upon the property's purchase price (with only small allowable annual increases), as opposed to...more
The Oxnard Union High School District began Eminent Domain procedures to acquire property owned by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The property is required for construction of a right-turn lane for the new...more
Just a few months ago, the California Court of Appeal handed down a significant decision in Property Reserve v. Superior Court which nearly eviscerated public agencies' ability to make use of the statutory "right of entry"...more
Along with my colleagues Brad Kuhn, Ben Rubin, and Katherine Contreras, I'm here in Hartford at the IRWA Annual Education Conference. It's been an interesting few days as we discuss eminent domain issues in the shadow of New...more
If a California investment firm and the City of Richmond, California have their way, the mortgage industry may face a new threat: a plan to use government's eminent domain power to seize homes where homeowners owe more than...more
Eminent domain litigation can be expensive. Not just the cost of acquiring the property (which is valued based on its highest and best use, and the "highest price" a willing buyer would pay), but the attorneys' fees, expert...more
In This Issue:
- Another Perspective: Robert T. Braswell, President and Chief Executive Officer Carolina Bank:
Mr. Robert T. Braswell is President and Chief Executive Officer of Carolina Bank. He has served in...more
As of July 1, 2014, Virginia landowners will have a new tool to use in the zoning game. On April 6, 2014, Governor McAuliffe signed SB 578 into law. The bill provides a damages remedy for applicants seeking zoning or...more
Last summer, we blogged here about the dispute between the North Carolina General Assembly -- okay, the "State" -- and the City of Asheville over the State's efforts to transfer ownership and operation of the City's water...more
Provisions of California's Eminent Domain law known as the "entry statutes" have for decades provided a mechanism for a condemnor, prior to initiating condemnation proceedings, to obtain a court order allowing it to enter...more
In the recent landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court in Koontz v. St. Johns Water Mgmt. Dist., 133 S. Ct. 2586 (2013), the Court majority held that exactions sought by local governments, which are not rationally...more
Eminent domain presupposes that the government desires to acquire a property interest for a public project. The public project can be a road or a school or something far more exotic (think acquisition of an NFL team, as in...more
Late last week, the Arizona Supreme Court handed down a decision that clarified the rights of property owners who lose access to an abutting road and, in the process, reinforced the principle that both elimination and...more
In this Newsletter:
- Before You Start a Business . . .
- Estate Planning—Powers of Appointment
- Public Use Required for Eminent Domain
- Tax-Free Gains from Home Sales
- Recreational-Use...more
Michael Lewis' new book, Flash Boys concerns high frequency traders using advance notice of a stock purchase to reap extra profits. Fittingly, the North Carolina Supreme Court's decision in Beroth Oil v. NCDOT was published...more
For the first time in 38 years, a court has declared part of California's statutory eminent domain law unconstitutional. The ruling, if upheld, will create additional hurdles for public agencies and may have unintended...more
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Freeman's Dairy, the last to deliver milk door-to-door in Allentown, has sold its label and distribution rights to Johanna Farms Inc. of Flemington, N.J., according to Freeman's Dairy president William R. Schrader.
Though Schrader wouldn't disclose the price yesterday, he said the Freeman family will retain its property and assets. He said the company had sales of "just under" $7 million in 1985 and expects to finish this year "in excess" of $7 million.


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What do you guys think is going to happen to Sean Avery? Does he play again soon? If Torts does decide to put him in, who does he replace?
See here's the thing... yes Sean has taken some stupid penalties, but he managed to play the vast majority of this season without such antics.
Going into the final eight games here and the (hopefully) playoffs, you don't wanna touch Dubi/AA/Cally and Feds/Boyle/Prust. I think Torts has been pleased with WW/Stepan/Zucc, so that leaves Gaborik skating with EC and Prospal.
Gaborik, EC, and Prospal frankly scares the crap out of me going up against bigger teams like Boston and Philly. They're way too soft.
IF Avery can be trusted not to implode in the playoffs like he did against Washington (remember the Varlamov sock across the side of the head??? remember Torts expression - youtube it. I would paste it here but I'm at work and I can't access youtube), I like Avery on a line with Gaborik and EC or Prospal in a playoff situation.
Avery can forecheck like nobody's business and he's racked up a decent amount of assists over the course of the season.
Prospal can play center can't he? Or am I mistaken? If not Gabby with EC and Avery works, but I feel like Prospal puts forth a better effort than EC in most situations.
Thoughts on Avery's fate down the stretch here guys?


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Civil rights veteran John Lewis, D-Ga.; Rep. Luis Gutierrez, D-Ill.; Rep. Raul Grijalva, D-Ariz.; Joseph Crowley, D-N.Y.; Rep. Keith Ellison, D-Minn.; Rep. Al Green, D-Texas; Rep. Jan Schakowsky, D-Ill.; and Rep. Charles Rangel, D-N.Y.; joined 200 others who were arrested as part of a "civil disobedience" event in front of the U.S. capitol.
Mark Pocan has spent the last 13 years in the Wisconsin State Assembly representing one of the strongest progressive districts in the state. Yet his political roots took hold in blue-collar Kenosha, Wisconsin where he got his start at age eight delivering campaign literature door-to-door for his father, a long-time city alderman.
Pocan learned about ALEC in the only way he could — he joined — making him one of its few Democratic members. Once inside he saw firsthand how it operates and then, much to the organization's displeasure, he let us in on its goals and strategies.
CHARLOTTE, N.C. -- Wisconsin state Rep. Mark Pocan has been to several Democratic Party national conventions, but none as important for him as this one. Pocan is poised to succeed U.S. Rep. Tammy Baldwin, who is giving up her seat to run for the Senate. Although he faces Republican challenger Chad Lee in the fall election, an upset is highly unlikely -- Lee is vastly underfunded in the overwhelmingly liberal district.
State Rep. Mark Pocan has, since his election to the state Legislature in 1998, been a leader in the fight to educate and engage citizens with the struggle over the failed "free trade" consensus. While trade agreements are negotiated -- usually in secret -- by presidential administrations and voted on by Congress, there are highly significant consequences for states.
WI-2 Mark Pocanwww.pocanforcongress.com/


text:
December 26, 2003
ALBANY - Army Specialist Nakoma Williamson graduated from Dougherty High School in 2001. He immediately joined the Army and serves in the 82nd Airborne, where he and family members agree he found his niche.
But, that niche has taken him away from his family and overseas for the past two years.
"I know that I have family at home that cares about me," he says recalling what keeps him going while serving overseas.
"I'm proud of what he's done," his mother, Anita, an Air Force Veteran herself, says.
She admits that Saturday's send-off will be "Scary." "(I'll ) probably have more white hair by the time he gets back."
Scary as it may be, Friday wasn't about goodbyes. It was about Christmas. It was about being together. At home. At peace.
"The main Christmas present I wanted was to get home and see my family," Nakoma said.
Not surprisingly, his mom said the same thing.
"My biggest Christmas present was for him to be with us this year," she said. "That just made my day all worth it."
Still, the thought of leaving was there. But, the young soldier -- the one with a boyish face -- the one with a man's job -- was prepared.
"It's always, 'I'll see you later,'" he said. "So, there won't be any goodbyes tomorrow. I'll be back soon."
Be back soon to his family. The one he knows cares about him so much.
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text:
BALTIMORE — Orioles fans waited 15 years to see a playoff game at Camden Yards, so enduring a rain delay wasn't all that much of an imposition.
Even if it was snowing, nothing was going to dampen the enthusiasm of the crowd for the opening game of the AL division series between Baltimore and the Yankees on Sunday night.
"I want to see the Orioles beat the pants off the Yankees," said 57-year-old Carol Pounsberry, who was the first in line at Gate A, three hours before the scheduled 6:15 p.m. start.
Yankees manager Joe Girardi placed 11 pitchers on the team's 25-man roster for the AL divisional series against the Orioles.
In addition to projected starters CC Sabathia, Andy Pettitte, Hiroki Kuroda and Phil Hughes, the Yankees will have right-handers Joba Chamberlain, Derek Lowe, David Robertson, David Phelps and Rafael Soriano. The left-handed relievers are Clay Rapada and Boone Logan.
The Yankees will have two catchers, Russell Martin and Chris Stewart. The infield includes backups Jayson Nix, Eduardo Nunez and Eric Chavez.
Brett Gardner and Raul Ibanez are listed as outfielders, along with regulars Curtis Granderson, Ichiro Suzuki and Nick Swisher.
A steady rain delayed the first pitch for nearly 21/2 hours. Those in attendance knew that no matter when the first pitch came, it would be worth the wait.
After 14 straight losing seasons, the Orioles pulled off a stunning reversal by winning 93 games to earn a wild-card berth. Then, after beating Texas 5-1 on Friday, Baltimore returned home to host the hated Yankees in Game 1 of the first-round series.
This is the time of year when the stadium is usually locked shut and the field is blanketed with a tarp. Instead, the fans flocked into the park while the Orioles took batting practice. The Major League Baseball logo with the word "POSTSEASON" was painted on the outside portion of the first- and third-base foul lines.
When the Orioles last played a playoff game at Camden Yards, Baltimore lost a seven-game AL Championship Series to Cleveland, 4-2. The series ended with Armando Benitez giving up the winning run in the 11th inning.
Jim Thome, now 42 and a designated hitter for Baltimore, was Cleveland's first baseman that day.
"I was here in '97 with my wife when Benitez lost the game and probably the World Series," said 58-year-old Rick Lynch, who was wearing an Orioles hat, a jersey and a coat.
Since that time, the Orioles headed home after the final regular-season game. Without fail. Until now.
Stephanie Brooks was 11 years old in 1997. She arrived Sunday with her fiance, Justin Sucuiletti, who was wearing a Derek Jeter jersey and a Yankees cap.
"My dad was an avid Orioles fan. He grew up in Maryland and he raised me to be an Orioles fan," she said. "I have never seen them in the playoffs, so this is really exciting for me."
Sucuiletti wasn't sure whether the couple could survive the week without an argument.
"It depends on who wins tonight or the next few games," he said. "Whoever advances to the ALCS."
Since 1997, the Yankees have participated in the playoffs every single year except for one. Brooks figured it was about time for the Orioles to show their superiority.
"I think it's really important because the Yankees win so much," she said. "It's really special for us to be here. I would love to have the opportunity to brag over him about it."
Orioles manager Buck Showalter could only hope his team would appreciate the moment, but not be affected by it.
"It's impossible to tell your players to take the emotion out of an at-bat or a pitch or a throw or whatever," he said. "That's why we've tried to do as much as we can, everything the same with some exceptions, with the schedule. We're trying to stay in routine."
Ah, but nothing about this was routine. On a wet, chilly Sunday in October, the Baltimore Ravens' home stadium across the street was empty and Camden Yards was buzzing.
"I'm glad they're back where they should be," Pounsberry said. "I have been waiting 15 years to see this."


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Monthly Archives: December 2011
Glasgow teams have chance to sweep 2012 Marceline Hoops Tournament
I really like the Glasgow boys' chances at another Marceline Hoops Tournament title. In nine years, Mick Cropp has put together a 25-2 record at this tournament with seven championship trophies. His undefeated Yellowjackets come in as the No. 1 … Continue reading
Posted in Glasgow sports, Higbee sports, Tournaments Leave a comment
Fayette finally sweeps Stover at SFCC
The first year I covered basketball in Fayette, Stover swept the Falcons at the State Fair Holiday Shootout. Last year, the boys won but the girls lost. Earlier today, the Fayette teams finally got their sweep. The girls won the … Continue reading
Harrisburg makes huge impact in district seedings with sweep of Sturgeon
It's never too early to start talking about the "District of Doom." A majority of these teams play each other during the regular season, which makes it fairly easy to determine district seedings when mid-February rolls around, but the Harrisburg … Continue reading
Fayette boys, girls lose at Hallsville
Height was a dominant factor Monday night at Hallsville. The Hallsville girls, with a starting lineup of three tall forwards, took control against Fayette from the get-go. With a 6-foot-4 player like Rachel Gall, Hallsville kept going to their senior … Continue reading
Ending 2011 with a bang: Fayette @ Hallsville, Harrisburg @ Sturgeon
While I wait for my prescription at the drug store to come through, I thought I could make best use of the time by telling you about a couple of stellar matchups this week. First is Fayette at Hallsville. The … Continue reading
It's been a while since I've said this, but Fayette sweeps Westran
I think the headline pretty much sums it up. I'd have to look it up, but I think this is the first time since December 2009 that Fayette swept both Westran teams in a doubleheader. The girls won 41-32 and … Continue reading
Another busy Tuesday night in high school basketball
All 10 area teams are in action tonight, but I'm staying right here in Fayette. Westran comes to town for a Lewis & Clark Conference matchup and the Fayette boys should have no trouble getting past the Hornets, but after … Continue reading
New Franklin sweeps past Brunswick
For the first time since I've been at Fayette, both the New Franklin boys and girls are off to a 4-1 start. Both teams played fairly similar tonight: started off somewhat slow, but kicked their game into full gear midway … Continue reading
New Franklin Tournament seedings released today
Like the other coaches that discussed seedings yesterday for the 83rd annual New Franklin Tournament, I sat down and projected on my seedings for the tournament as well, even though I don't get a vote. I came somewhat close, especially … Continue reading
Glasgow boys join Harrisburg boys in MBCA state rankings
After winning the Glasgow Tournament, the Glasgow boys basketball team went from just receiving votes to catapulting into Class 1 state rankings at No. 8. Interestingly enough, the Yellowjackets are right behind Meadville at No. 7. The two teams will … Continue reading


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What are Some Common Causes of Contact Dermatitis?Along with the evaluation for contact dermatitis, which includes patch testing, a person's history of exposure to various chemicals can help to determine the cause of the rash. The most common patch test performed in the United States is the TRUE test, and is the only test FDA approved for the diagnosis of contact dermatitis. Avoidance information is available for the chemicals tested for in this panel.
The most important aspect of the treatment of contact dermatitis involves avoidance of the trigger. Find out more about the treatment of contact dermatitis.
Occupational. Occupational skin diseases are second only to traumatic injuries as the most common cause of job-related diseases. Approximately 40% of Worker's Compensation cases involve skin problems, and up to 95% of these involve job-induced contact dermatitis.
The most common jobs associated with contact dermatitis include:
- Health professions (latex allergy)
- Food processors
- Beauticians/hairdressers
- Machinists
- Construction workers
Contact dermatitis of the hands is the most common location of disease, and common causes include:
Plants.Plants from the Toxicodendron family is the most common cause of allergic contact dermatitis, and includes poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac. The rash from these plants results in a linear, or streak-like, group of itchy blisters or bumps.
The chemicals released from the plants, called urushiols, cause the dermatitis. Urushiol can be carried on the fur of animals, garden tools, sports equipment and clothing. The smoke from burning Toxicodendron leaves can also carry urushiol.
Other plants related to Toxicodendron may contain urushiol, and cause a similar contact dermatitis. These include:
- Mango skin
- Cashew nut oil
- Gingko leaves
- Japanese lacquer
- Indian marking ink
Patch testing is not necessary for Toxicodendron plants, since this is diagnosis made with a consistent history and physical examination.
Other causes of plant contact dermatitis include contact with the Peruvian lily, a common cause of hand dermatitis in flower workers, as well as seasonal contact dermatitis from exposure to airborne pollens. Patch testing may be performed with these plants, and cross-reactivity with fragrances (on the TRUE test) is common.
Cosmetics. Cosmetic induced contact dermatitis is very common, since people may apply numerous chemicals to their skin, hair and scalp on a daily basis. Typically, the rash will occur on the skin where the cosmetic was applied, although sometimes the rash will occur on another part of the body (for example, reactions to nail polish may first cause an eyelid rash as a result of touching the eyelid).
Fragrances appear to be an important and common cause of contact dermatitis. Rashes can appear on the neck in a pattern consistent with spraying perfume on the area. Patch testing to fragrance mix, found in the TRUE test panel, can help identify the cause and provide important information on avoidance.
Avoiding fragrances can be difficult, and use of products labeled "unscented" can be misleading, as a masking fragrance may be added. It is better to use products labeled as "fragrance-free", and are typically tolerated by people with fragrance-induced contact dermatitis.
Hair products are another common cause of contact dermatitis. Common chemicals include phenylenediamine in hair dyes, cocamidopropyl betaine in shampoos and bath products, and glyceryl thioglycolate in permanent wave solution. Of these, only phenylenediamine is tested for in the TRUE test panel.
Reactions to acrylic coatings on fingernails are a common cause of contact dermatitis on the fingers, as well as on the face and eyelids. Many people who use cosmetics on their fingernails (artificial nails or coatings on natural nails) may touch their face and eyelids with their nails. Common chemicals include acrylates and formaldehyde-based resins.
Sunscreens and sun blocks, also commonly found in various moisturizers and cosmetics, can result in facial contact dermatitis, with or without activation by sunlight. Some of the "chemical-free" sunscreens, containing physical blocking agents such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, are better tolerated by people with sunscreen-induced contact dermatitis.
Topical Medications. Numerous topical medications can result in contact dermatitis when applied to the skin. These include:
- lanolin, found in some moisterizers such as Eucerin
- topical antibiotics such as neomycin (Neosporin) and bacitracin
- para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), found in some sunscreens
- anti-itch creams containing local anesthetics
- topical corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone cream
- topical NSAIDs, such as Aspercreme


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When clients are included in the process as makers, not just approvers, they add a shit-ton of value to the work.


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May 11, 2006
Ty Ty-- People in many small towns want travelers to remember having traveled through where they live.
But how do small towns, with almost no extra money, generate a favorable impression? Leave it to a spry lady with a quick laugh to come up with a plan that includes a big break for an aspiring teenage artist.
People rarely notice small towns as they speed through them, but Grace Thompson wants to change that. "The little town when people come through it they will say, 'Wow, how pretty,'" says Grace as she stands near a vacant house a few feet from busy highway 82.
Grace and her fellow garden club members maintain three modest flower gardens. "I live here. That's why I care," says Grace as she pulls a tall weed from one of the beds with angry fire ants below. The town of 800 needs more people like her. "It's a little bit disgusting," says an embarrassed Grace.
A big pile of rocks, old appliances easily visible, dilapidated buildings that look as if they will fall down any day, and litter detract from the town's natural beauty. "It hadn't changed too much in the past 30 years," says Harold Stephens, who came to Ty Ty in the 60s.
A few property owners take a lot of pride in their buildings, but sadly a lot of them don't. But Grace had a plan. She contacted an art teacher at the Tift County High School to find a special student. "Have talent, discipline and drive," says Meredith Holland, the art teacher. For a temporary job. "I've never done anything like this before," says Kathleen Hilliard, a delightfully confident former art student of Meredith's as she stood at the base of a huge painting, her painting.
Her parents made sure of her commitment before she opened the first can of paint. "Once you start, you must finish it," says Kathleen of her parents' requirement. Kathleen took a big risk, one about 20 feet tall and 25 feet wide, to paint a mural of a cotton field that acknowledges Ty Ty's agricultural roots.
A silhouette of a farm worker with a large green shovel completes the mural. "Doesn't sound too big, but is big," says Kathleen as she opens a small can of green paint that she retrieved from under a broken down van that sits nearby. Some of her friends wondered if Kathleen had taken on a job too big for her. "I think a lot of them didn't take me very seriously," says Kathleen as she put green paint over white areas that had somehow missed her brush.
Kathleen took the project seriously, though. "The hardest part was getting it all laid out," she says. Most of the mural was black and white. "You can really get into working with the values, the darks and lights and the shadows."
The black and white mural is a rather different style since most murals include multiple colors. Kathleen finished the project after more than a month of early mornings and late afternoons, when some of her classmates watched TV or attended sports practice. "I like it; I'm proud of it," says Kathleen, signing her name to the lower left corner, signifying the she had completed the mural.
Her first paid art project finished, and where she hopes the 12,000 or so people who pass through the small town everyday will slow down and see the art. Kathleen will paint another mural on the other side of the building, starting in about a month.
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1. Introduction : The traces of present Zakir Husian College can be linked back to 17th century, a Madrasa founded by Ghaziuddin Khan one of the Emperor Aurangzeb's leading Deccan commanders. However, Madrasa with the efforts of wealth citizens of the Delhi formed into an oriental college for literature, science and art at the site in 1792. The college held affiliation with Delhi University in 1928 became a degree college finally a P.G college in 1943. Evening classes started at the college in 1958 and it received its original name in 1975. The College is administrated by Zakir Husain Memorial Trust headed by Prime Minister of India.
2. Faculty :
3. Courses :
- B.A. (Hons) English
- B.A. (Hons) Hindi
- B.A. (Hons) History
- B.A. (Hons) Persian
- B.A. (Hons) Political Science
- B.A. (Hons) Sanskrit
- B.A. (Hons) Urdu
- B.A. Programme
- B.Com. (Hons)
- B.Com. (Pass)
4. Facilities : The College has huge library with at least 1, 11, 500 books, Multi Media Library, College Auditorium, Seminar and Audio Video Room, Computer Labs, Canteen and Chat Corner, Career Counselling and Placement Cell at the college guide students to develop their career in various professional areas, faculty mentor scheme, college greens.
5. Edge :
6. Website and E-mail : www.zhe.du.ac.in, email@example.com
Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, New Delhi -110 001
Phone : 23231899 Fax : 23231780
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As with everything in the world, sometimes there might be something wrong and you may have problems getting to Badpuppy. The following is a compilation of things that you can try that will make it easy to identify the problem.
The examples provided below are for Windows users. Anyone using a UNIX or MAC machine should read the instructions and follow the commands as best as possible.
Contact us - Billing Support - Site Map
1995-2014 BEI -- Continuously Online Since May 17, 1995
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Worms Collection HQ
Worms Collection HQ (Xbox360)
Worms Collection features a mind-meltingly great value for money, a retail disc which will contain three wriggly militant masterpieces from legendary studio Team 17, namely Worms, Worms Ultimate Mayhem and Worms 2: Armageddon, plus 6 full packs of DLC.
Available on: PS3, Xbox360 XBOX360 Rank: 960 / 1,781 | Overall Rank: 8437 / 14,369
Game tags: Science Fiction, Turns, Local, No Economy, Comic Style
- No official site found
Latest Media
Worms Collection Announcement Trailer
01:31 | 491 views | 0 comments
|Worms Collection heading to consoles this Autumn (0)
|Mastertronic has announced Worms Collection for consoles. The game includes Worms, Worms 2, Armageddon and Worms Ultimate Mayhem, and 6 DLC packs, spanning 15 years of content.
|Posted: 20.08.2012 by Nakerman
|View all Worms Collection news...(1)


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The web is swirling from news of Apple Inc. (NASDAQ:AAPL) acquiring mapping company, C3 Technologies in an effort to beat out competition with Google's Map data, currently available on all iPad, iPhone, and iPod touch models. AAPL has been relying upon Google to provide iOS users with map data and … Read the Full Story →
Tag Archives: Maps Application Developer
A new job listing on Apple's website reveals the Cupertino company is currently revamping its Maps application for iOS. The listing is for an iOS Maps Application Developer who will "develop sophisticated user interfaces" and "add new and innovative features." The Maps application that comes built-in to iOS has been … Read the Full Story →


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|Van Wert County Court news
|Tuesday, July 09, 2013 11:54 PM
The following individuals appeared Tuesday before Judge Charles Steele in Van Wert County Common Pleas Court:
Changes of plea
Thomas Hathaway, 28, Grand Rapids, Mich., changed his plea to guilty to a charge of breaking and entering, a felony of the fifth degree.
The court ordered a pre-sentence investigation and set sentencing for July 31.
Darren Riggs, 42, Van Wert, entered a plea of guilty to an amended charge of attempting to corrupt another with drugs, a felony of the fifth degree. He was previously charge with corrupting another with drugs, a felony of the fourth degree, and with endangering children, a misdemeanor of the first degree. The misdemeanor was dismissed and the felony four amended for his plea.
The court ordered a pre-sentence investigation and set sentencing for Aug. 21.
Zachary Brinkman, 25, Middle Point, appeared for a treatment in lieu violation for failing to report to probation and for a positive drug test. The case was ordered continued for more research into whether the drugs involved were prescribed to him.
Tasha Comment, 30, Van Wert, appeared for a probation violation for failing to report to probation, failing a drug test and failing to follow through with counseling.
She admitted the violation and was re-sentenced to 3 years community control under the same conditions as before plus 73 days in the county jail. A 12-month prison term was deferred.
Alexandra Whisman, 19, Van Wert, appeared for a probation violation for failing a drug test.
She admitted the violation and was resentenced to three year community control with up to six months at the WORTH Center. An 11-month prison term was deferred.
Joshua Rager, 28, Van Wert, appeared for a bond violation for a positive drug test. He admitted the violation. He was ordered re-released on a surety bond until his next pre-trial hearing.
Tracy Hartman, 38, Van Wert, requested to be excused from attending a deposition of a doctor in his pending case. He made the request and signed a waiver in open court to allow the deposition to be conducted without his presence.


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Get 75% Off Collage Prints from Walgreens, as it is today's offer in their 7 Days of Deals!
Use the code COLLAGEDEAL at checkout to get yours. Choose in-store pickup to save on shipping.
This offer is for TODAY ONLY (4/7)!
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Neil Rohrer was named vice president of Core payroll sales for the Eastern U.S. in September 2010. He is responsible for Core sales in the Eastern U.S., which accounts for one-third of the Core sales organization. In addition, Rohrer is responsible for the national sales support organization, and oversees more than 1,000 employees.
Most recently,Rohrer served as director of marketing for the company. Prior to that, he was director of international business development and helped guide the company's international expansion. Rohrer joined Paychex in 1986 as a Core sales representative.
Rohrer holds a bachelor's degree in management from Villanova University in Philadelphia.
As president and owner of Stefan Sydor Optics in Chili, N.Y., James M. Sydor will tell you that "Our world is flat." That's because he has helped carve a unique niche in the fabrication of precision quality, flat-surfaced parallel and wedged optics. His business, along with other optics firms in the region, is considered key to our economic recovery—both locally and nationally. His clients include the U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Department of Defense and NASA as well as the motion picture industry.
Jim earned his associate degree in optical technology from Monroe Community College. He discovered optics by first studying photography. He fondly remembers MCC Professor Emeritus Charles Ball (Applied Technologies) and credits Professors Emeriti Robert Novak (Engineering Technologies) and Martin Dvorin (Optical Technology) for guiding him toward a career in optical technology.
Prior to joining his father at Sydor Optics in 1978, Jim was a methods engineer at American Optical's Scientific Instrument Division and later, an optical fabrication department foreman and production planner for the Industrial Borescope Division at American Cystoscope Makers. Jim serves on the board of directors of the American Precision Optics Manufacturers Association and the Rochester Regional Photonics Cluster. In addition to hiring MCC graduates, he gives back generously by helping the college promote and grow its optics technology program through support of innovative programs such as the optics summer camp for city high school students. Last summer, Jim turned a company van into a moving billboard for MCC in hopes of making more people aware of the good jobs that are available now in the optics field.Jim was inducted into MCC's Alumni Hall of Fame in December 2012.
Damon City Campus
5th Floor, Room 5032
M-F 8:45 a.m. - 4:45 p.m.
(585) 262-1500
Fax: (585) 262-1515
Mailing Address
MCC Foundation
228 East Main Street
Rochester, NY 14604


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Netflix on Playstation 3 Goes Disc-Free, Adds 1080p and 5.1 Surround Sound
Big news out of the Sony camp on the PS3/Netflix integration, which is already pretty good: starting this coming Monday (Oct 18), Netflix will become a native application on the PS3, meaning Playstation users will no longer have to insert a disc to watch Netflix's Watch Instantly content. On top of this, the new app will offer select content in full 1080p with 5.1 Dolby Surround Sound. These upgrades could make the PS3 the best Netflix machine under the sun (for now). Here's the official word and a sneak peak at the new interface:
Starting Monday, October 18 you'll be able to instantly watch movies and TV shows without inserting an instant streaming disc into your console. In addition to eliminating the disc, there is a new user interface that brings a much richer and faster browsing experience, content search directly on the device, and dramatic improvements in how fast playback starts… There is even more good news for PS3 owners: starting on Monday you'll be able to instantly watch some movies and TV shows in 1080p high definition, listen to Dolby 5.1 channel surround sound, and view an increasing portion of our content library with subtitles.
A look at the new interface in action:
This interface looks worlds better than some of the Netflix implementations out there, as some interfaces only allow you to watch what's already in your Watch Instantly queue (requiring you to use the nearest computer to browse and add content). Other interfaces (like the current disc-based one on my PS3) offer pretty extensive browsing, searching, and rating capabilities. Here's a comparison between the Netflix interface on the Apple TV, Roku, and Google TV (with the gTV presumably in line for an upgrade after launch):
Something to keep in mind if you're currently looking at getting a set-top box touting Netflix as a feature: all Netflixes are not created equal. Anyone have any devices that offer a sub-par Netflix experience?
[via NewTeeVee]
We're all here for the same reason: to better ourselves as writers, directors, cinematographers, producers, photographers... whatever our creative pursuit. Criticism is valuable as long as it is constructive, but personal attacks are grounds for deletion; you don't have to agree with us to learn something. We're all here to help each other, so thank you for adding to the conversation!
Dustin j sims on 10.15.10 @ 11:30AM
Now just add googleTV to the ps3 and you'll have the best set-top box out there
Netflix on my Blu-ray player is shite. No search, no rating, no add.
Nick on 10.15.10 @ 3:39PM
I love it on my Xbox 360. It doesn't bother me that I have to add items to my Instant Queue through a computer, as I have my Macbook sitting a few feet away from the couch. But I could see how that might bug those with only a desktop. Truthfully, though, I think the magic may have more to do with the fact that I'm streaming in HD on my 50" Panasonic plasma. :)


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NewsCheck out some of the stories that were written about the 2013 WISE Symposium and be sure to stay tuned for updated coverage on next year's 12th annual event!
The April issue of Syracuse Woman Magazine issue features a cover story on WISE Symposium events manager Lindsay Wickham.Read it online
The Post Standard publishes a call for nominations for extraordinary women entrepreneurs in the CNY community to be named the Ann Michel Distinguished Entrepreneur of the Year.Read it online
The Post Standard covered the move of the WISE Women's Business Center from the SSIC to its new downtown location in The Tech Garden.Read it online
The Post Standard was on site at the event with coverage of the 10th annual WISE Symposium, including photos of speakers and event participants.Read it online
CNY Central featured a news segment on the 2012 WISE Symposium, feautring an interview with keynote speaker and real estate mogul Barbara Corcoran (from ABC's hit show Shark Tank).View it online
The Post-Standard featured an op-ed piece written by WISE Women's Business Center director Joanne Lenweaver, titled 'Symposium Boosts Women as Entrepreneurs.'Read it online
Syracuse Woman Magazine featured the WISE initiative as its cover story in the March 2012 issue. The issue featured a history of the WISE initiative, along with a story about the 10th annual WISE Symposium and the year-round WISE Women's Business Center.Read it online
Entrepreneur.com wrote a great article on WISE Symposium speakers and local entrepreneurs from HuePhoria and the changes their business has made in the last 6 months to adapt to the economy.Read it online
CNY Online Video: WISE conference helps entrepreneursClick here for the article and video
Two Central New York business owners to be honored at WISE symposiumClick here for the article
Check out the shout-out about the WISE Symposium which was featured in the Women in Business issue of the CNY Business Exchange.Click here for the article
Check out the exclusive Q&A session with entrepreneur, small business expert, and WISE morning keynote speaker JJ Ramberg! This article was recently featured in the Women in Business issue of the CNY Business Exchange.Click here for the article
The WISE Symposium was featured in the march/april 2011 issue of Syracuse Woman Magazine.Click here for the article
106.9's Big Jim Donovan interviewed WISE Symposium Event Coordinator Lindsay Wickham and Board Member/Entrepreneur Ann Marie Stonecypher to talk about the 2011 event. Click to hear more about the 2011 event; what's new, how it can help your business and what WISE is all about!Big Jim Donovan Interview


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Add to My ListAdd to FavoritesEdit Anime InformationBuy @ RightStuf Buy from Amazon Buy from Japan-Best
Alternative Titles
English: Saint Seiya: The Lost Canvas 2
Japanese: 聖闘士星矢 THE LOST CANVAS 冥王神話 2
Type: OVA
Episodes: 13
Status: Finished Airing
Aired: Feb 23, 2011 to Jul 20, 2011
Producers: TMS Entertainment
Genres: Action, Adventure, Martial Arts, Shounen, Super Power, Supernatural
Duration: 24 min. per episode
Rating: PG-13 - Teens 13 or olderL represents licensing company
Score: 8.361 (scored by 8080 users)
Ranked: #1162
Popularity: #1584
Members: 14,316
Favorites: 66
1 indicates a weighted score
2 based on the top anime page.
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EverBridge Emergency Notifation System
The Everbridge system provides city officials with the ability to provide pre-recorded emergency telephone notification/information messages to targeted areas or the entire city. Residents and businesses located within the city limits are encouraged to sign up for Everbridge to be sure they receive timely emergency notifications when alerts are issued. Click here to enroll:


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Click for a Quote from a Windows contractor who services IA. Over 10,000 homeowners served!
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Foreshore Festival 2012 was a massive day with a great crowd and some amazing preformances.
2012 was the first time in Foreshore's 6 year history that it didn't rain and the punters were treated to blue skies and warm weather all day.
Check out all the action from Foreshore Festival 2012 on the website here


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My name is Claire McGuiness and I am 19 years old. I have been singing and dancing since a young child and I am aiming for a career as a singer. I appreciate music and art in all forms and love to work with other artists so I can experience some of the amazing talent that is out there today and learn from them. I have an outgoing personality and I love to have fun but when it gets to work, im all ears and straight to business. I work as a vocalist in a professional covers band. Any performance or experience is the perfect opportunity for me to learn and to expose myself to variety and talent.
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A beautiful and passionate ballad by Natalie Beddingfield.
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