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Section: General Zoology » The Diversity of Animal Life
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
Acoelomate Animals
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Nemertea (Rhynchocoela)
Phylum Gnathostomulida
Phylogeny and Adaptive Radiation
Phylum Platyhelminthes
The word "worm" is loosely applied to elongated, bilateral invertebrate animals without appendages. At one time zoologists considered worms (Vermes) a group in their own right. Such a group included a highly diverse assortment of forms. This unnatural assemblage was reclassified into various phyla. By tradition, however, zoologists still refer to the various groups of these animals as flatworms, ribbon worms, roundworms, and segmented worms.
Platyhelminthes were derived from an ancestor that probably had many cnidarian-like characteristics, including a gelatinous mesoglea. Nonetheless, replacement of the gelatinous mesoglea with a cellular, mesodermal
laid the basis for a more complex organization. Parenchyma is a form of "packing" tissue containing more cells and fibers than the mesoglea of cnidarians. In at least some platyhelminths, the parenchyma is made up of non-contractile cell bodies of muscle cells; the cell body containing the nucleus and other organelles is connected to an elongated contractile portion in somewhat the same manner as epitheliomuscular cells of cnidarians (see Figure 13-7).
Flatworms range in size from a millimeter or less to some of the tapeworms that are many meters in length. Their flattened bodies may be slender, broadly leaflike, or long and ribbonlike.
Figure 14-2
Stained planarian.
Flatworms include both free-living and parasitic forms, but free-living members are found exclusively in the class Turbellaria. A few turbellarians are symbiotic or parasitic, but the majority are adapted as bottom dwellers in marine or fresh water or live in moist places on land. Many, especially of the larger species, are found on the underside of stones and other hard objects in freshwater streams or in the littoral zones of the ocean.
Most species of turbellarians are marine, but there are many freshwater species. Planarians (Figure 14-2) and some others frequent streams and spring pools; others prefer flowing water of mountain streams. Some species occur in fairly hot springs. Terrestrial turbellarians are found in rather moist places under stones and logs. There are about six species of terrestrial turbellarians in the United States.
All members of classes Monogenea and Trematoda (flukes) and class Cestoda (tapeworms) are parasitic. Most Monogenea are ectoparasites, but all trematodes and cestodes are endoparasitic. Many species have indirect life cycles with more than one host; the first host is often an invertebrate, and the final host is usually a vertebrate. Humans serve as hosts for a number of species. Certain larval stages may be free living.
Characteristics of Phylum Platyhelminthes
Three germ layers
Bilateral symmetry
; definite polarity of anterior and posterior ends
Body flattened dorsoventrally
; oral and genital apertures mostly on ventral surface
Epidermis may be cellular or syncytial (ciliated in some);
in epidermis of most Turbellaria; epidermis a syncytial
in Monogenea, Trematoda, Cestoda, and some Turbellaria
Muscular system primarily of a sheath form and of mesodermal origin; layers of circular, longitudinal, and sometimes oblique fibers beneath the epidermis
No internal body space other than digestive tube (acoelomate); spaces between organs filled with parenchyma, a form of connective tissue or mesenchyme
Digestive system incomplete (gastrovascular type); absent in some
Nervous system consisting of a pair of anterior ganglia with longitudinal nerve cords connected by transverse nerves and located in the mesenchyme
in most forms; similar to cnidarians in primitive forms
Simple sense organs; eyespots in some
Excretory system of two lateral canals with branches bearing
flame cells (protonephridia)
; lacking in some primitive forms
Respiratory, circulatory, and skeletal systems lacking; lymph channels with free cells in some trematodes
Most forms monoecious; reproductive system complex, usually with well-developed gonads, ducts, and accessory organs; internal fertilization; development direct in freeswimming forms and those with a single host in the life cycle; usually indirect in internal parasites in which there may be a complicated life cycle often involving several hosts
Class Turbellaria mostly free living; classes Monogenea, Trematoda, and Cestoda entirely parasitic
Form and Function
Tegument, Muscles
Most turbellarians have a cellular, ciliated epidermis. Freshwater planarians, such as
, belong to order Tricladida and are used extensively in introductory laboratory courses. Their ciliated epidermis rests on a basement membrane. It contains rod-shaped
, which swell and form a protective mucous sheath around the body when discharged with water. Single-cell mucous glands open on the surface of the epidermis (Figure 14-3). Most orders of turbellarians have
adhesive organs in the epidermis. These organs consist of three cell types: viscid and releasing gland cells and anchor cells (Figure 14-4). Secretions of the viscid gland cells apparently fasten microvilli of the anchor cells to the substrate, and secretions of the releasing gland cells provide a quick, chemical detaching mechanism.
Figure 14-3
Cross section of planarian through pharyngeal region, showing relationships of body structures.
Figure 14-4
Reconstruction of dual-gland adhesive organ of the turbellarian Haplopharynx sp. There are two viscid
glands and one releasing gland, which lie beneath the body wall. The anchor cell lies within the
epidermis, and one of the viscid glands and the releasing gland are in contact with a nerve.
In the body wall below the basement membrane of flatworms are layers of
muscle fibers
that run circularly, longitudinally, and diagonally. A meshwork of
cells, developed from mesoderm, fills the spaces between muscles and visceral organs. Parenchyma cells in some, perhaps all, flatworms are not a separate cell type but are the noncontractile portions of muscle cells.
Figure 14-5
Diagrammatic drawing of the structure
of the tegument of a trematode Fasciola
A few turbellarians have a
epidermis (nuclei are not separated from each other by intervening cell membranes), and at least one species has a syncytial "insunk" epidermis, in which cell bodies (containing the nuclei) are located beneath the basement membrane and communicate with the distal cytoplasm by means of cytoplasmic channels. "Insunk" is a misnomer because the distal cytoplasm arises by fusion of extensions from the cell bodies.
All members of Trematoda, Monogenea, and Cestoda are parasitic, and their body covering, as adults, conforms to the plan just described. Furthermore, they lack cilia. Rather than "epidermis," their body covering is designated by a more noncommital term
(Figure 14-5). This distinctive tegumental plan is the basis for uniting trematodes, monogeneans, and cestodes in a taxon known as
. It is a peculiar epidermal arrangement and may be related to adaptations for parasitism in ways that are still unclear. The single species of turbellarian with an insunk epidermis is not considered a neodermatan based on other criteria.
Figure 14-6
Structure of a planarian.
A, Reproductive and osmoregulatory
systems, shown in part. Inset at left is
enlargement of flame cell. B, Digestive
tract and ladder-type nervous system.
Pharynx is shown in resting position.
C, Pharynx extended through ventral
Nutrition and Digestion
Other than in cestodes, which have no digestive system, platyhelminth digestive systems include a mouth, a pharynx, and an intestine (Figure 14-6). In planarians the pharynx is enclosed in a
pharyngeal sheath
(Figure 14-6) and opens posteriorly just inside the mouth, through which it can extend. The intestine has three many-branched trunks, one anterior and two posterior. The whole forms a
gastrovascular cavity
lined with columnar epithelium (Figure 14-6). The mouth of trematodes and monogeneans usually opens at or near the anterior end of their body into a muscular, nonextensible pharynx (see Figures 14-7 and 14-16). Posteriorly, their esophagus opens into a blindly ending intestine, which is commonly Y-shaped but may be highly branched or unbranched, depending on species.
Planarians are mainly carnivorous, feeding largely on small crustaceans, nematodes, rotifers, and insects. They can detect food from some distance by means of chemoreceptors. They entangle prey in mucous
secretions from the mucous glands and rhabdites. A planarian grips prey with its anterior end, wraps its body around prey, extends its proboscis, and sucks up food in small amounts. Monogeneans and trematodes graze on host cells, feeding on cellular debris and body fluids.
Intestinal secretions contain proteolytic enzymes for some
. Bits of food are sucked into the intestine, where phagocytic cells of the gastrodermis complete digestion
. Undigested food is egested through the pharynx. Because cestodes have no digestive tract, they must depend on host digestion, and absorption is confined to small molecules.
Excretion and Osmoregulation
Except in the turbellarian order Acoela, the osmoregulatory system of flatworms consists of
(excretory or osmoregulatory organs closed at the inner end) with
flame cells
(Figure 14-6). A flame cell is cup shaped with a tuft of flagella extending from the inner face of the cup. In some turbellarians and in all Neodermata, the protonephridia form a
(Old English
, a fence placed in a stream to catch fish); the rim of the cup is elongated into finger-like projections that interdigitate with similar projections of a tubule cell. The space (lumen) enclosed by the tubule cell continues into collecting ducts that finally open to the outside by pores. Beating flagella (resembling a flickering flame) drive fluid down the collecting ducts and provide a negative pressure to draw fluid through the delicate interdigitations of the weir. The wall of the duct beyond the flame cell commonly bears folds or microvilli that probably function in resorption of certain ions or molecules.
In planarians collecting ducts join and rejoin into a network along each side of the animal (Figure 14-6) and may empty through many nephridiopores. This system is mainly osmoregulatory because it is reduced or absent in marine turbellarians, which do not have to expel excess water. Monogeneans usually have two excretory pores opening laterally, near the anterior. Collecting ducts of trematodes empty into an excretory bladder that opens to the exterior by a terminal pore (Figure 14-7). In cestodes there are two main excretory canals on each side that are continuous through the entire length of the worm (see Figure 14-20). They join in the last segment (proglottid) to form an excretory bladder that opens by a terminal pore. When the terminal proglottid is shed, the two canals open separately.
Figure 14-7
Structure of human liver fluke Clonorchis sinenesis.
Metabolic wastes are removed largely by diffusion through the body wall.
Nervous System
The most primitive flatworm nervous system, found in some acoels, is a
subepidermal nerve plexus
resembling the nerve net of the cnidarians. Other flatworms have, in addition to a nerve plexus, one to five pairs of
longitudinal nerve cords
lying under the muscle layer. More derived flatworms tend to have the lesser number of nerve cords. Freshwater planarians have one ventral pair (Figure 14-6). Connecting nerves form a "laddertype" pattern. Their brain is a bilobed mass of ganglion cells arising anteriorly from the ventral nerve cords. Except in acoels, which have a diffuse system, neurons are organized into sensory, motor, and association types—an important development in evolution of nervous systems.
Sense Organs
Active locomotion in flatworms has favored not only cephalization in the nervous system but also further evolution of sense organs.
, or lightsensitive eyespots, are common in turbellarians (Figure 14-6), monogeneans, and larval trematodes.
Tactile cells and chemoreceptive cells are abundant over the body, and in planarians they form definite organs on the auricles (the earlike lobes on the sides of the head). Some species also have statocysts for equilibrium and rheoreceptors for sensing direction of the water current. Sensory endings are abundant around the oral sucker of trematodes and holdfast organ (scolex) of cestodes and around genital pores in both groups.
Reproduction and
Many turbellarians reproduce both asexually (by fission) and sexually. Asexually, freshwater planarians merely constrict behind the pharynx and separate into two animals, each of which regenerates the missing parts—a quick means of population increase. Evidence suggests that a reduced population density results in an increase in the rate of fissioning. In some forms in which fissioning occurs, the individuals do not separate at once but remain attached, forming chains of zooids (Figure 14-8).
Figure 14-8
Some small freshwater turbellarians. A, Phagocata has numerous pharynges. B and C, Incomplete
fission results for a time in a series of attached zooids.
Trematodes undergo asexual reproduction in their intermediate hosts, snails. Some juvenile cestodes show asexual reproduction, budding off hundreds, or in some cases, even millions, of offspring.
Virtually all flatworms are monoecious (hermaphroditic) but practice cross-fertilization. In some turbellarians the yolk for nutrition of a developing embryo is contained within the egg cell itself
, and embryogenesis shows spiral determinate cleavage typical of protostomes. Possession of endolecithal eggs is considered ancestral for flatworms. Other turbellarians plus all trematodes, monogeneans, and cestodes share a derived condition in which female gametes contain little or no yolk, and yolk is contributed by cells released from separate organs called
. Yolk cells are conducted toward a juncture with the
vitelline ducts
(Figure 14-7). Usually a number of yolk cells surrounds the zygote within the eggshell; thus development is
. Cleavage is affected in such a way that a spiral pattern cannot be distinguished. The entire package consisting of yolk cells and zygote, surrounded by the eggshell, moves into the
and finally is released through a common genital pore or a separate uterine pore (see Figures 14-7, 14-19, and 14-20).
Male reproductive organs include one, two, or more
connected to
vasa efferentia
that join to become a single
vas deferens
. The vas deferens commonly leads into a
seminal vesicle
and hence to a papilla-like
or an extensible copulatory organ called a
During breeding season turbellarians develop both male and female organs, which usually open through a common genital pore (Figure 14-6A). After copulation one or more fertilized eggs and some yolk cells become enclosed in a small cocoon. The cocoons are attached by little stalks to the underside of stones or plants. Embryos emerge as juveniles that resemble mature adults. In some marine forms embryos develop into ciliated free-swimming larvae.
Monogeneans hatch as freeswimming larvae that attach to the next host and develop into juveniles. Larval trematodes emerge from the eggshell as ciliated larvae that penetrate a snail intermediate host, or they may hatch only after being eaten by the snail. Most cestodes hatch only after being consumed by an intermediate host, which may be any of many different animals, depending on species of tapeworm.
Class Turbellaria
Turbellarians are mostly free-living worms that range in length from 5 mm or less to 50 cm. They are mostly creeping forms that combine muscular with ciliary movements to achieve locomotion. Their mouth is on the ventral side. Unlike trematodes and cestodes, they have simple life cycles.
Very small planaria swim by means of their cilia. Others move by gliding, head slightly raised, over a slime track secreted by the marginal adhesive glands. The beating of the epidermal cilia in the slime track moves the animal forward, while rhythmical muscular waves can be seen passing backward from the head. Large polyclads and terrestial turbellarians crawl by muscular undulations, much in the manner of a snail.
As traditionally recognized, the turbellarians form a paraphyletic group. Several synapomorphies, such as "insunk" epidermis and ectolecithal development, show that some turbellarians are phylogenetically closer to the Trematoda, Monogenea, and Cestoda than they are to other turbellarians. Ectolecithal turbellarians therefore appear to form a clade with trematodes, monogeneans, and cestodes to the exclusion of endolecithal turbellarians. Endolecithal turbellarians also are paraphyletic; presence of a dual-gland adhesive system in some endolecithal turbellarians indicates a clade with ectolecithal flatworms to the exclusion of other endolecithal turbellarian lineages. The term Turbellaria is therefore used here only for simplicity of organization and presentation because it describes an artificial group.
Characteristics used to distinguish orders of turbellarians are form of the gut (present or absent; simple or branched; pattern of branching) and pharynx (simple; folded; bulbous). Except for order Polycladida (Gr.
, many, +
, branch), turbellarians with endolecithal eggs have a simple gut or no gut and a simple pharynx. In a few turbellarians there is no recognizable pharynx. Polyclads have a folded pharynx and a gut with many branches (Figure 14-9). Polyclads include many marine forms of moderate to large size (3 to more than 40 mm) (Figure 14-10), and a highly branched intestine is correlated with larger size in turbellarians. Members of order Tricladida (Gr.
, three, +
, branch), which are ectolecithal and include freshwater planaria, have a three-branched intestine (Figure 14-9).
Figure 14-9
Intestinal pattern of two orders of turbellarians. A, Tricladida. B, Polycladida
Members of order Acoela (Gr.
, without, +
, hollow) (Figure 14-11) have been regarded as having changed least from the ancestral form. In fact, molecular evidence suggests that acoels should not be placed in phylum Platyhelminthes and that they represent the earliest divergent Bilateria. In body form they are small and have a mouth but no gastrovascular cavity or excretory system. Food is merely passed through the mouth into temporary spaces that are surrounded by mesenchyme, where gastrodermal phagocytic cells digest food intracellularly.
Figure 14-10
Pseudoceros hancockanum, a marine polyclad turbellarian. Marine polyclads are often large and
beautifully colored. The orange polyps of Tubastrea aurea, an ahermatypic coral, and Aplidium cratiferum, a
colonial tunicate (
) that looks something like cartilage, are also in the photograph.
The considerable powers of regeneration in planarians have provided an interesting system for experimental studies of development. For example, a piece excised from the middle of a planarian can regenerate both a new head and a new tail. However, the piece retains its original polarity: a head grows at the anterior end and a tail at the posterior end. An extract of heads added to a culture medium containing headless worms will prevent regeneration of new heads, suggesting that substances in one region will suppress regeneration of the same region at another level of the body. Many other experiments could be cited.
Class Trematoda
Trematodes are all parasitic flukes, and as adults they are almost all found as endoparasites of vertebrates. They are chiefly leaflike in form and are structurally similar in many respects to ectolecithal turbellarians. A major difference is in the tegument, which does not bear cilia in the adult.
Some structural adaptations for parasitism are apparent: various penetration glands or glands to produce cyst material, organs for adhesion such as suckers and hooks, and increased reproductive capacity. Otherwise, trematodes retain several ancestral characteristics, such as a welldeveloped alimentary canal (but with the mouth at the anterior, or cephalic, end) and similar reproductive, excretory, and nervous systems, as well as a musculature and parenchyma that are only slightly modified from those of turbellarians. Sense organs are poorly developed.
Of the subclasses of Trematoda, Aspidogastrea and Didymozoidea are small and poorly known groups, but Digenea (Gr.
, double, +
, race) is a large group with many species of medical and economic importance.
Subclass Digenea
With rare exceptions, digeneans have an indirect life cycle, the first
host being a mollusc and the
host (the host in which sexual reproduction occurs, sometimes called the
host) being a vertebrate. In some species a second, and sometimes even a third, intermediate host intervenes. The group has radiated greatly, and its members parasitize almost all kinds of vertebrate hosts. Digeneans inhabit, according to species, a wide variety of sites in their hosts: all parts of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, circulatory system, urinary tract, and reproductive tract.
Figure 14-11
An acoel
Amphiscolops sp.
, swimming.
One of the world's most amazing biological phenomena is the digenean life cycle. Although cycles of different species vary widely in detail, a typical example would include an adult, egg, miracidium, sporocyst, redia, cercaria, and metacercaria stages (Figure 14-12). The egg usually passes from the definitive host in excreta and must reach water to develop further. There, it hatches to a free-swimming, ciliated larva, the
. The miracidium penetrates the tissues of a snail, where it transforms into a
. Sporocysts reproduce asexually to yield either more sporocysts or a number of
. Rediae, in turn, reproduce asexually to produce more rediae or to produce
. In this way a single egg can give rise to an enormous number of progeny. Cercariae emerge from the snail and penetrate a second intermediate host or encyst on vegetation or other objects to become
, which are juvenile flukes. Adults grow from metacercariae when that stage is eaten by a definitive host.
Figure 14-12
Life cycle of Clonorchis sinensis.
Some of the most serious parasites of humans and domestic animals belong to Digenea (Table 14-1). The first digenean life cycle to be worked out was that of
Fasciola hepatica
, a small bundle, band), which causes "liver rot" in sheep and other ruminants. Adult flukes live in the bile passage of the liver, and eggs are passed in feces. After hatching, a miracidium penetrates a snail to become a sporocyst. There are two generations of rediae, and the cercaria encysts on vegetation. When the infested vegetation is eaten by a sheep or other ruminant (or sometimes humans), the metacercariae excyst and grow into young flukes.
Clonorchis sinensis: Liver Fluke in Humans
, branch, +
, testis) is the most important liver fluke of humans and is common in many regions of eastern Asia, especially in China, Southeast Asia, and Japan. Cats, dogs, and pigs are also often infected.
The worms vary from 10 to 20 mm in length (Figure 14-7). Their structure is typical of many trematodes in most respects. They have an
oral sucker
and a
ventral sucker
. The
digestive system
consists of a pharynx, a muscular esophagus, and two long, unbranched intestinal ceca. The
excretory system
consists of two protonephridial tubules, with branches provided with flame cells. The two tubules unite to form a single median bladder that opens to the outside. The nervous system, like that of other flatworms, is made up of two cerebral ganglia connected to longitudinal cords that have transverse connectives.
reproductive system
is hermaphroditic and complex. They have two branched
and two
vasa efferentia
that unite to form a single
vas deferens
, which widens into a
seminal vesicle
. The seminal vesicle leads into an
ejaculatory duct
, which terminates at the genital opening. Unlike most trematodes,
have a protrusible copulatory organ, the cirrus. The female system contains a branched
with a short
, which is joined by ducts from the
seminal receptacle
and the
at an
. The ootype is surrounded by a glandular mass,
Mehlis' gland
, of uncertain function. From Mehlis' gland the much-convoluted
runs to the genital pore. Cross-fertilization between individuals is usual, and sperm are stored in the seminal receptacle. When an oocyte is released from the ovary, it is joined by a sperm and a group of vitelline cells and is fertilized. The vitelline cells release a proteinaceous shell material, which is stabilized by a chemical reaction; the Mehlis' gland secretions are added, and the egg passes into the uterus.
Life Cycle:
The normal habitat of the adults is in the bile passageways of humans and other fish-eating mammals (Figure 14-12). Eggs, each containing a complete miracidium, are shed into water with the feces but do not hatch until they are ingested by the snail
or related genera. The eggs, however, may live for some weeks in water. In a snail the miracidium enters the tissues and transforms into a sporocyst (a baglike structure with embryonic germ cells), which produces one generation of rediae. A redia is elongated, with an alimentary canal, a nervous system, an excretory system, and many germ cells in the process of development. Rediae pass into the liver of the snail where the germ cells continue embryonation and give rise to the tadpolelike cercariae.
Cercariae escape into the water, swim about until they encounter a fish of the family Cyprinidae, and then bore into the muscles or under the scales. Here the cercariae lose their tails and encyst as metacercariae. If a mammal eats raw infected fish, the metacercarial cyst dissolves in the intestine, and the young flukes apparently migrate up the bile duct, where they become adults. There the flukes may live for 15 to 30 years.
The effect of the flukes on humans depends mainly on the extent of the infection. A heavy infection can cause a pronounced cirrhosis of the liver and can result in death. Cases are diagnosed through fecal examinations. To avoid infection, all fish used as food should be thoroughly cooked. Destruction of snails that carry larval stages is a method of control.
Schistosoma: Blood Flukes
, infection with blood flukes of the genus
, divided, +
, body), ranks as one of the major infectious diseases in the world, with 200 million people infected. The disease is widely prevalent over much of Africa and parts of South America, the West Indies, the Middle East, and the Far East. The old generic name for the worms was
(from Theodor Bilharz, German parasitologist who discovered
Schistosoma haematobium
), and the infection was called bilharziasis, a name still used in many areas.
Blood flukes differ from most other flukes in being dioecious and having the two branches of the digestive tube united into a single tube in the posterior part of the body. Males are broader and heavier and have a large, ventral groove, the
gynecophoric canal
, posterior to the ventral sucker. The gynecophoric canal embraces the long, slender female (Figure 14-13).
Figure 14-13
, Adult male and female Schistosoma mansoni in copulation. The male has a long gynecophoric canal that holds
the female (the darkly stained individual). Humans are usually hosts of adult parasites, found mainly in Africa but
also in South America and elsewhere. Humans become infected by wading or bathing in cercaria-infested waters.
, Life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni.
Three species account for most of the schistosomiasis in humans:
S. mansoni
, which lives primarily in venules draining the large intestine;
S. japonicum
, which is found mostly in venules of the small intestine; and
S. haematobium
, which lives in venules of the urinary bladder.
is common in parts of Africa, Brazil, northern South America, and the West Indies; species of
are the principal snail intermediate hosts.
Schistosoma haematobium
is widely prevalent in Africa, using snails of the genera
as the main intermediate hosts.
Schistosoma japonicum
is confined to the Far East, and its hosts are several species of
The life cycle of blood flukes is similar in all species. Eggs are discharged in human feces or urine; if they get into water, they hatch as ciliated miracidia, which must contact the required kind of snail within a few hours to survive. In the snail, they transform into sporocysts, which produce another generation of sporocysts. Daughter sporocysts give rise to cercariae directly, without formation of rediae. Cercariae escape from the snail and swim about until they contact the bare skin of a human. They penetrate the skin, shedding their tails in the process, and reach a blood vessel where they enter the circulatory system. There is no metacercarial stage. The young schistosomes make their way to the hepatic portal system of blood vessels and undergo a period of development in the liver before migrating to their characteristic sites. As eggs are released by adult females, they are somehow extruded through the wall of venules and through the gut or bladder lining, to be voided with feces or urine, according to species. Many eggs do not make this difficult transit and are swept by blood flow back to the liver or other areas, where they become centers of inflammation and tissue reaction.
The main ill effects of schistosomiasis result from the eggs. With
S. mansoni
S. japonicum
, eggs in the intestinal wall cause ulceration, abscesses, and bloody diarrhea with abdominal pain. Similarly,
S. haematobium
causes ulceration of the bladder wall with bloody urine and pain on urination. Eggs swept to the liver or other sites cause symptoms associated with the organs where they lodge. When they are caught in the capillary bed of the liver, they impede circulation and cause cirrhosis, a fibrotic reaction that interferes with liver function. Of the three species,
S. haematobium
is considered least serious and
S. japonicum
most severe. The prognosis is poor in heavy infections of
S. japonicum
without early treatment.
Control is best achieved by educating people to dispose of their body wastes hygienically, a difficult problem with poor people living under primitive conditions.
Figure 14-14
Human abdomen, showing
schistosome dermatitis caused by
penetration of schistosome cercariae
that are unable to complete
development in humans. Sensitization
to allergenic substances released by
cercariae results in rash and itching.
Schistosome Dermatitis (Swimmer's Itch):
Various species of schistosomes in several genera cause a rash or dermatitis when their cercariae penetrate hosts that are unsuitable for further development (Figure 14-14). Cercariae of several genera whose normal hosts are North American birds cause dermatitis in bathers in northern lakes. Severity of the rash increases with an increasing number of contacts with the organisms, or sensitization. After penetration, cercariae are attacked and killed by the host's immune mechanisms, and they release allergenic substances, causing itching. The condition is more an annoyance than a serious threat to health, but there may be economic losses to persons depending on vacation trade around infested lakes.
Lung Flukes
Several species of
, beside, +
, generative), a fluke that lives in the lungs of its host, are known from a variety of mammals.
Paragonimus westermani
(Figure 14-15), found in east Asia, southwest Pacific, and some parts of South America, parasitizes a number of wild carnivores, humans, pigs, and rodents. Its eggs are coughed up in the sputum, swallowed, then eliminated with feces. Metacercariae develop in freshwater crabs, and the infection is acquired by eating uncooked crab meat. The infection causes respiratory symptoms, with breathing difficulties and chronic cough. Fatal cases are common. A closely related species,
P. kellicotti
, occurs in mink and similar animals in North America, but only one human case has been recorded. Its metacercariae are in crayfish.
Some Other Trematodes
Fasciolopsis buski
, small bundle, + Gr.
, appearance) parasitizes the intestine of humans and pigs in India and China. Larval stages occur in several species of planorbid snails, and cercariae encyst on water chestnuts, an aquatic vegetation eaten raw by humans and pigs.
Figure 14-15
Lung fluke
Paragonimus westermani
. Adults are up to 2 cm long. Eggs discharged in sputum or feces hatch into
free-swimming miracidia that enter snails. Cercariae from snails enter freshwater crabs and encyst in soft tissues.
Humans are infected by eating poorly cooked crabs or by drinking water containing larvae freed from dead crabs.
is noted for its remarkable sporocysts. Snails (
) eat vegetation infected with eggs from bird droppings. Sporocysts become much enlarged and branched, and cercariae encyst within the sporocyst. Sporocysts enter the snail's head and tentacles, become brightly striped with orange and green bands, and pulsate at frequent intervals. Birds are attracted by the enlarged and pulsating tentacles, eat the snails, and so complete the life cycle.
Figure 14-16
A monogenetic fluke
, ventral view.
Class Monogenea
Monogenetic flukes traditionally were placed as an order of Trematoda, but they are sufficiently different to deserve a separate class. Cladistic analysis places them closer to the Cestoda. Monogeneans are all parasites, primarily of gills and external surfaces of fish. A few are found in the urinary bladders of frogs and turtles, and one parasitizes the eye of a hippopotamus. Although widespread and common,monogeneans seem to cause little damage to their hosts under natural conditions. However, like numerous other fish pathogens, they become a serious threat when their hosts are crowded together, as, for example, in fish farming.
Life cycles of monogeneans are direct, with a single host. The egg hatches a ciliated larva, the
, that attaches to the host or swims around awhile before attachment. The oncomiracidium bears hooks on its posterior, which in many species become the hooks on the large posterior attachment organ
of the adult. Because monogeneans must cling to the host and withstand the force of water flow over the gills or skin, adaptive radiation has produced a wide array of opisthaptors in different species. Opisthaptors may bear large and small hooks, suckers, and clamps, often in combination with each other.
Common genera are
, a circle, + Gr.
, toe, finger) (Figure 14-16) and
, toe, finger, + L.
, a circle), both of economic importance to fish culturists, and
, many, +
, mouth), found in the urinary bladder of frogs.
Class Cestoda
Cestoda, or tapeworms, differ in many respects from the preceding classes. They usually have long flat bodies in which there is a linear series of sets of reproductive organs. Each set is called a
and usually has at its anterior and posterior ends zones of muscle weakness, marked externally by grooves. No digestive system is present. As in Monogenea and Trematoda, no external, motile cilia occur in adults, and the tegument is of a distal cytoplasm with sunken cell bodies beneath the superficial muscle layer (Figure 14-17). In contrast to monogeneans and trematodes, however, the entire surface of cestodes is covered with minute projections similar to microvilli of the vertebrate small intestine. These
) greatly enlarge the surface area of the tegument, which is a vital adaptation for a tapeworm since it must absorb all its nutrients across its tegument.
Tapeworms are nearly all monoecious. They have well-developed muscles, and their excretory system and nervous system are somewhat similar to those of other flatworms. They have no special sense organs but do have sensory endings in the tegument that are modified cilia (Figure 14-17). One of their most specialized structures is the
, or holdfast, which is the organ of attachment. It is usually provided with suckers or suckerlike organs and often with hooks or spiny tentacles (Figure 14-18).
Figure 14-17
Schematic drawing of a longitudinal section through a sensory ending in the tegument of Echinococcus granulosus.
With rare exceptions, all cestodes require at least two hosts, and adults are parasites in the digestive tract of vertebrates. Often one of the intermediate hosts is an invertebrate.
Figure 14-18
Two tapeworm scolices.
, Scolex of
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) with
apical hooks and suckers. (Scolex of
Taenia saginata is similar, but without
, Hooks of T. solium.
Scolex of Acanthobothrium coronatum,
a tapeworm of sharks. This species has
largeleaflike sucker organs divided into
chambers with apical suckers and
Subclass Eucestoda contains the great majority of species in the class. With the exception of two small orders, members of this subclass have the body divided into a series of proglottids and are thus termed
. Larval forms of all eucestodes have six hooks. The main body of the worms, the chain of proglottids, is called a
. Typically, there is a
germinative zone
just behind the scolex where new proglottids are formed. As younger proglottids are differentiated in front of it, each individual proglottid moves posteriorly in the strobila, and its gonads mature. A proglottid is usually fertilized by another proglottid in the same or a different strobila. The shelled embryos form in the uterus of the proglottid, and either they are expelled through a uterine pore or the entire proglottid is shed from the worm as it reaches the posterior end.
Some zoologists have maintained that the proglottid formation of cestodes represents "true" segmentation (metamerism), but we do not support this view. Segmentation of tapeworms is best considered a replication of sex organs to increase reproductive capacity and is not related to the metamerism found in Annelida, Arthropoda, and Chordata.
More than 1000 species of tapeworms are known to parasitologists. Almost all vertebrate species are infected. Normally, adult tapeworms do little harm to their hosts. The most common tapeworms found in humans are given in Table 14-2.
Taenia saginata:
Beef Tapeworm
Taenia saginata
, band, ribbon) is called the beef tapeworm, but it lives as an adult in the alimentary canal of humans. Juvenile forms are found primarily in intermuscular tissue of cattle. A mature adult may reach a length of 10 m or more. Its scolex has four suckers for attachment to the intestinal wall, but no hooks. A short neck connects the scolex to the strobila, which may have as many as 2000 proglottids. Gravid proglottids bear shelled, infective larvae (Figure 14-19) and become detached and pass in feces.
Figure 14-19
Life cycle of beef tapeworm,
Taenia saginata
. Ripe proglottids break off in the human intestine, leave the body in
feces, crawl out of feces onto grass, and are ingested by cattle. Eggs hatch in the cow's intestine, freeing
oncospheres, which penetrate into muscles and encyst, developing into "bladder worms." A human eats infected
rare beef, and cysticercus is freed in intestine where it attaches to the intestinal wall, forms a strobila, and matures.
Tapeworms show some unity in their organization.
Excretory canals
in the scolex are also connected to the canals, two on each side, in the proglottids. Two longitudinal
nerve cords
from a
nerve ring
in the scolex run back into the proglottids (Figure 14-20). Attached to the excretory ducts are flame cells. Each mature proglottid also contains muscles and parenchyma as well as a complete set of male and female organs similar to those of a trematode.
In the order to which this species belongs, however, vitellaria are typically a single, compact
vitelline gland
located just posterior to the ovaries. When gravid proglottids break off and pass out with the feces, they usually crawl out of the fecal mass and onto vegetation nearby. There they may be picked up by grazing cattle. A proglottid ruptures as it dries, further scattering the embryos on soil and grass. Embryos may remain viable on grass for as long as 5 months.
Life Cycle:
When cattle swallow shelled larvae, they hatch, and the larvae
use their hooks to burrow through the intestinal wall into blood or lymph vessels and finally reach voluntary muscle, where they encyst to become
bladder worms
(juveniles called
). There the juveniles develop an invaginated scolex but remain quiescent. When infected "measly" meat is eaten by a suitable host, the cyst wall dissolves, the scolex evaginates and attaches to the intestinal mucosa, and new proglottids begin to develop. It takes 2 to 3 weeks for a mature worm to form. When a person is infected with one of these tapeworms, numerous gravid proglottids are expelled daily, sometimes crawling out the anus by themselves. Humans become infected by eating rare roast beef, steaks, and barbecues. Considering that about 1% of American cattle are infected, that 20% of all cattle slaughtered are not federally inspected, and that even in inspected meat one-fourth of infections are missed, it is not surprising that tapeworm infection is fairly common. Infection is precluded when meat is thoroughly cooked.
Figure 14-20
Mature proglottid of Taenia pisiformis, a dog tapeworm. Portions of two other proglottids also shown.
Some Other Tapeworms
Taenia solium
: Pork Tapeworm
Taenia solium
, band, ribbon) live in the small intestine of humans, whereas juveniles live in the muscles of pigs. The scolex has both suckers and hooks arranged on its tip (Figure 14-18), the
. The life history of this worm is similar to that of the beef tapeworm, except that humans become infected by eating improperly cooked pork.
Taenia solium
is much more dangerous than
T. saginata
because cysticerci, as well as adults, can develop in humans. If eggs or proglottids are accidentally ingested by a human, the liberated embryos migrate to any of several organs and form cysticerci (Figure 14-21). The condition is called
. Common sites are the eye or brain, and infection in such locations can result in blindness, serious neurological symptoms, or death.
Figure 14-21
Section through the brain of a person who died of cerebral cysticercosis, an infection with cysticerci of
Taenia solium
Diphyllobothrium latum
: Fish Tapeworm
, double, +
, leaf, +
, hole, trench) are found in the intestine of humans, dogs, cats, and other mammals; immature stages are in crustaceans and fish. With a length of up to 20 m, it is the largest cestode that infects humans. Fish tapeworm infections can occur anywhere in the world where people commonly eat raw fish; in the United States infections are most common in the Great Lakes region. In Finland, but apparently not other areas, the worm can cause a serious anemia.
Figure 14-22
Echinococcus granulosus
, a dog tapeworm,
which may be dangerous to humans. A, Early
hydatid cyst or bladder-worm stage found in
cattle, sheep, hogs, and sometimes humans
produces hydatid disease. Humans acquire
disease by unsanitary habits in association
with dogs. When eggs are ingested, liberated
larvae usually encyst in the liver, lungs, or
other organs. Brood capsules containing
scolices are formed from the inner layer of
each cyst. The cyst enlarges, developing other
cysts with brood pouches. It may grow for
years to the size of a basketball, necessitating
surgery. B, The adult tapeworm lives in
intestine of a dog or other carnivore.
Classification of Phylum
Class Turbellaria
(tur´bel-lar´e-a) (L.
[pl.], stir, bustle, +
, like or connected with):
. Usually free-living forms with soft, flattened bodies; covered with ciliated epidermis containing secreting cells and rodlike bodies (rhabdites); mouth usually on ventral surface sometimes near center of body; no body cavity except intercellular lacunae in parenchyma; mostly hermaphroditic, but some have asexual fission. A paraphyletic taxon. Examples:
Class Trematoda
(trem´a-to´da) (Gr.
, with holes, +
, form):
digenetic flukes
. Body of adults covered with a syncytial tegument without cilia; leaflike or cylindrical in shape; usually with oral and ventral suckers, no hooks; alimentary canal usually with two main branches; mostly monoecious; development indirect, with first host a mollusc, final host usually a vertebrate; parasitic in all classes of vertebrates. Examples:
Fasciola, Clonorchis, Schistosoma
Class Monogenea
(mon´o-gen´e-a) (Gr.
, single, +
, origin, birth):
monogenetic flukes
. Body of adults covered with a syncytial tegument without cilia; body usually leaflike to cylindrical in shape; posterior attachment organ with hooks, suckers, or clamps, usually in combination; monoecious; development direct, with single host and usually with free-swimming, ciliated larva; all parasitic, mostly on skin or gills of fish. Examples:
Dactylogyrus, Polystoma, Gyrodactylus
Class Cestoda
(ses-to´da) (Gr.
, girdle, +
, form):
. Body of adults covered with nonciliated, syncytial tegument; general form of body tapelike; scolex with suckers or hooks, sometimes both, for attachment; body usually divided into series of proglottids; no digestive organs; usually monoecious; larva with hooks; parasitic in digestive tract of all classes of vertebrates; development indirect with two or more hosts; first host may be vertebrate or invertebrate. Examples:
Diphyllobothrium, Hymenolepis, Taenia
Echinococcus granulosus
: Unilocular Hydatid
E. granulosus
, hedgehog, +
, kernel) (Figure 14-22B), parasitizes dogs and other canines; juveniles develop in more than 40 species of mammals, including humans, monkeys, sheep, reindeer, and cattle. Thus humans may serve as an intermediate host in the case of this tapeworm. The juvenile stage is a special kind of cysticercus called a
hydatid cyst
, watery vesicle). It grows slowly, but it can grow for a long time—up to 20 years—reaching the size of a basketball in an unrestricted site such as the liver. If the hydatid grows in a critical location, such as the heart or central nervous system, serious symptoms may appear in a much shorter time. The main cyst maintains a single or unilocular chamber, but within the main cyst, daughter cysts bud off, and each contains thousands of scolices. Each scolex will produce a worm when eaten by a canine. The only treatment is surgical removal of the hydatid.
Copyrights 2012 ©


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A Hangout with Google Science Fair in Swaziland
You know what's awesome? Seeing a bunch of young people at work on changing the world to make it a better place for all. Today, I hosted a Google Science Fair Hangout On Air on Sustainability in Swaziland, and I got to have that privilege. Now I want to share it with you. My fellow [...]Keep reading »
A Hangout IN Air–Off a Cliff Face–for Science
When I last did a Google Science Fair Hangout On Air with Jason Osborne and Aaron Alford, founders of Paleo Quest, they were diving in a swamp looking for fossils. Yesterday, they took their fossil quest to new heights, rather literally: this time, they hung on ropes off the side of a cliff for a [...]Keep reading »
Hangout with Canopy Researcher Margaret Lowman
Margaret Lowman, who also goes by the nickname "Canopy Meg," is chief of science and sustainability at the California Academy of Sciences. Her research focuses on life and ecosystems at the top of the forest canopy in far-flung places, including the Amazon and Ethiopia. In a Google Science Fair Hangout On Air conversation with me, [...]Keep reading »
Kid Scientists Make Real Fossil Finds at the USA Science & Engineering Festival
Kids searching for fossils using SharkFinder kits at Scientific American's booth at the USA Science & Engineering Festival. Credit: Jason Osborne Jason Osborne was trying to grab a quick lunch away from the crowds when his wife called his cellphone. "Jason, you've got to come see this boy at the booth. He's amazing!" When Osborne, [...]Keep reading »
Astrophysics, Citizen Science and the Google Science Fair
March 7th, 2014 | 1
Find out why Oxford University astrophysicist and founder of The Zooniverse Chris Lintott believes that humanity's ability to be "deliciously distractable" is a creative engine powering the benefits of citizen science for discovery–and how, if you are a researcher, you might like to "play with your phyiscs." With Google Student Ambassador Hanne Paine, we had [...]Keep reading »
Google Science Fair Hangout On-Air: Meet the Deep-Sea-Diving Exosuit
Scientists studying marine life now have a new tool in a next-generation atmospheric diving system called the Exosuit. The suit–which looks like something an astronaut would wear and is on display at the American Museum of Natural History until March 5–lets a diver descend to 1,000 feet at surface pressure for several hours. As part [...]Keep reading »
Scientific American Science in Action in Swaziland
February 24th, 2014 | 1
We judges and others who work on the Google Science Fair believe that kids have the power to change the world. The $50,000 Scientific American Science in Action Award recognizes a particular type of change—one that focuses on making a practical difference by addressing an environmental, health or resources challenge. (For more on the award [...]Keep reading »
Google Science Fair 2013 Finalist Gala
September 25th, 2013 | 1
Since I couldn't bring you all with me to the amazing Google Science Fair Finalist Gala on 23 September, I'm posting the video here. The age-category winners are Viney Kumar, 14, for his work on a signalling system for emergency vehicles in the 13-14-year-old category; Ann Makosinski, 16, for her work in creating a batter-free [...]Keep reading »
Google Science Fair 2013: A Hangout in a Swamp
We had a fun first today for the 2013 Google Science Fair Hangouts On Air series of live chats with researchers around the world: with the aid of a smart phone propped up by two fossil bones, we streamed live from a Virginia swamp for a session called Paleo Quest: Venturing into the Unknown. I [...]Keep reading »
Science in Action Winner for 2013: Elif Bilgin
June 27th, 2013 | 7
"Genius," Thomas Edison famously said, "is 1 percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration." He would have found a kindred spirit in Elif Bilgin, 16, of Istanbul, Turkey, winner of the 2013 $50,000 Science in Action award, part of the third annual Google Science Fair. The award honors a project that can make a practical difference [...]Keep reading »
Teens Engineer a Way to Help Swazi Farmers
June 6th, 2012 | 3
Two teenagers from the southern African country of Swaziland have won Scientific American's inaugural Science in Action award, part of the Google Science Fair. The prize is awarded to a project that addresses a social, environmental or health issue to make a practical difference in the lives of a group or community. This year's winners [...]Keep reading »
Champions of Science in Lancaster, Pa.
As my Amtrak train rolled past the "Lancaster" sign, the window view alighted on the upright figure of an Amish farmer and his mule-team-pulled hand plow, working the verdant Pennsylvania land just as his forefathers have done here for more than two centuries. I remembered that I was only some 33 miles from Dover, Pa., [...]Keep reading »
The LA County Science Fair Needs Help
Empirical research on the effects of science fair participation seems scant, but the research that does exist suggests that participation is generally a positive experience for students, that participation increases scientific literacy, and, importantly, that participation results in an increased understanding the process of science. One study conducted in Canada, for example, found that in [...]Keep reading »

subset: commoncrawl


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Digg Digg Alternative that uses less code and loads much faster. Floating toolbar that is SEO friendly and customizable.
The AA Digg Digg Alternative is a floating toolbar for your WordPress website that is lightweight and clean. The reason for this plugin is Digg Digg was causing many speed issues with our website "Android Advice & Tutorials" so we decided to create our own. After doing so we received requests by others for our toolbar. The result is a plugin available to all.
We ran speed tests using the Digg Digg social plugin and our own and every website it was tested on came up with better results using our Digg Digg alternative than the Digg Digg bar itself.
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Compatible up to: 3.5.2
Last Updated: 2013-6-27
Downloads: 38,534
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It was a very good conversation. Everything is fine. Listen, we have no problems with Carlos Beltran. I have no problem with him and ownership has no problem. We love him. The only issue was with the process, not the playerOmar Minaya, from the NY Times, via The 'Ropolitans. Omar acknowledges a problem with The Process! Effectively communicating with your best player and his agent -- that's false hustle.
The Mets are a disaster.BPro: A New Way to Rank the GMs
"The cost would have probably been too high… You have to take in to account where you are in the standings, and you have to take in to account the prospects you have… One thing that has been good about this process has been that I got a good feel for a lot of the teams and how much they like our prospects. But, some of those prospects that some teams wanted were too high to give them, and we have some pretty good young prospects… Unless it is someone we were going to hold on to beyond one year, we're gonna hold on to as many prospects as we can." Minaya said he needed to balance out being six games back of the Wild Card, and protecting his farm system, while considering no one player would make up for the number of players he has on the DL.Via Metsblog I really was scared of today thinkng Omar would do something stupid. But his press conference after the trade deadline was pretty rational (such as explaining being 6 games back of the WC and that one player isn't going to be a difference maker) and we have to give credit for that. Oh yeah, fire Minaya.
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Essex Junction, Vermont - July 7, 2011
Cleanup is under way at a church hall in Essex Junction that was destroyed by fire.
The hall was next to the Holy Family Catholic Church near the Five Corners. The fire was caused by a lightning strike during Wednesday's big storms.
Thursday, crews collected what was left of the building and loaded debris into large dumpsters.
The parish's finance team is meeting with church leaders on Monday to figure out what it will take to rebuild.
"There are a lot of good, fond memories that are attached to this building because it was a place for wedding receptions and funeral receptions and a lot of parish dinners," said Father Charles Ranges of the Holy Name and St. Lawrence Church.
The fire left the Holy Family Church without power, but it only suffered minor damage. Sunday mass has been moved for at least the next month to the St. Lawrence Church in Essex.
Keith McGilvery - WCAX News
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So today I am going to shoot the shit about How to convince a girl to swallow? To get a girl to swallow........hmmmm well it is always good when the man eats a well rounded diet, meaning lots of fruits, and citrus fruites at that. Doing so will sweetin you cum, make it less bitter. Seamen from my own experience has a lagre flavour palett, from the bitter of bitter seamen to some pretty tastey seamen, nice and sweet and easy to get down!
Okay so we have the taste part down moving along now, now there are some girls who will let you blow your load in there mouth but will spit it out WTF is up with that??? The hardest part about swallowing, is getting it in your mouth, once its there it is normally easier just to swallow it all down, yum yum! So if this your girl/SP, ''oh ill take your load in my mouth but I'm going to spit it all the fuck out'' explain to her - ' Hey babe you know the worst part is over, it's already in your mouth, just swallow it babe, for me?''
Now we move onto the girl/SP, who won't even allow cum in their mouth! This I highly don't understand. If a girl/SP is sucking cock with no condom, althroughout the bbbj the girl/SP is getting little mini loads of cum in there mouth thru- out the bbbj. Men have mini pre-cums, during sex or oral. So what I am saying is - Tell the Miss. that she is already doing so well with all my mini loads, why don't we try a full size load?
And then there is Me, I swallow like a champ for the most part sometime I get one of those super bitter loads and it catches me of guard, oh my! But I still swallow with a little wink ;)
Cheers, Enjoy, thats all for now Vixin City :)


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Posted at: 09/12/2013 10:29 AM
Rochester Woman Allegedly Throws Kitten Off Balcony
(ABC 6 News) - A Rochester woman is facing possible animal cruelty charges after she threw her roommate's kitten off the balcony of their apartment.
Rochester Police say the incident started when the woman and her male roommate got into a fight. The man allegedly hit the woman several times in the face. She then threw several items at him as he left the apartment.
Police say that's when she threw her roommate's kitten over the balcony.
When officers arrived her roomate was standing outside near his injured pet. The kitten was bleeding from the face and struggling to breathe.
The pet was taken to the local animal hospital.
The male is facing possible domestic assault charges.


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Stumbled across a good site for recommendations, especially if you're looking for the next thing for your book club when they're squabbling over whether to read Middlemarch or something shorter (i.e., anything). Check out Book Club Girl. Description on the blog states she works in the publishing industry but that she does not "flog" books only from her own publishing house. Looks to me like she's got a wide array of authors and publishers listed here, but judge for yourself.
For the record, I loved Middlemarch. Really. I wasn't slagging it.


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Sup sup, y'all. Late last year I had the good fortune to attend the Duke v Radford game. At this game, I learned once again that the Duke student section is a terrifying place to stand, Coach K does not like humanity, and people named "Lynch-Flour" are not very good at basketball. I also learned some stuff about Art Parakhouski, a center currently slotted in our 2nd round range in the draft. As we require a center, I thought it might be decent to post up a short summary of what I thought of the dude from my notes.
So I went and made some burritos and then I did.
2009-10 STATS (Parenthesis = National Rank in NCAA)
21.4 (19)
13.4 (1)
31.6 (5)
26.3 (1)
Parakhouski is a foreign-born player (I bet you didn't expect that one!) from Belarus. He was a big soccer fan as a kid and only started playing basketball five years ago. (Sound familiar?) He's 6'11 (sniffing distance of 7 feet in shoes) and 270 pounds with ONLY 6% BODY FAT. Which is literally insane. Dude's a bruiser. If we ever needed an incomprehensibly hard foul, he'd be able to foul harder than almost anyone in the NBA.
So, that's pretty chill.
Art is a good player. Potentially a great one. Offensively, he's got great hands -- 6-11 and can dunk with relative ease, but usually chooses instead to lay it in or take scoop shots or hook shots. And I'm not talking Dwight Howard hook shots. He has a legitimately finesse touch, and his form on his just-outside-the-basket hook looks really nice. Once he gets > 5 feet from the hoop, he'll usually switch to a jumper that has surprisingly good form. His offensive talent is obvious whenever you see him play -- he shoots great over double/triple teams and has the body that lets him take a beating in the post. And the Radford team was awful -- Art basically never got off a shot that wasn't double teamed when I saw him. And he acquitted himself well.
His other great talent is his rebounding. Like DeJuan, the White Russian has a serious nose for the ball. He's had a few 20 rebound games, and that's not flukey -- when you watch him play you can tell he's got the talent. His 7'1" wingspan is well utilized, and he's got some of the finesse skills you want in a rebounder -- for instance, very solid at back-tapping so his teammates can get it. Compound that all? Lengthy, tall, large-muscle bruiser with a very developed finishing ability on hook shots. And one with only five years of experience playing basketball, giving him a massive upside potential even beyond all this current upside talent. He got the potential to be a solid starting piece at center on a good team.
However, his footspeed leaves a lot to be desired. While he obviously wouldn't be on the floor for smallball, his lack of speed is a major problem in terms of getting back on D. The second large asterisk on his extremely good stats is that he plays with a legitimately terrible team, even by the standards of the Big South conference (rated worst in the nation by Ken Pomeroy for good reason). When I was at the game it felt like they'd probably be just as good a team if every other Radford player decided to lie on the ground and obstruct the lane while Art handled all the offense. They were that worthless. And nobody on his team could get a rebound to save their lives. Part of his prolific rebounding has to be pointed to the fact that he was virtually the only one rebounding for them, other than "people who caught his back taps". As for his gaudy scoring numbers, it's important to note that often they'd go 3 or 4 possessions in a row where a teammate threw it to Art, and the team just stood there waiting for him to do stuff. It was worse than KG-in-Minny play.
He's a very large guy, as I've highlighted, and he's made defensive strides in the last year (just watch his 2009 NCAA tournament performance vs the game I saw vs. Duke), but he's certainly not a top shelf defender. He has the tools to be a decent one-on-one defender, but his less-than-exemplary lateral quickness is a bad knock that's hard to work with -- dude can't move side to side very well, so people can blow by him if they get him far enough from the basket. It's very unlikely he'll ever be the kind of all-purpose post lockdown defender that the Spurs love. Another knock on him (and one I can attest to) is that he doesn't have an NBA motor yet. That's mostly a matter of conditioning, so it's something we can work him into, but he couldn't be expected to be instantly productive like DeJuan -- probably needs several months to a year to get used to playing in NBA games. An ideal Toros player, and after a half a season of Toros action he may actually be good enough for the real deal. But he certainly needs conditioning before he can play big minutes in the NBA.
Final thoughts? All accounts I've read talk about him having a stellar work ethic. He didn't go home to see his family for three years, because he came over without knowing English to go to junior college and he wanted to make sure he didn't lose the English he'd gained. Can't knock a guy who's that dedicated. His defensive game obviously needs some improvement, and he has a lot of conditioning to do, but legit 7 footers with a great work ethic, natural talent, and enough muscle to tear a point guard in half don't fall to the late 40s that often.
If he's still around when the Spurs pick, I hope we pick him.
Further reading: Sports Illustrated, DraftExpress, ESPN, this sketchy video.


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The Alexander City Police Department is investigating the cause of a fatal 2-vehicle crash that happened Wednesday evening along Highway 280.
Capt. Tommy Lovett says the crash happened around 6 p.m. when a van crossing Hwy. 280 at Dean Road was hit broadside by an SUV.
Capt. Lovett says the van was carrying a male driver, a pregnant front seat passenger and two children who were in the back seats.
The SUV was driven by a female who Capt. Lovett said was not seriously injured and has since been released.
Two victims were flown by medical helicopter to UAB where one remains in the ICU. The other three victims were transported by ambulance to nearby hospitals.
While the police department says the person in ICU and the fatality both came from the van, they are not releasing any identifying information pending notification of next of kin.
Capt. Lovett says charges may be filed, but adds the investigation is ongoing and nothing has been finalized.
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The United States of America has so much to offer as it is home to vast amounts of natural wonders, historical monuments, entertainment venues and is deeply rich in history and culture. Try a long home stay in USA for your next vacation and discover 'the land of the free' for yourself.
Go to New York City, take a stroll down Times Square, climb all the way to the top of the notorious Statue of Liberty, visit the Empire State Building and dabble in arguably some of the best street food in United States. Head on over to Los Angeles, make sure to keep your eyes peeled for celebrities as LA is home to Hollywood. Check out Universal Studios and of course the infamous Disneyland, your family will love you for it! Soak in the gorgeous environment of Aspen, Colorado home to some of the most remarkable skiing and snowboarding mountains such as The Rocky Mountains and Elk Mountains. Then make your way to Las Vegas, the city that never sleeps where your wildest dreams can come true. Dabble in some black jack or go watch an extravagant performance- nothing is too big in Las Vegas. Make sure to also head over to the glorious Grand Canyon whilst there and take in this natural beauty. You will need a little break after Vegas so go directly to Florida for some of the country's most remarkable beaches and dip your feet in either The Gulf of Mexico or the Atlantic Ocean- the choice is yours! But of course a trip to America would not be complete without a stop in Washington DC to say hello to the president at The White House. Washington DC is the heart of the US government and is rich in history with breathtaking historical monuments such as the Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument.
The United States of America has never ending opportunities for all tourists. Try home sharing so your family may enjoy a much longer vacation and make the most of all that America has to offer.


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He says the application of 100 Gigabit Ethernet in the core is imminent, and is about two years away in the distribution layer. "Both will be driven by and drive 10G adoption in the access and client end of the network, where today the numbers are still much smaller than the potential," he says
Spec designed for seamless upgrades
The 802.3ba specification will conform to the full-duplex operating mode of the IEEE 802.3 Media Access Control (MAC) layer, according to the task force. As was the case in previous 802.3 amendments, new physical layers specific to either 40Gbps or 100Gbps operation will be defined.
By employing the existing 802.3 MAC protocol, 802.3ba is intended to maintain full compatibility with the installed base of Ethernet nodes, the task force says. The spec is also expected to use "proven and familiar media," including optical fiber, backplanes and copper cabling, and preserve existing network architecture, management and software, in an effort to keep design, installation and maintenance costs at a minimum.
Even though the 802.3ba standard is not expected to be ratified until June 2010, initial interoperability testing will commence later this year, says Brad Booth, chair of the Ethernet Alliance. Public demonstrations will emerge in 2010, and certification testing will start once the standard is ratified, Booth says
The specification and formation of the 40/100G task force did not come without some controversy, however. Participants in the Higher Speed Study Group (HSSG) within the IEEE were divided on whether to include 40G Ethernet as part of their charter or stay the course with 100 Gigabit Ethernet.
After about a month though, the HSSG agreed to work on a single standard that encompassed both 40G and 100G.
"In a sense, we were a little bit late with this," D'Ambrosia says. "By our own projections, the need for 100G was in the 2010 timeframe. We should have been done with the 100G (spec) probably in the 2007-08 timeframe, at the latest. We actually started it late, which is going to make the push for terabit seem early by comparison. But when we look at the data forecasts that we're seeing, it looks to be on cue."
Driving demand for 40/100G Ethernet are the same drivers currently stoking 10G: data center virtualization and storage, and high-definition videoconferencing and medical imaging. Some vendors are building 40/100G Ethernet capabilities into their products now.
Vendors prepare for 100 Gigabit Ethernet
Cisco's Nexus 7000 data center switch, which debuted early last year, is designed for future delivery of 40/100G Ethernet.
"We have a little more headroom, which isn't bad to have when you look at future Ethernet speed transitions coming in the market," says Doug Gourlay, senior director of data center marketing and product management at Cisco. "We're pretty early advocates of the 100G effort in the IEEE.
"[But] the earliest you'll see products from any company that are credible deliveries and reasonably priced: second half of 2010 onward for 40/100G," he adds.
Verizon Business last fall began offering 10G Ethernet LAN and Ethernet Virtual Private Line services to customers in 100 U.S. metro markets. Verizon Business also offers "10G-capable" Ethernet Private Line services.


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Liam Fox – Showing David Cameron the Way – image by Defence Images via Flickr
I mentioned in my last post that Liam Fox was providing vision and leadership on the EU – just as David Cameron dithers.
It is well worth reading Dr Fox's article. He has managed to summarise very neatly in a single very readable page the reasons why we need to leave.
The contrast with David Cameron's confusion, hypocrisy and lack of vision could not be starker.


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The New York Rangers made it a perfect four-for-four this season with a 5-2 victory Sunday afternoon against the Philadelphia Flyers. It was bad enough that the team dropped five points behind the Rangers -- who also hold two games in hand on Philadelphia -- for the Atlantic Division and Eastern Conference leads, but the "You can't beat us!" chant that rained down from the Madison Square Garden crowd rubbed a healthy dose of salt into the open Philly wounds.
A day after digging themselves a gigantic 6-0 hole against the New Jersey Devils at home before scoring four times to make the final score respectable, the Flyers had plenty of chances to break through in the 'W' column for the first time against their arch-rivals this year.
Even though they spotted the Rangers a quick 1-0 lead just 1:04 into the contest when Artem Anisimov deflected a Dan Girardi shot past Ilya Bryzgalov, the team would hold strong to give themselves a shot.
The Flyers missed a HUGE opportunity to tie the game early in the second stanza. With a delayed penalty coming up on New York's Stu Bickel for interfering with Erik Gustafsson and Bryzgalov pulled for an extra attacker, two Rangers broke their sticks. Philly took advantage and manufactured extended pressure in the NY zone. Brian Boyle, one of the Rangers with no stick, courageously dove to block one point shot. Then Claude Giroux spotted Brayden Schenn open to the right of Henrik Lundqvist, but the pass hopped over his stick. In the split second it took Schenn to gather control and get a shot off, Lundqvist was able to get his blocker on the shot and it deflected harmlessly to the corner.
After taking a slashing minor midway through the second, Schenn would play an integral part in getting the Flyers on the board. Although Derek Stepan fanned on an open net on a goalmouth pass, the penalty killers otherwise did a good job in keeping it at a 1-0 deficit. Jakub Voracek sent Schenn in on a breakaway from the blue line in as he exited the penalty box, and the 20-year-old made all the right moves in deking Lundqvist to the ice and roffing a backhander to knot the score at 1-1 at the 12:02 mark.
It was a big positive for Schenn, who was dropped by Ilya Kovalchuk in a fight Saturday afternoon. With having suffered a concussion earlier in the year, it was a good sign that he felt no ill affects.
Each of the losses to the Rangers has followed a basic formula, and today was no different. Lundqvist covered up whenever his teammates made the odd mistake, and it seemed like every Flyers miscue ended up with the puck in the back of their own net.
Play was pretty even following Schenn's goal but as they done in the loss to the Devils yesterday, a goal yielded in the last minute of a period would haunt the Flyers. Marian Gaborik, who had just gotten up slowly behind the net after being hammered into the boards by Andrej Meszaros, regained possession of the puck and tried a low-percentage wraparound backhander coming out from behind the Flyers' cage. Bryzgalov correctly had his stick along the ice but allowed it to angle back towards himself. The puck incredibly ramped up the stick and hit under his outstretched right arm, then trickled across the line with just 5.1 seconds remaining in the middle frame.
It was the type of weak goal that had been absent from Bryzgalov's game since returning from the All-Star break, but it came at the worst-possible time. Unfortunately for his teammates, it would not be the last for the day.
Give the Flyers credit, after yielding such a horrible goal at a crucial stage of a game has led to falling apart in the next period in the past.
Instead, Wayne Simmonds continued his red hot play by ripping a power play goal top shelf in the first minute of the third to again tie the contest. The 'Wayne Train' now has four tallies over the course of a three-game goal-scoring streak, and set a personal best with his 17th of the season. Simmonds now sits third in the team goal-scoring race, behind only Scott Hartnell (25) and Giroux (20).
While the rest of the team seemed energized by the goal, Bryzgalov appeared to still be bothered by letting in the weak Gaborik goal. After Marc-Andre Bourdon turned the puck over in the Rangers' zone, Gaborik carried it into the Flyers' zone and hit the trailer, Michael Del Zotto, straight away in the slot. While it was an unscreened shot from the slot area, Bryzgalov didn't seem to get set in preparation of making a stop. The shot squeezed through the Philly netminder for a 3-2 New York lead, just 36 ticks of the clock after Simmonds had tied it up.
It was an absolute back-breaker, one from which the Flyers would not be able to recover.
Lundqvist erased every Ranger mistake the rest of the way, and 'King Henrik' finished the day with 21 saves on 23 shots. Conversely, Philadelphia's errors led to goals for the home team. Brandon Dubinsky, who is struggling through his worst NHL campaign, scored an insurance goal off a Matt Carle turnover, and ex-Flyer Ruslan Fedetenko hit the empty net late to seal Philly's fate, 5-2.
It looks like the Flyers could have benefitted from Giroux and Hartnell taking time off instead of participating in the NHL All-Star Game. The top line of Hartnell - Giroux - Jaromir Jagr had another tough day at the office, finishing with two power play assists (Hartnell and Giroux) while ending the day a combined -10 (Hartnell -4, Giroux and Jagr each -3). The trio has had little consistent even strength success in some time, with most of their production coming while on the man advantage.
With the prospect of having a chance to be sitting atop the conference standings before the weekend began, the Orange-and-Black came up really small in two demoralizing defeats. The most important thing for the Flyers is they need to get things back on track -- and quickly. With three games at home this week -- an area they admittedly needed to improve on with a 12-8-4 record, and just 1-1-1 since the All-Star break -- this could be a make-or-break stretch for the club. After visits from the New York Islanders and Toronto Maple Leafs, these same Rangers will invade Wells Farg o Center next Saturday afternoon.
'Contender', or 'pretender'?
It's time for the Flyers to show what they will do this season, and this week will provide a glimpse into their true overall makeup.
The Rangers have some really impressive numbers, which would suggest they're onto something big come playoff time; the Blueshirts are 28-0-2 when scoring three goals or more in a game this year, and are now 20-0-2 when leading after two periods this season. Last year they were a perfect 29-0-0, so they are 49-0-2 in their last 51 contests when holding a lead at the second intermission.
Oh, and another horrific stat for Flyers' fans -- the Rangers have outscored Philly by a 14-6 count this season.
Strange statistic of the day -- after the two afternoon losses this weekend, Philadelphia is now just 4-7-1 in games that start before 7 p.m. EST. When NHL realignment talks resume, maybe Ed Snider can make a case for the Flyers to make the move to the Western Conference?
Just a thought...
Today's Comment of the Game, courtesy of Chemistry66:
I think this also applies to NHL refs.
Questions to Answer
1) The Lady or the Tiger. Do the Flyers from the first 40 minutes show up, or is it the team from the final stanza?
Today it was almost the opposite. Not that the Flyers didn't play well in the third at all, but made just enough mistakes to make the score look much more lopsided than it really was.
2) One good turn deserves another. The Flyers haven't scored on the Blueshirts since Mike Rupp's controversial salute. If (when? please?) the Flyers score is there any Anisimov-ing or other celebratory trolling?
Schenn's breakaway goal was a beauty, and they even got another from Simmonds.
3) The HuMANgous big one. At the risk of jinxing him, Bryzy has looked pretty good in his last few starts. Does that continue today?
Bryz finished with 33 saves on 37 shots, but it's safe to say that the Gaborik and Del Zotto goals took the wind out of the Flyers sails.
4) Poltergiest Effect. We saw traces of it yesterday but is it possible that G and Jags are baaaaaaaaaacck?
Maybe G and Hartnell should have skipped All-Star weekend. Something still amiss in the chemistry between Giroux and JJ, as well as on the line in general.
5) Theory of Relevance. Does Shelley find a dance partner?
If he did it was in the press box, as Shelley was a healthy scratch. Tom Sestito did just fine with three separate dance cards, and Simmonds had one of his own.


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By TESA GLASS email@example.com
The Register-News
---- — MT. VERNON — The 26th Annual Salute to Freedom will be held July 4 at the Mt. Vernon Outland Airport.
About 5,000 people attend the annual event. this year, a Sidewalk Chalk Art Contest will be included, in addition to the Little Miss July 4th Pageant, food vendors, entertainment and choreographed fireworks display.
Planning for the event starts in January, according to City Tourism Director Bonnie Jerdon. Jerdon said coordinating with all the volunteers and departments is the key to having a smooth event, with organizations involved which include the Mt. Vernon Police Department, Jefferson County Sheriff's Office, the Illinois State Police, Mt. Vernon Fire Department, Litton Ambulance, city Public Works Department and Mt. Vernon Outland Airport as the largest groups.
"It takes a concerted effort from a lot of people," Jerdon said. "We also have the community involved. The Lions Club provides a shuttle, and volunteers help. The Du Quoin Impact Camp does the cleanup after the event. It's a hands-on event from a lot of people to bring it together and make it look effortless."
The new Sidewalk Chalk Art contest will start at 5 p.m., when the gates open. Judging will be held at 8 p.m. and announced before the fireworks are set off.
The Little Miss July 4th pageant will be held at the airport starting at 11:30 a.m. with registration for babies and children up to 3-years-old; registration for those ages 4 and older will be at 1:30 p.m. and the pageant will start at 2:30 p.m. An entry fee of $45 will be charged, according to information from pageant coordinator Rhonda Moffitt. Information about the pageant is available by contacting Moffitt at 822-6836 or 315-4199.
Winners of the Little Miss July 4th pageant will held with the countdown to the fireworks start.


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SAY WHAT WE WANT ABOUT Comrade NECK.. BUT LETS NOT B JABROS HERE IN GIVING THE MAN HIS DUE. comrade manning as a nfl stimulus has been a boon for all. do u remember how bad and unstable the colts were prior to the neck? they had that one mirage with jim harbaugh.. still recall that pass in the end zone falling just short. then there was the magic man who really wasnt in indy.. kept getting hurt. hey the neck is no tom brady, tb > pm.. but who wouldnt take that rate of success? he's the next tier down in the elite block!
DINGY+FOXY rightfully defend the NECK!
posted at 10/16/2013 7:17 AM EDT
Re: DINGY+FOXY rightfully defend the NECK!
posted at 10/16/2013 8:05 AM EDT
also it was PM who went to irsay about andrew luck.. how many guys would do that and essentially kick themselves out of their dream location for the greater good


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BOZEMAN - Sixteen Montana State University students who are traveling in Nepal will return to the United States as originally planned, even though their professor was killed on the trip.
The University worked along side with the U.S. Embassy, Senator Baucus' Office and Emergency Transport Services in Nepal, to possibly get the students flown out earlier by helicopter, but decided to stick their originally schedule.
The students will fly out of Katmandu on May 27th and will return to Seattle on May 28th.
The Director of MSU's Honors Program and counselors will be available to talk to students as they grieve the loss of their professor.
MSU Associate Professor of Education, Betsy Palmer, died on Monday after sustaining injuries in landslide while traveling in the backcountry of Nepal. At the time of her death, Palmer was leading the students on a course offered by the University's Honors Program.


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|Geneva peace talks collapsing, Syrian delegation threatens to quit
Syria's first peace talks were on the verge of collapsing on Friday before they began, with the opposition refusing to meet President Bashar al-Assad's delegation and the government threatening to bring its team home.
The opposition said it would not meet Assad's delegation unless it first agreed to sign up to a protocol calling for a transitional administration. The government rejected the demand outright and said its negotiators would return home unless serious talks began within a day.
"If no serious work sessions are held by (Saturday), the official Syrian delegation will leave Geneva due to the other side's lack of seriousness or preparedness," Syrian state television quoted Foreign Minister Walid al-Muallem as saying.
Friday was meant to be the first time in three years of war that Assad's government and foes would negotiate face to face.
But plans were ditched at the last minute after the opposition said the government delegation must first sign up to a 2012 protocol, known as Geneva 1, that calls for an interim government to oversee a transition to a new political order.
Syrian Deputy Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad told reporters the opposition was obstructing the talks.
"The problem is that these people do not want to make peace; they are coming here with pre-conditions," he told reporters, according to AFP.
"Of course we are ready to sit in the same room. Why are we coming here then," he asked.
Syria's Information Minister Omran Zoabi rejected the demand for the establishment of a transitional governing body.
"No, we will not accept it," Zoabi told Reuters on Friday.
The government delegation met UN envoy Lakhdar Brahimi separately, and said it rejected the opposition demand: "No, we will not accept it," Information Minister Omran Zoabi told Reuters.
Syria's civil war has already killed at least 130,000 people, driven up to a third of the country's 22 million people from their homes and made half dependent on aid, including hundreds of thousands cut off by fighting.
Among the hurdles to progress, the terrorists who control most rebel-held territory are boycotting the talks and say anyone attending negotiations that fail to bring down Assad would be traitors.
Iran is also not represented at the Geneva talks. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon invited Tehran at the last minute, but then withdrew the invitation 24 hours later.
During Wednesday's opening ceremony, the government delegation drew a rebuke from Ban for using inflammatory language after referring in a speech to rebels raping dead women, ripping fetuses from the womb and eating human organs.
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The St. Joseph County Prosecutor's office has identified a suspect in Wednesday night's shooting on the 18000 block of Warrick St. in South Bend.
Police were called around 10:15 p.m. Police say when they got to the scene they found one suspect dead and the homeowner critically injured. He was taken to a local hospital. A second suspect ran from the scene but showed up at the hospital with gunshot wounds.
Authorities say they second suspect arrived at an area hospital with multiple gunshot wounds. The man, identified by police as Mario McGrew, was taken into custody.
Police say it appears the suspects and the homeowner knew each other and police do not believe it was a random act.
Notre Dame student, Chan Hyup Park says even though multiple shootings have happened near campus, he isn't scared to walk around. "Within this area, I don't feel uncomfortable there are a lot of people walking around," Park said, "there are police cars driving around to see if anything is happening."
Formal charges have not been made against McGrew yet. Metro Homicide is conferring with police now and a decision is expected soon.
FOX28 is working to get more details on the investigation and will bring you updates as they become available on air and on FOX28.com
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West Virginia (1863-2013)
Jan. 18-24, 1863
Women not only served as nurses and spies during the Civil War, sometimes they took up arms to join men in battle. Mary Jane Prater was one of those women.
Prater was a young cavalry soldier fighting for the Confederacy who was captured in Charleston on Jan. 22, 1863.
Major Joseph Darr, who was the provost marshal of Virginia, interviewed Prater while she was in jail. The 17-year-old girl told Darr she was a native of Tennessee and was raised by an aunt who ran a millinery in Cincinnati.
Prater said she left Cincinnati in the fall of 1862 and met two members of the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry, who persuaded her "to put on Soldier's clothes and enlist in their company."
The Wheeling Intelligencer described Prater as "sportive in her manner, and considering all things, was very much unconcerned. She is evidently well versed in the wickedness of the world for one so young."
Even though women weren't legally allowed to fight in the Civil War, hundreds of women did.
(This sesquicentennial moment is brought to you by the West Virginia Sesquicentennial Commission and the West Virginia Division of Culture and History, Archives and History Section.)


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#22 Simon Quay
|Seattle, Wash.
|High School
|Club Team
|Emerald City FC
|Biochemistry, biophysics
& molecular biology
Junior season (2007) - Played in 16 games, five as a starter ... Tallied one assist on the season on a nifty pass up the left side to Stephen Phillips for a goal in a 4-1 victory over Linfield.
Sophomore season (2006) - Played in 11 games, two as a starter, in an injury-shortened season.
Freshman season (2005) - Played in 18 games, 11 as a starter, in his first season ... Kicked his first college goal in a 4-3 loss to Corban.
Academics - Majoring in biochemistry, biophysics and molecular biology at Whitman ... Won the 2007 Scholar Athlete award and served as one of the Commencement Marshals in the Spring of 2008...Plans to pursue a doctoral degree in bioengineering or attend medical school ... Neurosurgey internship at Harborview Medical Center in Seattle (summer 2008)... Interned (summer 2007) at New York's Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, doing research on how specific subpopulations of neurons in the brain respond to sound ... Worked at internship (summer 2006) at the University of Washington, doing immunology research.Prep - Played U18 season with Emerald City FC, a semifinalist in the 2005 State Cup ... Previously played for Eastside FC ... Received Second-Team All-League honors at Garfield High.
Personal - Son of Paul and Barbara Quay of Seattle ... Older sister Lisa graduated from Oberlin College and now lives in San Fransisco ... Spends most of his time outside of soccer focusing on academics ... Enjoys design, snowboarding, cooking, spending time with his family, being overly competitive at IM Sports, and traveling.Back to Men's Soccer Roster