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About Us
N. CHIRAG TRAVELS PRIVATE LIMITED - is one of the fastest growing & reputed Travel Agencies in Delhi with a strong penchant to reach the Horizon. We are approved by IATA (International Air Transport Association) accredited by OTOAI (Outbound Tour Opretor Association of India) and TAAI (Travel Agents Association of India)
New Delhi is the capital of India, and one of the six major metropolitan cities in the country – as well as Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad. It also hosts one of the busiest international airports in India and, as such, a lot of inbound tourists begin their holidays in Delhi.
Due to the political, historical and geographical importance of New Delhi, a great number of tour operators base their operations from the city. In particular, should you visit Connaught Place or Main Bazaar in Paharganj if you are interested in speaking to some of the best tour operators in Delhi.
Quite naturally, the travel agents in the NCR (National Capital Region) are focussed on providing travel services in and around the area. Therefore, their competence lies in tours and packages in Delhi itself, as well as Rajasthan and the Golden Triangle. The Golden Triangle is one of the most well-worn paths, made by tourists who begin their Indian adventure in Delhi. This particular route takes in Agra (including the Taj Mahal, of course) and Jaipur (the capital of Rajasthan).
Regardless of what kind of tour you want to arrange, and which cities or towns you'd like to include, the travel agents in Delhi can put together a package that'll suit you. And not only will they arrange the hotels, but they'll sort out the sightseeing and the transport too – all exactly to your needs.
There are a variety of transport methods that can be used to travel from Delhi to other nearby cities. For those who want to get to their destination as quickly and comfortably as possible, a private car can be arranged. But for those who want to enjoy the romance of the countryside, a train journey is always possible.
Our Network
Presently, we are operating from 4 offices in Delhi/NCR, namely
- Kalkaji (Registered Office)
- Connaught Place (Branch Office)
- Noida (Branch Office)
- Gurgaon(Branch Office).
All our offices, have well established infrastructure & updated technology to support 24X7 on-line activities. Shortly, we will be launching our new business models which will be catering to various customers:-
- Multi Level Franchise
- Franchise Business Model
- Kalkaji (Registered Office)
- Corporate Travel Management


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A Franklin mother was killed in an SUV crash in Arkansas while the family was traveling to visit relatives for the Thanksgiving holiday.The Nevil family left Tennessee to visit family in Texas but never made it. They were involved in tragic accident Friday night that left Katy Nevil, 38, dead and her 12-year-old daughter fighting for her life.The crash happened around 9 p.m. Friday along Interstate 30 in Arkansas.According to Arkansas State Police, another vehicle driving erratically along I-30 West hit the family's SUV causing them to veer off the roadway and hit several trees.Katy's husband Steve was driving during the incident. He and the couple's nine-year-old son, Will, were not seriously injured. Lauren, 12, was last listed in critical condition and put in a medically induced coma at a hospital in Shreveport, Louisiana.According to Steve's Facebook page, doctors were waiting for swelling in her brain to go down before performing surgery. Katy and Steve Nevil had been a couple for 17 years. They'd recently celebrated their anniversary. Katie was a substitute teacher in Franklin. "I've always said to my wife, these are two of the closest people I've ever seen," Mark Moorman, a friend of the couple told Nashville's News 2. "They were the kind of people you wanted to be like."Moorman said the Nevil family moved to Tennessee a little over a year ago and quickly made friends in the neighborhood. "You instantly felt like you'd known them your entire life," said Moorman. "They were very welcoming, warm, loving people."The other driver involved in the crash was also injured in the crash. The two passengers in his vehicle were not hurt. Officials are still investigating to determine the cause of the crash.
441 Murfreesboro Road Nashville, TN 37210
Telephone: 615.369.7222
Fax: 615.369.7329
Email: email@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Change Region
Technical Support
OAISYS Technical Support provides OAISYS Authorized Partners with the tools and information needed to install, configure and support our call recording and contact center management solutions. OAISYS Authorized Partners provide installation, configuration and first-level support to end users, and serve as the primary contact for adds, moves and changes. OAISYS Authorized Partners can access OAISYS Technical Support for issues that require assistance beyond the resources provided on our site.
End users are welcome to use the resources available on this site. We recommend
that you always contact your OAISYS Authorized Partner before making changes to
your OAISYS system. Changes should be performed by qualified technicians
to ensure proper operation.
Our North American headquarters and Technical Support Center are located in Tempe, Arizona. Arizona is in the Mountain Standard Time (MST) zone and does not observe Daylight Savings Time. Standard technical support services are available during normal business hours 5:30 a.m.– 5 p.m. MST. After-hours on-call and dedicated support is available free of charge for customers with Platinum Support plans and for OAISYS Elite Gold Partners.
All other after-hours support projects are subject to a fee and dependent
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Please contact Technical Support at firstname.lastname@example.com for scheduling or additional information.
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Our JumpStart Services program, offered free of charge with every system sale, enables OAISYS Authorized Partners to get systems up and running quickly and reliably. For solution installations requiring a more direct and proactive level of support, we offer our premium OAISYS Professional Services.
Our Software Downloads page provides the ability to download select OAISYS and third-party software applications and files, including those referenced within OAISYS Product Documentation.
Our Product Documentation page provides a full range of technical documentation for the current version of our solutions as well as for earlier versions. This documentation includes installation, administrator and user guides, as well as technical specifications, third-party integration information, an API Developer's Guide and much more.
We offer a variety of online resources that can help resolve support issues, recover software licensing information, track progress on open support tickets and facilitate remote assistance from the OAISYS Technical Support team. These tools include our Support Wiki, License Codes, Support Tickets and Support Tools pages.
If you require support or information for OAISYS products that are no longer actively developed, or for earlier versions of our current solution portfolio, please visit our Legacy Product Support section.
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Use it or loose it.
That's the message from the government on nearly $5 million dollars in federal highway funds earmarked for INDOT projects across the state.
INDOT says it's working this week with the Federal Highway Commission to clarify what they can use the money for.
Meantime, an update on a couple of projects going on right now.
At Allisonville Road, INDOT says construction is at or ahead of schedule -- and that means the overpass at 465 could be reopened to traffic in just a few weeks.
At 465 and West Washington and High School Road, a project that has seen some delays is now getting back on schedule.
The resurfacing of washington and high school road was a bit more challenging than crews expected.
"You have a lot of utilities running underneath the ground you have a lot of old gas stations in this area and there were some concerns in this area about contaminated soils that would have to be removed so, we're working through a lot of those issues."
INDOT says the project is scheduled to be completed by the end of the year. Thanks to the dry weather, crews were able to get back on schedule.
Meantime, INDOT has until October to come up with a plan on how they will spend the federal funds.


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"I LOVE these address labels! I am a print designer, so I get super excited about stationery products. These are SO cute, I can't wait to use them!"
"We used our pet picture with this design. We used the Sephia setting. It came out like a professional photo. Quality is great for the price. We bought other designs with picture to go with the upcoming holidays. We will be a returning customer."
"Love this design. I have now purchased change of address cards using this general design, and now address labels. Colorful and very nice!"
"This is my second order from TinyPrints and I couldn't be happier. I love the personalization options. The quality is great and the shipping is FAST. I will be back!"
"I used a picture of my puppy and they came out amazing! The image was very clear and came out exactly like I expected- maybe even better. I love the lower case font and the size of the label. I will definitely be ordering more once I run out. Oh- and the delivery time was half of what I was told. I had them within the week!"


text: A new Southern-style restaurant will open Monday in Warehouse Row in downtown Chattanooga.Tupelo Honey Cafe will serve creative, flavorful dishes out of their 5,500 square foot location.The menu includes everything from grilled cheese to tofu, with items between $4 and $30 dollars. Chattanooga is a natural fit for the casual, full-service restaurant, owner and operator Steve Frabitore said."After opening our first store in Tennessee, we could see that Tennessee gets us," he said. "They like what we do, and we're thankful for that."Read more from our news partners at the Chattanooga Times Free Press.


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Stamina Viper VG1500 Leverage Gym System Review
What You Should Know
Click Here To See Our Highest Rated Review
Exercise is a very important part of shedding unwanted pounds of body fat and staying fit for years to come. This is why so many people acquire expensive memberships to gyms and fitness centers, purchase exercise equipment for their homes, and try out DVD fitness routines that are available online and through infomercials. One product that you may not be familiar with is the Stamina Viper VG1500 Leverage Gym System. This is an at-home exercise tool that allows both women and men to get a "complete" workout at any time. Like countless other exercise machines and fitness devices, it can be purchased online.
List of Ingredients
Not applicable.
Product Features
The Stamina Viper VG1500 Leverage Gym System is a weights-free exercise machine. It allows you to strength train, but without any free weights, or the need for a spotter. According to online distributors, this machine allows you to do exercises like chest flies, bicep curls, bench presses, abdominal crunches, seated rows, and lateral pull-downs. The purpose of these exercises is to improve lean muscle tissue, and make your body stronger. The more muscle mass you have, the more calories your body will need to maintain the lean tissue. This is why strength training aids with weight loss. The Stamina Viper VG1500 Leverage Gym System sells for $800.
This piece of exercise equipment is made from metal and heavy-duty plastics. It offers ball bearing pulleys, which are claimed to provide a smooth workout. You can adjust the Stamina Viper VG1500 Leverage Gym System to weights as high as 600 pounds for arm exercises, as well as up to 400 pounds for other exercises. Each individual can create a custom workout to suit his or her needs. The weight of this machine is 200 pounds, and the measurements are 82 by 64 by 80 inches. The seat can be adjusted to suit different heights and comfort levels. There is a workout guide provided with this fitness device, and a 90-day warranty is provided for parts.
- This machine encourages strength training.
- The Stamina Viper VG1500 Leverage Gym System provides people with an alternative to the gym.
- Assembly is required with the Stamina Viper VG1500 Leverage Gym System.
- There is no healthy diet plan incorporated.
- This machine costs a whopping $800.
- There were no customer testimonials provided.
You may have some difficulty sorting through the "all-in-one" exercise machines and devices nowadays. While pieces of equipment like the Stamina Viper VG1500 Leverage Gym System can certainly come in handy for at-home strength training, they are also quite expensive. After all, $800 is nothing to sneeze at. You should consider what types of exercises you are actually willing to do in your home before forking out hundreds or thousands of dollars on a fitness machine like the Stamina Viper VG1500 Leverage Gym System.


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Rusk County (WQOW) - An area man is arrested for attempted murder after a weekend shooting.
Rusk County officials say William Rebak fired several gunshots Saturday evening at his rural Weyerhauser home. It started when a former friend showed up to retrieve some belongings at the end of Rebak's driveway. A sheriff's deputy was on hand to make sure there were no problems, when Rebak allegedly came out of his house and fired four to six shots from a nine millimeter handgun.
No one was hit, and it's unclear whether Rebak was firing at them. The deputy ordered him to drop the gun, and Rebak was arrested for attempted homicide and endangering safety.
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This beautiful hand-blown glass table lamp features a swirled amber design that is as striking and delightful as natural burlwood.
This captivating handmade table lamp features a base of triple-layered hand-blown glass with a deep amber backswirl design throughout. The fixture is topped by a linen hardback shallow drum shade. Includes a decorative lamp cord accessory displaying the Thumprints logo and designer's signature. Due to the handmade nature, no two lamps are exactly alike and each is a unique piece of art.
Our associates are standing by to assist you.


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September 18, 2002
Albany- Some of Albany's newest firefighters tackle their first fire. This morning, a short in a light sparked a house fire at 719 Cotton Avenue. When firefighters arrived, the blaze had engulfed the entire back porch.
It took less than an hour for Albany firefighters to extinguish the fire. And luckily, Linda Dixson wasn't at home when the fire started. Her next-door neighbor reported the fire at about 8:30, after Dixson had already left for work.
The fire started in a light fixture, burning down Dixson's back porch and the rear of her home. Two of the firefighters who battled the blaze graduated from the Fire Academy just 5 days ago. "When I heard the bell ring, my adrenaline started rushing," said new recruit Lucious Williams. "I was nervous, but ready to fight my first fire."
Recruit Davy Knight and his partner were the first to go into the blaze. "The first group doesn't know what to expect. It's dark, and you have to find the fire. It was exhausting," said Knight.
Knight and Williams are two of the city's 16 new recruits who graduated Friday from an eight week firefighter training session. And both walked away from the fire with a heightened appreciation for their new profession. "I'm glad that my first fire is out of the way," said Williams.
These recruits already love the rush that comes from fighting a fire. But they know when they're put to work, someone is losing something they love. For Linda Dixson, it was her home.
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text:
Curriculum Statement
What do children do in nursery?
- Children learn how to make friends and work together
- Every day they can play outside in our interesting garden area.
- They can experiment with paint, water, sand, glue, wood, dough and blocks.
- They can look at books, listen to rhymes, make music, draw pictures and start to write.
- They learn about choosing an activity and working at it.
- Pretend play gives children opportunities to explore, to share thoughts and imaginative ideas.
Our Curriculum
What children can do (rather than what they cannot do) is the starting point of a child's learning. We use the Early Years Foundation Stage Curriculum as a guide to our planning to extend children's learning and support their development.
There are 3 prime areas: communication & language; personal, social and emotional development; and physical development. The prime areas are important because they lay the foundations for children's success in all other areas of learning and of life. There are 4 specific areas: literacy; mathematics; understanding of the world; expressive arts and design and these provide the range of experiences and opportunities for children to broaden their knowledge and skills.
The nursery staff help them to concentrate, put their ideas into words, try new activities and enjoy their achievements.
We focus on four aspects of young children's development:
- a unique child (every child is different)
- positive relationships (making friends and getting on with others)
- enabling environments (having toys and resources that help children to fully develop)
- learning and development
For 3-5 year olds we organise teaching and learning in curriculum areas.
These areas are:
- Mathematics
- Communication & Language
- Literacy
- Personal, Social & Emotional development
- Understanding the World
- Expressive Arts & Design
- Physical Development
The Department For Education has published the Early Years Foundation Stage which covers children's development from Birth to Five. This document supports our planning and organisation for learning through play.


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No Expedia Cancellation Fee
Book, change, or cancel almost any hotel without paying an Expedia fee.
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Book, change, or cancel almost any hotel without paying an Expedia fee.
About 15 km southeast of Birmingham in the West Midlands is Solihull, a mainly residential community. An affluent city, Solihull's most notable landmarks include The George (now a hotel), dating from the 16th century; and the Manor House, dating to 1495.
Pack your bags, grab your itinerary, and get ready for the getaway of a lifetime; with the hotels in Solihull, Birmingham, you'll be on your way to a budget-friendly vacation faster than you can say cheap deal. Browse Expedia's specials and secure yourself a great deal today.


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Description12.5 oz. Thumbprint Glass Tankard
Imprint Method: Screen Imprint
Imprint Areas: Side 1: Screen 2-3/4"W x 4"H - Side 2: Screen 2-3/4"W x 4"H - Full Wrap: Screen 6-3/4"W x 4"H
* All glassware products are shipped in UPS SAFE PAK protective packaging, which insures against breakage.
Item Colors
*Stock item colors shown on website are for reference only and may not match actual item color. Please request a sample for exact colors.
Additional Information
|Imprint Area
|4"H x 2-3/4"W
|Standard Production Time
|13 days. (Rush production may be available. Learn More)
|21.33 oz
|Oz Capacity
|12.5 oz
|Moderne Glass
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- Can I order this item blank/unimprinted?
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$59 for 15 Window Cleanings – Inside & Out ($150 Value)
Sureshine Cleaning Solutions
- Retail $150.00
- You save 61%
- You Pay $59.00
Expires 6 months from date purchased
Limit 1 per customer. Limit 1 voucher redemption per household. Appointments are required and subject to availability. Merchant cancellation/re-scheduling policy of 24 hours applies; voucher subject to forfeiture. All services must be redeemed during a single visit and used by same household. Distance restrictions apply. Service area includes 55-mile radius of 43055; additional fee applies beyond service area. Contact 740.975.1175 with questions. Valid only for residential customers. Includes interior and exterior cleaning of 15 windows on first and/or second story (third story is additional). This voucher has no cash value. Cannot be combined with other offers. All services must be redeemed in 1 visit. Tax & gratuity not included.


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Hampton Classic 2013
The Hampton Classic is in its 38th year. It is a week of premier equestrian competitions that culminates in a $250,000 top prize at the international STI Consulting Grand Prix and Federation Equestre Internationale World Cup qualifier showjumping class.
25 Cheap Eats to try on LI Your Labor Day photos Hangin' in the Hamptons: August French fries on LI: 12 favorites 100 things every kid should do on LI 25 fine dining reviews, from Italian to sushi Summer nights at a Ducks game LI's 10 best barbecue restaurants 11 LI spots with top-notch tacos LI's 10 best Latin American restaurants 7 creative wedding guest book alternatives The 10 best seafood restaurants on LI


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You've reached the 'Press and Marketing' site for Holly & Lil. If you are trying to buy Holly & Lil goods, click on the link below to browse our full range of great collars and accessories at our shop - www.hollyandlil.co.uk
Welcome to the Holly&Lil Collar Couture Press Room where you can download our high-res jpeg images of dogs and collars.
Enter the username and password you've been given in the login form on the left
Please ensure that all pictures used are credited to 'Holly&Lil Collar Couture'
For reader contact details please use our main website address - www.hollyandlil.co.uk
If you don't find what you are looking for and would like different images/further information, please contact Elaine Jones on 07811 715452. You can also e-mail us at email@example.com
Or contact our Press Agent Britta Gertsen, email@example.com, tel: 01227 456 801, mob: 07710 543 876
Holly&Lil LLP retains the copyright of all images on this site. Holly&Lil is a registered trademark.


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I agree that Brazil is in need of a homeless shelter and I support it.
I want everyone to think about something. Have you ever been homeless Has your stomach ever been empty I mean really empty! Have you ever drove around the town of Brazil and seen some of the shelters people call home and are even happy to have that roof over their head. There are rentals in this town that need to be condemned but they are bulging with families. Do you believe that given choice that those people would not want better for their families They all have a story about how they came to be in the position they are in and yes some of those stories could have had different endings if only different choices were made at the time, but we all have made mistakes.
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Sumit Sarkar, Ishwar Murthy, "Constructing Efficient Belief Network Structures With Expert Provided Information," IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 134-143, February, 1996.
@article{ 10.1109/69.485642,
author = {Sumit Sarkar and Ishwar Murthy},
title = {Constructing Efficient Belief Network Structures With Expert Provided Information},
journal ={IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
issn = {1041-4347},
year = {1996},
pages = {134-143},
doi = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/69.485642},
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA},
RefWorks Procite/RefMan/Endnote
JO - IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
TI - Constructing Efficient Belief Network Structures With Expert Provided Information
A1 - Sumit Sarkar,
A1 - Ishwar Murthy,
KW - Belief networks
KW - expert systems
KW - information theory
KW - knowledge acquisition
KW - probabilistic reasoning
KW - scoring rules.
JA - IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Abstract—We present a technique to construct efficient belief network structures for application areas where large amounts of data are available and information on the ordering of the variables can be obtained from domain experts. We identify classes of networks that are efficient for propagating beliefs. We formulate the problem as one of determining the belief network representation from a given class that best represents the data. We use the I-Divergence measure which is known to have certain desirable properties for evaluating different approximations. We present some theoretical findings that characterize the nature of solutions that are obtained. These theoretical results lead to an efficient solution procedure for finding the best network representation. We also discuss other information that may be reasonably obtained from experts, and show how such information leads to improving the efficiency of the technique to find the best network structure.
[1] G.W. Brier,"Verification of forecasts expressed in terms of probability," Monthly Weather Review, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 1-3, Jan. 1958.
[2] R.M. Chavez and G.F. Cooper,"An empirical evaluation of a randomized algorithm for probabilistic inference," Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 5, M. Henrion, R.D. Shachter, L. Kanal, and J.F. Lemmer, eds., NorthHolland, Amsterdam, pp. 191-208, 1990.
[3] C.K. Chow and C.N. Liu,"Approximating discrete probability distributions with dependence trees," IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 462-467, May 1968.
[4] G.F. Cooper,"NESTOR: A computer-based medical diagnostic aid that integrates causal and probabilistic knowledge," PhD dissertation, Stanford Univ., Palo Alto, Calif., 1984.
[5] G.F. Cooper,"The computational complexity of probabilistic inference using Bayesian belief networks," Artificial Intelligence, vol. 42, pp. 393-405, 1990.
[6] G.F. Cooper and E. Herskovitz,"A Bayesian method for constructing Bayesian belief networks from databases," Proc. 7th Ann. Conf. Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 86-94, 1991.
[7] A.P. Dawid,"The well-calibrated Bayesian," J. American Statistical Assoc., vol. 77, pp. 605-613, 1982.
[8] R.O. Duda,P.E. Hart,K. Konolige,, and R. Reboh,"A computer-based consultant for mineral exploration," Final Report, SRI Projects 6415, SRI International, Menlo Park, Calif., Sept. 1979.
[9] R. Fung and K. Chang,"Weighing and integrating evidence for stochastic simulation in bayesian networks," Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 5, M. Henrion, R.D. Shachter, L. Kanal, and J.F. Lemmer, eds., NorthHolland, Amsterdam, pp. 209-220, 1990.
[10] I.J. Good,"Rational Decisions," J. Royal Statistical Society, Ser. B, vol. 14, pp. 107-114, 1952.
[11] M. Henrion,"Propagating uncertainty in Bayesian networks by probabilistic logic sampling," Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 2, J.F. Lemmer and L. Kanal, eds., NorthHolland, Amsterdam, pp. 149-164, 1988.
[12] E. Herskovitz and G.F. Cooper,"Kutato: An entropy-driven system for construction of probabilistic expert systems from databases," Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 6, P.P. Bonnisone, M. Henrion, L.N. Kanal, and J.F. Lemmer, eds., NorthHolland, Amsterdam, pp. 117-125, 1991.
[13] R.A. Howard,"The foundations of decision analysis," IEEE Trans. Systems Science and Cybernetics, vol. 4, pp. 211-219, 1968.
[14] E.T. Jaynes,"On the rationale of maximum entropy methods," Proc. IEEE, vol. 70, no.9, pp. 939-952, 1982.
[15] S. Kullback,Information Theory and Statistics, John Wiley&Sons: New York, 1959.
[16] S.L. Lauritzen and D.J. Spiegelhalter,"Local computation with probabilities in graphical structures and their applications to expert systems," J. Royal Statistical Society B, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 157-224, 1988.
[17] J. Pearl,"Reverend Bayes on inference engines: A distributed hierarchical approach," Proc. Nat'l Conf. in AI,Pittsburgh, pp. 133-136, 1982.
[18] J. Pearl,"Fusion, propagation, and structuring in belief networks," Artificial Intelligence, vol. 29, pp. 241-288, 1986.
[19] J. Pearl, Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems. San Mateo, Calif.: Morgan Kaufman, 1988.
[20] M.J. Prietula and H.A. Simon,"The experts in your midst," Harvard Business Review, pp. 120-124, Jan.-Feb. 1989.
[21] J.R. Quinlan,"Induction of decision trees," Machine Learning, vol. 1, pp. 81-106, 1986.
[22] H.A. Raiffa and R. Schlaifer,Applied Statistical Decision Theory,Cambridge: MIT Press, 1968.
[23] G. Rebane and J. Pearl,"The recovery of causal polytrees from statistical data," Proc. Third Workshop Uncertainty in AI,Seattle, pp. 222-228, 1987.
[24] R.W. Robinson,"Counting unlabeled acyclic digraphs," Proc. Fifth Australian Conf. Combinatorial Math.,Melbourne, Australia, pp. 28-43, 1976.
[25] T.B. Roby,"Belief states and the uses of evidence," Behavioral Science, vol. 10, pp. 255-270, 1965.
[26] S. Sarkar,H. Mendelson,, and V.S. Storey,"Approximate representation of probabilistic data in expert systems," Working Paper, Dept. Quantitative Business Analysis, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, 1994.
[27] L.J. Savage,"Elicitation of personal probabilities and expectations," J. American Statistical Assoc., vol. 66, no. 336, Dec. 1971.
[28] M.J. Shaw,"Applying inductive learning to enhance knowledge-based expert systems," Decision Support Systems, vol. 3, pp. 319-332, 1987.
[29] R.D. Shachter and M. Peot,"Simulation approaches to general probabilistic inference on belief networks," Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 5, M. Henrion, R.D. Shachter, L. Kanal, and J.F. Lemmer, eds., NorthHolland, Amsterdam, pp. 221-231, 1990.
[30] P. Smyth and R. Goodman, "An Information Theoretic Approach to Rule Induction from Databases," IEEE Trans Knowledge and Data Eng., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 301-316, Aug. 1992.
[31] C.S. Spetzler and C.-A.S. Stael von Holstein,"Probability encoding in decision analysis," Management Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 340-358, 1975.
[32] S. Srinivas,S. Russell,, and A. Agogino,"Automated construction of sparse Bayesian networks from unstructured probabilistic models and domain information," Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 5, North-Holland, pp. 295-308, 1990.
[33] C.-A.S. Stael von Holstein,"Assessment and evaluation of subjective probability distributions," The Economic Research Inst. at the Stockholm School of Economics,Stockholm, 1970.
[34] A. Tversky and D. Kahneman,"Judgement under uncertainty: heuristics and biases," Science, vol. 185, pp. 1,124-1,131, 1974.
[35] R. Uthurusamy,U.M. Fayyad, and S. Spangler,"Learning useful rules from inconclusive data," Knowledge Discovery in Databases, G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W. J. Frawley, eds., pp. 141-157, 1991.


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The Starbucks Store has just kicked off their Cyber Monday Sale with $25 off order of $60 or more and FREE standard shipping! That works out to be 42% off, which is an awesome amount of savings for Starbucks!
Here are a few items that you might want to use this promotion on:
Holiday Coffee 1lb Bags for $14.95
Hot Cocoa Mixes $6.49
Candy Twist Tumbler, 12 fl oz $9.95
Starbucks® Caramel Syrup, 1 Liter (and other flavors) $12.95
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Videos > Charlee Chase > Whore Charlee Chase mouth fucks this hard manaconda
MILFS Like It Black MILFS really do Like It Black! There's nothing these mature meat eaters won't do to get their hands around these massive black poles! Their experienced pussies are gagging to gulp up some big black steak and you'll see every inch.
Featured Pornstars:
- Charlee Chase


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I was thinking about this after hearing Champ Bailey introduced as a future Hall of Famer on Mike and Mike. How many players will eventually make the Hall of Fame that play on this year's team?
Obviously, Peyton Manning will be the quickest vote in Hall of Fame history. Whoever his advocate is will probably pull the rare move of simply saying "Peyton Manning" and then sitting down without another word. No advocating will be necessary.
I presume Champ Bailey will also make it.
Outside of those two, I cannot think of another player we can be reasonably assured at this point will be voted in. Some players are young and might eventually earn such lofty status. It seems really hard for a receiver to get in, so that hurts our best receiver's chances (DT, obviously). Von Miller is the most talented on the team, but he has also displayed a certain level of immaturity that could prevent him from realizing that full potential.
Who do you think has already earned it outside of Champ and Peyton? Who do you think will eventually earn it before he retires?


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Police Impersonation
Man charged with impersonating police officerComment
Twenty-three-year-old Zachary Butler of Arnold was charged with impersonating a police officer and numerous traffic offenses.
Anthony Mastrogiovanni, alleged police impersonator, arrestedComment
Impersonating a police officer is one problem. Accidentally pulling over an actual officer while impersonating one is an entirely different issue, as it was for a 29-year-old Crofton man.
Montgomery County Police impersonator victim speaks out about ordealComment
Investigators have released a composite sketch of a suspected police impersonator who they say who robbed a woman he pulled over in Silver Spring last week.
Silver Spring police impersonator pulls over, robs womanComment
Montgomery County Police detectives say they're trying to track down a person who is allegedly impersonating a county cop after a suspect robbed a woman while driving in Silver Spring on Wednesday.
Two men impersonate police, rob motorist in SEComment
Two men impersonated police and robbed a motorist in Southeast early Monday morning, according to Metropolitan Police.
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Laurie Wolf
Laurie Goldrich Wolf has been cooking professionally, writing about food and developing recipes for most of her adult life.
Laurie attended the Culinary Institute of America and worked as a chef in New York for several years. As food editor of Mademoiselle and Child Magazine, Laurie planned and executed the food and lifestyle stories with focus on creative and tasty recipes for all ages, from a 1st birthday party to a 90th birthday dinner for grandparent's day.
In 2008 Laurie and her family moved to Portland, Oregon and Laurie jumped head first into this awesome community, blogging for Serious Eats and working on her own book, The Portland, Oregon Chef's Table. At work on another book along the same food lines, Laurie is writing for OPB with a focus on recipes and products, people and places that reflect Portland's phenomenal food culture. A tough job, but someone has to do it!


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High Mediaserver battery drain
I've just switched to Android from an iPhone, and while I'm enjoying it for the most part, there seems to be unusually high battery drain coming from mediaserver. My iPhone's battery level used to literally freeze at the same percentage when listening to music.
Is there any way to improve battery efficiency for audio playback? I listen to locally stored music on my phone for my 2 bus journeys per day, adding up to 1-1.5h.


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Just one of fourteen historical Japanese tanks being added to World of Tanks next week.
In my line of work, I interview a lot of people. It becomes obvious when I am speaking to someone who doesn't really care about their product and is just reciting PR bullet points, or to someone who has a genuine love and enthusiasm for it.
Jasper Nicholas is in the latter category. It is rare to talk to someone in the upper management of a video game company who is so in love with the product he represents.
Nicholas is Wargaming's general manager for the Asia-Pacific region, a part of the world that Wargaming has only recently begun to make a serious attempt to crack open. His portfolio is diverse, covering Japan, Korea, Malaysia, and yes, Australia and New Zealand.
Wargaming's most famous product is the wildly popular World of Tanks, a free-to-play online tank battle game that delivers bite-sized morsels of heavy duty hardware and high explosive, with most battles running less than fifteen minutes. Recently out in some countries, but not yet in Australia, is its new sister product, World of Warplanes, and World of Warships is also on the horizon.
I talked to Jasper in the middle of a test session in an internet cafe, where I had a test run of the Japanese tanks about to be introduced in the game's new major patch, due in about a week. This is the current focus for the team, raising awareness of these little-known real world tanks that are about to start blowing each other up in online battles.
"About two years ago, Victor [Kislyi, CEO of Wargaming] came to Japan and he's been reading about the tank battles on the shores of Samar in the Philippines, which was one of the few deployments of the Japanese tanks. They also deployed in Guam and in other countries in the Pacific, but the most notable were in Samar," Nicholas explained.
"When he started digging deep into it, he discovered that there was actually a lot of development and ingenuity that went into building the Japanese tanks," he said. "When I visited a military museum here in Tokyo, I was blown away by the Type 10, just released in 2010, and it's one of the smartest tanks that I've ever seen in real life. On paper it's just so impressive that it's scary, the amount of capability that it has. The network hub, the infrared capabilities, the satellite positioning, touch-screen controls, auto-loader... The ammunition payload that it carries is just amazing."
Japan's line of tanks, which began in the decade before World War II as Japan was attempting to consolidate power in the East Asian region, are typically named after the year in which they are launched. In addition to 2010's Type 10, they also have the Type 90, the Type 74, the Type 61, and so forth.
The STB-1, which was a 1968 prototype of the Type 74, will be the newest tank included in the update, and will also be the most recent in the entire game, which generally focuses on tanks from World Wars I and II.
"They were developed within the mission framework that these tanks would be continuously used throughout a lengthy war," Nicholas went on. "Of course, because of how history played out, we all know that the war was abruptly stopped in 1945, but even after it ended they never really lost focus. Even in their modern tanks, the heritage is there in the diesel-powered engine platform, which Mitsubishi and Isuzu did a really good job of creating."
During World War II, Germany and Russia had to design petrol-powered tanks, as both countries were often too cold for diesel fuel, which would freeze at low temperatures. With Japan being a warmer country, and operating primarily in Asia and the Pacific region, they were free to enjoy the greater torque granted by diesel, which helped when lugging 40 tons of armour across a battlefield.
In all, fourteen Japanese tanks will be added to World of Tanks, including light and medium tanks and lightweight tank destroyers, across two tech trees that players will need to research. This is far from the end for new content in the game, though, and we may even see an Aussie machine in there one day.
"We've already studied an Australian tank, and we're considering a multinational tank release, not just a specific country," Nicholas said. "Australia only has one notable tank, but there are other countries with a few tanks, like Taiwan. Italian tanks didn't see a lot of action, and development was a bit scarce."
"We never stop developing for World of Tanks - we're one of the few developers who put an active focus on constant content development - and we're really excited about next year because you're going to see a lot more creative features and functionalities. We're really getting to the point where a balance betwen realism and fun can be realistically achieved, and I think that's one of the major selling points of World of Tanks: it's not just a game, but one that constantly evolves based on the feedback we get from players, as well as the dreams of our CEO and his team of developers."
Having recently dived into World of Tanks myself and finding it extremely challenging to get started, I asked Nicholas about how Wargaming has designed the experience for beginners. The game has a tutorial now, but there is still a steep learning curve.
"It was only recently that we released that forced tutorial for new people," he said, "and when you undergo that tutorial it lets you experience, with very specific directions, how to move the tank, rotate the turret, aim properly, and shoot properly."
"This system isn't like anything else that you've ever seen in an online game," he explained. "The way things are laid out is completely different from any other online game that you're used to. It's simple - WASD to move, mouse to control your turret - but for guys who are used to playing GTA and all those racing games, they get disconcerted because you're facing one direction and moving in another."
"When I started playing the game, it took me about thirty battles before I got to a level where I could say, okay, I'm no longer a newbie and I'm learning the dynamics of the game, but I can safely say it took me at least 500 battles before I could tell myself, okay, I know how this game plays."
"Once you get into it, it's a very deep game with a lot of content and a lot of things that you need to understand - which engines to use, which guns to use, because sometimes you won't need the most upgraded version in your tank, and you can upgrade your crew in different disciplines."
"The thing with this game, though, is that it's completely free to play and free to win, you just have to keep on battling," he concluded. "The more battles that you have, the more capability you get, in terms of consuming more content."
But how free is it really? Wargaming has become an extremely wealthy company because many players are willing to shell out real world money to purchase in-game content. Nicholas says that paying money is nearly always about saving time.
"If you're the kind of person who can't spend three hours to gain a certain number of experience points and you want to cut it in half, then you can pay for it. It doesn't really give you any other advantage."
But what about the high-powered premium ammunition that can only be bought with real money? "Premium ammo isn't really that great," he replied, which may shock some players. "I never spend my own gold on premium ammo - I only ever use it for things like high octane fuel or consumables like cola, that gives your tank crew an energy boost."
World of Tanks update 8.10, which will include the Japanese tanks, as well as a graphics upgrade, will be available on either 23 or 24 December (the date had not quite been nailed down at time of writing).
Disclosure: The writer travelled as a guest of Wargaming.
- James "DexX" Dominguez
Screen Play is on Twitter: @jamesjdominguez


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This creamy, crumb-topped macaroni-and-cheese gets is bright orange color and a big nutritional boost from puréed winter squash. Don't tell and no one will ever know. They'll just thank you for making their favorite cheesy comfort meal.
Preheat the oven to 375°F. Coat a 9 × 13-inch baking dish with cooking spray.
Cook the macaroni according the package directions. Drain and transfer to the prepared baking dish.
Meanwhile, place the frozen squash and milk in a large saucepan and cook over low heat, stirring occasionally and breaking up the squash with a spoon until it is defrosted. Turn the heat up to medium and cook until the mixture is almost simmering, stirring occasionally. Remove the pan from the heat and stir in the cheddar. Jack cheese, ricotta, salt, mustard, and cayenne. Pour this mixture over the macaroni and stir to combine.
Combine the bread crumbs. Parmesan, and oil in a small bowl. Sprinkle over the top of the macaroni and cheese. Bake until the cheeses are bubbling around the edges, about 20 minutes, then broil for 3 minutes so the top is crisp and nicely browned.
Nutritional information is provided by the author.
Serving Size: 2 cups
Per Serving:
Calories: 390
Total Fat: 11g
Mono: 1g
Poly: 0.5g
Sat: 6g
Protein: 18g
Carb: 56g
Fiber: 3.5g
Chol: 35mg
Sodium: 547mg
Excellent Source of Calcium, Folate, Manganese, Niacin, Protein, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin A.
Good Source of Fiber, Iron, Phosphorus, Riboflavin.
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Savor 1-2 great-tasting natural wine extract lozenges daily for the
protective effects of 2-4 glasses of red wine without the alcohol. A study
indicates keeping a resveratrol lozenge in the mouth for 60 seconds increases
absorption 250 times over swallowing regular resveratrol tablets or capsules.


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How many passwords do you have? Think about it. A lot of us have quite a few to juggle. So here's the next question? Where do you keep them? Well, if you're like most of us, not in a very safe place. The I-Team's Dana Fowle reports there is a way to keep them secret but still at your fingertips.
Thanks for contacting FOX 5. To reach our newsroom by phone, please call (404) 898-0100.
WTXF-TV330 Market StreetPhiladelphia, PA 19106-2796Phone: (215) 925-2929Fax: (215) 982-5494


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Spring has finally sprung!
OK, OK, it may not feel like it just yet when you step outside your door.
But according to the calendar, which marks today as the spring equinox, this is the first official day of the rebirth season.
There's still a persistent chill in the air, and we are all afraid it's about to snow at any minute. But can't you just feel it's about time for crocuses and tulips to spring forth and the air to be filled with the cheerful songs of our returning feathered friends? We are just days away from tank tops, shorts and flip flops … no, really, we are!
Hopefully, the awful weather we had during this long, cruel winter — with its record-setting snows and unbelievable low temperatures not seen in this area for decades — is far, far behind us.
Winter certainly left behind its nasty mark, spreading debris and chaos across our lawns and streets and darkening our collective frame of mind.
It's time to shake off those horrid doldrums we've been buried under since the dawn of the new year and make a fresh start.
What better time to begin anew than today?
There's a lot you can do to help, not only yourself, but the entire community. Get involved with local cleanups. Support neighborhood beautification projects. Plant flowers, install a birdbath or hang some wind chimes at your own home.
Then get out and enjoy the sunshine at local festivals and fairs. Take in a baseball game or two. Cheer on the ponies at Hoosier Park. We all deserve some fun and outdoors time after this winter of our discontent.
Just remember to keep that winter jacket handy. You never know when Father Winter will knock at the door.
Let's all agree to suspend our Hoosier hospitality for a while and keep him locked out.
In summary Spring has finally sprung. That means it's time to lend a hand in local cleanup projects and enjoy the warmth and sunshine.


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DJ Harper is coming back
The NCAA has officially granted running back D.J. Harper a sixth-year waiver extension. Harper gained 557 yards and scored 9 TDs last year.— Boise State Football (@BroncoSportsFB) January 31, 2012
I know we assumed that this would take place, but officially DJ is coming back for his sixth year.


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Paranormal Activity (2007)
Plot Summary
After a young, middle class couple moves into a suburban 'starter' tract house, they become increasingly disturbed by a presence that may or may not be somehow demonic but is certainly most active in the middle of the night. Especially when they sleep. Or try to.- Written by Paramount Pictures
Katie and her boyfriend Micah have been living together for three years and out of the blue, they are haunted by an entity while they are sleeping. Katie discloses to Micah that she has been haunted since she was eight year-old. The skeptical Micah buys a camera to videotape the paranormal activity in their home during the night. Katie calls Fredrichs, to help them, but he explains that he is specialist in ghosts. However he feels the presence of a fiend and advises the couple to call a friend of his.- Written by Claudio Carvalho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
After moving into a suburban home, a couple becomes increasingly disturbed by a nightly demonic presence.- Written by Anonymous
Micah, a day-trader, and Katie, a student who claims that a ghostly entity has haunted her since her youth...See full synopsis » (Warning: contains spoilers!)


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Samsung Moment M900 Car Chargers
Samsung Moment Car Chargers for the Road and MoreSamsung Moment car chargers allow you to charge your cell phone from any 12-V vehicle adapter making it a valuable cell phone accessory for people who often find themselves on the road. Keep your phone powered and ready to make calls with one of our Samsung Moment car chargers. Each car charger is fully tested to ensure the highest performance and compatibility with the Samsung Moment. For a number of cell phones, Talkie Tech also offers emergency chargers, which are designed to charge your phone without needing access to a 12-volt or an AC outlet.


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|Off-year Kentucky General Assembly flooded with work
By Scott Wartman, The Kentucky Enquirer
Kentucky legislators last week began the 30-day regular session of the General Assembly.
Some say that's 30 days too many.
Lawmakers have often remarked that the 2013 session's brevity will make passing legislation tough.
Instead, some still believe the schedule prior to 2001 was more efficient when the General Assembly met in a 60-day regular session every two years and met in special sessions in the interim when called by the governor.
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Economic woes for young people means less mobility
Mobility for cash-strapped young adults in their 20s has fallen to the lowest level in more than 50 years.
D.C. National Aquarium moves animals to Baltimore
The first of 1700 animals from the National Aquarium's D.C. facility will arrive at their new home Monday.
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Cars Mater-National Questions, Answers, Walkthroughs, Cheats. (PlayStation 2)
Also on: PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Nintendo DS
We have 4 questions and 1 answers for this game. See if your question has already been asked or ask your own to get the exact game help you need for Cars Mater-National.
If you think you are great at Cars Mater-National then test your knowledge by trying to answer the questions asked by our members, and help them out at the same time!
Why can't we use cars like: Yuri, Snot Rod, and much ..
I can't find Tractor Tipping #4 location
How do I unlock the last 3 levels of Tractors Tipping..
Unlock the Monster truck Mater
We have 1 Walkthroughs for Cars Mater-National.
By MajorBlackoutAchievement Guide (X360)
There are no discussions open for Cars Mater-National yet.
Go to the Cars Mater-National forums to start your own topic or browse the rest of the forums here.


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Find exactly what you're looking for with the web's most powerful recipe filtering tool.
1/3 Photos of Lindas Creole Vinaigrette
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Posted for ZWT5, from Linda McCartneys 'World Of Vegetarian Cooking'. The Cajun Spice mix used is Lindas Cajun Spice Mix
Units: US | Metric
Serving Size: 1 (336 g)
Servings Per Recipe: 1
Getting dinner on the table just got a whole lot easier.


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Delivering Immersive Experiences for Books, Magazines and Newspapers
As the digital constituency extends across a growing array of screens and devices, citizens gain more choice and control over how and when they engage with content. Many publishers seek a comprehensive, flexible solution that will allow them to reach constituents, engage their attention and serve their needs, regardless of where, when, or on which platform. At the recent MAX 2010, Adobe announced the Digital Publishing Suite, which allows agencies and publishers to preserve their meticulously crafted brand and have a direct relationship with their readers. To date, this Suite has been used to create wide ranging types of content – including highly designed monthlies like WIRED, text-intensive weeklies like The New Yorker, and now specialized lifestyle content like Martha Stewart Living.
The Suite is a turnkey set of hosted services and viewer technology that tightly integrates with Adobe CS5 products. Using the Suite, publishers can design and deploy engaging reading experiences across mobile devices and marketplaces. The initial beta release of the Suite (recently made available on Adobe Labs) supports creation, preview and sharing of digital magazines on the Apple iPad through an Adobe branded viewer. A series of tutorials, examples and demos of the Suite are currently available on Adobe TV.
If you're in Washington D.C. this Tuesday 11/16, don't pass up the opportunity to see the Suite in action with Noha Edell, a senior Business Development Manager at Adobe, who will be demonstrating this exciting new suite of tools and technologies. Click here for the meeting details.


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Appomattox County - Today's Football Friday Preview spotlights the Appomattox County Raiders. Former Heritage coach Doug Smith is in his first year with Appomattox.
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- Home
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- July 2014 Issue
- An interview with Judge Richard A. Posner
An interview with Judge Richard A. Posner
Posted Jul 1, 2014 5:20 AM CDT
By Joel Cohen
Editor's Note: Richard Posner is a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit, a senior lecturer in law at the University of Chicago and, some would reckon, a force of nature.
He's a prolific author whose seemingly endless curriculum vitae includes books on topics as varied as the economic basis of justice, intelligence reform, Bush v. Gore, the failures of capitalism, the Clinton impeachment, law in literature, antitrust theory, disaster response and the origins of nude dancing. In a position that most often clings to anonymity as a jurisprudential value, Posner is a restless and engaged public intellectual. He is a frequent contributor to The New Republic and an occasional blogger and op-ed author. Besides his college (Yale '59) and law school (Harvard '62) degrees, he has received 11 honorary degrees.
More than this, however, he's a candid—and for some, irritating—voice that strives for realism in his assessments of judges and justice. His criticisms of the U.S. Supreme Court are well-known and his prose occasionally acid. And when lawyer and author Joel Cohen asked if we would be interested in publishing an interview he had scheduled with Posner, we immediately agreed.
Posner had written a foreword to Cohen's forthcoming book, Blindfolds Off: Judges on How They Decide, which will be released this month by ABA Publishing. The book includes interviews with 13 veteran jurists about the duties and realities of being a judge. Although it would not appear in his book, Cohen thought his project would be incomplete if he did not interview Posner on the same subject.
The result, as you will read in the following pages, is a far-ranging discussion (edited for length and concision) about judges, judging and the relentless curiosity that makes Richard Posner one of the most recognizable and formidable intellects in today's vast and raucous public square.
—Allen Pusey
JC: Judge, in your foreword to my forthcoming ABA book, Blindfolds Off, you argue that in interviews judges tend to be guarded or even lack self-awareness. That is, they may try to sincerely tell the interviewer what they believe about the influences that bear upon their decision-making, but they typically can't do so.
Applying that thought to today's interview, let's assume that when you encounter a particular hypothetical district judge within the 7th Circuit at cocktail parties or bench and bar events, he's invariably cordial to you. But this hypothetical judge isn't so kindly about your views of judging behind your back. He sees you as academically brilliant, perhaps a genius, but in a blog, however, he states that you lack judgment—that what you say in your opinions or extracurricular writings is often nonsense, self-absorbed and maybe self-aggrandizing.
Does what this hypothetical judge says about you in the blogosphere have an impact on you? After all, you're going to sit on cases where you'll be asked to reverse or affirm his judgments.
RAP: [Laughter.] I don't think so. I don't go to cocktail parties. I don't go to conventions or bar events—or at least very, very rarely.
JC: So put that aside. When you see him, even in the courthouse, he's unfailingly cordial and courteous. Still, you're saying that such remarks won't affect how you view his decisions when you're called upon to assess them?
RAP: No. I do think the "regard" in which a particular judge is held by appellate judges is a factor in deciding how much deference to give his factual determinations. Appellate judges are not going to defer to legal interpretations by a district judge—resolutions of "pure" issues of law. But if we're reviewing criminal sentences or fact-findings, then how one regards the judge's ability will, in a close case, have an influence. But I don't think any of us would react adversely to a district judge who happened not to like us.
JC: It's not that he doesn't like you. He's publishing articles or blogs that say you lack judgment, or that some of your decisions lack judgment.
RAP: He's entitled to that view. Justice Antonin Scalia called me a liar for a criticism I made of his book with Bryan Garner [Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts]. He's excitable and prone to anger. We're actually old friends, although the friendship has been frayed somewhat, at least on his side. I don't think I'd react to the district judge in your hypothetical case.
JC: But the fact that Justice Scalia might call you a liar, which you say doesn't bother you, is hardly the same thing. You're not going to be called upon to review his Supreme Court decisions or dissents. It would be quite different if, say, a district judge called you a liar and then you might be called upon to consider his judgments.
RAP: I don't want to speak for my colleagues. I just can't imagine reacting to something like that. I just don't care. You want to criticize, that's fine.
JC: Would you mind if a lawyer who appears before you were critical of you in that way?
RAP: No. We certainly get criticism from lawyers. I read a petition for a rehearing recently in a case in which I'd written the opinion, and the petition for rehearing called my opinion absurd. It was a little unusual to see that in a petition for a rehearing, but I didn't react.
JC: That might be dangerous with some other judges, wouldn't it, for a lawyer to be saying that the judge's opinion was absurd?
RAP: It depends a lot on personality, right? Some people are more sensitive to these things. I don't react to impertinence by lawyers, though I do to verbosity, evasion and interruption.
JC: You mentioned that Justice Scalia called you a liar. That was, as I understand it, in the context of a book review you wrote about Reading Law. The title of that review, published inThe New Republic, was "The Incoherence of Antonin Scalia."
RAP: The New Republic insists on deciding on the title. I'm sure they do this with all their authors. They're trying to stir up readership interest, so their titles sometimes have a harsher, more adversarial tone than my reviews.
JC: You could have pulled that review and said, "That is not what I want to say."
RAP: No, they don't tell me what the title will be—I first see it when the review is published.
JC: But did you write a note to Justice Scalia saying, "Nino, by the way, I wrote the article and while it may be somewhat provocative about your jurisprudence, please understand that title's not mine"?
RAP: No, I wouldn't do that.
JC: Wouldn't you be concerned that he might take that title the wrong way—that it would be reasonable for him to presume that you authored or at least approved it?
RAP: Although I have reluctantly allowed The New Republic to enforce its policy of attaching the title without consulting me, I'm responsible, right? I can't shed responsibility for the title when I've given the magazine the right to affix whatever title it picks.
JC: That's precisely what I'm driving at. When you enter into the "real world" with your writings, isn't there a risk you are potentially going to inflame, in this instance Justice Scalia, and potentially influence his view of a decision you wrote that he is asked to review?
RAP: No, I don't think so. He just issued an opinion a few weeks ago that affirmed a decision of our court, which I had written. He didn't make any snide comments about my opinion.
JC: Is that proof that you'd rely on for the proposition that he hasn't formed a negative opinion based on that title?
RAP: I imagine he has a bad opinion of me, but I wouldn't expect that to affect his decisions. The stakes are too high. I would be very surprised if he'd allow a personal dislike for a judge to influence his views.
JC: If that were true, that would be nice indeed. But it's hard to believe that judges don't react to this kind of stuff in the same way that most other people do. In fact, you say that judges are often not self-aware, just like most people are not always self-aware.
RAP: There's a difference between pettiness on the one hand and ideology and experiences and other factors that influence judges. I don't have an inflated view of judges, by any means, but I think they are good at adhering to the Aristotelian concept of "corrective justice"—which really just means impartiality, and thus not throwing the book at a litigant because he or his lawyer is obnoxious or insulting.
What we're not good at is preventing hunch and ideology and personal experiences of various sorts—emotions, deeply felt beliefs, etc.—from influencing decisions. Some judges are terribly upset by drug trafficking, while other judges would like to see most or even all illegal drugs legalized. The ones who get very excited and think drug addiction is terrible may end up imposing sentences that are not sensible—in terms of deterrence, incapacitation, cost to the prison system and so on. That's the real danger.
And I'm bothered by the fact that we judges often don't know enough about a case to decide it sensibly, because often all we know is what the lawyers tell us, which is often very little. And when we don't have enough knowledge to decide a case in an informed way, we necessarily fall back on how we "feel" about the case. But I don't think petty reactions of judges to other judges or to litigants or their lawyers is a serious problem.
JC: In a review of An Affair of State, your book on the Clinton investigation, impeachment and trial, Linda Greenhouse noted that very few sitting federal judges offer any comment at all on the passing public scene. You're obviously a rarity in that regard. Your CV for your publications on the University of Chicago Law School website runs 40 pages, with the 50-plus books you've written along with the countless magazine articles you've written, many of which have nothing to do directly with the law. They're more about public policy and the like. Why do you write so much? Why do you write, for example, about Wikileaks? Or why did you write about gay marriage long before the current revolution on it? Or the Clinton impeachment while the matter was underway? What's your goal or purpose?
RAP: We heard a case in 1990 [Miller v. Civil City of South Bend] that involved a strip joint in South Bend, Indiana—and the issue was whether it was constitutional to close it, or whether the erotic dancing in it was a form of protected speech. We held it was protected. I wrote a concurring opinion. The Supreme Court reversed our decision [sub nom. Barnes v. Glen Theatre Inc.]; Justice David Souter wrote a concurrence. It was his first term, before he discovered his "inner liberalism." He essentially said that nude dancing was terrible because it created secondary effects, including criminal activities. Nonsense.
My encounter with the case got me interested in the history of nude dancing, beginning with Salomé's dance of the seven veils. Legal regulation of sex is an interesting and important area of law, and so I was led to write a book [Sex and Reason, 1992]. And one of the issues, if you're writing a book about the law and economics of sex, is homosexuality—now of course a major focus of legal activity. Having started off as a law professor, I was used to doing academic writing and I have continued to do it after becoming a judge.
JC: I'm certain someone's asked you this before, but do you write to influence how society thinks?
RAP: No, not really. I enjoy writing. It's sort of obsessive, I guess. If people read it, fine. But I'm not particularly interested in changing things. I don't see the things I write as influential, but maybe it has some impact on the way people think.
JC: If a lawyer before you has some blog or article that you wrote arguing what the law should be but isn't, and he cites it to you, how do you respond to that? Will you be influenced by these extralegal offerings you're somewhat famous for?
RAP: Well, it's very rare that anyone cites my academic or other nonjudicial writing in a brief. If what I've written about is still an unresolved issue and reflects my current beliefs, I don't mind being reminded of it. Obviously if there is a Supreme Court decision in the way, I can't enact my academic view into law.
JC: Do you have any concern when you engage in, for lack of a better word, a dust-up with Justice Scalia that it deflects from the respect the judiciary might have in the eyes of the public, or even the bar itself?
RAP: I don't care about that.
JC: How can that be?
RAP: Because I don't understand why the judiciary should be the most secretive branch of government. The public probably knows more about the CIA than about the judiciary. There are few secrets in the executive branch. Everybody leaks. And Congress—they're totally exposed. But judges have the most extraordinary gift for secretiveness. Why should that be? Why should judges be able to conceal so much from the public?
JC: So, Judge, you now have an opportunity to air laundry that perhaps hasn't been aired.
RAP: It's not a matter of airing dirty laundry; it's about the public having a realistic understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the judiciary. For example, there's wasteful spending on the courts (particularly on the courthouses, which often are wastefully large). There's a work-ethic problem for some judges—you always have that when you have tenure; you have it with academics, with civil servants. But the most secure tenure is that of a federal judge. Some judges work very hard until they drop—others don't. And of course judges are not uniformly able. There's also a problem of excessive delegation to staff, mainly law clerks. And at least three circuits, the 5th, 6th and 9th, now have pre-assignment of judges. A case is assigned to a judge before argument, and he is expected to circulate a memo about the case in advance of argument to the other judges on the (normally three-judge) panel. The danger is that the other judges won't prepare adequately, feeling it's the assigned judge's case. I consider that a questionable practice, deserving full examination. And there are other problems as well, including problems with the overall management of the federal judiciary.
JC: We talked before about whether, given the title of the New Republic review, you were attacking Justice Scalia. As you acknowledge, you're responsible for the title even though it was not approved by you. What is that kind of thing communicating?
RAP: I don't think attacking is the word. He writes a book about judicial interpretation. His book has errors. I connect that in part to the fact that in the front of the book there are acknowledgments of assistance from more than 90 people, including a number of law students. My guess is that much of the book was written by research assistants and was not adequately checked. I'm not saying the authors are bad people—that they're greedy or that they're lying. I'm saying that it's an inaccurate book. I also happen to disagree with Justice Scalia's philosophy of originalism. I think that's legitimate criticism.
JC: Getting back to an earlier question: When you write articles, say, questioning the government's "competency" post-Katrina or the government's competency in terms of national security, is your goal to influence public opinion?
RAP: Out of the blue I was asked by the New York Times to do a book review of the report of the commission that analyzed the failure of intelligence that allowed the 9/11 attacks to occur. I reviewed it, and got interested in it. A classmate of mine from Yale who had a lot of contacts with people in the intelligence community told me he'd sent a copy of my review to every single U.S. senator. He wanted me to meet a lot of people—CIA officials, FBI, NSA, etc. It was really fun getting to know those people and learning about national security intelligence, and I wrote about it, and I thought I had good ideas for reform. So I would have been happy to have some influence, but eventually, having said all I had to say about the subject, I dropped it.
JC: Would your review have had the same influence if you had written it not as a circuit judge but simply as a law professor at Chicago?
RAP: I don't think it had anything to do with the judging business. Most of what I wrote about was how to organize an intelligence system. We have more than 20 intelligence services. There's a lot of duplication of effort, a lot of destructive bureaucratic rivalry. There's a great deal of overclassification. There is excessive concern about backgrounds of people, excessive risk aversion, in hiring people who might have come from a foreign country. Incompetent computerization. Nothing to do with the judiciary.
JC: So when you write this kind of stuff that's critical of the government, one would think the government would want—although they probably wouldn't do it—to seek to recuse you because you have some opinions based on your learning outside of the four corners of the case. I assume, though, they don't seek to recuse you. Am I correct?
RAP: Well, in my 32 years and 6,000 argued cases, I think there have been only two motions to recuse me. One was a case in which the district judge had raved over the expert testimony given by a friend and university colleague of mine and former employee of my consulting firm. So I thought, no, I couldn't sit on that case; the district judge's decision turned on his assessment of the witness's testimony. On the other occasion I declined to recuse myself. The basis of the recusal motion was an affidavit I had written before I became a judge, in a matter that had some resemblance to the case but not close enough—I thought—to warrant my recusing myself. I think the movant asked the full court to force me off the case, but the full court declined. So no, no one has ever asked me to recuse myself on the basis of my academic writing or my writing for the media.
JC: You recognize that the government is extremely loath to seek recusal of a judge because there are often serious consequences, at least in the case of many of your colleagues around the country. Judges often take recusal motions badly—there's a price to be paid by a litigant for seeking to recuse a judge. Perhaps in the case where the judge denies the motion. And, more generally, where the judge has a long memory about the litigant who sought their recusal in a prior case. Don't you think the government might be concerned enough about that to not seek your recusal?
RAP: I don't have a reputation for being vengeful, do I?
JC: I'm not suggesting that. I'm suggesting if I were a litigant before you and you had written articles containing, shall I say, some vitriol about a position that I might want to articulate in your courtroom, I might want to get you off the case. It would be easier for me if I were rarely before your court. It seems to me when you write, as you do so frequently, it could raise an issue that might concern litigants. Whether they make a recusal motion or not, they might wonder if they'll get a fair shake before a judge with so many, many opinions as you have.
RAP: The fallacy, I think, in what you're saying is the concept of the fair shake. I don't think people have the right to a tabula rasa—some total ignoramus who's never thought about any of the issues. And if you've thought about them, you have opinions. Why shouldn't you express them? You have to be ready to change them obviously. But you give people useful infor-mation by telling them what you think.
JC: Do you often change your opinions based on a case that's presented to you?
RAP: I've changed my views a lot over the years. I'm much less reactionary than I used to be. I was opposed to homosexual marriage in my book Sex and Reason, published in 1992, which was still the dark ages regarding public opinion of homosexuality. Public opinion changed radically in the years since. My views have changed about a lot of things. I've become much more concerned with long prison sentences; softer on drugs; more concerned with consumer protection, the environment and economic inequality; less trustful of purely economic analysis—the last partly because of the crash of 2008 and the ensuing economic downturn. That shook some of my faith in economic analysis. And developments in psychology have required qualification of the "rational choice" model of economic behavior. So my views have changed a lot. You don't want a judge who takes a position and feels committed to it because he thinks it's terrible to change one's mind.
JC: When you decide to write, for example, these "letters" to Dahlia Lithwick and [former Acting Solicitor General] Walter Dellinger published in Slate regarding the Supreme Court roundup at the end of the term, you're not writing for a legal audience. You're writing for a broader audience. Why do you write those? What is your goal?
RAP: The reason I agreed to write them was that it would force me to read more Supreme Court opinions carefully.
JC: You wouldn't have read the opinions carefully if you weren't writing a piece for Slate? I suggest, if you don't mind, you're not completely self-aware here.
RAP: I read the Supreme Court opinions that bear directly on cases I have. I don't read the others. They are often tedious, and anyway I find it difficult to get much out of opinions that are not directly relevant to something I'm thinking about. So I thought it would be good for me to read opinions that weren't germane to any case I had—that it would give me a better sense of what's going on in the Supreme Court.
JC: But I suspect that the Chicago Law Review, the Yale Law Journal or the Harvard Law Review would gladly publish your writings about such opinions. Yet you write it for a different audience, Slate, because it would force you to read opinions more carefully than if you were writing for a top-quality law review? Basically, then, you can take some liberties with Slate that you can't with the Harvard Law Review?
RAP: Well, sure. If you write for a nonprofessional audience you don't go into details that aren't of interest to them.
JC: I'm positing here—though maybe not so articulately—that you prefer to write for a real-world audience, rather than for a legal audience, in the sense that you want to maybe tell the world something it doesn't know, that lawyers who read legal publications probably already do know.
RAP: I wouldn't put it that way. My most recent book, Reflections on Judging, is addressed to a legal audience rather than to a general audience. Another book I wrote that was published last year, The Behavior of Federal Judges, co-authored with an economist and a political scientist, was intended strictly for a professional audience—not limited to lawyers but definitely not for popular consumption.
JC: Other than talking about pending or impending cases, where do you draw the line for yourself in terms of what you feel you can't write or speak about?
RAP: I don't want to create ill feelings. I don't want to say things publicly that are going to get me in trouble with my colleagues or create misleading impressions.
JC: I see, that's where you draw the line. But you're not drawing the line because you think there's something ethically inappropriate about it?
RAP: I do think at some point a judge's out-of-court public comments become ethically improper. There are genuine confidences one has to respect. But I don't see any problem with writing a book or an article that doesn't stir up scandal or make accusations, that is dispassionate and responsible.
JC: You somewhat famously "pleaded guilty" to having authored the voter ID case, Crawford v. Marion County Election Board, that ultimately went to the Supreme Court. You authored an opinion holding the voter ID law in Indiana constitutional, and the Supreme Court then affirmed. Later, you "pleaded guilty" and it was basically reported that you had done a mea culpa over your decision. However, you took the position that "No, I was not making a mea culpa. I was just saying I was pleading guilty to having authored the opinion." Am I correct?
RAP: No, what I said I pleaded guilty to was not having come out the wrong way in that case. In Reflections on Judging, where the mea culpa appeared, I was complaining about judges not knowing enough. I was pleading guilty to not having in-depth knowledge of the problem of disenfranchisement created by voter ID laws. What we (the judges on the panel assigned to the appeal) were presented with was the opponents of the Indiana voter ID law saying that having to produce a photograph of yourself, either a driver's license or a photo from the local government office, at the polls would discourage people—especially those without a car—from voting. So, they argued, this is a scheme to disenfranchise the poor people, presumably mostly Democrats. The argument on the other side was that there is a problem of voter fraud. You have people impersonating the registered voter and the election officials can't do anything about it because there's no requirement that the voter produce a photo ID. We weren't given any information about the incidence of fraud or the incidence of deliberate disenfranchisement. We were just given arguments. And I said in the opinion that we didn't want to get into this. We didn't want to micromanage election rules.
What has happened since is that more evidence has emerged that these voter ID laws are intended to disenfranchise Democrats. That evidence either didn't exist when Crawford came before us or the lawyers didn't present it to us. I should have done more looking, but I'm not sure the evidence actually existed at the time.
There have been cases where judges have said, usually after they've retired, that they are sorry they voted a particular way in a particular case. The late Justice Lewis Powell said that about Bowers v. Hardwick, the Georgia sodomy case, later overruled, which held that homosexual sodomy is not constitutionally protected activity, even between consenting adults. I'd say that for me, for everybody in the judiciary, there's probably a high error rate. The law is often unclear, the facts typically underdeveloped. I'm sure I've voted erroneously in an unknown number of the 6,000 cases that I've heard argument in. I don't think a judge should spend his time grading himself on the cases that he voted on many years ago.
JC: So do you think you got it wrong in Crawford?
RAP: I don't know because I don't know what the evidence was that was available then. If there was no evidence available—it was just guesswork or just a hunch, just the two major parties clashing over this for partisan reasons—then I think we were right. When in doubt, it doesn't make sense to create a whole new head of federal jurisdiction requiring minute supervision of local election officials. If there was a lot of evidence that the voter ID law was disenfranchising honest voters rather than preventing fraud, and I just missed that evidence, then probably I was wrong.
JC: So supposing you have a case such as Crawford, where you write the decision, and a few months or even years later you decide you got it wrong.
RAP: That's unlikely to happen. Part of the psychology of judging is that you don't look back. In Crawford one has dramatic subsequent evidence of the apparently abusive character of these voter ID laws. As it happened, I was writing a book (Reflections on Judging) that was in large part about how judges are handicapped by not knowing enough. So this was a good example. But generally you don't look back.
JC: You're saying that in 32 years you haven't looked back and said, "Gee whiz, I got that one wrong"?
RAP: I've written almost 3,000 opinions. I don't remember most of them, obviously. The ones I do remember, I like. I'm sure that if I did a careful study I'd find decisions that I now think wrong. I've been reversed by the Supreme Court on occasion, and I imagine that if I reread my opinions in those cases I would at least sometimes, and maybe often, think the Supreme Court had been correct. But I have better things to do with my time than brood about my 3,000 opinions.
JC: What if you wake up in the middle of the night and decide that two years ago you got it wrong?
RAP: I have never woken up in the middle of the night thinking about a judicial decision! And as I said, part of the psychology of being a judge is that you don't look back on your decisions. Sometimes I come across, in doing research, an old case of mine that bears on it, and sometimes I'm taken a little aback by the tone or something else in it, but I'm not really interested in whether a decision I wrote 20 years ago is correct or corresponds to what I think now.
JC: Is there any danger in a judge, whether he or she is as prolific as are you in writing about public issues, is there some risk in it somehow impacting their judging?
RAP: Yes, there is a risk. I don't think it's acute for me because I don't feel that strongly committed to most positions. I can't imagine worrying in judging a case that what I'm saying in my opinion is inconsistent with something I wrote in a nonjudicial setting.
JC: Do you ever look back on any of that when a case comes before you?
RAP: No, I don't think I've ever done that. Once or twice in my 32 years as a judge I've cited a book or article that I co-authored, but I've never cited my academic writings other than in those few cases. Of course I came to the bench with some previously held beliefs reflected in my academic writings, beliefs that it would be natural for any judge to recall and occasionally be influenced by.
JC: In a "Supreme Court Year in Review" piece in Slate you raise the question of whether it is bad for a Supreme Court justice to be outspoken. You write: "Justice Scalia is famously outspoken. Is that a good thing for a Supreme Court justice to be?" You ask the question but don't answer it. Do you think it's bad for a Supreme Court justice or a circuit justice to be outspoken?
RAP: I think from a public relations standpoint it would better for the Supreme Court justices to take a lower profile—talk less on the bench and participate less in mock trials and other celebrity-type activities.
JC: [The final question and answer were done via email after the interview.] Finally, now having reviewed the transcript of this interview, do you think you were guarded in your answers—recognizing, as I do, that the issue of self-awareness necessarily has to be off the table given the frailty of man in perhaps being able to recognize his own shortcoming in this area?
RAP: Yes, of course. A public official is always more guarded—or should be—when communicating with the public.
This article originally appeared in the July 2014 issue of the ABA Journal with this headline: "An Interview with Judge Richard A. Posner: Do one's 'real world' activities—writing, theorizing, blogging—negatively impact one's judging?"
A former prosecutor, Joel Cohen is currently of counsel at Stroock & Stroock & Lavan in New York City. Cohen writes and lectures on criminal law, ethics and social policy. His new book, Blindfolds Off: Judges on How They Decide, is scheduled for release by ABA Publishing in July.
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Amanda Rodewald
School of Environment and Natural Resources
|United States
Dr. Amanda Rodewald is an Associate Professor of Wildlife Ecology in the School of Environment and Natural Resources at The Ohio State University. She received a B.S. in Wildlife Biology from The University of Montana, an M.S. in Zoology from The University of Arkansas, and a Ph.D. in Ecology from The Pennsylvania State University.
Dr. Rodewald's research aims to develop a mechanistic understanding of large-scale ecological phenomena, especially regarding the responses of animal communities to land use/land cover change. This desire to understand mechanisms naturally leads her to work at multiple spatial scales, across multiple levels of biological organization, and within both experimental and observational frameworks. As such, her research touches on a variety of sub-disciplines, including conservation biology, landscape ecology, population demography, community ecology, behavioral ecology, and ecological restoration.
Since 2000, Dr. Rodewald has generated > $5 million in research funding from a variety of federal (e.g., National Science Foundation) and state (e.g., Ohio Division of Wildlife) agencies as well as non-profit organizations (e.g., The Nature Conservancy). She has published over 40 scientific papers in a broad range of journals including Ecology, Ecological Applications, Journal of Animal Ecology, and Biological Conservation. Dr. Rodewald serves as an Associate Editor for International Journal of Forestry Research and The Auk, the leading international journal of ornithology, has served as an Associate Editor for the Journal of Wildlife Management, and is a reviewer for 25 scientific journals. In addition, Dr. Rodewald contributes to the national and state-level environmental decision-making process in her appointments to two committees of the US Environmental Protection Agency's Science Advisory Board and with ad-hoc advisory and panel roles with National Science Foundation, USDA Forest Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, and North American Bird Conservation Initiatives.
Selected Publications
Rodewald, A. D., and D. P. Shustack. 2008. "Consumer resource-matching in urbanizing landscapes: are synanthropic species over-matching?". Ecology, 89: 515-521
Rodewald, A. D., and D. P. Shustack. 2008. "Urban flight: understanding individual and population-level responses of Nearctic-Neotropical migratory birds to urbanization". Journal of Animal Ecology, 77:83-91
Leston, L. F. V., and A. D. Rodewald. 2006. "Are urban forests ecological traps for understory birds? An examination using Northern Cardinals". Biological Conservation, 131:566-574
Rodewald, A. D., and M. H. Bakermans. 2006. "What is the appropriate paradigm for riparian forest conservation?". Biological Conservation, 128:193-200
Borgmann, K. L., and A. D. Rodewald. 2005. "Forest restoration in urbanizing landscapes: interactions between land uses and an exotic shrub". Restoration Ecology, 13:334-340
Borgmann, K. L., and A. D. Rodewald. 2004. "Nest predation in urbanizing landscapes: the role of exotic shrubs". Ecological Applications, 14: 1757–1765
Rodewald, A. D., and M. A. Abrams. 2002. "Floristics and avian community structure: implications for regional changes in eastern forest composition". Forest Science, 48: 267-272
Rodewald, A. D., and R. H. Yahner. 2001. "Influence of landscape composition on avian community structure and associated mechanisms". Ecology, 82: 3493-3504
Rodewald, A. D., and R. H. Yahner. 2001. "Avian nesting success in forested landscapes: influence of landscape composition, stand and nest-patch microhabitat, and biotic interactions". Auk, 118:1018-1028
Vitz, A. C., and A. D. Rodewald. 2006. "Can regenerating clearcuts benefit mature-forest birds? An examination of post-breeding ecology". Biological Conservation, 127: 477-486


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With the shine of the bright lights focused squarely on the Florida Gators' first trip to the College World Series Finals since 2005, an abrupt symphony of errors ruined what seemed to be a sure-fire series opening win against South Carolina.
Gamecock sophomore Christian Walker's attempt to steal second base in the top of the 11th inning somehow devolved into the winning run after successive throwing errors by Gators catcher Mike Zunino and centerfielder Bryson Smith. Video highlights after the jump.
In a three game series, giving away the first can be an intimidating hole to climb out of. Even more so when delivered in such a devastating fashion. It will be fascinating to see if Florida has the mental strength to recover from the shock with such a short turnaround.
For more on Game 1 of the 2011 College World Series finals, head to our StoryStream which has full coverage of Monday night's thriller.