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What is in this article?:
- Fluid Power eBook — Fluid Power Circuits Explained
- Foreward
- Chapter 1: Hydraulic Accumulators
- Chapter 2: Air Logic Circuits
- Chapter 3: Air-Oil Circuits
- Chapter 4: Slip-In Cartridges
- Chapter 5: Counterbalance Valve Circuits
- Chapter 6: Fluid Power Cylinders
- Chapter 8: Directional Control Valves
- Chapter 9: Filtration
- Chapter 10: Flow Control Circuits
- Chapter 11: Flow Divider Circuits
- Chapter 12: Fluid Motor Circuits
- Chapter 13: Pressure Intensifier Circuits
- Chapter 14: Proportional Control Valve Circuits
- Chapter 15: Pumps
- Chapter 16: Reducing Valves
- Chapter 17: Regeneration Circuits
- Chapter 18: Pressure-relief Valves
- Chapter 19: Rotary Actuator
- Chapter 20: Sequence Valve Circuits
- Chapter 21: Servovalve Circuits
- Chapter 22: Synchronizing Circuits
- Chapter 23: Sample Actual Circuits
Chapter 1: Hydraulic Accumulators
Hydraulic accumulators make it possible to store useable volumes of non-compressible fluid under pressure. A 5-gal container completely full of oil at 2000 psi will only discharge a few cubic inches of fluid before pressure drops to 0 psi. The same container filled with half oil and half nitrogen gas would discharge over 11/2 gal of fluid before pressure dropped to 1000 psi.
Figures 1-1 through 1-4 show symbols used for different types of accumulators. Figures 1-5 through 1-8 are simplified cutaways showing construction of different types of accumulators.
All accumulators except Fig ACC4 will have a pressure decrease as fluid discharges. A weight-loaded accumulator maintains pressure until all oil is used.
When using an accumulator, it is necessary to install a manual or automatic function to de-pressurize all fluid before working on the circuit. Several manufacturers make automatic discharge valves that work well. These automatic discharge valves are explained at the end of this section.
Most hydraulic accumulators are used in one of four applications:
1. Supplement pump flow in circuits with medium to long delays between cycles.
2. Hold pressure in a cylinder while the pump is unloading or stopped.
3. Have a ready supply of pressurized fluid in case of power failure.
4. Reduce shock in high velocity flow lines or at the outlet of pulsating piston pumps.
The following circuit images show some circuits using accumulators for the operations mentioned in 1 to 4 above. Other accumulator circuits and information follow.
Using accumulators to supplement pump flow
Some hydraulic circuits require a large volume of oil for a short time; for example to move a large cylinder rapidly to clamp a part. After clamping, the circuit needs little or no additional fluid for period of time while curing takes place. When a circuit has extended dwell time, an accumulator can be used to downsize the pump, motor, tank, and relief valve. The cost of accumulators usually offsets savings on these smaller components, but downsizing saves on operating costs.
The conventional pump, directional valve, and cylinder pictured in Figure 1-9 show horsepower and flow requirements needed for a 12.5 sec cycle time. The advance cycle requires full power, while returning the cylinder needs minimal force. Reduction of the pump and motor size is not possible if the cylinder cycles rapidly. However, if there was a 45 sec wait between cycles, the pump and motor could be almost 70% smaller with an accumulator circuit.
This reduced flow and horsepower are possible when using accumulators and the circuit shown in Figure 1-10. The extra expense of the accumulators offsets the reduced price for the power unit, but operating cost is less for the life of the machine. The directional valve and piping from the accumulators to the cylinder still has to handle the 125 gpm flow.
Using a gas charged accumulator in a pump supplementing circuit will increase maximum system pressure. The extend portion of the cycle needs at least 2000 psi working pressure, which requires filling the accumulators with fluid above 2000 psi so they can discharge oil and not drop below minimum pressure. The maximum system pressure should be as high as can be tolerated. The higher the maximum allowable system pressure, the smaller the accumulators. The drawback of high pressure is that the circuit is at this pressure when the cycle starts. If this higher pressure can cause damage or other problems, it should be lowered to a safe level.
Accumulator circuits normally have flow controls because there is a volume of oil at elevated pressure that can discharge almost instantaneously. Placing a flow control at the accumulator outlet allows free flow from pump to accumulator and adjustable flow to system.
The circuit in Figure 1-10 has a minimum pressure of 2000 psi and a maximum pressure of 3000 psi. This pressure is the limit of most hydraulic components. A 22-gpm pump driven by a 40-hp motor now meets the force and cycle time specified. All pump flow continuously goes to the circuit instead of being unloaded most of the time as in conventional circuits.
As the cylinder cycles, the accumulators supply fluid at a rate set by the flow control. Pump flow adds to accumulator flow to set the required cycle time. Cylinder cycling could be made faster than specified by increasing outlet flow from the accumulator.
The fixed-volume pump in Figure 1-10 unloads through a special accumulator relief/unload/dump valve, which sends all pump flow to the accumulators and cylinder until the system reaches set pressure. After reaching set pressure, the valve opens and unloads the pump to tank at approximately 50 psi. The pump will continue to unload until the system pressure drops about 15%. This pressure drop might be from leakage or at the start of a new cycle. Any time pressure drops, the pump will load and stay loaded until pressure tries to go above 3000 psi. With this valve, stored oil in the accumulators automatically discharges to tank when the pump stops, which makes the circuit safe to work on shortly after locking and tagging off the pump.
Figure 1-11 shows a variation of the accumulator circuit in Figure 1-10. Here a 1-gpm fixed-volume pump and a 5-gpm pressure-compensated pump supply oil until the accumulators fill. A pressure switch, set at about 2900 psi, unloads the fixed-volume pump through a solenoid-operated relief valve. After the fixed-volume pump unloads, the pressure-compensated pump finishes filling the accumulators and holds maximum pressure without fluctuations and with minimal heating.
The accumulator dump valve in this circuit will stay closed as long as the pumps are running. When the pumps stop, this valve quickly and automatically discharges the accumulators to tank.
Full-time pressure with fixed-volume pumps
Some circuits need pressure at all times to hold position or maintain force. The circuit in Figure 1-12 holds pressure on the cylinders when they stop, but excessive heat generation makes it a poor choice. Flow controls keep pressure in the circuit while a cylinder is moving.
Some designers use the circuit shown in Figure 1-13 to simultaneously reduce energy loss and maintain holding pressure. This double-pump circuit provides high flow (to move the cylinders rapidly) and low flow (for pressure holding). While the system is at holding pressure, the high-flow pump goes to tank through an unloading valve. Only the low-flow pump goes across the relief valve. Although energy loss is drastically reduced, it is still excessive.
The circuits shown in Figures 1-14 and 1-15 use a small accumulator to hold pressure on the actuators while unloading the pump at minimum pressure. This makes it possible to use a less expensive fixed-volume pump instead of a pressure-compensated pump, with little or no energy loss or heat generation.
The pump in Figure 1-14 unloads through an accumulator relief/unload/dump valve. This valve sends all pump flow to the accumulator and cylinders until the system reaches set pressure. After it reaches set pressure, the valve opens and unloads the pump to tank at approximately 50 psi. The pump will continue to unload until the system pressure drops about 15%. This pressure drop might be from leakage or it could be at the start of a new cycle. The pump loads again and fills the circuit until pressure tries to go above 2000 psi. While the pump unloads, the accumulator makes up for any leakage so pressure at the cylinders only drops about 15% maximum. The length of time the pump unloads depends on the size of the accumulator and the amount of system leakage. With the accumulator relief/unload/dump valve, stored oil in the accumulator discharges to tank when the pump stops. This makes the circuit safe to work on shortly after locking and tagging out the pump.
Notice the variation of the above pressure holding circuit in Figure 1-15. Here the pump unloads through a normally open, solenoid-operated relief valve controlled by a pressure switch. The accumulator and actuators fill from the pump until system pressure reaches 2000 psi. At 2000 psi, the pump unloads through a solenoid operated relief valve at approximately 50 psi. The main advantage of the circuit in Figure 1-15 is that pressure drop is adjustable by more or less than the fixed 15% allowed by the unloading valve in Figure 1-14.
To have a safe accumulator circuit, it is necessary to have a means to discharge stored energy at shutdown. The circuit in Figure 1-15 uses a high-ratio pilot-to-close check valve. The pilot ratio is about 200:1, which means 25 psi in the pilot line can hold as much as 5000 psi in the circuit. Most unloading circuits have at least 25 psi while unloaded, so this valve works well. When the pump shuts off, pressure drops to zero, the pilot-to-close check valve opens, and stored energy dumps to tank.
Another way to automatically discharge the accumulator at shutdown is with a normally open, solenoid-operated, 2-way directional valve. This directional valve connects to the accumulator pressure line and on to tank. Starting the pump motor also energizes the solenoid on the normally open 2-way valve, causing it to close. As long as the pump runs, this valve blocks the flow path to tank. When the pump stops, the solenoid is deenergized, and the valve shifts to port stored energy to tank.
Accumulators used for fast response and over-pressure control of pressure-compensated pumps
Because most pressure-compensated pump circuits have closed-center or two-position directional valves (such as the one shown in Figure 1-16), they stay at full-pressure, no-flow until a valve shifts. After any directional valve shifts to start an actuator's movement, pressure in the circuit starts to drop. When the pump sees a pressure drop, its internal mechanism starts shifting as fast as possible to start fluid flowing. Pump shifting times vary, but no matter how fast they shift, the actuator's initial response will be slowed down.
With an accumulator installed, as shown in Figure 1-17, the pump is still at no-flow when the circuit is at rest. However, there is a ready supply of oil at pressure available. As a cylinder starts to cycle, as seen in Figure 1-18, fluid flows directly to the actuator from the accumulator and pressure starts to drop. This pressure drop causes the pump to go on stroke, but now pressure drop is minimal. The cylinder takes off quickly and smoothly, and the pump has time to respond to the flow need.
On the other end of the cycle, if the pump is at full flow and all valves center or all the actuators hit the end of stroke, the flow requirement suddenly drops to zero. The pressure-compensated pump is still flowing at the maximum rate and pressure starts to climb. The pump will continue at full flow until pressure reaches 80-98% of the compensator setting. There has been zero flow needed for some time, but the pump does not know this until pressure is near maximum. When pressure reaches compensator setting, the pump starts to shift to no flow. All pump flow during shifting time has no place to go, so this excess flow generates a pressure spike of five to ten times the compensator setting. This pressure spike can cause premature failure of the pump, plumbing, and actuators.
A common fix for this pressure spike is to add a relief valve near the pump outlet, set 150 to 200 psi higher than the pump compensator (as shown in Figure 1-16). This relief valve should reduce the pressure spike, but it does not lower it as much as it appears. A relief valve remains closed until pressure reaches 90 to 98% of its setting. Once the relief reaches maximum pressure, it starts to open, but by the time it actually relieves, the pressure may be 11/2 to 3 times its set pressure. This reduced spike is better, but still is not as good as what an accumulator could provide.
Other problems can occur with relief valves. For example, if the relief valve setting is at or near the pump-compensator setting, the pump can start oscillating on-off flow. As the pump nears its pressure-compensator setting and starts to compensate, the relief valve starts to relieve. A flow path is created when the relief valve begins to open, so downstream pressure drops, causing the pump to go back on stroke. The drop in pressure allows the relief valve to close, so downstream pressure builds up again. This oscillation cycle repeats rapidly, causing damage to the pump and possible line failure due to shock. In another example, if the relief valve setting is lower than the pump compensator, all pump flow goes to tank at relief pressure, generating excess heat. To avoid these problems, use the correct procedure when setting pressures on a relief valve used to reduce pressure spikes.
An accumulator absorbs excess pump flow with minimal pressure override or shock. While fluid from the pump compensates from full flow to no flow, as seen in Figure 1-19, it has a direct path to the accumulator. Because the accumulator has a compressible gas in it, it takes in the small amount of excess flow produced while the compensator is reacting. Pressure increase from this additional fluid is imperceptible.
To size an accumulator for fast response of the circuit, plan to have somewhere between 1 and 5 sec of actuator flow before pressure drops below the minimum it takes to move it. A rule of thumb is to have 1 gal of accumulator for every 10 gpm of pump flow.
Using an accumulator as an emergency power supply
A conventional hydraulic system will not operate unless the pump is running. Some machines must be able to cycle to a safe condition after a power or pump failure. Use an accumulator to store enough energy to move the actuators to a safe condition after the pump quits. The operator or setup person can manually cycle the machine into a safe condition by using the stored energy.
The hopper gate cylinder shown in Figure 1-20 must close in case of a power failure. If the gate stays open, the entire hopper could overflow the truck under it, then dump on the ground. This circuit uses a pressure-compensated pump that maintains pressure with minimal heating during normal operation. An accumulator F stores the first pump flow, check valve D stops accumulator back flow, and normally open directional valves C isolate the accumulator from the cylinder and tank during normal operation.
The gate cylinder needs at least 1500 psi, so the pump compensator is set for 2000 psi. This ensures that the accumulator has enough fluid to extend the cylinder when necessary. Because the solenoids on valves C are energized by the pump start command, the accumulator is completely isolated from the cylinder and tank as long as the pump runs. When solenoid B of the 4-way directional valve shifts (as seen in Figure 1-21), the gate opens as fast as the pump moves it.
When solenoid A shifts the 4-way directional valve, as seen in Figure 1-22, the gate closes as fast as the pump moves it. When the power is on, the cylinder extends or retracts partially or all the way at the operator's command.
If the gate cylinder is partially or completely open and power fails, the circuit automatically goes to the condition shown in Figure 1-23. In this condition the pump stops, the 4-way directional valve centers, and the normally open 2-way shutoff valves C open.
When power fails, the accumulator has a direct path to the cap end of the cylinder while rod-end oil flows to tank. The cylinder will extend and close the gate using the stored energy in the accumulator. Place warning signs at the gate indicating this equipment can operate at any time without operator intervention.
When using an accumulator for emergency power supply it is difficult to automatically drain it during normal operation. Automatically draining the accumulator would defeat its purpose as an emergency power supply. Add a manual drain valve E, with warning signs to tell maintenance persons to manually drain the accumulator before working on the gate circuit.
Size emergency-power accumulators to hold enough oil to move all actuators to the home position before pressure drops to dangerous levels. Most manufacturers provide formulas in their catalogs and offer several offer excellent computer programs to size accumulators for emergency-power supplies.
Using accumulators for leakage makeup
Some hydraulic circuits, such as in laminating presses, need to hold at pressure for long periods. A pressure-compensated pump could maintain pressure, but energy loss from pump leakage generates heat. Another way to hold pressure for long periods is with a fixed-volume pump and an accumulator. Figure 1-24 shows a press cylinder that must stay extended under pressure for several minutes.
Tee small accumulator D into the cylinder cap-end line through flow control C. Flow control C allows the accumulator to fill quickly but discharge slowly when directional valve A centers or shifts to retract the cylinder. Flow control C should pass enough flow to let the accumulator discharge quickly without system shock when directional valve A shifts to retract the cylinder. Any oil left in the accumulator when the directional valve centers will make the cylinder extend a small amount. Tee dump valve B into the cylinder cap-end line to automatically discharge the accumulator when the pump stops. Tee pressure switch E into the cap-end cylinder line to set pump load and unload pressure. Pressure switch E sets high and low pressures to control maximum and minimum tonnage.
When the pump starts, Figure 1-25, backpressure check valve F gives 75 psi pressure, closing accumulator dump valve B and supplying pilot oil for solenoid pilot-operated directional valve A. When directional valve A shifts, the cylinder starts to extend, Figure 1-26, at whatever pressure it takes to overcome the counterbalance valve. The signal to the extend coil of directional valveA goes through the normally closed contacts on pressure switch E. Because gas pre-charge pressure in the accumulator is approximately 85% of working pressure, no fluid will enter it yet.
When the cylinder contacts the work, Figure 1-27, pressure increases and oil fills the accumulator. Upon reaching the maximum working pressure set by pressure switch E, the normally closed contacts open, de-energizing the solenoid on directional valve A. Directional valve A spring centers, the pump unloads, and oil stored in the accumulator maintains pressure while making up for cylinder and valve leakage.
Bypass at the cylinder seals and/or valve causes pressure to drop slowly to the low-pressure setting of pressure switchE. This low-pressure setting is normally adjustable but must be high enough to keep the parts firmly together. Upon reaching the low-pressure setting, pressure switch E shifts, allowing the normally closed contacts to shift directional valve A to refill the accumulator. Upon reaching maximum working pressure, directional valve A again spring centers to unload the pump, while the accumulator holds its pressing force and makes up for leaks.
A pilot-operated check valve in the cap-end cylinder line between the directional valve and the pressure switch would have less leakage than the blocked port of the spool valve. With a pilot-operated check valve and resilient seals in the cylinder, it is possible to maintain pressure for 2 to 5 min or more. Use an all-ports-open directional valve with the pilot-operated check valve. This accumulator circuit maintains pressure in the cylinder while unloading the pump. It also conserves energy while using an inexpensive fixed-volume pump.
Using accumulators as shock absorbers
Accumulators can reduce damage from shock in some circuits if correctly applied. In other applications, an accumulator may add shock by releasing stored energy too quickly.
The top half of Figure 1-28 illustrates one way shock is produced. Flow velocity in a hydraulic circuit may be 25 to 30 fps and not cause any problems. However, if oil flow stops abruptly, as seen in Figure 1-28's middle example, damaging shock can rip out tubing, blow seals, and split pump housings with ease. A column of moving fluid has a lot of energy that can get out of control.
The third example in Figure 1-28 shows a small accumulator teed into the line at the shut off that stops flow suddenly. An accumulator spreads the shock energy over a short period of time and eliminates the potential for damage.
To absorb flow shock, the accumulator is usually pre-charged at about 70 to 80% of system pressure. At this pre-charge pressure, only a small amount of fluid enters the accumulator subsequent to a shock situation. There is also little fluid transfer to take away from or add to the normal pump flow.
When it is necessary to stop a heavy load, such as shown in Figure 1-29, try using an accumulator and a hydraulic cylinder. The accumulator's pre-charge pressure holds the cylinder extended, thus making it ready for the advancing mass. When the load contacts the cylinder, it mechanically forces it to retract. As the cylinder retracts, fluid flows into the accumulator and gas pressure increases. As pressure increases, the higher resistance slows the mass more. After the load decelerates, the cylinder might try to push the part away. Add valves between the accumulator and the cylinder to control the shock absorber after it finishes decelerating the load.
Some large, slow-turning piston pumps send a shock wave into the circuit every time a piston discharges oil. On the left of Figure 1-30, the piston pump does not have an accumulator at the discharge port. Pressure at the gauge will fluctuate from less than system pressure to well above it without an accumulator.
On the right side of Figure 1-30, adding a small accumulator reduces discharge flow and shock damage. A portion of the sudden discharge flow from an advancing piston goes into the accumulator and discharges smoothly while waiting for the next stroke. The pre-charge pressure for this type of accumulator circuit is about 60 to 75% of maximum system pressure.
Accumulator manufacturers have formulas in their brochures to calculate any situation mentioned here. Some suppliers have computer programs that do all the math after asking for circuit parameters.
Pump supplementing circuit with full pressure when work is contacted
In some cases, a pump-supplementing accumulator circuit can speed up cylinder extension and/or retraction without having to go above working pressure. Normally in a pump-supplementing circuit, the relief valve is set as high as possible above the working pressure to store ample fluid. As the cycle progresses, oil from the accumulator and pump move the actuator quickly, but circuit pressure drops steadily. If pressure drops below the actuator's need, the pump must refill the accumulator before the cycle finishes. To overcome this problem, a larger pump and/or more accumulators are necessary.
The next circuit shows an accumulator arrangement that provides high volume to move the cylinder rapidly with the relief valve set at working pressure. The accumulator and pump supply volume to fill the large bore cylinder as it extends. The cylinder then moves to working pressure while a check valve isolates the accumulator.
Like all accumulator circuits, there must be time for refilling between cycles, as shown in Figure 1-31. Pre-charge the accumulator to a pressure slightly higher than it takes to retract the cylinder. The cylinder will then retract when directional valve A and normally open, solenoid-operated relief valve H shift. (Also see Figure 1-34.) The large piston rod reduces the return volume, although retract pressure will be higher. When the cylinder fully retracts, pressure climbs and the accumulator starts to fill through check valve E and the bypass check valve around flow control C. Piston-type accumulators are best for this circuit because they can have a low pre-charge pressure and a high final pressure without internal damage. The accumulator can discharge a large volume of oil because the pressure in it is not important when the cylinder needs full tonnage.
When pressure in the circuit reaches 2000 psi, pressure switch G de-energizes the solenoid on normally open, solenoid-operated relief valve H, unloading the pump to tank.
When directional valve A and normally open, solenoid-operated relief valve H shift, Figure 1-32, pump flow and accumulator flow provide a large volume of oil to quickly stroke the cylinder to the work. Because accumulators can discharge at a very high rate, use flow control C to set the desired advance speed. Pressure in the circuit will fall as the cylinder extends and will be well below working pressure before the cylinder meets the work.
When the cylinder contacts the work, Figure 1-33, check valve F keeps pump flow from going to the accumulator. The pump will continue filling the cylinder and pressure will build to whatever it takes to do the work. Check valve F blocks flow to the accumulator to isolate it during the high-pressure work stroke.
When directional valve A shifts to the retract position, Figure 1-34, pump flow goes to the cylinder rod end. The accumulator pre-charge is high enough to force all pump flow to the cylinder, causing it to quickly retract.
Figure 1-31 shows the cylinder reaching the top of the stroke. The accumulator now accepts all pump flow through check valve E until pressure switch G unloads the pump.
Two other pump-supplementing circuits with full pressure when work is contacted
Figures 1-35 and 1-36 depict two more ways to use an accumulator for volume and still have immediate high pressure for doing work. Either circuit works equally well with the two pump types shown.
These circuits would normally require a piston-type accumulator. Notice the pre-charge is less than one-third of maximum pressure. The large pressure difference would squeeze the bladder in a bladder-type accumulator so much that holes caused by chafing would allow the nitrogen gas to leak. The minimum pressure in the circuit could be even lower than shown here. If the actuators can move at 300 psi, then use 150 to 200 psi pre-charge.
The circuit in Figure 1-35 uses a pressure-compensated pump and a normally open, poppet-type, 2-way directional valve. All flow goes directly to the accumulator, filling it to maximum pressure with the pump operating. When the cylinders start to cycle, flow from the pump and accumulator move them rapidly. When the cylinders contact the work, pressure is well below the required amount. To get full force, energize solenoid C1. This stops pump flow to the accumulator and raises the cylinders to full pressure. De-energize solenoid C1 when the cylinders finish their work to allow the accumulator to refill.
Energizing solenoid C1 when the actuators are moving is possible with a correctly designed poppet valve. Notice the blocked position of the valve has a check valve symbol, meaning it only stops flow to the accumulator. This type of poppet valve provides accumulator volume to the actuators when pressure is low. However, maximum pressure is immediately available when the cylinders meet resistance. De-energize solenoid C1 at the end of the cycle to refill the accumulator. Some poppet-type directional valves have a very high pressure drop when flowing through the closed check valve. Use a brand designed for low pressure drop in this circuit.
The circuit in Figure 1-36 has a fixed-volume pump with a normally open,, solenoid-operated relief valve and pressure switch to unload the pump at maximum pressure. Minimum system pressure for this circuit is 1500 psi. Therefore, it is important to set the sequence valve in front of the accumulator to this pressure. Set the pressure switch to unload the pump at 1700 psi. Then set the normally open, solenoid-operated relief valve at approximately 1900 psi. Because no oil can go to the accumulator if the system pressure is below 1500 psi, the actuators will always have maximum force anytime they meet resistance. When the cylinders are moving to and from the work, pump and accumulator flow can combine to give rapid movement at reduced pressure. Flow from the accumulator can always go to the cylinders through the bypass check valve. Fluid only goes to the accumulator when pump flow is greater than the system requires. This circuit fills the accumulator anytime the cylinders stop or anytime required volume is less than pump output.
There will be some heating of the oil while the accumulator is filling until system pressure reaches 1500 psi or above. One advantage is that no control circuitry is necessary, even while the accumulator fills anytime actuator volume is less than pump flow.
Non-invasive way to check accumulator pre-charge
It is important to check accumulator pre-charge pressure at regular intervals. Check a new installation each shift for a few days to see if there is a gas-pressure loss. It the gas charge is holding, check pre-charge pressure weekly for the next month. If all is well at the end of a month, then monthly checks should be more than satisfactory.
The normal way to check pre-charge pressure is: (1). Shut down the system. (2). Attach a gauge and charging kit to the accumulator. (3). Open the gas valve and check the pressure reading.
However, this procedure is time consuming, allows some gas to discharge, and may damage the charging valve, which can result in a continuous leak. Outlined below is a simple, non-invasive way to check accumulator pre-charge pressure to see if gas is leaking.
Figure 1-37 shows a partial accumulator circuit. This figure shows an operating hydraulic system, just as the pump stops. At this point, the accumulator relief/unload/dump valve is open, draining pressurized oil stored in the accumulator. As fluid in the accumulator discharges, pressure at gauge PG1 starts dropping. By controlling the flow with a fixed orifice or a flow control, pressure deteriorates slowly when there is oil in the accumulator.
When all fluid is out of the accumulator, Figure 1-38, pressure at gauge PG1 will suddenly drop to zero. Carefully note gauge pressure when it suddenly drops. The pressure seen at the sudden drop is the present pre-charge pressure of the accumulator. This reading is only as accurate as the gauge and the person reading it. It is not a perfect reading, but will be close enough to see if a full-fledged check is needed.
If there is more than one accumulator on the machine, as in Figures 1-39 and 1-40, this test will show the lowest pre-charge pressure. When a low pre-charge pressure shows up, check each accumulator individually until finding those at a lower pressure than required.
Another way to check pre-charge pressure is to note the gauge's pressure reading when turning on the pump. With an accumulator in the circuit, the first pressure reading should be pre-charge pressure. It is difficult to obtain an accurate reading this way with glycerin-filled or orifice-dampened gauges in the circuit. The gauge should also be at or close to the accumulator to keep line losses from adding to the reading.
Hydraulic type accumulator dump valves
When using an accumulator, there must be a way to discharge stored oil before safely working on the circuit. Even when using the accumulator for emergency power supply, install a manual drain valve for safe operation.
A manual drain valve with a gauge near it is the best way to ensure a safe operation. Mark the manual drain valve and place warning signs at all hydraulic component locations indicating there is an accumulator in the circuit and to open the manual drain before performing maintenance.
A common way to discharge stored energy is to use a normally open, solenoid-operated, 2-way directional valve teed into the pressure line with its outlet hooked to tank. Wire the solenoid on the 2-way valve to close when the pump is running. Any time the pump stops, the 2-way solenoid valve de-energizes and discharges stored oil to tank.
A solenoid-operated valve works well in most cases but can cause problems. First, if the valve fails to close or only partially closes, oil dumps across it, generating heat and making it operate sluggishly or not at all. Second, if the valve fails to open when the pump stops, the circuit is unsafe. This is a safety hazard for an inexperienced person who might not detect the problem. Third, additional wiring creates additional costs.
If the circuit uses a fixed-volume pump as shown in Figures 1-41 through 1-44, use an accumulator relief/unload/dump valve for most applications. This valve has an integral adjustable 2-way unloading valve A to unload the pump when reaching set pressure. Also, there is a pilot valve to close shut-off B that stays closed while the pump is running and opens any time the pump stops. Isolation check valve (C) keeps accumulator oil from back flowing to the pump when it stops.
In Figure 1-41 the pump has just started, so pressure jumps to accumulator pre-charge pressure and all flow goes to the accumulator through check valve C. Pilot-operated 2-way shut-off B pilots closed when the pump is running. The pilot-operated, adjustable-spring shut-off Astays closed until set pressure is reached.
Pressure continues to climb until the accumulator is full, as seen in Figure 1-42. When pressure reaches that set on 2-way adjustable-spring valve A, it opens, unloading the pump to tank at low pressure. Even while unloading there is enough pressure to keep pilot-operated 2-way shut-off B closed.
When pressure in the circuit drops approximately 15%, Figure 1-43, unload-valve A closes, again forcing oil to the circuit and accumulator. The pump will load and fill the system any time pressure drops about 15%. This pump load pressure is non-adjustable so it will not work for all circuits.
Some manufacturers offer an accumulator relief/unload/dump valve with an adjustable differential setting. Setting these valves' load-unload pressure by more or less than the 15% differential is possible.
When the pump shuts off, as in Figure 1-44, pilot pressure to 2-way valve B drops, allowing it to open. Now all stored fluid from the accumulator has a path directly to tank. The accumulator will quickly discharge, making it safe to work on the circuit.
Hydraulic-type accumulator dump valves (continued)
When using an accumulator with a pressure compensated pump, the packaged dump valve shown works well. (See Figures 1-45 through 1-48.)
A pressure-compensated pump maintains pressure while flow changes to meet the needs of the circuit. When the first actuator in the system starts to move, there is no flow for it until pressure drops. As pressure drops, a pressure-compensated pump will go on stroke quickly but there will be a slight pause before flow actually starts. The addition of the small accumulator shown in Figure 1-45 nearly eliminates the startup pause. This enhances system response while reducing cycle time and pressure fluctuations.
On the other end of the cycle, if the pump is at full flow and all the valves center or all the actuators hit end-of-stroke, flow requirement suddenly goes to zero. The pressure compensated pump is still flowing at maximum and pressure starts to climb. The pump will continue at full flow until pressure reaches 80 to 98% of the compensator setting. There has been zero flow needed for some time, but the pump does not know this until pressure is near maximum. When pressure reaches the compensator setting, the pump starts to shift to no-flow. All pump flow during the shifting time has no place to go, so this excess flow makes a pressure spike of five to ten times the compensator setting. This pressure spike can cause premature failure of the pump, plumbing, and actuators. An accumulator as shown will take in this small volume of oil to minimize the spike.
As with any accumulator installation, safety is important. When shutting a circuit down for maintenance, always drain the accumulators. A manual drain valve works, but the automatic drain shown on the facing page is better. When the pump starts -- and as long as it is running -- a pilot valve closes check valve B to block the drain port. Check valve A isolates the pump from accumulator back flow when it stops or fails. There is no electrical wiring needed, so the accumulator dump valve is invisible to the control circuitry.
The pump is just starting in Figure 1-45, so pressure immediately climbs to accumulator pre-charge pressure. Flow continues until the accumulator is full and system pressure is at its maximum. Pilot-to-close check valve B blocks the drain path to tank when the pump starts. The drain path stays closed as long as the pump is running.
Figure 1-46 shows flow while the circuit is working. Accumulator and/or pump flow will go to the actuators to quickly start them and move them through their cycle. During the working part of the cycle, the accumulator smooths out flow fluctuations, while reducing pressure drops and spikes.
With the system at rest as shown in Figure 1-47, pump flow is zero and the accumulator is full and ready for another cycle.
Figure 1-48 shows how the circuit responds when the pump stops. Check valve A closes to stop back flow and pump motoring. Pressure to pilot-to-close check B drops out, allowing it to open. All accumulator volume now has a path to tank through an orifice that keeps flow at a reasonable rate. In a very short time the accumulator's stored energy dissipates, making it safe to work on the system.
Linear pressure-type accumulators
The following circuits use accumulator types with little or no pressure drop as they discharge fluid.
Gas- or spring-loaded accumulators lose pressure as fluid discharges and the gas or spring expands. In a typical circuit using this type of accumulator, the maximum system pressure must be higher than working pressure to allow for this pressure drop. Some circuits cannot operate at these elevated pressures or may need high pressure for the entire stroke. Therefore, they can't use gas or spring loaded accumulators.
The circuit in Figure 1-49 shows a weight-loaded accumulator, a fixed-volume pump, and a normally open, solenoid-operated relief valve that can replace either circuit shown in Figures 1-10 and 1-11. Notice the maximum pressure and working pressure are at 2000 psi. This is possible because the weight-loaded accumulator does not lose pressure as fluid discharges. Until the accumulator piston reaches bottom, system pressure stays constant.
With a weight-loaded accumulator, the amount of weight on a given piston area sets maximum pressure. To raise or lower maximum pressure, weight must be added or taken off. Set the relief valve on this type circuit 100 to 150 psi higher than system pressure so it does not bypass during normal operation.
The main disadvantage of a weight-loaded accumulator is its physical size. An accumulator for the circuit shown in Figure 1-49 would require a 10-in. ram with a 60-in. stroke for the cylinder to have full force for its entire cycle. This size accumulator needs almost 160,000 lb of weight on the ram to get the required volume and pressure stated. A block of concrete approximately 1080 ft3 in size or about 10 X 10 X 11 ft would be necessary to meet this need. Such high mass eliminates the use of this type accumulator for mobile equipment and also rules out many industrial applications. Using a smaller accumulator ram with a longer stroke reduces weight, but you must make sure column strength is adequate when reducing ram diameter.
The air-cylinder-loaded accumulator shown in Figure 1-50 works the same as a weight-loaded accumulator. There is a slight pressure drop as fluid starts to flow due to piston and ram seal friction but this is usually not enough to cause problems.
Physical size can also be a problem with air-cylinder-loaded accumulators, especially when using low air pressure. Most plant systems operate at 100 to 125 psi so the unit required to handle the cylinder in Figure 1-50 might be a 40-in. bore air cylinder driving a 9-in. ram with a 75-in. stroke. Using air pressure at 250 psi could reduce the accumulator to a 30-in. air cylinder driving a 10_-in. ram for a 55-in. stroke. In either case, these accumulators are still too large for mobile equipment and for many industrial applications.
Air-cylinder-loaded accumulators work best and are more economical to operate using a surge tank for the air cylinder. Surge tanks provide fast flow for discharging high oil volumes with minimal pressure drop. They also make it possible to use a small air compressor because it only has to make up for leaks after the system gets up to pressure. Size the surge tank to allow for a 3- to 8-psi drop when the accumulator discharges during a normal cycle.


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PO Box 10, Oxford, OX1 1EN
Tel 01865 249811
Web http://www.oxford.gov.uk/
To find out more information about events or to book Oxford Town Hall as a venue please contact us.
Sunday 21st September 2014. 11am-3pm
Wedding Fair
With over 30 exhibitors from accommodation and entertainment providers to florists and caterers, this is the perfect opportunity for brides-to-be to source inspiration and ideas for their big day.
There will also be live fashion shows throughout the day showcasing the latest in bridal trends.
Free admission and free bridal information bag for every bride.
Saturday 6 December, 10.30am-4.30pm
Oxford Green Fair 2014
This annual event is a wonderful celebration of all things green - a great opportunity to find ethical Christmas presents, enjoy delicious food, meet old friends, make new friends, and gather information for your next eco-project!
100 stalls in three large halls, our famous Green Cafe, live music and of course Green Father Christmas!
For more information, please see www.greenoxfordshire.com
Saturday 13 September (10 am to 3.30pm) and Sunday 14 September 2014 (12pm to 4pm)
Oxford Open Doors
Help us uncover Oxford's untold First World War stories in the magnificent setting of Oxford Town Hall.
On Saturday 13 September 2014, join staff and volunteers from Museum of Oxford and University of Oxford to find out about local people's experiences of the Great War and learn how you can share your own WW1 family stories and memorabilia online.
At 2.30pm on Saturday (1hour, free, first come first served), local author Margaret Bonfiglioli will also be giving a talk about her new book 'Full of Hope and Fear: The Great War Letters of an Oxford Family', featuring newly discovered private family letters from the First World War forgotten for 90 years.
Discover the Town Hall's little-known history as a military hospital with free tours of the building at 11am and 2pm on Saturday 13 September 2014, and again at 1pm and 2.30pm on Sunday 14 September 2014. Tours are free, and places are issued on a first come first served basis.
There will be special self-guided family trails of the Town Hall and Explore Oxford gallery In the Gallery available all weekend, and in the Gallery the exhibition 'Shuffrey In Pictures' features original work by J Allen Shuffrey and pieces created by local community groups inspired by his work.
Tuesday 30th September 2014. 7pm
Frank Turner & The Sleeping Souls
Tickets on sale 9am Friday 18th July 2014 from kililive.com
More information to follow
Sunday 12 October 2014. Doors 7pm.
Seth Lakeman
Folk superstar Seth Lakeman announces this date in Oxford as part of his forthcoming autumn tour.
Mercury Prize and Radio 2 Folk Award winner Seth recently performed alongside the BBC Concert Orchestra at the exclusive D-Day Concert at The Royal Albert Hall in London, joining event hosts Jeremy Vine, Dermot O'Leary, Louise Minchin, and fellow performers Patrick Stewart, Beverley Knight and The Military Wives Choir. Highlights of the event included Seth's song King and Country, which was inspired by and written in the memory of his grandfather, also originally a musician, who was himself involved in the D-Day landings.
After already completing a sold-out cathedral tour this year and adding two BBC Folk Awards to his collection for his part in The Full English - Best Album and Best Group - these new dates continue to champion the release of Seth's 2013 album Word of Mouth.
Recorded at North Tamerton Church in East Cornwall, this record straddles the folk tradition his music is full of and the contemporary folk movement that he has become such a seminal figure of. Seth recruited a selection of guest musicians for the construction of this album, including producer Ian Grimble (The Manic Street Preachers, Cat Stevens). The added guests give drama and wings to songs where working lives, majestic landscapes, the tragedy of war, the price of revolution and more are brought to life.
Make sure you catch Seth showcasing his sensational music in the majestic setting of Oxford Town Hall. As ever, his live performance is guaranteed to blow you away!
Tickets £15-£24 adv.stbf unreserved seating available from Gigantic Tickets.
Saturday, 15 November 2014. 7:30pm
Pictures at an Exhibition
Tchaikovsky's The Tempest paints an evocative picture of the sea and Shakespeare's characters and lovers. Ravel's Piano Concerto is a memento of his visit to New York - it's imbued with the spirit of jazz and the excitement of Harlem.
Soloist Alasdair Beatson, commended for his 'sensitive playing of rare insight', is highly regarded as a distinctive and vibrant musician. Mussorgsky's piano piece Pictures at an Exhibition is brought even more vividly to life in Ravel's orchestration.
Alasdair Beatson piano
Robert Max conductor
Tickets £15/£12/£5 concessions available from Tickets Oxford on 01865 305305 or purchase online. University Students concession limited to under-25s only. Accompanied children under 16 admitted free of charge.
Friday 5th September 2014. 7:30pm
International Brigade Memorial Trust
Part of a series of events to remember the men and women of Oxfordshire who fought in Spain 1938-9.
This is a Public meeting on Oxfordshire and the Spanish Civil war.
Speakers include Richard Baxell, Tom Buchanan, Colin Carritt, Hugh Purcell and Liz Woolley. Free admission, donations welcome.
Monday 22 September 2014. 7:30pm.
Tony Benn: Will and Testament screening
Praslin Pictures is hosting a series of exclusive screenings of Tony Benn: Will and Testament in towns and cities across the UK that have a special significance to Tony Benn's life and political career.
Each screening will be followed by a panel discussion with special guests and an audience Q&A.
Tony Benn: Will and Testament is an intimate and personal reflection on life, work, love and loss from one of the UKs most influential and charismatic political figures - Tony Benn.
Tickets £10 adult / £7 under 16s available from the Event Brite website
Oriental Carpet Sale
Saturday 4th and Sunday 5th October 2014. 10am-5pm
Oriental handmade rugs, mainly Persian by Heaven On Earth Imports. From brand new to antique in a variety of different shapes. Guarantee of the Authenticity, free trial with no obligation to buy. After sale maintenance support including cleaning, repair and restoration. Free UK delivery. You can also sell old rugs as part exchange.
Organ Recitals
Oxford Town Hall welcomes you to listen and enjoy our world famous Father Willis organ played by the city's finest organists. Tickets are £4 and come with complimentary tea, coffee and biscuits. Performances take place from 12pm-12.50pm on the following dates:
Tea Dances
Tea & cake & Dancing £2.50 on the following Wednesdays from 2pm to 4.30pm:
Ceroc Oxford hold dance classes at Oxford Town Hall. Beginner and intermediate followed by freestyle. Open to all.
Every Wednesday 7.30 - 10.30pm.
Charges: £8, concessions £6, £35 for 5 weeks or £70 for 10 weeks. Please see the Ceroc Oxford website for further details.
Mondays from 12.10 - 12.55pm, Oxford Town Hall.
Every Monday except Bank Holidays, £3 per person. Prepare yourself to party. You will shake your hips, shimmy and smile the hour away. Up to 1000 calories will be burnt in just one class. The moves are simple and you will love the music. No stress, no worry, just fun. There are no wrong moves so just come and join the party. For more information contact Vicki Galvin, GO Active Coordinator on 01865 252720 or email@example.com
Meditation Class - Diamond Way Buddhism UK
Every Wednesday, 8pm, Judge's Room. Oxford Buddhist Group meets once a week for a guided meditation on the 16th Karmapa. These meditation classes are suitable for all who wish to learn to meditate.
For newcomers there is always a short introduction to Buddhism and brief explanations on how to meditate.
They regularly hold courses on Buddhism and Buddhist meditation classes, guided by experienced practitioners and travelling teachers appointed by Lama Ole Nydahl. All weekly guided meditation classes are free of charge.
Further information on Diamond Way Buddhism UK website, email firstname.lastname@example.com or call 01865 958008.
Information on venue hire for conferences, festivals, weddings and more
Speak to one of the Town Hall team about booking your event

subset: commoncrawl


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A registered sex offender has been arrested in Hermitage for sexual battery and violation of registry laws.Andrew McGlothen, 50, is charged due to an incident that occurred on the corner of Indian Lake and East Main Street on March 6.Authorities told Nashville's News 2 Investigates that while McGlothen was selling the bi-monthly newspaper "The Contributor", he sold a copy to an 18-year-old girl.That girl then went into a nearby Walgreens, where he followed her and asked for a hug.Detective Steve Malach said the girl then gave him a hug, but McGlothen wouldn't let go, making it a lot more than a quick, innocent hug."She tried to pull away and he would not let go of her. Then he pressed against her, making a suggestive motion in a sexual manner and she got away and she calls the police. He didn't deny the hug. He didn't go much further than that," he said.The next day, McGlothen was arrested and charged with sexual battery and he admitted he was a registered sex offender.According to the Sex Offender Registry, McGlothen was charged with sexual battery and kidnapping a minor for an incident that occurred in 2005. Those previous charges prohibit McGlothen from working within 1,000 feet of a school zone, yet he was selling The Contributor right across from Robert Ellis Middle School.McGlothen's criminal record doesn't begin there. Nashville's News 2 Investigates ran his criminal record which dates back nearly 25 years and includes multiple felonies like carrying a concealed weapon, kidnapping and sexual battery.During the a phone call with Tom Wills, the Director of Vending with The Contributor, he said they were not aware McGlothen was a sex offender and that they do not do background checks on their vendors."We don't employ them. They are independent contractors and they choose their own locations. Their contracts say they can't represent The Contributor in an area where they can't be legally and in his case, he should not be vending near a school or park or a day care," Wills explained."He made the choice to break the contract, and the law, and he is no longer a vendor with The Contributor," he continued.Executive Director Tasha French Lemley issued a written statement after the incident with McGlothen occurred."The Contributor contracts with currently and formerly homeless individuals who sell a twice-monthly newspaper. Some homeless citizens, as well as citizens who have never experienced homelessness, may have a criminal history."The Contributor promotes positive interactions between its newspaper vendors and their customers and provides vendors a legitimate income opportunity that enables persons of limited financial means to earn a sustainable living."The statement continues:"The Contributor has a code of conduct by which all of its vendors are expected to abide. This includes compliance with all local, state and federal laws and any personal restrictions set by law."Vendors who do not adhere to the code of conduct are subject to dismissal. Vendors are independent contractors who choose their own sales locations. The Contributor does not assign vending locations."The Contributor also said that all vendors get a yearly statement for tax purposes. However, when detectives went to McGlothen's Nashville home, he had $4,000 in cash, all proceeds from newspaper sales.He reportedly denied paying any personal income taxMcGlothen is in the Sumner County Jail being held under no bond.
441 Murfreesboro Road Nashville, TN 37210
Telephone: 615.369.7222
Fax: 615.369.7329
Email: email@example.com


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In a recent interview on Fox 13 News at 10, former Shelby County Election Commission member O.C. Pleasant, though remarkably not admitting to any voting improprieties during his 30 year tenure, did admit the responsibility to maintain public trust in the process is unique as compared to the rest of Tennessee.
"There's a great deal of diversity here and so that maybe the perception among many that it's a difficult county to manage with regards to elections," he said.
But, given the myriad of problems faced in this pock-marked filled election season, the "difficulty factor" for the current edition of the County Election Commission, would probably be even beyond the reach of a Chinese diver in the Olympics. But, it's not excuses, it's answers, County Election Administrator, Richard Holden, has been asked to supply by Wednesday to the State Election Commission as part of a Comptroller's audit they ordered following complaints filed by voters victimized by mistaken ballots used during the tumultuous 15-day early voting period.
"It does add to the burden of the Election Commission to respond to these inquiries. Although at the same time I think they're perfectly necessary and it's just something we'll have to work into the work flow," said Holden.
But, former Shelby County Election Administrator, Greg Duckett, now a member of the State Election Commission, isn't dissuaded by the cries of inconvenient timing.
"What they are being asked to respond to are issues that they have known about all along," says Duckett. "We now are in the position, we being the State Election Commission, where it is incumbent upon us to help instill in the public that they can trust the system."
Duckett says there is a "worst case scenario" should the state Commission fail to be satisfied with the findings of the Comptroller's audit. The word "decertification" has a nasty ring to it...doesn't it?
"That would equate to a substantial reduction in pay for the administrator as well as we could reprimand the local administrator and or staff members involved," adds Duckett.
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A conflict of interest is a situation in which someone in a position of trust has competing professional or personal interests. Such
competing interests can make it difficult to fulfil his or her duties impartially. A conflict of interest may exist even if no unethical or
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It is usual for employees of financial institutions such as ours to undertake deals on their own behalf. We recognise that this can create a conflict with the duties owed to our clients. Therefore all of our employees and connected parties are required to comply with our Personal Account Dealing Policy which amongst other matters prohibits:
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We would like to draw to your attention that when we make a recommendation to you or deal for you we:
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We reserve the right to act as a principal or as agent with regard to the sale or purchase of any security and we are not required to account to you for any income, gain, profit or other advantage arising.
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However, we or some other person connected with us, may have an interest, relationship or arrangement that is material to the service, transaction or investment concerned. This may include matters such as:
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Hey everyone! Hope you all had a fantastic Christmas and are looking forward to a fabulous new year!
I'm positive that's what most celebs are up to, since a ton seemed to be laying low after indulging in holiday feasts. We still have a few who showed out, however, to give their Instagram accounts and onlookers a little peek into what they wore on the weekend. Who nailed it and who just didn't make it to the hot list? Let's take a look!
Brandy and her glam squad let the fun times roll as they cozied up to each other to snap a fierce pic while in Botswana. Wearing a black dress by Sen (thanks Dida!) and $723 Gianvito Rossi PVC ankle strap pumps, Brandy proved that she slays, no matter the continent. Hot!
Lala Anthony gave us a profile body shot while rocking her own 5th & Mercer line. Absolutely here for the skirt and loving the rocker chic vibe.
Lebron James is one of the greats on the basketball court, and is definitely working his way up the fashion hierarchy! Rocking a $196 Acne Studios blue marbled print button down, Armani Sweatpants, and Balenciaga Arena Sneakers, Lebron surely had a lot to say with this ensemble, but I'm all ears. Prints can be risky, but he did this one so well. Fly!
L.A. Dodgers player Matt Kemp hit up ESPN's SportsCenter recently. Wearing a Sandro "Drums" varsity jacket, Kith Mercer pants, and Balenciaga pleated high top sneakers, he looked fly. But hmm… I'm use to seeing guys on SportsCenter in suits and ties. Guess Matt was going for a game changer.
Lastly, Tyrese celebrated his 35th birthday in Dubai. Rocking a white blazer with black lapels, and a black button down and pants with a Louis Vuitton belt, it's safe to say Tyrese styled on 'em, as it should be when celebrating a birthday. Dope look!
Who had the most alluring ensembles this weekend?
And Happy New Year to you and yours.
Until 2014…
16 Responses to "Weekend Instagram Hot! or Hmm…: Brandy, Lebron James, Lala Anthony & more!"
The dress Brandy has on is by Sen, I was in the boutique when her stylist, Ashley Sean Thomas, pulled it for her. The look def came together….she looks HOT! Most improved award goes to Brandy! Shes looked great over the past couple years…
Lala looks a hot mess… I'm sorry we can tell that's NOT your body!
So lebron is wearing sweatpants? :/
I am here for BRANDY and that Melo photograph on the wall (LaLa please move so that we can get a closer look); LaLa's fashion is so contrived.
Everyone besides Brandy looks a hot steamy mess. BYE!
i just can't call all those same 5th and mercer skirts a "line"
I love Lebron's shirt but the shoes and pants (sweatpants??) ruins the look.
Brandy is doin it, those shoes r gorgeous.
Luv Brandy's shoes.
Brandy has really come into her own. I just wish she'd take her music career seriously as she is one of, if not the best vocalist of her generation.
No to Matt Kemp's trousers/pants!!! Lol
Here for brandy and tyrese… Lala no ma'am!
Oh Lala! Cut it out girl.
Lala WERQUIN that booty, don't be mad, haters!
Brandy did that!!!!!! LaLa NO!
Yes to Brandy!!
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The 23rd annual New Music Festival
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The creative seed of this year's festival is the relationship between Pierre Boulez, reflecting the deep rooted contemporary traditions in Europe, and Frank Zappa, the American maverick and iconoclast, who began the process of breaking down genres of all types.
It is from this new location in music that we go "beyond," into the diverse new pathways of music today from Arvo Pärt and Valentin Silvestrov, to Jonny Greenwood and Owen Pallett, from Glenn Branca and Phil Kline, to Max Richter and Colin Stetson.
— Alexander Mickelthwate,
Music Director, Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra
NMF Brochure
The NMF brochure provides a quick glance at all of the great performances during the festival. This brochure is the easiest way to familiarize yourself with the festival, and to get yourself ready for what's to come.
NMF Overture
The NMF Overture provides a comprehensive look of the entire festival. Contained in this book are the musician biographies, interviews, the performance repertoire and the other great content you expect in our Overture!


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Aussie Open: Milos Raonic loses in 3rd round; Vernon's Pospisil withdraws with injury
Canadian Milos Raonic was knocked out of the Australian Open in the tournament's third round on Friday, losing in four sets to Bulgarian Grigor Dimitrov. Entering the match, Raonic – from Thornhill, Ontario – was ranked 11th in the world, and Dimitrov 22nd.
Dimitrov pulled out the win with a final set tiebreak, 6-3, 3-6, 6-4, 7-6 (10).
Raonic has never made it past the fourth round in a major in his tennis career.
A day earlier, Vernon's Vasek Pospisil was forced to withdraw from the Aussie Open before his third round match against Stanislas Wawrinka. Pospisil pulled out of the tournament with a nagging back injury.
"I had some MRI results and it wasn't recommended that I step on the court," Pospisil said (Toronto Sun). "There was some risk involved with a disc. I want to be sure that I make a smart decision and not jeopardize the rest of my season."
The lone Canadian left standing in Melbourne is female star Eugenie Bouchard, from Blaineville, Quebec.
Bouchard reached the fourth round on Thursday with a 6-2, 6-2 win over American Lauren Davis.
"I thought I played well, tried to be aggressive, really tried to control the point," Bouchard said after her win (CBC).
"It was definitely hot today, the hottest I felt in any of my matches so far... I was happy to win in straight sets."


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December 27, 2011
magRush: Monocle Alpino
Here in London it barely feels cold enough to be winter – after last years big freeze it's strangely warm here. Thank you Monocle, then, for reminding us of the season with the arrival of their latest tabloid. The third in the biannual series returns to the alps and provides news for the ski season. Assuming there's actually some snow…
December 27, 2011
magRush: Fire & Knives
It barely seems days since the last edition of Fire & Knives was sat on the in pile here at magCulture. But here's issue nine, even more colourful than ever and including news of the rise of decent coffee venues in London – a subject close to me heart.
December 24, 2011
Merry Christmas
Thank you everyone who joined us in celebrating magazines over the past year – whether sending in projects to be shared or reading our posts. There's a seemingly endless stream of new publications to write about and an ever-increasing audience interested in them.
Over the holidays we'll have more magRush posts, then normal service will resume in January when we'll also have exciting news of our plans for 2012.
December 22, 2011
New magazines
magRush: It's All in the Delivery
I was handed the launch issue of this 130pp tome at the last Printout! night. It's All in the Delivery is a lovely piece of print – bound in unfinished rough card, featuring several different types of paper though its pages and a fifth colour orange ink throughout. The editors approached friends with the title and asked them to respond – future issues will have different themes as their titles.
Content in this debut issue includes the story behind wartime distribution of Penguin paperbacks across the globe; a piece about trucking movies; a photographic record of the daily delivery of pineapples to a Mayfair nightclub; a look at how western designers act as 'design tourists', tracking down small creative studios and commissioning them. Good content, well presented. Can't wait for the next issue.
December 22, 2011
magRush: OK Periodicals
OK– let's see how many magazines we can work though. Starting up now with the seventh issue of OK Periodicals, which has just been released. The theme is 'Thriller' and tucked among the many responses from photographers, writers and artists is a 15-second audio loop (think novelty birthday card) of the magazine team murdering Michael Jackson's 'Thriller'. All together now…
December 21, 2011
Front covers
Businessweek year in review cover
Another strong cover from Bloomberg Businessweek as they end the year with their annual review issue. A set of four front covers join together to make a single B&W illustration by James Dawe that reflects a year of protest and pain; the spraypainted flouro 2011s counterpoints the intensity of Dawes' artwork.
Click here to see a larger version.
December 21, 2011
Awards update
Two awards deadlines loom.
The SPD deadline hits first; indeed the earlybird date has just gone. Entry deadline is January 13. And if you're abroad, ie not in the US, you can benefit from a 50% discount on all entries. And and there's a new category for small, self-published magazines. And and and, judging by the selections made by the great and good in the SPD favourite magazine project (see last post), the jury should be approaching the judging with an open mind. These remain the magazine awards, their only fault being a tendency to award the same magazines each year and to overlook foreign publications. Our aim this year is to change this.
Meanwhile the 2012 D&AD Awards have snuck up. The scope and complexity of the awards seems to increase year on year, but their annual remains a great record and there's a long history of editorial work making it into the book (something I hope to take a closer look at in the new year). The jury is still being finalised, entry deadline is February 1.
December 21, 2011
SPD x Andrew Diprose = The Albion
The SPD favourite magazine project continues, the latest addition being Andrew Diprose, the man behind both UK Wired and The Ride Journal. He chooses indie BMX mag The Albion.
December 20, 2011
Printout! 2012 begins here
Here's something for your shiny new 2012 diary; the first Printout! evening of the year takes place Thursday 5 January. Editors from Boat, It's Nice That and Spiel will be on hand to share their new years resolutions. Plus the magazine library and music from the very super Supermundane (Anorak, Fire & Knives and Cagoule).
Book your tickets here.
December 16, 2011
New in the shop: Menu
One of the reasons for selling magazines via this site is to give access to rare and hard to find titles. So we were excited when a package of copies of Menu arrived from Cape Town yesterday. They've gone stright on sale online (despite an initial tech hitch there are copies available) and there are copies available at our pop-up shop.
Read our review of the issue here.


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Miu Miu's Mink Jacket
Why do I have the feeling this is about to be sold out? It's a 27,000 Miu Miu mink jacket and I admit if I had the money I'd buy it and I'd sleep wearing it just for the pleasure of it!
Shibori dip-dye mink jacket? I didn't know what Shibori was until I did some online research. Ignorance aside, this jacket is gorgeous. It's the first item I see from the new season that I truly deeply want. But of course, I can't afford it.
If you would love to have it, it's available via Mytheresa here.
P.S. I need to start posting again. I see a lot of handbags I like in the Spring 2013 collection, some I wish had silver hardware, but most I love. This season it's all about glamour.
LUISAVIAROMA.COM tagged Miu Miu Clothing, Spring 2013 | |


text:
Social Security and Unsecured Debt
Erik Hurst
University of Chicago - Booth School of Business; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Paul Willen
Federal Reserve Bank of Boston - Research Department; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
February 2004
NBER Working Paper No. w10282
Most young households simultaneously hold both unsecured debt on which they pay an average of 10 percent interest and social security wealth on which they earn less than 2 percent. We document this fact using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We then consider a life-cycle model with optimizing and rule-of-thumb' households and explore ways to reduce this inefficiency. We show that both allowing households to use social security wealth to pay off debt and exempting young households from social security contributions (but in both cases requiring higher contributions later later in life) leads to increases in welfare for both types of households and significant increases in consumption and saving, and reductions in debt, for optimizing households.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 57working papers series
Date posted: February 1, 2004
Suggested Citation
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text:
Well this sucks. A few days ago, we posted an ESPN.com report on Manning running walk throughs. Because of the knee wrap and the presence of Dom, we guessed that it was in fact from this week. I contacted Paul Kuharsky from ESPN to confirm that the video was current. Here was my question:
Paul, yesterday, you showed a video of Peyton Manning at a Colts' walk through. Then you said the practice was closed door. Was the footage from yesterday or was it stock? If it was from yesterday, how did you attain it if the practice was closed? If it was stock footage, shouldn't that have been made clear in the report? Was that important footage of Manning moving around well, or was it old video? Could you shed some light and clear up the confusion?
This was his response:
I sent an email to higher ups on this and did not get a reply. I apologize. It's an excellent question. I suspect stock footage and would agree we should have made it clear. Sorry I can't give you more. I'm just a simple blogger in a very big world.
My understanding is Manning was at a practice, not in a practice.Thanks for reading and taking the time to write…
Paul Kuharsky
First off, thanks to Paul for his response. We all recognize that this wasn't his fault. Of most immediate concern to Colts fans is that this takes away some of the good feeling we had about Manning being available soon. Granted, he didn't say it for sure WASN'T from this week, but he also couldn't confirm it.
What this really calls into question is the editing process at ESPN. The fact that we can't get an answer to clear up their questionable editing is disturbing to say the least.
Demond Sanders: It has to be recent footage, right? Manning has a heavily wrapped left knee which tells me it is post-surgery film. And as you pointed out he is handing off to Dom Rhodes in a #38 jersey. I think he looks pretty good.
Still, I think you make a solid point about the sloppy reporting by ESPN. How did they get video of a closed practice? Weird.
DZ Comments: Slopping editing. The reporting was solid. The reporter isn't to blame for the editing of the story. He clearly shot his stand up piece, and they put it together. It's semantics, but I hate to kill the wrong guy. Kuharsky was stand up about it. The editor is to blame for the confusion.


text:
VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA / ACCESSWIRE / April 16, 2014 / Passport Potash, Inc. ("Passport" or the "Company") (TSX.V: PPI)(OTCQX: PPRTD) announces it has received conditional approval from the TSX Venture Exchange (the "Exchange") to complete a non-brokered private placement (the "Private Placement") of US $500,000 to Concept Capital Management Ltd. ("CCM") to develop Passport's holdings on the east side of the Holbrook Basin (the "Properties").
The Company and CCM have entered into a non-binding term sheet (the "Term Sheet") that sets forth the preliminary terms of the Private Placement, which is subject to the execution of a definitive agreement by the Company and CCH. The Company expects the Private Placement to close on or before April 30, 2014.
The Private Placement would provide that the Company use the funds from the Private Placement to:
1. complete core drilling on eight holes on the Properties;
2. prepare a NI 43-101 potash resource estimate for the Properties; and
3. if justified, apply to the Arizona State Land Department for mining leases on the Properties.
"This strategic investment comes at a crucial time for Passport and will help us to build some real value in our east block properties," said Passport president and CEO Joshua Bleak. "We are thrilled to have the continuing interest of CCM in the development of this project. We are enthusiastic about getting the drills turning again, and moving this project forward."
As agreed upon in the Term Sheet, as a condition of closing the Private Placement, Passport would transfer the Properties into Passport's wholly owned subsidiary, PPI East Block Holding Corp ("EBHC"). The Private Placement is structured as a convertible debenture of Passport in the principal amount of US $500,000 (the "Debenture") to mature on the date that is 48 months from the issue date of the Debenture (the "Maturity Date") pursuant to Policy 4.1 – Private Placements of the Exchange.
When issued, the Debenture would be convertible at any time prior to the Maturity Date, in whole or in part, at the option of the holder into either: (a) units of Passport (the "Units") at a conversion price of US $0.12 per Unit, each Unit to consist of one common share of Passport (a "Common Share") and one common share purchase warrant of Passport (a "Warrant"), each exercisable into a Common Share (a "Warrant Share") at a price of US $0.12 for a period of 48 months from the date of issuance of the Debenture; or (b) into 10% of the shares Passport holds in EBHC; provided, however, in the event of a bona fide written offer (whether binding or non-binding) (the "Offer") from any other person (the "Offering Party") to Passport in respect of a transfer or distribution to the Offering Party of Passport's interest in EBHC, the holder must exercise option (b) within ten (10) days of receiving notice of the Offer from Passport. Option (b) is considered an "exempt distribution" pursuant to Policy 5.3 – Acquisitions and Dispositions of Non-Cash Assets of the Exchange.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Debenture shall not be convertible if, after giving effect to such conversion, the holder, together with any person or company acting jointly or in concert with such holder, would in the aggregate beneficially own, or exercise control or direction over that number of voting securities of Passport which is 20% or greater of the total issued and outstanding voting securities of Passport, immediately after giving effect to such conversion.
The Debenture will bear interest at the rate of 9.5% per annum and will be payable in 50% cash and 50% Common Shares, at the end of each year from the issue date. At its sole option, the holder may elect to receive interest payments entirely in Common Shares. The issuance price of securities to pay accrued interest will be determined by the Market Price of the Common Shares, as defined by the policies of the Exchange, at the time of the holder's election.
The Debenture and the Common Shares, Warrants and Warrant Shares will be subject to a holding period of four months and a day from the issue date of the Debenture.
About the Holbrook Potash Project
On behalf of the Board of Directors
United States
Passport Potash Inc.
Ken Bond
480-288-6530, ext. 411
Passport Potash Inc.
Clive Mostert
Safe Harbor Statement
ReleaseID: 414459


text:
Led by the child who simply knew
The twin boys were identical in every way but one. Wyatt was a girl to the core, and now lives as one, with the help of a brave, loving family and a path-breaking doctor's care.
Globe reporter Bella English talks about what it was like to report the story about Nicole, a 14-year-old girl who was born a boy.


text:
CENV6123 Coastal Flood Defence
Module Overview
Knowledge and understanding
Having successfully completed the module, you should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of:
- Coastal flooding and defence management issues.
- Frequency analysis of extreme events. Economic evaluation of flood damage.
- Hydraulic modelling of channels and simple structures such as gates and weirs.
- Role of regulatory agencies in the UK (DEFRA, Environment Agency, Local Authorities).
- Types of flood defences, choice of and design of defence types. Other management options such as managed retreat.
Intellectual skills
Having successfully completed the module, you will be able to:
- Assemble knowledge on flood defence and management strategies.
- Select appropriate strategies for coastal management and flood defences.
- Perform economic and hydraulic calculations.
- Select suitable flood defence structures.
- Demonstrate through the design exercise a coherent understanding of techniques
- Demonstrate ability to work with quantitative and qualitative models
- Analyse data using appropriate processes
- Review coastal management options
Practical skills
Having successfully completed the module, you will be able to:
- Build simple computer based hydraulic models
- Carry out economic evaluation of flood damage
- Specify appropriate flood defence strategies
- Analyse existing data and apply this in a design exercise.
- Appraise flood risk both qualitatively in terms of extent and quantatively in terms of flood depths and ecomomic damage
- Calculate extreme tide levels and river flow volumes
- Perform simple hydraulic modelling with software such as HEC RAS
Key skills
- Problem analysis and problem solving
- Numeracy and modelling
- Communicate effectively
- Accuracy of problem analysis and problem solving
Module Details
Title: Coastal Flood Defence
Code: CENV6123
Year: 4
Semester: 2
CATS points: 15 ECTS points: 7.5
Level: Postgraduate
Co-ordinator(s): Dr Derek Clarke
Pre-requisites and / or co-requisites
1 . Students taking this module MUST have taken CENV 6084 "Maritime and Coastal Engineering and Energy". 2. Students undertaking this module also need to understand Hydraulics equivalent to Part2 Civil Engineering CENV 2008 (ie open channel flow up to and including critical depth, water surface profile evaluation, knowledge of spreadsheet software to solve expressions such as Manning's equation.)
Programmes in which this module is compulsory
|UCAS Code
|Programme length
Aims and objectives
This Module will introduce you to the range of skills needed in planning, managing and designing coastal defences. These skills vary from "hard" engineering to the "softer" issues of managed retreat and environmental impacts of sea level change. This module will describe current thinking and techniques used in maintaining and managing our coastline, examining the approaches used in the UK and elsewhere. The course will comprise a combination of lectures design studies, computer modelling exercises and if time and weather permit, some field visits.
Overview of coastal issues. Suddenness, damage caused by saltwater and river water. Examples/case studies. Current "state of the art" and "issues" in the UK. Existence of flood risk, numbers likely to be affected. Types of flooding. Environmental impacts e.g. salt intrusion into estuaries, likely impact on sensitive areas. Planning approaches used in flood defence . Foresight implications / Making Space for water/Coastal squeeze – Shoreline Management Plans. Risk Assessment for Strategic Planning (RASP). Role of the Environment Agency, DEFRA. Economic and Financial Analysis of flood damage.
Frequency analysis of extreme tidal and river flood events. Impact of sea level rise on flood frequency, tidal locking, increased winter river runoff. River outlets into the sea. Description of structures such as gates, culverts, weirs. Control points and critical depth. Gradually varied flow and flow profiles, non-steady flow, tides and hydrographs. Design Exercise Task 1 : Modelling water levels in rivers and estuaries to investigate the impact of sea level rise and river floods at vulnerable sites. Identification of required elevation of flood defences using HEC RAS computer software.
Flood protections structures (2 hrs) a) Earth structures b) Wave recurves. Tsunamis and Tsunami Engineering (4 hrs). Numerical and Physical models in coastal engineering design (2 hrs). Design Exercise Task 2 : choice of appropriate sea defences.
A town on the south coast of England with a known flood defence problem will be used as a case study. You will review existing flooding problems where a combination of tidal and river flood conditions exist as a series of coursework tasks. You will carry out modelling and design of existing and new flood defences and gated outlet structures, investigate existing and future flood risk and select new flood defences.
The case study will include :-
1. Review of historic flood damage.
2. Understanding the existing tidal gate system, measurement of tidal levels, river flows.
3. Simulating behaviour of outlet gates with existing tides.
4. Statistical analysis of extreme tide levels, estimation of flood hydrographs
5. Use of HEC RAS to simulate non steady flow behaviour of existing gates.
6. Calculation of extreme tide and pond levels and comparison with existing defences
7. Modelling the effect of sea level rise.
8. Estimation of the effect of sea level rise on flood economic impact.
9. Design of sea walls to protect against tidal flooding. Levels, Wave actions.
FIELD VISITS and GUEST LECTURES
Weather and time permitting, various half day visits will be made to local and regional sites to illustrate problems and solutions.
Engineers, planners and managers may give occasional guest lectures explaining current thinking and methodology in Coastal Engineering.
Learning and teaching
Study time allocation
Contact hours: 50
Private study hours: 100
Total study time: 150 hours
Teaching and learning methods
The module consists of a series of formal lecturess, a Design Exercise assessed by three pieces of coursework and lectures from visiting professionals.
Field visits - To be confirmed but these may include visits to Lymington, Selsey, Hayling Island, Thames Gateway.
Visiting Lectures - Details to be confirmed.
Lectured topics
DESIGN EXERCISE. This will be used to apply the knowledge learned in the lectures and apply it to a Case Study site in Southern England where a potential flooding problem exists and sea defences need to be re-evaluated in the light of sea level rise. It will include problem scoping, modelling and design. The Design Exercise will be assessed by a series of linked coursework tasks associated with the lectured part of the module.
Resources and reading list
You will be given handouts during the lectures. You do not have to buy a specific book, but you will learn much more if you obtain one of the books from the recommended book list, several of which are available in the Library. An e-book on Design in the Fluvial Environment will be made available on Blackboard.
Assessment methods
|Assessment method
|contribution to final mark
|Design Exercise 1 HEC RAS modelling (DC)
|Design Exercise 2 Flood Defences (GM)


text:
"Turmoil. Crises," said Maurice Jones of his alma mater, South Carolina State University."The words that you use to describe the school at this time are not necessarily fitting for what I experienced when I was there," he said.When Jones graduated in 1995, things weren't perfect. He admitted there were problems then but he said the school still turned out successful graduates and even gave him the tools he needed to start his own barbershop 18 years ago."Aside from all the difficulties we're having right now, I know my school has put out successful businessmen like myself and others that I know in commercial, industrial, in the military," said Jones. "So yes, I'm very proud."He's proud of what he and his colleagues have become. However, he's not proud of the recent headlines highlighting budget problems, declining enrollment and corruption. Jones said change needs to happen and it needs to start at the top."Gutting the board," he said. "Starting over with a new president; having the alumni come together, like we normally do at this barbershop, talk about our concerns, the ways we can try to change and fix thing and fix the school. "I think that's a start."At a meeting Friday with the board of trustees, Governor Nikki Haley says she wants SC State back on track. "What I will tell you is you can't keep going the way you've been going," Haley told the board. "I can tell from all of you, it's frustrating for you. You can't keep functioning this way."
The board is currently still in the process of selecting a new president.Jones wants to see change. But in the meantime, he has a message for the current students:"Just keep doing what you're doing," he said. "Stay positive. You can't let the negative, even though we're in crisis, you can't let the negative outweigh what we're trying to do because ultimately we're trying to be like we were 100 years ago. We haven't always been a bad, negative, turmoil-type of school."
Copyright 2013 WIS. All rights reserved.
University of South Carolina mascot Cocky competing in Capital One Mascot Challenge
1111 Bull St.
Columbia, SC 29201
(803) 799-1010
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EEO Report
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Steve K. CALIF
Prayer Requests, Family Announcements, Weddings, Anniversaries, Birthdays, etc.
Moderator: Team Cub
8 posts • Page 1 of 1
Steve K. CALIF
Happy Birthday Steve
1975 cub (LouAnn) serial # 245946, 1941 John Deere Model H
Good judgment comes from experience,
and a lot of that comes from bad judgment. Will Rogers
Re: Steve K. CALIF
Happy Birthday Steve!
It is common sense to take a method and try it. If it fails, admit it frankly and try another. But above all, try something.
- Franklin D. Roosevelt -
Barnyard Bash CubFest May 30th - May 31st, 2014
Click here for info http://www.barnyardbash.com
Re: Steve K. CALIF
REMEMBER: Keep it correct or you may face the
Re: Steve K. CALIF
Steve ! . Hope you have a great day
Confusion breeds Discussion which breeds Knowledge which breeds Confidence which breeds Friendship
Re: Steve K. CALIF
Thanks for the birthday wishes! You all have a great day!! Steve K.
Re: Steve K. CALIF
Hope it's a great day for you!! Happy Birthday!!
My 1945 Farmall H makeover
Re: Steve K. CALIF
Happy birthday, Steve. Hope you enjoyed your special day.
High atop Hummingbird Hill
In the Missouri Ozarks
Re: Steve K. CALIF
Happy Birthday Steve!!
1971 Cub (Rufus) 1950 Cub (Cathy) 1965 Lo Boy Fast Hitch (Nameless III) 1970 Cub 1000 Loader & Fast Hitch (Lee)
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