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Special Focus: Pressure Ulcers
From the July-August ACP Observer, copyright © 2007 by the American College of Physicians.
Consider the example of an elderly patient who has fallen, lain still for hours and incurred a deep tissue injury. That same patient may have also been immobilized in the ER for evaluation or required surgery and remained immobile in the operating room. The patient may have required a continuous positive airway pressure mask or a pressure sleeve to prevent blood clots. Any of these situations can predispose the patient to develop a pressure ulcer that erupts a week later on the medical service.
In-hospital care relies on recognizing even subtle signs, such as a small blister or discoloration that signals a deep tissue injury that suddenly becomes noticeable, said Eugenia L. Siegler, MD, a professor of clinical medicine at Weill Cornell Medical College and a hospitalist who splits her time between in-patient and outpatient care.
"One phenomenon that we see is the incipient ulcer can be missed completely because the skin can look a little purplish or a little abnormal but there's no sign of anything going on underneath," she said. "Sometimes that little bit of blistering or change in color may seem benign, but it reflects a tremendous amount of inner injury to the connective tissue underneath, and a week later the whole area breaks down."
Teaching hospital staff to recognize even subtle signs relies on education and change through the facility. It's a matter not of neglect and blame, but of applying in-service training about preventive measures.
"If you have a ventilator-associated pneumonia, you know where to look," Dr. Siegler said. "If you have an early pressure ulcer, or deep tissue injury that's not easy to recognize, where do you begin? If we are really to reduce the incidence and severity of these wounds, you have to look everywhere from the moment the person gets sick."
The prevalence of pressure ulcers among nursing home residents varies among studies but averages between 5-10%. Pressure ulcers can develop quickly in high-risk patients. Screen patients on admission to the hospital or nursing home and after a major change in condition (e.g., postoperatively or after a new stroke). Use a standard risk-assessment tool to stratify low- and high-risk patients, even though there is insufficient evidence for using one scale over another.
Braden scale: The Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk was developed to foster early identification of patients at risk for forming pressure sores. The scale is composed of six subscales that reflect sensory perception, skin moisture, activity, mobility, friction and shear, and nutritional status. Perform Braden Scale on admission, at least quarterly in long term care facilities, after a major change in clinical status or after return from the hospital. When the Braden Scale score is 16 or less, implement pressure ulcer prevention protocols.
Norton scale: The Norton scale rates physical and mental activity, mobility and incontinence on a scale of 1 to 4. Scores of 14 or less rate the patient as being at risk.
Pressure is highest over a bony prominence. Therefore, damage can occur in the deep tissues before it occurs in the more superficial layers. To relieve pressure over the bony prominences, such as the greater trochanter, sacrum, ischium and heel, turn and reposition bed-bound patients every two hours and patients in wheelchairs every hour. Leaning patients in wheelchairs forward with the chest toward the thighs affords greatest pressure relief over the ischial tuberosities. Significant pressure relief can also be achieved with a 65 degrees backward tilt. No studies have rigorously documented how frequently high-risk patients need to be turned. After turning a patient or caring for incontinence, examine the trunk and heels. Pay special attention when examining darkly pigmented skin, which may obscure the color changes seen with early pressure damage.
Subcutaneous pressure damage occurs when externally applied pressure exceeds capillary filling pressure (30 mm Hg) for more than two hours. Use pressure-relieving mattresses, mattress overlays or pads at all times for high-risk patients in hospitals and nursing homes unless contraindicated. Pressure-relieving mattresses and overlays disperse the pressure over bony prominences. Many mattresses and overlays have pressure profiles superior to those of standard hospital beds. Special padding, mattresses, cushions and beds may allow longer intervals in the turning schedule.
Use heel elevation to prevent heel and foot pressure ulcers in high-risk patients. Heel ulcers account for 10% to 20% of all ulcers in prospective incidence studies. Although there are some data to suggest that foam heel protectors actually increase pressure ulcer risk, use pressure-relieving mattresses for all high-risk patients. Reserve more expensive mechanical boot-like heel elevators for very high-risk patients, such as those with a leg cast or brace that is weighing down the leg.
Make sure that all staff involved in giving care in hospitals and nursing homes are trained frequently on the importance of preventive strategies for pressure ulcers. Identifying early tissue damage—bruising, hyperemia, erythema or minor ulcerations—facilitates early treatment. If a patient is cognizant, encourage him or her to remind the caregivers about timely turning and repositioning and the use of padding.
Although malnutrition may be a risk factor in the development of pressure ulcers, a recent Cochrane review concluded that it remains unclear whether nutritional interventions such as dietary supplements are effective in preventing or treating them.
Use a standard staging method to describe pressure ulcers:
I—Nonblanchable erythema caused by extravasation of erythrocytes into the interstitium, without damage to deeper layers
II—Ulceration that involves the epidermis and dermis; depth is no more than several millimeters; underlying tissue should appear normal
III—Full-thickness ulcerations through the dermis; ulcerations can be extensive and deep and may involve subcutaneous fat; underlying tissue should appear normal
IV—Ulcerations exposing muscle, tendon, or bone; stage IV heel ulcers can be only 4-5 mm deep; stage IV sacral ulcers in obese patients can be many centimeters deep
Recent guidelines correctly highlight the difficulty of identifying stage I pressure ulcers in darkly pigmented persons (National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP), Stage I Assessment in Darkly Pigmented Skin, 1998). Unfortunately, these guidelines for stage I ulcers still allow for the inclusion of tissue consistency with a firm or boggy feel and ulcers that may appear with persistent red, blue, or purple hues, which most likely represent deep tissue injury rather than superficial pressure damage. Thus, until new definitions are established based on an improved understanding of the natural history of pressure damage under intact skin, avoid assigning such lesions to stage I and simply describe them instead.
The stage of a pressure ulcer is associated with time needed for healing and with morbidity and mortality. Do not use existing staging systems if there are eschars, blisters or deep-tissue damage under intact skin. Eschars often are associated with full-thickness tissue damage, and debridement may reveal stage III or IV pressure ulcers.
Describe the lesion accordingly, and assign a stage only when the full extent of damage is apparent. Do not "reverse stage" by assigning lower stage numbers to stage III or IV pressure ulcers that are healing; NPUAP issued a Statement on Reverse Staging of Pressure Ulcers. Use validated tools instead to describe healing, such as the NPUAP 's Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH) and the Pressure Sore Status Tool.
Routine laboratory tests are limited in assessing the risk and prognosis associated with pressure ulcers. Do not do laboratory testing for patients with minor stage I or II pressure ulcers other than that related to any underlying illness.
Obtain blood cultures rather than a culture of the pressure ulcer to identify the cause of fever when bacteremia related to a pressure ulcer is suspected in an acutely ill patient. There are few indications for culturing a pressure ulcer; all pressure ulcers are colonized with bacteria and usually by multiple organisms. Cultures of pressure ulcers should be done only rarely as part of an infection-control surveillance program when screening for specific resistant organisms such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
There are no rigorous studies on the use of nuclear medicine scans and radiographs to diagnose osteomyelitis, which occurs only rarely as a complication of stage IV pressure ulcers. False-positive nuclear bone scans are common because of inflammation of adjacent soft tissue. Pressure ulcers in which bone can be visualized usually heal without antibiotic treatment, but when osteomyelitis does occur, it requires months of antimicrobial therapy. Consider nuclear medicine scans and radiographs to identify osteomyelitis underlying pressure ulcers in the following situations:
- if fever or leukocytosis continues after the initial debridement and disinfection of necrotic stage IV ulcers,
- if healing ulcers exhibit ongoing purulent drainage, and/or
- if stage IV ulcers do not heal.
Differentiate between areas of pressure damage, such as heel ulcers or eschars, and other types of ulcers, such as arterial or venous insufficiency ulcers, which can occur in the same patient. Treatment must be directed at the underlying pathophysiology that caused the skin abnormality. Traumatic injuries, abscess cavities or dehisced surgical incisions are not related to pressure damage. An incorrect diagnosis may lead to inappropriate treatment.
Eliminating pressure, maximizing treatment and offering nutritional support are common to the treatment of any ulcers.
Reducing the pressure between the body and support surface (interface pressure) below that of capillary perfusion pressure (30 mm Hg) decreases the incidence of new tissue damage and facilitates healing. Consider whether a patient requires a low-air-loss or air-fluidized bed, which minimizes pressure more effectively than conventional mattresses. A study in the Annals of Internal Medicine showed that the estimated relative odds of showing improvement with air-fluidized beds were 5.6-fold greater than with conventional therapy (95% CI 1.4 to 21.7; p=0.01). A study in the JAMA showed that low-air-loss beds were 2.5 times more likely to heal ulcers in a given length of time than were foam mattresses (combined cure probability ratio 2.66; 95% CI 1.34 to 5.17; p<.004).
It remains unclear whether debridement hastens healing of pressure ulcers. However, most clinicians use enzymatic ointments to debride small amounts of necrotic material in the ulcer, reserving surgical debridement for more extensive necrosis. Necrosis retards wound healing and provides an environment that supports bacterial growth. Although there is insufficient evidence to promote the use of one debriding agent over another, wet-to-dry gauze dressings must be applied at least three times daily and cause more discomfort to the patient. Hydrogel significantly reduced necrotic wound area compared with dextranomer polysaccharide paste only in one study. Consider watchful waiting for dry, hard eschars on the heels if there are no sign of subcutaneous necrosis, but be prepared for urgent debridement if deeper necrosis or signs of infection develop.
Once the wound is adequately debrided, the goal is to maintain a clean moist wound bed to accelerate tissue repair. Use alginate, foams and other hydrophilic dressings for exudative wounds. If the wound is dry, use hydrogels or other wetting agents such as normal saline wet gauze dressings to maintain a moist wound bed. Hydrocolloid dressings can be used to moisten dry shallow ulcers and may be superior to other conventional moist dressings, which tend to dry out. Change to a protective-film dressing or petroleum gauze to reverse any hypergranulation. There are insufficient data to establish with certainty whether other types of advanced dressings have greater efficacy compared to conventional dressings. (See table "Dressings and Drugs for Pressure Ulcers.")
Although it remains unclear whether oral protein and other types of nutritional supplements are effective in accelerating healing of pressure ulcers, tissue repair is a highly anabolic process, and most clinicians believe that it is important to maintain nutritional support in patients with underlying medical problems who remain at risk. Provide adequate calories to support metabolic demands, including increased calories for patients with large pressure ulcers. Use a multivitamin supplement in patients whose dietary intake is inadequate, but note that supratherapeutic doses of vitamins and minerals have not been shown to accelerate pressure ulcer healing.
Maximize functional status with restorative nursing and when appropriate initiate physical and occupational therapy, including walking programs and range-of-motion exercises, to maintain function and reduce the risk of contractures. Other treatments that might have efficacy for accelerating pressure ulcer healing are vacuum-assisted closure, electrical stimulation, hyperbaric oxygen, ultrasound and radiant heat. Biologic manipulation includes collagen dressings and growth factors. However, the evidence base supporting these strategies is scant.
Base drug therapy on results of thorough patient assessment and on the status of the pressure ulcer. (See table "Dressings and Drugs for Pressure Ulcers.")
Antiseptic dressings should be used cautiously and by experienced practitioners in patients with local symptoms and signs of pressure ulcer infection, low-grade fever and otherwise stable vital signs. Reexamine the pressure ulcer after 24 to 48 hours before continuing to use dressings. Avoid antiseptics that can retard granulation and inactivate enzymatic debriding ointments.
Antibiotic ointment or cream can be used under film or petroleum gauze dressings that protect superficial pressure ulcers undergoing epithelialization. Superficial dressings can prevent damage from friction, maintain a moist wound bed and prevent the dressing from sticking to the ulcer bed, while topical antibiotics may be useful in treating ulcers that are not making adequate progress toward healing. Expensive antibiotics are not more effective than less expensive alternatives.
Other topical drugs listed in the table "Dressings and Drugs for Pressure Ulcers" have not been shown to accelerate healing of pressure ulcers.
Use intravenous antibiotics for patients with fever, hypotension, or presumed bacteremia related to a pressure ulcer. Sepsis is probably most likely to occur in patients with closed abscesses associated with pressure ulcers, rather than in patients with large, open and even deep pressure ulcers. Broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics are needed for polymicrobial sepsis caused by infected pressure ulcers.
Assess and treat pain in patients with pressure ulcers with mild analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen, acetaminophen with low doses of codeine), which usually provide adequate pain relief. Question cognizant patients about pain related to pressure ulcers. For patients with dementia or altered level of consciousness, question caregivers and be sensitive to nonverbal responses to treatment that might relate to pain.
Consider surgical consultation when more extensive debridement is necessary, when a musculocutaneous flap may be appropriate, or when the pressure ulcer is related to peripheral vascular disease.
Arrange for the prompt debridement of pressure ulcers that have significant necrosis or in which subcutaneous abscesses are suspected. Blunt debridement with a scalpel and local or general anesthesia may be needed in patients with extensive necrosis from pressure damage. Necrotic ulcers are prone to form abscesses, which can progress rapidly and can result in large wound cavities.
Consider musculocutaneous flaps for younger paraplegic patients with large pressure ulcers. However, be aware that a surgically repaired site paradoxically might be at greater risk for future breakdown with pressure injury than a site that heals naturally with scar formation. Patients in their late 70s and older with large pressure ulcers typically have concomitant acute and chronic diseases that make the risks of surgical repair and postoperative dehiscence high.
Consider vascular surgery consultation for patients with lower extremity or foot pressure ulcers with concomitant vascular insufficiency. Refer patients for arterial revascularization procedures to improve distal circulation and to facilitate pressure ulcer healing in carefully selected patients. Peripheral vascular disease increases the likelihood of poor healing of foot pressure ulcers and the subsequent development of gangrene; improving vascular flow may benefit healing. Such procedures should probably be considered for individuals most likely to derive functional benefit. In patients with extensive underlying vascular disease, conventional contrast arteriography itself carries significant risks, such as arterial emboli or renal failure related to contrast agents. Magnetic resonance angiography is often an acceptable alternative. Although most extremely debilitated older patients are thus not likely to be good candidates for vascular surgery, they may benefit from stenting or angioplasty.
Regularly evaluate and document the healing of each pressure ulcer:
- Evaluate pressure ulcers that are being debrided mechanically daily;
- Evaluate pressure ulcers that are being treated with astringent antiseptic dressings every 24 to 48 hours;
- Evaluate chronic ulcers at least weekly;
- Document objective assessments (e.g., location, dimensions, depth, and presence or absence of necrosis, granulation, epithelialization); and
- Document odor, purulence, drainage or erythema.
Confirm on an ongoing basis that the pressure ulcer treatment is appropriate to the stage of healing. Tailor treatment with a modality that addresses the therapeutic goal. Most of the hundreds of items that are marketed for pressure ulcer treatment can be categorized as debridants, antibacterials, protectants, or substances that maintain a moist wound bed (e.g., hydrocolloids, hydrogels, alginates).
Give patients and family members a realistic prognosis about the length of time for pressure ulcer healing. Discuss the possibility of deterioration when deep tissue injuries are identified.
|This information comes from the PIER module "Pressure Ulcers".
The information included herein should never be used as a substitute for clinical judgment and does not represent an official position of ACP.
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California is at the epicenter of a political and environmental disaster that threatens to destroy the world in this ambitious fusion of comedy, drama, dystopian science fiction, and music from writer and director [[Performer~P299369~Richard Kelly~richardkelly]], his first film after gaining a cult following with [[Feature~V237115~Donnie Darko~donniedarko]]. In the year 2005, a nuclear attack wipes out part of the state of Texas, and three years later America is a virtual police state, with the government taking control of nearly every part of people's lives, supposedly for their own good. A German firm has found a way to generate energy using seawater, but both public and private concerns are desperate to prevent the new technology from being introduced in the gasoline-starved United States. A Marxist underground based on the West Coast is determined to bring down the federal government through violent revolution.In this midst of this chaos, we follow a number of stories that continually return to three principle characters. Boxer Santaros ([[Performer~P292998~Dwayne Johnson~therock]], aka [[Performer~P292998~The Rock~therock]]) is an actor famous for his role in action films; he's trying to secure financing for a new project, but reality keeps mirroring the events in his script and he struggles to hold on to his identity following a bout with amnesia. Krysta Now ([[Performer~P26360~Sarah Michelle Gellar~sarahmichellegellar]]) is a porn star who is reinventing herself as a television pundit offering her views on politics, contemporary culture, and teenage sex. And Roland Taverner ([[Performer~P270525~Seann William Scott~seannwilliamscott]]) is an L.A. police officer whose identity has mysteriously split in two, and he struggles to track down his other half. Featuring a massive supporting cast which includes [[Performer~P292631~Mandy Moore~mandymoore]], [[Performer~P60083~Miranda Richardson~mirandarichardson]], [[Performer~P64973~Wallace Shawn~wallaceshawn]], [[Performer~P43478~Jon Lovitz~jonlovitz]], [[Performer~P111916~Kevin Smith~kevinsmith]], [[Performer~P273694~Amy Poehler~amypoehler]], and [[Performer~P277738~Justin Timberlake~justintimberlake]], Southland Tales received its world premiere at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival; director [[Performer~P299369~Kelly~richardkelly]] also created an accompanying series of three graphic novels that chart these events and characters prior to this story. ~ Mark Deming, Rovi
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After the initial watering, pull up a corner in three or four areas and check
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After the breach of the preset review embargo by Rolling Stone's Peter Travers, who was allowed to run early in print but not online--Warner Bros. took a different approach to opening the gates to coverage of the much-anticipated Inception. In a sign that studios are ceding ground to online sites over the traditional trades, on Monday afternoon, the trades shared the same embargo with key fan sites and Oscar bloggers. The junket press saw the film in L.A. last weekend; I saw it with the trades and Oscar bloggers on Friday (and posted my review at exactly 3 PM Pacific).
Here's a sample of the early reviews:
Variety (which sent out its alert at a leisurely pace, at 3:25 PM):
If movies are shared dreams, then Christopher Nolan is surely one of Hollywood's most inventive dreamers, given the evidence of his commandingly clever "Inception." Applying a vivid sense of procedural detail to a fiendishly intricate yarn set in the labyrinth of the subconscious, the writer-director has devised a heist thriller for surrealists, a Jungian's "Rififi," that challenges viewers to sift through multiple layers of (un)reality. As such, it's a conceptual tour de force unlikely to rank with Batman at the B.O., though post-"Dark Knight" anticipation and Leonardo DiCaprio should still position it as one of the summer's hottest, classiest tickets.
Oscar blogger Steve Pond answers burning questions at The Wrap:
Is it the first great movie of the summer?
No. "Toy Story 3" is. But "Inception" is probably the second great movie of the summer.
Understand, a single viewing is hardly enough to come to terms with the film, which stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Ellen Page and Tom Hardy as a crack team that invades Cillian Murphy's dreams and find unimaginable perils in the subconscious. But that first viewing is enough to realize that "Inception" is a dense, stylish, thorny, dazzling film that delivers as a thrill ride but gives viewers lots to chew on and puzzle through.
Here's Kris Tapley: we'll talk Inception on our podcast Friday:
In reviewing 2008's "The Dark Knight," I wrote that director Christopher Nolan "has made a brief career of exploring characters built upon their somber, in some instances twisted pasts, however distant or immediate." The theme continues with "Inception," a film like nothing you have ever seen before that plays out like a two-hour therapy session, wrapped in the accoutrement of a heist film and bathed in the panache of an entirely immersive cinematic experience
Empire gives the movie five stars:
In terms of scale and style it is, as Nolan intended, comparable to Bond's best excursions — yet filtered through a brain-frying, subconscious-spelunking, time-dilating structure that boldly frames action sequences around each other. So we get an explosive Arctic mountain vault-storming within a zero-gravity scramble within a vehicle-crunching chase. In effect, the set-pieces are simultaneous. Which is insane, but brilliant as, while he at times boggles through the necessarily complex editing, Nolan never corrupts his multiverse's internal logic.
"The Hollywood Reporter raves:
Bottom Line: A devilishly complicated, fiendishly enjoyable sci-fi voyage across a dreamscape that is thoroughly compelling. In a summer of remakes, reboots and sequels comes "Inception," easily the most original movie idea in ages.
And Jeff Wells rounds up some other reviews as well, under the heading "they all gushed." Guilty as charged.
karaoke mama | July 8, 2010 8:56 AM
Unanimous glowing reviews. Hot damn, I can't wait!
DavidC | July 6, 2010 4:54 AM
Have any of the early reviews mentioned "Ubik" or "the Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch," Philip K. Dick's masterpieces about shared, drug-enduced hallucinations as a form of virtual reality? For that matter, has Nolan mentioned them?


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With the swimming pools closing and the school doors opening, many area officials are reminding drivers to once again slow down in school zones.
Tulsa Police Department advised drivers to keep children returning to school this month safe by slowing down and avoiding distractions behind the wheel.
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In addition to drivers, parents should also talk to their children about school safety. TPD offered some of these tips:
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The Complicity and Limits of International Law in Armed Conflict Rape
John D. Haskell
Mississippi College - School of Law; Durham University
March 1, 2009
Boston College Third World Law Journal, Vol. 29, No. 1, p. 35, Winter 2009
The inauguration of the International Criminal Court and the proliferation of criminal tribunals over the last twenty years are often presented as historic and progressive moments in teh trajectory of international law's response to victims of rape in armed conflicts. However, these moments may signal not only inclusion, but also repression. They signal not just progress, but also a renewed rhetorical and institutional legitimatization of colonialism. Historicizing the advent of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, and the International Criminal Court, this Article examines some ways that international law obfuscates its complicity in armed conflict rape, looking particularly at calls within the profession for greater efficiency, nation state security, and reparations for victims. In doing so, this Article grapples with questions concerning the limits and alternatives to our current legal imagination towards rape in armed conflict.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 51
Keywords: ICC, ICTY, ICTR, Rape, Armed Conflict, Human Rights, Colonialism, International Law, Rome StatuteAccepted Paper Series
Date posted: October 31, 2010
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First of all, add this to the list of examples where Karl and the Nuggets management troika of Mark Warkentien, Bret Bearup and Rex Chapman have differed on player personnel decisions (like the non-Ron Artest trade). And so much for Karl's prior claims that the Nuggets brass supports him and they're all on the same page. If Karl does indeed want Anthony out of Denver as ESPN.com reported (and given that Karl has not once emphatically said that he wants Melo back next season, there's no reason to believe otherwise), this is a slap in the face by management.
Secondly, it's the right decision. As I said when setting the record straight on the Melo trade debate, if the Nuggets trade Melo just to pacify Karl, it would be the biggest travesty for a franchise littered with historical travesties. Such a stupid decision would rival the Warriors trade of Chris Webber because head coach Don Nelson didn't want to deal with him. This doesn't mean Melo is untradeable per se, it just means you don't trade him on Karl's behalf. Only three or four coaches in the entire NBA have earned the right to decide what players should come and go, and Karl's 3-16 playoff record as the Nuggets' headmaster puts him far, far away from that short list.
Hey, at least Dan Reeves knew how to coach defense!


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Burke Mountain is enjoying a season of growth.
The Northeast Kingdom resort was bought this year by Jay Peak. That has allowed them to expand their snowmaking efforts and draw in visitors.
In November alone the resort says it pumped nearly half of what it would typically pump in a year in an effort to open up trails in the tempermental weather.
But they say the partnership has not changed the character of the ski area.
"It's actually a bigger ski area. It has got 2,000 vertical feet, so it's a destination area that's never been really marketed as a destination area," says Burke General Manager Tim McGuire. "So I think that's really some of the impetus and thoughts behind the acquisition was, let's turn this destination area that's been acting as a locals' mountain into more of a destination mountain."
McGuire also says he thinks the partnership with Jay Peak has helped drive early season business by cross-promoting at the resorts and drawing more attention to Burke.
PO Box 4508
Burlington, VT 05406-4508
Primary Phone: 802-652-6300
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Fireday Review: Selenium IDE
Realize the bugs in your web application with the Selenium IDE...within your browser.
Who would've thought that a full IDE could be hidden in an extension?
If you're into Quality Assurance when it comes to web applications, check out this week's Fireday extension review of the Selenium IDE.
Enjoy the review!
Jonathan Danylko is a freelance web architect and avid programmer who has been programming for over 20 years. He has developed various systems in numerous industries including e-commerce, biotechnology, real estate, health, insurance, and utility companies.
When asked what he likes doing in his spare time, he answers..."programming."
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Building a Timeline for your App Development Project
Building a Timeline for Your App Development Project
This post is part of a blog series on "Building Mobile into your Business" and covers things to know before starting a mobile app project for your business. Click here to read the rest of the posts in the series.
Assuming that your company is looking to build multiple apps, it can be helpful to understand the development process and to build a project timeline. An outline of an example timeline is provided below.
- Hold strategy meetings with all concerned parties and departments to determine the approximate number of apps to be created (if there are more than one) and to create the high level strategy document.
- Review the strategy document to ensure that needs are properly represented
- Use the document to create high level requirements for the development team. Over time you may customize the strategy document based on past experience and domain expertise, and you should keep the document updated as a working document going forward for future years.
- If applicable, review your app plans with your IT department to determine Web Services features and their timeline constraints even if they are not doing the development. In most cases, IT will be needed to assist if there are any website or systems integration into existing systems. They will also be able to help determine if Web Services will be written internally or externally. Given that IT departments are usually already functioning at full capacity, Web Services may have to be written externally by your app developer.
It is also important to determine the security model and hosting at this point, if applicable. If intermediate solutions will be put in place, apps can always be updated to adapt to new infrastructure realities when they occur.
- If you are developing multiple apps, receive an estimate on all 'A' priority applications, and begin to schedule all 'A' priority applications. Depending on your need, it may be beneficial to start kickoffs about once a month rather than pushing everything through at once. It is okay if subsequent apps start before previous apps are complete, but often times things can become confused if too many projects are launched simultaneously. Most apps take between two and four months to complete, but that time obviously varies according to the app.
- Once 'A' priority apps are completed determine if second versions are more important than beginning the same process for 'B' and 'C' level apps. Either schedule 2nd versions of the 'A' priority apps or schedule first versions of 'B' priority apps. Regardless, slot the kickoffs and then determine apps rather than determining apps and then slotting the kickoffs. Otherwise slippage in timelines will deter the ability to develop apps on this aggressive of a timeline.
- Where possible, apps should be extensively tested internally first, before being deployed to the sales force or general public. This, of course, depends on the type of app and the timeline requirements. Usually one week should be enough time to move from one testing group to another and receive adequate feedback.
Some Notes
Subsequent versions usually are easier in terms of time required and it is usually easier to add features or make tweaks once the app has some form. In general, half of the apps will require a second version within 6 months of completion. A retainer can be put in place to handle small revisions once the initial app has been developed.
Also, yearly strategy meetings should be scheduled to allow for app strategy to be aligned with company strategy. This meeting should correlate with other corporate strategy meetings.
Once this basic plan has been approved, mobile projects should also be synced with other IT projects currently under consideration. This is especially important for backend systems and Web Services requirements so that the app development team and the IT team can cooperate properly on the development.
Finally, be sure to communicate your timelines and needs to your app developer, especially if using a third party app development company. They can work with you to help determine timelines, deadlines and milestones throughout your projects.


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Ex-NOTW staff cannot take appeal to Supreme Court
Five defendants, including former News of the World (NOTW) editor Rebekah Brooks and former Government spin doctor Andy Coulson will not be able to take an appeal to the Supreme Court over the prosecution of alleged phone hacking charges, judges ruled today.
The five former NOTW staff lost a last-ditch bid to attempt to block their prosecution over the reported charges.
Lord Chief Justice Lord Judge said the defendants would only pay legal costs if they are convicted.


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Laptop Screen Needs a Tribe Diagnosis
Hello fellow Tribe Members;
Back in November I had accidently dropped my laptop (while it was in it's case) about three feet onto a hard floor. I took the laptop out of the case and went to power it on and it displayed all of these black, white, and sometimes different color lines. These lines filled the entire screen and made it unusable. The screen itself was not cracked but up in the left side of the screen is just a line of dead pixels and it appears that the bulb or something inside is indeed broke. What I'm asking is what should i do? I have been able to manage so far by having my laptop plugged into my two 22" monitors but with school coming up very soon, I need to get this thing fixed. I found a new screen on Amazon but I'm not 100% sure if that is the problem and I don't want to order it and find out that I don't even need it or if it wouldn't fix the problem. Thanks for your help fellow tribesmen and tribeswomen. I attached a picture of my laptop below.


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Style Map
Daily Dispatches From The Global Scene
At Stella McCartney's lavish houseparty-cum-pre-fall-presentation yesterday, there was so much to look at above you—the endlessly high ceilings, the snaking staircases, and atop it all, the doo-wop quartet harmonizing in the roof garden—that you'd be forgiven if you forgotten to look down. But if you did, you'd miss a key part of the presentation: McCartney's footwear. As always, earth- and animal-friendliness was the name of the game: she used no animal leathers, and even biodegradable lug soles on a knee boot. But despite that bit of eco-mindedness, our favorites were still the patent pumps (above), with glinting gold embellishments, chunky heels of varying heights and a soft, slightly squared-off toe.


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'Freedom Tower' Reaches Halfway Point
by Wright Bryan
Explore this
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Wright Bryan
Construction of the "Freedom Tower," or 1 World Trade Center as it is now called, has reached the 52nd of 104 planned floors. The building, currently standing more than 600 feet above ground, is the focal point of rebuilding at the site of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks that destroyed the WTC's Twin Towers. When completed, the new building will be topped by an antenna that will make it the tallest building in New York City at a symbolic 1,776 feet.
Copyright 2014 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.
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Thursday, 15 May 2014
American Interior
For those of you who follow on me on any social media sites you've probably noticed me going on and on about my involvement in this film. Back in 2012 when I first received the email from Pete and Gruff asking if I'd be interested on working on this project I jumped at the chance. I've worked with Pete before and he's always a joy to collaborate with. His designs translate perfectly to felt. I'm also a huge fan of The Super Furry Animals and all of Gruff Rhys' solo work so it was a dream job.
There are no images of John Evans in existence so Pete and Gruff had to do some research and figure out what he might have looked like. I met up with Pete in Foyles' Cafe and a folder was handed over containing Pete's design of John Evans. Over the next couple of weeks I created John Evans in felt. He stands over 3ft tall. He was packaged up in a box (with air holes!) and posted to Cardiff.
After that I didn't see him for almost a year while he followed in the footsteps of his real life namesake. It was exciting to get various bulletins showing me his progress through the American interior. He has been home to visit once or twice for some much needed TLC and I must say he had much more experience behind the shiny plastic eyes than he did when he first left. I've even had friends calling round, while he was here, to have their photo taken with the film star!
Since then I've seen him up a mountain in a purpose built shrine designed by Pete Fowler (including hand appliqued flags I made from Pete's designs), in magazines, in an app, in a music video, on the front of an album cover and on the big screen. We went to the premiere in Cardiff a few weeks ago. This was the first time I had seen the film. I was blown away. It's an amazing story beautifully told (directed Dyl Goch, beautifully shot by Ryan Owen Eddleston, produced by Catryn Ramasut). I found the whole experience quite emotional. If it's in a cinema near you please go and see for yourself. You won't be disappointed. Also buy the album, read the book, download the app!
I'd like to thank Pete, Gruff, Cat and Dyl for letting me be part of such an amazing project. Diolch!
Posted by Feltmistress at 15:39 No comments:
Labels: american interior, film, gruff rhys, john evan, pete fowler
Monday, 16 December 2013
The Hiber-Nation
IHere is a selection of photos from our exhibition at Wales Millennium Centre, it's on until January 5th so there is still time to go visit (and give The Hugger a hug) Apart from the three oversized pieces, which now belong to the Centre (the Queen, The Hugger and the Storyteller) all artwork is for sale and can be purchased thought the Milllennium Centre (they are also elligible for the Arts Council Wales collectors plan, 0% finance) All the paintings Jonathan produced can be viewed here and his blog post about the show is here.
StridersThe striders stride across bringing with them the winter weather and monitoring the progress of the frost and snow. They report back to the Snow Queen. Striders grow from the feet up. Strider children can be tiny but with gigantic feet which makes Strider nurseries extremely noisy places to be.
The Hiber-Nation QueenOnce the Striders have cleared the way the Hiber-Nation Queen travels the land bringing with her frost, ice and snow. She is accompanied on her annual journey by Ffrinton her faithful frost fox.
Trunk & LogginsTrunk and Loggins are the two main members of the woodland quiz team, The Tree of Knowledge. Winters are spent revising obscure trivia and testing each other's knowledge for future quiz tournaments. They are based in the countryside surrounding Cardiff as they like to be close to the Only Connect studio.
Myfi SnarkFashion correspondent for the Hiber-Nation Times, Myfi divides her time between the frosted pathways of the Welsh woodlands and red carpets events worldwide.
The StorytellerThe storyteller is responsible for teaching the young ones the ways of the Hiber-Nation. Sometimes it's the history of prominent HIber-Nationals, sometimes it's advice on buying knitwear. Occasionally it's an anecdote about what happened to him at the post office that morning or a recipe for stew. You never know what you're going to get.
The TwinsFrib and Drib (the Prib twins) are never apart. They appear like clockwork every winter and work their magic on the landscape. They enjoy placing frosted mittens on gateposts and shaking a snowy branch just as you're walking below it.
Mai Ffrai & Bonto KringMai Frai, lead singer with all-girl rock band "The Hiber-Nations". A darling of the music press she was rocketed to worldwide stardom after the success of their single "Bringing Secsi, Bach!".
Bonto, currently in a relationship with Mai Ffrai, is the guitarist with woodland math-rock band, Cwadratig. Recently photographed, alongside Mai, by Snapper Duvall for a spread in Cwmbran Vogue.
Fernando MulchFernando enjoys reclining in piles of decomposing leaves with his feet up. His parents were Abba fans from Abermaw hence his unusual first name. His sister, Chiquitita, works in a call centre in Newport and often visits the woods for Sunday lunch.
The PoetInspired by the wintery weather Ferris appears ever year at the first sign of frost. Found sitting on his own in the woods he can be heard reading aloud from one of his many books of poetry.
The Listeners
Ffrimp, Dybol, Grwblyn, Plwc and Moslyn are the current group of youngsters listening to the the Storyteller.
PondtificatorsThe Pondtificators appear from lakes and ponds during the winter months providing essential advice which ranges from household repairs to the best way to remove a red wine stain from a sheepskin rug. During the rest of the year they stay in their underwater lair watching Cadfael DVD box sets and eating waterlogged Battenburg cake.
Idris GrimpProfessor Idris Grimp is a keen entomologist and a visiting lecturer at St Grunk's University. He travels the word collecting unusual specimens for his collection and brings them home to Wales where they're displayed in his converted Yew tree. One day he plans to launch his own signature pipe tobacco.
MupsiMupsi is the youngest of the Hiber-Nation characters appearing at the Centre. She enjoys colouring in, unicorns and colouring in unicorns.
If you visit the Centre and get a hug from The Hugger please post your photos with the hashtag #yeticwtsh It's great to see everyone's hug photos. I was a bit disturbed by how squashed his poor feet were getting but after watching some tiny toddlers just smiling at him then collapsing on top of his furry feet I think it's worth it. He's certainly loved :)
Posted by Feltmistress at 17:32 No comments:
Thursday, 31 October 2013
The Hiber-Nation at the Wales Millennium Centre, Cardiff
At last I can reveal what we have been working on for the last few months. Our biggest show to date and our first in Wales - The Hiber-Nation at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff. The show opens on Friday the 6th of December with the launch night on Thursday the 5th (6-8pm). Everybody's welcome! We have produced over 50 new pieces for the show including some giant oversized characters (over 8ft tall!) one of which you can get a furry hug from. I'm really excited to announce that the musical guests for the launch night are Gulp!
Here's the official press release -
Mystical Welsh creatures to take up winter residence at Wales Millennium Centre
Seeking refuge from the harsh Welsh winter, The Hiber-Nation will be descending on Wales Millennium Centre this December. Hand-crafted by the inimitable Felt Mistress out of new and vintage fabrics including tweed, wool and flannel from Welsh mills, the band of quirky, colourful creatures are soon to be found huddled in stairwells and suspended from ceilings around the Centre.
Louise Evans, alias Felt Mistress, has crafted over 20 x 3D pieces for the exhibition, including 3 x 8-10ft works: a snow queen, a huggable yeti and a woodland guru.
The inspiration behind the 3D creatures lies in the striking illustrations created by Jonathan Edwards, Louise's partner and a regular illustrator for the Guardian newspaper. Around 30 of Jonathan's original works, – a collection of watercolours, acrylics and ink drawings - depicting the characters and the landscape they inhabit,will also be on display during the exhibition. Video content introducing the characters will also be presented on the Centre's projection wall.
From her studio in North Wales, Felt Mistress has created a legion of felt characters for the best part of a decade. While both her work and Jonathan's has been exhibited all over the world in cities including Osaka, Los Angeles, Berlin and London, The Hiber-Nation exhibition is to be the Welsh-born couple's first in their homeland. In 2010, the couple presented a Christmas window display at Selfridge's iconic Oxford Street store.
Louise Evans originally trained in fashion design and millinery and has brought many of the skills learnt through years of work as a couture dress maker to the world of character design. As well as original Felt Mistresscharacters, Louise has collaborated with a variety of artists including Jon Burgerman, Ben Newman and PeteFowler. A 400 page retrospective of her work, "Creature Couture - the Art of Felt Mistress" was published in December 2012.
Along with providing illustrations for the Guardian, Jonathan Edwards has produced illustrations and comic strips for magazines and publishers around the world. His artwork also appears on the covers of records by artists such as The Black Eyed Peas and The Jungle Brothers.
Louise Miles-Crust, Head of Programming, said: 'We're very excited to be bringing the work of Felt Mistressand Jonathan Edwards to the Centre this Christmas. Their work is both visually stunning and fun, so we hope that art lovers and families alike will enjoy the exhibition. It's also great that we can host the homecoming exhibition for the talented Welsh duo and display some of the truly unique and exciting art and design work to be coming out of Wales.'
Felt Mistress will also be offering a free workshop on Saturday 14 December from 2.45pm to 4.45pm where participants will be able to make their own felt creatures - the perfect Christmas gifts. Booking is required as spaces are limited.
The exhibition will open on Friday 6 December, with an open-to-all launch party on Thursday 5 December 6pm-8pm, with live music from the band Gulp. The exhibition closes on Sunday 5 January 2014.
Posted by Feltmistress at 13:58 1 comment:
Friday, 23 August 2013
Felt Mistress for the Amy Winehouse Foundation
This is my tribute to Amy Winehouse for the Amy Winehouse Foundation. I was honoured to be asked to contribute to the fundraisers and events for what would have been Amy's 30th birthday.
"The Amy Winehouse Foundation works to prevent the effects of drug and alcohol misuse on young people. We also aim to support, inform and inspire vulnerable and disadvantaged young people to help them reach their full potential." More information about the good work they do can be found HERE.
This piece (approx 120cm tall) will be displayed in the window of the Camden Pop Up shop and then auctioned for the charity.
Follow @amysfoundation on Twitter for updates and on Facebook HERE.
Posted by Feltmistress at 11:43 1 comment:
Monday, 15 July 2013
Pincer Lickin' Good
Made for Nautical Nonsense a Spongebob tribute show at Gallery Nucleus in association with Nickelodeon.
With this piece I wanted to try and heal the rift between the former friends - Mr Krabs and Plankton. Consider it a felt intervention. Details about the show here
This piece measures 29 inches tall. Any sale enquiries please contact Gallery Nucleus.
Posted by Feltmistress at 22:28 1 comment:
Friday, 24 May 2013
Workshop At Foyles London
I am doing another workshop at Foyles next month (Sun 23rd June) Tickets are now on sale (places are ltd) Visit Foyles here for more details and to book tickets. The workshop is open to all skill levels and children are welcome if accompanied by an adult. See you there! :)
- Posted using BlogPress from my iPad
- Posted using BlogPress from my iPad
Posted by Feltmistress at 11:42 No comments:
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Love reading analysis of famous paintings? Discover more about 250 of the best paintings in the history of art with the Famous Paintings ebook. It names names (and titles, art museums, and dates), with links to in-depth commentary about the works. Explore must-see masterpieces in US and European art museums!
It'll make you smile.
Good - because we're feeling generous. Join this blog and earn a chance to win a FREE set of these art history cards (a $75 value).
Anguissola, Three Sisters Playing Chess and Phillip II of Spain
Beckmann, Departure; Self-Portrait in Tuxedo; Sinking of Titanic
Bingham, Fur Traders Descending the Missouri
Bonheur, Plowing in the Nivernais
Bonheur, The Horse Fair
Botticelli Primavera
Caravaggio, Fashion and Art History
Caravaggio, Conversion of St. Paul
Caravaggio, Young, Sick Bacchus and Basket of Fruit
Caravaggio, Cardsharps and Fortune Teller
Caravaggio, St. Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy
Caravaggio, Taking of Christ (Kiss of Judas)
Caravaggio Paintings at the Villa Borghese
Cave Paintings
Cezanne, Bathers.
Cezanne, Card Players
Cezanne, Most Famous Paintings
Copley, Paul Revere
David, Death of Marat
David, Death of Socrates
David, Napoleon Crossing the Alps
de Kooning, Retrospective at MoMA (Part I)
de Kooning,Excavation and Painting, 1948
de Kooning, Woman I
Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People
Diebenkorn, The Ocean Park Series
Duncanson, Robert Seldon. Art History Welcomes Duncanson
Durer, The Four Apostles
El Greco, Burial of Count Orgaz
Fontana, Portrait of a Noblewoman
Frankenthaler, Color Field Painting and Mountains and Sea
Gainsborough, The Blue Boy
Gentileschi, Artemisia. Judith Beheading Holofernes
Gentileschi, Artemisia. Self-Portrait as an Allegory of Painting
Ghent Altarpiece.
Ghent Altarpiece via zoom
Giorgione, Three Philosophers
Goya, Family of Charles IV
Goya, The Third of May 1808
Goya, Duchess of Alba; Saturn Devouring his Son; Two Old Men; Half-Submerged Dog; Black Paintings
Grunewald, Isenheim Altarpiece
Hals, Banquet of the Officers of the St. George Civic Guard
Hals, The Laughing Cavalier
Hals, Regents of St. Elizabeth's Hospital
Hopper, Nighthawks
Ingres, Grande Odalisque and Portrait of Madame Moissetier
Isenheim Altarpiece
Kahlo, Renowned Frida Kahlo Paintings.
Angelica Kauffmann. Self-Portrait Torn Between Music and Painting and David Garrick.
Klimt, The Kiss and Adele Bloch-Bauer
Leonardo, Painter at the Court of Milan, National Gallery, London
Leonardo, La Bella Principessa
Leonardo, New Mona Lisa?
Leonardo, Benois Madonna and Madonna Litta
Leonardo, Savior of the World(Salvator Mundi)
Leonardo, The Virgin and Child with St. Anne
Leyster, Famous Female Painters
Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergere
Manet, Luncheon in the Studio
Manet, The Old Musician
Manet, Street Singer
Mantegna, Dead Christ
Matisse Paintings, In Search of True Painting
Matisse, The Dance, The Music
Matisse, The Cone Collection
Matisse, The Red Studio
Matisse, The Yellow Dress
Michelangelo, Crucifixion with the Madonna
Michelangelo, Famous Paintings
Michelangelo, La Pieta with Two Angels (latest attribution?)
Michelangelo, St. John the Baptist Bearing Witness
Modersohn-Becker, Famous Female Painters
Monet, Waterlilies
Morisot, Famous Paintings
Morisot, More Famous Paintings
Munch, The Scream
O'Keeffe, Jack in the Pulpit
Picasso, Girl Before a Mirror
Picasso, Nude, Green Leaves and Bust
Picasso, Portrait of Gertrude Stein
Picasso, Las Meninas
Piero della Francesca, The Baptism of Christ
Poussin, Assumption of the Virgin
Raphael, Sistine Madonna
Rembrandt, Aristotle with a Bust of Homer
Rembrandt, Night Watch
Rembrandt paintings at Frick Show
Rembrandt, Self-Portrait at an Early Age, Jeremiah Lamenting the Destruction of Jerusalem, The Jewish Bride
Rembrandt, The Syndics of the Amsterdam Drapers' Guild
Rubens, Venus and Adonis
Sanchez Cotan, Spanish Still-life
Sargent, El Jaleo
Sargent, Madame X.
Steen, The Christening Feast
Steen paintings at Frick Show
Tanner, The Banjo Lesson and The Thankful Poor
Titian, Assumption of the Virgin
Titian, Bacchus and Ariadne
Titian, Man with a Glove
Titian, Nymph and Shepherd, Allegory of Prudence, Jacopa Strada, St. Jerome, Slaying of Marysas
Titian, Rape of Europa
Turner, J. M. W, The Fighting Temeraire
Uccello, Battle of San Romano
van der Weyden, St. Luke Drawing the Virgin
Velazquez, Pope Innocent X
Vincent van Gogh paintings up to 1889
Vincent van Gogh paintings, 1888-1890
van Eyck, Arnolfini Portrait
van Eyck, Adoration of the Lamb
van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece
van Gogh, The Potato Eaters
van Gogh, Memory of Garden at Etten; Tatched Cottages; White House
van Gogh, Portrait of Madam Trabuc; Morning: Going Out
van Gogh, Starry Night
Velazquez, Juan de Pareja
Vermeer, Girl with a Pearl Earring
Vermeer, Saint Praxedis
Vermeer, The Kitchen Maid
Vermeer, The Allegory of Painting.
Vermeer, Girl with the Red Hat
Warhol, Campbell's Soup Cans
Warhol, Marilyn Diptych and Gold Marilyn
Warhol, Mao
Anders Zorn
Learn about famous paintings to see in these art museums:
Albright-Knox Art Gallery (Buffalo, NY). One of those intimate, small art museums with a stellar collection. Famous Paintings at Albright-Knox.
Art Institute of Chicago: Plan to see these famous paintings at the Art Institute -- and download an ebook about them.
Louvre Museum, (Paris): one of the largest art museums in the world! Know which Louvre paintings not to miss in this sortable ebook.
Mauritshuis Museum: explore works by renowned Dutch painters
Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City): download the ebook, Famous-Paintings-Metropolitan-Museum, to learn its must-see masterpieces.
National Gallery (London): with 2300 famous paintings alone in its European painting section, discover highlights to see! Art Paintings to See at the National Gallery.
Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam): 10 famous paintings not to miss
Washington, D.C. Art Museums: Explore forty famous paintings in Washington, DC in this article.
Michelangelo Paintings: The Torment of Saint Anthony; The Manchester Madonna;Holy Family (Doni Tondo); and Entombment
Cave Paintings: explore this prehistoric art in Spain and France.
Picasso's Las Meninas: 58 Picasso paintings inspired by Velazquez's Las Meninas.
Ghent Altarpiece: the van Eyck masterpiece, one of the most famous artworks ever made.
Survey of Renaissance Paintings: want to know what Renaissance paintings were all about? Start with 20 of its most famous painters in this sweeping survey!
Discover more of readers' favorite art history blog posts.
While we long for the time when artists are artists and genderless, that time isn't yet here.
These are a few of the female artists who've left lasting legacies in the history of painting:
Sofonisba Anguissola. Three Sisters Playing Chess. Phillip II of Spain
Rosa Bonheur. Plowing in the Nivernais. Horse Fair.
Lavinia Fontana. Portrait of a Noblewoman.
Helen Frankenthaler. Color Field Painting and Mountains and Sea.
Artemisia Gentileschi. Judith Beheading Holofernes. Self-Portrait as an Allegory of Painting.
Frida Kahlo. Frida and Diego Rivera. The Two Fridas. The Love Embrace of the Universe.
Angelica Kauffmann. Self-Portrait Torn Between Music and Painting. David Garrick.
Judith Leyster. Self-Portrait. The Proposition.
Paula Modersohn-Becker. Self-Portrait with an Amber Necklace. Still Life with Goldfish.
Berthe Morisot. Refuge in Normandy. The Cradle.
Georgia O'Keeffe. Jack in the Pulpit Series.
Survey of Female Artists
Art History Reading List: 50+ great reads in fiction and non-fiction
Art History Videos on YouTube
Most Controversial Paintings
Google Art Project, Art Museums Up Close
Survey of Renaissance Paintings.
ArtDaily: daily breaking news about art museums and art history.
Art Blog by Bob: this brilliant art history blogger of Picture This on Big Think.
Art History Resources. Unwieldly but informative.
Marisol Roman. A Spanish art history blog.
Mother of all Art & Art History Links: extensive list of online art history resources (including images, research resources, and art history depts.)
smARThistory. Think online art history textbook. Brilliant.
A few forays into art outside Europe:
African Art and Bocio
African Mask of Idia
Japanese Woodblock Prints: The Great Wave
The Terracotta Warriors
This free ebook has a wealth of facts and articles about the 250 influential paintings in Masterpiece Cards.
Did we mention it's free?
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An art history blog post from Famous Paintings Reviewed.
Demand for Titian paintings soared after Titian (ca. 1488-1576) revealed his masterful Assumption of the Virgin in 1518 (below right).
Designed for the basilica of Venice's Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, its rich hues and monumental scale -- a colossal 22' 8" tall -- had rarely been see in Italian painting.
But it's not merely the scale that was ground-breaking: these Titian figures are charged with life and drama, creating what many consider the most renowned Assumption in art history.
Titian. Assumption of the Virgin, ca. 1516-1518. Oil on panel, 22' 8" by 11" 10". Basilica di Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, Venice.
Titian divided this massive panel into three sections:
1. the earthly at the bottom;
2. the heavenly at the top with God hovering over all; and
3. the middle in which the Virgin looks upward.
Look how the two red-robed apostles at the bottom form the base of a triangle pointing toward the Virgin, drawing the viewer's eye toward the focal point, the Virgin Mary.
None less than the renowned sculptor Antonio Canova claimed that Assumption of the Virgin was the most beautiful painting in the world.
After Assumption was revealed in 1518, demand for Titian portraits and paintings became unsatiable.
Among the most famous of these Titian paintings is of Isabella d'Este (1474-1539), one of the most influential Renaissance art patrons.
Titian. Isabella d'Este, 1534-36. Oil on canvas, 3' 4 1/8" by 2' 1 3/16". Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
After her marriage to Francesco Gonzaga, marquis of Mantua, Isabella began collecting ceramics, paintings, cameos, glassware, classical texts, musical instruments and manuscripts, and sculpture.
Perhaps aware of her pending legacy as a Renaissance art patron, Isabella d'Este commissioned portraits from prominent Renaissance painters including Leonardo da Vinci, Andrea Mantegna, and Titian.
Although Isabella d'Este was 60 years old when she commissioned her portrait, she insisted that Titian portray her in her 20s.
Titian complied, emphasizing her face and hands by the intricacy of her dress' sleeves and the unseen light on the left. Her dress melts into the background and, as the patron demanded, she is captured as a young (and highly confident) young woman.
Titian likely wished this d'Este portrait was the last in which he was to reverse the aging process... but it wasn't.
After his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V (1500-1588) appointed Titian the Court Painter and Count Palatine and Knight of the Golden Spur, unheard of honors for a painter.
Charles V was an avid Catholic devoted to maintaining the status and prominence of the Catholic Church. He asked Titian for a portrait of the defeated Protestant League at the Battle of Muhlberg in 1547 (a victory which ultimately failed to arrest Protestant influence).
Titian complied.
Around his neck, Charles wears the Order of the Golden Fleece, an order of 24 knights who pledged to join Charles in preserving Catholicism. He is shown wearing the actual armor and
Titian. Emperor Charles V at Muhlberg, 1548. Oil on canvas, 131" by 110". Prado, Madrid.
riding the same horse he employed in the battle. Portraying Charles seated on a horse was novel, but the portrait is of a fictious Charles V.
At the time of Titian's painting, Charles, at age 57, had abdicated and was residing on his Spanish estate. He was riddled with gout, a result of poor habits like drinking ice-cold beer before breakfast, and, according to contemporaries, and of his inordinate fondness for eel pie, olives, spicy Spanish sausages and oysters.
Once again, Titian practiced portraiture based more on idealism than realism. But his greater genius, in my mind, was in capturing psychological states, grandly exemplified in his Pope Paul III and his Grandsons.
Pope Paul III, who confronted challenges to the Church's dominance through the Reformation, was dedicated to
Titian. Pope Paul III and his Grandsons, 1546. Oil on canvas, 6'10" by 5'8". Museo e Gallerie Nazionale di Capodimonte, Naples.
maintaining the Church's authority for himself, his family, and his nephews (called grandsons). Here, Titian captures the withered Pope's enduring authority and desire to promote his grandsons' careers while concurrently leaving no doubt about the grandsons' obsequious devotion to him.
Some critics complained that the sketchy brushwork indicates Titian didn't finish this portrait, but I'd disagree - denser brushstrokes would be redundant in this psychological portrait.
Do you agree that Titian shows these psychological states so palpably? And can any Catholics shed light on using "nephew" and "grandson" interchangeably? Let us know!
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One of Titian's most famous paintings, Bacchus and Ariadne, is one of five commissioned by Alfonso d'Este (1486-1534) for his palace in Ferrara, Italy. Like many Italian Renaissance princes, he had a private art gallery, known as a camerino or studiolo. His was a camerino d'alabastro, or small alabaster room, with white marble-veneered walls to showcase his collection of Renaissance artwork.
Giovanni Bellini and Titian, Feast of the Gods. Oil on canvas, 5' 7" x 6' 2". National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.
The bacchanal paintings commissioned for the Alabaster Room are all based loosely on Roman rites and rituals described by the poet Ovid (43 B.C. - A.D. 1).
The centerpiece of the Alabaster Room was Feast of the Gods (left) by Giovanni Bellini (1430/1435 - 1516), the greatest Venetian painter of the 15th century.
Like Feast, the other four commissions treated the theme of love. These works are:
Dosso Dossi's Aeneas in the Elysian Fields;
Worship of Venus by Titian;
The Bacchanal of the Andrians by Titian; and
Bacchus and Ariadne, the most renowned of these four Titian paintings.
Titian, The Worship of Venus. Oil on canvas, 1516 - 1518. 5'8" x 5'8". Museo del Prado, Madrid.
In The Worship of Venus (left), Ariadne, daughter of King Minos of Crete, aided Theseus in his escape from the Minotaur's labyrinth, subsequently falling in love with the Athenian hero.
Ungrateful for her assistance, he callously abandoned her on the Greek island of Naxos, where she wandered in mourning. In Bacchus and Ariadne, she hopelessly extends her hand toward Theseus' dimly visible ship. At that moment, her life is miraculously transformed by the scene Titian memorializes in this landmark painting - love at first sight from, and toward, Bacchus, the god of wine.
Bacchus is immediately recognizable both by the laurel and grape leaves adorning his hair, and by his company of satyrs and maenads (Bacchus groupies); one of these crashs cymbals while in a pose mirroring Ariadne's. He bounds from his chariot, pulled her
by cheetahs rather than leopards. This deviation from tradition is Titian's nod to Bacchus' conquest of India. On the far right, the strongman Laocoon would have been immediately identifiable to the Italian Renaissance audience: an antique statue of this Trojan priest was unearthed in 1505, inspiring cross-references from many Renaissance painters and artists. The fat, elder man seemingly asleep on a donkey is Silenus, the head of the satyrs and foster-father to Bacchus.
In the middle foreground is a baby satyr who alone directly engages the viewer. He dons a garland and drags a calf head; its dismemberment - and drinking of its blood by the revelers - is a gruesome part of Bacchus' ritual. In the lower left, Titian's name is inscribed in Latin on the urn, and translates as "Titian made this picture". He was one of the first Renaissance painters to sign his artwork, and was an early proponent of improving the lowly social status of painters.
Curiously, this didn't include maintaining the integrity of paintings completed by others. Feast, completed in 1514, was altered by Ferrara's court painter, Dosso Dossi, who reportedly altered the painting to coordinate with other decorations in the Alabaster Room. Additional (and well-documented) alterations were made in 1529 by Bellini's student, Titian, who completely repainted the background. It is not known if this alteration was also made to complement other 'decorations' in the Alabaster Room! When the Este family lost control on Ferrara in 1598, these famous paintings and sculptures were dispersed.
Note: If anyone knows when it became unacceptable to re-paint another artist's completed work, I'd appreciation learning -- it is so remote from today's standards!
The famous Renaissance paintings in Titian, Tintoretto and Veronese - Rivals in Renaissance Venice have produced much fanfare at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston and beyond. With Newsweek proclaiming it as "one of the most breathtaking old-master exhibitions you'll ever see", the meeting of these three Renaissance painters is a timely occasion to discuss one of the best Titian paintings (as well as one of the most famous Renaissance paintings), Titian's Rape of Europa.
But first a bit about Titian (officially Tiziano Vecellio). He was born around 1488 into a family of modest means living in the mountains north of Venice, and studied in the workshop of Giovanni Bellini, Venice's most prominent artist in the 15th century. Titian's genius (and lasting legacy) came
Titian. Self Portrait, c. 1560. Oil on canvas, 86 cm by 65 cm. Prado, Madrid.
from integrating three influences:
Bellini's work, known for its sharp delineation of form, clarity, and pure tones;
the artistic style and thematic innovations of Giorgione; and
Titian's own expressive brushwork and thick paint application.
Indeed, Titian and Giorgione shared workspace from approximately 1500-1510, so that their similarity of style in Titian's early career is hardly shocking. It has led to confusion about the attribution of several Renaissance paintings, most significantly The Concert Champetre, or Pastoral Concert. Nearly five centuries of art history later, it was only recently attributed to Titian rather than to Giorgione!
After Giorgione died from plague in 1510, Titian became the most famous painter of the 16th century Italian Renaissance. None other than Velazquez opined on the reputation of Titian:
To tell the truth, I do not like Raphael at all. It is in Venice that the finest things are to be found... It is Titian who carries the day".
Titian's stature in art history remains unshakeable for two general reasons:
Titian transformed the status of the painter from lowly craftsman to creative genius, becoming the first painter to attain international recognition; and
Titian mastered two types of Renaissance paintings most popular with 16th century rulers: portraiture, in which Titian brilliantly melded realism with idealism, and mythological paintings such as Rape of Europa.
Titian (Tiziano Vecellio). Europe, 1560-62. Oil on canvas, 178 x 205 cm. Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston, Massachusetts.
Painted for Phillip II, King of Spain, this mythological painting portrays the abduction of Europa by Jupiter, who dupes Europa with his disguise as a bull. Rape of Europa is a study of contrasts: Europa is a reclining nude both submissive and resistant, both abandoned with desire and frightened, beneath a sky of opposites, both calm blue sky and with threatening storms.
The putti, or Cupids, in the sky and atop the dolphin are mesmerized watching the tension between the lovers; the nymphs, vague on the distant shore, watch and wave helplessly. Europa's generous, billowing flesh and Jupiter's tail seem to quiver with excitement at the pending sexual act.
This famous artwork lives at the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, where I've had the pleasure of its frequent company. With each visit, I'm reminded that the bull's eye - which Titian painted as inescapably leering, impossible to avoid - is the most intensely painted eye in Western art, human or animal.
It's riveting, dares you not to stare back, and is not to be missed.
_______________________________________________________________________Intrigued by Renaissance paintings? You'll find some of the most famous Renaissance paintings (and those from other eras, too) in Masterpiece Cards, a set of 250 art history flashcards that reproduce and explain some of the best paintings in art history.
Explore some sample art history flashcards - it's the history of painting at your fingertips!
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Assistant Law Librarian, Cataloging
(717) 240-5011
Principal Office:
J.D., Western New England College
M.S., Simmons College
B.A., University of Rhode Island
Richard Paone is the catalog librarian. He is responsible for the descriptive cataloging and classification of all formats of materials held by the Library. He also provides legal reference assistance to the Library patrons.
He is a graduate of the Western New England College School of Law and has a master of science (Library and Information Science) degree from Simmons College. He is a member of the Bar of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island and the American Association of Law Libraries.


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Winder's police chief and two members of his department have been suspended.Mayor John Maynard sidelined Chief Dennis Dorsey, Major Jim Fullington and Lt. Frank Farr. The mayor would not offer a reason for the suspensions. He would only say the allegations are not criminal in nature.All three are on paid administrative leave.
35 Skyline DriveLake Mary, FL 32746
Phone: (407) 644-3535News Tips: (866) 55-FOX35


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More affordable housing is opening up in Savannah to help low income families achieve the dream of owning.
Savannah Gardens is opening its second housing phase and is inviting locals to check it out. An open house is being held Saturday from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. at 23 Inspiration Way, just off Pennsylvania Ave and Crescent.
The city also has a Dream Maker program to help those who qualify with home buying assistance which includes offering affordable loans for down payments.
Bonnie Kelly never thought she'd be able to buy a brand new home.
"It was real emotional, being a single parent of three-year-old twins, it even gets to me now because we have our home," said Kelly.
The realization of home ownership is still pretty new for Kelly who moved in to the first phase of Savannah Gardens' homes in December.
"Having the wood floors, super easy cleanup," said Kelly.
Kelly also loves the savings her energy efficient 12-hundred square foot home is spitting out.
"My electric bill was $118. That's going to be over a $400 saving on my electric bills that I was previously paying," said Kelly.
The Director of the Community Housing Services Agency, Darrel Daise, who helped redevelop the land where the Strathmore Estates once stood says the new development gives off a positive vibe.
"It really revitalized the whole area you get a different feeling when you go down Pennsylvania Avenue now once you hit the road you just get a good feeling," said Daise.
There's also a mixture of homes for different incomes.
"We have homes that we can sell to people that are 80 percent or below the area medium income and we have lots and homes that are 120 percent of the area medium income and we even have market rate lots", said Daise.
Kelly said with the city's Dream Maker program she was able to provide stability for her family.
"Everybody wants to be a homeowner, have that dream, that American dream, and I have that now," said Kelly.
1430 East Victory DriveSavannah, GA 31404
Telephone: 912.651.0300
Fax: 912.651.0320
Email: email@example.com


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Mindless vandals sought by police (From The Northern Echo)
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Mindless vandals sought by police
12:11pm Monday 31st December 2012 in News By Janet Gleeson
IMAGES of graffiti daubed around a North Yorkshire town have been issued by the police in the hope of tracking down the vandals .
The graffiti was sprayed around Harrogate, including the underpass at Norwood Grove and on telephone boxes in Euclid Avenue, Hartwith Road and Jennyfield Drive between Monday, December 17 and Saturday, December 29.
Police Community Support Officer Michael Smith said: "This type of mindless vandalism is utterly pointless and the vandals need to be caught as they need to understand the negative impact it has on our communities.
"I ask people to take a look at the graffiti tags to see if they can identify those responsible. If you can put names to the vandals, or may have witnessed the damage taking place, please contact the police or Crimestoppers straight away."
Contact police on 101, or Crimestoppers on 0800-555-111.
Comments are closed on this article.


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A young Boston jeweller is celebrating after gaining an internationally-renowned diploma from the National Association of Goldsmiths.
Jade Mason, from Maude's the Jewellers, in West Street, spent 18 months studying the distance learning course to be recognised by the association as a professional jeweller.
"I am thrilled to have passed the course," said Jade, who has worked for the company for three years. "I have worked so hard, as well as work full time, but I'm already putting my new knowledge to use and it's the customers who get the benefit. I can now really help them get the perfect piece of jewellery."
The diploma is a nationally-recognised professional qualification for jewellers aimed at enhancing customer service, increasing consumer confidence and providing essential product knowledge.
Michael Rawlinson, chief executive of the National Association of Goldsmiths, said: "I applaud Jade on her achievement and for her commitment to excellent customer service. Customers don't always know who to trust when buying jewellery, but by asking if the person serving has the Professional Jeweller's Diploma, they know that they will get the right advice, information and support."
Maude's says it specialises in providing a carefully-chosen range of fashionable, fine jewellery and watches, at competitive prices, without a compromise on quality. They also offer a same-day, in house repair service, for any accidents that might happen, as well as valuations, ear-piercing and a jewellery design service.
The company has been trading for 36 years and in 2012 won the Boston Business Award for customer service.
Jade will officially receive her Diploma at an awards ceremony at Goldsmiths Hall in London next month.


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Kolkata Port Trust on Sunday refuted the charges of cargo-handler Haldia Bulk Terminals (P) Ltd (HBT) of collapse of law and order situation at the Haldia dock complex.
With this denial, the KoPT appeared to be heading for a collision course with the ABG-LDA-led "contractor."
On Friday, HBT had accused the West Bengal Government for failing to ensure minimum law and order at the "port and its surroundings," after an alleged mob attack on HBT officials on September 28.
KoPT chairman, Manish Jain, told reporters here this evening that "barring some stray incidents, the authorities have not seen any major law and order problem at the Haldia dock complex".
Cargo loss
He, however, admitted that "an apprehension of conflict of interest" led to "complications" at Haldia in the past one month and caused a loss of 25,000 tonnes of cargo.
Attempting to play down the crisis, Jain said the KoPT would hold a meeting of the "stakeholders", including exporters and importers, on October 3 to resolve the crisis. "We have made a draft solution. We will hold a stakeholders' meeting on October 3 to discuss this draft and find a solution to this very complex problem," the KoPT Chairman said.
No guarantee
He said HBT had sacked 275 workers on September 24 "without informing KoPT". He indicated that this could have caused resentment among the locals.
The KoPT also denied that in the agreement between HBT and KoPT there were any clauses for providing either minimum or maximum "guaranteed tonnage" to the handler.
He said the KoPT was closely examining the "performance" of HBT in the light of their contractual obligation.


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Fabulous Freddy's opens new store in UT
LAS VEGAS — Fabulous Freddy's announced the grand opening of its newest location in Sandy, UT, according to a press release.
The March 21 release stated that the store will employ over 110 new employees. The two-acre facility will feature a car detailing shop and a touch-free carwash.
In addition to full details and exterior carwashes, customers can purchase gasoline at the location's 12 gas pumps. Fabulous Freddy's offers full-service gas at self-serve prices.
Who's exhibiting at The Car Wash Show?
Other amenities at the new location will be an express lube shop, a c-store with a drive-thru window, a yogurt shop and a lounge with Wi-Fi, TV and computers.
"We are so excited to be opening this store in Sandy where I grew up," Founder Freddy Smith said in the story. "At Fabulous Freddy's, we want everyone to walk away with a Fabulous Experience. We strive to provide the highest level in Quality, Convenience, Value and Service at all of our locations. We want the same to be true of this newest addition in Sandy, Utah."
Fabulous Freddy's was founded in 1998, and the chain currently operates five stores in Las Vegas and two other locations in Utah.


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Am I the only one to find headers missing in the SDK v2.0 which are actually mentioned as being included in the SDK v2.0 documentation.
GSmupdu.smuthdr.h, gsmuelem.h and others - the usual suspects.
I'm having to use a cobbled together set of headers once again to get my code to build.
Anyone else have this problem ?


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Auto News
AutoGuide News Blog
The AutoGuide News Blog is your source for breaking stories from the auto industry. Delivering news immediately, the AutoGuide Blog is constantly updated with the latest information, photos and video from manufacturers, auto shows, the aftermarket and professional racing.
Kia has chosen the Seoul Auto Show to officially take the covers off the new 2010 Sorento CUV and we'll have to admit to being impressed. The new SUV is better in pretty much every way.
The new Sorento is built on an all-new platform that is longer, with a dash that has been moved further forwards and a tailgate that has been moved further rearward. The new SUV now has more legroom, headroom and shoulder room than the previous model, with 2.5-inches more headroom and 4-inches more legroom for third-row passengers. Trunk space behind the rear seat has also been increased by 15 percent.
The Sorento's driving dynamics have been improved thanks to a body that sits lower by 10mm and a center of gravity that is 54mm (2.1-inches) lower. There is even a better feel from behind the wheel as the Sorento gets a six percent more direct steering rack.
Inside the crossover is impressively luxurious and features plenty of technological gadgets and gizmos, including a push-button ignition, navigation with a 6.5-inch LCD screen and the choice of a 6, 8 or 10 speaker sound system with a MP3 and iPod connectivity.
There's even a panoramic glass roof.
Safety features like HAC (Hill-start Assist Control) and DBC (Down-hill Brake Control) are also a part of the package, as is a back-up camera with images being transmitted to a screen on the car's rear view mirror.
As for engine options, the Sorento will be offered with four different engines including a 2.7-liter V6 LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) powerplant available in Korea, a 2.2-liter diesel engine (with 194hp and 321 ft-lbs of torque) destined for international markets and a 2.5-liter four-cylinder gasoline engine that makes 173hp and 166 ft-lbs of torque.
Fuel economy should improve significantly thanks to a new six-speed automatic transmission. A five-speed automatic will also be available, and it's not clear if it will be offered in North America (but likely will on lower trim levels). There is even a six-speed manual available, but that will most certainly not make it to the U.S.
And as expected, the Sorento will be available in 2WD and 4WD.
"With the new Sorento, we have created an all-new, seven-seater CUV that will soon be recognized as an 'exciting all-rounder' with a much broader customer appeal," said Hyoung-Keun Lee, Senior Executive Vice President & COO of the International Business Division at Kia. "Despite the current economic uncertainties, we are confident that New Sorento will significantly increase Kia's share of the utility vehicle market, achieving annual global sales of 140,000 units from 2010."
GALLERY: 2010 Kia Sorento
Official release after the jump:


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Optics InfoBase
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Quantitative analysis of imperfect frequency multiplying in fractional Talbot planes and its effect on high-frequency-grating lithography
Custom-modified three-dimensional periodic microstructures by pattern-integrated interference lithography
Performance simulation of 2D photonic-crystal devices fabricated by pattern-integrated interference lithography
Electron beam position monitor for a dielectric microaccelerator
Ultrafast laser inscription of mid-IR directional couplers for stellar interferometry
Single-mode air-clad liquid-core waveguides on a surface energy patterned substrate
Fabrication of an integrated high-quality-factor (high-Q) optofluidic sensor by femtosecond laser micromachining
Anisotropy modulations of femtosecond laser pulse induced periodic surface structures on silicon by adjusting double pulse delay
Resolution enhancement for advanced mask aligner lithography using phase-shifting photomasks
Self-organizing microstructures orientation control in femtosecond laser patterning on silicon surface
Exploring the depth range for three-dimensional laser machining with aberration correction
Dynamic diffraction-limited light-coupling of 3D-maneuvered wave-guided optical waveguides
Driving corrugated donut rotors with Laguerre-Gauss beams
3D optical intensity modulation on curved surfaces by optimization method and its application to fabricate arbitrary patterns
Wide-angle camera with multichannel architecture using microlenses on a curved surface
Characterization of notched long-period fiber gratings: effects of periods, cladding thicknesses, and etching depths
Microscopic lithography with pixelate diffraction of a digital micro-mirror device for micro-lens fabrication
Parallel laser writing system with scanning Dammann lithography
Microstructured waveguides in z-cut LiNbO3 by high-repetition rate direct femtosecond laser inscription
Nanothermoforming of hierarchical optical components utilizing shape memory polymers as active molds
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Here we go… what many of us have been dreading for the last couple of months is on its way. The coldest air of the season will dive southward Sunday night and lead to a bone chilling commute morning commute Monday. This front will bulldoze southward all the way to the Gulf of Mexico leaving the eastern two thirds of the country shockingly cold. The front can be expected to move through the metro in and around the midnight hour with winds quickly switching out of the north and gusting to 30mph. Here is a look at the progression of the cold front from Sunday afternoon through Monday afternoon with anticipated temperatures.
You can see how the cold dome of air rushes out of Canada and moves all the way through the Upper Midwest. This will leave the area quite cold through the entire day Monday. Here is a look at the probability of temperatures below freezing at noon on Monday.
Not a good sign right?? A 100 percent probability for our entire area staying below freezing Monday afternoon, but Monday morning will be even colder. Check out the current forecast from Sunday afternoon through Monday afternoon for not only temperature, but also when you combine that with the wind to get the wind chill (what it actually feels like).
By far the coldest we have been in a while… in fact the coldest since the middle of March some 8 months ago. Yikes!
What's really cool though is to watch this cold air plow its way to the Gulf of Mexico over the next couple of days. Here is what one computer forecasting model has… I added the cold front as a red line so you can see the leading edge of this cold bubble. Stay warm!!!
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Authorities have identified Stuart James Smith-Dromey, 64, of 1814 Mount Vernon Road SE, as the man found dead in the gazebo at a local cemetery on Thursday morning.
A snow plow operator notified police that a dead body had been found at Oak Hill Cemetery, 1705 Mount Vernon Rd. SE. The call to police was made at 8:51 a.m. on Thursday.
Smith-Dromey had been reported missing on Wednesday. Police do not suspect foul play in the case.