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Late Bloomers, Listen Up: She's Publishing Her First Novel at 60
February 16, 2012 at 10:00 am , by Ladies' Lounge
Meredith Maran (at right) has been a working writer for more than 40 years, turning out ten nonfiction books and scores of magazine articles (including a fair share for Ladies' Home Journal). But this week marks a brand-new milestone for the brand-new grandmother: the publication of her first novel, A Theory of Small Earthquakes. Set in the countercultures of Oberlin College in the 1980s and Berkeley, California in the late '90s and onward, this "deliciously messy love story" (to quote from one of the blurbs on the book's cover) is about a protagonist, Alison, caught in a love triangle with her former (female) lover and her husband—and about the son all three of them come together to raise.
Here, Maran chats about the book with her friend and fellow novelist, Caroline Leavitt (at left), author of the New York Times and USA Today bestseller Pictures of You, as well as eight previous novels.
Caroline Leavitt: What sparked the idea for A Theory of Small Earthquakes?
Meredith Maran: A decade ago, a friend
told me a true story about such an untraditional family, whose existence required so much daily forgiveness on the part of all involved, I thought, "If only I were a novelist, that would make a great plot."
As I watched the story unfold in real time in my friend's real life, the itch to write it finally overcame my fear of attempting a novel. After a lifetime of writing only nonfiction, that fear was epic—and, as it turned out, well founded. The novel took two years to write, five years to rewrite, and many gnawed fingernails to sell to a publisher. And it's been the most thrilling writing experience of my life.
CL: I love the title [a theory of small earthquakes refers to the idea that the occurrence of many earthquakes of lesser intensity offsets the possibility of a single catastrophic one]. Can you talk about it?
MM: Over the eons it took to bring this book from concept to publication, the novel had at least five working titles, starting with The Surrogate and ending with Boy Girl Boy Girl, which came in a close second. Early on, the phrase "A Theory of Small Earthquakes" came to me in a flash, and I loved it. But there were so many factors to consider, and such a big job the title had to do.
My dad was a true Mad Man—a Madison Avenue ad executive. I grew up naming products at the dinner table, so considering the impact of the title on marketing the book came naturally.
CL: Tell us about your writing life. Do you outline or is it more intuitive? Do you keep a schedule?
MM: I have a very simple schedule, as follows. Wake up before the sun. Work happily until bedtime or "Homeland," whichever comes first. Eat at desk around 8AM and again around 2PM. Break for 1.5 hours for perspective-restoring hike with writer friend. Go to sleep worrying book won't sell. Wake up worrying book won't sell. Repeat.
P.S. I wouldn't trade this life for anything. I've proved that by refusing to trade this life for anything, including a living wage.
CL: What's obsessing you now?
MM: See "book won't sell," above. The thing about book sales, these days, is that they determine one's ability to publish another book. And that's all I really want to do: publish another book. Oh, and another one.
CL: Anything I forgot to ask?
MM: The question no writer wants to be asked. "What's next?" Answer: Another novel.
It's official: I'm a born-again novelist; a convert to the truth that lies in fiction. And I'm knee-deep into my next novel, about which I'm absolutely thrilled. I'm madly in love with the characters, each one of whom is as twisted and complicated as the characters in Earthquakes. I'm dreaming of the day I'll have time to get back to them, which I take as the best sign of all. If I can't wait to hang out with these people I've invented, I figure there's a decent chance that at least a few readers might feel the same way.
Categories: Books, Ladies' Lounge | Tags: books, caroline leavitt, interview, meredith maran | 83 Comments
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FRG is the most logical poster on this board. You guys just don\'t like where the logical conclusions take you.
But it is not new news that the Bucs biggest percentage of runs are allocated or designed to be up the middle considering the draft picks used over the last few seasons with the additions of Joseph, Sears, Zuttah and the free agent addition of Jeff Faine this past off season.
Sears was playing a lot better ball last year, too
Quote from: bradentonian on December 02, 2008, 03:28:04 PMSears was playing a lot better ball last year, tooIt was reported he lost a fair amount of weight in the off-season. Was it to his detriment?


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i was INTJ last year.
as of today though, i'm INFJ.
if i was to be honest, i like the fact that i'm not one same thing all the time.
that says something about my type—whatever it is, doesn't it?
edit: i think that i like INFJ the most, though. it's very fitting to who i am presently—or at least, who i think i am and want to be. http://typelogic.com/infj.html


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New Orleans Saints
Lance Moore - #16 - WR
|5' 9"/ 190 lbs.
|Westerville, OH
|Years played
Saints not seeing diminishing returns from Shanle
Saints interim head coach Joe Vitt has indicated he sees no signs of a decline in 32-year-old OLB Scott Shanle's ability.
Saints greeted by image of Payton's glare
An intense greeting from suspended head coach Sean Payton awaits Saints players as they enter their indoor practice field.
Saints sign P Morstead to six-year extension
The Saints signed P Thomas Morstead to a six-year, $21.9 million contract extension, ESPN's John Clayton first reported.
Vilma court hearing ends with no decision
A hearing in federal court for suspended Saints linebacker Jonathan Vilma has wrapped up without an immediate decision about whether he can temporarily return to work.
Saints players, NFL lawyers in court Monday
Jonathan Vilma and Will Smith met with NFL lawyers and a federal magistrate in a settlement conference for lawsuits spawned by the players' suspensions.
NFC South training-camp reports
Pro Football Weekly's preview of what to expect from the Falcons, Panthers, Saints and Buccaneers in training camp.
Brees files affidavit for Vilma in case against Goodell
Saints QB Drew Brees filed an affidavit Saturday in support of LB Jonathan Vilma in Vilma's defamation case against NFL commissioner Roger Goodell.
NFL asks court to dismiss player claims
The NFL asked a U.S. District Court judge on Friday to dismiss Jon Vilma's motion seeking to have his suspension overturned.
Fantasy: After Gronk and Graham, little difference
Best fantasy advice you'll get this season: If you miss out on either Rob Gronkowski or Jimmy Graham, just be patient. A good tight end will be there late.
League responds to Vilma's request regarding injury rehab
The NFL responded to Saints LB Jonathan Vilma's latest request for an expedited hearing for a temporary restraining order against the league.
Vilma asks for hearing Thursday in bounty case
Jonathan Vilma is asking a judge for a hearing on his bid to block his season-long suspension stemming from the NFL's bounty investigation.
Saints sign Brees to $100 million contract
The Saints and Drew Brees agreed on a five-year, $100 million deal, ESPN's Chris Mortensen reported on Friday.
League files grievance against Vilma
The NFL filed a grievance against Saints LB Jonathan Vilma in response to his defamation suit against commissioner Roger Goodell.
Report: Brees will not report to camp without deal
Saints QB Drew Brees will not sign his franchise tender and report to training camp without a long-term deal in place.
Patriots, Saints to hold joint practices
The Patriots and Saints will hold joint practices in Foxborough on Aug. 7 and 8, the teams announced Tuesday.
Moore caught 11 passes for 123 yards in Thursday's loss to the Falcons.||||||| This was a season-high for Moore, who is a nice low-end No. 2 receiver or matchup-based flex option in fantasy.
Moore caught nine passes for 121 yards - both season-highs - in New Orleans' 35-28 win over Tampa Bay on Sunday.||||||| Moore has been targeted 25 times in the Saints' last two games compared to 23 times in the team's first three contests.
Moore caught four passes for 70 yards with a TD in Sunday's overtime loss to the Chiefs.||||||| It could be tough for Moore and Drew Brees to hook up Sunday against a Green Bay team has has allowed an average of 155.7 yards passing in its first three games.
Moore had 120 yards and a touchdown on six receptions during Sunday's season opener, a 40-32 loss to visiting Washington.||||||| Moore's 120 yards were the second-most in one game over his career. He had 149 during a loss to Atlanta on Sept. 26, 2010.
Moore is among the inactives for Saturday's playoff game against San Francisco.||||||| Moore has been hampered by a sore left hamstring.


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Amazon to create 2000 new jobs
The online retailer Amazon whose central distribution centre in the UK is based near Milton Keynes is to create 2,000 new jobs with the opening of three more distribution centres.
Up to 3,000 temporary workers will also be taken on during the Christmas peak period.
The news was announced as Amazon opened a new site at Hemel Hempstead in Hertfordshire, creating 600 permanent jobs.
The Prime Minister has welcomed the announcement saying: "This is great news, not only for those individuals who will find work, but for the UK economy. This shows that the UK has the infrastructure and talent to continue to attract major investments from leading companies such as Amazon."


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(28 Photos)
Tom DiChiara
Mar 21, 2014 at 11:02AM
Murray Close/Lionsgate
When indie darling Jennifer Lawrence was cast as heroine Katniss Everdeen in the big-screen adaptation of Suzanne Collins' beloved novel The Hunger Games, diehard fans were none too happy. Lawrence, they said, was too old at 21 to play a 16-year-old and too curvy to portray the starved resident of the opressed Panem (a.k.a. a post-apocalyptic America ruled over by the despotic Capitol) who reluctantly volunteers to take part in vicious government-run tournament where 24 teens and tweens battle to the death on live TV. Were the naysayers right? Not so much. Lawrence trained her butt off, transformed her appearance and took archery lessons for the role -- and her dedication shows on the screen. In the film, she is "The Girl on Fire," weilding a bow just as deftly as Robin Hood and showing off her sheer physicality (and charisma) as she fights for survival in -- you guessed it -- The Hunger Games.
Yummy recipes, DIY projects, home decor, fashion and more curated by iVillage staffers.
The very dirty truth about fashion internships... DUN DUN @srslytheshow http://t.co/wfewf
Behind-the-scenes pics from iVillage.


text:
While the first thing that comes to most fans' mind with Formula 1's grueling travel schedule around the world might be the tiring job the drivers face during that period, the heroes behind the wheel laugh it off.
''For a driver it's not that difficult -- only in the sense that you are more days outside your home and if you have a family it is tougher -- but the real heroes here are the teams,'' said Pedro de la Rosa, a driver at the HRT team. ''Because a back-to- back for us means two weeks; but for the team -- the mechanics, engineers -- it means maybe one month. Or for some people even two months, because they stay in between and do two back-to-backs.''
Indeed, for many of the team personnel there will be a period of almost continuous travel over two months, away from their families in Europe, living in hotels.
''It will be very challenging physically for the mechanics,'' said Monisha Kaltenborn, the Sauber team director, which is based in Switzerland.
''If you look at the current season, I think 20 races are, under the current structure that we have, the limit,'' she added. ''If you were to bring in more races, you would have to change a lot in how the team is set up.''
The Sauber team's logistics are typical of how the teams move from race to race and from continent to continent.
While in Europe, where the teams are based, the teams handle their own transport in team trucks that crisscross the Continent. But for the other races, the 24 cars and all of the material from the 12 teams' motor homes and garages are sent around the world in six jumbo jets, and in hundreds of sea crates.
Beat Zehnder, the Sauber team manager, has been in charge of the team's logistics for 20 years. He explained that there are five different shipments moving over the seas to cover all the races. In other words, for much of the less-important material such as the cooking utensils, chairs and tables and appliances and things that the team uses in the hospitality areas at a race, there are five different replicas that go around the world.
After the race in Monza, the cars and computers and all the garage materials were packed up in crates by the mechanics, truck drivers and hospitality staff and sent back to the team's base in Hinwil, Switzerland.
Once there, the cars were worked on and disassembled and sent to Milan for transport on Sept. 13 to Singapore.
In Singapore, at the track the advance crew then began setting up the temporary paddock and the team garages on Monday Sept. 17, while another group arrived in Singapore on Wednesday.
After Singapore, the materials will be flown to Japan for the race there on Oct. 7 and then on to http://formula1.about.com/od/attendingracesastourism/a/The-Korean-Grand-Prix-At-Yeongam-Is-One-Of-F1s-Latest-Travel-Destinations.htm for the Grand Prix there a week later.
''It's tougher this year because there are so many races,'' Zehnder said. ''The majority of our team after Singapore is staying in Asia. We go to Thailand, 75 percent of the team; we are going to a nice hotel there for a week of relaxation. It would not make sense for especially the first group of mechanics to go back to Switzerland, they would arrive Tuesday after Singapore and have to go out again on Saturday, spending just four days at home and traveling twice through the time zones.''
The team goes from Thailand to Japan and then to South Korea and then back to Switzerland.
'And so it's a lot of work," said Zehnder. "It's a lot of people involved, basically our whole race team, all the mechanics, the truck drivers, which is about 28 people involved in setting up, in packing and unpacking, plus the eight people in catering. There are 47 operational people traveling to the races, but that excludes marketing, press, catering, so in total here we are 67 people going to the races. Helping with preparation loading the freight it is about 30 people, about half the team at the race. And those are long working days, they are not turning up at 9 a.m. and leaving at 5 p.m. You are regularly turning up at 8 a.m. and leaving at 10 p.m. So it is going to be a very intense second half of the season.
''The main thing is always: 'Don't forget anything at home.' If you forget an essential part... On top of the normal freight, if you have development parts for the car, from time to time you have to send an extra person with hand luggage to the races because they are bringing new parts which makes the car a bit quicker or a bit better to drive, and so at the last minute sometimes you have more than one person coming with hand luggage with parts.
For some drivers, nothing will have prepared them for so much travel and racing in their careers.
''Never in my dreams,'' said Jean-Éric Vergne, a rookie driver at the Toro Rosso team team. ''I trained a lot in the summer and I have a good group of people working behind me with my physio, basically like how you would speak to a kid: 'Go to sleep, go to eat, eat this, don't eat this, don't do this, do this.' And in the end it will make a big difference, I think, during such a period. So I'm pretty relaxed about it.''


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Hello from Adrian Webb, NU ex-baseball player who is now an accountant. Adrian is a staff accountant for CBIZ MHM in Wichita where he currently resides with his family.
Newman University is a Catholic university named for John Henry Cardinal Newman and founded by the Adorers of the Blood of Christ for the purpose of empowering graduates to transform society.
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Wichita, KS 67213-2097
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text:
Otto Porter had 14 points in the second half and Henry Sims continued to dominate, as the Georgetown Hoyas defeated the Pittsburgh Panthers to advance to the quarterfinals of the 2012 Big East Tournament. Pitt pulled within two points after going on a quick 5-0 run out of the locker room. They would get no closer, as Georgetown continued to pour on points to lead by as many as 19 on their way to a 64-52 win.
Sims finished with 20 points and 13 rebounds, helping the Hoyas to a massive 33-22 advantage on the boards. Porter contributed six rebounds to go along with his 20 points. Greg Whittington was the only other Hoya to reach double-digits, scoring 11 along with six rebounds of his own.
Ashton Gibbs finished with 14 points to lead the Panthers, but went just 4-for-12 from the field and 2-for-8 from beyond the 3-point arc. As a team, Pitt was held to just 36.7 percent from the floor and 23.8 percent from distance. Lamar Patterson did his part with nine points, eight rebounds, six assists and four steals. Unfortunately, he had little help from his supporting cast. Hollis Thompson went 1-for-7 from the floor for seven points.
For complete coverage of the 2012 Big East Tournament, stay tuned to this StoryStream or visit SB Nation's dedicated NCAA basketball hub. For more on all the teams in the Big East tournament, visit Big East Coast Bias and SB Nation New York.


text:
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The Bolton News
All the latest news from Bolton
Plan to knock down Stag's Head pub in Deane rejected (From The Bolton News)
Plan to knock down Stag's Head pub in Deane rejected
4:19pm Thursday 6th February 2014 in News
PROPOSALS to knock down a historic pub in Deane and build 32 properties in its place have been rejected by planning officers.
Mercury Forecourts applied for outline permission to demolish The Stags Head pub in Junction Road to make space for eight houses and 24 apartments and maisonettes, as well as ground floor retail space.
If approved the business, based in Blackburn Road, said it would create 12 full-time jobs and provide more affordable housing for people on low incomes and for students.
But Bolton Council refused the plans — arguing that there were not enough details on how the proposed development would impact on the surrounding conservation area, and the Stag's Head was listed as being of "special architectural or historical interest".
The company can appeal by referring the application to the planning inspectorate.
Comments (3)
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12:51am Fri 7 Feb 14
Donkey Stone says...
1:04pm Fri 7 Feb 14
cliff4treasurer says...
8:01pm Fri 7 Mar 14
KrItIk says...
It needs to be saved and brought back to it's former glory, even if it's used for a different purpose.
What will be next ?
Knock down the church to make way for flats !
The area was made a conservation area for a reason !
Comments are closed on this article.


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When the High Court of Justice rejected intervening to block Tuesday's
Palestinian prisoner release, its statement that it would not do so because it
does not become involved in matters of state was a bit simpler than the
Regarding intervening on matters of state, like balancing
settlements (in the general sense, including illegal outposts), foreign policy
and national security, Supreme Court President Asher D. Grunis, who presided
over the prisoner release petition, had two groundbreaking back-to-back
decisions against many of the settler activists who effectively put him into
power right at the start of his now over one-year-old reign.
His first two
major decisions, just after taking over the reins, were ordering the state to
remove the Migron and Ulpana settlements.
These two rulings made his
right-wing supporters' mouths drop open.
Some supporters were so shocked
that they angrily spoke out and wrote op-eds against former court president
Aharon Barak's judicial activism, which had supposedly led to the
But Barak had retired years before, and the ruling was made by
Grunis, their own candidate.
While Almagor Terror Victims' Association
head Meir Indor briefly tried to interject the court's intervention on
settlement issues into the hearing on the prisoner release, neither the petition
itself, nor the state in response, nor the court in its opinion rejecting the
petition, spent much time on the issue.
Grunis even appeared patient with
Indor until he mentioned settlements, and then appeared ready to cut him off and
urged him to finish his comments.
So Grunis and the court do intervene on
settlement issues which implicate statecraft, but not on prisoner
In some cases, the comparison is apples and oranges. The Migron
decision, for example, was ultimately a domestic law issue of enforcing an
eviction (or rejecting blocking an eviction) once the Justice Ministry itself
took the position that the outpost was illegal (though there was significant
controversy about the ministry's position).
But there are clearer cases
where the court has ordered the IDF to change the position of the West Bank
security barrier, despite IDF and state arguments that the placement of the wall
was a national security need and issue of state, after complaints by Palestinian
villagers that they were losing their land unfairly.
Almagor did not
mention these cases, but the court has also intervened to give the state a
mandatory set of factors for carrying out targeted killings and in the use of
certain weapons, such as white phosphorous – both of which could be viewed as
untouchable national security issues.
Outside international pressure
could be cited as a reason for the court's intervention in those cases, but
would likely not consistently explain the court's rulings.
Rather, the
answer likely lies in the mechanics of the cases.
When the court has
ordered a change in the West Bank barrier's path, it has never declared an end
to the entire barrier – it has merely amended its path.
The court never
completely invalidated targeted killings or white phosphorous, it just provided
constraining factors.
If the court vetoed a prisoner release, it would
complete the cancellation of a policy and would be singularly responsible for
bringing the peace process to a halt.
If the court crossed some prisoners
off the list, but not others, it would "own" the list of those being and not
being released – and since the Palestinians might not accept any amended list,
it might still be responsible for stopping the peace process.
differently: The court would rather not intervene, and only intervenes when it
can do so without making waves.
Whether this is a defensible legal
interpretation of when courts can and cannot intervene in state decisions is
debatable, but considering that even "activist" courts are usually considered
the weakest branch of government, it is not surprising.


text:
USCIS Policy Manual
Chapter 1: Purpose and Background
A. Purpose
USCIS conducts an investigation and examination of all naturalization applicants to determine whether an applicant meets all pertinent eligibility requirements to become a U.S. citizen. The investigation and examination process encompasses all factors relating to the applicant's eligibility:[1] See INA 335. See 8 CFR 335.1 and 8 CFR 335.2.
Completion of security and criminal background checks;
Review of the applicant's complete immigration record;
In-person interview(s) with oral and written testimony;
Testing for English and civics requirements; and
Qualification for a disability exception.
USCIS officers have authority to conduct the investigation and examination.[2] See INA 335(b). See 8 CFR 332.1 and 8 CFR 335.2. The authority is delegated by the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security. The authority includes the legal authority for certain officers to administer the Oath of Allegiance, obtain oral and written testimony during an in-person interview, subpoena witnesses, and request evidence.[3] See INA 332, INA 335, and INA 337. See 8 CFR 332, 8 CFR 335, and 8 CFR 337.
The applicant has the burden of establishing eligibility by a preponderance of the evidence throughout the examination.[4] See 8 CFR 316.2(b). The officer must resolve any pending issues and obtain all of the necessary information and evidence to make a decision on the application. Uniformity in decision-making and application processing is vital to the integrity of the naturalization process. Consistency in the decision-making process enhances USCIS's goal to ensure that the relevant laws and regulations are applied accurately to each case.
B. Background
Beginning in 1906, a complete examination and questioning under oath was required of the "petitioner" (now "applicant") for naturalization and his or her witnesses at the final hearing for naturalization in court.[5] In 1981 Congress enacted legislation which eliminated the character witness requirements of naturalization, though USCIS has the authority to subpoena witnesses if necessary. Congress amended the statute in 1940 to include English language requirements and a provision for questioning applicants on their understanding of the principles of the Constitution.[6] See the Nationality Act of 1940, Pub. L. 76-853, 54 Stat. 1137.
Today, USCIS conducts an investigation and examination of all applicants for naturalization to determine their eligibility for naturalization, including the applicant's lawful admission for permanent residence, ability to establish good moral character, attachment to the Constitution, residence and physical presence in the United States, and the English and civics requirements for naturalization.
C. Legal Authorities
INA 310(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-9792.html), 8 CFR 310(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-11261/0-0-0-30618/0-0-0-30623.html#0-0-0-19373) – Naturalization authority
INA 312(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-9833.html); 8 CFR 312(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-11261/0-0-0-30674/0-0-0-30679.html#0-0-0-19429) – Educational requirements for naturalization
INA 316(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-9898.html); 8 CFR 316(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-11261/0-0-0-30960/0-0-0-30966.html#0-0-0-19571) – General requirements for naturalization
INA 332(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-10248.html); 8 CFR 332(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-11261/0-0-0-32244/0-0-0-32249.html#0-0-0-20237) – Procedural and administrative provisions; executive functions
INA 335(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-10288.html); 8 CFR 335(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-11261/0-0-0-32387/0-0-0-32392.html#0-0-0-20341) – Investigation and examination of applicant
INA 336(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-10299.html); 8 CFR 336(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-11261/0-0-0-32501/0-0-0-32506.html#0-0-0-20375) – Hearings on denials of naturalization application
Chapter 2: Background and Security Checks
A. Background Investigation
USCIS conducts an investigation of the applicant upon his or her filing for naturalization. The investigation consists of certain criminal background and security checks.[7] See INA 335. See 8 CFR 335.1. The background and security checks include collecting fingerprints and requesting a "name check" from the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI). In addition, USCIS conducts other inter-agency criminal background and security checks on all applicants for naturalization. The background and security checks apply to most applicants and must be conducted and completed before the applicant is scheduled for his or her naturalization interview.[8] See 8 CFR 335.2(b).
B. Fingerprints
1. Fingerprint Requirement
USCIS must collect fingerprint records as part of the background check process on most applicants for naturalization.[9] See 8 CFR 103.2(b)(9), 8 CFR 335.1, and 8 CFR 335.2. See Part I, Military Members and their Families, Chapter 6, Required Background Checks [12 USCIS-PM I.6], for guidance on the background and security check procedures for members or veterans of the U.S. armed forces. Applicants 75 years of age and older are generally not required to submit fingerprints. USCIS notifies applicants in writing to appear for fingerprinting after submitting the naturalization application. Fingerprints are valid for 15 months from the date of processing by the FBI. An applicant abandons his or her naturalization application if the applicant fails to appear for the fingerprinting appointment without good cause and without notifying USCIS.[10] See 8 CFR 103.2(b)(13)(ii). See Chapter 4, Results of the Naturalization Examination [12 USCIS-PM B.4].
Once an Application Support Center (ASC) collects an applicant's biometrics, USCIS submits the records to the FBI for a full criminal background check.[11] See 8 CFR 335.2(b). The response from the FBI that a full criminal background check has been completed includes confirmation that:
The applicant does not have an administrative or a criminal record;
The applicant has an administrative or a criminal record; or
The applicant's submitted fingerprint records have been determined "unclassifiable" for the purpose of conducting a criminal background check and have been rejected.
2. Fingerprint Waivers
Applicants Age 75 or Older
An applicant who is 75 years old or older at the time of filing his or her naturalization application is not required to provide fingerprints.
Applicants with Certain Medical Conditions
An applicant may qualify for a waiver of the fingerprint requirement if the applicant is unable to provide fingerprints because of a medical condition, to include birth defects, physical deformities, skin conditions, and psychiatric conditions. Only certain USCIS officers are authorized to grant a fingerprint waiver.
An officer responsible for overseeing applicant fingerprinting may grant the waiver in the following situations:
The officer has met with the applicant in person;
The officer or authorized technician has attempted to fingerprint the applicant; and
The officer determines that the applicant is unable to be fingerprinted at all or is unable to provide a single legible fingerprint.
An applicant who is granted a fingerprint waiver must bring local police clearance letters covering the relevant period of good moral character to his or her naturalization interview. All clearance letters become part of the record. In cases where the applicant is granted a fingerprint waiver or has two unclassifiable fingerprint results, the officer must take a sworn statement from the applicant covering the period of good moral character.
An officer should not grant a waiver if the waiver is solely based on:
The applicant has fewer than 10 fingers;
The officer considers that the applicant's fingerprints are unclassifiable; or
The applicant's condition preventing the fingerprint capturing is temporary.
An officer's decision to deny a fingerprint waiver is final and may not be appealed.
C. FBI Name Checks
The FBI conducts "name checks" on all naturalization applicants, and disseminates the information contained in the FBI's files to USCIS in response to the name check requests. The FBI's National Name Check Program (NNCP) includes a search against the FBI's Universal Index (UNI), which contains personnel, administrative, applicant, and criminal files compiled for law enforcement purposes. The FBI disseminates the information contained in the FBI's files to USCIS in response to the name check requests.
The FBI name check must be completed and cleared before an applicant for naturalization is scheduled for his or her naturalization interview. A definitive FBI name check response of "NR" (No Record) or "PR" (Positive Response) is valid for the duration of the application for which they were conducted. Definitive responses used to support other applications are valid for 15 months from the FBI process date. A new name check is required in cases where the final adjudication and naturalization have not occurred within that timeframe or the name check was processed incorrectly.
Chapter 3: Naturalization Interview
A. Roles and Responsibilities
1. USCIS Officers
Authority to Conduct Examination
USCIS officers have authority to conduct the investigation and examination, to include the naturalization interview.[12] See INA 335(b). See 8 CFR 335.2. The officer should introduce him or herself and explain the purpose of the naturalization examination and place the applicant under oath at the start of the interview.
USCIS's authority includes the legal authority for officers to:
Place an applicant under oath;
Obtain oral and written testimony during an in-person interview;
Subpoena witnesses;
Request evidence; and
Administer the Oath of Allegiance (when delegated by the Field Office Director).
Questions on Eligibility
An officer's questioning of an applicant during the applicant's naturalization interview must cover all of the requirements for naturalization.[13] See Part D, General Naturalization Requirements [12 USCIS-PM D]. In general, the officer's questions focus on the information in the naturalization application. The officer may ask any questions that are pertinent to the eligibility determination. The officer should provide the applicant with suitable opportunities to respond to questions in all instances.
In general, the officer's questions may include, but are not limited to, the following questions:
Biographical information, to include marital history and military service;
Admission and length of time as a lawful permanent resident (LPR);
Absences from the United States after becoming an LPR;
Places of residence and employment history;
Knowledge of English and of U.S. history and government (civics);
Moral character and any criminal history;
Attachment to the principles of the U.S. Constitution;
Affiliations or memberships in certain organizations;
Willingness to take an Oath of Allegiance to the United States; and
Any other topic pertinent to the eligibility determination.
In most cases, the officer conducting the naturalization interview administers the required tests relating to the applicant's ability to read and write English, and his or her knowledge of U.S. history and government (civics), unless the applicant is exempt.[14] See Part E, English and Civics Testing and Exceptions [12 USCIS-PM E]. The officer who conducts the naturalization interview and who determines the applicant's ability to speak and understand English is not required to also administer the English reading and writing, and civics tests. Accordingly, a different officer may administer the tests.
Grounding Decisions on Applicable Laws
An officer must analyze the facts of each case to make a legally sound decision on the naturalization application. The officer must base his or her decision to approve or deny the application on the relevant laws, regulations, precedent decisions, and agency guidance:
The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) is the primary source of pertinent statutory law.[15] See the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA).
The corresponding regulations explain the statutes further and provide guidance on how the statutes are applied.[16] See Title 8 of the Code of Federal Regulations (8 CFR). Most of the corresponding regulations have been promulgated by legacy INS or USCIS.
Precedent decisions have the force of law and are binding on cases within the jurisdiction of the court or appellate body making the decision.[17] Precedent decisions are judicial decisions that serve as an authority for deciding an immigration matter. Precedent decisions are decisions designated as such by the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), Administrative Appeals Office (AAO), and appellate court decisions. Decisions from district courts are not precedent decisions in other cases.
USCIS guidance provides the agency's policies and procedures supporting the laws and regulations. The USCIS Policy Manual is the primary source for agency guidance.[18] The Adjudicator's Field Manual (AFM) and policy memoranda also serve as key sources for guidance on topics that are not covered in the Policy Manual.
2. Authorized Representatives
An applicant may request the presence and counsel of a representative, to include attorneys or other representatives, at the applicant's in-person interview. The representative must submit to USCIS a properly completed notice of entry of appearance.[19] See 8 CFR 335.2(a). The representative must use the Notice of Entry of Appearance as Attorney or Representative (Form G-28).
In cases where an applicant requests to proceed without the assistance of a representative, the applicant must sign a waiver of representation. If the applicant does not want to proceed with the interview without his or her representative, the officer must reschedule the interview. Officers should consult with a supervisor if the representative fails to appear for multiple scheduled interviews.
The representative's role is to ensure that the applicant's legal rights are protected. A representative may advise his or her client on points of law but should not respond to questions the officer has directed to the applicant.
An applicant may be represented by any of the following:
Attorneys in the United States;[20] See 8 CFR 292.1(a)(1).
Certain law students and law graduates not yet admitted to the bar;[21] See 8 CFR 292.1(a)(2).
Certain reputable individuals who are of good moral character, have a pre-existing relationship with the applicant and are not receiving any payment for the representation;[22] See 8 CFR 292.1(a)(3).
Accredited representatives from organizations accredited by the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA);[23] See 8 CFR 292.1(a)(4) and 8 CFR 292.2.
Accredited officials of the government to which a person owes allegiance;[24] See 8 CFR 292.1(a)(5). or
Attorneys outside the United States.[25] See 8 CFR 292.1(a)(6). In naturalization cases, attorneys licensed only outside the United States may represent an applicant only when the naturalization proceeding can occur overseas and where DHS allows the representation as a matter of discretion. Attorneys licensed only outside the United States cannot represent an applicant whose naturalization application is processed solely within the United States unless the attorney also qualifies under another representation category.
No other person may represent an applicant.[26] See 8 CFR 292.1(e).
3. Interpreters
An interpreter may be selected either by the applicant or by USCIS in cases where the applicant is permitted to use an interpreter. The interpreter must:
Translate what the officer and the applicant say word for word to the best of his or her ability without providing the interpreter's own opinion, commentary, or answer; and
Complete an interpreter's oath and privacy release statement and submit a copy of his or her government-issued identification at the naturalization interview.
A disinterested party should be used as an interpreter. If the USCIS officer is fluent in the applicant's native language, the officer may conduct the examination in the applicant's language of choice.
USCIS reserves the right to disqualify an interpreter provided by the applicant if an officer considers that the integrity of the examination is compromised by the interpreter's participation.
B. Preliminary Review of Application
A USCIS officer who is designated to conduct the naturalization interview should review the applicant's "A-file" and naturalization application before the interview. The A-file is the applicant's record of his or her interaction with USCIS, legacy INS, and other governmental organizations with which the applicant has had proceedings pertinent to his or her immigration record. The officer addresses all pertinent issues during the naturalization interview.
1. General Contents of A-File
The applicant's A-file may include the following information along with his or her naturalization application:
Documents that show how the applicant became an LPR;
Other applications or forms for immigration benefits submitted by the applicant;
Correspondence between USCIS and the applicant;
Memoranda and forms from officers that may be pertinent to the applicant's eligibility;
Materials such as any criminal records,[27] For example, a Record of Arrest and Prosecution ("RAP" sheet). correspondence from other agencies, and investigative reports and enforcement actions from DHS or other agencies.
2. Jurisdiction for Application[28] See Part D, General Naturalization Requirements, Chapter 6, Jurisdiction, Place of Residence, and Early Filing [12 USCIS-PM D.6].
In most cases, the USCIS office having jurisdiction over the applicant's residence at the time of filing has the responsibility for processing and adjudicating the naturalization application.[29] An applicant who is a student or a member of the U.S. armed forces may have different places of residence that may affect the jurisdiction requirement. See 8 CFR 316.5(b). An officer should review whether the jurisdiction of a case has changed because the applicant has moved after filing his or her naturalization application. The USCIS office may transfer the application to the appropriate office with jurisdiction when appropriate.[30] See 8 CFR 335.9. In addition, an applicant for naturalization as a battered spouse of a U.S. citizen[31] See INA 319(a). or child may use a different address for safety which does not affect the jurisdiction requirements.
In cases where an officer becomes aware of a change in jurisdiction during the naturalization interview, the officer may complete the interview and then forward the applicant's A-file with the pending application to the office having jurisdiction. The officer informs the applicant that the application's jurisdiction has changed. The applicant will receive a new appointment notice from the current office with jurisdiction.
3. Results of Background and Security Checks[32] See Chapter 2, Background and Security Checks [12 USCIS-PM B.2].
An officer should ensure that all of the appropriate background and security checks have been conducted on the naturalization applicant. The results of the background and security checks should be included as part of the record.
4. Other Documents or Requests in the Record
Requests for Accommodations or Disability Exceptions
USCIS accommodates applicants with disabilities by making modifications to the naturalization examination process.[33] See Part C, Accommodations [12 USCIS-PM C]. An officer reviews the application for any accommodations request, any oath waiver request or for a medical disability exception from the educational requirements for naturalization.[34] See Part E, English and Civics Testing and Exceptions, Chapter 3, Medical Disability Exception (N-648) [12 USCIS-PM E.3]. See Part J, Oath of Allegiance, Chapter 3, Oath of Allegiance Modifications and Waivers [12 USCIS-PM J.3].
Previous Notice to Appear, Order to Show Cause, or Removal Order
An officer reviews an applicant's record and relevant databases to identify any current removal proceedings or previous proceedings resulting in a final order of removal from the United States. If an applicant is in removal proceedings, a Notice to Appear or the previously issued "Order to Show Cause" may appear in the applicant's record.[35] An "Order to Show Cause" was the notice used prior to enactment of IIRIRA on April 1, 1997. USCIS cannot make a decision on any naturalization application from an applicant who is in removal proceedings.[36] This does not apply in cases involving naturalizations based on military service where the applicant may not be required to be lawfully admitted for permanent residence. See INA 318 and INA 329.
The officer should deny the naturalization application if the applicant has already received a final order of removal from an immigration judge, unless:
The applicant was removed from the United States and later reentered with the proper documentation and authorization; or
The applicant is filing for naturalization under the military naturalization provisions.[37] See INA 328(b)(2) and INA 329(b)(1).
C. Initial Naturalization Examination
All naturalization applicants must appear for an in-person examination before a USCIS officer after filing an Application for Naturalization (Form N‑400).[38] See 8 CFR 335.2(a). The applicant's examination includes both the interview and the administration of the English and civics tests. The applicant's interview is a central part of the naturalization examination. The officer conducts the interview with the applicant to review and examine all factors relating to the applicant's eligibility.
The officer places the applicant under oath and interviews the applicant on the questions and responses in the applicant's naturalization application. [39] If an applicant is unable to undergo any part of the naturalization examination because of a physical or developmental disability or mental impairment, a legal guardian, surrogate or an eligible designated representative completes the naturalization process for the applicant. See Part J, Oath of Allegiance, Chapter 3, Oath of Allegiance Modifications and Waivers [12 USCIS-PM J.3]. The initial naturalization examination includes:
An officer's review of information provided in the applicant's naturalization application,
The administration of tests on the educational requirements for naturalization,[40] See Part E, English and Civics Testing and Exceptions [12 USCIS-PM E]. USCIS may administer the test separately from the interview. and
An officer's questions relating to the applicant's eligibility for naturalization.[41] See the relevant Volume 12 [12 USCIS-PM] part for the specific eligibility requirements for each naturalization provision.
The applicant's written responses to questions on his or her naturalization application are part of the documentary record signed under penalty of perjury. The written record includes any amendments to the responses in the application that the officer makes in the course of the naturalization interview as a result of the applicant's testimony. The amendments, sworn affidavits, and oral statements and answers document the applicant's testimony and representations during the naturalization interview(s).
At the officer's discretion, he or she may record the interview by a mechanical, electronic, or videotaped device, may have a transcript made, or may prepare an affidavit covering the testimony of the applicant.[42] See 8 CFR 335.2(c). The applicant or his or her authorized attorney or representative may request a copy of the record of proceedings through the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).[43] The applicant or authorized attorney or representative may request a copy of the record of proceedings by filing a Freedom of Information/Privacy Act Request (Form G-639).
The officer provides the applicant with a notice of results at the end of the examination regardless of the outcome.[44] The officer must use the Naturalization Interview Results (Form N‑652). The notice provides the outcome of the examination and should explain what the next steps are in cases that are continued.[45] See Chapter 4, Results of the Naturalization Examination [12 USCIS-PM B.4].
D. Subsequent Re-examination
USCIS may schedule an applicant for a subsequent examination (re-examination) to determine the applicant's eligibility.[46] A USCIS field office may allow the applicant to provide documentation by mail in order to overcome any deficiencies without scheduling the applicant to come in person for another interview. During the re-examination:
The officer reviews any evidence provided by the applicant in a response to a request for evidence issued during or after the initial interview.
The officer considers new oral and written testimony and determines whether the applicant meets all of the naturalization eligibility requirements, to include re-testing the applicant on the educational requirements (if necessary).
In general, the re-examination provides the applicant with an opportunity to overcome deficiencies in his or her naturalization application. Where the re-examination is scheduled for failure to meet the educational requirements for naturalization during the initial examination, the subsequent re-examination is scheduled between 60 and 90 days from the initial examination.[47] See 8 CFR 335.3(b) (Re-examination no earlier than 60 days from initial examination). See 8 CFR 312.5(a) (Re-examination for educational requirements scheduled no later than 90 days from initial examination). In cases where an applicant does not meet the educational requirements for naturalization during the re-examination, USCIS denies the application. See Part E, English and Civics Testing and Exceptions, Chapter 2, English and Civics Testing [12 USCIS-PM E.2].
If the applicant is unable to overcome the deficiencies in his or her naturalization application, the officer denies the naturalization application. An applicant or his or her authorized representative may request a USCIS hearing before an officer on the denial of the applicant's naturalization application.[48] See Chapter 6, USCIS Hearing and Judicial Review [12 USCIS-PM B.6]. See Chapter 3, Naturalization Interview, Section A, Roles and Responsibilities [12 USCIS-PM B.3], for a list of authorized representatives. See 8 CFR 292.1.
E. Expediting Applications from Certain SSI Beneficiaries
USCIS will expedite naturalization applications filed by applicants:
Who are within one year or less of having their Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits terminated by the Social Security Administration (SSA); and
Whose naturalization application has been pending for four months or more from the date of receipt by USCIS.
Although USCIS will prioritize processing of these applications, each applicant is still required to meet all eligibility requirements for naturalization at the time of filing. Applicants, who have pending applications, must inform USCIS of the approaching termination of benefits by INFOPASS appointment or by United States postal mail or other courier service by providing:
A cover letter or cover sheet to explain that SSI benefits will be terminated within one year or less and that their naturalization application has been pending for four months or more from the date of receipt by USCIS; and
A copy of the applicant's most recent SSA letter indicating the termination of their SSI benefits. (The USCIS alien number must be written at the top right of the SSA letter).
Applicants who have not filed their naturalization application may write "SSI" at the top of page one of the application. Applicants should include a cover letter or cover sheet along with their application to explain that their SSI benefits will be terminated within one year or less.
Chapter 4: Results of the Naturalization Examination
USCIS has 120 days from the date of the initial naturalization interview to issue a decision. If the decision is not issued within 120 days of the interview, an applicant may request judicial review of his or her application in district court. The officer must base his or her decision on the laws, regulations, precedent decisions, and governing policies.
The officer may:
Approve the application;
Continue the examination without making a decision (if more information is needed), if the applicant needs to be rescheduled, or for other relevant reasons; or
Deny the application.
The officer must provide the applicant with a notice of results at the end of the interview regardless of the outcome. The notice should address the outcome of the interview and the next steps involved for continued cases.[49] The officer issues a Notice of Examination Results (Form N-652).
A. Approval of Naturalization Application
If an officer approves a naturalization application, the application goes through the appropriate internal procedures before the USCIS office schedules the applicant to appear at a ceremony for the administration of the Oath of Allegiance.[50] See Part J, Oath of Allegiance [12 USCIS-PM J]. The internal procedures include a "re-verification" procedure where all approved applications are reviewed for quality. The officer who conducts the re-verification is not the same officer who conducts the interview. While the officer conducting the re-verification process does not adjudicate the application once again, the officer may raise any substantive eligibility issues.
USCIS does not schedule an applicant for the Oath of Allegiance in cases where USCIS receives or identifies potentially disqualifying information about the applicant after approval of his or her application.[51] See 8 CFR 335.5. See Chapter 5, Motion to Reopen [12 USCIS-PM B.5]. If USCIS cannot resolve the disqualifying information and the adjudicating officer finds the applicant ineligible for naturalization, USCIS then issues a Motion to Reopen and re-adjudicates the naturalization application.
B. Continuation of Examination
1. Continuation to Request Evidence
An officer issues the applicant a written request for evidence if additional information is needed to make an accurate determination on the naturalization application.[52] The officer issues a request for evidence on Form N-14. In general, USCIS permits a period of 30 days for the applicant to respond to a request for evidence.[53] See 8 CFR 335.7. The applicant has up to three more days after the 30-day period for responding to an RFE in cases where USCIS has mailed the request. See 8 CFR 103.8(b).
The request for evidence should include:
The specific documentation or information that the officer is requesting;
The ways in which the applicant may respond; and
The period of time that the applicant has to reply.
The applicant must respond to the request for evidence within the timeframe specified by the officer. If the applicant timely submits the evidence as requested, the officer makes a decision on the applicant's eligibility. If the applicant fails to submit the evidence as requested, the officer may adjudicate the application based on the available evidence.[54] See 8 CFR 335.7.
2. Scheduling Subsequent Re-examination
If an applicant fails any portion of the naturalization test, an officer must provide the applicant a second opportunity to pass the test within 60 to 90 days after the initial examination unless the applicant is statutorily ineligible for naturalization based on other grounds.[55] See 8 CFR 312.5(a) and 8 CFR 335.3(b). An officer should also schedule a re-examination in order to resolve any issues on eligibility.
The outcome of the re-examination determines whether the officer conducting the second interview continues, approves, or denies the naturalization application.[56] See Part E, English and Civics Testing and Exceptions, Chapter 2, English and Civics Testing [12 USCIS-PM E.2].
If the applicant fails to appear for the re-examination and USCIS does not receive a timely or reasonable request to reschedule, the officer should deny the application based on the applicant's failure to meet the educational requirements for naturalization. The officer also should include any other areas of ineligibility within the denial notice.
C. Denial of Naturalization Application
If an officer denies a naturalization application based on ineligibility or lack of prosecution, the officer must issue the applicant and his or her attorney or representative a written denial notice no later than 120 days after the initial interview on the application.[57] See INA 335(d). See 8 CFR 336.1(a). The written denial notice should include:
A clear and concise statement of the facts in support of the decision,
Citation of the specific eligibility requirements the applicant failed to demonstrate, and
Information on how the applicant may request a hearing on the denial.[58] See 8 CFR 336.1(b). See Chapter 6, USCIS Hearing and Judicial Review [12 USCIS-PM B.6].
The table below provides certain general grounds for denial of the naturalization application. An officer should review the pertinent parts of this volume that correspond to each ground for denial and its related eligibility requirement for further guidance.
General Grounds for Denial of Naturalization Application (Form N-400)
Failure to establish…
Lawful Admission for Permanent Residence
INA 316(a)(1)(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-9898.html#0-0-0-7683), INA 318(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-9928.html), and
8 CFR 316.2(a)(2)(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-11261/0-0-0-30960/0-0-0-30975.html#0-0-0-19603)
Continuous Residence
INA 316(a)(2)(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-9898.html#0-0-0-7685), INA 316(b)(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-9898.html#0-0-0-7689), and
8 CFR 316.2(a)(3)(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-11261/0-0-0-30960/0-0-0-30975.html#0-0-0-19605), 8 CFR 316.5(c)(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-11261/0-0-0-30960/0-0-0-31016.html#0-0-0-19661)
Physical Presence
INA 316(a)(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-9898.html#0-0-0-7681)
8 CFR 316.2(a)(4)(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-11261/0-0-0-30960/0-0-0-30975.html#0-0-0-19607)
3 Months of Residence in State or Service District
INA 316(a)(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-9898.html#0-0-0-7681)
8 CFR 316.2(a)(5)(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-11261/0-0-0-30960/0-0-0-30975.html#0-0-0-19609)
Good Moral Character
INA 316(a)(3)(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-9898.html#0-0-0-7687), INA 316(e)(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-9898.html#0-0-0-7699), and INA 101(f)(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-101/0-0-0-434.html#0-0-0-1191); 8 CFR 316.10(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-11261/0-0-0-30960/0-0-0-31086.html#0-0-0-19583)
Attachment and Favorable Disposition to the Good Order and Happiness of the United States
INA 316(a)(3)(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-9898.html#0-0-0-7687)
8 CFR 316.11(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-11261/0-0-0-30960/0-0-0-31153.html#0-0-0-19585)
Understanding of English (Including Reading, Writing, and Speaking)
INA 312(a)(1)(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-9833.html#0-0-0-7627)
8 CFR 312.1(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-11261/0-0-0-30674/0-0-0-30679.html#0-0-0-19429)
Knowledge of U.S. History and Government
INA 312(a)(2)(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-9833.html#0-0-0-7629)
8 CFR 312.2(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-11261/0-0-0-30674/0-0-0-30697.html#0-0-0-17341)
Lack of Prosecution
INA 335(e)(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-10288.html#0-0-0-7983)
8 CFR 335.7(http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-11261/0-0-0-32387/0-0-0-32450.html#0-0-0-20349)
D. Administrative Closure, Lack of Prosecution, Withdrawal, and Holding in Abeyance
1. Administrative Closure for Failing to Appear at Initial Interview
An applicant abandons his or her application if he or she fails to appear for his or her initial naturalization examination without good cause and without notifying USCIS of the reason for non-appearance within 30 days of the scheduled appointment. In the absence of timely notification by the applicant, an officer may administratively close the application without making a decision on the merits.[59] See 8 CFR 103.2(b)(13)(ii), 8 CFR 335.6(a), and 8 CFR 335.6(b). Generally, military applicants may file a motion to reopen at any time. See Part I, Military Members and their Families [12 USCIS-PM I].
An applicant may request to reopen an administratively closed application without fee by submitting a written request to USCIS within one year from the date the application was closed.[60] See 8 CFR 335.6(b). See Chapter 5, Motion to Reopen [12 USCIS-PM I.5]. The date of the applicant's request to reopen an application becomes the date of filing the naturalization application for purposes of determining eligibility for naturalization.[61] See 8 CFR 335.6(b).
If the applicant does not request reopening of an administratively closed application within one year from the date the application was closed, USCIS:
Considers the naturalization application abandoned; and
Dismisses the application without further notice to the applicant.[62] See 8 CFR 335.6(c).
2. Failing to Appear for Subsequent Re-examination or to Respond to Request for Evidence
If the applicant fails to appear at the subsequent re-examination or fails to respond to a Request for Evidence within 30 days, officer must adjudicate the application on the merits.[63] See INA 335(e). See 8 CFR 335.7. This includes cases where the applicant fails to appear at a re-examination or to provide evidence as requested.
An officer should consider any good cause exceptions provided by the applicant for failing to respond or appear for an examination in adjudicating a subsequent motion to reopen.
3. Withdrawal of Application
The applicant may request, in writing, to withdraw his or her application. The officer must inform the applicant that the withdrawal by the applicant constitutes a waiver of any future hearing on the application. If USCIS accepts the withdrawal, the applicant may submit another application without prejudice. USCIS does not send any further notice regarding the application.
If the District Director does not consent to the withdrawal, the officer makes a decision on the merits of the application.[64] See INA 335(e). See 8 CFR 335.10.
4. Holding Application in Abeyance if Applicant is in Removal Proceedings
USCIS cannot adjudicate the naturalization application of an applicant who is in removal proceedings.[65] See INA 318. This does not apply in cases involving naturalizations based on military service under INA 329 where the applicant may not be required to be lawfully admitted for permanent residence. In general, USCIS holds the application in abeyance until the immigration judge has either issued a final order of removal or terminates the removal proceedings. Field offices should follow the advice of local USCIS counsel on how to proceed with such cases.
Chapter 5: Motion to Reopen
A. USCIS Motion to Reopen
An officer must execute a motion to reopen a previously approved naturalization application if:
USCIS receives or identifies disqualifying derogatory information about the applicant after approval of his or her application prior to the administration of the Oath of Allegiance;[66] See 8 CFR 335.5. or
An applicant fails to appear for at least two ceremonies to take the Oath of Allegiance without good cause.[67] See 8 CFR 337.10.
USCIS notifies the applicant in writing about the receipt of derogatory information or multiple failures to appear through the motion to reopen. The applicant has 15 days to respond to the motion to reopen and overcome the derogatory information or provide good cause for failing to appear at the Oath ceremony.[68] See 8 CFR 335.5.
If the applicant overcomes the derogatory information and qualifies for naturalization, the officer denies the motion to reopen and schedules the applicant for the Oath of Allegiance. If the applicant is unable to overcome the derogatory information, the officer grants the motion to reopen and denies the application on its merits.[69] See 8 CFR 336.1.
USCIS must not schedule an applicant for the administration of the Oath of Allegiance if USCIS receives or identifies disqualifying derogatory information. USCIS must not administer the Oath of Allegiance to the applicant until the matter is resolved favorably.
An applicant who fails to appear for at least two ceremonies to administer the Oath of Allegiance without good cause abandons his or her intent to be naturalized. USCIS considers multiple failures to appear to be equivalent to receipt of derogatory information after the approval of a naturalization application.[70] See 8 CFR 337.10.
B. Motion to Reopen Administratively Closed Application
An applicant may request to reopen an administratively closed naturalization application with USCIS by submitting a written request to USCIS within one year of the date his or her application was administratively closed.[71] Generally, military applicants may file a motion to reopen at any time. See Part I, Military Members and their Families, Chapter 6, Required Background Checks, Section C, Ways Service Members may Meet Fingerprint Requirement [12 USCIS-PM I.6(C)]. The applicant is not required to pay any additional fees. USCIS considers the date of the applicant's request to reopen an application as the filing date of the naturalization application for purposes of determining eligibility for naturalization.[72] See 8 CFR 335.6(b). USCIS sends the applicant a notice approving or denying the motion to reopen.
Chapter 6: USCIS Hearing and Judicial Review
A. Hearing Request
An applicant or his or her authorized representative[73] See Chapter 3, Naturalization Interview, Section A, Roles and Responsibilities [12 USCIS-PM B.3(A)], for a list of authorized representatives. See 8 CFR 292.1. may request a USCIS hearing before an officer on the denial of the applicant's naturalization application. The applicant or authorized representative must file the request with USCIS within 30 days after the applicant receives the notice of denial.[74] See INA 336(a). See 8 CFR 336.2. See the Request for Hearing on a Decision in Naturalization Proceedings under Section 336 of the INA (Form N-336).
B. Review of Timely Filed Hearing Request
1. Hearing Scheduled within 180 Days
Upon receipt of a timely hearing request, USCIS schedules the hearing within 180 days. The hearing should be conducted by an officer other than the officer who conducted the original examination or the officer who denied the application. The officer conducting the hearing must be classified at a grade level equal to or higher than the grade of the examining officer.[75] See 8 CFR 336.2(b).
2. Review of Application
An officer may conduct a de novo review of the applicant's naturalization application or may utilize a less formal review procedure based on:
The complexity of the issues to be reviewed or determined; and
The necessity of conducting further examinations essential to the naturalization requirements.[76] See 8 CFR 336.2(b).
A de novo review means that the officer makes a new and full review of the naturalization application.[77] The term "de novo" is Latin for "anew." In this context, it means the starting over of the application's review.
An officer conducting the hearing has the authority and discretion to:
Review all aspects of the naturalization application and examine the applicant anew;
Review any record, file or report created as part of the examination;
Receive new evidence and testimony relevant to the applicant's eligibility; and
Affirm the previous officer's denial or re-determine the decision in whole or in part.
The officer conducting the hearing:
Affirms the findings in the denial and sustains the original decision to deny;
Re-determines the original decision but denies the application on newly discovered grounds of ineligibility;[78] In re-determining the decision, the officer may take any action necessary, including issuing a Request for Evidence (RFE) or a Notice of Intent to Deny (NOID). or
Re-determines the original decision and reverses the original decision to deny, and approves the naturalization application.
3. English and Civics Testing at Hearing
In hearings involving naturalization applications denied on the basis of failing to meet the educational requirements (English and civics),[79] See INA 312. See 8 CFR 312. See Part E, English and Civics Testing and Exceptions [12 USCIS-PM E]. officers must administer any portion of the English or civics tests that the applicant previously failed. Officers provide only one opportunity to pass the failed portion of the tests at the hearing.
C. Improperly Filed Hearing Request
1. Untimely Filed Request
If an applicant files a hearing request over 30 days after receiving the denial notice (33 days if notice was mailed by USCIS[80] See 8 CFR 103.8(b).), USCIS considers the request improperly filed. If an applicant's untimely hearing request meets either the motion to reopen or motion to reconsider requirements, USCIS will treat the hearing request as a motion.[81] See 8 CFR 336.2(c)(2)(ii). USCIS renders a decision on the merits of the case in such instances. If the request does not meet the motion requirements, USCIS rejects the request without refund of filing fee.[82] See 8 CFR 336.2(c)(2)(i).
Hearing Request Treated as a Motion to Reopen
USCIS treats an untimely request for a hearing as a motion to reopen if the applicant presents new facts and evidence. If the application or petition was denied due to abandonment, the request must be filed with evidence that the decision was in error because:
The requested evidence leading to the denial was not material to the issue of eligibility;
The required initial evidence was submitted with the application, or the request for initial evidence or additional information or appearance was complied with during the allotted period; or
USCIS sent the relevant correspondence to the wrong address or the applicant filed a timely change of address before USCIS sent the correspondence.[83] See 8 CFR 103.5(a)(2).
Hearing Request Treated as a Motion to Reconsider
USCIS handles an untimely hearing request for a hearing as a motion to reconsider if:
The applicant explains the reasons for reconsideration;
Pertinent precedent decisions establish that the decision to deny was based on an incorrect application of law or USCIS policy; and
The applicant establishes that the decision to deny was incorrect based on the evidence of record at the time of the decision.[84] See 8 CFR 103.5(a)(3).
2. Requests Improperly Filed by Unauthorized Persons or Entities
USCIS considers a hearing request improperly filed if an unauthorized person or entity files the request.[85] See Chapter 3, Naturalization Interview, Section A, Roles and Responsibilities [12 USCIS-PM B.3(A)], for a list of authorized representatives. See 8 CFR 292.1. USCIS rejects these requests without refund of filing fee.[86] See 8 CFR 336.2(c)(1)(i).
3. Requests Improperly Filed by Attorneys or Authorized Representatives
USCIS considers a hearing request improperly filed if an attorney or representative files the request without properly filing a notice of entry of appearance entitling that person to represent the applicant. The officer must ask the attorney or representative to submit a proper filed notice within 15 days.[87] See 8 CFR 336.2(c)(1)(ii). See Form G-28.
If the attorney or representative replies with a properly executed notice within 15 days, the officer should handle the hearing request as properly filed. If the attorney or representative fails to do so, the officer may nevertheless make a new decision favorable to the applicant through the officer's own motion to reopen without notifying the attorney or representative.[88] See 8 CFR 336.2(c)(1)(ii) and 8 CFR 103.5(a)(5)(i).
D. Judicial Review
A naturalization applicant may request judicial review before a United States district court of his or her denied naturalization application after USCIS issues the decision following the hearing with a USCIS officer.[89] See INA 310(c). See INA 336(a). The applicant must file the request before the United States District Court having jurisdiction over the applicant's place of residence. The district court reviews the case de novo and makes its own findings of fact and conclusions of law.


text:
Exploring Why Children Should Have Science Education at an Early Age
One of the most thrilling aspects of parenting is watching your children discover something for the first time. Everyday events, such as a falling leaf or a bubbling stream, take on renewed importance through the eyes of a child. Interacting with the world supports the learning process. Structured science education in preschool and other early childhood education programs facilitate an even greater understanding of not only the outside world, but also of the thought processes necessary to draw logical conclusions.
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Implementing a preschool science curriculum that emphasizes hands-on experimentation can foster a love of learning in children. Youngsters can discover the thrill of digging up fossils in a sandbox or take pride in growing their own plants while learning about life cycles. Nurturing children's natural curiosity instills a positive attitude toward school and academic success.
At Under the Sun Learning Centers of Voorhees, our science programs emphasize hands-on experimentation. Your child can discover the properties of sound waves and energy, dig up fossils, and much more. For information about our summer day camp or enrolling in our Marlton, Stratford, or West Deptford programs, please call (856) 282-0460.


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- Armando: "I like reebok and the color blue."


text:
On Wednesday traffic accidents have claimed the lives of four people on the South Plains. The most recent accident happened around six o'clock in the afternoon on Highway 70.
Officials at Wayland Baptist University say two students died and three others were injured in a head on collision. It happened near the town of Halfway which is 12 miles west of Plainview.
The names of those involved in the accident have not been released.
5600 Avenue A
Lubbock, TX. 79404
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