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The research-related activities cover fishery information in support of research, fishery resources and aquaculture, fishing technology and fish utilization and marketing, as well as planning and policy. The activities are undertaken in partnership with other Units and Departments within FAO as well as with national and international centres of excellence. The Committee is invited to appraise the scope and substance of these activities and indicate, as appropriate, where, what and how improvements could be made for increased effectiveness and efficiency.
1. In October 1995 the FAO Secretariat presented and the Members unanimously adopted, an international Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, as a necessary framework for national and international efforts to ensure sustainable exploitation of aquatic living resources in harmony with the environment. FAO under the direction of the Governing Bodies is in the process of developing a strategic framework for the period 2000-2015. The framework organizes all the Department activities including research-related activities in a coherent programme for the 1998-99 biennium and for the medium term 2000-2005.
2. FAO Members and others require assistance in putting in place policies and measures designed to promote sustainability in fisheries. FAO has a comparative advantage in the promotion of broad-based programmes focused on development and management themes and concepts with research-related activities and components in support of the implementation of the relevant policies and strategies.
3. Research-related activities of the Fisheries Department during the period 1998-2001 would contribute to the following medium-term objectives for FAO Fisheries Programme 2.3 and to the objectives for research defined in paragraph 14 of document ACFR/99/5, Part I.
4. The five medium-term objectives of the Department are:
5. Only one programme entity "Standardization and validation of DNA-based molecular diagnostic techniques for the detection of aquatic animal pathogens and diseases" is expected to begin in the year 2000. In other words, most of research-related programme entities to be undertaken in the 2000-2001 biennium have been started in the present biennium or earlier.
6. The following are brief descriptions of some of the activities undertaken in the 1998-99 biennium or planned for the next biennium.
(a) Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (AFSA)
Objective: To provide Members and the international community with authoritative bibliographic information on aquatic sciences and fisheries as required for research, policy-making and management, particularly addressing the needs in developing countries.
Problem/Issue: The building blocks of technological development and management decisions are technological and scientific research information. In thousands of research projects, information is being generated which could help to solve many of the world's food problems. The transfer of information is necessary for economic development to take place and information resulting from past, present and future aquatic research needs to be shared among all nations, developed and developing alike.
The ASFA Secretariat facilitates the development of ASFA and coordinates the input of the ASFA Partners by maintaining the ASFA reference series, developing input tools, providing training, and facilitating ASFA development projects funded by the ASFA Trust Fund. A major effort is underway to promote access to ASFA in low-income food-deficit countries in Africa and input of African data into ASFA. Input is prepared by the ASFA Partners to cover as comprehensive a set of titles as possible. In return, Partners receive ASFA products according to the amount of input that they prepare. ASFA is sold as several different products through a commercial publisher which pays royalties to the ASFA Trust Fund which is used for the further development of ASFA, particularly in developing countries.
Collaboration: ASFA is co-sponsored by four United Nations organizations (FAO, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea (UN-DOALOS), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and is based on a network of 32 national and international cooperating ASFA Partners which monitor the world's aquatic science literature. FAO, as the systems Secretariat, coordinates the technical and administrative aspects of the system. The production aspects of the ASFA system are based on a cooperative arrangement between FAO and a commercial publisher.
Input undertaken by all Partners is reviewed annually by the ASFA Advisory Board which also reviews completeness of coverage of the monitored titles. From time to time studies are made of subject coverage (e.g. for economics, law, food technology). The performance of the system is judged by its commercial success as well as its reach in developing countries
Main accomplishments: The ASFA bibliographic database is recognized as one of the prime sources of aquatic science information in the world (e.g. by International Association for Marine Sciences Libraries and Information Centres (IAMSLIC).
Performance assessment: The ASFA database contains over 650 000 bibliographic records. Each month approximately 3 500 new references are added. At present the ASFA system uses various means to disseminate information. There are five printed ASFA abstract journals which are issued on a monthly and/or quarterly bases. There are two quarterly ASFA CD-ROM products, and an Internet accessible version. A copy of the ASFA magnetic tape is sent each month to some national ASFA Partners for use in local or international online retrieval systems. The ASFA database is also available to the public through commercial online database vendors.
Main constraints: The decentralized nature of the ASFA system requires a continuing effort with regard to standardizing input methodology, training, and quality control.
Estimated costs: Costs to FAO are approximately US$ 350 000 per year, of which about 90 percent are staff costs. Each year the ASFA system earns approximately US$ 70 000 royalties from sale and use of the ASFA products from non-participants in the system. This money is returned to the system for further development. Under a new publishing agreement, this income is expected to rise to well over US$ 100 000 per year.
The costs of participation at meetings and inputs to the system are met by the partners themselves.
Time-frame: continuous
(b) Library and Information Services in support of fisheries research
Objectives: To provide access to information in support of fisheries research by means of the collection, organization and management of fisheries research information (print, multi-media, internet).
To provide access to, and dissemination of, the published information of the FAO Fisheries Department in support of fisheries research in member countries.
To provide assistance and advice to fisheries institutions in developing countries on the organization of library resources and services.
Problem/Issue: Information is an integral part of research, from the initiation of a research programme to the preservation and dissemination of its research results. FAO information sources are often among the few (if not the only ones) that many developing countries can afford.
Approach: As an integral part of the work of the Fisheries Department, the Library is able to select and disseminate relevant information and to have close links with the broad spectrum of external organizations with which the Department collaborates.
As part of the FAO Library, the Fisheries Library has access to global information resources, broader expertise and dissemination mechanisms maintained by the Library and Documentation Systems Division (GIL) and the Information Division (GII) collaborates in the dissemination and sales of Fisheries Department Publications. FAO Regional and Sub-Regional Fishery Officers, Fisheries Field Projects provide a variety of information including their publications for inclusion in the institutional memory of FAO and in various databases.
The Fishery Library collaborates also with other Library networks (e.g. IAMSLIC, Regional Cooperation in Scientific Information Exchange (RECOSCIX) - dissemination of FAO information), the EU DG VIII/FISHBASE Steering Committee - coordination of support to libraries, donor organizations (e.g. Commonwealth Secretariat, Danish International Development Assistance (DANIDA) - advice on fisheries library/information services in National Agricultural Research System(s) (NARS), and NGOs (e.g. International Collective in Support of Fishworkers (ICSF), Coalition for Fair Fishery Agreements (CFFA), Catholic Relief Service (Care). There are also many informal arrangements.
Performance assessment: Library Committee and user feedback. Annual Library activity report details numbers of inquiries and visitors by region. No fully adequate mechanism.
Main Accomplishments: Managing to maintain most services despite diminishing resources in FAO Library. Widely respected for staff's specialist knowledge of fisheries information and active support to internal and external users.
Main constraints: Insufficient importance attached to information in fisheries research. Lack of qualified library staff in many NARS. Inadequate (cost and technology) access to information. Diminishing resources in FAO Library. Depend on external funding for assistance to national institution libraries
Estimated costs: The budget covers the cost of two General Service Staff US$ 103 000 and one Librarian US$ 95 000 as well as approximately US$ 45 000 for acquisitions.
Time-frame: continuous
(c) Development of a fisheries global information system (FIGIS)
Objective: Develop an integrated system of information on fishery resources, fisheries, fishing fleets and aquaculture, widely accessible through Internet to all FAO Members, partners and clients. Improve information flow from and to FAO through enhanced networking.
Problem/Issue: For many years the valuable compilation work undertaken by FAO resulting in the publication of global fisheries statistics, together with other information, has provided some of the basis for global assessments on the status of fisheries and their resources as well as their environment. However, new responsibilities faced by States lead to an increasing need for reliable, timely, comprehensive and integrated information from an objective source.
Approach: Improvement and integration of all data bases and information streams of the Department. Optimization of Web access and use of Web technology networking with information providers and development of client-oriented approach.
Collaboration: All FI services are collaborating in specifying their requirements and providing existing data bases or developing new ones. The FAO World Agricultural Information Centre (WAICENT) provides FAO information system policy aspects, and allocates a part time software developer resource. Fisheries centres of excellence and regional fishery bodies are the main potential partners.
Performance assessment: Performance will be assessed first in relation to the timely delivery of the 18 planned information Fisheries and Sub-systems. Future performance will be assessed through monitoring of the Web Site activity and review by the Committee on Fisheries (COFI).
Main accomplishments: System feasibility study completed and agreed at FAO corporate level. Development team trained and operational. Main potential partners made aware of the project and interest to collaborate expressed in principle. Most of internal user requirements specified in detail. Detailed design and development of dissemination software ongoing. Operational prototype delivery expected in November 1999.
Main constraints: Development costs higher than initially planned, due to very high rates of experienced system architect and programmers.
Estimated costs: The donor contribution to the project budget is set at US$ 1 568 000 over a period of five years, and the Fisheries Department contribution will almost double that figure. Additional projects will probably need to be formulated to supplement these funds in order to enhance the currently planned information content and functionality.
Time-frame: continuous
(d) Global fishery statistics for research purposes
Objective: To provide member countries and the international community with authoritative, reliable and timely global fisheries statistics on fisheries and aquaculture and on their contribution to the world food supply.
Approach: Annual statistical inquiries are sent to Members and returns are screened for quality and compared with information available from alternative sources (e.g. publications, project documents, regional fishery bodies). Where reported statistics are lacking or are considered unreliable, and where dialogue with the country has failed to resolve the problems, FAO estimates are prepared based on the best information available. For catch statistics, regional fishery bodies are generally regarded as holding the most reliable data for their region, and procedures are being prepared to replace systematically FAO statistics with regional data where discrepancies occur. Norms, standards, definitions and classifications for fishery statistics are developed by FAO in consultation with regional fishery bodies and other relevant agencies working through the Coordinating Working Party on Fishery Statistics (CWP) which also coordinates agency statistical programmes so as to minimize the reporting burden on countries.
Advice and technical assistance is provided to countries on statistics collection and processing programmes. This is undertaken through regional workshops, assistance projects and direct advice. Generic software has been developed which can be tailored to meet local needs for collecting and processing statistics.
Collaboration: Collaboration takes place with FAO Statistics Division (ESS) on the development of national statistical systems (e.g. through World Bank funded projects under the Focus Programme. Collaboration with ESS and WAICENT in maintaining corporate databases including food balance sheets.
Collaboration with partner organizations is mainly undertaken through the CWP which has as its members: Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT), FAO Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC), International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), International Whaling Commission (IWC), North Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO), North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) and Eurostat. Collaboration is also maintained with the UN Statistics Division, International Labour Organisation (ILO), Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (I-ATTC) and the emerging Southeast Atlantic Fisheries Organization (SEAFO).
Collaboration is planned with the Commodities and Trade Division (ESC) of FAO as well as the International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on better incorporating fish in world food models for supply and demand projections.
Performance assessment: Some indicators of usage of statistics are the number of Fishery Statistics Yearbooks distributed (approx. 5 000 copies), the number of requests made to FIDI concerning statistics (approx. 800 in 1998 requiring over 500 hours to answer), the number of visits to the "Databases and Statistics" page of the FAO Fisheries Web Site (approx. 12 000 in 1998; this is the most visited page on the Fisheries site).
Indicators of quality and reliability of statistics are much more problematical. Measures of the level of classification desegregation (e.g. level of species detail for catch data or processed product detail for fishery commodities) have generally shown improving trends (with some notable exceptions such as inland water catch data).
Accuracy is usually difficult to measure. Overall consistency among statistics on fishery production (capture and aquaculture), disposition to food and non-food use, and commodity production and trade are checked each year through the construction of national food balance sheets which are used to calculate apparent consumption statistics and measure the contribution of fish to national protein supply. The food balance sheets often identify errors in the data. Other analyses reveal inconsistencies and suspect data.
Main accomplishments and significance:. Statistics are published regularly on capture fishery production, aquaculture production, fishery commodity production and trade, fish consumption, fishing fleets and numbers of fishers. Almost all global analyses and reviews concerning fisheries made in FAO and outside ICLARM, World Resources Institute (WRI) and UN use and cite FAO statistics. They form the primary data set for FAO's world reviews of inland fishery resources, marine fishery resources, and aquaculture as well as the report on the State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA).
Main constraints: The reliability of the statistics is variable but difficult to improve upon due to an absence of alternative sources when official ones are deficient. Insufficient resources for national statistics gathering programmes is a common constraint at the national level. Despite FAO Members ranking statistics as top priority work for FAO in a recent survey, national statistics programmes are often not accorded the necessary priority.
Estimated costs: Approximately $ 1 300 000 per year, of which about 85 percent are staff costs.
Time-frame: continuous
(a) Aquaculture networks for the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Objective: To coordinate information, research and development aspects for promotion of aquaculture in the Mediterranean.
Approach used: Development of a regional collaborative information system with Secretariat in Tunisia. Development of a Web platform.
Cooperation: Coordination with International Centre for Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM) and the various laboratories and institutions in the region. Co-financing of activities with FAO Regular Programme resources, CIHEAM and recipient institution. Private sector participation is encouraged. Each of the partners is a specialized institution e.g. SELAM (social, economic and legal aspects), TECAM (technical and biological aspects) and EAM (for environment and aquaculture). Government of Tunisia Ministry of Agriculture as host of the Secretariat of SIPAM (information systems for aquaculture). In FAO, the Fishery Industries Division (FII) for aspects related to economics and marketing and quality control, Development Planning Service (FIPP) for aspects related to planning, Marine Resources Service (FIRM) for database development expertise.
Performance assessment: Through the GFCM Committee on Aquaculture, and through the Coordinating Committee of networks, which meet at CIHEAM on average every two years.
Main outputs: An information system for promotion of aquaculture in the Mediterranean (SIPAM) involving 13 countries, and a progressive improvement of the software used by the countries. In TECAM, SELAM and EAM, proceedings of the seminars and main workshops issued in the CIHEAM series "Cahiers Mediterranéens". Courses for technicians on laboratory practices for fish diseases, hatchery management, and offshore cages. Improved contacts between researchers and the private sector to exchange information on new species, economic aspects of aquaculture production, marketing, genetics, nutrition, planning, etc. Attendance at the seminars and workshops has been high.
Main constraints: Limitation in funding for the number of topics to be addressed. The delay in determining the autonomous budget of GFCM and the progressive shortage of funds in CIHEAM due to the renegotiations of the EC project (DG 1) which has allowed the funding of the networks up to 1997.
Budget: Varies depending on the years. In the last two years, the budget can be estimated at around US $ 170 000 from all sources involved.
Time-frame: Continuous
(b) Promotion of radio telemetry for assessment of inland fishery resources
Objective: Improve information exchange on radio telemetry as a management tool for developing countries.
Problem/Issue: Sustainable fisheries management needs reliable information on fish stocks distribution and movements and radio telemetry has widely and successfully been applied in Europe and North America for assessment of inland fisheries resources.
Approach: Workshops on the potential use and usefulness of radio telemetry in developing countries on the basis of existing experience. Review papers would be prepared. It is planned to hold training courses as part of the technology transfer. If the planned approach proves useful, radio telemetry components could be incorporated into field projects.
Cooperation: FAO Fisheries Department; Research Institute for Development (IRD) (ex-ORSTOM); possibly some Universities (e.g. Liege, Belgium; Waterloo, Canada); Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA).
Performance assessment: Data quality will be assessed by an expert panel to be set up. Meetings and publications. Degree of incorporation of telemetry in field projects and national activities.
Main outputs: Internet Website; publications; review documents widely circulated; use of radio telemetry in field projects.
Main constraints: Funds are limited and outside funding has to be sought. Costs might be high for staff time, translation into languages other than English, and equipment for the field projects. Initially, the national capacity in integrating radio telemetry in field projects might be very limited.
Budget: Approx. US$ 70 000 not including FAO staff time.
Time-frame: 1999 - 2001
(c) Rapid appraisal methodologies:Rrra and Pra applied to aquaculture
Objective: Adapt and simplify appraisal methodologies such as Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), used in other agriculture activities to aquaculture cases.
Problem/Issue: Appraisal methodologies are of extreme importance in aquaculture due to site-location and target-group identification problems strongly related to social, cultural and economic variables.
Approach: A paper on the subject was published in English (FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 358) which is about to be published in Spanish.
Case studies of RRA, PRA application in aquaculture are being collected to be synthesized and presented in an FAO/ICLARM Workshop (ICLARM Headquarters in Manila, November 1999).
Cooperations: Institutions that will contribute with case studies: ICLARM, University of Stirling (UK) and FAO. Within FAO Headquarters, there is an active informal group working on this subject linking all the Services with some related activity.
Performance assessment: We are in the phase of receiving case studies, controlling their quality and beginning the integration in order to produce the synthesis, which will be the main input for the Workshop. Once published, a feedback mechanism will be set up in order to evaluate the usefulness of the Manual.
Main outputs: A technical paper (manual) on the use of RRA, PRA in aquaculture will contribute as a tool to solve numerous important problems for the formulation and implementation of aquaculture projects (particularly, small-scale rural aquaculture).
Main constraints: Lack of information on past projects, differences in the types of projects, lack of experience of appraisal teams.
Budget: US$ 14 000 to hold the Workshop (FAO Regular Programme); US$ 5 000 for an author's contract to prepare the synthesis; US$ 25 000 for the publication of final paper in English and Spanish.
Time-frame: October 1999: synthesis of case studies ready; 1-3 November 1999: Workshop; March/April 2000: publication of paper.
(d) Fishery enhancement
Objective: To identify appropriate technologies to enhance fisheries production in developing areas. Assessing risk associated with enhancement.
Problem/Issue: Enhancement is often not effective, or cost-effective and could endanger biodiversity or socio-economic situation in an area.
Approach: Consultations, synthesis and review documents on enhancement and how to assess risk.
Cooperation: University of California; Imperial College, Department for International Development of the United Kingdom (DFID), Iran (Islamic Republic of), Japan, Global Environment Facility (GEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Bank, in progress of starting collaboration).
Performance assessment: Meetings and publications, implementation of field projects and increased fisheries and improved communities
Main outputs: Review documents widely circulated, appropriate techniques adopted by field projects
Main constraints: Coordinating large regions such as the Caspian Sea, improper risk assessment methods, numerous stakeholders with competing priorities for use of aquatic ecosystems.
Budget: Approx. US$ 50 000 not including FAO staff time.
Time-frame: Ongoing.
(e) Standardization and validation of DNA-based molecular diagnostic techniques for the detection of aquatic animal pathogens and disease
Approach: Conducted an ad hoc Expert Consultation in February 1999, which brought together about 25 experts currently working on the development of DNA-based rapid diagnostic techniques for the detection of aquatic animal pathogens, along with representatives from concerned international donor agencies.
Performance Assessment: Proceedings are being finalized. Recommendations will be incorporated into the research programmes of the organizations and agencies involved in the consultation. Report will be distributed among interested agencies. By conducting expert consultations and review workshops, the uptake of the recommendations can be monitored.
Main outputs: The further development and use of DNA-based diagnostic techniques hold promise of international efforts to control the introduction of exotic diseases into new geographic areas. Reliable and rapid techniques are needed by national and regional diagnostics laboratories to screen imported fish and shellfish for important pathogens. OIE/FAO/NACA have developed and maintain a list of pathogens of concern to member countries in Asia, with listed diseases being classified as either "notifiable" or "other significant diseases". When considering a disease as a potential candidate for addition to the list, an important criterion for "notifiable" status is the availability of a standardized, validated, accurate and reliable diagnostic technique to identify infected animals. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop and standardize/validate rapid diagnostic techniques for major aquatic animal diseases and pathogens. This consultation generated recommendations for such developments, which are now being incorporated into individual research agendas of various institutions and agencies.
Main constraints: FAO has limited funds for research. All bench research has to be done at standardized laboratories. Collaborated research is encouraged.
Budget: Not known at present
Time-frame: 2000/2002
(a) Reduction of the environmental impacts from tropical shrimp trawl fisheries
Objective: The objective of this activity, which involves research as well as technology transfer, is to assist developing countries to meet their obligations relating to the sustainable use of marine living resources and responsible fisheries in general, and specifically to take action aiming to remove the technical, human and economical barriers to the use of appropriate by-catch minimization technologies, and measures to reduce habitat degradation and destruction from shrimp trawl fisheries in tropical regions.
Problem/Issue: There is an international awareness about the ecological impacts from trawling, particularly with regard to catch of non-target organisms, which are often discarded at sea, and a growing concern that trawling might be harmful to the bottom habitat. Tropical shrimp trawl fisheries generate more by-catch than any other type of fishery; in the order of 5.8 million t, which is almost six times the catch of shrimp landed. Although several devices have been developed and proved to be efficient in the reduction of by-catches, like turtles and non-targeted fish, such devices are not widely used and most of the systems are still imperfect to solve problems where juvenile fish is the major by-catch to be avoided.
Approach: The approach will involve the identification of new methodologies, their adaptation to tropical conditions and the identification and reduction of impacts.
The project was jointly developed by FAO and UNEP/GEF with the objective of assisting developing tropical countries in the implementation of shrimp trawl technologies and practices with reduced environmental impact.
The project is anticipated to have two phases, of which the first is the project development and preparatory phase with a duration of 15 months.
The second phase will have a duration of several years and will focus on the removal of barriers preventing the use of appropriate by-catch reduction technologies and the introduction of measures to reduce habitat degradation and destruction.
Inside FAO
- Collaboration with the Fishery Resources Division, Fishery Policy and Planning Division, Legal Office, Sustainable Development Department. For the execution of the project multi-disciplinary expertise is required, therefore a Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) was established. Members of the TAC are representatives from all concerned Services.Outside FAO
- Cooperation with Global Environmental Facilities and governmental and non-governmental authorities of the participating countries.Performance Assessment:
- Backstopping by the FAO project teamMain accomplishments: The major impact of such a project should be to reduce discards from shrimp fisheries, in particular reduced catches of juveniles which can contribute to increased resource base of important food fish species. Another important outcome should be that shrimp fisheries in tropical areas will improve their environmental image so that shrimp fishing can continue as an important economical sound fishery in developing countries, which might have major export earnings from shrimp products.
- National coordinators progress reports
- Regular feedback from cooperating services
Main constraints: Coordination effort because of different rules and procedures in the two UN organizations (UNEP/GEF and FAO)
Estimated costs: For the preparatory phase (15 months during 1999/2000)
- US$ 330 000 from GEFTime-frame: 1999-2000
- US$ 60 000 from FAO (excluding FAO staff cost)
(b) Study/monitoring of economic viability and techno-economic efficiency of marine capture fisheries
Objective: To identify the factors which contribute to and/or negatively affect economic viability, techno-economic efficiency and sustainability of marine fisheries. To provide guidance to fishermen and their associations, fisheries administrations, NGOs, financial institutions, investors and others, on how to enhance the economic performance and sustainability of fishing operations and on the scope and need for diversification and reduction of fishing effort and on related use, reduction and withdrawal of economic and financial incentives and subsidies.
Problem/Issue: Marine fisheries play an important economic, nutritional and social role, both in developing and developed countries. They generate employment, income and foreign exchange earnings, contribute to food security and to meeting nutritional needs. In recent years, because of over-exploitation of fishery resources, degradation of the coastal environment, other uses of coastal areas and other factors, it has become more and more difficult for the fisheries sector to fulfil this role, as the economic and financial viability of fishing operations and their sustainability is threatened, and with it the livelihoods and food security of those who depend on fishing.
Approach: In cooperation with national fisheries research institutions and fisheries administrations, empirical information is collected on:
- operational/technological characteristics of major fishing fleets operating at the national level;The information is then analysed and the findings are discussed in inter-regional workshops, which are attended by representatives of the fishing industry, NGOs, fisheries researchers, fisheries administrators, investors and representatives of financial institutions. Recommendations are then prepared as to how to enhance the economic performance and sustainability of fishing operations and on the scope and need for diversification and reduction of fishing effort and on related use, reduction and withdrawal of economic and financial incentives and subsidies.
- on the techno-economic and financial performance and operational characteristics of sample fishing units;
- on financial services and economic incentives/subsidies available to the fisheries sector and on special fiscal policies and measures;
- levels of exploitation of fisheries resources;
- national plans for fleet restructuring and adjustment.
Inside FAO:
- Regional and Sub-regional Fisheries Officers, Fishery Resources Division, Fishery Policy and Planning Division.Outside FAO:
- National fisheries research institutions and fisheries administrations in about 20 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, Europe and Asia and with the European Community.Performance assessment: Through peer and other technical reviews of draft research protocols and publications and through regular feed-back from cooperating institutions and organizations
Main accomplishments: First inter-regional study has been completed and an inter-regional workshop has been held. Findings of study and workshop proceedings and recommendations have been reported in FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 377.
The findings of the studies suggest that - in spite of fully and sometimes over-exploited fisheries resources - marine capture fisheries, in most cases, are still an economically and financially viable undertaking which generates sufficient revenue to cover the cost of depreciation as well as the opportunity cost of capital to generate funds for reinvestment in addition to employment, income and foreign exchange earnings.
With a view to safeguarding the economic performance of the fishing industry and with it the employment and income generated, it is pertinent that countries put in place, in close co-operation with fishers and fishing industry associations, efficient measures to limit fishing effort, preserve and rehabilitate coastal areas and aquatic resources and make special efforts to protect small-scale fisheries sectors. The findings and recommendations thus suggest that in the medium- and long-term, conservation of coastal environment and fisheries resources is an essential pre-condition for the economic viability of marine capture fisheries.
Main constraints: The main constraints are the limited amount of funds and time available for studies. With very few exceptions, countries and fishing industries are very interested in the study and are willing to cooperate and to provide the requested information.
Estimated costs: The annual budget for the study, not including the cost of FAO Headquarters and Regional Office staff, is about US$ 30 000.
Time-frame: 1998-2001
(c) Demographic change in coastal fishing communities and its implications for sustainable use of fisheries resources
Objective: To assess the effects, if any, of changes in coastal fishing communities on sustainable utilization of fisheries resources.
Problem/Issue: Population growth in coastal fishing communities is believed to be an important factor contributing to over-exploitation of fishery resources and to deterioration of the coastal environment. Statistics show that the number of fishers has considerably increased over the past two decades because of population growth and in-migration.
Recently, it has been observed in many countries that the general trend with regard to population growth is changing and that fertility and population growth rates of the general population are declining. However, not much is understood of the demographic trends in fishing communities, and even less of the interaction with and impact on the state of the coastal environment and fishery resources.
Approach: The project strategy is to support a small group of national experts in the incorporation of population concerns into ongoing or new fisheries research and educational programmes and to ultimately link both to practical field level fisheries development and management. To implement this approach, six research and training institutions representing four sub-regions in Asia and Africa were identified during the preparatory phase of the project and are coordinating the research, curriculum development and training activities at the national level. Their work is technically and administratively backstopped and coordinated by FAO Headquarters staff.
Inside FAO:
- FAO Population Programme Service (SDWP)Outside FAO:
- Netherlands International Demographic InstitutePerformance Assessment: Through regular reporting of progress made by national project teams and through regional and national workshops.
- UNFPA Regional Support Teams
- University of the Philippines in the Visayas, College of Fisheries
- University Pertanian Malaysia, Department of Natural Resource Economics
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
- Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development
- University of Dar-es-Salaam, Department of Sociology
- Direction Statistique, Senegal
Main accomplishments: The research produced the following results/outputs:
The findings of the micro-level studies suggest that a majority of coastal artisanal fisherfolk is well aware of the deterioration of the coastal environment and decline in fisheries resources. Fisherfolk are also aware that the rapid increase in their own numbers over the past two decades, because of population growth in traditional fishing communities and because of in-migration, has contributed to the present situation. Fisherfolk, in most countries, feel that there are no policies or measures yet in place to improve the situation or to ensure their meaningful participation in the sustainable management and conservation of fisheries resources and the coastal environment. The findings further suggest that a process of demographic transition has started in some countries, which is characterized by declining fertility and population growth and which is associated with economic diversification, improved social security and well-being and higher levels of education.
There is an urgent need to introduce support measures for artisanal fishing communities including programmes in support of occupational diversification including training and investment/credit support; reproductive health and family welfare; empowerment and participation in local Government and natural resources management and environmental rehabilitation and conservation and other support measures. These support measures could facilitate the adjustment of artisanal fishing communities to current changes and ensure their full participation in these processes as well as in fisheries and coastal area management.
Main constraints: No significant constraints have been encountered as countries, research/academic institutions and fisheries administrations are very interested in the project and cooperate well in the research as well as in the training activities.
Estimated costs: The budget of the project, 70 percent of which accounts for the research activities, is US$ 325 000 over a period of six years. This does not include the cost of FAO Headquarters coordination and backstopping.
Time-frame: 1998 - 2004
(d) Analysis of global fleet trends
Objectives: Contribute to the development of knowledge about the state and trends of fleets. To assist States prevent overfishing and excess fishing capacity and implement management measures to ensure that fishing effort is commensurate with the productive capacity of the fishery resources.
Problem/Issue: The data series from the fishing fleets of the world continues to show increasing yields from marine resources. Growing concern is being expressed by coastal States and NGOs about overfishing, overcapacity of the fishing fleets and non-sustainable fishing methods.
In 1982, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was adopted and provided a new framework for the management of marine resources. This new legal regime of oceans gave coastal States rights and responsibilities for the management and use of fishery resources within their EEZs.
In the last decade, world fisheries have become a dynamically developing sector of the food industry and coastal States have striven to take advantage of their new opportunities by investing in fishing fleets and processing facilities. Clear signs of overexploitation of important fish stocks, modifications of ecosystems, economic losses, and international conflicts have shown that new approaches to fisheries management were needed.
Approach: The analysis was carried out on a database derived from the Lloyds Maritime Information Service, which lists information about all classes of vessels of 100t and over.
In cases where the records are incomplete the data has been supplemented by the FAO fishing fleet database.
Inside FAO:
- Collaboration with Fishery Resources Division, Fishery Policy and Planning Division, Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit.Outside FAO:
- Cooperation with Lloyds Maritime Information Service, Fleet Statistic Unit of the European CommissionPerformance Assessment: Through technical review of drafted documents and regular feedback from cooperating services.
Main accomplishments: The study shows the long-term trends in the global and national fishing fleets and indicated the factors, which are expected to influence investment and profitability of the fishing fleets in the future. Findings of the study are a useful tool for the development of strategies to bring fishing capacity in balance with available resources.
Main constraints:
- Comparison of the data from Lloyds with other sources such as FAO fleet statistics and national registers creates some difficulties because of the differences in the time of reporting.Estimated costs: The budget for the study, not including the costs of FAO Headquarters staff is US$ 5 500.
- Poor vessel classification in Lloyds database.
- Change of tonnage measurement from Gross Registered Tonnage to Gross Tonnage.
Time-frame: 1998-2001
(a) Market Research in fish and fishery products
Objective: Improve market information available to members on fish and fishery products for international trade.
Problem/Issue: Producers and traders are often not fully informed of market conditions and opportunities, particularly in developing countries where market information and market analysis is limited.
Approach: Building on resources in the GLOBEFISH Technical Information Centre as well as information-gathering through European Price Report correspondents and industry contacts. By undertaking case studies, market surveys and reviews. Publications of case studies and reviews in the GLOBEFISH Research Programme. The initiative for each report has come from a GLOBEFISH member country or organization.
Collaboration: Most reports are written by GLOBEFISH staff. GLOBEFISH sister organizations in the Network contribute to several reports and in some instances have responsibility for coordination.
Output: Twenty studies have been published mainly in English since 1997. It is envisaged to translate some of the reports in French and Spanish. GLOBEFISH Research Programme, Reports series will in future be accessible also through the Internet.
Main constraints: As this research to a very large extent is carried out in-house and financed from GLOBEFISH funds, the work is dependent upon continuation of present staff levels.
Time-frame: continuous
(a) Elaboration of a plan of action for the management of fishing capacity and related guidelines
Objective: To seek global consensus on the desirability of and elaborate a plan of action for the management of fishing capacity.
Problem/Issue: The issue of managing fishing capacity relates to growing concerns about the spreading phenomena of excessive fishing inputs and overcapitalization in world fisheries. Excess fishing capacity stems essentially from the widespread tendency of overinvestment and overfishing under open-access fisheries or largely unregulated fisheries. Past policies of unchecked subsidization and fleet mobility have contributed largely to the globalization of the phenomenon.
Approach: The approach used was to address the issue sequentially, first at the technical and then at the policy level. A Technical Working Group met in April 1988 to review documentation prepared on this issue and to advise on related technical and policy matters. Elements of a Draft Plan of Action were prepared by FAO on this basis. Technical Consultations were undertaken in July and October 1998 leading to the elaboration of an International Plan of Action for the Management of Fishing Capacity. Technical Guidelines are also being prepared on this basis.
Collaboration: FIPP has been the lead Service for this activity, with inputs from other Services and with ample cooperation from specialized institutions from many FAO Members.
Performance assessment: The process has been monitored through extensive consultation with FAO Members, especially through the two technical consultations organized in 1998 and through COFI.
These technical consultations were supported with extra-budgetary resources provided especially from the United States, Japan, the European Union and Norway.
Main outputs: The International Plan of Action for the Management of Fishing Capacity was adopted by COFI in February 1999. It was further discussed by the FAO Ministerial Meeting on the Implementation of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries in March 1999.
Technical documentation was also published to provide guidance on addressing the issue (Report of Technical Working Group; FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No 386). Technical Guidelines on the management of fishing capacity to be published in the CCRF series are been finalized.
Main constraints: The implementation of the International Plan of Action will require significant inputs from FAO. It is expected that Regular Programme resources will be largely insufficient to carry out the expected activities. Extra-budgetary resources will be required, such as envisaged at one point in the context of the Forum for Sustainable Fisheries Initiative.
Budget: The overall budget of this activity is estimated at about US$ 150 000.
Time-frame: 1998-2000.
(b) Development of guidelines on the measurement of fishing capacity
Objective: Provide FAO Members and the international community guidelines for measuring fishing capacity.
Problem/Issue: The management of fishing capacity relates to the control of fishing inputs as well as related capital, labour and technology. Whatever the methods used to control fishing capacity, measurement requirements are essential. These range from the monitoring of fishing inputs, to the assessment of capacity utilization and of any eventual excess of short-term and long-term capacity in relation to target levels of resource exploitation.
Approach: The approach used is to organize a technical consultation on this issue, with technical contributions from FAO Members and to prepare technical guidelines on this basis. The Technical Consultation on the Measurement of Fishing Capacity will be held in November/December 1999 in Mexico. A call for papers was issued to receive technical contributions.
Collaboration: FIPP is the lead Service for this activity, with inputs from other Services and with ample cooperation from specialized institutions from many FAO Members.
Performance assessment: The process will be monitored in the context of the monitoring requirements of the implementation of the International Plan of Action for the Management of Fishing Capacity, using Regular Programme and extra-budgetary resources provided especially from Japan and the United States.
Main outputs: Technical Guidelines on the measurement of fishing capacity will be finalized in 2000. Documents prepared for the technical consultation will also be published to provide guidance on addressing the issue.
Main constraints: This activity was organized under severe time constraints, following specific instructions from COFI. The time and resources required to address this issue may prove insufficient. Additional applied research may be required during the next biennium.
Budget: The overall budget of this activity is estimated at about US$ 85 000.
Time-frame: 1999-2000
(c) Study on the economic and social implications of the transition to responsible marine capture fisheries and on related investment needs
Objectives: The principal study objectives include the following:
Problem/Issue: The capture fisheries sectors of many developing countries need to undergo significant changes to achieve the objectives of sustainable use of fishery resources, conservation of habitats, economic efficiency and social acceptability. In many countries, there exist significant over-capacities of industrial, semi-industrial and artisanal fishing fleets, even though the precise extent of such over-capacities is difficult to measure.
Governments are generally aware of the management issues faced by marine capture fisheries and have taken various policy measures to reduce over-capacities, regulate access to fisheries and create alternative employment opportunities. These policies have had some degree of success in a few countries where national economic growth has been sufficiently strong to attract capital and labour which otherwise would have entered the fisheries sector or continued to stay in it.
In other countries, the socio-political context did not allow restrictions on the further inflow of capital and labour into the fisheries sector with the consequence of worsening over-capitalization and overfishing. Many governments face the dilemma of, on the one hand, needing to reduce present levels of capital and labour inputs in the capture fisheries sector and, on the other hand, wishing not to cause more hardship for fishing communities which already rank among the lowest income groups in their countries. A possible desirable strategy to re-allocate access to fisheries resources from the semi-industrial and industrial segments of the fishing fleet to small-scale and artisanal fishermen whose transfer into other types of occupation would often face insurmountable difficulties, at least in the short and medium term, naturally faces opposition from the former fleet segments. Moreover, owners of industrial vessels are often better organized and have more influence with political decision-makers.
This socio-political fisheries dilemma faced by many governments, especially in Asia, is likely to be only resolvable in an orderly and peaceful manner if adequate economic compensation could be provided to those who are required to give up their acquired rights to exploit fisheries resources, however ill-defined these rights may be at present. Concomitantly with a reduction of fleet capacity, exclusive rights of resource access would need to become clearly defined and enforced for those who remain in the sector.
The process of transition to responsible fisheries will require substantial financial resources to allow for various adjustment measures including the removal of excess fishing capacity, time-bound income support to displaced crews and employees, economic incentives for the creation of alternative employment and income opportunities and for facilitating occupational mobility, and adjustments of public fisheries management administrations. Many governments of developing countries will experience difficulties in finding political support for the allocation of adequate budgetary resources to finance such transition.
Approach: For the present first phase, two case studies have been identified as follows:
The case studies encompass field surveys, bio-economic modelling and cost estimates of strengthening fisheries management, at central and local levels, including monitoring, control and surveillance. The data and analyses are expected to allow estimates of transition costs (i.e. costs of compensated withdrawal of excess capital and labour and costs of strengthened fisheries management) and transition benefits (i.e. reduced harvesting costs and higher catches and revenues). These estimates together with alternative assumptions about the timing when costs and benefits arise, will allow the calculation of net present value estimates of investments into transition measures. These will form the basis of eventual policy recommendations directed towards multilateral and bilateral development agencies including development banks.
Collaboration: The studies are implemented by the Thai Department of Fisheries and the Shanghai Fisheries University with financial and technical assistance provided by FAO and external collaborating research institutes. Regarding the latter, contact has been established with the Centre of Fisheries Economics and Management, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Management, Bergen, Norway, which may collaborate with its own funding in the Chinese case study. Contact has also been established with ICLARM and the FAO/Norway FishCode Project and a preliminary agreement reached to jointly collaborate with the Thai Department of Fisheries in the holding of a workshop on bio-economic modelling of the demersal fisheries of the Gulf of Thailand.
Performance assessment: Letters of Agreement (LOA) concluded with Shanghai Fisheries University and the Thai Department of Fisheries require periodic progress reporting. Performance is also monitored through regular visits of the partner institutions by FAO staff.
Main accomplishments: The study proposal was very well received by high-level fisheries administrators in both China and Thailand. It was also commented upon favourably by a number of fisheries economists contacted for possible collaboration.
Main constraints: The single biggest constraint is the availability of reliable data and/or their collection. Another constraint is bio-economic expertise.
Estimated costs: The direct support to SFU and Thai DOF under the LOA is US $ 17 500. FAO staff cost including travel has been in the order of US$ 15 000. Additional cost of approx. US $ 50 000 are estimated for the holding of the bio-economic modelling workshop and for further technical support. Of this amount, about US $ 10 000 will be from FAO Headquarters Regular Programme.
Time-frame: 1999-2001
12. The Committee is invited to appraise the research-related work undertaken in the 1998-99 biennium and to be continued or initiated in the biennium 2000-2001. The Committee may wish to indicate where, what and how improvements could be made for increased effectiveness and efficiency.


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Discover Adionomy, Your Online Radio Advertising Campaign, Fast, Easy and Custom-Made!
Warren and Davis first worked together as members of the Beatles-esque UK cult outfit Stackridge. Their third album The Man In The Bowler Hat was produced by George Martin and achieved their only UK Albums Chart entry, peaking at number 23 in 1974. A U.S. version of the album Pinafore Days scraped in at the bottom end of the Billboard albums chart in early 1975, "peaking" at #191. Bassist Warren and drummer Davis had drifted apart even before the inglorious demise of Stackridge.
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Universal have been shortlisted for two Science Museum galleries
Universal have been shortlisted to design two new permanent galleries for London's Science Museum. The Interactive gallery is planned to complete in 2016 and will focus on the wonder of science and maths and the Mathematics gallery is due to open in 2018. The winning architects for both schemes are expected to be announced in August.
Frieze appoints Universal to design Frieze London 2014
Amanda Sharp and Matthew Slotover, founders of Frieze, commented: 'The architecture and design of the fair have always been an important part of our identity. This year we were drawn to Universal in particular due to their work on interiors and focus on materials.' This year's fair will take place 15–18 October 2014 in Regent's Park, London. More to follow
Universal Design Studio win Design Week Award
Universal were winners at the Design Week Awards scooping the 'Hospitality and Workplace Interiors award' for the Ace Hotel London. The judges said 'This is a blurring of boundaries. Not just a place to sleep, it's a part of the community.'
Seek No Further pops-up in Berlin and London
Universal have transformed gallery spaces in both London's Shoreditch and Berlin's Mitte district for Fruit of the Loom's new premium brand 'Seek No Further' launching this week. With an emphasis on the process of making and reflecting the brand's innovative approach to materiality and detail, the stores' key message is simplicity. Universal have experimented with unconventional materials like glass wax, flock coating, cast concrete and silicone to create the handcrafted sculptural display pieces. More photography coming soon.
Shortlisted for Milan Expo 2015
Universal and Barber & Osgerby have been shortlisted to deliver the UK Pavilion at the Milan Expo 2015. The theme of the Expo is 'Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life'. The winners will be asked to highlight world class British research, innovation, entrepreneurship and international development interventions contributing to improving the quality of people's lives and meeting the global challenge of 'Feeding the Planet'. Detailed concepts will be presented in April.


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Gills lose appeal in racial discrimination case
Gillingham Football Club has lost an appeal against a racial discrimination case brought by a former player. Mark McCammon was awarded £68,000 last year over his dismissal by the club in 2011. He claimed he was refused treatment and docked wages.
The club lodged an appeal against the ruling it sacked the striker in an act of racial victimisation. John Ryall has the story.


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Mike Snisky was rewarded for his work in the middle of his work. He put his heart into his school, then had that heart repaired so he could put more of it back into the school.
The 37-year-old fourth-degree black belt martial arts instructor was giving a belt promotional test at his Eastern Defensive Arts Academy in Quakertown when he was presented with a distinguished award.


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The Par 72 Turtle Run Golf Golf Course at Sun 'n Lake Golf & Country Club was opened in 1999. Charles Ankrom's design tests a golfer's accuracy and ability. Although not as long as Deer Run, Turtle Run features narrow landing zones, many moguls and deep sand traps - and that is all before you get on the challenging greens. The greens are made of Tiftdwarf Bermuda grass. The fairways and roughs feature 419 Bermuda grass.
The Turtle Run Golf Course was built in the middle of a "Scrub Jay Preservation Area." This area provides a sanctuary for a protected bird -- and should provide for a beautiful setting for this Sebring golf course. We encourage you not to enter the preservation areas to keep our Scrub Jays happy and safe.
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Sexual sublimation Friedrich Nietzsche coined the term sexual sublimation, explaining that a sexual impulse could be channeled into a creative spiritual activity instead of being "discharged" in the normal sexual fashion. Sublimation in science describes the transition of when a solid goes directly to a gaseous state. For example, fresh snow in a … [Read More...]
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Cultivate a healthy relationship with your phone
After a week long summer vacation off-the-grid I have a fresh new perspective on my cell phone and social media--and I have decided to cultivate a healthy relationship with my phone. Don't get me wrong, I like Facebook and Instagram and Twitter.. Social media has shown its power to the world when Arab Spring erupted and The People began overthrowing … [Read More...]
Mas Sajady Transformative Quantum Healing
I have never met a man that died twice until I met Mas Sajady, quantum healer and facilitator of powerful transformations within the people he works with. Although Mas would not call himself a healer—nor would he call himself the source of the rapid transformations that people experience in his presence—what he triggers for people is nothing short of … [Read More...]
Everyday detox tongue scraping
One of my recent discoveries on how to detox the body is tongue scraping. This is an ancient practice that been around for hundreds of years and is one of the simplest, most inexpensive, effective forms of home oral hygiene methods. Once you try it you will never go back. Every morning when we wake up, there is a large buildup of toxins on the tongue, … [Read More...]
Meniscus Manifesto
[Editor's note: I recently had a chance to attend a presentation by marketing coach Danielle Mehta, where I learned all sorts of good stuff about branding yourself as a small business. In an conversation afterwards, she asked me where I see Meniscus going in the next few months and years. Well, I really like what dumped out of my brain, so I wanted to share … [Read More...]
Detox: Purify thy Temple
Detoxing The first major topic in the Spiral Upward handbook is a foundational philosophy that, in order to thrive in this regulatory landscape that prioritizes corporate profits over environmental side effects, it is our responsibility to keep our bodies clean. The core philosophy of this topic is "thy body is thy temple." The body is the interface … [Read More...]
Arbonne 7 day cleanse
I am on my last day of my Arbonne 7 day cleanse. I feel very energized and the whole process was very smooth—I feel great. Typically I do at least one big cleanse a year. I started this practice when I was 25 because a friend of mine did a fast and it sounded really interesting so I did some research. I started pretty hard core with a water fast … [Read More...]
Detox with a Vegetarian diet
It is up to each of us to take care of our own health. A great place to start is a vegetarian diet. Fill your body with vibrant vegetables that collect vitality straight from the sun instead of dead animals and you'll remove the most unhealthy ingredients in your diet and not only extend your life, but most importantly improve the quality of your life every … [Read More...]
Mind Wrap 3: Uniqueness as The Purpose of Life?
[Editor's note: As you may recall, the Mind Wrap column is an exercise in creative mind expansion to remind ourselves of the importance of imagination in our lives. The responsibility is yours to goad your imagination towards new and unheard of possibilities despite society's urge that there is only one "right and wrong." The practice is simple: Believe … [Read More...]
THE FULL ABUNDANCE CHANGE ME PRAYER by Tosha Silver If you feel drawn, let it enter your Being, releasing any old ideas of constriction or limitation and returning Your true essence as expansive, radiant Light. "Divine Beloved, Change Me into someone who can give with complete ease and abundance, knowing You are the unlimited Source of … [Read More...]
El Museo del Barrio Gala 2014
Last week on Wednesday May 21 Meniscus contributor Jonathan Cody went out to support the annual El Museo del Barrio Gala 2014, this year held at Cipriani 42nd Street in New York City. Seeing the signature Cipriani Bellini was just what Jonathan and 500 other supporters needed to get their cocktail hour on. Kicking off the proceedings, Tony Bechara … [Read More...]
Health benefits of Kombucha
You may have heard of this fermented health beverage called Kombucha. I have been drinking it casually for years when I was feeling a bit off balance, but last year I took a class about fermented foods by Donna Schwenk and it transformed the way I looked at cultured foods, including this crazy fermented tea called Kombucha. Donna explains in her book … [Read More...]


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the reviews really are true on this product. it's amazing, lovely to use, precise, gives a gorgeous shiny black finish and stays on like a tattoo-- never a flake, peeling, or smudge in sight. once this liner is on, it's not going anywhere! i've been loyal to a certain liquid felt-tipped eyeliner for quite a while now (Palladio Eye Ink- it's AMAZING), but curiousity gets the best of us all and i decided to pick this up to see how i liked it. the first thing that i ADORE about it is the fact that while it has bristles (instead of a felt-tip like i usually go for), they come to a perfect point that's so exact you could draw the most thin, miniscule line ever if that's what you wanted. i wear the same bold, black winged-out liner on top everyday so i do make my line thicker towards the middle of my lashline but near your tearducts?! this line starts out there so razor sharp and thin that it looks like a pro did your makeup for you! i do find it slightly more difficult to get matching wings on each eye with the bristles (as opposed to a felt-tip) but that's my own technical error and has no impact on the product. i really like how once you've done your liner and it sets, it stays glossy looking and gives my regular daily eye-makeup a different but subtle look. i'm just crazy about the bristles on this liner though-- they are amazing! they're stiff but pliant enough, they lay down a nice line of color, and come to a point so your eyeliner doesn't end bluntly. now here are the unfortunate cons to this product: to get a really dark, opaque line, you have to go over it a few times. it's not as if the product lays down a gray or weak color the first time you run it over your lashline, but it draws on a line that's not completely solid. not the biggest deal, but slightly annoying when you're rushing. what i usually do is get both eyes lined and then give them a few minutes to dry before i go back over them with the liner again, and then you have a solid, glossy, pitch-black line. when i had read reviews on this product before buying it, a lot of people mentioned that they wished it could be a little bit darker, and this worried me as i like a carbon black color when it comes to liners and mascaras. so, fingers crossed that it wouldn't be greyish on my pale skin, i went to Rite Aid to pick this up i saw the color "Ultra Black" (not sure if they added it or it's always been an option), and needless to say Ultra Black is the one i bought. to me, a person obsessed with the blackest of the black when it comes to eyemakeup, it's definitely black enough after two swipes across my lashline. now here comes the strangest con, and it's something i haven't seen when reading other people's reviews of this product: each night when i used my regular (been using it for years) MAC Cleanse Off Oil, i notice that i'm losing atleast 2 lashes when i rinse my face off! i don't understand this and chalked it up to a fluke the first time but then it happened again, and again, and again! this liner is supposed to have ingredients to help your lashes (which i never bought into, i just wanted it for it's performance) but i sure as hell don't want something that's going to make all my lashes fall out! and the worst part is that i'm a regular user of Latisse, so what the heck does this mean? how can a product that's supposed to help your lashes grow (PF liner) make them fall out when you've already been using Latisse for years?!?! if anyone has any ideas as to why i'm losing lashes, please let me know. i know in my gut i should stop using the liner due to the lash loss but i love it and i don't want to stop using it! any suggestions? regardless of my lash loss experience, this is a fantastic product, definitely worth the hefty (for a drugstore) pricetag, and i would absolutely buy it again.
**UPDATE** the lash loss was just a fluke, it hasn't happened again and i've been using this liner every single day-- i am obsessed with it! it has completely won me over, it's the best liner i've ever used- EVER! the day i die they'll find me clutching this in my gnarled fingers, that's how much i adore this liner.
4 out of 4 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
KATE makes my favorite eyeliner -- brush tip, precise, black, inexpensive, and long-lasting. The only thing is that I have to order it online in order to avoid the local 50% markup.
I'd heard Physicians Formula made a fantastic liner so I waited for a 40% CVS sale to pick this up.
I bought this liner in Ultra Black, which has a shiny finish. The brush tip was nice and felt pretty sturdy. It is not as precise or thin as the one on the KATE liner, but it is pretty good anyway. The black color is very black, also comparable, but it does take a couple of strokes for this to get to full opacity.
My issue with this liner is that it flakes like cray. I've tried applying this liner with and without primer underneath, by waiting for it to completely dry before blinking, and even just applying a thin layer, but I still have this problem. And the thing is the flaking/cracking happens so quickly after application. I understand those of us experiencing flaking are in the minority but it is still an issue.
I'm hoping to return my liner and get a replacement just in case my liner is old or something.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
Smooth appl
I freaking love this eyeliner!!! I have gone through at least 3 of it already with almost daily usage. And it's pretty cheap too, great looking silver pen, quality synthetic brush that does not fan out.
I favour the Ultra Black most of the time, or the Deep Brown when i prefer a more natural look. Honestly the serum does nothing for me as my lashes has not grown back, BUT! as an eyeliner, it works great. I have to go over it 2 times to make it opaque, but it does rarely flakes with repeat application and it does not smear once it is dry.
Lastly, it did not irritate my eyeball when it gets into my eyes. Seriously, I LOVE THIS THING. I will buy it again and again and again.....
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
Just adding another one to the pile. I'm on my second tube of the deep brown. I don't normally mind the package much but this is really high end looking, the cap closes very strongly, very high quality packaging.
This eyeliner has been my go to and I've always taken it with me in my make up bag because It's quick and easy to apply, and I was a lot less likely to make a mess with it compared to other liners.
The formula is runny and the color comes out evenly, it dries quickly leaving a very thin, comfortable layer that is easy to go over. It wears very comfortably, it never irritated my eyes and it's weightless.
It doesn't last super long but I've never had any problems with it wearing off or smudging. I also really like how easily it washes off without leaving any residue.
What's not to love about it? It's great.
I am a liquid liner snob and I do actually like this product. I don't like it QUITE as much as I like my Dolly WInk liquid liner, but it's almost as good. The staying power is good. The only thing I wish was slightly better was the brush. It is SLIGHTLY too soft for me. Don't get me wrong though, it is still miles better than felt tipped liners in terms of precision. It is just harder to control than a slightly stiffer brush. If you have steady hands, it should be fine! I am clumsy.
At the end of the day, you can still see the wing on my eye. That's my indication that the staying power is good. I have very oily eyelids. As for flaking some others mentioned, I haven't experienced that. Give this a try! It is cheap and easy to find.
It applies really well and looks amazing for like an hour...but I had MAJOR problems with it flaking.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
More reviews by powerderprincess
At first I couldn't get a steady flow of liner with this pen, but after storing it in a cup, tip side down, I have had no problems. The tip is a brush tip rather than felt tip that comes to a fine point resulting in extreme precision and the finest wing tips. The result is a glossy line. I find this skips less than traditional felt tip pen liners. It's a little pricey for something from the drugstore, but it's an amazing product that I would recommend and repurchase!
Physician's Formula has made a superb liner that gives you the look of a liquid or gel/cream without the effort.
The EB 2 in 1 eyeliner, has a thin, firm but bendable synthetic brush that feels like you're drawing with a fine tip gel pen. Just shake and apply. The control is superb with no skipping and it's not overly wet or dry. Glides on like a felt tip but gives you precise lining that any eye type or age can use with ease. You can draw the thinnest of lines or build to a thick line with or without a wing. It also has a spring type closure to keep the product from drying out.
I have gotten twelve hours of wear with no smudging or fading, in humid weather as well.
It removes easily with a good facial cleanser or eye make up remover so no worries there.
For $12.00 a piece you get three hues to choose from that are all matte.
Deep Brown; a very rich pigmented brown almost a brown/black.
Black; more like a charcoal or soft black. (good option if you think black is too strong)
Ultra Black is a true black with a bit of a sheen (nothing over the top and no glitter)
As far as the lash boosting, I haven't seen a difference but I don't care. This is the best eyeliner I have ever used at any price.
6 out of 6 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
This is my favorite liquid eyeliner of all time. It took me about a year to finish one.
I don't care about the lash serum - nor do I think that works but as an eyeliner alone it is awesome. I can get thin or thick lines & very precise wings. I will not go back to using a felt tip or a brush eyeliner again.
I haven't tried any of the eyeliner pen styles of more expensive brands - but why would I? i get perfect winged liners with this every time.


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» Posts Tagged 'photography'
Master Cinematographer Emmanuel Lubezki is on Instagram (And His Photos Are Incredible)
Following celebrities on Instagram is nothing new. I'm sure you or someone you know religiously (and/or secretly) checks out Rihanna's, Kim Kardashian's, or even the Biebs' posts, but if you're like me and you haven't quite jumped on the "Instagram as social media" train, you may want to make an exception. Six-time Oscar-nominated cinematographer Emmanuel "Chivo" Lubezki, one of the greatest DPs of our time, not only uses his exceptional eye for moving images, but for stills that he posts quietly on Instagram. More »
A Stunning Concept Film Shot on the World's Best Stills Lens, the Zeiss Otus 1.4/55
In 2012, Zeiss announced that a brand new stills lens was in the works, one that would achieve perfection in optical performance through a no-compromise approach. Fast forward to November of 2013, and the company released the Otus 1.4/55, a prime lens that truly is uncompromising in all aspects of its design. While many of us are familiar with the Zeiss ZE glass for video work (great lenses), we have yet to see how the Otus would fare in a video setting. Luckily, filmmaker August Bradley managed to get his hands on an early pre-release version of the Otus, and he shot a delightful little concept piece called Zoetrope Optika that truly showcases the flawless performance of this marvelous lens. More »
Creatively Incorporating Photography into Filmmaking: A Tutorial from Stillmotion & Kessler
Chances are that if you've ever tried to incorporate still photography into your filmmaking, you've most likely used what has become known as the "Ken Burns Effect" wherein you keyframe various properties of the photograph in order to make it appear as if the camera is panning and zooming with the photo. While this is certainly a helpful tool when using photographs in your film, it's not particularly exciting in a visual sense, and it's been done so much that the technique itself is somewhat trite. Because of this, using large amounts of photos in a film presents a bit of a creative challenge, a challenge that our friends at Stillmotion encountered and tackled head-on for their recent feature documentary, #standwithme. How'd they do it? Stick with us to find out. More »
If You're Making Films with Still Images, Here Are a Few Things to Consider
Famed director David Lean once said that one should be able to cut any frame out of a roll of film and be able to frame it and hang it on the wall. There is great power in the still image. Seeing as most filmmakers will at one point use stills in their work (especially documentarians), it'd be a good idea to get a solid understanding of what a single frame can do. A video by Vashi Nedomansky of Vashi Visuals proves to be helpful by not only identifying several films that harness the power of still images (even carrying the weight of a full film), but by also offering a few tips on using them from an editor's perspective . More »
Old School 'Photoshop' Techniques That Still Apply: Touching Up Celluloid Stills Circa 1946
Just as digital acquisition hasn't rendered the light meter obsolete, nor NLE software altered what makes a well-paced scene — digital retouching plays by a lot of the same rules now as it always has. Recently, CreativePro dug up the fantastic-looking book Short Cuts to Photo Retouching, written by photographer Raymond Wardell in 1946. Wardell walks the reader through many techniques that will be familiar to Photoshop users — except he's quite literally making his artistic alterations onto actual, physical film prints. Despite (or because of) this, the results are downright impressive — especially given the lack of a real-life 'undo' command. Click through to check out a few scans from this old gem, from which we can still learn plenty. More »
From Microscopic to Cosmic: The Fittingly Organic VFX of 'The Fountain' & 'The Tree of Life'
Other than their deep meditation on mortality — and the associated motif of a sacred source of life — Darren Aronofsky's The Fountain (2006) and Terrence Malick's The Tree of Life (2011) couldn't be more different. That is, aside from the way in which the films achieve much of their strikingly beautiful cosmic imagery. In an era of filmmaking in which CGI and space-bound science fiction are far from strangers, these two films opt for a more naturalistic alternative — such as macrophotography and high-speed microscopy — to visualize their explorations of life in the universe. What could be more appropriate effects for films so occupied with the organic? Click through for some details on how VFX allowed the microscopic to 'double' for the cosmos. More »
Forget 24FPS, How About a Hollywood Production for Just One Photo?
Exercising micromanagement and fine-tune control over the minutia of scenery is a must in filmmaking for all but the most hardcore run-and-gun-style productions. It's not very often, however, that you see production-level set design and construction, prop manipulation down to the inch, or cinema lighting used to illuminate deep lived-in landscapes in still photography. Gregory Crewdson does just this, implementing an unheard-of degree of visionary control upon the constituents of his still frames — the image at left, for one, is no incidental happenstance. Filmmaker Ben Shapiro has documented Crewdson's decade-spanning pursuit of creating true-to-life vignettes by fictitious articulation in Brief Encounters — screenings are limited, but the doc looks to be a must-see. Watch the trailer and some clips from the film below. More »
Want Adjustable Depth of Field in Post? You Don't Need Lytro, Now You Can Use a DSLR
Light field cameras could be the next big thing in photography and/or video, but as of right now, there is only one company selling anything that can achieve the affect: Lytro. If you have been wondering if this effect could be recreated with the DSLR you already own, the answer, as it turns out, is yes. The Chaos Collective, a group of internet futurists, has created a way to achieve the exact same effect as the Lytro camera with any DSLR, and has even created a way to embed the adjustable photos online. More »
Mystical Lytro Light Field Camera Now Allows for Equally Magical Perspective Shift, Plus Living Filters
Lytro cameras already allow us to do something that, while (apparently) scientifically possible, seems to invoke more Gandalf than optical physics — which is to manipulate focus, dynamically and after the fact. By sampling the whole 'light field' within the field of view, they are truly fascinating iterations of the tools we use daily. This has some pretty interesting implications for the future of photography, not to mention videography — but Lytro isn't stopping there. In fact, you can not only interactively shift your focal point, as you could before – but you can now, to an extent, alter the actual perspective of your shot as well, in real time — not to mention apply filters which also react in line with the company's "living picture" aesthetic. For a demo video and some interactive examples, read on. More »
Silent World is a Breathtaking Photography Series That Imagines the World Almost Uninhabited by People
While not exactly filmmaking related, it seems fitting for this site to take a look at the video of this series of photographs called Silent World. Created by photography team Lucie & Simon, they imagine the world without the bustling humans that take up so much space in several sprawling cities. More »
How Your Lens Choice Affects Your Subject's Appearance
A longer lens can flatten and widen a face, whereas a wider lens can pinch/pull facial features into an ugly distortion. This is true because of the varying physical distance to your subject that accompanies your choice of lens. This is not just a consideration for portrait photography, but also comes into play when choosing a lens for filming actors. For the the full size images of the thumbnails above, see photographer Stephen Eastwood's site, or watch a video of how different distances (and accompanying lens choices) affect facial geometry by LensProToGo: More »
In Case You Missed the Crazy Future Camera That's Refocusable in Post, Here It Is
Years ago a reader emailed me about plenoptic cameras, also known as light-field cameras, which allow an image to be refocused after the picture is taken. Sometimes referred to as a 4D camera, this crazy technology is now headed to a consumer camera from new manufacturer Lytro. News of this development, which utilizes technology first seen in a 2005 Stanford research paper, hit the internet last week, with Lytro now taking reservations for the device. Check out the refocusable images in action, and let me know what you think — game-changer or gimmick? More »
How to Customize the Shape of Your Bokeh in Photos and Videos
Did you know you can change the shape of your bokeh by cutting out paper shapes and placing them over your lens? Maybe you did. I didn't, though, and found out about this simple trick from DANIELS (the guys who brought us this music video), in their mini-video for "Who Do You Love" by Sue Scrofa. Hearts, shapes, letters, entire words: you can make your background highlights appear in the shape of anything you can cut out with scissors. More »
Lensbaby Releases New Composer Pro Lens Specially Tailored for Video Use
Lensbabies are wonderful specialty lenses that create selective defocus effects on DSLRs (or SLRs, for that matter). But as soon as I pull the trigger and buy a Lensbaby Composer — which I love — Lensbaby comes out with the new Lensbaby Composer Pro. What does the new Pro offer over my oh-so amateur model? Mainly, it's much better for video, because the mechanics are much smoother. Now I feel like one of the people in that Best Buy commercial. Here's a look at the new Composer Pro in action: More »
$10,000 for your best photograph at Artists Wanted
Artists Wanted wants, well, artists. They're currently looking for "your best photographs" and are giving away $10,000 cash and a year of free living at a $1.2 million apartment at The Edge in New York City, along with a Manhattan gallery reception and airfare to and from New York City for the event. Obviously this is going to be a highly competitive project with prizes of that caliber. Deadline is June 7, so if you've got some great photos, check out their blurb: More »
Sitelight: Daily Dose of Imagery
Daily Dose of Imagery is the online — and ongoing — portolio of candid shots taken by the Iranian-born, Canada-residing photographer Sam Javanrouh. In the same vein as nofilmschool – although a bit more obvious because of its name — Daily Dose of Imagery features a new post every day. If you're primarily shooting video on your DSLR, Sam's work is a great example of what you can do if you take the camera out of movie mode. The site is a steady stream of well-shot photos of everyday life, which are also included in the RSS feed, so if you're an RSS user head on over and subscribe (not to mention to the nofilmschool RSS feed)!
Link: Daily Dose of Imagery
The future of cinematography; or, how I learned to stop worrying and love the DSLR
Let's get technical.
The human eye is a far superior instrument to the film or video camera. Over the years film stocks have gotten more sensitive, larger negatives and three-strip processes have been developed, and video cameras have improved immeasurably, but these innovations have not brought the baseline visual fidelity of cameras to the level of our own ojos. It's been claimed that the resolution of the human eye is equivalent to 576 megapixels; while that claim should be taken with a grain of salt, as should any calculations of dynamic range, sensitivity, and field of view, all such assesments lead to one conclusion: our eyeballs are pretty damn good. For decades, the most common observation for first-time cinematographers has likely been, "wow, this camera needs a lot more light than my eyes." More »


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Where next after the vote on Syria? Around The House at 11:35pm
It's been a dramatic week for MPs, who were recalled to Westminster for the vote on possible military action in Syria.
In tonight's Around The House, we look at the aftermath of the Government's defeat and ask what it will mean for the party leaders.
Joining the debate are the Conservative MP for Scarborough and Whitby, Robert Goodwill, the Redcar Lib Dem member Ian Swales and the Labour MP for Dumfries and Galloway Russell Brown.


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Primary tabs
Chris Englert
Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center
Jere A. Chase Ocean Engineering Lab
24 Colovos Road
Durham, New Hampshire 03824
Chris Englert, of North Woodstock, NH, is a Master's student in the Earth Science department concentrating on Ocean Mapping. His introduction to ocean studies came from travels to Belize and a summer marine biology course at the St. Paul's School, Concord, NH. He has continued his exploration of coastal oceans with time spent in Costa Rica, Australia, St. Kitt's and Nevis, and Delaware. Most of his experience with the oceans is underwater while on SCUBA. Chris earned his B.A. in Geology and Environmental Policy from Colby College, Waterville, Maine.


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Details about NOFX Smiths Discord Speedo-S&M 002-UK Vinyl LP-Newport TJ's Alt Punk Indie-HEARSee original listing
Item condition:
06 Jul, 2014 19:33:26 BST
Starting bid:
[ 0 bids ]
Item location:
Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Used: An item that has been previously used. See the seller's listing for full details and description of ... Read moreabout the condition
Newport TJ's Alt Punk Indie
|Record Size:
LP (12-Inch)
NOFX Give Me Memphis Smiths Discord Speedo Brainiac Novocaine Choketeens Cowboy Killers etc-S&M 002 (Newort, South Wales Compilation)-UK Vinyl LP-Newport TJ's Alt Punk Indie-HEAR
Record Information
Compilation of live acts in and around Newport, South Wales.
Please listen to sound files below. What you hear is what you get:
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I record all sound files direct from the record offered in this auction on an Ion USB turntable at a 128 bit rate with no sound manipulation. I have not always got the time to listen right through each track, if there are any jumps, skips, pops and crackles you will hear them and can bid accordingly. For this reason I do not accept returns on the basis of record condition. Please listen to them before bidding!
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Port Description
What to See and Do
Halifax's picturesque waterfront is easy to explore on foot. Even if you're not in the mood to shop, stroll the boardwalk that zigzags along the harbor, lined with shops, restaurants, and attractions. Historic Properties at Privateers Wharf is located directly on the boardwalk and is made up of a four-acre collection of boutiques, impulse eateries, and pubs housed in 10 wood and stone buildings dating back to the early 1800s. Don't miss the chance to snack on fried fish sandwiches from the ramshackle-looking food stand near the Maritime Museum. Rum Runners Rum Cake Factory is another mainstay on the boardwalk at Bishop's Landing.
Pier 21
The Art Gallery of Nova Scotia
If you are strolling along the waterfront, be sure to visit the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic
Nova Scotia boasts some of the nation's earliest civic buildings, and Halifax's Province House, opened in 1819, is by far the oldest. Most notably, Province House is where provincial legislature meets, but the building is also of architectural interest--writer Charles Dickens called Province House "a gem of Georgian architecture." 1726 Hollis Street, 902-424-4661.
The Halifax Public Gardens
Take the Halifax-Dartmouth Ferry across the harbor to Dartmouth. The 39205-passenger double-ended passenger ferries leave every half hour for the 12-miniute crossing. Dartmouth is a small, residential city, perfect for escaping the touristy crowds.
Get your military history at the Halifax Citadel, a fort built in 1749. It's a steep climb up from the waterfront, but the view of the surrounding city and the vast harbor is well worth the effort. There are marching guards, and a cannon sounds every day at noon, a two-hundred-year-old tradition.
Plan a day trip to Peggy's Cove, a rustic fishing village located on an ocean inlet and known for its dramatic lighthouse. Peggy's Cove is about a 30-minute drive southwest of Halifax, so your best bets are to rent a car or book an excursion.
Check out Lunenburg, a waterfront village that's a UNESCO World Heritage Site; the town was founded in 172053. Lunenburg is about a 2057-mile drive southwest of Halifax and features a number of activities for lovers of the great outdoors, including campgrounds, golf courses and sandy beaches.
Where You're Docked
Most ships dock at two piers near the beginning of the harbor's boardwalk, and local merchants and tourism representatives set up little stands inside the terminal. If more than two cruise ships are present at one time, one or more may have to tie up at the less convenient container terminal, which requires a shuttle transfer to the center of the city. Scottish-style pipers may greet your ship in a province whose name translates to New Scotland.
Halifax, Nova Scotia's capital city (population of 360,000) and the gateway to Atlantic Canada, has numerous identities. Boasting one of the largest harbors in the world, it draws a major share of Canada's container trade and oodles of cruise ship visits in the late summer and early fall. A few streets inland, there are many sights to take in, and while gorgeous coastal scenery begins just outside the city limits, especially during the spectacular autumn foliage displays, the waterfront is also a delight to explore.
Halifax also has a strong connection to the sinking of the Titanic since it played a key role during the aftermath of the tragedy. Three of the city's ships were sent out to recover bodies, and so it is the final resting place for many unclaimed victims--three cemeteries throughout Halifax feature rows of black granite headstones, each inscribed with the same date: April 1205, 1912.
But beyond the scenery and history, Halifax is just plain fun. It is a youthful, energetic town (home to several colleges and universities) boasting a downtown area chock-full of pubs, clubs, and cafes, as well as a restored waterfront that once welcomed traders and privateers. Throughout the year, you can enjoy music festivals, outdoor concerts, and even old-fashioned Celtic Ceilidhs (read: lively folk dances, often accompanied by fiddle).
It's this rich culture that has boosted Canada/New England's popularity as a cruise region--and the fact that Halifax is easy to include even on short four- or five-day Canadian itineraries. Annually, Halifax hosts more than 100 ship visits from lines including Carnival, Celebrity, Crystal, Cunard, Holland America, Norwegian, Princess, Royal Caribbean, and Seabourn.
Staying in Touch
Paperchase Newsstand and Cafe (20520528 Blowers Street, between Spring Garden and Sackville) is the most convenient location for checking e-mail.
Where to Eat and Drink
Casual, in-town joints: O'Carroll's Irish Pub (1860 Upper Water Street) open daily for pub fare, Great Wall Restaurant (1649 Bedford Row) open daily from 11:30am for Szechuan and Cantonese cuisine, and Deco (20520518 Spring Garden Road) for crab cakes and fresh seafood in an attractive Art Deco setting--open daily from 11:30am; Saturday and Sunday brunch from 9:00am Spring Garden, adjacent to Dalhousie University, is a bustling Mecca for eateries and drinking places.
Gourmet Dining: Cafe Chianti (20516205 South Street) is open daily for Italian and Eastern European fare in an Old-World setting; the restaurant also boasts its own wine cellar with a fine selection of rare vintage wines.
Getting Around
The main waterfront attractions begin at the start of the boardwalk and continue on for the next three quarters of a mile. The Citadel (a bit of a climb) and Public Gardens are about a 2205-minute walk inland. Taxis line up outside the terminal. Alamo (800-462-205266) and National (800-227-7368) have reservation desks inside the Westin Nova Scotian hotel, a large red-brick building, just five minutes from your ship on foot. Car rentals are no longer available on the piers. Rates begin at about $40 a day.
Cruise reviews are provided by CruiseCritic.com, an award-winning cruise community and online resource for objective cruise information, published by The Independent Traveler. Copyright 1995-2009, The Independent Traveler, Inc. All rights reserved. Travelocity.com LP neither assumes any liability nor makes any representations with respect to cruise reviews and other content provided by CruiseCritic.com. Before relying on any information in a cruise review, we recommend that passengers confirm the information with the cruise line.


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