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We are also in the midst of a disturbing time for athletic conferences, and in the epicenter of one of the most sickening realignments. We all tolerated the silliness of the Big Ten keeping its name after adding an 11th team two decades ago, but the upcoming inclusion of Rutgers and Maryland is so over-the-top stupid that it'll be hard to take it seriously. It's no longer a tight, regional grouping of likeminded academic and athletic institutions … it's a far-flung, money-grubbing whorehouse unified only by TV deals.
Unfortunately, I'm afraid the college football landscape will get worse. There's no putting the genie back in the bottle. Teams aren't going to cut to 11 games; big programs will continue to schedule punching bags for their 12th contest; ghastly match-ups and garbage bowls will continue to pollute TV screens; and the pimps that run the NCAA and conferences will keep raking in the dough.
The good news is, it's a big world and there are entertainment options aplenty. I wanted to work on my golf game more, anyway.
— Brent Glasgow is a sports writer for the Westside Flyer. He can be reached by calling 272-5800 ext. 190 or by e-mailing to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Dell SmartStep 200N NOTEBOOK - When I plug the AC Adapter ..
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Covered California Concurs: Kaiser Permanente's Health Plans are Highest Rated
OAKLAND, Calif., Jan. 31, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Kaiser Permanente achieved a best health plans "triple crown" when its California health plans were awarded 4 stars for quality — the highest possible rating — according to Covered California's Quality Rating System.
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20130718/SF49717LOGO)
Kaiser Permanente's Medicare health plans earned 5 stars — the highest overall rating for quality and service — from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, last October. Earlier this week, the California Office of the Patient Advocate announced that Kaiser Permanente's health plans in Northern California and Southern California were given 4-star ratings, again the highest possible rating, and that they were the only health plans in the state so ranked for overall quality of care and member satisfaction.
And now Covered California, the state's marketplace for the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, has concluded in this week's report that Kaiser Permanente is at the top of the class for quality and care based on reported experiences of members. The Covered California ratings are an amalgamation of nearly 50 nationally accepted measurements in four domains, including service, access to care, preventive care and clinical care. The scores include responses on such topics as a member's ability to get appointments, have their questions answered during those appointments, and receive the follow-up care they need to manage their conditions.
"These Covered California ratings further reinforce the outstanding care, service and value that our health plans provide to our members and patients," said Jed Weissberg, MD, senior vice president, Hospitals, Quality and Care Delivery Excellence, Kaiser Permanente. "The scores reflect our consistently excellent performance and our dedicated physicians, nurses and care teams. Helping our members stay healthy — and treating them with compassion, knowledge and skill when they become ill — is what we strive to do every day."
Consumers can view Covered California's QRS ratings on its website. The ratings are broken down into 19 regional areas.
According to Covered California, a 4-star plan placed in the top 25 percent of all rated plans. Three stars are given for those that landed in the 50-percent to 75-percent range, while a 2-star plan means it scored in the 25-percent to 50-percent range for all plans. One star is given for those plans scoring in the bottom 25 percent.
The scores were derived from the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems, known as CAHPS, a rating system used in other public reports such as the National Committee for Quality Assurance's "Health Insurance Plan Rankings."
About Kaiser Permanente
Kaiser Permanente is committed to helping shape the future of health care. We are recognized as one of America's leading health care providers and not-for-profit health plans. Founded in 1945, our mission is to provide high-quality, affordable health care services and to improve the health of our members and the communities we serve. We currently serve 9.1 million members in eight states and the District of Columbia. Care for members and patients is focused on their total health and guided by their personal physicians, specialists and team of caregivers. Our expert and caring medical teams are empowered and supported by industry-leading technology advances and tools for health promotion, disease prevention, state-of-the-art care delivery and world-class chronic disease management. Kaiser Permanente is dedicated to care innovations, clinical research, health education and the support of community health. For more information, go to kp.org/share.
Mark Camps
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SOURCE Kaiser Permanente
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- The Sleep, Mood and Physical Consequences of Your Child's Favorite Drink: Caffeine Could Be the Source, Warns Kaiser Permanente Physician
- Aug 18, 2014, 15:00 ET
- Kaiser Permanente Environmental Leader Makes the Case for Hospitals to Help Heal the Planet
- Aug 13, 2014, 09:00 ET
- Kaiser Permanente First Health Care Provider and Health Plan Named to Billion Dollar Roundtable
- Aug 12, 2014, 12:00 ET
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Longaberger summer pasta salad
Recipes / Longaberger summer pasta salad (1000+)
Summer pasta salad
69 views
Summer pasta salad There are many variations on the theme of a refreshing, summer pasta
Summer Pasta Salad with Chicken and Broad Beans
views are entirely my own.) Summer Pasta Salad with Chicken and Broad Beans INGREDIENTS
Happy to be Hosting Pasta Presto Nights #130
11 views
could use any shaped pasta for this dish. Late Summer Pasta Salad with Roasted Fennel and
Summer Pasta Salad with Shrimp
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Summer Pasta Salad with Shrimp The week of light meals and salads continues, I prepped a
BLT Summer Pasta Salad
53 views
BLT Summer Pasta Salad One of our son's best friends who is also
Chicken Pasta Salad Recipe with Plums, Feta & Cumin Dressing
95 views
want to see this.) Meals of light summer pasta salads, grilled ribs and seared shrimp were
Summer Pasta Salad
78 views
Summer Pasta Salad Wow. What a week and weekend. Noodle Nose 'graduated' from
Summer Pasta Salad
234 views
you prefer. Pasta Salad 1 bag wacky mac (vegetable trio pasta or any pasta, I liked
Fun and Games and Pitbull Ninja
1 view
Serve with chicken. Summer Pasta Salad 1 package linguini pasta 6 roma tomatoes
To Remember Means to Never Forget
27 views
a super cool herb garden. Summer Pasta Salad 1 pound box of pasta, any kind will do, my
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hot dishes, pasta salads, sauces, condiments, or anything that accompanies pasta foods
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is for salads - green, veggie, fruit, meat, poultry, tuna, pasta, grains, etc., and salad
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Salad Bar, Salad recipes of all kinds - hot and cold, vegetable, fruit, rice, pasta
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or dried, are welcome! Think: salads, salsa, sauces, pasta, pizza, casseroles, soup and
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The Heat is On - Summer menu
Summer menu, As Winter winds down and Spring fresh veggies, grilled meats and salads will
Simple No-Bake Recipes for Summer
Simple No-Bake Recipes for Summer, Hosting a summer party and need quick and easy recipes
Summer Drink Recipes
Drink Recipes, Beat the heat this summer with some cool and refreshing drink recipes
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Summer Snacks Unwrapped : Special : Food Network
Summer's the perfect time to kick back, relax and eat! From frozen custard to picnics with panache, we're gobbling up all of summer's best snacks.
Allrecipes | Recipe Reviews: Chinese Chicken Salad III
it's go into the Longaberger recipe basket and we'll definitely use it again and again! ... The dressing was full of flavor and good for summer time salad. ...


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Samsung steels itself for Twittering yoof touchphone release
Samsung will launch a new yoof-centric mobile phone later this month. The handset shares a moniker with a former Northamptonshire steel town. Samsung said the Corby will sport a 2.8in, 320 x 240 touchscreen and provide access to users' Facebook, Twitter and MySpace accounts. There's no HSDPA or even 3G: the Corby goes to the …
This topic is closed for new posts.
Perhaps they could throw in a trouser press to help smarten them yoofs up?
240x320 surely?
Why is it Samsung frequently get their own phone specs wrong on their website?
oh god
Having lived near Corby for a number of years, I can only say that this is equivelant to calling the phone the Samsung Shithole.
Tocco Lite
So it's like a Tocco Lite but with different colours on the back?
This topic is closed for new posts.
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Dumbfoundead - Growing Young
Artist: Dumbfoundead
Producer: Breezy Lovejoy
Album: Take the Stares
Avg Rating: 4.2 ( 20 total votes )
No, album lead single Growing Young and its accompanying visuals don't depict Dumbfoundead aging in reverse à la Benjamin Button. In fact, his situation is one that most guys between 20 and 30 (And perhaps beyond—I won't know till I get there.) will be able to relate to: he feels like an irresponsible kid in a man's body. With Breezy Lovejoy's contemplative yet upbeat, keyboard-led production as his canvas, the Los Angeles emcee charts his growth from a grade-schooler getting sent on cigarette runs by his pops to an adult who keeps making all the same mistakes his old man did. Comic artist Sang Lee brings the narrative to life with the help of video director AK+B, illustrating Dumbfoundead's rhymes with a shapeshifting series of lively, hand-drawn portraits. Fans will be able to find this autobiographical banger and much more on the artist's Take the Stares street album, scheduled for release October 16.
Listen to More: Dumbfoundead , Music Videos, Alternative
Written by richard on 09/7/12
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10 Songs
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Kimberly-Clark pursues spin-off of health care business
(Reuters) - Kimberly-Clark Corp, the maker of Kleenex tissues, said its board authorized a potential spin-off of its health care business, sending its shares up 6 percent in extended trading.
The company said the move would enable it to focus on its consumer and K-C professional brands.
Kimberly-Clark said Robert Abernathy, currently group president - Europe, global nonwovens and continuous improvement and sustainability, will become chief executive of the new health care company if its spun off.
The company said it expects to make a final recommendation regarding in the next several months. If the spin-off is approved, the transaction would be completed by the end of the third quarter of 2014.
Morgan Stanley has been retained by the company in pursuit of the spin-off.
Kimberly-Clark's health care business sells surgical and infection prevention products for the operating room, as well as medical devices. It posted net sales of $1.6 billion in 2012.
The company's shares were trading at $116.60 after markets closed. They had closed at $109.71 on the New York Stock Exchange on Thursday.
(Reporting By Maria Ajit Thomas in Bangalore; Editing by Joyjeet Das)
Asian stocks fall, ECB uncertainty continues to pummel euro
TOKYO - Asian shares slipped on Tuesday as a U.S. holiday robbed markets of momentum, while the euro hit a fresh one-year low on uncertainty over the European Central Bank's policy decision later this week.
U.S. small business borrowing slows in February
WASHINGTON - U.S. small businesses borrowing hit a five month low in February, in the latest indication of slower economic growth in the first quarter after an unusually harsh winter.
China denounces EU airline carbon law, seeks talks
BEIJING/HONG KONG - China reiterated its opposition on Thursday to a European Union plan to limit airline carbon dioxide emissions and called for talks to resolve the issue a day after its major airlines refused to pay any carbon costs under the new law.


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The Determinants of Cash Flows in Greek Bond Mutual Funds
AbstractThis paper examines the factors that affect inflows – outflows of capital in bond mutual funds that operated in the Greek market during the period 1997-2005. Investors in bond mutual funds do not seek for high gross returns in order to determine their investment decisions in contrast with investors in the stock market. The risk weighted returns however represent a crucial factor in investment decision making. Bond mutual funds that invest primarily in government bonds, appear to be more affected by commissions charged by mutual fund managers, since investors avoid mutual funds charging high commissions, while on the other hand investors that prefer corporate bonds show reduced sensitivity in the commissions charged by mutual funds. Investors in government bonds increase their investment positions when stock markets experience small or negative returns, a clue that shows they seek for safe heavens for their investments. This phenomenon is more evident when investors face a temporary period of low stock market returns and is not as strong when low returns in the stock markets are extended to a period of years. In these cases investment positions in bond mutual funds appear to be part of a more permanent investment policy where bond investments are considered to be an integral part of a diversified portfolio.
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Bibliographic InfoArticle provided by Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Kavala, Greece in its journal International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research (IJESAR).
Volume (Year): 4 (2011)
Issue (Month): 1 (March)
Pages: 55-77
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Web page: http://www.ijesar.org/
More information through EDIRC
Related researchKeywords: bond mutual funds; commissions; fund flows;
Find related papers by JEL classification:
- G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets
- G11 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
- G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
ReferencesReferences listed on IDEAS
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- Guercio, Diane Del & Tkac, Paula A., 2002. "The Determinants of the Flow of Funds of Managed Portfolios: Mutual Funds vs. Pension Funds," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 37(04), pages 523-557, December.
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Cited by:
- Ekaterina Dorodnykh, 2013. "What Drives Stock Exchange Integration?," International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research (IJESAR), Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Kavala, Greece, vol. 6(2), pages 47-79, September.
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State gun grab
State gun grab
This week the Minnesota House is hearing legislation on guns disguised as violence prevention. Wake up Minnesota hunters, sportsman, and all others that own firearms. This legislation is about criminalizing guns and ownership not violence.
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There Is More To Life Than What We Have Been Told
- redice
- uploaded: Mar 2, 2014
- Hits: 3148
Is there more to life than this? What are we here for? Check out this Free eBook that explores such questions while breaking down our current system and its belief structures: "How To Change The World": : 'Contact' (1997) MovieMusic: Candles - Jon HopkinsVoice: 'Peaceful Warrior' MovieLike Us: : out our merchandise: a member of The Sponsor Lounge and get exclusive behind the scenes content while helping us grow! Join us today!
2 comments
Michael777 March 13, 2014 3:38:49 AM CET
Speaking of which - how many of us remember being told the tall tale of how dinosaurs lived tens of millions of years ago. Yet we have found footprints of humans and dino tracks, and now they are finding soft tissue (including blood cells) of dinosaurs. Still think its been that long?
Hydro-plate theory challenges current geography
Neomatrixtv March 5, 2014 9:14:10 PM CET
Is it realy not possible to write links in the description like by Youtube ???
There isThe no such site like : https://www.facebook.com/HTWCTW.book
The Pdf has no letters but only some lettersalat (why that exotic fonts ???)


text:
TEAMS: Baltimore Orioles
Your browser does not support iframes.Baltimore Orioles center fielder Adam Jones accidentally knocked over the first base umpire as he headed for second on a throwing error during Saturday's game against Toronto.In the fifth inning, Jones hit a grounder to third, but the throw to first by Blue Jays third baseman Juan Francisco hit the dirt and got away. The error allowed Jones to head for second, but as he made the turn, he accidentally stepped on the foot of first base umpire Hunter Wendelstedt, who was backpedaling out of the basepath but just wasn't fast enough. The trip caused Wendelstedt to lose his balance and fall backwards, and he hit his head on the dirt pretty hard, but fortunately he appeared to be OK afterwards. Video via MLB. This post appeared first on Holdout Sports. Follow us on Twitter @HoldoutSports.
Watch: Orioles' Adam Jones Knocks Over Ump While Trying to Advance to Second
Orioles center fielder Adam Jones knocked over 1st base umpire Hunter Wendelstedt
Orioles Prospect Quintin Berry Runs Bases And Slides Into Home After Getting Ejected
Quintin Berry Runs Bases, Slides Into Home After Being Ejected (Video)
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Video: Ex-Tiger Quintin Berry Ejected … So He Runs the Bases, Slides Into Home
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Aug 26, 2014
Recently, the software and security lab of Fudan University working alongside the CM Security Research Lab found a vulnerability in The Coupons which threatens users' mobile safety....Read More >
Aug 21, 2014
SAN FRANCISCO ─ (Aug. 21, 2014) ─ Cheetah Mobile Inc. (NYSE: CMCM) announces today the release of an updated version of the Clean Master app featuring a new D...Read More >
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Recently a well-known security research organization[1] found a vulnerability in the legitimate certificate validation of the Android system. Hackers can create...Read More >
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Aug 04, 2014
Clean Master and CM Security have scored full marks in the Mobile Security Test report for July 2014. This is the sixth consecutive No.1 we've received....Read More >
Jul 18, 2014
The main events of the last 6 months:1. The number of Android viruses continues to rise sharply; roughly one in ten apps are now fully or partially malware....Read More >
Jul 09, 2014
We all have our secrets to keep, and we all like our privacy. If you're selling the old device on, or even just throwing it in the trash, you want to make sure that the next person who gets their hands on the phone doesn't get any juicy files along with...Read More >
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Are you an ethical CEO? Maybe not for long
New research suggests that moral business leaders are more likely to be unethical down the line.November 24, 2013 3:10
Register for our free newsletter
Saudi Arabia's Grand Mufti denounces Iraq's Islamic State group
Egypt on Tuesday urged U.S. authorities to exercise restraint in dealing with racially charged demonstrations in Ferguson, Missouri
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New research suggests that moral business leaders are more likely to be unethical down the line.November 24, 2013 3:10
Forget cheesy masks and phony monster make-up. If you really want to inspire fear in your fellow revelers, why not dress up like one of these six iconic CEOS?October 31, 2012 5:07
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Qatar Airways will defer delivery of its A380 superjumbos until it gets more details about wing cracks on the Airbus aircraft, its chief executive said on Monday; Qatar has an order for five A380 aircraft pendingApril 30, 2012 3:31
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Explore the past with Wessex Archaeology! Get creative, chat to an archaeologist and get hands on with ancient artefacts.
See Also
This exhibition commemorates 70 years since Rex Whistler died on his first day of combat in Normandy on 18 July 1944.
More than 2,000 visitors from around the world attended the grand opening of our new Wessex Gallery of archaeology on Saturday 12 July
The Museum's nationally important collections span the history and archaeology of Salisbury and south Wiltshire, from prehistoric times to the present day. See a video about the museum here
Latest Events
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HIGH SCHOOL: Attended Apple Valley High School helped lead the Eagles to a 6-6 record team started 0-4, but then finished 6-2 and advanced to the Class 5A quarterfinals one of the team's top tacklers recorded four interceptions returned kickoffs and punts and also punted one time coached by Chad Clendening also lettered in track.
PERSONAL: Born July 3, 1995 son of Tim Anderson and Kim Gambill.
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An important archive on postwar art is now available for research at the Getty Research Institute. After several months of writing and archival processing, I've just finished my work on the archive of Galerie Schmela. The archive's 172 boxes and 25 flat file… More»
September, the month to harvest grapes, isn't just for the modern Virgo.
Libras and Scorpios are in on the labors of plowing and sowing fun for the month. Since the Middle Ages the zodiac symbols have shifted with changes in the months of the calendar.
Zodiacal Sign of Virgo, about 1170s, Unknown. German, Hildesheim. J. Paul Getty Museum.
Woman Harvesting Grapes; Zodiacal Sign of a Libra
A Man Treading Grapes; Zodiacal Sign of Libra, early 1460s, Workshop of Willem Vrelant. J. Paul Getty Museum.
Plowing and Sowing; Zodiacal Sign of Scorpio, 1510-1520, Workshop of Master of James IV of Scotland. J. Paul Getty Museum.


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You see, we've got a mole inside 24 Hours Of LeMons HQ, Ecurie Ecrappe member TheEastBayKid, and he's leaked the super-secret Arse-Freeze-A-Palooza '08 team list to us.You'll get to see the whole thing pretty soon, once I've got all the links to team sites sorted out, but the real highlight is the fact that not just one but two Fiat X1/9s will be on the track at Thunderhill next month. There's a '76, run by the Famila Italia Advance Team out of Portland, Oregon, and there's the '80 that the Italian Stallions of Woodside, California, will be campaigning. They're sure to show those six MR2 teams a thing or two about real mid-engined race cars, right?
And that's just the beginning of the fun for you fans of Italian racing machinery! In addition to the pair-o-Fiats, the Team California Mille Alfetta will be back in action, along with a second TCM Alfetta stablemate. Not only that, the Pendejo Engineering Alfetta will be returning to Thunderhill as well; you might recall the heartwarming Alfa camaraderie between the two teams last year, when they made one good engine out of two garbooned ones... and then proceeeded to blow up that engine as well! The Alfettas are very quick on the track, quick enough that they'll contend for sure if they can be kept running.
You think the race still lacks sufficient Italian iron? Well, rumor has it that the Ecurie Ecrappe '71 Spider will be on the track, too, making a grand total of six Italian cars in the race!


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text:
The audio-video synchronization process ensures continuity of displayed AV data. To initialize the process, a transport processor determines whether an occupancy criterion of a buffer storing received audio and video frames has been met. If the criterion is met, the transport processor obtains an initial time stamp value from an initial frame, and a subsequent time stamp value from a subsequent frame. Initial and subsequent parameters are computed from these respective time stamp values, and are compared against each other. If the parameters coincide, the frame is valid, and corresponding audio or video frames may be decoded and displayed. If the parameters do not coincide, a recovery process is initiated. In either event, the invention makes it possible to achieve audio-video synchronization for both live and playback modes of a digital video recorder (DVR).
1. An audio-video (AV) synchronization process, comprising:
determining whether an occupancy criterion of a buffer storing received audio and video frames has been met, and if so
obtaining an initial time stamp value from an initial frame;
obtaining a subsequent time stamp value from a subsequent frame;
computing an initial parameter based on the initial time stamp value;
computing a subsequent parameter based on the subsequent time stamp value;
determining if the computed initial and subsequent parameters coincide, and if so
outputting corresponding audio and/or video frames for decoding and display.
2. The process of
3. The process of
4. The process of
5. The process of
6. The process of
7. The process of
8. The process of
9. The process of
10. The process of
11. The process of
12. The process of
13. The process of
14. An apparatus for synchronizing audio and video in a digital video recording (DVR) system, comprising:
a buffer for receiving a plurality of packets having data representing audio and video frames therein;
a processor for determining whether an occupancy criterion of the buffer storing said received audio and video frames has been met, wherein the processor obtains an initial time stamp value from an initial frame and from a subsequent frame, computes initial and subsequent parameters based on the respective initial and subsequent time stamp values, and determines whether the computed initial and subsequent parameters coincide if the occupancy criterion is met, and
a decoder for decoding audio and/or video frames for display if the parameters coincide.
15. The apparatus of
16. The apparatus of
17. The apparatus of
18. The apparatus of
19. The apparatus of
20. The apparatus of
21. The apparatus of
22. The apparatus of
23. The apparatus of
24. The apparatus of
25. The apparatus of
26. The apparatus of
27. A method of synchronizing audio and video frames, comprising:
(a) computing an initial parameter based on an initial video time stamp of an initial video frame;
(b) computing a subsequent parameter based on a subsequent video time stamp value of a subsequent video frame;
(c) comparing the computed parameters, a coincidence between the two indicating a valid subsequent video time stamp, and
(d) synchronizing an audio frame to the subsequent video frame based on the valid subsequent video time stamp.
28. The method of
29. A processor for synchronizing audio and video frames, comprising:
a buffer for receiving a plurality of packets having data representing audio and video frames therein; and
circuitry for computing a initial parameter based on an initial time stamp value of an initial video frame, and for computing a subsequent parameter based on a subsequent time stamp value of a subsequent video frame,
wherein the circuitry determines whether the computed initial and subsequent parameters coincide, a coincidence between the two indicating a valid subsequent video time stamp, and
wherein the processor synchronizes an audio frame to the subsequent video frame based on the valid subsequent video time stamp.
30. The processor of
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] This invention generally relates to digital recording systems, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for synchronizing audio and video frames received in digital television and/or digital video recording (DVR) systems.
[0003] 2. Description of Related Art
[0004] In general, digital video and audio signals can be broadcast, processed, and recorded with a high degree of quality. In order to take better advantage of the high quality associated with digital video/audio, digitally-based peripheral devices, such as digital video cassette recorders (DVCR's) and digital video disks (DVD's), have been developed to receive and process video/audio in a digital format. Systems employing such devices receive broadcast entertainment-type data, such as packetized digital video, audio, data, and control signals received in a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) system, and effectively record the received data on a device such as a digital video recorder (DVR).
[0005] Within these packetized transport streams, or transport packets, resides data that, when de-multiplexed by the user or subscriber, transforms into a group of pictures, or GOP. A GOP consists of coded pictures. A coded picture may be a frame or field. Current digital video recorders (DVRs) include some type of transport processor to process received transport packets from any of a cable, satellite, video-on-demand or other broadcast source. Known as a transport packet processor or simply �transport processor�, the transport processor is typically required to perform real-time functions and operations such as conditional access, program guide control, etc.
[0006] One particular function of transport processor software is to use the software, working in tandem with an MPEG decoder, to ensure that audio and video frames are synchronized prior to being displayed for either a live broadcast, or a recorded event, program or broadcast on a suitable display device such as an HDTV, video monitor, etc.
[0007] AV synchronization cannot be achieved for live and playback modes without the use of additional hardware components. In a typical digital broadcast system, AV synchronization is achieved by using a System Clock Reference (SCR). The SCR is frequently embedded in the data stream and in a corresponding time stamp (TS) when the SCR is received by the system. Typically, the TS must be latched through a hardware component handling the transport stream. Therefore, for proper AV synchronization of a recorded event, these SCR and TS values are also required to be recorded, in addition to the entertainment content. This is so an inter-arrival time between the packets that are to be recorded is maintained. This adds to complexity of the system, as well as to the cost, since greater storage is required. This may result in slower system processing time. Moreover, if each frame does not have a corresponding SCR and TS therein, or the SCR and/or TS is not properly recorded, processing of these audio and video frames of the displayed program or event may create errors, such as a program where the audio portion lags or leads the corresponding video portion. Such is undesirable whether watching live or recorded content.
[0008] The present invention provides an audio-video (AV) synchronization process and transport processor that improves continuity of displayed AV data. To initialize the synchronization process, a transport processor determines whether an occupancy criterion of a buffer storing received audio and video frames has been met. If the buffer criterion is met, the transport processor obtains a first time stamp value from a first frame, and a second time stamp value from a second and subsequent frame. First and second parameters are computed from these respective time stamp values, and are compared against each other. If the parameters coincide, the corresponding audio or video frames are decoded and displayed. If the parameters do not coincide, a recovery process is initiated. In either event, the invention makes it possible to achieve audio-video synchronization for both live and playback modes of a digital video recorder (DVR).
[0009] Further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
[0010] The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given hereinbelow and the accompanying drawings, wherein like elements are represented by like reference numerals, which are given by way of illustration only and thus are not limitative of the present invention and wherein:
[0011]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary architecture of a device equipped with a DVR in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
[0012]FIG. 2 illustrates the general structure of a transport packet;
[0013]FIG. 3(a) illustrates an exemplary video service packet and transport packet structure in accordance with the invention;
[0014]FIG. 3(b) illustrates an exemplary video presentation time stamp (PTS) contained in the transport packet structure of FIG. 3(a);
[0015]FIG. 4(a) illustrates an exemplary audio service packet and transport packet structure in accordance with the invention;
[0016]FIG. 4(b) illustrates an exemplary audio PTS contained in the transport packet structure of FIG. 4(a);
[0017]FIG. 5 illustrates a process of determining valid video presentation time stamps for AV synchronization in accordance with the invention;
[0018]FIG. 6 illustrates a more detailed flowchart based on the steps of FIG. 5;
[0019]FIG. 7 illustrates exemplary recovery modes based on the recovery step of FIG. 5; and
[0020]FIG. 8 illustrates synchronization of audio frames with video frames in accordance with the invention.
[0021] The synchronization method of the invention is useful for various DVR applications that are similar to those currently available on commercial DVR systems. The method makes it possible to achieve audio-video synchronization for live and playback modes without requiring additional hardware components for synchronizing audio and video frames.
[0022] The method specifies a technique for achieving audio-video synchronization without referencing a system clock reference (SCR). The SCR need not even be recorded. A video presentation time stamp (PTSV) serves as a master reference in order to determine whether PTS of successive video frames are valid. An audio presentation time stamp PTSA is slaved to the PTSV, such that, based on the validity of the PTSV, the audio frame may be synchronized with its corresponding video frame. In addition, the synchronization algorithm is robust enough such that every audio frame can be decoded without any annoying audio errors.
[0023] The method achieves audio-video synchronization for both live content and playback modes in a DVR system. Furthermore, every audio frame is decoded. There is no audio error (e.g., glitch), even where several PTSV of successive video frames are corrupted or missing. The invention is applicable to any current or future DVR, cable/satellite, video-on-demand (VOD) or other broadcast source products. However, before describing the above features in greater detail, an exemplary basic architecture and operation is described in order to provide a context for the method and apparatus of various embodiments of the present invention.
[0024]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary architecture of a device equipped with a DVR in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The device 300 utilizes a bus 305 to interconnect various components and to provide a pathway for data and control signals.
[0025]FIG. 1 illustrates a host processor 310, a memory device 315 (in an exemplary configuration embodied as an SDRAM 315) and a mass storage device (HDD) 320 connected to the bus 305. The host processor 310 may also have a direct connection to SDRAM 315.
[0026] As further shown in FIG. 1, a transport processor 330 and an I/F 340, which may in an exemplary embodiment be a peripheral component interconnect interface (PCI I/F) are connected to the bus 305. The transport processor 330 also has a connection to input port 325 and SDRAM 335. Furthermore, I/F 340 is connected to a decoder 350. The decoder 350 is connected to a television encoder 360. The output of television encoder 360 is in turn sent to a display device 370. Decoder 350 may include both an MPEG A/V decoder 352 and a DOLBY DIGITAL�/MPEG audio decoder 356, the output of the latter being sent to display device 370 after conversion in a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 372.
[0027] The host processor 310 may be constructed with conventional microprocessors such as the currently available Pentium� processors from Intel. Host processor 310 performs real-time and non real-time functions in the device 300, such as graphics-user interface and browser functions.
[0028] HDD 320 is actually a specific example of a mass storage device. In other words, the HDD 320 may be replaced with other mass storage devices as is generally known in the art, such as a hard disc drive (HDD) or any known magnetic and/or optical storage devices, (i.e., embodied as RAM, a recordable CD, a flash card, memory stick, etc.). In an exemplary configuration, HDD 320 may have a capacity of at least about 25 Gbytes, where preferably about at least 20 Gbytes is available for various recording applications, and the remainder flexibly allocated for pause applications in device 300. This is only one example, as the mass storage device is not limited to the above capacity and may be configured to be equal to any known or used capacity, higher or lower in size than the example.
[0029] The bus 305 may be implemented with conventional bus architectures such as a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus that is standard in many computer architectures. Alternative bus architectures could, of course, be utilized to implement bus 305.
[0030] The transport processor 330 performs real-time functions and operations such as conditional access, program guide control, etc., and may be constructed with an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) that contains, for example, a general purpose R3000A MIPS RISC core, with sufficient on-chip instruction cache and data cache memory. Furthermore, the transport processor 330 may integrate system peripherals such as interrupt controllers, timers, and memory controllers on-chip, including ROM, SDRAM, DMA controllers; a packet processor, crypto-logic, PCI compliant PC port, and parallel inputs and outputs. The implementation shown in FIG. 1 actually shows the SDRAM 335 as being separate from the transport processor 330, it being understood that the SDRAM 335 may be dispensed with altogether or consolidated with SDRAM 315. In other words, the SDRAMs 315 and 335 need not be separate devices and can be consolidated into a single SDRAM or other memory device.
[0031] Operatively connected to transport processor 330 is a system timer 332. System timer 332 keeps the operational time for the device 300, and in an exemplary embodiment may be a 27 MHz clock. Referring to FIG. 1, and as will be explained further below, when content embodied as transport packets of A/V data are received by device 300, they may be temporarily stored or buffered in SDRAM associated with transport processor 330, such as in SDRAM 335. The output of the transport processor 330, which may include MPEG-2 video elementary streams and MPEG-1 system packet streams (audio), for example, are temporarily stored in SDRAM 354.
[0032] The MPEG A/V decoder 352 generates an interrupt to transport processor 330 when a PTS is detected by the MPEG decoder 352. The interrupt informs the transport processor 330 that a presentation time stamp (PTS) has been received. The transport processor reads the PTS and stores the value for later processing in SDRAM 335. The PTS is used in the synchronizing algorithms that are to be explained hereafter, together with timer values that are to be latched from system timer 332 based on the PTS.
[0033] The input port 325 receives packetized audiovisual bitstreams that may contain, for example, MPEG-1 and/or MPEG-2 video bitstreams, MPEG-1 layer II audio bitstreams and DOLBY DIGITAL� audio bitstreams. Additionally, the present application is not limited to a single input port 325 as the device 300 may receive audiovisual bitstreams via a plurality of input ports 325.
[0034] Exemplary A/V bitrates may range from about 60 Kbps to 15 Mbps for MPEG video, from about 56-384 Kbps for MPEG audio, and between about 32-448 Kbps for DOLBY DIGITAL� audio. The single-stream maximum bitrate for device 300 may correspond to the maximum bitrate of the input programming, for example 16 Mbps or 2 MBps, which corresponds to the maximum MPEG-2 video bitrate of 15 Mbps, maximum MPEG-1 Layer-2 audio bitrate of 384 kbps, and maximum DOLBY DIGITAL� bitrate of 448 kbps. These bitrates are merely exemplary and the system and method of the present invention is not limited to these exemplary bitrates.
[0035] Of course, various other audiovisual bitstream formats and encodation techniques may be utilized in recording. For example, device 300 may record a DOLBY DIGITAL� bitstream, if DOLBY DIGITAL� broadcast is present, along with MPEG-1 digital audio. Still further, the received audiovisual data may be encrypted and encoded or not encrypted and encoded. If the audiovisual data input via the input port 325 to the transport processor 330 is encrypted, then the transport processor 330 may perform decryption. Moreover, the host processor 310 may perform the decryption instead.
[0036] Alternatively, the host processor 310 and transport processor 330 may be integrated or otherwise replaced with a single processor. As mentioned above, the SDRAMs (315 and 335, or 335 and 354) may be consolidated or replaced with a single SDRAM or single memory device.
[0037] The I/F 340 may be constructed with an ASIC that controls data reads from memory. Audiovisual (A/V) data may be sent to the host processor 310's memory and eventually stored in HDD while simultaneously being sent to an MPEG A/V decoder 352.
[0038] As previously noted, decoder 350 may be constructed as shown in FIG. 1 by including the MPEG A/V decoder 352 connected to the I/F 340, as well as an DOLBY DIGITAL�/MPEG audio decoder 356 which is also connected to the I/F 340. In this way, decoders 352 and 356 can separately decode the video and audio bitstreams from the I/F 340, respectively. Alternatively, a consolidated decoder may be utilized that decodes both video and audio bitstreams together. As mentioned above, the encodation techniques are not limited to MPEG and DOLBY DIGITAL� and can include any known or future developed encodation technique. In a corresponding manner, the decoder 350 could be constructed to process the selected encodation technique(s) utilized by the particular implementation desired.
[0039] In order to more efficiently decode the MPEG bitstream, the MPEG A/V decoder 352 may also include a memory device such as the aforementioned SDRAM 354 connected thereto. This SDRAM 354 may be eliminated, consolidated with decoder 352 or consolidated with the other SDRAMs 315 and/or 335. SDRAM 354 stores the audio and video frames that have been received and decoded but have not yet been synchronized for display on device 370.
[0040] Television encoder 360 is preferably an NTSC encoder that encodes, or converts the digital video output from decoder 350 into a coded analog signal for display. Regarding the specifications of the NTSC (National Television Standards Committee) encoder 360, the NTSC is responsible for setting television and video standards in the United States. The NTSC standard for television defines a composite video signal with a refresh rate of 60 half-frames (interlaced) per second. Each frame contains 525 lines and can contain 16 million different colors.
[0041] In Europe and the rest of the world, the dominant television standards are PAL (Phase Alternating Line) and SECAM (Sequential Color with Memory). Whereas NTSC delivers 525 lines of resolution at 60 half-frames per second, PAL delivers 625 lines at 50 half-frames per second. Many video adapters or encoders that enable computer monitors to be used as television screens support both NTSC and PAL signals. SECAM uses the same bandwidth as PAL but transmits the color information sequentially. SECAM runs on 625 lines/frame.
[0042] Thus, although use of NTSC encoder 360 is envisioned to encode the processed video for display on display device 370, the present invention is not limited to this standard encoder. PAL and SECAM encoders may also be utilized. Further, hi-definition television (HDTV) encoders may also be viable to encode the processed video for display on a HDTV, for example.
[0043] Display device 370 may be an analog or digital output device capable of handling a digital, decoded output from the television encoder 360. If analog output device(s) are desired, to listen to the output of the DOLBY DIGITAL�/MPEG audio decoder 356, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 372 is connected to the decoder 350. The output from DAC 372 is an analog sound output to display device 370, which may be a conventional television, computer monitor screen, portable display device or other display devices that are known and used in the art. If the output of the DOLBY DIGITAL�/MPEG audio decoder 356 is to be decoded by an external audio component, a digital audio output interface (not shown) may be included between the DOLBY DIGITAL�/MPEG audio decoder 356 and display device 370. The interface may be a standard interface known in the art such as a SPDIF audio output interface, for example, and may be used with, or in place of DAC 372, depending on whether the output devices are analog and/or digital display devices.
[0044]FIG. 2 illustrates the general structure of a transport packet that carries the audio and video frames which require synchronization in accordance with the invention. The packet shown in FIG. 2 is an exemplary DIRECTV� packet structure; although the present invention is not limited to this structure, but is applicable to any known or future transport packet structure. As seen in FIG. 2, the transport protocol format defines a 130-byte packet containing a Prefix, Continuity Counter, Header Designator and Transport Payload. The 2-byte Prefix consists of four bits of control information and 12 bits of Service Channel Identification (SCID). The first two bytes of the 130-byte long packet are used for the Prefix, the third byte contains four bits for the Continuity Counter (CC) and four bits for a Header Designator (HD) while the remaining 127 bytes carry the payload.
[0045] The transport packet with HD field set to 01X0b carries Basic Video Service (MPEG video data) information. Alternatively instead of MPEG video data, the transport packet may carry Basic Audio Service information (i.e., MPEG- 1 audio data or DOLBY DIGITAL� audio data). For clarity, the transport packet in FIG. 2 is described in terms of video. The HD1 bit, indicated by X in HD=01X0b, toggles with each basic video service packet containing a picture start code. For these packets, the picture header start code is packet-aligned to be the first four bytes of the MPEG video data payload following the CC and HD fields. No other packets will toggle the HD1 bit.
[0046]FIG. 3(a) illustrates the basic video service transport packet format in accordance with the invention. All information may be transmitted in a variation of this format, including video, audio, program guide, conditional access and other data.
[0047] As noted above, each data packet is preferably about 130 bytes long (a byte is made up of 8 bits); but the present invention is not to be limited to this packet length. The first two bytes of information contain the service channel ID (SCID) and flags. The SCID is a unique 12-bit number that uniquely identifies the particular data stream to which a data packet belongs. The flags are made up of four bits, including bits to indicate whether or not the packet is encrypted and which key (A or B) to use for decryption.
[0048] The next, or third byte contains four bits for the Continuity Counter (CC) and Header Designator (HD), while the remaining 127 bytes carry the payload, seen here as MPEG Video data. In general, the Continuity Counter increments once for each packet received with the same SCID value. After CC reaches its maximum value 15 (1111b), the CC wraps to 0 (0000b). The transport payload includes the data that is the actual usable information sent from the program provider (MPEG video data, DOLBY DIGITAL� audio data for example). Such packets may have less than 127 bytes of useful data.
[0049] Further as seen in FIG. 3(a), the transport payload includes picture header user data and a 5-byte video presentation time stamp (PTSV). The picture header user data contains picture related information such as presentation and decode time stamps, pan and scan information, closed caption and extended data services, etc. Also included is a user data start code string of 32 bits set to 00 00 01 B2h, an 8-bit user data length field specifying the length in bytes of user data type and user data into fields; an 8-bit user data type field code, which for the PTSV is set to 02h. The PTSV indicates the intended time of presentation in the device 300 of the first field of the associated frame. It is to be understood that the transport payload is not limited to the above structure, and may be configured as other known or future transport payloads.
[0050]FIG. 3(b) illustrates an exemplary video presentation time stamp (PTSV) contained in the transport payload of FIG. 3(a). The PTSV is a 32-bit number coded in three separate fields, [31 . . . 30], [29 . . . 15], [14 . . . 1]. It indicates the intended time of presentation in the device 300 of the first field on the associated frame. A PTSV is present for each encoded frame and shall be the first user data info in user data field. As an example, for DIRECTV� applications, the value of PTSV is measured in the number of periods of a 27 MHz system clock. For MPEG, the PTSV is measured in the number of periods of a 90 KHz system clock. An increment of one in an MPEG PTSV is equivalent to 300 cycles of a DIRECTV� PTSV.
[0051]FIG. 4(a) illustrates an exemplary audio service packet and transport packet structure in accordance with the invention. This structure is similar to that shown in FIG. 3(a), but the transport payload includes MPEG-1 audio or DOLBY DIGITAL� audio data. These transport packets are identified with the HD field set to 0100b. Additionally, the transport block structure includes a start code prefix, stream ID with value set to C0h, packet length, stuffing byte and audio presentation time stamp (PTSA). A PTSA is always present in each MPEG-1 system packet. This value is measured in the number of cycles of the 27 MHz system clock. A PTSA is also present for DOLBY DIGITAL packets, the difference being that the PTSA is based on a 90 KHz system clock.
[0052]FIG. 4(b) illustrates an exemplary audio PTS contained in the transport packet structure of FIG. 4(a). As seen in FIG. 4(a), PTSA includes a 33-bit coded number spread across three (3) fields. The PTSA indicates the intended time of presentation in the device 300 of the associated audio frame. Similar to the PTSV for video frames, a PTSA is present for each encoded audio frame. As an example, for DIRECTV� applications, the value of PTSA is measured in the number of periods of a 27 MHz system clock; for DOLBY DIGITAL, PTSA is measured in the number of periods of a 90 KHz system clock.
[0053]FIG. 5 illustrates a process of determining valid video presentation time stamps for AV synchronization in accordance with the invention. This process is described with respect to video frames.Although the algorithm is described with respect to video frames, the invention also applies when it is described with respect to audio frames. An even larger additional buffer space in the SDRAM 354 of MPEG A/V decoder 352 is required when the algorithm is based on audio frames. For this figure, reference should be made to FIG. 1 where necessary. It is assumed that the audio or video data (frames) of an exemplary live broadcast (packetized frames) is received at input port 325 and sent to transport processor 330. The output of transport processor 330 is sent to decoder circuitry 350,. If the content is recorded and stored in HDD 320, then recorded content (accessed from HDD 320 by host processor 310) is sent to decoder circuitry 350 via bus 305 and I/F 340. Either live or recorded content is being temporarily buffered in SDRAM 354, until these frames are processed by MPEG A/V decoder 352 for eventual decoding and display on display device 370.
[0054]FIG. 5 illustrates one part of the AV synchronization process in accordance with the invention. An efficient process or algorithm for achieving audio-video synchronization during live and playback modes requires that the recording is done in video elementary streams, MPEG-1 audio system packets, and DOLBY DIGITAL� PES (Packetized Elementary Stream) packets. These elementary streams are used so that, upon playback, the transport processor 330 does not have to perform a second transport processing evolution, which would slow system processing speed. The process below is described in terms of using video frame data, but the process is equally applicable to audio data, as will be detailed further below.
[0055] The algorithm is run by and under direction of the transport processor 330. A start event, such as a channel change or power up of device 300 triggers operation. To initialize the synchronization process (Step S1), transport processor 330 determines whether an occupancy criterion of SDRAM 354, which is temporarily storing (buffering) received audio and/or video frames, has been met. If the criterion is not met, SDRAM 354 continues to fill with received frames, but no synchronization process is initiated.
[0056] If the size criterion in SDRAM 354 is met, then the transport processor 330 obtains a first presentation time stamp (PTSV) value from a first video frame in SDRAM 354, and a second time stamp value from a second (subsequent) video frame (Step S2). The two PTSV's each are represented by an interrupt signal that is sent from MPEG A/V decoder 352 to the transport processor 330. The interrupt is a signal that tells the transport processor 330 to access the system time from timer 332, at that instant in time when the PTSV is physically extracted from SDRAM 354 by transport processor 330 for reading and storing.
[0057] This accessing of time may be effected by a software latch, as is known, with the latched values representing the time a first and a subsequent videopresentation time stamps (PTSV) are detected by MPEG decoder 352. The latched time values are then used with their corresponding PTSV's to compute two parameters (Step S3) that are to be compared by the transport processor 330 (Step S4) to determine if they coincide. If the first and second parameters coincide, the PTSV of the subsequent video frame (frame that is being compared to reference) is valid. Since the PTSV is valid, the corresponding video frame is presented (Step S5) to MPEG A/V decoder 352, to be decoded and then displayed on display device 370. If the parameters do not coincide, a recovery process (Step S6) is initiated. In either event, the method enables the ability to determine valid PTSV for video frames for both live and playback modes of a digital video recorder (DVR).
[0058]FIG. 6 illustrates a more detailed flowchart describing the steps of FIG. 5. Before any synchronization can be initiated, the SDRAM 354 needs to be filled to reach a certain criterion. Accordingly, SDRAM 354 is filled (Step S11) with video and/or audio frames until the SDRAM 354 meets a predetermined buffer size (Step S12). Steps S11 and S12 correspond to Step S1 of FIG. 5.
[0059] Specifically, at startup or powering on of device 300, no video frame is decoded until a buffer occupancy criterion in SDRAM 354 is met. SDRAM 354 has buffering allocated for both video and audio data. The buffer occupancy criterion is preferably set equal to a predetermined size. For example, this may be the VBV Buffer size. A VBV is a Video Buffering Verifier. The VBV is a hypothetical decoder (as defined in ISO/IEC 13818-2, �Information Technology�Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio Information: Video). The VBV buffer is the input buffer of this hypothetical decoder. The buffer size is set to prevent VBV buffer overflow or underflow when compressed data is placed in the buffer and removed from the buffer. A buffer size of 1,835,008 bits, exemplary in the embodiment, corresponds to a Constant Bit Rate or Variable Bit Rate decoder operation.
[0060] Consequently for some broadcasts, the original 32 Kbit allocated for audio data buffering in SDRAM 354 (32 Kbit representing the current standard for chip manufacturers) is increased by an additional 1,409,286 bits. This is done to avoid a buffer underflow/overflow condition. The additional 1,409,286 bits allocated in SDRAM 354 correspond to a worst case scenario, where the audio and video bitrates are 384 Kbps and 500 Kbps, respectively. The amount of additional buffering added to SDRAM 354 may be calculated as follows:
[0061] Steps S13-S16 describe the obtaining of video presentation time stamps for two successive video frames, and the computing of the first and second parameters that are to be compared in the transport processor 330. Steps S13 and S15 correspond to Step S2, and steps S14 and S16 correspond to Step S3 of FIG. 5.
[0062] Once the buffer criterion in SDRAM 354 is met, the transport processor 330 performs a software latch of system timer 332 to obtain a value (Step S13) of when the transport processor 330 receives a first interrupt from MPEG A/V decoder 352. This interrupt informs the transport processor 330 that a first PTSV is present or detected in the SDRAM 354. This latched value, physically accessed from a counter of timer 332, is denoted as VALUEPTSv-Rx. Based on the PTSV and VALUEPTSv-Rx of the first video frame, a first parameter, Δtold, is computed (Step S14). The first parameter is a initial time difference between reception of the PTSV of the first video frame and the latching of VALUEPTSv-Rx.
[0063] Upon receiving a subsequent PTSV interrupt of a second or subsequent video frame, a new VALUEPTSv-Rx is latched (Step S15). Based on these values, a second parameter Δtnew, which is the new difference between PTSV and VALUEPTSv-Rx, is computed (Step S16). Also in this Step S16, the number of times Δtold and Δtnew differ, denoted as count, is initialized to zero (count=0).
[0064] At startup, it is assumed that it takes one video frame time to decode the first video frame. At this point, the transport processor 330 compares the two parameters (Step S17). If Δtnew equals Δtold, the subsequent (i.e., second frame that is being compared to reference) video frame is decoded and displayed (Step S18). Preferably, the distance (time) between two PTSV's should be about a constant, such as about 33 msec apart for example, depending on the frame rate. This is because the validation or synchronization of video frames is tied to the frame rate (frames/sec). The parameter Δtnew equaling Δtold would indicate that the PTSV of the subsequent frame is valid and legitimate (i.e., no error or corruption in the PTSV). The original first parameter Δtold is updated (Step S19) such that Δtold equals Δtnew, and the validation process is repeated for subsequent video frames in SDRAM 354. On the other hand, if Δtnew does not equal Δtold, then the validation process (Step S20) shifts to a recovery mode, in order to compensate for any errors or inconsistencies in the PTSV's.
[0065]FIG. 7 illustrates exemplary recovery modes based on the recovery step of FIG. 5. There are three scenarios in the recovery mode, Case I, Case II and Case III In Case I, the PTSV of the first video frame is corrupted but the corresponding video information is valid. In Case II, both the video information and its associated PTSV of the first video frame are corrupted or lost, but the subsequent video information and associated PTSV in the subsequent frame are valid. In Case III, the time base for all frames in the DVR system has changed (i.e., from 0 to 100 msec for example). In Case II, there is a discontinuity in the sequence of PTSV and PTSA but the new sequence is valid.
[0066] Once recovery begins (from Step S20) it is determined whether Δtnew equals Δtold plus the PTSV of the subsequent frame (Step S21). Under Case I and Case III, this is never the case, so the video frame is decoded and displayed (Step S23) and transports processor 330 sets Δtnew=Δtold (Step S24). Video and audio frames can be decoded and presented glitch-free.
[0067] In Case II, Δtnew=Δtold+PTSV. The last valid video frame is repeated (Step S22) and set Δtnew=Δtold (Step S24). Without this Case II mode, even a bad initial PTSV that is succeeded by a valid subsequent PTSV results in an erroneous Δtnew. An erroneous Δtnew causes audio glitch when audio presentation status is evaluated, causing audio frame(s) to repeat or skip. This is explained further in FIG. 8.
[0068] In all three cases in the recovery mode, a software counter keeping track of the number of iterations performed in the recovery mode increments by one (Step S25). At the next PTSV interrupt, the transport processor 330 latches to a counter in timer 332 and the next new VALUEPTSv-Rx is obtained (Step S26). The new time difference Δtnew is updated (Step S27) just as in FIG. 6. If at the comparison in Step S28 Δtnew does not equal Δtold, then the recovery mode is repeated up to T times (Step S29). In other words, the recovery mode is executed at most T times. The value T is user defined, and preferably should be small enough such that the number of video glitches is minimized. Furthermore, the value T should also be large enough so that up to T corrupted PTSV can be tolerated without causing any audio glitches. In practice, the value T may range from about two to five. Once the recovery mode is executed at most T times or when Δtnew equals Δtold during the recovery mode, the recovery mode ends (Step S30) and the validation part of the synchronization process is resumed, where Δtold is set equal to Δtnew, and where transport processor 330 awaits reception of the next PTSV interrupt for a subsequent frame to begin validation . This is because after T errors, the system assumes that the time base has been changed and that the PTSV for the frames are correct, having only been changed due to the change in time base.
[0069]FIG. 8 illustrates synchronization of audio frames with video frames in accordance with the invention. This process is substantially similar to the process for determining PTS validation in FIGS. 5 and 6 and is done in parallel with video synchronization. Once PTSA is detected or received (i.e., the transport processor 330 receives an interrupt from MPEG A/V decoder 352), transport processor 330 performs a software latch (Step S31) to the timer 332 counter. PTSA is mechanically processed exactly like a PTSV. The latched value is denoted as VALUEPTSa-Rx. Computed time and system time are then compared (Step S32). If (PTSA-Δtnew), which is the computed time, exceeds VALUEPTSa-Rx (which is the system time that is latched) by � audio frame time, one audio frame is repeated (Step S33). For MPEG-1 audio frames, audio frame time is 24 msec; for DOLBY DIGITAL� frames, this time is 32 msec.
[0070] Conversely, when VALUEPTSa-Rx exceeds (PTSA-Δtnew) by � audio frame time, one audio frame is skipped (Step S34). However, when VALUEPTSa-Rx exceeds (PTSA-Δtnew) by less than � audio frame time or (PTSA-Δtnew) exceeds VALUEPTSa-Rx by less than � audio frame time, audio-video synchronization is achieved and audio is presented (Step S35). This is because the difference is small enough so that a viewer cannot perceive any difference between audio and video of displayed content.
[0071] The method offers several advantages. System complexity and costs are reduced since no additional hardware components such as an SCR are needed for synchronization. Since an SCR is not required, AV synchronization of both live and recorded content can be done in an identical fashion, as the algorithms may be used for both live and recorded content.
[0072] Additionally, since little processing power is wasted in synchronizing audio and video frames, a greater amount of processing power at transport processor 330 is available to perform encryption.
[0073] The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. The above-described method has been described as comprised of several components, flowcharts or blocks, it should be understood that the method may be implemented in application specific integrated circuits, software-driven processor circuitry, or other arrangements of discrete components. Although explained in terms of video frames, this invention also applies with respect to audio frames. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.
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Cloud Infographic: Information Security Workforce
Everyday there are more articles citing security as the top concern holding back public cloud adoption. While cloud means many things to different people, so does the term security. In discussions with business and industry experts, security concerns really boil down to the classic CIA—now CIAA—triad: confidentiality, integrity, availability and the more recently appended "audit". Continue Reading
Included is an excellent infographic provided by the group at PraetorianGuard covering the ever important issues involving information security in the workforce.
Infographic Source: PraetorianGuard
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Search for missing George to resume tomorrow
Gloucestershire Police say the search of the canal near Stroud for 20 year old George Ford will be stood down at sunset.
The Nottingham University student went missing from his family home in Slad Road in Stroud early on Sunday.
The search will resume tomorrow morning.


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Take the weather with me:
Mostly clear with temperatures steady in the low 60s. Winds light and variable. Hourly Details
Partly cloudy skies. High near 85F. Winds SSW at 5 to 10 mph.
Clear this evening. Scattered thunderstorms developing after midnight. Low 69F. Winds S at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 40%.
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Type of Work Matters: Women's Labor Force Participation and the Child Sex Ratio in Turkey
AbstractNo abstract is available for this item.
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Volume (Year): 28 (2000)
Issue (Month): 5 (May)
Pages: 861-878
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- Seguino, Stephanie, 2002. "Gender, quality of life, and growth in Asia 1070 to 1990," MPRA Paper 6547, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Lin, Tin-chi & Adsera, Alicia, 2012.
"Son Preference and Children's Housework: The Case of India,"
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6929, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
- Tin-chi Lin & Alícia Adserà, 2013. "Son Preference and Children's Housework: The Case of India," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer, vol. 32(4), pages 553-584, August.
- Seguino, Stephanie, 2006. "The great equalizer?: Globalization effects on gender equality in Latin America and the Caribbean," MPRA Paper 6509, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Rebeca A. Echávarri, 2006. "Gender Bias in Sex Ratio at Birth: The Case of India," Documentos de Trabajo - Lan Gaiak Departamento de EconomÃa - Universidad Pública de Navarra 0605, Departamento de Economía - Universidad Pública de Navarra.
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The Richmond Hill Garden Club's G-Team recently spent a day of refreshing the landscaping at the Richmond Hill Public Library. They weeded, trimmed shrubs, added mulch and planted pansies in the pots at the entrance. Maintaining the library's landscaping is one of the garden club's ongoing projects.
The Disabled Veterans of America, Chapter 46 marked the 72nd anniversary of the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor with a remembrance ceremony Saturday morning at the American Legion, Post 168.
Stage Stores Inc., the parent company of Goody's, is raising funds for Toys for Tots through its "Bears that Care" plush-bears sale.
The Friends of the Richmond Hill Library during a recent meeting voted unanimously to donate $2,400 toward the purchase of books.
Nativity sets from around the world will be displayed from 1-4 p.m. Saturda at St. Philip's Episcopal Church, 302 E. Gen. Stewart Way in Hinesville. Admission is free.
Rotary Club of Richmond Hill recently presented its Junior Rotarian award for November to Richmond Hill High School student Sandeep Bethapudi. The Junior Rotarian award is given to RHHS students who have shown outstanding qualities.
The Liberty County Chamber of Commerce and the Liberty Convention and Visitors Bureau will host the 17th annual Illuminated Christmas Parade at 6:30 tonight in downtown Hinesville. This year's theme, "A Red, White & Blue Christmas … A Salute to Our Troops," was chosen to highlight Fort Stewart having almost all 20,000 troops at home for the first time in more than a decade. The parade will begin on Central Avenue and continue onto Welborn Street, West Gen. Screven Way and West Hendry Street. It will end on North Main Street. The event is free and open to the ...
Santa Claus will visit from noon-4 p.m. Dec. 7 at PawParazzi, 11360 Ford Ave., for a photo fundraiser to support the Bryan County Bark Park.
It was in Georgia, on an evening in January, when Ellen parked her car in her uncle's driveway. She had just left Archie's dance studio. She took a deep breath, got out of her car, walked up the steps onto the front porch and knocked on the door. Her arms were tucked tightly.
Cynthia Gates began her position as executive director of the Tri-County Protective Agency in August and now is "getting acclimated" to the job.
Those who would like to brighten the holidays for service members on Fort Stewart are invited to sponsor or set up light displays.
The November meeting of the Richmond Hill Garden Club featured Barbara Minchey, who demonstrated setting up a worm-composting farm.
I'm not making light of Thanksgiving Day by suggesting we should be thankful for leftovers. To have enough is a feast. To have leftovers is a blessing of abundance, and that's what Thanksgiving is all about.
My favorite holiday is Thanksgiving, which might be considered strange as I obviously did not grow up with this tradition back in England.
The marshes at WaterWays Township are a perfect place to boat, fish and kayak in peace. It's no wonder the volunteers and coordinators of Coastal Georgia's Heroes on the Water Program decided to return to the area Saturday for the second time this year, offering service members the chance to fish, paddle and enjoy a day on the water.
In conjunction with the August book room sale, the Richmond Hill Library and the Friends of the Richmond Hill Library will host a book signing by local author and chocolatier David Willis from noon to 3 p.m. Saturday, Aug. 16.
SAVANNAH - Armstrong State University has announced the schedule for the 2014-15 Moveable Feast lecture and performance series, presented by the university's College of Liberal Arts in historic venues throughout Savannah. All events are free and open to the public.
Many of my columns are pretty light in tone and content as I generally aim to amuse as well as enlighten readers. This is not one of those columns.
Unity in the Community teamed up with Plantation Apartments to throw a back-to-school celebration for young people of the community Saturday.
Mr. and Mrs. James Kline of Houston, Texas are pleased to announce the engagement of their daughter, Kelly Josephine Kline, to Shaun Christopher Quinn, son of Mr. and Mrs. Keith Quinn of Richmond Hill, Georgia.
An open meeting of the Natural Resources Study Committee on aquifer storage and recovery will be at 1 p.m. Monday in the Jekyll Island Convention Center.
The Bryan County Emergency Services has announced the inaugural Citizens Emergency Services Academy will run from 7-10 p.m. for eight consecutive Thursdays beginning Sept. 11 and concluding Oct. 30.
The topic of employee health will be explored at the Richmond Hill/Bryan County Chamber of Commerce's Lunch and Learn at noon Tuesday, Aug. 12, at the Chamber office, 2591 Highway 17, suite 100 in the Crossroads Center.
Sarah Rash was the special guest at the recent meeting of the Richmond Hill Lions Club.


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Hello, London!
With inspiration, help and advice from over 250 wedding specialists, thousands of dresses from all the leading designers and a show-stopping Wedding Catwalk, The National Wedding Show is the ultimate day out for planning the perfect wedding!
The show has a unique selection of top wedding specialists and suppliers, enabling you to source the products you need for your special day, all under one roof.
A days visit will save you months of planning stress and leave you with endless ideas and inspiration for your big day! From trying on and buying your dream dress from the thousands on offer, to hiring your venue, ordering your cake, booking your photographer, choosing your stationery and lots, lots more, The National Wedding Show is the only show for brides-to-be.
The show guide is every bride-to-be's 'little black book' of the best wedding suppliers around. Every visitor can pick up a free copy of the show guide to take home, you can find them at the entrance to the show!
Perfect your bridal beauty with hair and make-up advice from the experts in the Wedding Theatre and browse the stunning décor ideas in The Vintage Area.
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Start the celebrations early and enjoy a glass of fizz in the Champagne Bar or become a VIP to make your day extra special. Receive fast-track entry to the show, a beauty box full of cosmetics and a glass of Freixenet, as well as reserved seating at the Catwalk and unlimited access to the VIP Lounge.
See the latest bridal, hair and accessory trends come to life on the stunning Catwalk show which hosts outfits for the entire bridal party.
Finding the perfect dress is top priority for many brides-to-be once they have been 'popped' the question. With so many choices, options and styles it can be tough to know where to start! The National Wedding Show at Olympia, London hosts the biggest range of wedding dresses for you to compare and try with some of the leading wedding experts on hand to advice on the perfect fit!
The Vintage Area showcases a collection of all things vintage, with specialist wedding suppliers from bridal wear and accessories to stationery and venue styling.
Featuring displays and floral demonstrations from the UK's leading florists, the Designer Flower Market will showcase an array of flowers to suit every taste and style.
From West Brompton station, the venue is directly opposite the station exit. Walk to the left-hand side. From Earl's Court station, exit through the Warwick Road exit and walk down the left-hand side of the building. For bus, train and underground information please click here
If you are driving to Earls Court, there are multiple parking options, for more information on directions and parking click here.
26 – 28 September, Earls Court Friday 26th September 10am – 5pm Saturday 27th September 10am – 6pm Sunday 28th September 10am – 5pm


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It was mostly incident-free, but there were some fun surprises last night at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction in Brooklyn
...and then Nirvana kept the party going at a small club in Brooklyn after the show
John Rowland's in trouble once again
The (short) wait is over - Stephen Colbert will take over for David Letterman when he retires next year, and he'll be bringing his entire current staff
Would you pay $860 for a jar of air? People in China are
Do you know that UPS trucks don't make left hand turns? And they save a ton of gas that way!
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