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By DAMON LAWRENCE
Judge James "Buddy" Scott erred in how he handled the jury in Rocky Houston's murder trial. On that, defense attorney Randy Rogers and state's attorney John Bledsoe agree.
The lawyers disagree on what that means for Houston.
Rogers and Bledsoe argued their positions before a three-judge panel of the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals on Tuesday in Knoxville.
"What the judge did should never be done in a criminal trial in this state," Bledsoe said.
However, Scott's mishandling of the case should not prevent a retrial, Bledsoe argued.
Rogers said it should. He raised the issue of double jeopardy, which is prohibited by the U.S. Constitution.
"It's certainly a well-established, long-held constitutional right not to be tried twice or subjected to punishment or the difficulties and stressors of being tried twice when the court could have received a verdict from the jury that invested the two to three weeks that we had in this case," Rogers said.
The appeals court will render a decision at a later date.
"It may take them a long time, but I say it's so obvious they might could do it quickly, but I don't know," Rogers said.
Houston was charged with two counts of first-degree premeditated murder and one count of first-degree felony murder for the deaths of Roane County Sheriff's Deputy Bill Jones and his ride-along passenger Mike Brown. The verdict forms included the three charged offenses and 21 lesser included offenses.
The trial ended in confusion on Dec. 19, 2008, when Scott dismissed the jury after they returned not-guilty verdicts on eight of the 24 offenses.
"Is the defendant entitled to an opportunity to request further deliberations at that point?" appeals judge James Curwood Witt Jr. asked Bledsoe.
"I believe he could have," Bledsoe responded.
Rogers argued that Scott dismissed the jury prematurely. Had he not done so and required them to deliberate further after they returned with the eight not-guilty verdicts, Rogers said the jury may have found Houston not guilty on all the offenses.
"There's many cases that require the court to say, 'Wait a minute, you don't think you can reach a verdict, but we see a progress, we see an idea that you can. Go deliberate some more.' That wasn't done in this case."
Scott issued a 10-page ruling in January explaining why he took some of the actions he did on the last day of the trial.
He wrote that all the parties acquiesced to his dismissal of the jurors and termination of the proceedings.
"The judge, in his order, seems to indicate that you had an opportunity if you were going to object to a mistrial at that point to say something," appeals judge Norma McGee Ogle said to Rogers.
"I did not receive an opportunity to do anything else because he had discharged the jury," Rogers responded. "At that point in time, not only had he discharged them back to the jury room, he said, 'Take them away, let them go, take them out of the courthouse.'"
Rogers said another reason double jeopardy should apply is because Scott never declared a mistrial.
Bledsoe agreed, but said Scott's failure to do so should not prevent Houston from being tried again.
"Double jeopardy would not bar a retrial if the defendant acquiesced to the cessation of this trial," Bledsoe said.
In his ruling, Scott indicates Rogers was the one who erred by not requesting the trial to continue after the jury returned with the eight not-guilty verdicts.
"It was at that moment that defense counsel should have either asked the court to direct the jury to engage in further deliberations to clear up its verdict," Scott wrote, "or asked the court to inquire of the jurors whether their verdict meant that they were hopelessly deadlocked as to certain offenses. He did neither."
Houston was found not guilty for the first-degree premeditated murder of Brown. Scott ruled that was the only verdict that counted.
The not-guilty verdicts returned on the seven lesser offenses were null and void, Scott ruled, because the jury failed to follow proper instructions.
Not only does Rogers disagree with Scott on that point, but the state does as well. Bledsoe said Houston is entitled to all eight not-guilty verdicts.
Bledsoe asked the appeals court to overturn Scott's ruling that the verdicts on the lesser offenses were null and void.
Bledsoe said the only reason the verdicts were returned in the first place was because Scott wrongly allowed the jury to skip around on the verdict form.
Scott stepped down from the case in February without explanation. He was replaced by David Hayes.
Houston remains in custody while the appeals court ponders what to do about his case.
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Science, technology, engineering and math – the fields collectively known as STEM – are all the rage these days. In an economy that is still struggling to regain its footing, boosting STEM is seen by many as a path to jobs.
Except … what if it isn't?
As STEM has become an education buzzword in recent years, a steady stream of research has emerged that challenges the notion of STEM as an economic elixir. In some STEM careers, the employment picture is downright lousy.
"Record unemployment among chemists in 2011," screamed the March headline in Science magazine's Careers Blog. A headline from June: "What we need is more jobs for scientists."
Unemployment in STEM fields is still well below the general population and slightly below college graduates in general. That "record" unemployment for chemists, for example, was 4.6 percent, compared with overall U.S. unemployment at that time of 8.8 percent.
Nevertheless, the surplus of workers in some STEM areas (resulting in flat wages, and STEM grads forced to take jobs in non-STEM fields) directly contradicts the widely held view that the United States suffers from a critical shortage of qualified STEM graduates.
The truth, many experts say, is more complicated.
"In a general sense, science and innovation do create jobs and drive growth," said Elizabeth Popp Berman, an assistant professor of sociology at the University of Albany. Her book, "Creating the Market University," examines the history of university research and its economic impact. "As a nation, having lots of scientists and people inventing stuff is good for us."
But that doesn't mean all STEM graduates have a guaranteed job, Berman stressed. The STEM employment picture, Berman said, is "very mixed" and largely dependent upon a student's particular major. Petroleum engineering majors are doing very well these days; biologists and chemists are not.
Some studies, meanwhile, have challenged the notion of a STEM worker shortage – instead finding that the United States is producing vastly more STEM graduates than there are jobs awaiting them. As science organizations and corporations continue to sound the STEM shortage alarm, critics charge that these groups are motivated by self-interest. Tech companies, for example, have claimed a shortage of trained workers even as they laid off thousands of U.S. employees, and moved those jobs to low-wage developing countries.
"It's a way for them to sort of excuse why they're shifting so much work offshore," said Rochester Institute of Technology professor Ron Hira, who has testified before Congress on the need to tighten the legal loopholes that allow such maneuvers.
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James437 Wrote:
Feb 12, 2013 1:44 PM
shows how wrong your thinking is. It was the very place to do so. Those people assembled there need to come out of the world and stand against the evil. All through the Bible, you will find men and women who confronted Kings and rulers and spoke out in the truth against the evil that they were committing. It will take GOD to change this country and being afraid to confront a person in charge will only compound their evil. Thank you Dr Carson for your bravery and standing while so many others around just sat.


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The English translation of the this Indian film's title is A Summons for Mohan Josh. [[Performer~P262289~Bhishan Sahni~bhishamsahni]] plays Mohan, a Bombay slum dweller at odds with his absentee landlord. When it becomes clear that the landlord refuses to improve living conditions because he wants to drive the tenants out and tear down the apartment house, Mohan tries to organize his neighbors into a rent strike. Out of fear, they refuse to do so, compelling him to continue his battle alone by hiring an...more
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150 years after the famous gold rush in California, people are heading back to the rivers and mountains in search of gold. Gold value has doubled in the last 3 years. Shown here, a gold miner's camp on the East Fork River in California.
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Labor Surplus and Mass Mobilization: Russian Agriculture during the Great War
AbstractWe use mass mobilization for World War I as an exogenous source of variation in the labor force to test the extent of agricultural surplus in one of the most quintessential examples of labor surplus, late imperial Russia. We construct district-level panel data describing agricultural production in the Russian Empire before and during the World War I. We show that districts that experienced greater mass mobilization responded by decreasing area under crops. We next demonstrate the differential effects of mobilization for commune and private farm production, peak and slack season production and cereals and animal husbandry production. Taken together, these results suggest that peasants responded to mass mobilization in a dramatic way. We estimate the upper bound of labor surplus in the agricultural sector to be significantly lower than previous estimates; however, our estimate is conditional on this peculiar pattern of labor removal.
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Length: 27 pages
Date of creation: Jun 2013
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- Daron Acemoglu & David H. Autor & David Lyle, 2004.
"Women, War, and Wages: The Effect of Female Labor Supply on the Wage Structure at Midcentury,"
Journal of Political Economy,
University of Chicago Press, vol. 112(3), pages 497-551, June.
- Daron Acemoglu & David H. Autor & David Lyle, 2002. "Women, War and Wages: The Effect of Female Labor Supply on the Wage Structure at Mid-Century," NBER Working Papers 9013, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- repec:cge:warwcg:28 is not listed on IDEAS
- Basu, Kaushik, 1992. "The broth and the cooks: A theory of surplus labor," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 20(1), pages 109-117, January.
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February 28, 2013
SunPower climbs after analyst says stock can continue run-up
Shares of solar energy company SunPower (SPWR), which have jumped about 175% in the last three months, are advancing again after Citigroup analyst Shahriar Pourreza wrote that the company's stock can advance further. SunPower has a number of positive catalysts, including greater investor interest in solar energy stocks and the expansion of third party financing for solar energy companies, the analyst stated in a note to investors earlier today. Moreover, SunPower's joint venture in Japan should generate significant growth and it is well-positioned to win a sizable share of new projects in the Middle East, which is expected to become a major player in solar energy, Pourreza contends. Finally, Total's (TOT) 66% stake in SunPower puts a floor under the stock and SunPower should benefit from its diverse product pipeline, added the analyst. Pourreza's price target on the shares was increased to $16 from $12 and the analyst maintained a Buy rating on the stock, which rose 80c, or 7%, to $12.50 in early trading.
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The Bay Area Hotels
The Ritz-Carlton
At a Glance
- four-star service
- total luxury
- ocean views
- formal
- not within walking distance of anything
- expensive
Check Rates from our Partners
The Ritz-Carlton Review
With its enormous and elegantly decorated rooms, secluded oceanfront property, and a staff that waits on guests hand and foot, this golf and spa resort defines opulence. Attention to detail is remarkable, right down to the silver service, china, and 300-thread-count Egyptian cotton sheets. During cocktail hour, view the ocean from the plush Conservatory Lounge or from under a heavy blanket on an Adirondack chair on the lawn; visit the wine bar Eno anytime. The main restaurant, Navio, is suitably decadent, with a kitchen that turns local fish and produce into dishes like goat ricotta ravioli with toasted walnuts, pan-seared diver scallops with sunchokes, and braised beef short rib hash with eggs and glazed turnips.
2011 Fodor's 100 Hotel Award Winner
Queen of the Coastal Peninsula
Overlooking miles of iconic California coastline, Ritz-Carlton Half Moon Bay perfectly mirrors the laid-back elegance and dramatic beauty of the Northern California coast. One of the oldest settlements in San Mateo County, the resort lies smack in the middle of a number of distinct ecosystems: stick to the coast for world class beaches, horseback riding, and oceanfront dining. The awe-inspiring redwood forests are just a few miles inland and in the Santa Cruz Mountain region, more than 70 wineries are open for tastings. All guest rooms, both in the six-story main building and the separate Guest Houses, are enormous and elegantly decorated, with remarkable attention to detail.
- Address: 1 Miramontes Point Rd., Half Moon Bay, CA, 94019 | Map It
- Phone: 650/712–7000; 800/241–3333
- Website: www.ritzcarlton.com
- Location: Half Moon Bay
Contact Information
- 239 rooms, 22 suites
Hotel Details
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Buffalo BIlls
by 148w ago
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Pingback: BLD Polls: Are You Okay With the Bills Toronto Series? - BuffaLowDown - A Buffalo Bills Fan Site - News, Blogs, Opinion and more.
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Reflection: Back in January, a local TV station asked me to share a few ideas to help people cope with Blue Monday. That's the Monday of the last full week in January – what is referred to by many as the most depressing day of the year.
While the Blue Monday pedigree is questionable, everyone has blue days and they don't limit themselves to the month of January!
There's no need to hold in reserve the strategies you can use to perk up your life when you're feeling low.
Action: Here are five actions to perk up your life any time you need a boost: Read More…
Posted under Life Balance, Overload & Overwhelm, Pause E-zines, Video, Wellness
This post was written by Pat Katz on May 14, 2014


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Accommodation Lithuania Vilnius A-Markis Guest House
Photos Facilities Map Streetview Reviews
A-Markis Guest House offers you all that may be needed for a comfortable stay: furniture, appliance, cable TV, phone(free city calls), audio sets, washing machine. Tea, coffee, spring water are always available. In the kitchen you will find all necessary utensils. Not only businessmen, but tourists are welcome too.
These wonderful apartments can accommodate from 1 to 6 people, and enjoys a convenient location in the Old Town district. Possibility to rent a car.
All apartments we offer in Vilnius , are located on the main streets of Vilnius Old Town , such as Vokieciu str.10, Stikliu str.4 , Boksto str.11 , Zydu str.4, Mikalojaus str.7, Siltadarzio str.4,Saltiniu str.3,Gaono str.10,Stikliu str.6.
Please Note! Property requires 48 hour cancellation notice. Otherwise you will be charged for the first night.
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Note: It is the responsibility of the hotel chain and/or the individual property to ensure the accuracy of the photos displayed. Travellerspoint is not responsible for any inaccuracies in the photos.
Create your own travel plan and bookmark this hotel on your plan. You can even bookmark hotels found on other websites!
Do you have questions about Vilnius? You might try asking in our active travel forums and see if anyone else has been there.
Read up on what to see and do in Vilnius in the Travellerspoint guide, written by travellers for travellers.


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Get ideas and inspiration, find easy to use patterns
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Stop horse "soring" – Write your newspaper, your Congressman, and share on Facebook
Pressure needs to be kept up get approval for the PAST Act and end once and for all the inhumane practice of horse soring. One woman, Elizabeth Hansen of Billings, MT appears to be writing every editor of every paper in her area which is in turn being picked up by Google News and other feeds. It is basically the same as the one we posted the other day but the point is to keep up the pressure. ANYONE who wants to stop horse soring should be doing the same thing. You do not have to live in a large town. Many moderate and small town papers are picked up online as well. Let your voice be heard. Of course, be sure to write or call your Congressman as well – click here to find out how.
Below is yet another well written letter by Elizabeth Hansen. We do not know who she is, but we thank her for taking the time to help stop horse "soring"! ~ HfH
Urge Tester, other leaders in Congress to support ban on 'soring' horses
From: The Missoulian
By: Elizabeth Hansen
You think that "soring," this torturous training tactic inflicted on horses to exaggerate their gait into a grotesque movement known as the "big lick," which wins ribbons at gaited horse shows, doesn't happen in Montana? The story I asked you to imagine above was me, in Billings, only eight years ago. I was a groom for a famous Tennessee Walking Horse trainer working at a barn in Billings. I was just getting back into horses. I trusted people whom I thought loved horses.
I was so blind, and afraid to stand up to an issue I didn't know much about. But that's all changed now. This is my chance to make a difference and I hope you will join me. Don't turn a blind eye to these horses like I once did due to my ignorance.
The Prevent All Soring Tactics (PAST) Act (S.1406/ H.R. 1518) has been introduced in Congress to eliminate soring. Please contact U.S. Sen. Jon Tester and ask him to join over 325 members of Congress and cosponsor this anti-crime bill which is endorsed by the Montana Veterinary Medical Association, the American Quarter Horse Association, the National Sheriffs' Association and a multitude of horse industry and veterinary groups from around the country. We need to end this abusive training method once and for all.
Habitat for Horses is a 501.c.3 nonprofit equine protection organization supported solely by donations. We have around 200 donkeys and horses under our care, plus one ornery, old mule. Most of them are here because law enforcement removed them from their previous owner. Our ability to rehabilitate and rehome them comes from the financial support of people like you. Please support us by making a donation for the horses we all serve. Click HERE to donate


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In 2012, for NaNoWriMo, which is an annual (November) novel writing project that brings together professional and amateur writers from all over the world, I commenced work on my third novel. ...{read more}
Why multi-genre writing rocks!
During the week of June 14-17, I was fortunate enough to win a scholarship to attend the Wesleyan Writers' Conference. It is a program that offers the opportunity for people to meet fellow writers and learn from some of the best in the field, and I was ecstatic. ...{read more}


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And here is where we draw the pentagram every evening to give praise to our dark lord and enjoy a nice fire.
I've seen some oddly-appropriated studio apartments, but this is taking spare living to a new level.
You could practically pack this kitchen in a suitcase and take it with you.
Perhaps someone is having substance abuse issues and has been sleeping in the tub. It's easier to take if it looks more like a bed.


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I was surprised to see an article in the NY Times
spreading the rumor that the Yanks are interested in Byrnes being their CF.
My guess is the writer (Tyler Kepner) has never seen Byrnes play CF. He paints Byrnes as a defensive stalwart/weak hitter...
My adjectives would be erratic/adventurous fielder and streaky hitter...
Here's the link to full article and excerpt:
"The Yankees would welcome a proven starter like Juan Pierre of Florida or Randy Winn of Seattle. But with Cashman's reluctance to trade prospects, a more realistic acquisition could be a lesser outfielder like Eric Byrnes of Colorado or Philadelphia's Endy Chavez, who have the speed to cover center field and would not hurt much on offense.
Byrnes, who was traded from Oakland last week, may make the most sense, because the low-budget Rockies are out of playoff contention.
The Yankees' deep lineup could withstand a center fielder who is not a great hitter but fields well. Manager Joe Torre stressed the need for steady defense in center, which was the stated reason for promoting Cabrera on July 7."


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ABUTEC, an acronym for Advanced Burner Technologies, is an international manufacturer of Environmentally Friendly Combustion Solutions. ABUTEC specializes in offering high efficiency, low emission, burners and flares to various industry segments and applications. ABUTEC manufactures Infrared Burners, Enclosed Flares, Vapor Combustors, Incinerators, Thermal Oxidizers, and ...
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Geomorph Radars
GM Radars (Geomorph Instruments) is a leading company in geophysical services and non-destructive testing In Middle East, Southern Europe and Africa. GM Radars owns advanced geophysical and NDT equipment in order to provide high-quality services around the globe. We have offices in London (UK), Athens (Greece), Nicosia (Cyprus), and Doha (Qatar). We also sell geophysical, ...
Westquay Trading Company Limited
Westquay provides the highest quality and most effective specialist equipment to companies throughout the UK and Ireland as well as to companies developing infrastructure projects across the globe. with our specialist knowledge and industry specific experience within our team. Westquay are the main distributor for Tesmec trenchers, surface miners, Simex attachments, ...
Hydrological Services America
Our goal at Hydrological Services America is to supply the instrument that is right for our client and their specific application. Regardless of location, extreme conditions or integration requirements, Hydrological Services America is dedicated to finding the solution that is best for retrieving, storing and sending the most accurate and reliable data possible.
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Jewell Instruments is a world leader in the manufacture and distribution of panel meters, avionics components, inertial sensors, and precision solenoids. Jewell Instruments provides custom solutions for a diverse group of industries, including aerospace, medical, industrial, telecommunications, and many more. Jewell Instruments' experienced engineering team works with ...
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Learn more about the five boroughs that make up New York City with our complete guide.
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This venerable store has stood on the same corner for half a century, fueled by owner Mike Amadeo's love for—and knowledge of—music. Shoppers take note: this isn't necessarily the spot to seek out the latest chart-toppers (reggaeton, for example, is strictly off-limits). It's a place for classics—including tunes by artists like Tito Puente, Celia Cruz and Cheo Feliciano, for whom Amadeo has composed.


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Saddam Husayn's
Prospects for Survival Over the Next Year!
The niicclor of Cental Intelligence
SUBJECT: : Iraq: Saddam Husavn'a Prospects For Survival Over The Hoxt Year
I vould like to call readers' attention to the Estimate's discussion of Saddam's vulnerabilities. In ay view, the key-value of this paper is its appraisal of the intense internal and external pressures on the regime in Iraq. Many in the Intelligence community felt strongly aboutudgment on Saddam's survivability, and such views are presented in the Koy Judgments. This, along with the brevity of the Key Judgments, may obscure for the reader the paper's contribution to our understanding of his considerable vulnerabilities, which is found In the main text andommend to your attention.
Diroctor of
Iraq: Saddam Husayn's Prospects for Survival Over the Next Year
Information available as of1 was used
in iho preparation of this Special National Intamgonco Estimate.
Tha toMowing intelligence organzations pantopatad
the preparation of tfxs Estimate:
Tha Coir* Inteligence Agency
The Defense inre*>gerice Agency
The National Security Agency
Tho Assistant Secretary lor IntefWpeneo and Research,
n o' S'.a'.e
Oftee ot Intetiigence Support.
Deoatrnent ot the Treasury
Tlie Director for Intelligence.
Department of Energy
Tho Intelligence Dwision. Federal Bureau of Investigation also panictpaung:
Tho Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence.
Department of the Aimy
The Director ot Naval Intelligence.
Department of the Navy
The Assistant Chief of Staff. Intelligence.
Department o* the Air Force
The Director of Intel igence.
Headquarters. Marine Corps
This Estimate was approved for pubkeation by the NationalFor&gn fntearge/xx Board
Iraq: Saddam Husayn's Prospects for Survival Over the Next YearT
Saddam Husayn lias hccn weakened by Desert Storm, tlie Shia and Kurdish rebellions, and economic and social damage, but his key support groups stilltake in the system or arc cowed by his skill at intimidation and reward. Unless their support erodes significantly, we conclude that the odds favor that Saddam will still be ruling Iraq one year from now.1
* Senior military officers have ample reasons to be disenchanted with Saddam, but his pervasive security networks, the threat of purges and retribution, and his roleymbol of national unity arc likely to serve as restraints on military opposition.
Saddam will try to maintain the relatively privileged livingof his key supporters and appease the rest of the population with promisesetter future, but continued economic sanctions will deepen the fissures in Iraqi society. Lifting of sanctions, on the other hand, would provide significant relief to the regime and would strengthen Saddam's prospects for survival. I-
Iraq will have only limited capabilities to endanger US interests during the next year. Nonetheless, the United States will be challenged to monitor and, if necessary, contain Ihe actions of Saddam's regime, particularly with respect to weapons of mass destruction and treatment of opponents at borne and abroad. We consider it unlikely (hat he will authorize terrorist acts against US targets in tbe coming year, although he probably will lake such measures against dissidents and defectors and could also try to undermine regional coalition partners.}-
1 SiaiiflSR and Treasury Wnr lhal.Saddam may bela leather ihr many challenges Mini him. there isignificant postlbilUy lhal his hold ontaild crumble rapidly and with filile notice. Siaie/liVR and Treasury do not believe there It sugkltns Information on the liuUiailoniflnd^-iduals Saddam relies on/or maliuainint power loirm lodgment on his ium'ral.1
Key Judgments
Saddam's Saniiabiliry
Saddam Husayn's once absolute power over Iraq has eroded. Desert Storm. Shia and Kurdish rebellions, associated economic and social damage, and the continuing effects of international inspections and sanctions have weakened him. We believe that he, like most of his predecessors, will eventually be ousted from power in an cxlraconstituiional and violent change of regime. Nonetheless, his key supportservices. Republican Guard, andtake in the system or may be influenced by his skill at intimidation and reward. We conclude that the odds are that Saddam will still be ruling Iraq one year fromnly significant erosion of support from key groups would alter this judgment.[
After Saddam?
Any successor to Saddam will most likely share his perspectives on the threats to Iraqi interests and will come from the same political culture.uccessor, al least initially, would enjoy some international support and recognition, and would need toroader base of domestic support than Saddam Thus, although faced with many of tbc same problems as Saddam, wcuccessor would pursue different, and probably less brutal, solutions to Iraq's challenges.'!
The Military'* Position
Senior military officers have many reasons to be disenchanted with Saddam, including his0 rapprochement with Iran, his loss of Soviei backing during the Kuwait crisis, and his current inability to rebuild the military and restore complete sovereignty. But Saddamumber of levers to keep military opposition in check. Many military leaders continue to see himymbol of national unity; this perception,
'nd Treasury believe thai, white Saddam may be able tn weather thefacing him, iht'e isignificant possibility thai hti hold an powerrapidh andwith linle notice. Slaie/INR and Treasury do not believe thereInformation on ike inttisulions/lndhlduab Saddam rttiet on forloitm judgment on his
' The Deputy Director forIA. the Military litleHigrnce Board IUIB)IA and ihe military unices' Intelligence chiefs, and Director. SSA. believe this sentence oiemaies ihe likelihood cf significant policy changes on ihe panuccessoraddam. CIA. the MI ft. and SSA further belief that any likely successor would share Saddam's regional ambitions and would pursue similar methoih ai home to suppress Shia and Kurdish
combined with his pervasive security networks and the fear of purjes and retribution, serve as restraints. Military support for Saddam could erode if senior officers perceivedinterests were being threatened by Saddam's inability to get sanctions removed, end intrusive inspections, or by involvement in police actions against their own people. A
successful move against Saddam would emerge from carefully guarded
planning, minimizing the chance lhat wc would detect it in advance.
Economic Vulnerability
The economyey vulnerability. We cannot isolate the impact of sanctionsingle determinant of developments in Iraq, but we see the cost of sanctions as deepening fissures in Iraqiaddam will try to maintain the relatively privileged firing standards of his key supporters and appease tbe rest of the population with promisesetter future, but he will find it impossible to insulate most of the population from economicElite groups are also feeling the pinch of sanctions, asby the exodus of tens of thousands of skilled middle-class Iraqis, and the regime's inability to resupply and rebuild the militarySignificant lifting of sanctions, on the other hand, would provide relief to the regime and would strengthen Saddam's prospects for survival.
(racks ia Saddam's Hold on the Sunoi Heartland?
Some fissures have appeared in what hadtrictly regimented society. Evidence exists of increased lawlessness including crime, bribery, begging, kidnapping for ransom, and prostitution, open criticism of Saddam, and flight of Iraqis (including Sunni Arab middle-classfrom the country. Together, these developments could undermine Saddam's reputation as the only leader capable of preserving Iraq.
Saddam's Short-Term Goals
Saddam will concentrate on giving Iraq the appearance of political stability while he tries to rebuild the country's civilian economy and military capabilities:
Ie will try to reassert control over all of Iraq but will probably calibrate his actions against Kurds and Shia to forestall an international reaction, unless he fears civil war or loss of keywhich case he would not hesitate to launch large-scale counterinsurgency campaigns.
CIA's Deputy Director for Intelligence: ihc members of the Military Intelligence Hoard, ami ihr Director. National Security Agency, believe lhal economic sanctions,combinedpolitical Isolation and other pressures, will not be sufficient tohange of regime in Baghdad met ihr nextonths]
He will concentrate on getting sanctions cased or removed and oil sales approved. He will give top priority to rebuilding the military to ensure its loyally and to protect its capabilities, regardless of the status of sanctions.
He will try to normalize diplomatic and trade ties and woo foreign governments and companies back lo Baghdad by offering reconstruction contracts and preferential treatment in oil sales and debt repayment.
Saddam's Continuing Challenge to US Interests
If Saddam remains in power, the United States will face challenges to:
Monitor, and, if necessary, contain the actionsefiant Saddam Husayn, especially with respect to UN resolutions on weapons of mass destruction and to treatment of the regime's opponents at home and abroad.
Support Saddam's neighbors who participated in Desert Storm who may be targets of Iraqi subversion and harassment: ai the same time, manage what are likely to be divergent policies as some regional states fear chronic turmoil in Iraq and may take measures to resume contact with
Maintain guard against potential Iraqi terrorism; we judge the most likely targets to be Iraqi dissidents and defectors, as well as regional neighbors who were part of the coalition. We think that Iraqi terrorism against US targets is not likely over the coming ycar.l
Scope Note
This Special National Intelligence Estimate is based on two keySaddam will not fully comply wilh UN resolutions, and most sanctions will remain in effect, although increasing amounts of food and humanitarian assistance may be provided. We also considered significant changes in Western or coalition policies toward Iraq, including the resumption of military hostilities, as beyond the scope of the Estimate.
JuuyiTienis Scope Note
Prospects: Can He Survive?
World View
Can He Keep Control?
Can He Keep the Machine Loyal?
Can He Cope Wiih the Bite of Sanctions?
Looks Outside
And the Neighbors Look Back
Saddam Lasts Another Year: Implications for the United States
Saddam's Prospects: Can He?
Saddam Husayn's once absolute power over Iraq has eroded: he no longer enjoys authority over all the country, has fewer resources to keep his followers satisfied, and has to be more wary than ever of Ibe loyally of ha security forces and inner circle. Bui Saddam is skilled in using instruments of intimidation and reward, and we see his many detractors as lacking access, power, or motivation to bring Ihe system down. We conclude thai the odds are thai Saddam will still be ruling Iraq one year fromignificant erosion of support from key groups would alter this
Long years of reward and repression haveeneration of Iraqis who only know Saddam's rule and fear his power. They appear to have littlein iheir ability to remove Saddam. He has projected himself as the unifying symbol of Iraq whose elimination would mean instability,and eventually partition. Dissidents arcincapable of cooperating or building andthe kind of coherent, coordinated effort needed lo overthio* Saddam wiihin one ycar.f
brutal and preemptive political style thai created "the republic of fear" will continue io define and shield Saddam He will continue lo relyew cohorts lo advise and protect him. Members of his extended family, the Cabinet, the government, and ihe Ba'th Party may dislike his policies and threats and may believe lie should be removed, bul they are all unlikely to risk taking the first step against him. They will be constrained principally by fear bui also by the belief thattrong leader perhaps only
' Siuit/IXK and Trrmnty AraWvr rial, wktltuxhU lo mflfi ihr man* ikaHtmtcs tmVt himimijawjtraw agimMlr ikm tilmrr eomU trmmUt mfdfy ond Mia hiilf notice. 5tat/ISKond Trtmmni kthntaVMMoaM1 Saddam
fur mat (
Saddamwield Ihe kind of authority that will keep Iraq whole and protect Iheir sclf-intercsi.
Wc sec some fissures in what hadlrict law-and-order regime. These developments may notomplete breakdown of civil authority, bul reflect Ihe desperate economic situation and may indicate an intentional relaxation of some internal controls.visitors to Baghdad describe aa increase in public lawlessness including crime, bribery, begging,for ransom, and protfitulion. allin Saddam Husayn's prewar Iraq. Perhaps more Idling signs uf social stress arc reports of increasing numbers ofof them professionally skilled Sunnithe country, some seeking
lo emigrate. Iraq's continued international isolation lias also become an increasing frustration for the Iraqi people. P
The majority of Sunni Arabs rallied around Saddam during March and April out of fear of Ihe Shia and Kurdish uprisings, but some are now vocalizing their discontent. Though mindful of the repercussions of criticizing Saddam and of the regime's continuing capacity for repression, many Iraqis are altoof Saddam's apparent willingness lo bringdestruction upon them. Among the cause* of their concerns are rumors thai Saddam has hidden nuclear materials in residential areas. Saddam should be able lo contain the hatred and feat being more openly expressed by civilians, bul his ability lo cope wilh these problems will be further complicated if sanctions remain in place. Ultimately iIicm1 stresses could undermine Saddam's reputation as the only leader capable ofafe and secure Iraq.
Saddam will probably be able to manage threats from the military over ihe next year. Most senior military leaders, especially Republican Guard commanders, will remain loyal because of their similar background and outlook, the perquisites they enjoy, and their perception of the internal and external thrcata to Saddam andoreover, by directly involving them in ihe bloody suppression of the rebellions. Saddam has linked iheir fate lo his. '1 hey will also fear the extensive networks of spies within their ranks and the punishments meted out to suspected traitors and Iheir families.I
To contain the ambitions of his generals and ensure their loyally and his security. Saddam will continue to do what he has always done:
Concentrate on ihe Republican Guard, trying to ensure it is ihe best equipped and supplied arm of Iraq's military, even if this requires strippingArmy units of armor, artillery, other equipment, or personnel
' Staie/ISft Ulinti Saddam's ability in manage ihrraitfram the mililary remaini tn Question. While we can preiumr that Saddam has choten military commanders he believe* tu he loyal,currentlymallon on ihe idenlilies u/ many Republican Guard commandei. ikut making il impasiible to aisesi iheir
commanders and reassign loyalGuard officers to command posilions at all levels of the Army.
Try to protect special weapons programs, reinvest in indigenous conventional arms programs, andforeign arms suppliers Io evade sanctions.
the military's sense of mission high by cmpba-Iranitin meddling and Israeli or US threats.
But even Saddam's bcsl efforts lo keep up hismorale may noi suffice. The military has been involved in virtually every governmeni changend it seems that Saddam too will eventually share tbe violent fate of his predecessors. Some ofltccrs might move againsi Saddam if tbey believed his reckless and clumsy efforts lo avoid compliance with UN resolutions invited military retaliation. They might also move if his actions appeared likely to lead to the disintegration of the country or prevent its recoveryuccessful move againstwould emerge from carefully guarded planning that minimt/es thethat we would detect it in advance. If Iraqi history serveshange in regime may not be precipitated directly by social and economic discontent or ethnic unrest, which have never been far from the surface in lmo_.|
Other circumstances, especially in combination, might undermine military support for Saddam:
If the military perceived that sanctions weredegrading Iraq's defensive capability andwas Ihe obstacleelling them removed.
If they believed Saddam'sinability to remove foreign forces from, in, or near Iraq or to end intrusiveattack ornew rebellion from the Shias and the Kurds.
If theihe Republican Guard-were involved in susiaincd police actionaintain order in Sunni areas, including Baghdad.
Arab Sunni support during ihe rebellions,to him are beginning to dominate
Icsopoianiian mystique, Be) ' onscious*
u lo the Mediterranean Sea Sod-dam'ss superimpoied on posters and stamps over xhoie af Hammurabi. Sebuchadnei-zar. ihe ancient Akkadian. and Caliph Harunrulereater Iraq coincidedolden age
Wfacn all else fails. seek islam. Balblsmtrongly secular system of'belief'.butSaddam before ihe war made extensive effortsajority Shia population, includingreligious shrines andogus famlly.tru thai shows himirectif the Prophet Muhammad, according loccounts In highly publt-rtTm meetingi wiih Shia tribal and religious leaders since the end of the rebellions, he hat offered lo refurbish iheshrlneS that had been
amaged during the
If military morale were seriously undermined by purges, executions, (be bite of sanctions, or by favoritism to Saddam's family, or, in the case of the regular military, favoritism shown the Republican Guard.l 1
We cannot isolate economic sanctionsingle determinant of developments in Iraq, but wc judge that sanctions and other pressures arc deepening fissures in Iraqiifting sanctions would
' Theeputy Otrecioe/oi Intelligence, ihe members af the Military Intelligence Board; and the Director. S'attonal Security Agenty. belinr that economic santtiom. etn combined with potto-eal Ixotallon and other prttsuret. will noti'athange af regime in BathJodo>rr the nextonths]
strengthen the regime significantly. As lung asare in place, Saddam will probably be able lo shield key supporters from tbe worst of the economic downturn by offering them economic und financial perks, suchgenerous pensions, gifts, and whatever consumer goods and public services are available. He will try to aprose other Iraqis by promising higher wages and subsidies and lower prices for food rations and other consumer goods but will find it impossible to insulate most of the populace from declining living standards He will blame economic failure* on lite West and onljci.ils whom he Im publicly chaigcd to oversee reconstruction.!
lit Vicit
Saddam appears unrepcnlani. He and the govern-ment-controlled media explain the defeat in the Gulforalattle that Iraq really won because it survived the conspiratorial effort ofations intent on destroying tbc country, its people, and its resources. One Iraqi editorial shortly after the war compared ligypt's defeat7 to Iraq's defeat and inferred that the Arab -masses" could turn Saddamictor just as they had transformed Nasir Saddum remains committed lo his vision of Iraq's role in Ihe region and will take calculated risks lo achieve his goals.|
Events since January have probably reinforcedbasic sense of isolation, mistrust, and betrayal. He remains parochial and xenophobic. He seesand Iraq as victims of an international conspiracy, tits speeches lince Ihe war refer lo -Great Iraq" and tbe importance of nationalism. Arab solidarity, and aali-impcrialism. He is angry at those Arab* who failed to support him and hasense of betrayal by the Soviet Union and Iran. He also has contempt for those Iraqis, including government and parly leaders and military officers, who wavered in following orders)
Saddam, however, has retained his ability to appear flexible when confronted with imminent danger. He encouraged talk of democratic pluralism when the rebellions threatened the partition of the country, and he admitteduclear weapons program when he feared military retaliation for his deceptions.!-
Saddam's Vulnerabilities
Political: Can He Keep Control?
Saddam's strategy for survival includes gestures at political reform:
Heew. expanded Cabinet power to initiate legislative reforms.
He has hmled at electionsew National Assemblyresidential referendum this year.
lie abolished Ihe People's Army the Ba'th Parly militia -and promised to curb corruption In the party.
" He offered amncsiy lo all Iraqis except military officers involved in the rebellions and offered to negotiate with Kurdish and Shia factions.
He relaxed restrictions on travel abroad.!-
Saddam's political initiatives probably are intended more for external consumption lhan domesticWe believe few Iraqis, especially Shia and Kurds, expect broader political participation. Saddam also may be trying to appeal to the loyalties of civilian party burcaucrals who advocate limited liberalizationetain power.
Saddam's actions overall suggest he remainslo the same narrowly based political style as before the war. Even proposed constitutional reforms reaffirm the dominance of Ihe president. Hiswith Ihe Kurdsew law allowing political parties stipulate that all parties will be subordinate to tbc state and banned from foreign contacts.ihe preeminence of the Ba'th Pany is reaffirmed and only it can recruit in the military services. Real power will remain concentrated in tbe hands of
The Inner Cirele. Saddam's key supporters remain his extended family, long-time Ba'th Party associates,oyal military and civilian intelligence and security apparatus. He has rewarded relatives and crejaica who have proved their loyalty with new and expanded powers. Since the end of the war, Saddam:
his son-in-law. Husayn Kamil al-Majid, Defense Minister. He retains significant control over the oil and defense industry ministries as well. He has been an important figure in talks wilh the Kurds and in meetings with UN officials and other prominent foreigners who have visited Baghdad wilh UN teams since the war.
his cousin. Alt Hassan al-Majid, Interior Minister. Known as the Butcher of Kurdistan, he was responsible for tbc brutal suppression of the Kurds8 and served as Military Governor of Kuwait during the occupation. He also participated in the negotiations with the Kurds and in security talks involving the UN.
Appointed his half-brother Sabawi io be chief of bis internal security organization. Sabawi ranoperations in Kuwait during the occupation. Another half-brother, Barzan, remains in Geneva as Ambassador to thehird half-brother was named governor of Satnh ol-Diney Sunni Arab stronghold in central Iraq.1
Saddam retain* the loyalty of these advisers and. in fact, bat drawn them ikact to him. Some, like Deputy Commander of tbe Armed Forces Izzat Ibrahim, Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz, Vice President Tahu Ramadan, and Prime Ministerm-mudi, were reshuffled to Iheir current posts lust February. They seem to beuffer between Saddam and the world in talki relating to the UN sanctions, inspection teams, negotiations with ther planning reconstruction.
Although we lack evidence of opposition towithin the Ba'th Party. Saddam isihc party of suspect elements andleaders with individuals baying militaryvisited Iraq
in early summer said party mem Dent were fearful of losing their privileged status and confused about (he impact of proposed political reforms. Saddam will face link challenge from within the party over Ihe next year. Party mem ben' fear of their fate should Saddam fall probably far outweighs their concerns for ihcii future under hi* rulc.|
Saddam's intelligence services (Mukhabarat) have been among the regime's principal instruments of control. Mukhabarat offices were largcttcd during the March uprisings and may have sustained somein northern and southern cities. Wc believe thai Saddam still relics on the Mukhabarat and may have taken measures to restore their strength, bul wc do not know how successful he has bccn.l
Military: Can He Keep the Machine
Iraq's military retains the potential toajor force for change. Alongside the security andservices, which family members usually run, it has been the key to Saddam's staying in power. Its
leaders, most of whom are Sunni Arabs, are hand-picked and presumably share Saddam's regionaland internal security concerns. The Republican Guard is deliberately composed mainly of Sunni Arabs from central and northern Iraq to counter the Shia majority in the Regular Army. Saddam has rewarded their loyalty by giving them the bestand the most perquisites. I-
Saddam in rebuilding and reconstituting the armed forces in ways thai maximize their effectiveness and loyalty under the new conditions:
educing the size of the Army, largely by demobilising Shia personnel. For the time being, he probablymaller Armyigher percentage of Sunnis can be more easily monitored by his internal security apparatus.
He is consolidating understrength Guard units into fewer but stronger units. He is reconstituting Guard heavy units at ihe expense of Regular Army units.esult, ihe Guard eventually willigher percentage of Iraq's overall combat power.
He is moving the Guard headquarter* and divisions inlo garrisons in the Baghdad area bul is keeping Regular Army units far from the capital. Thus, ihc Guard will be deployed between the capital and potentially mutinous Regular Army units.
Saddam is placing large numbers of senior Guard officers into the upper hierarchy of ihe military.
is ensuring lhal Guard member* and their families receive preferential treatment for basic goods and service*.)
Potential for Military Opposition, Senior military officers have ample reasons to be disenchanted with Saddam. Even before the war. many in the military were unhappy about Saddam's sudden rapprochement with Iran, his loss of Soviet backing during the Kuwait crisis, and his willingness to risk destruction
rather thanolitical resolution to thewith Ihe coalition. They almost certainly resent the appointment of Husayn Kamil as Defenseand his concurrent promotion to lieutenantThey may be uneasy with Saddam's inability to protect miliury programs, including "capons of mass destruction. They may resent his inabilityel UN observer* removed from Iraq, foreign troops removed from its borders, or to eliminate the threat of renewed attack,
Nonetheless. Saddamumber of levers to keep military opposition in
they are conservative and intenselyin outlook. The brutality with which theythe rebellions suggests they will remain loyal, al least while Ihe prospect of internal rebellion exists. Saddams pervasive security networks combined with the fear of purges, executions, and retribution against family members will also restrain senior military officials.I
Fxoaomlc: Can lie Cope Wllb Ihe Bite of Sanctions? The economy is another major factor determiningbility lo survive. In the short lerm, we expect Iraq to make limited progress in meeting basic civilian needs. Some additional electric power,telecommunications, and oil facilities will be repaired. These efforts willlateau and many sectors will deteriorate as stocks of spare parts and the capabilities of the labor force arc exhausted. Increased deliveries of food, medical supplies, waler treatment chemiculs. and even distribution of these supplies will be necessary over tbe nextonths to avert famine and epidemics. Without the import of at least SI billion in foodstuffs, Iraq will not be able to meet its minimum aggregate food requirements by years end [
Table I
What's Left in Ihe Iraqi Military: Estimated Iraqi Wartimeand Current Ntatm of the Armed Forces"
1'hit table lists all neapora in the Iraqioctadrni many thai are de reikinclude*ombat aircraft ihat flew lo Irnii.
acn iochide lit aircraft aueued alle* the war io be intact but derelict, in Horace and nortoperalional, or held by toreisn maintenance Idealities.
* Includes al lea*ilitary transports in Iran.
table is
las! vcar
Saddam probably believes he can survive the impact of sanctions by ensuring an adequate supply of goods and services for keythose who are close associates; members of his intelligence, security, and personal guard; and those who serve in the Republican Guard, ft is the same strategy he employed last year when sanctions were first imposed on Iraq.n
Saddam assumes that sanctions will eventually be eased if not removed, even if he fails to comply fully
with UN resolutions. Judging by his tactics, Saddam believes that publicizing economic hardships suffered by ordinary Iraqis offers the besi chance for eroding international support for sanctions in the short term. In tbc longer term, he probably assumes thai foreign government and corporate greed will override support for sanctions. I-
Taking Care of Key Supporters. Saddam is trying to assure his primary supporters that he does notin fact protects -Iheir economic well-being.
figureaddam In norther* Iraq. rpeinglVH fvl
is allocating mosi available resources, lo restoring Baghdad and central Iraq, which arc home lo his key supporters. Saddam has diverted international food relief earmarked for other cities to TTkril, hisHe hai ordered hefty nay raises for theespecially the Republicancontinues to pay civil servants who arc not required to report lo work because of damage or other disruptions caused by the war. The regime hasew bank under Saddam's uontrol thai trill ofTer interest-free loans to slate employees, veterans of the "Mother of Allnd those deemed "friends of Saddam.'1
Appealingke International Community. Saddam is trying to erode international support forsanctions. His official spokesmen appeal through the UN and other diplomatic channels for their removal or casing on humanitarian grounds. Trying to exploit human suffering, they have granted foreign observers und journalists unprecedented access to local facilities and even staged demonstrationsisiting UN mission. They also appeal directly to commercial interests, especially in countries whose compliance wiih the sanctions significantly damages
Iraq: Minimum Cost and lime Required for Chilianeliberately to punish the Iraqi people, and some Iraqis apparently accept this explanation. Saddam has publicly tasked other officials with overseeing and administering reconstruction and setting up numerous potential scapegoats for economic failures.]
Saddam Looks Outside
Saddam will apply the same aggressive tactics to ending Iraq's diplomatic isolation and getting foreign support to removee will use the specter of famine and disease, Pan-Arab and anti-imperialist propaganda, and ihe lure of contracts and debtlo restore Iraq's trade and diplomatic tics. Saddam will also try to bully Iraq's former diplomatic allies and trading partners to resume ties. Iraq's near inability and unwillingness to repay debts and the UN sanctions will probably discourage most governments and companies from doing significant business wiih Baghdad until Iraqi oil begins to flow.
their own economics^
Tapping Private-Sector Resources. With hi* regime's resources dwindling or inaccessible, Saddam hasmany trade and financial restrictions toprivate enterprise. Merchants can obtain foreign exchange outside of the government-controlledsystem and restrictions on licensing requirements have been cased to facilitate imports by the private sector. The regime islind eye to what had been considered black-markcl trading, allowingto openly sell goods well above government-set prices
ropaganda War, Iraq's propagandaregularly lauds Saddam for postwar economic improvements and blames the coalition- especially the Unitedcontinued hardships. It also accuses the West of maintaining strict sanctions
Saddam has had some limited success. As proofonce again is part of the internationalthat Saddam isiability, Baghdad hasto iu participation in the May meetingArab League, visits by Iraqi officials tosome Arab states this spring, and visits toby foreign dignitaries, even those underMoreover, press
report that atfagainstres ta fling their embassiesandozen more are preparing
nd the Ndgbbors Look Back
Iraq's neighbors have little sympathy for Saddam. Except for Jordan, all hoped he would be defeated in the war or ousted in its aftermath. For the most part, they give some measure of support to his opponents or back internationa) efforts to monitor his behavior. But they also worry lhat his successor will not be able to hold Iraq together or that the delicate balance of
Without.Sadtfa^rn: Differently? '
': Saddamsayttotan.ahfrrfti.
cswell,eek .ypfiOriuniticj.roto inspire the hint* leHfauesilpnzd.mtfjoriiy
fuuttuts one' "
TV toiewjead'erj wotfd probablyV>loserio
seefcjffljwjeftow and as they define their on They .would share Sadda
in ihe Gulf will be disrupted. In particular, some fear their neighbors will rush to take territorial advantage of the vacuum of power in Iraq orethnic ifredeniism by advocating Kurdish or Shia autonomy]
Guard. Tehran also appears to be broadening its support of opposition groups to include those based tr Saudi Arabia and
Iranian leaders are intent on Saddam's ouster, and they hope UN economic and diplomatic sanctions will eventually topple him. We expect Tehran to continue to provide moderate levels of support to Iraqi Shia opposition groups andesser extent to the Kurds. They will offer safehaven. training, weapons, money, and advisers or small units from the Revolutionary
on its decadelong relationship with Iran and newly strengthened ties to Saudi Arabia and Egypt to keep regional pressure on Saddam, and it willmaintain its unilateral trade embargo against Iraq, in placeven if internationaland regional cooperation against Iraq erode.
Syrian President Haflz al-Asad remains disappointed that his arch rival Saddam Husayn retains his hold on power. He probably believes that, if Saddam can rebuild his military and political power, he willto punish Damascus for supporting the anti-Iraq coalition. Consequently, we believe Asad will noteconciliation with Saddam. Q
Instead, Damascus will continue efforts to unseat Saddam. It will continue to piovide limited military training and logistic assistance to various Iraqigroups, including the anti-Saddam front Syria supported during the war to liberate Kuwait and pro-
exiled Iraqi military figures. Syria also will
* Monitor and. if necessary, contain the actionsefiant Saddam, especially with respect to weapons of mass destruction and treatment of regime opponents
> Maintain coalition resolve during the debate over economic conditions in Iraq und whether to modify or lift sanctions.
Work with some important US partners in tbe region, who will feel the political repercussions of Saddam's remaining in power; differing strategies may create strains in their relations with the United Statcs.r
Wc think thai, over the next year, Iraq *iih or without Saddamhave limitedto endanger important US interests and relationships
may use nonmilitary means to harass and intimidate the rulers in Riyadh and Kuwait City in particular, although it will not be able to threaten militarily these neighbors.
will not be able to seriously undermine the US peace initiative between Israel and various Arab states, in large measure because its ability tothe Palestinian movement has been seriously setback.
If Saddam Lasts Another Year Implications for tbe United States
If Saddam Husayn remains in power over the next year, Iraq willumber of challenges, and the United States will need lo commit diplomatic,and military resources to:
Insure Baghdad complies with UN resolutions and pressure the UN and member stales to stick with the inspection regime; such efforts could complicate olher US arms restraint initiaiives in the region.
Saddam may eventually seek revenge against Ihe United Stales, bul his use of terrorism against US targets will be hampered by the fear of USand the degradation of his terroristNevertheless, limited action against Arabpartners or Israel remains possible. He is likely to sanction operations as well against Iraqi dcfoclors and dissidents.)
Over Ihe long term, if Saddam remains in power, bis ability to reassert Iraqi power and ambition will grow. Wc anticipate that Iraq will continue to seek ways to weaken American influence in the region and will find iu nationalist ambitions at odds wiih US policies and goals.Original document.
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|I've had good luck using a water/soap/oil/garlic juice spray on my roses, petunias and marigolds that were being attacked by spider mites. (The garlic is supposed to deter them in the future; I have no idea if it actually does that!)
That was a small infestation compared to the group of eight neglected-until-this-year rose bushes at the side of our house. I sprayed them last night, and am now wondering how often to do it. For the other flowers, I sprayed every three or four days, but I'm wondering if it would hurt anything to do an experiment and spray every night for several days, each time "getting" bugs that didn't happen to be around the night before.
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by little_minnie 4 (My Page) on Thu, Apr 17, 14 at 19:04
|Just so you know, organic pesticides kill both bad and good insects. They can't tell if it is bad or good just because they are natural.
|You would spray as often as necessary, but if that was more often then once a week I would be looking at why. Is the soil good and healthy so those plants can grow strong and healthy? Does the environment the plant is growing in an environment the plant needs?
As Minnie has already stated spraying any insecticide can kill off the beneficials as well as the pests.
- Posted by GreenDreamhome Zone 9 (My Page) on Fri, Apr 18, 14 at 11:40
|I don't think you understand how a soap-and-oil spray works. It only kills the insects that have actually been coated with it. If you don't spray it on, say, a ladybug, that bug will not be harmed. I don't know how much a deterrent it is once it's on the plant if it's just plain soap and oil with no garlic (see below.)
It's true that while I'm spraying for spider mites, I can get some lacewings, but quite frankly, if the lacewings had been doing their jobs, I wouldn't have spider mites!
The garlic is supposed to repel spider mites and aphids. I don't know if it does, but it definitely doesn't repel ladybugs, mantises and bees. It definitely DOES repel mosquitoes. There is an organic anti-mosquito spray on the market made only from super-concentrated garlic that is very effective for mosquitoes but has been proven to be harmless to all beneficial bugs, bees and birds.
|I don't think you understand how a soap-and-oil spray works.
Oh yes we do but we also know first hand the damage they can do to plants as well as beneficials. The effects of many 'home-made' recipes - both good and bad - has been well documented.
How often you spray would depend entirely on what the recipe you are using. There are many floating around and some do more harm to the plants and beneficials than any effect they might have on pests.
And as kimmsr said more than once a week is normally considered too often and a clear sign that it either it isn't working or that something else is causing the problem.
Blithely using home-made recipes with little understanding of exactly how they work or the long term effects is no better than indiscriminately using chemical pesticides and in some cases can do more harm.
|You may want to read this on the control of Spider Mites.
Here is a link that might be useful: About Spider Mites
- Posted by GreenDreamhome (My Page) on Mon, Apr 21, 14 at 11:37
|Kim -- Thanks for the great article! It's more complete than the other articles I've seen. I'm happy to see that, according to this, I was definitely dealing with the spider mites in the correct way. Chemical insecticides kill everything BUT the spider mites, which go nuts; water+oil and/or organic vegetable-based soap is the recommended treatment.
The article also answered a question I thought of this weekend: If the idea is to smother them, why do you need soap in the oil spray? Sure enough, the article talks about using insecticidal soaps OR insecticidal oils. It also talks about the importance of hosing plants off well with just plain water (which I do to knock off as many as I could) and keeping dust off of them.
This post was edited by GreenDreamhome on Mon, Apr 21, 14 at 11:40
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Sack Supper2011 ArtPrize Entry
inspired by the work of Kids Food Basket we have looked for a way to represent the large and growing impact of the program on the community - particularly the kids who need good nutrition every day. it is also intended to pay tribute to the hundreds of generous volunteers and organizations in the community who generously give of themselves to provide food items, assemble the sack suppers and deliver them to the kids at school.
Entry Details
- Art form: 3-D
- Depth: 0
- Medium: juice boxes
- Width: 0
- Year created: 2011
- Height: 0
Venue & Connection Information
Venue Considerations
- Special Lighting needed: No
- Internet needed: No
- Indoor Space needed: No
- Outdoor Space needed: No
- Audio/Video needed: No
- Electrical needed: No
About Rick
Rick 's Links
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DeVos Place Convention CenterGet directions →
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William MatthewsI am a research associate at the Statistical Laboratory of the University of Cambridge working with the Centre for Quantum Information and Foundations.
Research InterestsI am interested in quantum information theory. Recently I have been investigating the extent to which entanglement shared between a sender and receiver can assist in classical channel coding tasks, in particular zero-error coding. Another interest is in better understanding physical operations which can be performed on distributed systems by local operations and classical communication.
Selected Publications"On the power of PPT-preserving and non-signalling codes",
Debbie Leung and W. M.,
"Finite blocklength converse bounds for quantum channels",
W. M. and Stephanie Wehner,
arXiv:1210.4722, to appear in IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.
"A linear program for the finite block length converse of Polyanskiy-Poor-Verdú via non-signalling codes",
arXiv:1109.5417, Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 58, pp. 7036-7044, (2012).
"Entanglement-Enhanced Classical Communication over a Noisy Classical Channel"
(experimental work with the Quantum Optics and Quantum Information group at IQC),
R. Prevedel, Y. Lu, W. M., R. Kaltenbaek, K. J. Resch,
arXiv:1010.2566, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 110505, (2011).
"Entanglement can increase asymptotic rates of zero-error classical communication over classical channels",
Debbie Leung, Laura Mancinska, W.M., Maris Ozols, Aidan Roy,
arXiv:1009.1195, Commun. Math. Phys. 311, 97-111, (2012).
"Entanglement in channel discrimination with restricted measurements",
W.M., Marco Piani, John Watrous,
arXiv:1004.0888, Phys. Rev. A 82, 032302, (2010).
"Zero-error channel capacity and simulation assisted by non-local correlations",
Toby S. Cubitt, Debbie Leung, W.M., Andreas Winter,
arXiv:1003.3195, Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on, vol.57, no.8, pp.5509-5523, (2011) .
"Improving zero-error classical communication with entanglement",
Toby S. Cubitt, Debbie Leung, W.M., Andreas Winter,
arXiv:0911.5300, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 230503, (2010).
"Distinguishability of Quantum States Under Restricted Families of Measurements with an Application to Quantum Data Hiding",
W.M., Stephanie Wehner and Andreas Winter,
arXiv:0810.2327, Commun. Math. Phys. 291 813-43, (2009).
A complete list can be found on the arXiv.


text:
Ratings based on 20 Verified Reviews
They paid and stayed. We double-checked.
4.2 Room cleanliness
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4.0 Room comfort
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We double-checked.
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for Personal Eventby A verified traveler
Posted Sep 20, 2013 on Hotels.com
sufficiently comfortable, welcoming staff, not much choices of food in breakfast, nice pancakes but only on Saturday, Would be better if there is tea and coffee in the rooms.
for Business Travelersby Ali
Posted Aug 8, 2013 on Hotels.com
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
Excellent accomodationsPosted Jul 21, 2013
Pros: Good staff, easy location for us between center and airport.
Cons: Wi-fi didn't work reliably from our room - fine from the lobby.
Location: Few nearby restaurants - train station not too far.
The desk clerk was very accommodating, our room was large and clean. The location is not in the center of things, but is a nice spot. Parking on the street was just fine.
for Everyoneby Grass from Atlanta, ga
Very Convenient to TransportationPosted Jul 12, 2013
Pros: Quietness and outdoor landscaping was beautiful.
Cons: not really
Location: Location was excellent and not a lot of activity or noise.
Hotel staff was very helpful and made me comfortable.
for Familiesby A verified traveler from San Francisco
Posted Jul 4, 2013 on Hotels.com
This is a great hotel in a wonderful neighborhood.
Recommendedby ravit from tel aviv
Posted Jun 13, 2013 on Hotels.com
The room was big and comfortable, the staff are very kind and helpful. Recommended!
for Business Travelersby A verified traveler from UK
Okay HotelPosted Apr 22, 2013 on Hotels.com
Size and comfort of the room lets the hotel down. Service is good.
for Business Travelersby A verified traveler
Posted Jan 30, 2013 on Hotels.com
for Business Travelersby Brian
Great staff - comfortable for business travelPosted Apr 19, 2012 on Hotels.com
Staff were excellent, great food in restaurant, quiet neighbourhood.
Recommendedby A verified traveler from Dallas TX
Posted Oct 16, 2011 on Hotels.com