text: 2008 Quick Guide Floodplain Management in Texas Texas Floodplain Management Association http://www.tfma.org This Quick Guide was originally prepared in 2002 by: www.rcquinnconsulting.com Contents About This Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Changes to FEMA Flood Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Activities Requiring Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Texas Flood Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Safe Uses of the Floodplain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Why Do We Regulate the Floodplain? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Is Your Building Site Higher than the BFE? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 What is the National Flood Insurance Program? . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 What is Meant by Pre-FIRM and Post-FIRM? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Flood Insurance: Property Owner's Best Protection . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Nature Doesn't Read Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Community Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Think Carefully Before You Seek a Variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Looking for Floodplain Information? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Some Key Permit Review Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 FEMA Flood Maps Online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Carefully Complete the Permit Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Flood Map Modernization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Freeboard: Build Above the BFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Understanding the Riverine Floodplain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 What is the Elevation Certificate and How is it Used? . . . . . . . . .32 Understanding the Floodway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Completing the Elevation Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Flood Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Paperwork is Important – for You and Your Community . . . . . . . .34 The Flood Boundary and Floodway Map (Riverine) . . . . . . . . . .14 Floodplain Fill Can Make Things Worse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Old Format Flood Insurance Rate Map (Riverine) . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Recommended Floodway "No Rise" Certification . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Flood Insurance Rate Map (Riverine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 How to Elevate Your Floodplain Building (Riverine) . . . . . . . . . . .37 Use the Riverine Flood Profile to Determine BFEs . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Compaction of Floodplain Fill (A Zone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Approximate Flood Zones or Unnumbered A Zones . . . . . . . . . .18 Basements are Unsafe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Understanding the Coastal Floodplain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Manufactured Homes Deserve Special Attention . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Flood Insurance Rate Map (Coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Enclosures Below the BFE (Riverine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Areas of Shallow Flooding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Typical Elevation Methods for Coastal Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Texas Quick Guide i Contents, continued Coastal Houses Must Resist Wind and Water Forces . . . . . . . . . .43 Enclosures Below V Zone Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 The V Zone Certificate (Sample) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Utility Service Outside Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Utility Service Inside Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Accessory (Appurtenant) Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Recreational Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Planning to Improve Your Floodplain Building? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 What About After Damages? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Elevating a Pre-FIRM Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Some Flood Protection for Older Homes is Easy and Low Cost . . .53 Small Levees and Floodwalls Can Protect Some Older Homes . . .54 Some Flood Mitigation Projects are More Costly but Give You More Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Be Flood Safe – Don't Drive Through Flooded Roads . . . . . . . . . .56 Useful Web Sites and Common Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 ii Texas Quick Guide About This Guide This Quick Guide will help you understand more about why and how communities in the State of Texas manage floodplains to protect people and property. Flood-prone communities adopt ordinances that detail the rules and requirements for floodplain development. In case of conflict, that ordinance and not this publication, must be followed. If you have questions, be sure to talk with your local planning, permit, engineering or floodplain management office. Questions and comments on the Quick Guide can 2008 Quick G be directed to the Texas Floodplain Management Association (TFMA) at http://www.tfma.org. Floodpla uide in Mana geme nt in Tex as Texas Fl oodplain http://ww Managem w.tfma.org ent Assoc iation Texas Quick Guide 1 Introduction The Texas Floodplain Management Association (TFMA) and its partners are pleased to provide this Quick Guide to help citizens understand what floodplain management is and why floodplain development is regulated. Communities regulate the floodplain to: ■ Protect people and property ■ Ensure that Federal flood insurance and disaster assistance are available ■ Save tax dollars ■ Reduce future flood losses ■ Reduce liability Floods have been, and continue to be, the most destructive natural disaster in terms of economic loss to the citizens of Texas. More than 12% of the state's land area is subject to flooding. Since 1978, Texas flood insurance policy holders have filed over 178,000 flood loss claims totalling $2.9 billion in claim payments. Even though that represents many insurance payments, most flood-prone Texans don't have flood insurance. 2 Texas Quick Guide Texas Flood Events ■ Flood-prone areas have been identified in most counties, cities and towns in Texas. ■ Millions of structures are located in mapped flood-prone areas. ■ Since 1988, over 400 people have died in flood-related incidents and Presidential over $4 billion in damage has Disaster Declarations occurred. 1964-2007 * ■ About 12% of the state's land area is mapped floodplain. Many waterways have not been mapped. Not all flood events are declared major disasters. Many floods are local, Number of affecting only small areas or a few Declarations watersheds. by County 3-5 6-7 8 - 10 11 - 14 15 - 18 * FEMA data current to September 2007 Texas Quick Guide 3 Why Do We Regulate the Floodplain? ■ To protect people and property. Floodplain management is about developing smart. It makes good sense. If we know part of our land will flood from time to time, we should make reasonable decisions to help protect our families, homes, and businesses. ■ To make sure that federal flood insurance and disaster assistance are available. You are not eligible to purchase flood insurance unless you are in a community that regulates development in the floodplain through the NFIP. In addition, if federal flood insurance isn't available, then you can't get some types of federal financial assistance. Home mortgages will be hard to find, and you won't be able to get some types of state and federal loans and grants. ■ To save tax dollars. Every flood disaster affects your community's budget. If we build smarter, we'll have fewer problems the next time it floods. Remember, federal disaster assistance isn't available for all floods. And even when the President declares a disaster, you and your community still have to pay a portion of the costs of evacuation, temporary housing, repair, and clean-up. ■ To avoid liability and law suits. If we know an area is mapped as floodplain and likely to flood, if we know people could be in danger, and if we know that buildings could be damaged, it makes sense to take reasonable protective steps when we develop and build. ■ To reduce future flood losses in Texas. Development that complies with the minimum floodplain management requirements is better protected against major flood-related damage. State legislation was amended in 1999 to require all cities and counties to adopt ordinances or orders to become eligible to participate in the NFIP. Communities in Texas also have authority to regulate development with stricter local floodplain management requirements. 4 Texas Quick Guide What is the National Flood Insurance Program? The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) was created by Congress in 1968 to protect lives and property and to reduce the financial burden of providing disaster assistance. The NFIP is administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The NFIP is based on a mutual agreement between the Federal Government and communities. Communities that participate agree to regulate floodplain development according to certain criteria and standards. The partnership involves: ■ Flood hazard maps. FEMA prepares maps that are used by communities, insurance agents and others. ■ Flood insurance. Property owners in participating communities are eligible to purchase federal flood insurance for buildings and contents. ■ Regulations. Communities must agree to adopt and enforce floodplain management regulations so that development, including buildings, is undertaken in ways that reduce exposure to flooding. To learn more about the NFIP, including your potential flood risk and the approximate cost of a flood insurance policy, go to FEMA's FloodSmart Web site at http://www.floodsmart.gov. Texas Quick Guide 5 Flood Insurance: Property Owner's Best Protection Who needs flood insurance? EVERYONE. Every homeowner, business owner, and renter in Texas communities that participate in the National Flood Insurance Program may purchase a flood insurance policy — regardless of the location of the building. A typical homeowners insurance policy does not cover flood insurance. Unfortunately, it's often after a flood that many people discover that their homeowner or business property insurance policies do not cover flood damages. Approximately 25% of all flood damages occur in low risk zones, commonly described as being "outside the mapped flood zone." The Texas Floodplain Management Association and the State of Texas urge YOU to protect your financial future by getting a flood insurance policy. To purchase a policy, call your insurance agent. To get the name of an agent in your community, call the NFIP's toll free number 1 (888) 379-9531 or go to www.floodsmart.gov. Being prepared by having flood insurance will save you money. For a $50,000 loan at 4% interest, you will pay around $3,000 per year for 30 years. Compare that to a $100,000 flood insurance premium, which is about $700 per year. If your property is in a low risk zone, your premium may be as low as $112 per year, including coverage for your property's contents. 6 Texas Quick Guide Community Responsibilities To participate in the National Flood Insurance Program, your community agrees to: ■ Adopt and enforce a flood damage prevention ordinance ■ Require permits for all types of development in the floodplain (see page 23) ■ Ensure that building sites are reasonably safe from flooding ■ Estimate flood elevations that were not determined by FEMA ■ Require new or substantially improved homes and manufactured homes to be elevated above the Base Flood Elevation (BFE) ■ Require other buildings to be elevated or floodproofed ■ Conduct field inspections and cite violations ■ Require Elevation Certificates to document compliance (see pages 32 through 34) ■ Carefully consider requests for variances ■ Resolve non-compliance and violations ■ Advise FEMA when updates to flood maps are needed Texas Quick Guide 7 Looking for Floodplain Information? Go to the FEMA Flood Map Store on the Internet at http://msc.fema.gov. Digital scans of flood maps can be downloaded or hardcopy maps can be ordered. Reach the Map Store by calling (800) 358-9616. ■ FEMA prepares Flood Insurance Studies (FIS) and Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) for communities in Texas. ■ Most FIRMs show Special Flood Hazard Areas (also called "100-year floodplain" or 1% chance floodplain) and floodways. Some FIRMs show floodplains delineated using approximation analyses (see page 18). ■ Not all waterways have designated floodplains – but all waterways will flood, even though a floodplain study may not have been prepared. ■ In coastal communities, FIRMs show Special Flood Hazard Areas, including areas subject to wave action (see pages 19 and 20). Need a fast answer? Visit your community's planning, engineering or permit office where flood maps are available for viewing by the public. 8 Texas Quick Guide FEMA Flood Maps Online You can find and print a FIRM by using online tools at http://msc.fema.gov. ■ Click the "View" button to display the map panel. ■ Once you find your map, use the pan and zoom tools to find the specific area of interest – a miniature map on the left side of the screen shows a red box around the area you are viewing. ■ Click the "Make a FIRMette" button and drag the pink translucent box over the area you wish to print. ■ Select paper size and Adobe Acrobat (pdf) or Image File (tif). ■ Your FIRMette will be displayed and you can print or save the file to your hard drive. You can also order paper maps or digital maps on CD-ROM from FEMA's Map Service Center at http://msc.fema.gov or (800) 358-9616. Texas Quick Guide 9 Flood Map Modernization The State of Texas, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, regional organizations and communities are cooperating to modernize the flood maps. All new and revised flood maps will be designed to view as paper maps or digitally on a computer within a Geographic Information System (GIS). Flood maps will be composites of base data, topographic data and flood layers which can be overlain with parcel information or other data to more easily determine if a house or other property is or will be located in a Special Flood Hazard Area or Floodway. 10 Texas Quick Guide Understanding the Riverine Floodplain For floodplains with Base Flood Elevations, check the Flood Insurance Study to find the Flood Profile which shows water surface elevations for different frequency floods (see page 17). The Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) is that portion of the floodplain subject to inundation by the base flood and/or flood-related erosion hazards. SFHAs are shown on FHBMs or FIRMs as Zones A, AE, A1-A30, AH, AO, AR, V, VE, and V1-V30. See pages 12, 14 and 16 to learn about the floodway, the area of the floodplain where floodwaters usually flow faster and deeper. The base flood means the flood having a 1% chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year (also called "100-year floodplain"). Texas Quick Guide 11 Understanding the Floodway For any proposed floodway development, before a local floodplain permit can be issued, the applicant must provide evidence that "no rise" will occur (see page 36). You will need a qualified registered engineer to make sure your proposed project won't increase flooding on other properties. The Floodway is the channel of a river or other watercourse and the adjacent land areas that must be reserved in order to pass the base flood discharge without increasing flood depths. Computer models of the floodplain are used to simulate "encroachment" or fill in the flood fringe in order to predict where and how much the base flood elevation would increase if the floodplain is allowed to be filled. 12 Texas Quick Guide Flood Maps FEMA prepares Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) to show areas that are at high risk of flooding. Since the 1970s, many versions and updates to maps have been produced. ■ "Old format" maps may include flood zones (like B, C, A1-30) that are not being old included in map updates. The maps were only available in hard copy and were often FHBM & FIRM accompanied with Flood Hazard Boundary Maps. ■ "New format" maps have been produced in order to simplify map zone designations and make map items easier to identify. ■ Digital Flood Insurance Rate Maps (DFIRMs) are the product of FEMA's Map Modernization Program. DFIRMs will update all maps from "old format," may include new data and information and will be available in digital format for use in computerized mapping and information programs as well as in paper form. new FIRM DFIRM Texas Quick Guide 13 The Flood Boundary and Floodway Map (Riverine) FEMA prepares Floodway maps as companions to many FIRMs. Check to see if your project will be in the Floodway because additional engineering may be required (see page 36). Initial floodplain maps were flood hazard boundary maps accompanied with separate floodway maps. Floodway maps do not show flood zones or BFEs. Check the companion FIRM and FIS for that information. Page 15 shows the FIRM that matches the map clip to the left. 14 Texas Quick Guide Old Format Flood Insurance Rate Map (Riverine) FEMA prepares Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) to show areas that are at high risk of flooding. These are being updated through FEMA's Map Modernization Program. Texas Quick Guide 15 Flood Insurance Rate Map (Riverine) 16 Texas Quick Guide Use the Riverine Flood Profile to Determine BFEs Flood profiles can be used to determine the BFE at a specific site. Profiles also show estimated water surface elevations for floods other 1 than the 1% annual chance flood (100-year flood.) 2 1 On the effective flood map, locate your site by measuring the distance, along the center line of the stream channel, from a road or cross section, for example, or . 1 2 Scale that distance on the Flood Profile and read up to the profile of interest, then across to determine the elevation. Texas Quick Guide 17 Approximate Flood Zones and Unnumbered A Zones Some floodplains are delineated using approximations and therefore do not have specified base flood elevations (BFE). If you need help determining the BFE, check with your community permit office. FEMA publication Managing Floodplain Development in Approximate Zone A Areas (FEMA 265) is useful for engineers and community officials. Topographic maps can be used to estimate the Base Flood Elevation if the FIRM shows approximate or unnumbered A Zones. 18 Texas Quick Guide Understanding the Coastal Floodplain The Coastal High Hazard Area (V Zone) is the Special Flood Hazard Area that extends from offshore to the inland limit of a primary frontal dune along an open coast and any other area subject to high velocity wave action. The area is designated on the FIRM as Zone V1-V30, VE, or V. Coastal graphics from Coastal Construction Manual (FEMA 55CD). The term Coastal A Zone means the portion of the SFHA landward of the V Zone or landward of a shoreline that does not have a mapped V Zone. The principal sources of flooding are associated with astronomical tides, storm surges, seiches or tsunamis. Coastal A Zones may be subject to wave effects, velocity flows, erosion, scour, or combinations of these forces and may be treated as V Zones. Texas Quick Guide 19 Flood Insurance Rate Map (Coastal) This portion of a FIRM shows a coastal Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) (dark gray), the 500-year flood hazard area (light gray), coastal Base Flood Elevations (BFEs) (numbers in parentheses), and flood insurance rate zones (AE and VE = SFHA, VE = Coastal High Hazard Area, X = areas outside the SFHA). UNDEVELOPED COASTAL BARRIERS In undeveloped Coastal Barrier Resource Areas (COBRA), NFIP insurance is not available for new or Identified Identified Otherwise substantially improved structures built 1983 1990 Protected Areas after November 16, 1990. 20 Texas Quick Guide Areas of Shallow Flooding These are areas with a 1% chance of a shallow flood (1-3 feet) each year. ■ Zone AH areas usually flood from ponding in which water is generally not moving across the land. ■ Zone AO areas usually flood from sheet flow in which water moves across land where there is no defined channel. Texas Quick Guide 21 Changes to FEMA Flood Maps Most changes to FIRMs are made by Letter of Map Change (LOMC) – a letter which reflects an official revision to an effective NFIP map. 1. Letter of Map Amendment (LOMA) is an official amendment to an effective FIRM that may be issued when a property owner provides additional technical information from a licensed land surveyor or engineer, such as ground elevation relative to the BFE, SFHA, and the building. Lenders may waive the flood insurance requirement if the LOMA documents that a building is on ground above mapped floodplain. 2. Electronic Letter of Map Amendment (eLOMA) is web based application to submit simple LOMAs to FEMA. 3. Letter of Map Revision (LOMR) is an official revision to an effective FIRM that may be issued to change flood insurance risk zones, special flood hazard area and floodway boundary delineations, BFEs and/or other map features. Lenders may waive the insurance requirement if the approved map revision shows buildings to be outside of the SFHA. 4. Letter of Map Revision Based on Fill (LOMR-F) is an official revision to an effective FIRM that is issued to document FEMA's determination that a structure or parcel of land has been elevated by fill above the BFE, and therefore is no longer in the SFHA. Lenders may waive the insurance requirement if the LOMR-F shows that a building on fill is above the BFE. Physical Map Revision may be issued for major floodplain changes that require engineering analyses, such as bridges, culverts, channel changes, flood control measures, and large fills that change the BFE or Floodway. Physical map revisions are also issued when a new study updates or improves the FIRM. Requests for map revisions must be coordinated through your community. 22 Texas Quick Guide Activities Requiring Permits Most man made changes to land in the floodplain requires a permit. Examples include: ■ Constructing new buildings (including temporary or agricultural) ■ Additions to existing buildings ■ Substantial improvements to existing buildings (including interior renovation) ■ Repair of substantially damaged buildings ■ Placement of manufactured (mobile) homes ■ Subdivision of land ■ Parking or storage of recreational vehicles ■ Storing materials, including gas/liquid tanks ■ Construction of roads, bridges and culverts ■ Placement of fill, grading, excavation, mining and dredging ■ Alteration of stream channels ■ Oil and gas drilling Texas Quick Guide 23 Safe Uses of the Floodplain Let the floodplain do its job – if possible, keep it natural open space. Other low damage uses may include recreational areas, playgrounds, reforestation, parking, gardens, pasture, accessory structures, created wetlands, ecosystem restoration and wildlife management. RECOMMENDED RECOMMENDED NOT RECOMMENDED All land subdivided into lots, some lots Floodplain land put into public/ All land subdivided into lots, some partially in the floodplain, setbacks common open space, net density homesites and lots partially or entirely modified to keep homesites on high remains, lot sizes reduced and in the floodplain. ground. setbacks modified to keep homesites on high ground. 24 Texas Quick Guide Is Your Building Site Higher than the BFE? If your land is shown on the map as "in" the regulatory floodplain, but your building site is higher than the Base Flood Elevation (BFE)… get a licensed land surveyor or engineer to complete a FEMA Elevation Certificate (EC). Submit the EC with an application for a Letter of Map Amendment to FEMA to verify that your property is above the BFE. If approved, it will remove the mandatory federal requirement to purchase flood insurance if you have a federally backed mortgage. Keep the certificate with your deed, it will help future buyers. Texas Quick Guide 25 What is Meant by Pre-FIRM and Post-FIRM? A building is Pre-FIRM if it was built before the date of your community's first FIRM or before December 31, 1974. If built after that date, a building is Post-FIRM. Improvements or repairs to Pre-FIRM buildings may require permits (see pages 29 and 30). 26 Texas Quick Guide Nature Doesn't Read Maps Many people don't understand just how risky the floodplain can be. There is a 26% chance that a non-elevated home in the floodplain will be damaged during a 30-year mortgage period. The chance that a major fire will occur during the same period is less than 5%. CAUTION: Nature doesn't read the flood map. Major storms and flash floods can cause flooding that rises higher than the 100-year elevation (BFE). Consider safety – protect your home or business by building higher. See page 31 to see how this will save you money on insurance. Texas Quick Guide 27 Think Carefully Before You Seek A Variance Very specific conditions must be satisfied to justify a variance: ■ Good and sufficient cause ■ Unique site conditions ■ Individual non-economic hardship ■ If in the floodway, no increase in flood level A variance that allows construction below the BFE does not waive your lender's flood insurance requirement. Flood insurance will be very expensive – perhaps more than $3,000 per year as compared to less than $500 (see page 31). Think carefully about seeking a variance to build below the Base Flood Elevation. Not only will your property be more likely to get damaged, but insurance will be very costly. If your community has a pattern of inconsistent variances, FEMA sanctions can be imposed – costing you even more. 28 Texas Quick Guide Some Key Permit Review Steps The Permit Reviewer has to check many things. Some of the key questions are: ■ Is the site in the mapped floodplain? ■ Is the site in the mapped floodway? ■ Have other local, state and federal permits been obtained (septic, water quality, wetland)? ■ Is the site reasonably safe from flooding? ■ Does the site plan show the Base Flood Elevation, development location and the floodplain delineation? ■ Is substantial improvement of an older building proposed? ■ Is an addition proposed? ■ Will new buildings and utilities be elevated properly? ■ Will manufactured homes be properly elevated and anchored? ■ Do the plans show an appropriate and safe foundation? ■ Will an Elevation Certificate be required? Texas Quick Guide 29 Carefully Complete the Permit Application david & Sally JoneS 781 Reed StReet You must get a permit before you do work X X in a floodplain. X dRy RiveR X 59.2 60.2 Rebecca Reviewer, CFM 4/2/2007 Good information will lead to better construction and less exposure to future flood damage. 30 Texas Quick Guide Freeboard: Build Above the BFE Want to save some money and have peace of mind at the same time? Then add Freeboard to build higher than the minimum elevation requirement. Freeboard is a factor of safety, usually one or two feet above the BFE. Freeboard tends to compensate for the many unknown factors that could contribute to flood heights greater than the BFE. NOTE: Flood insurance rates and various fees change from time to Annual Flood Insurance Cost If you have: time. Rather than specific costs a post-FIRM structure ✔ for insurance, this figure gives a in an AE Zone ✔ feel for how much difference just with $250,000 structural coverage (maximum) ✔ a foot or two can make. with $100,000 contents (maximum) ✔ Building owners will save The approximate annual cost for flood insurance: insurance money if they elevate +3 ft. $500 above the BFE. But more +2 ft. $550 impressive is how the cost of +1 ft. $700 insurance can more than double BFE $1,100 if the building is only one foot -1 ft. $5,000 below the BFE. -2 ft. expensive (submit for rate) Remember: The community may be able to grant a variance, but the owner will probably still be required to buy insurance. Imagine trying to sell a house if the bank requires insurance that costs about $5,000 a year. Texas Quick Guide 31 What is the Elevation Certificate and How is it Used? ■ The Elevation Certificate (EC) is a FEMA form used to record building elevation site conditions and FIRM information for a development site. Go to http://www.fema.gov/library/ and search for "Elevation Certificate." ■ The EC must be completed and sealed by a licensed surveyor or engineer. ■ A community official or property owner may complete the EC for sites in approximate flood zones and AO Zones. ■ It can be used to show that the ground at a development is above the Base Flood Elevation (see page 25). ■ It is used to verify that buildings are elevated properly (see pages 29 and 34). ■ Insurance agents use the EC to write and rate flood insurance policies. By itself, the EC cannot be used to waive the requirement to get flood insurance. See page 25 to learn about Letters of Map Amendment. 32 Texas Quick Guide Completing the Elevation Certificate Elevation Certificate (partial) SECTION C - BUILDING ELEVATION INFORMATION (SURVEY REQUIRED) C1. Building elevations are based on: Construction Drawings* ✔ Building Under Construction* Finished Construction *A new Elevation Certificate will be required when construction of the building is complete. C2. Elevations – Zones A1-A30, AE, AH, A (with BFE), VE, V1-V30, V (with BFE), AR, AR/A, AR/AE, AR/A1-A30, AR/AH, AR/AO. Complete Items C2.a-g below according to the building diagram specified in Item A7. Benchmark Utilized RM66 Vertical Datum navd 88 Conversion/Comments none Check the measurement used. a) Top of bottom floor (including basement, crawl space, or enclosure floor) 286 . 00 ✔ feet meters (Puerto Rico only) b) Top of the next higher floor n/a . feet meters (Puerto Rico only) c) Bottom of the lowest horizontal structural member (V Zones only) n/a . feet meters (Puerto Rico only) d) Attached garage (top of slab) 282. 5 ✔ feet meters (Puerto Rico only) e) Lowest elevation of machinery or equipment servicing the building 286 . 0 ✔ feet meters (Puerto Rico only) (Describe type of equipment in Comments) f) Lowest adjacent (finished) grade (LAG) 282. 5 ✔ feet meters (Puerto Rico only) g) Highest adjacent (finished) grade (HAG) 286 . 0 ✔ feet meters (Puerto Rico only) In this example, the BFE is 285. The slab-on-grade house was elevated on fill 1' above the BFE, and the vented garage is 2.5' below the BFE. You will get a blank Elevation Certificate form when you get your permit. You must have a licensed surveyor or engineer fill it out and seal it. The Elevation Certificate includes diagrams for eight building types. Several points must be surveyed. Texas Quick Guide 33 Paperwork is Important – for You and Your Community Lowest Floor means the lowest floor of the lowest enclosed area (including basement). An unfinished or flood resistant enclosure (that is not a basement) is not the lowest floor if the enclosure is built as required in the local ordinance (see page 41), and is used for parking, access and limited storage. If you get a permit to build in the floodplain, you will be given an Elevation Certificate form. As soon as your lowest floor is set, get the form filled out and sealed by a licensed surveyor or engineer. This form is important. It proves that you built correctly, and it can be used to get the lowest cost flood insurance. 34 Texas Quick Guide Floodplain Fill Can Make Things Worse Floodplains are supposed to store floodwater. If storage space is filled with dirt and other material, future flooding may be worsened. Your community may require an engineering analysis ("no rise" certificate) to show how floodplain fill will alter flooding. Floodplain fill can alter other valuable floodplain functions, including wildlife habitat and wetlands. Make sure your floodplain fill project won't harm your neighbors. Floodway fill is allowed only if an engineering evaluation demonstrates that "no-rise" in flood level will occur (see page 36). Texas Quick Guide 35 Recommended Floodway "No Rise" Certification ■ Floodways can be dangerous because water may flow very fast ENGINEERING "NO-RISE" CERTIFICATION (example) ■ Development is not allowed unless "no rise" in flood levels, floodway elevations and floodway This is to certify that I am a duly qualified engineer widths is certified licensed to practice in the State of Texas. It is to further certify that the attached technical data ■ An engineer must evaluate the hydraulic impact supports the fact that proposed (Name of of proposed development Development) will not impact the Base Flood Elevations (100-year flood), floodway elevations ■ A "no rise" certification is required and must and the floodway widths on (Name of Stream) in (Name of Community). be signed, sealed, and dated by a registered Signature Seal professional engineer ■ Check with your community for guidance before you decide to work in a floodway The engineering analysis must be based on technical data approved from FEMA. Save time and money – don't build in the floodway. 36 Texas Quick Guide How to Elevate Your Floodplain Building (Riverine) Caution: Enclosures (including crawlspaces) have some special requirements, see page 41. Note: When the walking surface of the lowest floor is at the minimum elevation, under-floor utilities are not allowed. Fill used to elevate buildings must be placed properly (see page 38). Texas Quick Guide 37 Compaction of Floodplain Fill (A Zone) Earthen fill used to raise the ground above the flood elevation must be placed properly so that it does not erode or slump when water rises. For safety and to meet floodplain requirements, floodplain fill should: ■ Be good clean soil, free of large rocks, construction debris, and woody material (stumps, roots) ■ Be machine compacted to 95 percent of the maximum density (determined by design professional) ■ Have graded side slopes that are not steeper than 2:1 (one foot vertical rise for every 2 feet horizontal extent); flatter slopes are recommended. ■ Have slopes protected against erosion (vegetation for "low" velocities, durable materials for "high" velocities – determined by design professional) Note: Fill may not be used to elevate a building in V Zones. Information on elevating in V Zones on pages 42 through 45. Your community may ask for certification of the elevation, compaction, slope, and slope protection materials. Your engineer or design professional can find more information in FEMA's technical guidance (MT-1). 38 Texas Quick Guide Basements Are Unsafe Basements below the BFE are not allowed in new development and flood insurance coverage is very limited in existing basements for a very good reason. It only takes an inch of water over the sill and the entire basement fills up. Excavating a basement into fill A basement is any doesn't always make it safe because saturated groundwater can damage the walls. portion of a building that has its floor sub-grade (below ground level) on all sides. Texas Quick Guide 39 Manufactured Homes Deserve Special Attention Experience shows that manufactured homes are easily damaged. As little as one foot of water can cause substantial damage. Dry stacked blocks are NOT acceptable — they will NOT withstand a flood. Manufactured homes must be anchored to resist flotation, collapse, or lateral movement by being tied down in accordance with your community's ordinance or the manufacturers' installation specifications. 40 Texas Quick Guide Enclosures Below the BFE (Riverine Only) Solid perimeter wall foundations can enclose flood-prone space. A crawlspace is a good way to elevate just a couple of feet. In all cases, the following are required: openings/ vents, elevated utilities, flood resistant materials, and limitations on use. TOTAL NET AREA OF ALL TOTAL OPENINGS IS 1 SQ. IN. PER SQ. FT. OF ENCLOSED AREA A 25' X 45' BUILDING NEEDS 1125 SQ. INCHES OF OPENINGS (25 X 45 = 1125) STANDARD VENTILATION UNITS USED IN BLOCK FOUNDATION WALLS MUST BE DISABLED IN THE OPEN POSITION TO ALLOW WATER TO FLOW IN AND OUT A STANDARD VENTILATION UNIT, WITH SCREEN, PROVIDES 42 TO 65 SQ. INCHES OF OPENING ENGINEERED OPENINGS ARE ACCEPTABLE IF CERTIFIED TO ALLOW ADEQUATE AUTOMATIC INFLOW AND OUTFLOW OF WATER Texas Quick Guide 41 Typical Elevation Methods for Coastal Buildings In V Zones the design specifics will be determined by your licensed architect or engineer based on your site, including how your building will be elevated and how deep in the ground the foundation elements will extend. Your community will require certified or sealed building designs and plans (see page 45). See details on page 43 42 Texas Quick Guide Coastal Houses Must Resist Wind and Water Forces Coastal buildings may be exposed to both hurricane winds and floodwater, so they must be built to hold together during storms. These details are only examples. Your architect or engineer will decide the type of clips and straps to keep the roof and building connected to the foundation. Texas Quick Guide 43 Enclosures Below V Zone Buildings Avoid building an enclosure under your V Zone building. If you must enclose a small area, your community will require: ■ Walls designed to collapse or "breakaway" under storm and flood conditions Do not modify an enclosure below ■ Flood resistant materials an elevated V Zone building (or any zone for that matter). It is ■ Utility wires and pipes should not go through or be attached to the breakaway walls a violation of your community's regulations, and you may have ■ Enclosed area is to be used only for parking, building access, or storage increased damage when it floods. Plus, your flood insurance policy ■ No bathrooms, utility rooms, or electric service below BFE will cost a lot more. ■ Size limited to 300 square feet or less 44 Texas Quick Guide The V Zone Certificate (Sample) 17 16 6 X driven Wood piles, no obstructions except open stairs 3 16 A Registered Professional Engineer or Architect must review or prepare your building design and provide a signed and sealed statement that the design meets minimum design and construction requirements. You will also need to submit an "as built" Elevation Certificate when construction is finished. Resource: Coastal Construction Manual (FEMA 55CD). Revised in 2000, this interactive CD is a useful tool for engineers and architects who design buildings in V zones. Texas Quick Guide 45 Utility Service Outside Buildings Heat Pump or A/C Fuel or Propane Tank on Platform Anchored on Platform Permissible but not recommended Fuel or Propane Tank Anchored to Prevent Flotation Whether inside an attached garage or outside the building, all utilities, appliances and equipment must be elevated above the BFE or protected against flood damage. Utilities include plumbing, electrical, gas lines, fuel tanks, and heating and air conditioning Fuel and propane tanks may cause equipment. explosion and pollution risks during flood conditions. Even shallow water can create large buoyant force on tanks, so extra care must be taken to ensure that all tanks are anchored. 46 Texas Quick Guide Utility Service Inside Enclosures All utilities, appliances, and equipment must be elevated above the BFE or protected. Utilities include plumbing, electrical, gas lines, heating, and air conditioning. Texas Quick Guide 47 Accessory (Appurtenant) Structures ■ Not habitable ■ Anchored to resist floating ■ Flood openings/vents ■ Built of flood resistant materials ■ Elevated utilities ■ Used only for storage or parking ■ Cannot be modified for different use in the future ■ Documented floor elevation Even small buildings are "development" and permits are required. They must be elevated or anchored and built to withstand flood damage. Caution: Remember, everything inside is likely to get wet when flooding occurs. Accessory (Appurtenant) Structure means a structure that is located on the same parcel of land as a principal structure and whose use is incidental to the use of the principal structure. Accessory structures should be no more than a minimal initial investment, may not be used for human habitation, and must be designed to minimize flood damage. Examples: detached garages, carports, storage sheds, pole barns, and hay sheds. 48 Texas Quick Guide Recreational Vehicles In a flood hazard area, an RV must: ■ Be licensed and titled as an RV or park model (not as a permanent residence) Camping near the water? Ask the ■ Be built on a single chassis campground or RV park operator ■ Have inflated tires and be self-propelled or towable by light truck about flood warnings and plans for safe evacuations. ■ Have no attached deck, porch, shed ■ Be used for temporary recreational, camping, travel, or seasonal use (no more than 180 days) ■ Be less than 400 sq. ft. in area (measured at largest horizontal projection) ■ Have quick-disconnect sewage, water, and electrical connectors RVs that do not meet these conditions must be installed and elevated like Manufactured Homes, including permanent foundations and tie-downs (see page 40). Texas Quick Guide 49 Planning to Improve Your Floodplain Building? Substantial improvement means any reconstruction, rehabilitation, addition, or other improvement of a structure, the cost of which equals or exceeds 50 percent of the market value of the structure before the start of construction of the improvement. This term includes structures If the cost of the improvement equals or exceeds 50% of the market value of the which have incurred building, you must comply with the Substantial Improvement requirements. substantial damage If the costs are less than 50% of its market value, only the addition is required to be from any cause, built above the BFE, but you should still consider ways to reduce future damage. regardless of the actual repair work performed The cost to correct previously cited violations of state or local health, sanitary, or (see page 51). safety code to provide safe living conditions can be excluded. Alteration of a registered historic structure is allowed, as long as it will continue to meet the criteria for listing as a historic structure. 50 Texas Quick Guide What About After Damages? A permit is required to repair substantial damage from any cause — fire, flood, wind, or even a truck running into a building. Check with your community permit office to be sure. You will be asked to provide a detailed cost estimate for repairs. See page 52 for more information about elevating an existing building on a crawlspace. $60,500 Texas Quick Guide 51 Elevating a Pre-FIRM Building This is one way to elevate an existing building to comply with floodplain regulations. If your insured building is damaged by flood, you may be eligible for an Increased Cost of Construction payment. The state and FEMA can help with more information and options. 52 Texas Quick Guide Some Flood Protection for Older Homes is Easy and Low Cost Move your hot water heater, furnace and ductwork out of basements and crawlspaces or build small platforms for them above the BFE. Anchor heating oil and propane tanks to prevent flotation. Do not store valuables or hazardous material in a flood-prone basement or crawlspace. Use water-resistant materials when you repair. Texas Quick Guide 53 Small Levees and Floodwalls Can Protect Some Older Homes In areas where floodwaters aren't expected to be deep, sometimes individual buildings can be protected by earthen levees or concrete floodwalls. You must get a permit for those protection measures, and extra care must be taken if the site is in a floodway. A levee or floodwall cannot be used to comply with floodplain regulations for a new or substantially improved building, or one that is repaired after substantial damage. Important: These protective measures will not reduce your flood insurance premium. 54 Texas Quick Guide Some Flood Mitigation Projects are More Costly ut Give You More Protection After floods, some communities buy out and demolish homes that were severely damaged. The acquired land is dedicated to open space and can be used for recreation or to help restore wildlife habitat and wetlands. In other instances, homes have been raised up on higher foundations, and others have been moved to safer high ground. Texas Quick Guide 55 Be Flood Safe — Don't Drive Through Flooded Roads ■ Never drive through flooded roads – they may be washed out. ■ Passenger cars may float in only 18-24 inches of water. ■ Floating cars easily get swept downstream, making rescues difficult and dangerous. ■ Be especially cautious at night when it is harder to recognize dangers. ■ Hundreds of people have died in floods in Texas – many were trapped in cars. ■ It takes only six inches of fast moving water to sweep you off your feet. Flash floods are dangerous. Do not try to walk or drive through fast-moving water. 56 Texas Quick Guide Useful Web Sites and Common Acronyms Useful Web Sites Common Acronyms ■ American Red Cross: http://www.redcross.org/services/disaster ■ BFE = Base Flood Elevation ■ FEMA Resource Library: http://www.fema.gov/library/ ■ EC = Elevation Certificate ■ FEMA NFIP information: http://www.fema.gov ■ FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency ■ FEMA Map Service Center: http://msc.fema.gov ■ FIRM = Flood Insurance Rate Map ■ Community Rating System (CRS) Resource Center: http://www.training.fema.gov/EMIweb/CRS ■ NFIP = National Flood Insurance Program ■ Association of State Floodplain Managers: http://www.floods.org ■ SFHA = Special Flood Hazard Area ■ Texas Floodplain Management Association: http://www.tfma.org ■ TWDB = Texas Water Development Board ■ Texas Water Development Board: http://twdb.state.tx.us ■ TFMA = Texas Floodplain Management Association ■ Texas Department of Insurance: http://tdi.state.tx.us ■ Texas General Land Office: http://www.glo.state.tx.us ■ Texas Division of Emergency Management: http://dps.state.tx.us/dem ■ Texas Hazard Mitigation Package: http://www.thmp.info/ Texas Quick Guide 57 Resources Federal Agency Resources Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Is the originating Agency for NFIP & Map Modernization Program. Provides for studies to update Flood Insurance Rate Maps. Prepares updated digitized FIRMs and publishes "Preliminary" D-FIRMs. www.fema.gov for general information www.msc.fema.gov for the Map Service Center U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Conducts flood studies. Oversees capital projects in waterways. Determines flood damage assessments for property buyouts. Issues 404 Wetlands Permits. www.usace.army.mil National Weather Service Provides weather forecasts and severe weather alerts through the internet, television, and NOAA All Hazard Radio. Regional River Forecast Office provides flood forecasts. Promotes Severe Weather and Turn Around Don't Drown awareness. www.weather.gov U.S. Fish and Wildlife May be required to involve in certain projects to issue a permit. www.fws.gov National Park Service May be required to involve in certain projects to issue a permit. www.nps.gov Association of State Floodplain Managers (ASFPM) Provides technical information for Nation Wide floodplain management challenges, legislation, and support. www.floods.org 58 Texas Quick Guide Resources Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Provides guidance on Clean Water Act and may need to be contacted for certain permits to be issued. www.epa.gov National Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) May be required to involve in certain projects to issue a permit and may have technical information relevant to floodplain management. www.nrcs.usda.gov National Highway Administration May be required to involve in certain projects to issue a permit. www.nhtsa.dot.gov State Agency Resources Texas Water Development Board (TWDB) State National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Coordinating Agency. Partners with FEMA – Community Assistance Program. Provides technical assistance, training, ordinance/court order assistance, and public outreach. Part of the Agency entails the Texas Natural Resources Information System (TNRIS) which is the State mapping and geographic information data repository. State Map Modernization Coordinator. Manages Flood Mitigation Assistance Grant Program, Flood Protection Planning Grant fund, and the Severe Repetitive Loss Grant fund. Mike Howard is the NFIP State Coordinator; his phone number is (512) 463-3509. The Board also has 6 Regional Offices that are staffed with NFIP knowledgeable staff: Austin (512) 463-4350 El Paso (915) 834-5626 Harlingen (956) 421-3214 Houston (281) 895-6555 Mesquite (972) 285-8078 San Antonio (210) 212-9324 www.twdb.state.tx.us www.twdb.state.tx.us/planning/flood/fmp.asp#nfip for community floodplain administrators and community status list. Texas Quick Guide 59 Resources Governor's Division of Emergency Management State Coordinator for Emergency Management in Texas. Provides for State and Federal disaster preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. Is the State Hazard Mitigation Officer (SHMO). Administers the Federal Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) and Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) grant program. www.txdps.state.tx.us/dem Texas Department of Insurance Named as co-coordinator for the NFIP in Texas (TWDB is the other State agency). Provides aid, advises and cooperates with all participating political subdivisions. Administers Windstorm Inspection Program (first tier of Texas counties fronting Gulf of Mexico). Facilitates availability of wind insurance. www.tdi.state.tx.us Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) Oversees State Dam Safety Program, which monitors and regulated both private and public dams in Texas www.tceq.state.tx.us Texas Office of Rural Community Affairs Manages community development grants including the Community Development Block Grant and the Disaster Relief & Urgent Need fund for communities after a disaster www.orca.state.tx.us Texas General Land Office (GLO) Texas Coastal Management Program (CMP) is to improve the management of the State's coastal natural resources and to ensure the long-term ecological and economic productivity of the coast. Oversees Open Beaches Act, which provides that all beaches be public land and open for public access. Manages Dune Protection Program, which protects sand dunes for coastal stabilization, storm protection, ecosystem management, and economic development. www.glo.state.tx.us 60 Texas Quick Guide Resources Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs (TDHCA) Have anchoring regulations listed for manufactured homes and other important information regarding installation of manufactured homes. www.tdhca.state.tx.us Texas Department of Health Handles individual grants for families after a disaster. www.dshs.state.tx.us Texas Parks and Wildlife Handles permits for sand and gravel operations and addresses environmental concerns. www.tpwd.state.tx.us National Legislation/Regulation National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 Established National Flood Insurance Program; a voluntary program based on mutual agreement between Federal government and local community. In exchange for adopting and enforcing a Floodplain Management Ordinance or Court Order, federally backed flood insurance is made available to property owners throughout the participating community. Prior to the 1968 Act the sole relief available to flood victims was special disaster loans. See 44 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Chapter 60.3 (a-e) for detailed floodplain management regulations. Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973 Now required flood insurance as a condition for Receiving federal financial assistance for acquisition or construction purposes in Special Flood Hazard areas. Publication of Flood Hazard Boundary Maps now officially designated a community as "flood prone" and subject to the act. Texas Quick Guide 61 Resources Executive Order 11988 Specified responsibility for Federal government to adhere to the NFIP regulations like local communities. Federal Agencies are now required to "avoid long-and short-term adverse impacts associated with the occupancy and modification of floodplains and avoid direct and indirect support of floodplain development wherever there is a practicable alternative". Federally funded "Critical Facilities" like Hospital and Fire Stations are to be protected to the 0.2% Annual Chance Event or 500 year flood. Section 404 Wetlands Permits The US Army Corps of Engineers administers Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Discharge of dredge or fill material into wetlands requires a Section 404 permit. Communities are required under the NFIP to require completion of all necessary permits required by Federal and State Law prior to issuing floodplain development permit. Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 Communities must adopt and have an approved all hazards mitigation plan prior to November 1, 2004 to be eligible to receive Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funding (44 CFR Part 201). State Legislation/Regulation House Bill 1018 Requires cities and counties to join the NFIP. The 77th Legislature of the State of Texas amended Subchapter 1, Chapter 16 in the Water Code by adding Section 16.3145 to read as follows: "The governing body of each city and county shall adopt ordinances or orders, as appropriate, necessary for the city or county to be eligible to participate in the National Flood Insurance Program, not later than January 1, 2001". Was prompted after three Presidential Disaster declarations. 62 Texas Quick Guide Resources Senate Bill 936 77th legislative session; Allowed counties and general law cities to regulate on the same level as cities are able to. Adoption of more comprehensive floodplain management regulations are now possible, thanks to this bill. The bill also allows counties to collect reasonable fees to cover administrative costs incurred by the administration of a local floodplain management program. It also provides for Criminal and Civil Penalties and injunctive relief. House Bill 1445 77th legislature session; Provides regulation of subdivisions in Extraterritorial Jurisdictions (ETJ). It authorizes the municipality and the count to enter into an inter-local agreement to establish floodplain development regulations for plats and subdivisions within the ETJ. House Bill 1481 79th legislative session; Barricade law that makes is a criminal offense to cross a barricade at a flooded area. Flood Control and Insurance Act Created in 1969. Stated the need to participate in the 1968 National Flood Insurance Program: "The purpose of this Act is to evidence a positive interest in securing flood insurance coverage under this Federal program, and to so procure for those citizens of Texas desiring to participate; and the promoting of public interest by providing appropriate protection against the perils of flood losses and encouraging sound land use by minimizing exposure of property to flood losses." Senate Bill 1601 75th legislature; Relating to utility hookup only being approved once all necessary permits have been completed with the jurisdiction. Texas Quick Guide 63


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NINTENDO Yoshis Island Super Mario Advance 3 GBA
|Compare prices and read reviews for the NINTENDO Yoshis Island Super Mario Advance 3 GBA Gameboy Advance Game then buy online and save
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subset: commoncrawl


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WARTBURG (WATE) – A 19-year-old Oak Ridge woman died Saturday after a wreck in Morgan County.
Jaania Dickerson of Oak Ridge was driving northbound at about 12:45 p.m. Monday on Highway 62 when she ran off the roadway, according to the Tennessee Highway Patrol. Troopers believe she overcorrected and hit a guardrail.
Dickerson's Chevrolet Malibu landed in a creek bed.
A THP accident report says Dickerson tested positive for drugs.
She was taken to UT Medical Center where she died at about 9 a.m. Saturday.
1306 N. Broadway NE Knoxville, Tennessee 37917
Telephone: 865.637.NEWS(6397)
Fax: 865.525.4091
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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jukesk9256914 wrote a review of Mountain Hardwear Synchro Softshell Jacket - Men's on November 28, 2008
Perfect Jacket
I'm a runner. I run ultras and the only thing I will not run in is lightning. I have been on the quest for the perfect jacket. Jackets sold in running stores just don't cut it for me. They don't hold off the wind, water or cold long enough for me with the miles I put in.
That said, I have found the perfect jacket. I have run in low 20s (I'm in Arkansas, yet to hit the teens) with bone chilling winds and I have stayed very comfortable. I sweat heavy and don't notice it. THe jacket breathes very well and does a great job of blocking the wind.
I HATE the cold and this jacket has kept me very warm. I wear a baselayer underneath it and I'm fine.
I do wish it had pit zips but this jacket wasn't made for runners so I can't complain there. However, I have found by leaving the pockets open my body breathes a little better.


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How to Get Free 2-day Shipping Forever
This is an update of a post I wrote nearly a year ago. What was once a time-limited offer is now free forever. Woot!
I'm addicted to free shipping. I can spend hours in the virtual aisles of an online store, padding my cart with just the items I need, then scouring for a discount code–but if I get to the checkout page and find there's a big ol' shipping charge, forget it.
No sale.
This is especially aggravating when you're buying a single, inexpensive product, and the shipping costs nearly the same as the item!
That's why I like having a subscription to ShopRunner, a nifty service that, among other things, assures you free shipping at more than 80 stores. Even better than that, free 2-day shipping.
For average Joes, the service costs $79 annually–a price I probably wouldn't pay, in all honesty. But check this out: If you have an American Express card, you can get a free ShopRunner subscription. Forever.
In case you're not familiar with it, ShopRunner automatically upgrades you to free 2-day shipping at stores like Beauty.com, Newegg, Shoes.com, and Toys R Us.
Interestingly, there's no minimum purchase, so you can score that fast, free shipping even if you buy only a single item or spend only a couple bucks.
If you typically order a lot of clothes, shoes, and other apparel, you'll especially appreciate this: ShopRunner also includes free return shipping. That's great not only for sending back stuff that doesn't fit (or flatter), but also a huge plus if you've ordered something big and heavy like a TV and decided you don't like it. (Note: Restocking fees may apply, so although return shipping is free, the return itself may not be.)
Finally, the service offers members-only deals like "10 percent off your order" and "save $15 on $75 or more." These aren't exactly earth-shattering, though, nor are they always the best discounts you can find.
For example, ShopRunner is currently offering $25 off an order of $200 or more at Chefs, but you can find a better offer with 15-percent discount code on all orders.
That's not to say you shouldn't check ShopRunner's deals, merely that you may find similar or better ones elsewhere.
No, the big attraction here is the free two-day shipping. And now that you can enjoy it free for life, you've got nothing to lose by signing up. Good time to be an Amex customer, I'd say.
Veteran technology writer Rick Broida is the author of numerous books, blogs, and features. He lends his money-saving expertise to CNET and Savings.com, and also writes for PC World and Wired.
(Source: Savings.com)


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Friday, 22. August 2014
:: Home > Sports > Mad Dog Pogatetz named new FB team captain
27. 03. 09. - 12:00
27. 03. 09. - 12:00
By Thomas Hochwarter
Middlesbrough ace Emanuel Pogatetz has been named to head the Austrian national team in its crucial World Cup qualifying match against Romania next week.
New ÖFB team manager Dietmar Constantini yesterday (Thurs) confirmed speculation he would hand over the armband to the 26-year-old after deciding not to nominate Andreas Ivanschitz, who had led the team since 2003.
Constantini said he regarded Pogatetz as a "leading figure" on the team, while Pogatetz, nicknamed "Mad Dog" for his aggressive style of play, announced his main job would be to help young players who had received their first call-up.
In the run-up to Constantini's decision, former Spartak Moscow player Pogatetz made clear he would be disappointed if someone else was chosen.
Wigan Athletic midfielder Paul Scharner was named as Pogatetz' deputy. Scharner said earlier this week: "Emanuel (Pogatetz) and I have opened our mouths a lot in the past. Now we are ready to take responsibility."
Bochum defender Christian Fuchs had also been rumoured for the role but his age, 22, might have been the reason why the coach opted for the Premiership veterans. Pogatetz captains his club while Scharner, 29, recently became the first player to play his 100th league game for Wigan.
Austria will try to keep the dream of the 2010 World Cup in South Africa alive next Wednesday (1 April) when the team meets Romania.
Austria are currently in fourth place in group 7 while Serbia have the lead. Lithuania are in second place ahead of France. Romania are fourth, with the Faroe Islands at the bottom.
Only the team that finishes first in its group will secure a place at the World Cup. Second-place teams will meet in another qualifying round.
Austrian Times
» Sports 2012-05-31
Marcel Koller has taken a stand on his predecessor's policies.
Stöger dares FK Austria return
» Sports 2012-05-31
Peter Stöger will manage FK Austria Vienna from next season, it has emerged.
» Sports 2012-05-30
Ricardo Moniz might leave Red Bull Salzburg (RBS).
Mum And Daughter Struck By Lightning In Pool
A mother and her daughter were hospitalised after they were struck by lightning – in a swimming pool.
Police Nab Porn Star Who Filmed In Local Church
A woman accused of making a porn movie in a local church has been caught after an informant tipped off police that he recognised her by her breasts after an appeal for information.
Young Hip Hop Dancer Gets 18 Years For Drug Smuggling
A blonde hip hop dancer and charity worker promised an international career after she was spotted by a talent scout has been jailed for 18 years in Indonesia after her work offer turned out to have been part of an elaborate drugs con.
Teen Dying Of Cancer Killed At Charity Event After Ride In Porsche Goes Wrong
The family of a sick boy who was offered a trip in a high-performance Porsche because he was dying of cancer is suing the charity after the Porsche he was travelling in crashed head-on into oncoming traffic.
Japanese Pervert Planned Natascha Kampusch Style Kidnap
A Japanese man inspired by Austrian pervert Wolfgang Priklopil kidnapped a 10-year-old girl and kept her in a purpose-built cellar where he planned to train her to become the perfect wife.
German Hiker Yodels For Help After Getting Trapped In Cattle Grid
A portly hiker dressed in traditional Lederhosen was rescued after he yodeled for help after getting stuck for three hours in a cattle grid.
Austrian Wine Grower Sets New Record For Maturing Grapes
An award-winning Austrian winegrower is believed to have set a new record after leaving harvested grapes for an incredible nine months before fermenting them to create an ultra-sweet white and red wine.
Austrian Castle Owner Shocked By Airplane Wheel In Duck Pond
An Austrian castle owner got a shock after discovering this massive aircraft wheel had landed in his duck pond.
Glock Receives Austrian Award At Birthday Party
Austrian gun maker Gaston Glock has celebrated his 85th birthday with a huge ceremony in which the charitable work of himself and his wife Kathrin was honoured with a top Austrian award, and confirmation that this year two streets and a business park are to be named after him.
Sausage Surprise As Giant Wurst Is Pinched
Austrian police are hunting crooks who broke open a market stall and stole a 1.5 metre sausage worth over 2,000 EUR in the picture postcard village of St Michael in the region of Lungau.
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april 23rdwe are so far away
from the center of the universe.
yet there is music aloud in my head, and my strands of unconscious and conscious thoughts weave a web of sound and noise.
my heart is in my throat as I watch them trip all around me, and my words of warning can only be silence to them. I feel their wounds reciprocated here, in my chest. I, too, trip over guilt and irrevocable circumstances.
I repeat words of reassurance to myself, but don't really believe them. of all people, I know the weakness of words. a house of words can still be burned down, a strongly woven shield of them can still be battened away
and I wonder how much words matter if there is no one who will hear them.
take me down to the river again and throw me in*
i want to write to you,
i want to write about you
the way i used to
when your body was my anchor and
my head was underwater -
before my life became defined within the space that
separates diving
and drowning.
there was something then in the way you'd make me laugh
spitting up blood -
it felt like death from a ruptured lung.
and how sweet it tasted from all the sugar-binges of self loathing
i had to swallow back down with it.
(i never despised myself with more enthusiasm than
when you held my hand)
and remember the day you tied me up in the darkroom
and spilled photographic developer on my back
to watch your image appear and superimpose -
well, i haven't lifted my shirt in public since.
and to the people i share rooms with, and beds with,
and morning coffee,
i swear that it's really just skin deep
and that i keep it there out of guilt,
and how i only sleep in the sheets you died in
to remind myself that you're gone.
2014 January 28th 11:27pmher joy is in the susurrus of swaying grass,
lithely dancing to impress the warm wind.
the sun is her lover, he breathes and she exhales.
her sorrow is as faithful as he,
his resentful death spins her into a frost ridden cradle.
she paints without color, a bitter white to hide his love.
he awakens again
and her misery is undressed as her last snowflake melts,
the first kiss of the season.
the drifter
i tried to tell you that Marley was a ghost,
but you wanted to walk with wings
across gleaming midnight.
How marvelous, this stone stands
sturdy and musty; this glorious church holding up a ticking sun
that slowly cracks the trippy stained glass.
you drilled way below the church stone,
and found dried palm leaves and old joints
like clues to the map of an exceptional life.
I love this torrential literature,
I love a racing heart.
i cannot sleep, i keep dreaming,
ezekiel's visions leave me breathless.
Take it up with the Big Man.
Surely the cannabis creator
must exude a presence that lingers on synapses.
i've lost my ability to fly.
a tender sky with reddening clouds,
the sights of death give birth to no life.
Well, I'm l
2013 December 15th 2:10amshe tied threads around her fingers,
hoping to remember.
she cut her fingers off,
hoping to forget.
AbortionI warned you not to count your eggs
before they hatched
but you were too hyperactive,
and you had ADHD and you wanted to bake cookies.
You wouldn't shut up
about how grossly sweet they would taste
and how pretty and glossy the stretched white yolk would be.
You just wouldn't listen
and now our baskets are empty
and those cookies just sit on the counter, untouched,
mocking us
like that voicemail that your mother left on the phone
begging us not to get that abortion.
Are we murderers?
Ameliai. children
C-can I show you something?
She asked so tentatively; her words grasping my heart with sheer anticipation.
Of course...
My answer was uncertain. Confusion struck my mind when she conjured a knife from no where.
It's a Scottish knife. My uncle gave it to me.
The swirls on the handle coincided with my stomach's churns.
we were both so young
when we first met;
I adored you - but didn't know this yet.
who knew that I'd commit such a sin...
...or that really you wanted to wear my skin?
iii. pre-teens
Hey, can we meet up soon?
I loved her. Seeing her brightened my life... like the metallic blade of her knife.
Sure. How about Saturday, in the park, in a place where no one will see?
we were both still young
when we met at the park;
by the time you arrived, it was ever-so dark.
We were down by the lake; no one could see,
yet I noticed you staring intensely at me...
v. adolescents
Are you a lesbian?!
School was hell. Amelia and I
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Choral Arts Society's A Family Christmas: Through Children's Eyes
* Additional fees apply.
All offers for A Family Christmas have expired.
The last date listed for A Family Christmas was Sunday December 16, 2012 / 1:00pm.
Most Popular Music Event Nearby:
Fillmore Flashback: Biz Markie Hosts '80s vs. '90s Dance Party With Cover Bands
- Full Price:
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Danceability has always been a crucial part of pop music throughout the ages, but which decade -- the '80s or the '90s -- had the songs that can still make modern feet move? That very question will be answered in one night at The Fillmore as Biz Markie and several top cover bands curate a stream of hits from both the '80s and '90s. Markie, a beatboxer and rapper known for his 1989 Top 10 song "Just A Friend," plays host and DJ while '80s cover band The New Romance and '90s cover band Here's To The Night open and close the lineup with expert renditions of your favorite dance-worthy songs from their respective eras. Hosted by HOT 99.5, Washington DC's Top 40 and pop radio station, the Fillmore Flashback will prove once and for all which decade had the best tunes. Learn More
Venue Details
When you go to an event at the Kennedy Center, make certain to see what is playing at the Millenium Stage. A free performance is offered at 6:00 every night. I saw a wonderful set of Broadway show tune sung by very talented students from Catholic University.NSO: Koh Plays Barber info • Nov 01 2013 star this tip starred
I wore a sweater, flip-flops, etc..NSO: Parsifal in Concert dress • Oct 21 2013 star this tip starred
Reviews & Ratings
Featured review from zarko
view more less of this review
Great with little kids!
Joseph Holt, music director and conductor
Catherine Flye, creative director and actor
Garth Bardsley, writer and director
The Choral Arts Chorus
The show runs approximately 60 minutes with no intermission.


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JuJuBe1201 Raleigh Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517
Email this business
(919) 960-0555
Jujube is a modern restaurant rooted in the flavors of China and Vietnam, distilled and whimsically refined with western sensibilities. Part of creating an inspired cuisine is getting out of the way and allowing tradition and the beauty of nature to show through, part of it is putting your individual stamp on each dish. Jujube does both by weaving classic Asian dishes along with one-of-a-kind creations born from our hearts into one, eclectic menu. ?Fabulously inventive food, as always, with great ingredients and friendly service. A gem.? ?My wife and I dine at most of the best restaurants in the Triangle. Jujube is in the category if the finest. It is a rare find. I had a oriental duck confit for my main entree ? it was so excellent that I do not recall the rest of the meal. My wife was similarly pleased with her shrimp dish as were our dinner companions. Jujube is now on our list of favorite restaurants ? we will be going back soon.? ??cool atmosphere, good food, reasonable prices. Everything we ate here was delicious.? ?Jujube is truly one of the Triangle?s finest, ranking right up next to Lantern, Four Square, and Pooles in terms of quality and deliciousness. It?s really one of my favorites, as the chefs there never fail to keep things interesting, fun, and as local as they can. If you want to experience a true Triangle winner, make your way over to this unassuming spot in the Glen Lennox shopping center. You won?t be disappointed!? ?My family and I went to Jujube for our third time this week, and we were again reminded how much we like this place. We started the night with a round of drinks?my father was impressed by a fairly extensive beer menu, while the rest of us enjoyed some of their specialty cocktails? Dinner was excellent all around. The curried pork was a deviation from my normal hanger steak with peanut sauce, and I was glad to have tried something new. I thought it was great. Everyone was satisfied with their meals. Desserts were very good as well, although we were so full by the time we left. The portions at this place are really a nice size? Overall, Jujube is an enjoyable restaurant with a lively atmosphere, but cozy enough that you can hear each other talk. The food is consistently good, so we?ll definitely be going back.?


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text:
Russia 'sends advanced missiles' to Assad regime
Russia has sent advanced anti-ship cruise missiles to Syria, The New York Times reports.
American officials told the US-based paper that the most recent shipment from Russia contains an advanced radar system that makes them more effective.
The weapons, called Yakhonts, could enable the Assad regime to counter any international attempts to impose a naval embargo, or establish a no-fly zone, according to experts.


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Don't have the money for a upgrade or just don't want to spend money on upgrading your account? This is the perfect opportunity for you! Jade has given me permission to do a newspaper a game and the prize will be a free upgrade to your account. This might be your only chance to get a free upgrade. It's not gonna be easy though. Trust me the upgrade is worth all the trouble. All you have to do is get creative! Write a story, draw a picture, make a layout, do something with photoshop, etc. Just make sure it is creative. Be sure to follow of the rules. Give credit if you decide to use photoshop and you use someone else's pics. It can say anything as long as it follows the rules. The contest ends August 15th. This should be plenty of time. You can only have one entry. If you send in more entries you are disqualified. It is unfair to the other players who will be following the rules. Make sure you subject the email 'SD Get Creative'. Send all entries to firstname.lastname@example.com. All you have to include is your user ID and your entry. The winner will receive a free account upgrade and their entry will be posted in a SimDog news article. Moderator applications will be up soon. Anyone who is a moderator now doesn't have to reapply. You will be able to keep your mod position. Well have fun and get creative! The winner will be announce late August 15th. The winner should receive their upgrade within 24 hours of being chosen.
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I do apologize for not being as active. I have a lot of things going on at the moment and I'd love to be more active so I will definitely work on that. Here are applications for newspaper staff. I will announce who the new staff members are August 3rd. I plan on only hiring two or three. If we have more then three players that I think are qualified I will hire more. So here is the application. Please email it to firstname.lastname@example.com. This is my email just for the game. It must have the subject of 'Sim Dog Application'. You may abbreviate application if you would like. You may also send it to my game account which is 'Yellow Duck'.
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It has been a while since I've posted a news article and I do apologize. I took a break from sim dog and pretty much every other sit I play. I will be looking for newspaper staff soon so please let me know who all is still active by commenting below. The newspaper staff app. will be up Saturday morning.
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Hello all!
As some of you may know, I, as well as Infinity and Yellow Duck, am part of the newspaper staff. Sadly however, I am not as active as I used to be and do not foresee having much time to write articles. So, if anyone has an article they have written or even a piece they would like to share (Maybe an original short story or poem, maybe even a comic strip) feel free to send it to me on Baytown (#25894)! If I think it's well written and a good topic I will post it here in the news feed! Just be sure the content is appropriate for all ages we may find here on SDN, keep the language clean, and try to make sure it is easy to read and mostly gramatically correct at least. If I see "u" instead of "you" I will very likely not post it as well. I will also credit you all of course for every submission you contribute.
Also, I'd like it to be known that there may be a chance I may upgrade one member's account as a holiday gift for a loyal active member! I'll update on this at a later date, right now though I need to know if anyone is active and has been. I'm sure very few people check the forums anymore, but I do know there are still members out there! So let me know if you are here! Just reply here, and feel free to introduce yourself if you are not an active forum goer!
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LeBron says intensity remains the same
MIAMI — Having one title is not completely satisfying for Miami All-Star and MVP LeBron James, who got that first championship when the Heat beat the Oklahoma City Thunder in five games for last season's NBA crown.
It was a perfect run for the perennial All-Star: Besides getting engaged and winning his second Olympic gold, James won the NBA's three most coveted trophies: MVP, Finals MVP and the championship.
For an encore, he wants more.
"I want to be the best of all time," James said. "It's that simple."
He expressed similar sentiment last year, and the year before that. He says he always wondered if a championship would change that perspective.
He has his answer.
"Not really, honestly," James said. "I haven't had much time to really just think about what actually happened. At the end of the day, there's still going to be people that say, well, he's not going to be able to win two. He's not going to be able to do it again."
James took very little time off. He went straight from the Finals to the Olympics, then rested briefly before getting back in the gym. James arrived at camp in essentially the same shape as he ended last season.
"The best thing about last year is we got all the way to the mountaintop and then we crossed over," James said. "So now I know what it takes to get there and actually get over the top of that mountain."
The Heat are among the favorites to win the title this season, though the expectation does little to faze James.
"The target, that doesn't change for me," James said. "I've had a target, champion or not champion, since probably '05. And now that we've won one, the target, it's no different for me."
Briefly: Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban says no decision has been made about Delonte West's future with the team. The guard was suspended Thursday for the second time in two weeks. ... The Charlotte Bobcats have exercised the third-year options on forward Bismack Biyombo and guard Kemba Walker. Both are expected to start this season. ... The New York Knicks waived guard Chris Smith, a rookie from Louisville, cutting their roster to 19 players.
Friday's games
Hornets 96, Heat 89 at Miami: No. 1 overall pick Anthony Davis had 24 points and 11 rebounds to lead New Orleans over the Heat in the teams' preseason finale.
Miami's LeBron James and New Orleans' Austin Rivers left after scary falls in the third quarter. James appeared OK after getting an inadvertent foot in the face from Hornets center Robin Lopez as they jostled for a rebound.
Rivers, the No. 10 overall pick out of Duke, sprained his right ankle for the second time in four days.
Mavericks 99, Bobcats 82 at Dallas: Shawn Marion scored 24 points, Eddy Curry added 11 one day after he was claimed off waivers, and the Mavericks beat Charlotte. Former Grizzly O.J. Mayo had 13 points, 10 rebounds and nine assists for the Mavs.
Spurs 100, Wizards 85 at San Antonio: Tim Duncan and Stephen Jackson each scored 16 points, and the Spurs easily beat Washington. A.J. Price and Jan Vesely each scored 13 points for Washington.
Timberwolves 100, Bucks 76 at Green Bay, Wis.: Chase Budinger scored 20 points and Minnesota beat the Bucks. Brandon Jennings led the Bucks with 19 points.
Rockets 108, Magic 92 at Orlando, Fla.: Greg Smith scored 15 points, Jeremy Lin had 13, and Houston routed the Magic. Reserve guard E'Twaun Moore led Orlando with 18 points.
Bulls 97, Pacers 90 at South Bend, Ind.: Nate Robinson had 21 points and eight assists, helping Chicago hold off Indiana at Notre Dame's Joyce Center. Roy Hibbert led Indiana with 17 points and eight rebounds.
Pistons 104, Hawks 88 at Auburn Hills, Mich.: Greg Monroe and rookie Brandon Knight each scored 16 points to lead Detroit past Atlanta. Louis Williams scored 17 points for the Hawks (3-4).
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Agent Heterogeneity in Adoption of Anaerobic Digestion Technology: Integrating Economic, Diffusion, and Behavioral Innovation Theories
AbstractAnaerobic digestion technology addresses environmental issues of waste disposal and greenhouse gas emission reduction. This paper examines attitudes toward adoption of this conservation technology on dairy farms. To specify an appropriate dependent variable without a large number of adopters, an ordered probit model is constructed. The empirical analysis uses data from a 2006 survey of Pacific Northwest dairy farms. Aggregate variables are constructed based on behavioral economics and conservation adoption literature. Variables include private and social costs, social motives, capacity, innovation receptivity, and opportunity costs, most of which are found to be highly related to the decision to seriously consider adoption.
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Bibliographic InfoArticle provided by University of Wisconsin Press in its journal Land Economics.
Volume (Year): 86 (2010)
Issue (Month): 3 ()
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Web page: http://le.uwpress.org/
Related researchKeywords:
Find related papers by JEL classification:
- Q53 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling
- Q55 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environmental Economics: Technological Innovation
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Cited by:
- Walters, Cory G. & Shumway, C. Richard & Chouinard, Hayley H. & Wandschneider, Philip R., 2012. "Crop Insurance, Land Allocation, and the Environment," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 37(2), August.
- Ribaudo, Marc & Delgado, Jorge & Hansen, LeRoy T. & Livingston, Michael J. & Mosheim, Roberto & Williamson, James M., 2011. "Nitrogen in Agricultural Systems: Implications for Conservation Policy," Economic Research Report 118022, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
- Tubetov, Dulat & Musshoff, Oliver & Kellner, Ulla, 0. "Investments in Kazakhstani Dairy Farming: A Comparison of Classical Investment Theory and the Real Options Approach," Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, vol. 51.
- Du, Xiaodong & Carriquiry, Miguel A., 2013. "Spatiotemporal analysis of ethanol market penetration," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 128-135.
- Jean McGuire & Lois Morton & Alicia Cast, 2013. "Reconstructing the good farmer identity: shifts in farmer identities and farm management practices to improve water quality," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer, vol. 30(1), pages 57-69, March.
- Sulemana, Iddisah & James, Harvey S., 2014. "Farmer identity, ethical attitudes and environmental practices," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 49-61.
- Czap, Natalia V. & Czap, Hans J. & Khachaturyan, Marianna & Lynne, Gary D. & Burbach, Mark, 2012. "Walking in the shoes of others: Experimental testing of dual-interest and empathy in environmental choice," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 41(5), pages 642-653.
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Reputation, Reputation, Reputation.
You're a student at the most prestigious university in the country, and you've been tapped for the most elite social club. You've made it!
Now Don't Blow It!
Callie Andrews triumphed during her first semester at Harvard: she made incomparable friends, found the perfect boyfriend, and received invitations to the most exclusive secret societies. But she may have ruined every-thing with one ill-fated night. Now she's keeping secrets from everyone, including
the upperclassman who's too good to be true
the best friend turned backstabber
the guy who's a total(ly hot) mistake
and Lexi
the social queen who wants to bring Callie down.
But Callie didn't get into Harvard by giving up, and she isn't about to now. Besides, she's not the only one with something to hide. . . .
About the Author
Lauren Kunze and Rina Onur were roommates and best friends for all four years at Harvard. They graduated in 2008. They started collaborating on this book when they were juniors. They refuse to say how much of it is true.
Praise for The Ivy: Secrets…
"Chick lit for highly educated chicks."
-Kirkus Reviews


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Hansen Sculpture
By Shannon Hansen
The past 15 years of modern abstract sculpture by Shannon Hansen.
About the Author
Publish Date November 04, 2013
Dimensions Standard Landscape 32 pgs
Premium Paper, lustre finish
Category Arts & Photography
Tags hydroforming, sculpture, sculpture porn, hansen sculpture, shannon hansen, metal sculpture, modern sculpture
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Visitor Information
Enginuity is one of the ten Ironbridge Gorge Museums. Enjoy a fun-filled family day out at this science and technology centre packed with hands-on activities and interactive exhibits.
Test your reactions against the speed of a robot, generate power from water or pull a locomotive by hand.
Investigate science and discover more about the power of technology at Enginuity.
- Discover how a little ingenuity will empower you to pull a 10 ton locomotive by hand or generate electricity from flowing water
- Look at familiar objects with new eyes using the giant x-ray machine
- Build an earthquake proof tower
- Challenge our robotic arm to test the speed of your reactions
- Sketch out your own ideas in the design zone
- Join in one of our great hands-on school holiday workshops including: Speed, Techno Terrors and Space Race (See Events Calendar for more details)
- Watch amazing interactive shows during most school holiday workshops (See Events Calendar for more details).
You should allow 1-2 hours for a visit to Enginuity. Machines are available selling drinks and confectionery, whilst the café at the adjacent Coalbrookdale Museum of Iron serves light meals.
Check the Events Calendar for further information on the range of hands-on workshops and events which run during all of the major school holidays.
- Sat Nav: TF8 7DQ
- View on Google Maps
- Open 7 days a week
- 10am - 5pm
- Tel 01952 433424
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What's On
Made in China Workshops
You'll be able to discover more about the fantastic inventions, science and technologies that have come from the East at our drop-in workshops this summer school holidays from Saturday...
STAGS Model WW1 Re-enactment
Telford's premiere wargames club, STAGS (Strategic, Tactical, Adventure Gaming Society), will be holding an amazing event in the Engine Shop, adjacent to Enginuity.
Telford Amateur Radio 'Hamfest'
The annual Telford Amateur Rsdio 'Hamfest' is coming back to Enginuity on 31 August. Exhibitors will be selling new and used amateur radio equipment and accessories. Electrical components (new...
Sticky Critters Workshops
This October half-term join-in fun workshops and activities at Enginuity. You can make colourful and creepy suction-cup creatures that can stick to your windows. There will also be a...
The Big Draw at Enginuity
This October half-term take part in our free Big Draw workshops. The Big Draw workshops will take place from 10.30am-3.45pm as usual. An admission ticket is required to take...
Gorgeous - 10th Anniversary Event
Join us at Enginuity for the 10th annual Gorgeous Contemporary Craft Fair.