text:
Biodiversity and Fire: The effects and effectiveness of fire management
Proceedings of the conference held 8-9 October 1994, Footscray, Melbourne
Biodiversity Series, Paper No. 8
Biodiversity Unit
Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, 1996
1. The effectiveness of fuel reduction burning for fire management
Phil Cheney
CSIRO Division of Forestry
1.1 Abstract
In 1994, reviews of fire management strategies and practices by State fire authorities and land management agencies in Western Australia, Queensland, Tasmania and New South Wales all revealed disturbing trends in fire management in Australia. All recognised a role for prescribed burning to reduce fuel load and the impact of fire, and to assist fire suppression. Governments, however, are providing fewer resources to land management agencies to undertake fire management and are placing greater demands on volunteers. There is a lack of expertise to ensure management burning meets prescriptions.
Despite the repeated conclusions of professional review teams there continue to be claims from people who are opposed to the use of fire for fuel management that prescribed burning is ineffective in reducing the spread and threat of wildfires. Some claims reflect a poor understanding of fire behaviour and may be due to over-simplified assumptions about the relationship between fuels, spread and fire suppression. Recent research has shown that simple direct relationships between fuel load and fire spread cannot be applied to all fuel types. More detailed characterisation of the fuel bed is required to better understand and predict fire behaviour. There is good qualitative evidence that fuel reduction assists fire suppression by reducing the rate of development and the spotting potential of forest fires. Further research is required to quantify the magnitude of these effects under difficult fire weather and the time that they will persist after burning.
Key words: fuel reduction, fire management, fire behaviour, prescribed burning, fire suppression
1.2 Recent reviews
Reviews of fire management practices were already in place in Western Australia (Lewis et al. 1994), Tasmania (Bale 1994) and the Commonwealth (Anon. 1994a) before the bushfires in January 1994 in coastal New South Wales (NSW). The fires stimulated an Inter-Departmental Committee audit of fire management in Queensland (Anon. 1994b), a parliamentary committee in South Australia, and in NSW a Cabinet Committee investigation as well as a Coronial inquiry. While the reviews were put in place for different reasons and had a different focus in each State they reveal a number of common trends that should give concern to land management agencies and people concerned with the role of fire in maintaining bio-diversity.
Over the ten years prior to 1994 there has been:
- reduction in funding to government land management agencies (LMA) for fire management;
- decline in manpower in government LMA (all States);
- sharp decline in expertise in fire management, particularly at line and sector level (all States);
- decline in the area prescribed burnt for fuel or habitat management;
- shift away from LMA-directed fire suppression towards suppression by Rural Fire Services in Qld, ACT, Tas and NSW;
- increased reliance on volunteers to undertake suppression on government lands; and,
- increased funding to emergency management agencies.
In Tasmania there have been substantial changes in the rural population demography and in fire philosophy. The involvement of rural landholders in volunteer bushfire brigades co-ordinated by the Tasmania Fire Service is declining as is the general level of expertise in forest fire fighting outside forestry employees (Cheney 1993). Volunteers are concerned by the creation of major fire hazards caused by changing land use (e.g. withdrawal of grazing, logging, cessation of fuel reduction burning) and are questioning their volunteer role in fighting fires on land where they perceive the owner or agency has contributed to the fire hazard (Bale 1994). The manpower resource of the Forestry Commission to fight fires is aging and there are probably insufficient fire fighters trained to crew leader or sector boss level to supervise fire fighters if multiple fires occur or fires extend beyond 2 work periods (Cheney 1993; Bale 1994).
In WA on the other hand, the efficiency of the Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM) practice of prescribed burning to prevent the development of major forest fires has been so effective in the south-west of the State that local government authorities and residents in surrounding shires have developed a false sense of security and relaxed planning constraints on rural developments. CALM, however, has allowed manpower and equipment levels to decline so that suppression crews are having difficulty in maintaining the prescribed burning programs and are concerned about their physical safety when suppressing wildfires (Lewis et al. 1994).
Similar trends are occurring in other States and have been accelerated by governments reducing public sector manpower and expenditure. For example in NSW prior to the January bushfires, State Forests had reduced their central fire management branch to one person, and there is a continuing decline in experienced forestry field staff (Dicker, I. 1994 pers comm). In Victoria fire protection branch staff of the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources are concerned that recent staff redundancies have reduced the capacity to fill key fireline positions with experienced staff.
After the NSW fires the dominant view of governments, media, review committees and the public was that extensive high-intensity bushfires that cause loss of life and major property damage are unacceptable, regardless of their biological consequences in natural areas. The NSW events also demonstrated that if bushfires were not quickly contained during prolonged periods of extreme fire weather, they would burn large areas and eventually threaten life and property adjacent to parks and reserves - allowing fires to develop to such an extent was also unacceptable.
Other trends are: vocal opposition to prescribed burning has reduced (at least temporarily); an increase in public demand for more fuel reduction burning; and, some increase in funding for fire management in WA and NSW. There has been extensive lobbying to increase Australia's fire suppression capacity through the introduction of expensive water-scooping aircraft. A Senate Committee recommended that the Commonwealth government in conjunction with State Governments trial at least four CL-215 water bombing aircraft (Anon. 1994a), despite the view of the Australian Fire Authorities Council that this was not the most cost-effective alternative.
Spectacular potential solutions to our bushfire problems like large water scooping air tankers are attractive to some politicians, but the main conclusion of many reviews after is that mitigation of risk is an essential facet of bushfire management. An integral part of this mitigation in our native forests and plantations is to change the structure and reduce fine fuel loads by prescribed burning or other means (Anon. 1977; Miller et al. 1984; Lewis et al. 1994; Bale 1994). Even in North America, where vast sums (by our standards) are spent on sophisticated suppression techniques, the US Forest Service has recognised the need for a greatly increased prescribed burning program to assist suppression operations (Thomas 1994).
However, there are still some public concerns that using repeated low-intensity fire to reduce fuel loads does not make fire suppression easier. Furthermore, it is thought that repeat burns may have an adverse impact on biodiversity and other forest values such as soil fertility and forest productivity. In WA where prescribed burning is carried out extensively through both the dry jarrah forests and the wetter karri forests public concerns about CALM's burning program were divided. There was considerable opposition to spring burning, but for differing reasons. Farmers generally were concerned about the lower fuel removal and the possibility of re-ignition in summer before crops are harvested. They favoured hot burns in autumn which reduced the maximum amount of available fuel. Conservationists felt that spring burning was biologically more damaging than autumn burning, particularly to nesting birds, despite the lower fuel removal and generally lower heat release. The review panel found no evidence to substantiate the claims that repeated burning had caused a long-term change in either plant or bird populations in the jarrah forest. It was recommended that the necessary funding be provided to the prescribed burning program to increase the diversity of season, intensity, frequency and sequence of fires on any single area to ensure that no species will become threatened or extinct (Lewis et al. 1994).
The continuing trends of reduced expenditure by government land management agencies, reduced expertise, and greater reliance on suppression by volunteers on public lands, will make it increasingly difficult to carry out prescribed burning programs. Burning for biodiversity will require more specific prescriptions and a wider range of intensities and burning conditions than is required for fuel reduction alone. This in turn will require better knowledge of fire behaviour and better practical application of fire which needs to be carried out by properly trained groups in the agencies who are charged with managing biodiversity.
The biological impacts of prescribed burning are discussed elsewhere in this conference record. In this paper I examine the physical basis for prescribed burning, look at claims about its efficacy in assisting fire control, and examine the research basis for
these claims.
1.3 Fire management
Reduced to the most basic outline, most land managers who take a responsible attitude towards fire management have three platforms in their fire management policies. These are:
- to manage fire so that damage to forest, environmental and economic values is minimised;
- to manage fires so that as far as possible they are prevented from spreading to other lands; and,
- to provide fire suppression on a least cost plus loss basis.
These policies have long been recognised and the conclusion reached in various Royal Commissions (Tucker et al. 1900; Stretton 1939; Rodger 1961) was that burning-off was essential in Australian forests to limit the spread and damage of bushfires. In the 1950s, A.G. McArthur set out to establish the relationship between fuel and fire behaviour, to define quantitatively the fuel and weather conditions under which burning-off could be carried out safely, and to set limits on prescribed fire intensity so that damage to forest values would be minimised.
McArthur (1958) correlated the rate of spread of a surface fire in dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest having little understorey with fine fuel load, dead fuel moisture content and wind speed. He defined the fraction of the fuel load that determined the spread of eucalypt fires as leaf, twig, bark and grass material <1/4 inch (6 mm) in diameter and claimed that:
- other factors being equal the rate of head fire spread was directly proportional to the load of fine surface fuels;
- in eucalypt forests crown fires were dependent on the presence of an intense surface fire and if surface fuels were less than about 7.8 t ha-1 crown fires would not occur even under the worst recorded conditions.
McArthur also concluded that: because of the spotting phenomena of fires in eucalypt forest, any fire management system based only on fire breaks would not meet the policy objectives outlined above; fire management needed to become fuel management. In his work Control Burning in Eucalypt Forests, McArthur (1962), set out the benefits of reducing the quantity of fuel available for combustion; viz:
- the intensity of a fire burning under any set of meteorological conditions is reduced;
- the rate of spread of the fire is reduced;
- the difficulty of constructing effective control lines is reduced, so any fire becomes easier to control; and,
- the likelihood of fires starting is reduced.
Most experienced fire fighters can verify the change in fire behaviour and the increased ease of suppression following fuel reduction burning. Few people argue with the definition of fire intensity as the rate of heat release from a fire front. This is the product of the heat of combustion, fuel load burnt and rate of spread (Byram 1959); it is also agreed that the lower the fuel load the lower the fire intensity.
There is, however, considerable uncertainty about how fuel characteristics determine fire behaviour, and about the efficacy of reducing surface fuel loads to modify fire behaviour particularly under extreme fire weather. Incorrect arguments have been put on both sides of the debate to justify stances. Anti-burners have claimed that under extreme weather conditions crown fires will continue to burn across recently (usually not defined in terms of fuel age) burnt areas. Pro-burners have included large fuel components to claim excessive fuel loads (>200 t ha-1) and justify burning. Knowledge about the subject is inadequate and many involved in the debate are confused.
1.4 Fuel and fire behaviour
A key problem in predicting fire behaviour is to define the fuel components that contribute to the flame front of the fire and hence to its rate of spread. The characteristics of a fuel bed such as the size of individual components, its continuity, fuel height and fuel load vary markedly depending on the vegetation type. It is therefore most important, when describing fire behaviour, to specify precisely the type of fuel concerned. The fraction of the total fuel load that is consumed in the flaming front of the fire clearly cannot be measured before the fire. Therefore, we must estimate the fraction of the fuel bed and the size of the fuel particle that is likely to burn in the flaming zone of the fire; in the smouldering zone behind the front; and, what may not burn at all under different weather conditions. In simple fuel types, such as grasslands, the fuels involved in the flame front appear quite straightforward, yet different proportions are burnt by flaming or smouldering combustion. This depends on the type of fire and the wind speed driving the fire.
In stratified fuel types, such as forest fuels, some fuel strata burn in the flame front when they are pre-heated by convection from fire in fuels below them. Thus as the weather conditions worsen, and fire intensity increases, increasingly elevated layers of fine fuels eventually including the tree crowns will be involved in the flame front. Some texts do not illustrate this process very clearly (e.g. Brown & Davis 1973; Artsybashev 1985) promoting the concept of independent crown fires. Independent crown fires do not occur in tall eucalypt forests (Luke 1961; Luke & McArthur 1978) because fire in the crown alone cannot preheat adjacent crowns by convection and lateral heat transfer by radiation is insufficient to maintain combustion.
The characteristics of the flame front depend then on the volume of fuel being consumed behind the leading edge of the fire, and the rate of spread will depend on the spatial continuity of the fuels and how they influence the heat flux from the fire. For example, a narrow fire trail will prevent a low-intensity fire from spreading. At progressively higher intensities, increasingly large discontinuities in the fuel bed will be overcome by the flame front so that local variations in fuel characteristics have less and less influence on the volume of the flame front. The characteristics of the fuel bed that influence fire behaviour must, therefore, be averaged over increasing spatial scales.
Most research into the influence of fuel characteristics on fire behaviour has been carried out in the laboratory or with relatively low-intensity experimental fires. High-intensity fires are more difficult to study; but recent research has given more insight into fuel characteristics that influence fire behaviour and into additional factors that need to be considered, when assessing the effectiveness of fuel reduction burning.
1.4.1 Fuel size
Provided sufficient heat is available to maintain combustion the residence time of a fuel particle, (i.e. the time that it remains flaming) is dependent only on the fuel size (Clements & Alkidas 1973). Cheney et al. (1990) confirmed this and determined the relationship between residence time and initial diameter of E. sieberi twigs and logs to be:
Tr = 1.7d1.67
where Tr is the residence time in minutes and d is the diameter of the fuel particle in centimetres.
The time taken for the fuel bed to burn out then depends not only on the average distribution of the sizes of the fuel particles that make up the fuel bed but also the depth and compaction of the fuel bed (Cheney 1990). Individual grass particles burn out in a few seconds and grass fires have residence times of between five and ten seconds. Thus in grasslands fuel particles greater than perhaps 3 mm will burn behind the flaming front of the fire.
In forest fuels where the bulk of the fuel bed is less than 6 mm in diameter the residence time is around 45 seconds. The above formula indicates that only a small proportion of the larger fuel components will be burnt in that time. Because surface fuels are compacted a fire will propagate across the loosely compacted surface layers and burn downwards into more compacted fuel layers (Cheney 1990). Thus in deep fuel beds the residence time of the flame front will depend on the time taken to burn down into the fuel bed and will be longer than the time taken to burn out individual fuel particles. Large fuel components embedded in the fuel bed will not ignite immediately the flame front arrives but will ignite when the flame front burns down to them.
McArthur's selection of a size limit of 6 mm was appropriate to define the fine fuels that burn in the continuous flame front of a surface fire in eucalypt fuels. However, it must be recognised that this size limit should be lower in fuel beds where very fine fuels dominate the fuel components, such as grasses and shrublands, and higher in fuel beds where larger fuel components, such as slash fuels, make up a greater proportion of the continuous fuel bed. Reduction of fine fuels only will substantially reduce fire behaviour although it may be desirable to reduce large fuels to assist suppression (e.g. mop-up).
1.4.2 Fuel continuity
Several authors (Burrows et al. 1991; Griffin & Allan 1984) have found that rate of fire spread in hummock grasslands was influenced by the patchiness (defined in different ways) of the fuel clumps and bare ground.
Fuel bed continuity is difficult to define in heterogenous forest fuels. The rate of spread of low-intensity fires in young E. sieberi forests with a distinct layer of wire grass understorey was directly related to the continuity of the near-surface fuel layer – the fuel layer above the surface litter layer which was composed of shrubs, grasses and suspended litter (Cheney et al. 1992). Continuity expressed as the percent cover was, however, largely a subjective estimate. A reasonable correlation was found between rate of spread of these fires and the average height of the near-surface fuel layer; a fuel characteristic which was easier to define and use by others in a burning guide than fuel continuity.
The bark on trees can be an increasingly important factor contributing to frontal flame dynamics as fire intensity and the density of trees with flammable bark increases. When fire intensities are low, the bark on the trees burns more or less independently of the surface fire and contributes little to the fire spread. Mild fires consumed 7 t ha-1 of bark in a forest where 55 per cent of the trees were stringybarks (Tolhurst & Flinn 1992): this represented more than 50 per cent of the load of surface fuels. As fire intensity increases the combustion of bark on the trees becomes an integral part of the flame front, contributes to the heat flux of the fire and lifts the fire into the tree crowns. As yet we have no adequate way of quantifying the contribution that bark combustion makes to the forward spread of a fire.
1.4.3 Fuel height and curing
The height of the fuel bed obviously contributes to the height of the flames. However, the influence on rate of spread is not straightforward. The spread of low-intensity (<1000 kW m-1) fires under E. sieberi forest was directly proportional to the height of the near-surface fuel layer (Cheney et al. 1992). In continuous open grasslands, however, the rate of spread of the fire could not be shown to be dependent on grass height (Cheney et al. 1993). The height of most fuel beds can be difficult to define for repeated measurements, particularly when there is a change in bulk density within the fuel bed.
Fire spread in grasslands is strongly dependent on the state of curing or the fraction of dead material in the pasture sward (McArthur 1966). There is observational evidence that the fraction of green shrubby materials in the near-surface fuels and the shrub layer of forest fuels modifies the behaviour of the fire. This has not been adequately quantified to include in any fire spread prediction system.
1.4.4 Fuel load
Fuel load has been the single fuel characteristic used to predict the rate of spread and fire behaviour within a dry eucalypt forest (McArthur 1962; Peet 1965). Although a direct relationship between rate of spread and fuel load has been demonstrated for low-intensity fires in fuels of different ages (e.g. McArthur 1967) no such relationship has been found in fuels of the same age. The rate of spread of head fires was not correlated with fuel load in uniform grass swards that had been harvested to different levels to change fuel load (Cheney et al. 1993).
However, in eucalypt forests, fuels re-accumulating after fire exhibit both changes in mass and fuel structure over time. Structure will change during the first five to ten years as litter accumulates, and grasses, fine shrubs and other fine fuel components develop. Although fuel load may not directly influence rate of spread it may be a surrogate measure of fuel age and thus represent a range of structural factors such as height, continuity and greenness, which do influence fire behaviour. These concepts require field testing. The characterisation of fuel loads burnt by moderate to high-intensity fires and quantification of the rate of spread of fire in fuels of different ages are major aspects of a research program currently planned between CSIRO Division of Forestry and CALM, Western Australia.
A substantial fuel load is required to produce an intense surface fire with strong convection to heat and maintain combustion in tree crowns. Burning bark contributes to crown fire initiation but, in the absence of strong convective heating, the crowns of eucalypt forests are too sparse and have insufficient dead material to allow fire to propagate horizontally.
1.4.5 Fire size
Recent research on high-intensity fires in grasslands and woodlands in northern Australia has shown that the potential rate of spread of a fire is dependent on the length of the fire ignition line (Cheney et al. 1993). As the fire progressively develops spread also depends on the width of the headfire (Cheney & Gould, in preparation). The width of the headfire front at which fires attain a quasi-steady-state rate of spread increases as wind speed increases. At high wind speeds this quasi-steady-state rate of spread may not be achieved until the fire front has achieved a width of more than 150 m. Although experimental data is limited it appears that similar relationships may also hold true for fires in jarrah forest fuels. The time taken for a fire lit at a point to develop a head fire width of >150 m depends primarily on fluctuations in wind direction and is virtually impossible to predict in advance. Under moderately severe burning conditions grass fires took between ten and 60 minutes to reach their potential rate of spread. In forests where the wind reaching the fire front is modified by the tree canopy the time taken for fires to grow from a point ignition to a width of 150 m or more can be very much longer. In these circumstances the fires may not achieve their maximum potential rate of spread before burning conditions moderate. Any fuel treatment that reduces the rate of spread and the responsiveness of fires to changes in wind direction will further delay the development of a fire to its full potential and provide advantages to initial attack crews.
1.4.6 Spotting effects
In the past, spot fires have been thought to cause substantial increases in the rate of spread of a fire (McArthur 1967). It now appears that the main influence of spotting is not to increase the rate of spread directly, because most spot fires are overrun by the main front before they can develop significant dimensions, but to enable the fire to overcome discontinuities in fuel and topography. The convection column of a fire burning on to a firebreak collapses when surface fuels burn out and produces a shower of spot fires directly across the break into fresh fuels. These spot fires rapidly coalesce and reform a fire front of a size similar to that existing before the break, and the fire progresses with little impediment to its rate of spread. A similar process occurs when a fire burns over a ridge.
Regardless of its influence on fire behaviour the onset of spotting in forest fires is the key factor which causes fire suppression efforts to break down and can trap and kill fire fighters (eg McArthur et al. 1966). There is good evidence that hazard caused by eucalypt bark (Wilson 1992a, 1992b) is reduced by prescribed burning and, in some fuel types, fire fighters consider reduced spotting can assist suppression for at least seven to ten years (Grant & Wouters 1993).
1.5 Conclusion
Although there are few direct quantitative data on the effect of fuel reduction burning on the rate of spread of high-intensity fires, observations of fire fighters and wildfire case histories have convinced Royal Commissions, Committees of Enquiry and Coroners that fuel reduction, by prescribed burning, is an essential component of fire management in eucalypt forests.
Recent research has shown that the definition of fine fuels used for prescribed burning guides is valid but that the suggested relationships between fine fuel load and rate of spread do not apply to all eucalypt fuel types.
Several fuel factors probably determine the rate of spread of intense forest fires. Both fuel mass and structure change after prescribed burning and may modify fire behaviour. The broad benefits of prescribed burning in modifying fire behaviour and assisting fire suppression are generally accepted but more research is required to quantify the changes in fire behaviour as fuels re-accumulate after burning.
The importance of changing the spotting potential of forest fuels has been generally under-rated. Spotting is the phenomenon which causes fires to overcome fuel discontinuities and is often the reason that fires escape control. There are many field reports but few case studies that quantify the effects that reducing spotting potential has on suppression effort. In some fuel types prescriptions for burning to reduce the height of elevated fuels and the quantity of flammable bark may be more important for fire suppression than prescriptions aimed at reducing only surface fuel loads.
It is likely that future prescriptions for burning for fuel reduction or biodiversity management will be more detailed and may extend over a wider range of environments than in the past. This will require more fire expertise and better practical training with fire in LMAs. Current trends in funding and staffing of LMAs mitigate against skilful use of fire.
1.6 References
Anon. 1977, 'Report of the board of enquiry into the occurrence of bush and grass fires in Victoria', Legislative Assembly Report no. 91. Government Printer, Melbourne.
Anon. 1994a, 'Disaster management', Senate Standing Committee on Industry, Science, Technology, Transport, Communication and Infra-structure. Canberra.
Anon. 1994b, 'Queensland bushfire strategy report', Report presented to the Hon. Tom Burns MLA Minister for Emergency Service and Minister for the Rural Communities and Consumer Affairs.
Artsybashev, E.S. 1985, Forest Fires and Their Control, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Bale, W.C.R. 1994, 'Review of vegetation based fire in Tasmania discussion paper', Tasmanian Fire Review Committee, Hobart.
Brown, A.A. & Davis, K.P. 1973, Forest Fire Control and Use, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Burrows, N., Ward, B. & Robinson, A. 1991, 'Fire behaviour in spinifex fuels on the Gibson Desert Nature Reserve, Western Australia', Journal of Arid Environments, vol. 20, pp. 189-204.
Byram, G.M. 1959, 'Combustion of forest fuels', in Forest Fire Control and Use, ed. K.P. Davis, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Cheney, N.P. 1990, 'Quantifying bushfires', Mathematical Computing and Modelling, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 9-15.
Cheney, N.P. 1993, 'Bushfire management in Tasmania's forests', Report to Forestry Commission, Hobart (unpub).
Cheney, N.P. & Gould, J.S. (in preparation), 'Fire growth to a quasi-steady rate of forward spread in grasslands fuels', International Journal of Wildland Fire.
Cheney, N.P., Gould, J.S. & Hutchings, P.T. 1990, 'Sampling available fuel and damage to trees retained after thinning and burning. Management of eucalypt re-growth in East Gippsland', Department of Conservation and Environment, Victoria, Technical Report no. 9.
Cheney, N.P., Gould, J.S. & Knight, I. 1992, 'A prescribed burning guide for young regrowth forests of silvertop ash', Forestry Commission of New South Wales, Research Paper. no. 16.
Cheney, N.P., Gould, J.S. & Catchpole, W.R. 1993, 'The influence of fuel, weather and fire shape variables on fire-spread in grasslands', International Journal of Wildland Fire, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 31-44.
Clements, H.B. & Alkidas, A. 1973, 'Combustion of wood in methanol flames', Combustion Science and Technology, vol. 7, pp. 13-18.
Grant, S.R. & Wouters, M.A. 1993, 'The effect of fuel reduction burning on the suppression of four wildfires in western Victoria', Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Research Report, no. 41.
Griffin, G.F. & Allan, G.E. 1984, 'Fire behaviour', in Anticipating the Inevitable: A Patch Burning Strategy for Fire Management at Uluru (Ayers Rock - Mt. Olga) National Park), ed. E.C. Saxton, CSIRO, Melbourne.
Lewis, A.A., Cheney, P., & Bell, D. 1994, 'Report of the fire review panel conducting a review of the Department of Conservation and Land Management 10 (CALM) prescribed Burning Policy and Practices and Wildfire Threat Analysis', A report to the Hon. Kevin J. Minson MLA, Minister of the Environment, Perth.
Luke, R.H. 1961, Bushfire Control in Australia, Hodder & Stoughton, Melbourne.
Luke, R.H. & McArthur, A.G. 1978, Bushfires in Australia, Australian Government Public Service, Canberra.
McArthur, A.G. 1958, 'The preparation and use of fire danger tables', in Proceedings, Fire Weather Conference, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne.
McArthur, A.G. 1962, Control burning in eucalypt forests, Australian Forestry and Timber Bureau Leaflet, no. 80.
McArthur, A.G. 1966, 'Weather and grassland fire behaviour', Australian Forestry and Timber Bureau Leaflet, no. 100.
McArthur, A.G. 1967, 'Fire behaviour in eucalypt forests', Australian Forestry and Timber Bureau Leaflet, no. 107.
McArthur, A.G., Douglas, D.R. & Mitchell, L.R. 1966, 'The Wandillo fire, 5 April 1958. Fire Behaviour and Associated Meteorological and Fuel Conditions', Australian Forestry and Timber Bureau Leaflet, no. 98.
Miller, S.I., Carter, W. & Stevens, R.G. 1984, 'Report of the Bushfire Review Committee on Bushfire Disaster Preparedness and Response in Victoria, Australia, following the Ash Wednesday Fires 16 February 1983', Report to the Hon. C.R.T. Matthews, MLA Minister for Police and Emergency Services, Melbourne.
Peet, G.B. 1965, 'The fire danger rating and controlled burning guide for the northern jarrah (Eucalyptus marginarta SM.) forest of Western Australia', Western Australia Forest Department Bulletin, no. 74.
Rodger, G.J. 1961, Report of the Royal Commission – Bushfires of January, 1961 in Western Australia, Government Printer, Perth.
Stretton, L.E.B. 1939, Report of the Royal Commission, Victoria – Bushfires of January, 1939, Government Printer, Melbourne.
Thomas, J.W. 1994, Statement of Dr Jack Wood Thomas, Chief Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture before the United States Senate Sub-Committee on Agricultural Research, Conservation, Forestry and General Legislation Committee on Agriculture, August 29.
Tolhurst, K. & Flinn, D. 1992, 'Ecological impacts of fuel reduction burning in dry sclerophyll forest: First progress report', Department of Conservation and Environment, Victoria, Research Report, no. 349.
Tucker, A.L. et al. 1900, 'Royal Commission on State Forests and Timber Reserves, 11th Progress Report', Government Printer, Melbourne. Cited from McArthur, A.G. (1962). Control burning in eucalypt forests.
Wilson, A.A.G. 1992a, 'Assessing fire hazard on public lands in Victoria: Fire management needs, and practical research objectives', Department of Conservation and Environment – Victoria, Research Report, no. 31.
Wilson, A.A.G. 1992b, 'Eucalypt bark hazard guide', Department of Conservation and Environment – Victoria, Research Report, no. 32.


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- Using Reckless Greed will make you skip your next 2 draw phases, increasing the chances that you will have an empty hand.
- This card could potentially work very well in a Blackwing Deck with its high attack and defense and the higher speed the Blackwings use their hand, thus granting the negation effect.
- In particular, the "Vayu Turbo" strategy benefits the most from this card, as the build uses "Dark Grepher" to send "Blackwing - Vayu the Emblem of Honor" and other Blackwing monsters to the Graveyard, emptying your hand quickly. Since the Deck usually includes "Plaguespreader Zombie" as well, Summoning this card is as easy as using the effects of "Vayu" and "Plaguespreader", with the latter reducing your hand size even further. For maximum effectiveness, try to return to the top of your Deck a card you can immediately Summon, activate or Set during the next turn, keeping the effect of this card live at all times.
- List of DARK-Attribute Tuner monsters:
Level Type Card Type ATK DEF Ally of Justice Cycle Reader 3 Machine 1,000 1,000 Ally of Justice Cyclone Creator 3 Machine 1,400 1,200 Black Salvo 3 Machine 100 1,100 Blackwing - Blizzard the Far North 2 Winged Beast 1,300 0 Blackwing - Gale the Whirlwind 3 Winged Beast 1,300 400 Blackwing - Hillen the Tengu-wind 5 Winged Beast 0 2,300 Blackwing - Hurricane the Tornado 1 Winged Beast 0 0 Blackwing - Kogarashi the Wanderer 6 Winged Beast 2,300 1,600 Blackwing - Mistral the Silver Shield 2 Winged Beast 100 1,800 Blackwing - Oroshi the Squall 1 Winged Beast 400 600 Blackwing - Steam the Cloak 3 Winged Beast 800 1,200 Blackwing - Vayu the Emblem of Honor 1 Winged Beast 800 0 DD Night Howling 3 Fiend 300 600 Dark Tinker 2 Fiend 1,000 1,300 Genex Ally Birdman 3 Machine 1,400 400 Genex Ally Chemistrer 2 Machine 200 500 Genex Recycled 1 Machine 200 400 Genex Spare 3 Machine 800 1,200 Labradorite Dragon 6 Dragon 0 2,400 Mara of the Nordic Alfar 2 Spellcaster 1,000 500 … further results
- Equip Scroll of Bewitchment to a Tuner and change its attribute to Dark to use any tuner to summon this monster


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<b>RAM module seating problem: Apple response
RAM module seating problem: Apple response
As of May 1, an Apple tech support statement (in Apple's Portable Computers Discussion board) in response to user complaints about RAM modules unseating in PowerBook 3400s was that Apple was still working on a solution and to beware of third-party foam strip solutions as "the heat generated by RAM can cause problems with melting the foam, possibly causing more damage."
However, as noted here previously, Apple has since released a foam strip of its own, which it claims is safe to use. Despite the $.90 catalog price, Apple is making the foam pad free to customers that have third party RAM. Apple is also providing the foam pad to RAM vendors to include with their RAM.
However, many PowerBook 3400 users will not need this pad at all. As Apple states: "If you purchased a PowerBook 3400 computer with a serial number that begins with CK712 (or greater) or TY711 (or greater) your PowerBook comes with a modified keyboard that includes a foam gasket and does not require an additional foam gasket (Apple's or a third party's)."
A statement about this should now be in Apple's Portable Computers Discussion board, but I have been unable to access it today, so I could not confirm.


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The LSU Tigers are the 8th seed in the NCAA tournament's South Region. The Tigers will play the 9th seeded Butler Bulldogs Thursday in Greensboro, North Carolina.
If LSU wins, the Tigers will likely play the South's top seed, North Carolina in the second round.
The South region semifinals and finals will be played the following weekend in Memphis.
Ed Daniels


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Gramercy Park Hotel
- Hotel Class:
- Reputation: GOOD
Awards Received:
- Concierge.com Editors' Pick
- Forbes Travel Guide Four Star Awards 2014
- Frommer's Exceptional
- Room Service
- Internet Access
- Business Center
- Dining
- Parking
- Meeting Rooms
- Fitness Center
How it Ranks: Gramercy Park Hotel ranks #17 out of 816 New York City Hotels based on an evaluation of expert ratings and awards, as well as user reviews. The hotel scored high enough to make the U.S. News list of the Best Hotels in New York City.
- #17 in Best New York City Hotels
- #18 in Best New York Hotels
Our Take: As its name suggests, this lavish hotel boasts an enviable location in Gramercy Park. But that's not all this hotel has going for it. This trendy boutique features a decadent design, enhanced with rich jewel tones, Moroccan tiles and plush red curtains. And the opulence extends to the well-appointed accommodations, which feature bold bronze and mahogany accents and upscale amenities, such as sumptuous down comforters, 400-thread-count linens, hand-made rugs, large flat-screen TVs and lavish bath products. Should you be able to pull yourself away from your extravagant digs, you'll find a variety of venerable in-house institutions to wine and dine, including Maialino New York City, a traditional Italian Roman-style trattoria, Gramercy Terrace, Rose Bar and Jade Bar. While some previous visitors bemoan the hotel's exorbitant nightly rates, others claim that the immaculate service, stylish surroundings and unbeatable location are well worth the splurge.
Location & Top Nearby Hotels
Of 816 hotels in New York City, 164 are ranked on the U.S. News list of the Best Hotels in New York City. The 10 closest to Gramercy Park Hotel are shown on the map below. These include The Marcel at Gramercy (<0.5 miles) and W New York - Union Square (<0.5 miles).
See full list: Best Hotels in New York City»
Hotel Class:Reputation: GOOD<0.5 miles away
Hotel Class:Reputation: MODERATE<0.5 miles away
Hotel Class:Reputation: MODERATE<0.5 miles away
Hotel Class:<0.5 miles away
Nearby Things to Do
Gramercy Park Hotel is 4.1 miles from the #1 ranked New York City attraction, Central Park. Of the 27 top rated attractions, the five closest ones are listed below.
See full list: Best Things to Do in New York City»
- #9Empire State Building (0.7 miles)
- #12New York Public Library (1.0 miles)
- #15Chrysler Building (1.1 miles)
- #5Bryant Park (1.1 miles)
- #8Grand Central Station (1.1 miles)


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UNC Nutrition Obesity Research Center
The UNC Nutrition Obesity Research Center provides support and expertise to scientists studying the role of nutrition and obesity in public health.
Our center is one of 12 centers in the country funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases that is specifically designed to enhance the efficiency, productivity, effectiveness and multidisciplinary nature of research in nutrition and obesity. The goals of the UNC NORC are to:
- Provide resources and support to investigators conducting multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research in nutritional sciences and obesity;
- Enhance the impact and presence of nutrition and obesity research at UNC;
- Strengthen clinical nutrition training programs for medical students, practicing physicians, and allied health personnel; and
- Translate findings from obesity and nutrition research to the general public to use to improve their overall health.
Free Nutrition & Obesity Research Support
Free biostatistics and clinical research support available for NORC research base members.
Read More
Learn more about all of the NORCs at NORC Central!
Obesity and Basal-Like Breast Cancer
Study in mice finds weight loss reduces progression of basal-like breast cancer
Read More
Agriculture, Nutrition and Food Security in Peru
Presented by Hilary M. Creed-Kanashiro, BSc, MPH
2308 McGavran-Greenberg
Monday, Septemeber 29, 2014
12:00 pm – 1:00 pm
Please Save the Date on October 31st! Building More Effective eInterventions Through Functional Design
The CHAI Core invites researchers to participate in an interactive workshop for building effective eHealth interventions.
Read More


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Plastic Extrudercategory from 1431 manufacturers & suppliers
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Top Orthopedic Care in Laurinburg, NCThe Physicians of OrthoCarolina are experts in their field and each of our locations maximize this expertise by offering multiple sub-specialty services, access to additional services and a complete, comprehensive patient experience.
BCBSNC and OrthoCarolina Team Up to Reduce Cost and Improve Quality of Knee Replacement Surgeries
Starting March 1, Blue Cross and Blue Shield of North Carolina (BCBSNC) customers became eligible for a new bundled payment program for total knee replacement surgeries through an arrangement with OrthoCarolina. Visit URL18 Jun 2014


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Ian Harding doing the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge 3 times
Ian Harding doing the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge 3 times
"I've learned a lot from other cultures where women's beauty isn't based on the makeup and clothes they wear. It's based on their natural, healthy skin and their inner confidence. This is what makes me, more than anything, feel absolutely beautiful."
(Source: prettymysticfalls)
Shaking it off with Taylor Swift! So happy she wanted me to celebrate with her! Bae!!!
(Source: ladyhiddles)
How to get over a heartbreak —> here <—
#remember how this movie took female stereotypes and crushed them into a million pieces
casual reminder that Elle Woods scored a 179 on the LSAT, which is one point shy of a perfect score.
Casual reminder that Whatshisface here had family connections and was a legacy and shit, whereas Elle Woods came out of nowhere.
casual reminder that Elle Woods actually had an amazing background in real life issues that people dismissed as unimportant but managed to not only learn the law, but learned how to apply the law.
Casual reminder that Elle Woods used her lawyer skills to save a woman from an abusive relationship and also save another woman from trumped up murder charges and basically what I'm saying is you go, girl, go get 'em Elle Woods, thank you for this movie.
what's fantastic about this movie is that it's not that fucked up brand of feminism where the girls who arent like other girls and sip tea and read hemingway look down on the blonde party sluts. the message of the movie is like, you can be blonde and attractive AND enjoy stuff like shopping and partying and you can still be smart and kick ass!!!
#and it focused on female friendships!!! her best friends were never less than her!! and older female best friends!! and didn't pit her against vivian but had them grow into close friends!!#THE MOST IMPORTANT FEMINIST MEDIA OF OUR TIME
(Source: fifthharmony)
(Source: instagram.com)


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It took a few minutes to find this hotel as it is hidden behind the Wells Fargo Bank and Main Street which was not well marked when arriving in Gunnison on route 50. Conveniently located across from City Market so I could quickly get something to eat in the room as my mother was too tired to go out for... More
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Travelocity, Booking.com, Expedia, Choice Hotels, Orbitz, Priceline, Tingo, HotelsClick, Hotels.com, BookingOdigeoWL, Venere and Otel so you can book your Comfort Inn reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Comfort Inn Gunnison
- Gunnison Comfort Inn


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Narrow your search
Brian Tong breaks down all the good and bad inside the world of Apple with his unique style. It's th
If you're looking for a better-sounding alternative to the Sansa Express, the RCA Pearl does the trick--but be prepared to deal with a funky user interface and disposable batteries.
We love almost everything about this beautifully designed player, but the battery life could be longer.
The new 'wire-free' Walkman sports a lighter, improved design and better waterproofing. It's set to ship in March for $99.99.
The X-Mini Happy is a great little speaker that offers a creative all-in-one solution with an integrated MP3 player and a cable for attaching external audio sources. If you want to share music on the go, this is a great option.
The Haier America Video MP3 Player is nothing special, but the shuffle works a treat.
The Sony CDX-GT620IP is a value-for-money iPod-compatible car stereo with good usability and decent sound quality.
Spiffy looks and good battery life can't compensate for this player's mediocre sound and typical feature set.
With its many features as well as its compatibility with audiobooks and subscription-based music, the SanDisk Sansa m200 series is an overall great value.


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Houses to let in St. Georges Street, Ipswich IP1 - 4 bedrooms
£2,000 pcm (£462 pw)
Ivry Street, Ipswich IP1Semi-detached house to rent - 4 bedrooms
Period residence........Beautiful period home a short walk into Ipswich town centre and Christchurch Park. Short distance to Ipswich School, St Maragrets School and in the Northgate catchment area. Offering a wealth of period features this beautiful home More details
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
- Ipswich (1.0 mile)
- Westerfield (1.4 miles)
Marketed by haart Estate Agents - Ipswich, IP1. Call 01473 558489


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1956 Mercury 312 engine, original upholstery, perfect red/black TT paint, chrome & stainless excellent. Power windows, seats, steering, brakes; ice cold air spinners, c. kit... More
1978 Mercury Grand MarquisThis beautiful 1978 Mercury Grand Marquis is a Blue 4 door with plush RedCloth interior currently has only 44150 miles on... More
1967 Cougar XR7 GT. Approx 79,500 miles. Originally a New Mexico car, no rust ever. Approx 1K miles on 390 S code engine. C6... More
1951 Mercury Custom Coupe "Gray Ghost" Customized and built many years ago, prior to my ownership, The Ghost belonged to a long time friend & antique... More
1947 Mercury 2 Door Coupe Northwest Classic Auto Mall advertises this vehicle for the owner. If you are interested in this vehicle or have any questions,... More
1968 MERCURY COUGAR, RARE "J" CODE 302-4 MATCHING NUMBERS, AUTO TRANS, WORKING FACTORY AIR CONDITIONING, POWER STEERING, POWER BRAKES, STYLE STEEL WHEELS AFTERMARKET RADIO... More
We are pleased to present this low mileage 1995 Mercury Cougar XR-7 Coupe for purchase. The Cougar started off as a companion to the... More
GR Auto Gallery is excited to present this 1954 Mercury Monterey Hardtop Coupe for purchase. The Mercury got a whole new look in 1952,... More
1949 Mercury Custom 2 Door Coupe, Chopped Top, car is frame off solid straight car, 351 Windsor engine, .030over w/272Crane cam, Edelbrock performer intake/650 Edelbrock carb, C6... More
1950 Mercury Northwest Classic Auto Mall advertises this vehicle for the owner. If you are interested in this vehicle or have any questions, please contact the owner,... More
GR Auto Gallery is pleased to present this 1972 Mercury Cougar XR-7 Replica Convertible for purchase. The newly restyled Cougar from '71 carried over... More
If you are looking for a cruiser that is high on the cool factor scale, here it is! The "Merc" is one of the... More
1957 Mercury Monterey with Turnpike cruiser option. Very few were sold. 368 engine. 4 headlights. Steel belted radial tires made by Coker.... More
Just arrived, this is the only one of the big Cougars we have had in the very desirable, rare moon roof option. Very few were... More
complete frame on resto,original wood and metal but wood completely redone, 3 speed overdrive trans,new interior including seats headliner,door panels, new paint,new tires and... More


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The centre-back netted in his 119th game for the champions after coming close to breaking his duck on a number of occasions.
By our reckoning, he became the NINTH Northern Ireland international since the 1970s to score for the Reds in a league game.
So our question this week was: Can you name the other eight?
The answers are in the box to the right.
Look out for another poser next Thursday.
More trivia: More doubles than Rooney | England's seven Reds | Alan Hardaker Trophy winners


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Competency-based education has fans, detractors
Western Governors among schools offering programs
Laura Seitz, Deseret News
INDIANAPOLIS — Mary Carney spent just two years and $10,000 to earn both a bachelor's and master's degree in nursing, then landed a job paying 65 percent more than her old job.
She did it at Western Governors University, an online-only college that came to Indiana in 2010 using a concept called competency-based education.
With Indiana and the nation as a whole trying desperately to boost the numbers of adults with postsecondary degrees, without bankrupting either public coffers or private bank accounts, the pace and parsimony of WGU's competency-based model may be a recipe made to order.
"We're looking for ways to increase the capacity of the system. That's why I think this is a really important concept and getting more attention now," Jamie Merisotis, CEO of Indianapolis-based Lumina Foundation for Education, told the Indianapolis Business Journal.
Competency-based education, according to WGU's model, allows students to complete courses as fast as they want and to take as many courses as they want per semester — all for the same per-semester fee. Students earn credit only if they pass an end-of-course assessment.
But whether the low-cost, high-speed model of WGU comes to influence the rest of higher education is an open question.
Many think the increasing availability of competency-based educational options — combined with cost pressures and employer demands for higher quality — will force most universities to adopt competency-based techniques.
Some institutions, such as Ivy Tech Community College, are adopting it in a limited way in their programs. So are schools outside of Indiana — such as DePaul University, Northern Arizona University and Southern New Hampshire University.
But few traditional schools in Indiana have plans to adopt competency-based education in a way that allows students to progress toward degrees on their own time lines. Such schools as Indiana University, Indiana State University and even for-profit educators like Harrison College say they plan to stick closely to their models that require specific amounts of time in class to graduate.
Lumina has set a goal for the nation, which has been mimicked by the Indiana Commission for Higher Education, for 60 percent of all adults to have a postsecondary credential by the year 2025. Only about 33 percent of Hoosier adults have a postsecondary degree.
Getting there will require colleges and universities as a whole to operate far more efficiently. That's why Gov. Mitch Daniels, who sponsored WGU's arrival in Indiana, has also pushed the Legislature to make more funding for all Indiana public colleges and universities hinge on their costs per graduate.
For the past two decades, costs have soared at Indiana's colleges while graduation rates have been stubbornly low. That has left nearly 750,000 Hoosiers adults with some college credits — and the student loan debt that goes with it — but no degree.
It's that pool of students that WGU is aiming for. Students like Carney.
She earned an associate's degree in nursing in 1980 at age 25. She planned to go on for a bachelor's degree, but her husband lost his job. So she worked for the next three decades, as well as raising and homeschooling four children.
At age 55, she decided it was now or never for getting her bachelor's degree. She researched every school within driving distance of her home in Lebanon.
Nearly all of them would apply her associate's degree — earned at Purdue University's Calumet campus — toward a bachelor's degree. And nearly all of them offered courses at nights or online, to make them convenient for working adults. Some even offered accelerated programs, which crammed more coursework into a shorter time period.
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Print on canvas of your favorite photos for a unique present or decorating style at home
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Omni Interlocken Resort, Broomfield2014 Denver International Wine Festival- November 20 to 22, 2014 Named one of the Top 10 Fall Wine Festival In America by Fodor's! The 10th Annual Denver International Wine Festival is the premier...
Boulder denver events for saturday events
2014 Denver International Wine Festival- Nov 20 to 22, 2014
Saturday, Nov 22 12:00p
Getting Started With Your Own Wood-Fired Oven Catering Business November 8th-10th 2014
Tuesday, Nov 11 8:00p
Millennium Harvest House Boulder, BoulderGetting Started With Your Own Wood-Fired Oven Catering Business Are you ready to become a pizza pro? Join us for our 25th workshop that has been designed to take you through all of the stages of st...
Active Adult - Tea at the Denver Museum of Miniat
Saturday, Sep 20 11:00a
Erie Community Library, ErieDescription This afternoon tea, hosted by the Oak and Berries Tea Room, will create memories for a lifetime with your grandchildren...
2014-9-20 PAL Denver Brass and Brews
Saturday, Sep 20 6:00p
Anthem Ranch's Aspen Lodge Recreation Center, BroomfieldActivity 2014-9-20 PAL Denver Brass and Brews #1001 Price Standard charge: $15...
Getting Started With Your Own Wood-Fired Oven Catering Business October 11th-13th 2014
Tuesday, Oct 14 8:00p
Millennium Harvest House Boulder, BoulderGetting Started With Your Own Wood-Fired Oven Catering Business Are you ready to become a pizza pro? Join us for our 25th workshop that has been designed to take you through all of the stages of st...
Farm Tour and Lunch:
Saturday, Sep 13 10:00a
63rd Street Farm, BoulderJoin Slow Food Denver for a tour of the 63rd Street Farm Don't miss the chance to get to know your local farmers and ranchers by joining Slow Food Denver's 2014 Farm Tour Series! For this final tou...
Denver Winter Brew Fest Friday January 23rd & Saturday January 24th, 2015
Friday, Jan 23 7:00p
Mile High Station, DenverVIP 6-7 PM Get first taste of great brews by getting in an hour early with this exclusive, limited admittance VIP power hour including a special beer and cheese sampling...
Argentine Tango with Gabriela Carone from Buenos Aires, Argentina
Saturday, Aug 30 5:30p
Kakes Studio, BoulderLearn the beautiful and sensuous Argentine Tango direct from the Mecca, Gabriela's hometown of Buenos Aires! Gabriela Carone, Ph.D...
Deliver Great Presentations - Denver
Friday, Sep 26 1:00p
University of Phoenix, Westminster8:30am - Coffee and check-in 9:00am - 12:00pm morning session 12:00pm - 1:00pm working lunch - lunch provided 1:00pm - 4:30pm afternoon session (plenty of breaks throughout the day!) Have questions...
First Saturday Poetry Reading with Robert King
Saturday, Sep 6 5:00p
BookBar, DenverRobert King leads us through his 'first days' in Omaha as a child during WWII, through his 'last days' as he wrestles with mortality in Colorado, to 'these days' of the eternal Now of the natural w...
Denver Fine Mineral Show
Saturday, Sep 6 10:00a
Marriott Denver West, GoldenEvery second floor room of the Denver Marriott West turns into a museum. But in these museums you can buy anything you see...
Denver Bead Renaissance Show
Thursday, Sep 11 10:00a
Art Wine Denver Release Sat
Saturday, Oct 18 6:30p
Art Wine Denver Embrace Sat
Saturday, Nov 15 6:30p
Art Wine Denver Flicker Sat
Saturday, Nov 1 6:30p
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Volunteers - DasHustlehoff 5K
Sat 9/20 8:00a
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Thu 9/25 7:30p
Ccasa's 80s Celebration!
Fri 9/26 7:00p


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Written by Madeline Van Tassel | February 17th, 2012(4)
The Conservancy's Coastal Resilience tool inspires action to protect Connecticut's shorelines from rising sea-level and future storms.
Written by Bob Lalasz | March 19th, 2009(1)
The Daily Show With Jon Stewart M – Th 11p / 10c Florida Pythons on the Loose comedycentral.com Daily Show Full Episodes Important Things w/ Demetri Martin Political Humor Hilarious clip above of Jon Stewart, host of Comedy Central's The Daily Show, pretending to find out that the descendants of escaped pet Burmese pythons are […]
Written by Darci Palmquist | February 18th, 2009(10)
Invasive Burmese pythons are swimming to the Florida Keys, and The Nature Conservancy is trying to stop them. Why, you might ask? And how do you stop a 13-foot-long former pet with a voracious appetite? Luckily, the snakes haven't been known to attack humans. But they will try to eat just about anything in their path: "We already […]
We're green. We're nature-lovers. We are Conservancy Talk. Hear Nature Conservancy staff and invited experts share their voices on today's conservation issues — in our uniquely rigorous, science-based way. Learn more


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The Environmental Protection Agency issued proposed pathways by which barley-based fuel can qualify as conventional or advanced biofuel under the Renewable Fuel Standard. Under certain conditions, fuel from barley can achieve up to 50% greenhouse-gas reduction, allowing it to qualify as an advanced biofuel, the EPA said. There will be a 30-day public comment period upon publication of the day in the Federal Register. And 20% reductions allow barley to qualify as a stock for conventional renewable fuel under the RFS.
View Full Article in:EthanolProducer.com
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Educational software and hardware provider Promethean has launched a new professional development program for educators. The online learning system, Promethean Learning, which debuted at the 2007 NECC show in Atlanta this week, is designed to help teachers improve their skills with interactive whiteboards.
Promethean Learning is a part of Promethean Planet, an online community for K-12 educators and administrators, as well as parents, designed to help improve experiences with interactive technologies. According to Promethean, with the new service, "Educators equipped with Activclassroom technology will now be able to gain valuable accreditation at their own pace and improve their skills, knowledge, and understanding of best practices."
Promethean Learning includes three training levels:
Training levels 2 and 3 are moderated by instructors and run six weeks. Level 1 training does not have time constraints.
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Instagram to Pay Your Bill at This Pop-Up Restaurant
A UK pop-up restaurant lets you pay your bill with an Instagram photo.
Instagram is a mobile photo application developed by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger. It uses a cell phone camera to take pictures, after which users can apply photo filters and share them on the web to Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr and Flickr. The service surpassed 50 million in users shortly after opening the app to Android customers (It was previously only available on the iPhone). About 5 million mobile photographers are signing up each week.
Instagram went from zero-revenue startup to $1 billion company. It was purchased by Facebook on April 19, 2012. Its co-founders said users should anticipate new features soon. "We're psyched to be joining Facebook and are excited to build a better Instagram for everyone," Systrom said, in a blog post after the announcement.
A UK pop-up restaurant lets you pay your bill with an Instagram photo.
Solange Knowles has deleted every picture of Beyonce from her Instagram, except for one from last February, captioned "girls moment."
This bowtie-loving Instagram account gives users a daily dose of dapper with a dash of adorable
Meet the dust devil's more dangerous cousin. A Missouri woman captured a picture of the above pillar of fire as she was driving down a road in the town of Chillicothe on Sunday. It's since been dubbed the "firenado." Janae Copelin explained on her Instagram account that a farmer was burning off his field when the firenado appeared.
Russian tattoo artist Sasha Unisex is known for colorful and geometric ink designs that look just as at home on a canvas as they do on her clients' biceps.
Idina Menzel tells the story of how one little decision changed her whole life. Share your own #IfThenStories in Mashable's first Instagram Video Challenge!
We Heart It is testing its users' loyalty by rolling out native ads beginning Wednesday.
Although Facebook may be losing steam with teenagers, as recent studies have claimed, young adults are still as active as ever on the social media site. Harvard's Institute of Politics polled over 3,000 18 to 29-year-olds, covering a wide range of topics from political affiliation to social media use. During the poll, participants were asked which social media platforms they currently had accounts for.
Day in and day out, I see cases of B2B marketing blindness. The cure? Widely available social marketing medication. Sufferers should liberally apply emotional storytelling, and take a healthy dose of authenticity. It does wonders for correcting an outdated business view. But before you self-medicate, I should warn you there is a common and potentially nasty side effect that might cloud the outlook. It's called accidental narcissism.
Friday marked the 140th annual Kentucky Derby, a two-day horse racing event filled with gambling, mint juleps and the largest hats you could possibly imagine. The derby started in the 1870s as a regal affair, in which women dressed to the nines with matching accessories. As women's fashion got louder in the '60s, the hats at the event became the over-the-top, signature accessory known today.
Instagram user @meandmyboifriend redefines the phrase "my boyfriend who lives in Canada" by creating an entire relationship via Snapchat doodles. All her selfies, lonely landscapes and general escapades are accompanies by her squiggly lover.
The one percent aren't like the rest of us, but they love Instagram too. Though most of us use the Internet as a vehicle to daydream about travel, the more endowed use the photo-sharing service to provide a small peek into their lavish world. And what a lavish world it is -- especially when they're traveling.
Instagram represents by far the best platform for marketers to interact with consumers, according to a recent study from Forrester Research.
When you play the game of Likes, you win ... or you don't. There just isn't a way to consistently predict how many Likes an image will garner on Instagram. You could have the most appetizing #foodporn, but if you didn't use the right hashtag, only your friends are likely to Like it. How lame. See also: 11 Tips for Breaking Up With Someone on Social Media Enter the Instagram Like Predictor. Created by Michelle Rial for The Bold italic, the predictor is equal parts flowchart and board game.
Thinking about using social media to break up with someone? Take a look at these helpful tips first.
Instagram has made a small but significant change to its app that makes photo and video discovery a more personal experience.
In the age of Instagram, a photo isn't worth its flash without a filter. Try one of these DIY effects before panicking over choosing between Hefe and Earlybird.
Victoria Beckham, former Spice Girl and current fashion designer, talks about her burgeoning brand and tech's role in her career.
Warmer weather and beautiful blooms means wedding season is back in full swing, and lovebirds everywhere are getting ready for their big day. Your wedding is one of the most important and memorable days of your life together -- it's also one of the most expensive events you'll ever have to plan. But there are plenty of helpful ways to cut costs. With a little creativity and a nearby IKEA, you can cross a number of wedding supplies and decorations off that especially long list.
Artist Brock Davis mixes mediums to create quick and clever artwork -- all of which is captured on his iPhone.
Consider these tips now before you #TBT to the time you realized you were really bad at #TBT.
How do we love thee, NFL superstar J.J. Watt? Let us count the ways.
Warning: Game of Thrones spoilers ahead. Looks like even Jack Gleeson -- the actor who played Joffrey Baratheon on Game of Thrones -- is happy his character died. The terrible boy-king kicked the bucket on Sunday's episode, poisoned by pie and/or wine, but fans (and most of the other characters) weren't the least bit concerned. After all, we hated Joffrey as much as Joffrey loved Joffrey.
Vice President Joe Biden has joined Instagram. The VP opened an account at instagram.com/vp and posted a beautiful first photo that shows, mainly, his Ray-Ban aviators. But Joe's in there somewhere. See also: 12 Most Cliché Photos on Instagram "Vice President Biden's getting ready to head to Pennsylvania with President Obama this afternoon, where he'll lay out steps we can take to train America's workers with the skills they need for good middle-class jobs," the first post says.
The brands you follow on Instagram may be paying close attention to you -- very close attention, in fact. Union Metrics, the social analytics company behind the Twitter analytics service TweetReach, added an Instagram analytics tool on Wednesday. A major benefit to Union Metrics' customers is the ability to get detailed information about the followers who interact with its posts.
In space, no one can see you selfie. Astronaut Mike Hopkins first brought the selfie to space last December with a personal snapshot high above Earth. But now fellow astronaut Steven R. Swanson has blasted the space selfie game into hyperdrive by uploading his photo to Instagram. See also: 8 Facts About Space That Will Rock Your World It's the first time a photo has been uploaded to Instagram in space.


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Annual recycling and environmental technologies trade fair will celebrate its 10th anniversary.
The 10th annual REW (Recycling, Environmental Technologies and Waste Management International Fair) Istanbul event, organized by Istanbul Fuar Hizmetleri A. S. (IFO), an affiliate of London-based Tarsus Group, takes place 12-14 June, 2014.
Trade show organizers report that they expect the event to attract some 400 exhibitor companies from 25 countries and around 12,500 local and international attendees. The event, designed for enterprises and professionals involved in the solid waste, water and waste water, waste gas and green energy sectors, takes place at Tuyap Beylikduzu Fair and Congress Center.
The event has grown in size from 2013, the organizers say, and takes place on 20,000 square metres of space in three different halls this year. Keeping with tradition, the environmental technologies event will feature new products, innovations and practices. Equipment on display is expected to include waste collection and carriage vehicles; separation, treatment and press machinery; recycling systems; renewable energy technologies; and urban environmental cleaning tools and vehicles.
According to IFO, REW Istanbul opened its doors in 2005 when there was no such established industry in Turkey and is celebrating its 10th year with growth on a year-on-year basis. Last year the fair hosted 9,196 visitors from 57 different countries.
Beyond a commercial event, REW Istanbul is designed to be a summit in which recycling, waste management and environmental agendas are discussed on an international scale.
For further information about REW Istanbul 2014, visit www.rewistanbul.com.
New Way introduces organics collection truck Thursday, August 21, 2014 03:48:09 AM
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Biogas industry applauds proposed tax credit act Thursday, August 07, 2014 03:25:42 AM
SG Preston to build $400 million renewable diesel plant in Ohio Wednesday, August 06, 2014 12:01:37 PM
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Wednesday, July 16, 2014 11:31:00 AM
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Samuel L. Jackson can't imagine an African American who didn't vote for Barack Obama. Apparently, S.L.J. wasn't thinking of the dude down the street ... Clarence Thomas.
He's wrong and a racist.
You know how I know he's wrong because people on TMZ said it was racist to say that. Over and over people said it and they were told they were racist so he should STFU. No one likes a racist.
Racism is shared by black people just as much as white people. I would be willing to bet that 75% of the people that voted for Obama voted for him because of his color not for what he represents. If you ask me that is racist. Time will tell just how much he helps this country.
I don't believe all blacks voted for him because he is black. My in-laws are black and they had a hard time deciding who they were going to vote for. In the end they did vote Obama, but only becaue he seemed the lesser of the two evils. They watched all the debates and learned what they could before casting there vote, because they didn't want anyone to be little them by thinking they voted based on skin color. On the other hand I did have "friends" who voted based on skin color, they voted McCain because they would never pick a black man.
It's not just blacks who voted based on skin color, but whites too.
To the idiot who mention 911 and the war in Iraq,
The war in Iraq was not because of 911, goon. It was because Saddam did not hold up to his end of complying with U.N. resolutions agreed to after the Gulf War. Personally, I could less if Saddam was left where he was since he could keep the Neanderthals in line over there. And Uday and Qusay his sons would have inherited Iraq and would have blow that part of the world away and our problems would be solved and crazy as they were.
O is a fakester and an empty suit and when things start to go belly-up he'll blame everyone but himself. The man has no character and hasn't achieved a darn thing since being in the senate for only two years, and then only voting "present" and "Not voting".
He's media-made paper-mache creation of Rupert Murdoch. He did not win by landslinde. Leftitists are good at what the Fueher once said. "Repeat lies often enough and people will believe them".
That is BS. This whole election was about race. Neither Black Obama or White McCain should be in office.
Samuel L. Jackson should shut up. Blacks are not a monolithic race. Just like other races Blacks do not all think and act alike. You will be surprised to know that there were quite a few Blacks that did not vote for Obama and the amount of whites, Asians and Latinos/Latinas voted for Obama. Times are changing and they have changed, so all you racists that are black, white, brown, yellow, red and totally stupid people sit back and watch we are in for a ride of a life time.
So Chavez says Obama has the "Bush stench." Wonder if Sean Penn is going to go have lunch with his buddy now and talk crap about the President now?
38. So Chavez says Obama has the "Bush stench." Wonder if Sean Penn is going to go have lunch with his buddy now and talk crap about the President now?
Posted at 2:45PM on Jan 19th 2009 by DrinkYourKoolaid
Chavez is a nasty little troll with the mole on his head. I'm sure he and Bamo will be good friends. Bamo has a mole on the side of his nose and they're both radicals.
The fact that black people vote for somenoe because they are black is just another form of racism. Or even that they think black people only vote for black people. I know lots of black people that didn't vote for Obama. Some voted for McCain and some didn't vote at all because they didn't care for either candidate.
28. Barack the Magic Fraud..............
The War in Iraq has currently cost the United States approximately $300 billion.
HMMMM tell me where has this pointless war gotten us? How has this helped us? We're going effing broke u dumb ass. And look what it resulted in: A civil war in an already messed up country!!! That damn country had nuthing to do with 9/11 so don't even used that as ur weak excuse!
I absolutely love the hypocrysy!!!
I am so so sorry Boredsh*tless!!! We should have left Sadam to keep dodging sanctions and just give him chance after chance after chance till infinity. We should let him GAS his own people and his beasts of sons RAPE and MURDER at their will. Mr. Obama has already said we were going to spend spend spend to get out of the economic situation caused mainly by Carter, Clinton, Barney Franks ie Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac but hell the media blamed Katrina on Bush so I am sure you will blame the mortgage debacle on Bush to. Woohoo the world will love us with Mr. Obama but I dont give a crap about how the world sees us!! We are the first everyone runs to and demonize us in the next breath so give me a break. Mr. Obama will sit down with the terrorists and give them flowers and rainbows and they will like us again!! PPPPLLLLLEEEEASSSEE!! By the way, I thought liberals were for tolerance and you ask how the war helped US?? Hmmm let me see the WAR is over there and not on our own SOIL!! Plus millions of people persecuted by a dictator were freed!!! America is so so so horrible arent we!!!
You're bored at work? You must be a lazy government hack. Get a real job and quit f----------------------ing off on my dime.
*Watch this leftard say he has his own buisnesss and travels the world.
Didn't vote for him but I wish him well. I have my doubts about his plans and abilities but I hope for the good of our country that he proves my negative feelings wrong.
Sam Jackson is a Racist Pig. Does he honestly think tha bama is going to show favoritism to the Black community? I hope not. I think that he is smarter than that. All of that being said Samuel L Jackson is a Racist. If it wasn't for White producers and directors giving him a chence he would be asking if you wanted fries with your burger
Thank you for educating me that Bush went there for his daddy. I guess the deaths of people that hate the gd America that you refer to was a horrible idea. There havent been anymore attacks on our soil, have there? All that work Bush did for AIDS yea that was a horrible thing!! I am sorry but if you would look and see who was actually responsible for the economic debacle in the housing industry you would see dems hands all in it but you just watch the national media for your education. I am just curious, do you see what Samuel Jackson said as racists or not?
Racism/Racist Definition:
1. The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others.
2. Discrimination or prejudice based on race.
1. based on racial intolerance; "racist remarks"
2. discriminatory especially on the basis of race or religion
1. a person with a prejudiced belief that one race is superior to others
Now that we have that our of the way:
As I read these comments, I am amazed! Who cares why someone votes for Barack or not, he will now be our president. I think SLJ words were taken out of context and I do not believe SLJ would support voting for some ignorant a** black person if they weren't qualified. Yes, Barack is black/biracial but he is also a very intelligent man who has every right to be in the position he is in today. I voted for him but I also voted for Clinton, Kerry etc........ I usually vote for the candidate within my party and this time it just so happened there was a highly intellectual non-white person to vote for. It is time for change in this world, people with new ideas and a different perspective on things. The reality of why most of these Obama blogs entail so much rhetoric about race is because this country has some major race issues and I'm starting to see (based on many comments) that we have a long way to go.
I'm not from the Jim Crow or separate but equal era and it is very shocking to read some of these comments. I do not expect Obama to fulfill everything he indicated in his campaign as I am smart enough to realize progress is going to take some time and he has to prioritize based on need. He also mentioned progress would take time and he wouldnt be able to do everything at once (this was mentioned in one of the debates). He is now more privy to information he didnt have when campaigning thus the steps towards implementing his agenda has to be altered and put in perspective.
If Obama had not won, it would have been a democrat and trust, the majority of African Americans/blacks would have voted democrat. So enough already about black people voted for him b/c he is black crap. He was the best person for the job which seems to be hard for some to swallow. At the end of the day when its all said and done, Barack Obama will be our president whether we voted for him or not.


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MLG League of Legends Summer Championship winners disqualified for 'collusion'
Major League Gaming announced late last night that the first and second place winners of the Summer Championship League of Legends Event have been disqualified for conspiring to not play a match to win.
"We have determined that there was collusion between the two final teams, Curse NA and Team Dignitas," MLG wrote in a statement. "This is in clear violation of both the letter and spirit of MLG's Official Pro Circuit Conduct Rules: 'competitors may not intentionally Forfeit a Game or conspire to manipulate Rankings or Brackets.' As such, both teams have been disqualified, and no placements or prize money will be awarded."
Curse NA put out a video stating the issue surrounds agreeing with Team Dignitas that the first round of the match should be an "ARAM," but that no other agreements were made. The acronym stands for "all random all middle," meaning both teams picked champions at random and played only the middle lane. It's a player-created match style, like if two major sports teams agreed to play baseball with one base or basketball using half the court.
Senior Vice President Lee Chen of Major League Gaming denies the defense, writing on Twitter: "To be clear here folks, the collusion had nothing to do with the ARAM. CRS/DIG conspired to split prize money."
The third and fourth place teams will receive the prize money for the event. MLG states although there is contention over the exact nature of the violation, that "both teams, as well as MLG and [League of Legends developer] Riot" agree that not playing a tournament match to win warrants disqualification.
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Buford, Arkansas Land for sale
1 listing found out of 423,950
8 acres Buford, AR $124,900
Baxter County Karen Richards United Country - 3 Rivers Realty
Type: River Property
When only the best will do, this property will fit the bill! It boasts a commanding view of the White River as it flows below! The building site, atop the bluff,offers panoramic views of the countryside across the river! With more than 8 acres, your privacy is ensured. Only minutes to public access for great fishing,hunt on your land, and yet just an easy drive to Mountain Home for shopping! This property is ready for your dream home as you lay back and enjoy life atop the bluff of the White River!
1 listing found out of 423,950