text: 1 The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 218-27 | Added on Wednesday, May 27, 2009, 10:58 PM Consider, for example, the following puzzle. I give you a large piece of paper, and I ask you to fold it over once, and then take that folded paper and fold it over again, and then again, and again, until you have refolded the original paper 50 times. How tall do you think the final stack is going to be? In answer to that question, most people will fold the sheet in their mind"s eye, and guess that the pile would be as thick as a phone book or, if they"re really courageous, they"ll say that it would be as tall as a refrigerator. But the real answer is that the height of the stack would approximate the distance to the sun. And if you folded it over one more time, the stack would be as high as the distance to the sun and back. This is an example of what in mathematics is called a geometric progression. Epidemics are another example of geometric progression: when a virus spreads through a population, it doubles and doubles again, until it has (figuratively) grown from a single sheet of paper all the way to the sun in fifty steps. As human beings we have a hard time with this kind of progression, because the end result—the effect—seems far out of proportion to the cause. To appreciate the power of epidemics, we have to abandon this expectation about proportionality. We need to prepare ourselves for the possibility that sometimes big changes follow from small events, and that sometimes these changes can happen very quickly. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 230-32 | Added on Wednesday, May 27, 2009, 11:08 PM When the number of incoming African Americans in a particular neighborhood reached a certain point— 20 percent, say—sociologists observed that the community would "tip": most of the remaining whites would leave almost immediately. The Tipping Point is the moment of critical mass, the threshold, the boiling point. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 398-400 | Added on Saturday, May 30, 2009, 10:25 PM The Stickiness Factor says that there are specific ways of making a contagious message memorable; there are relatively simple changes in the presentation and structuring of information that can make a big difference in how much of an impact it makes. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 490-93 | Added on Saturday, May 30, 2009, 10:35 PM So why did Revere succeed where Dawes failed? The answer is that the success of any kind of social epidemic is heavily dependent on the involvement of people with a particular and rare set of social gifts. Revere"s news tipped and Dawes"s didn"t because of the differences between the two men. This is the Law of the Few, which I briefly outlined in the previous chapter. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 494-96 | Added on Saturday, May 30, 2009, 10:35 PM This chapter is about the people critical to social epidemics and what makes someone like Paul Revere different from someone like William Dawes. These kinds of people are all around us. Yet we often fail to give them proper credit for the role they play in our lives. I call them Connectors, Mavens, and Salesmen. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 514-19 | Added on Saturday, May 30, 2009, 10:38 PM 2 In general, people chose friends of similar age and race. But if the friend lived down the hall, then age and race became a lot less important. Proximity overpowered similarity. Another study, done on students at the University of Utah, found that if you ask someone why he is friendly with someone else, he"ll say it is because he and his friend share similar attitudes. But if you actually quiz the two of them on their attitudes, you"ll find out that what they actually share is similar activities. We"re friends with the people we do things with, as much as we are with the people we resemble. We don"t seek out friends, in other words. We associate with the people who occupy the same small, physical spaces that we do. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 550-53 | Added on Saturday, May 30, 2009, 10:42 PM What makes someone a Connector? The first—and most obvious—criterion is that Connectors know lots of people. They are the kinds of people who know everyone. All of us know someone like this. But I don"t think that we spend a lot of time thinking about the importance of these kinds of people. I"m not even sure that most of us really believe that the kind of person who knows everyone really knows everyone. But they do. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 675-77 | Added on Saturday, May 30, 2009, 11:18 PM This is what Connectors are like. They are the Rod Steigers of everyday life. They are people whom all of us can reach in only a few steps because, for one reason or another, they manage to occupy many different worlds and subcultures and niches. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 744-51 | Added on Saturday, May 30, 2009, 11:26 PM Why is this? Granovetter argues that it is because when it comes to finding out about new jobs—or, for that matter, new information, or new ideas—"weak ties" are always more important than strong ties. Your friends, after all, occupy the same world that you do. They might work with you, or live near you, and go to the same churches, schools, or parties. How much, then, would they know that you wouldn"t know? Your acquaintances, on the other hand, by definition occupy a very different world than you. They are much more likely to know something that you don"t. To capture this apparent paradox, Granovetter coined a marvelous phrase: the strength of weak ties. Acquaintances, in short, represent a source of social power, and the more acquaintances you have the more power ful you are. Connectors like Lois Weisberg and Roger Horchow—who are masters of the weak tie—are extraordinarily powerful. We rely on them to give us access to opportunities and worlds to which we don"t belong. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 765-68 | Added on Saturday, May 30, 2009, 11:28 PM Here, then, is the explanation for why Paul Revere"s midnight ride started a word of mouth epidemic and William Dawes"s ride did not. Paul Revere was the Roger Horchow or the Lois Weisberg of his day. He was a Connector. He was, for example, gregarious and intensely social. When he died, his funeral was attended, in the words of one contemporary newspaper account, by "troops of people." ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 815-18 | Added on Saturday, May 30, 2009, 11:34 PM 3 Paul Revere was a Connector. But he was also—and this is the second of the three kinds of people who control word of mouth epidemics—a Maven. The word Maven comes from the Yiddish, and it means one who accumulates knowledge. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 831 | Added on Saturday, May 30, 2009, 11:36 PM One name for them is "price vigilantes." The other, more common, name for them is "Market Mavens." ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 944-46 | Added on Saturday, May 30, 2009, 11:48 PM In a social epidemic, Mavens are data banks. They provide the message. Connectors are social glue: they spread it. But there is also a select group of people—Salesmen—with the skills to persuade us when we are unconvinced of what we are hearing, and they are as critical to the tipping of word of mouth epidemics as the other two groups. Who are these Salesmen? And what makes them so good at what they do? ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 1025-40 | Added on Saturday, May 30, 2009, 11:59 PM Here is another example of the subtleties of persuasion. A large group of students were recruited for what they were told was a market research study by a company making high tech headphones. They were each given a headset and told that the company wanted to test to see how well they worked when the listener was in motion—dancing up and down, say, or moving his or her head. All of the students listened to songs by Linda Ronstadt and the Eagles, and then heard a radio editorial arguing that tuition at their university should be raised from its present level of $587 to $750. A third were told that while they listened to the taped radio editorial they should nod their heads vigorously up and down. The next third were told to shake their heads from side to side. The final third were the control group. They were told to keep their heads still. When they were finished, all the students were given a short questionnaire, asking them questions about the quality of the songs and the effect of the shaking. Slipped in at the end was the question the experimenters really wanted an answer to: "What do you feel would be an appropriate dollar amount for undergraduate tuition per year?" The answers to that question are just as difficult to believe as the answers to the newscasters poll. The students who kept their heads still were unmoved by the editorial. The tuition amount that they guessed was appropriate was $582—or just about where tuition was already. Those who shook their heads from side to side as they listened to the editorial—even though they thought they were simply testing headset quality—disagreed strongly with the proposed increase. They wanted tuition to fall on average to $467 a year. Those who were told to nod their heads up and down, meanwhile, found the editorial very persuasive. They wanted tuition to rise, on average, to $646. The simple act of moving their heads up and down, ostensibly for another reason entirely—was sufficient to cause them to recommend a policy that would take money out of their own pockets. Somehow nodding, in the end, mattered as much as Peter Jennings"s smiles did in the 1984 election. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 1049-55 | Added on Sunday, May 31, 2009, 12:01 AM The second implication of these studies is that nonverbal cues are as or more important than verbal cues. The subtle circumstances surrounding how we say things may matter more than what we say. Jennings, after all, wasn"t injecting all kinds of pro Reagan comments in his newscasts. In fact, as I mentioned, ABC was independently observed to have been the most hostile to Reagan. One of the conclusions of the authors of the headphones study—Gary Wells of the University of Alberta and Richard Petty of the 4 University of Missouri—was that "television advertisements would be most effective if the visual display created repetitive vertical movement of the television viewers" heads (e.g., bouncing ball)." Simple physical movements and observations can have a profound effect on how we feel and think. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 1120-34 | Added on Sunday, May 31, 2009, 12:10 AM In their brilliant 1994 book Emotional Contagion, the psychologists Elaine Hatfield and John Cacioppo and the historian Richard Rapson go one step further. Mimicry, they argue, is also one of the means by which we infect each other with our emotions. In other words, if I smile and you see me and smile in response—even a microsmile that takes no more than several milliseconds—it"s not just you imitating or empathizing with me. It may also be a way that I can pass on my happiness to you. Emotion is contagious. In a way, this is perfectly intuitive. All of us have had our spirits picked up by being around somebody in a good mood. If you think about this closely, though, it"s quite a radical notion. We normally think of the expressions on our face as the reflection of an inner state. I feel happy, so I smile. I feel sad, so I frown. Emotion goes inside out. Emotional contagion, though, suggests that the opposite is also true. If I can make you smile, I can make you happy. If I can make you frown, I can make you sad. Emotion, in this sense, goes outside in. If we think about emotion this way—as outside in, not inside out—it is possible to understand how some people can have an enormous amount of influence over others. Some of us, after all, are very good at expressing emotions and feelings, which means that we are far more emotionally contagious than the rest of us. Psychologists call these people "senders." Senders have special personalities. They are also physiologically different. Scientists who have studied faces, for example, report that there are huge differences among people in the location of facial muscles, in their form, and also—surprisingly—even in their prevalence. "It is a situation not unlike in medicine," says Cacioppo. "There are carriers, people who are very expressive, and there are people who are especially susceptible. It"s not that emotional contagion is a disease. But the mechanism is the same." ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 1140-48 | Added on Sunday, May 31, 2009, 12:12 AM What does it mean to be a high scorer? To answer that, Friedman conducted a fascinating experiment. He picked a few dozen people who had scored very high on his test—above 90—and a few dozen who scored very low—below 60—and asked them all to fill out a questionnaire measuring how they felt "at this instant." He then put all of the high scorers in separate rooms, and paired each of them with two low scorers. They were told to sit in the room together for two minutes. They could look at each other, but not talk. Then, once the session was over, they were asked again to fill out a detailed questionnaire on how they were feeling. Friedman found that in just two minutes, without a word being spoken, the low scorers ended up picking up the moods of the high scorers. If the charismatic person started out depressed, and the inexpressive person started out happy, by the end of the two minutes the inexpressive person was depressed as well. But it didn"t work the other way. Only the charismatic person could infect the other people in the room with his or her emotions. Is this what Tom Gau did to me? The thing that ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 1218-21 | Added on Monday, June 01, 2009, 12:57 AM Stickiness sounds as if it should be straightforward. When most of us want to make sure what we say is remembered, we speak with emphasis. We talk loudly, and we repeat what we have to say over and over again. Marketers feel the same way. There is a maxim in the advertising business that an advertisement has to be seen at least six times before anyone will remember it. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) 5 - Highlight Loc. 1245-53 | Added on Monday, June 01, 2009, 01:02 AM The key to Wunderman"s success was something he called the "treasure hunt." In every TV Guide and Parade ad, he had his art director put a little gold box in the corner of the order coupon. Then his firm wrote a series of TV commercials that told the "secret of the Gold Box." Viewers were told that if they could find the gold box in their issues of Parade and TV Guide, they could write in the name of any record on the Columbia list and get that record free. The gold box, Wunderman theorized, was a kind of trigger. It gave viewers a reason to look for the ads in TV Guide and Parade. It created a connection between the Columbia message viewers saw on television and the message they read in a magazine. The gold box, Wunderman writes, "made the reader/viewer part of an interactive advertising system. Viewers were not just an audience but had become participants. It was like playing a game....The effectiveness of the campaign was startling. In 1977, none of Columbia"s ads in its extensive magazine schedule had been profitable. In 1978, with Gold Box television support, every magazine on the schedule made a profit, an unprecedented turnaround." ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 1286-92 | Added on Monday, June 01, 2009, 01:06 AM The second interesting thing is that, of course, as seniors they must have already known where the health center was, and doubtless had visited it several times already. It is doubtful that any of them would ever actually have used the map. In other words, what the tetanus intervention needed in order to tip was not an avalanche of new or additional information. What it needed was a subtle but significant change in presentation. The students needed to know how to fit the tetanus stuff into their lives; the addition of the map and the times when the shots were available shifted the booklet from an abstract lesson in medical risk—a lesson no different from the countless other academic lessons they had received over their academic career—to a practical and personal piece of medical advice. And once the advice became practical and personal, it became memorable. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 1742-43 | Added on Monday, June 01, 2009, 05:35 PM The lesson of stickiness is the same. There is a simple way to package information that, under the right circumstances, can make it irresistible. All you have to do is find it. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 1995-2020 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 01:55 AM The purpose of the experiment was to try to find out why prisons are such nasty places. Was it because prisons are full of nasty people, or was it because prisons are such nasty environments that they make people nasty? In the answer to that question is obviously the answer to the question posed by Bernie Goetz and the subway cleanup, which is how much influence does immediate environment have on the way people behave? What Zimbardo found out shocked him. The guards, some of whom had previously identified themselves as pacifists, fell quickly into the role of hard bitten disciplinarians. The first night they woke up the prisoners at two in the morning and made them do pushups, line up against the wall, and perform other arbitrary tasks. On the morning of the second day, the prisoners rebelled. They ripped off their numbers and barricaded themselves in their cells. The guards responded by stripping them, spraying them with fire extinguishers, and throwing the leader of the rebellion into solitary confinement. "There were times when we were pretty abusive, getting right in their faces and yelling at them," one guard remembers. "It was part of the whole atmosphere of terror." As the experiment progressed, the guards got systematically crueler and more sadistic. "What we were unprepared for was the intensity of the change and the speed at which it happened," Zimbardo says. The guards were making the prisoners say to one 6 another they loved each other, and making them march down the hallway, in handcuffs, with paper bags over their heads. "It was completely the opposite from the way I conduct myself now," another guard remembers. "I think I was positively creative in terms of my mental cruelty." After 36 hours, one prisoner began to get hysterical, and had to be released. Four more then had to be released because of "extreme emotional depression, crying, rage, and acute anxiety." Zimbardo had originally intended to have the experiment run for two weeks. He called it off after six days. "I realize now," one prisoner said after the experiment was over, "that no matter how together I thought I was inside my head, my prisoner behavior was often less under my control than I realized." Another said: "I began to feel that I was losing my identity, that the person I call ———, the person who volunteered to get me into this prison (because it was a prison to me, it still is a prison to me, I don"t regard it as an experiment or a simulation...) was distant from me, was remote, until finally I wasn"t that person. I was 416. I was really my number and 416 was really going to have to decide what to do." Zimbardo"s conclusion was that there are specific situations so powerful that they can overwhelm our inherent predispositions. The key word here is situation. Zimbardo isn"t talking about environment, about the major external influences on all of our lives. He"s not denying that how we are raised by our parents affects who we are, or that the kind of schools we went to, the friends we have, or the neighborhoods we live in affect our behavior. All of these things are undoubtedly important. Nor is he denying that our genes play a role in determining who we are. Most psychologists believe that nature—genetics—accounts for about half of the reason why we tend to act the way we do. His point is simply that there are certain times and places and conditions when much of that can be swept away, that there are instances where you can take normal people from good schools and happy families and good neighborhoods and powerfully affect their behavior merely by changing the immediate details of their situation. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2045-47 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 01:59 AM Smart children cheat a little less than less intelligent children. Girls cheat about as much as boys. Older children cheat more than younger children, and those from stable and happy homes cheat a bit less than those from unstable and unhappy homes. If you analyze the data you can find general patterns of behavioral consistency from test to test. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2054-60 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 02:00 AM What Hartshorne and May concluded, then, is that something like honesty isn"t a fundamental trait, or what they called a "unified" trait. A trait like honesty, they concluded, is considerably influenced by the situation. "Most children," they wrote, will deceive in certain situations and not in others. Lying, cheating, and stealing as measured by the test situations used in these studies are only very loosely related. Even cheating in the classroom is rather highly specific, for a child may cheat on an arithmetic test and not on a spelling test, etc. Whether a child will practice deceit in any given situation depends in part on his intelligence, age, home background, and the like and in part on the nature of the situation itself and his particular relation to it. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2076-85 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 02:03 AM Consider the following brain teaser. Suppose I give you four cards labeled with the letters A and D and the numerals 3 and 6. The rule of the game is that a card with a vowel on it always has an even number on the other side. Which of the cards would you have to turn over to prove this rule to be true? The answer is two: the A card and the three card. The overwhelming majority of people given this test, though, don"t get it right. They tend to answer just the A card, or the A and the six. It"s a hard question. But now let me 7 pose another question. Suppose four people are drinking in a bar. One is drinking Coke. One is sixteen. One is drinking beer and one is twenty five. Given the rule that no one under twenty one is allowed to drink beer, which of those people"s IDs do we have to check to make sure the law is being observed? Now the answer is easy. In fact, I"m sure that almost everyone will get it right: the beer drinker and the sixteen year old. But, as the psychologist Leda Cosmides (who dreamt up this example) points out, it is exactly the same puzzle as the A, D, 3, and 6 puzzle. The difference is that it is framed in a way that makes it about people, instead of about numbers, and as human beings we are a lot more sophisticated about each other than we are about the abstract world. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2086-98 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 02:05 AM The mistake we make in thinking of character as something unified and all encompassing is very similar to a kind of blind spot in the way we process information. Psychologists call this tendency the Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE), which is a fancy way of saying that when it comes to interpreting other people"s behavior, human beings invariably make the mistake of overestimating the importance of fundamental character traits and underestimating the importance of the situation and context. We will always reach for a "dispositional" explanation for events, as opposed to a contextual explanation. In one experiment, for instance, a group of people are told to watch two sets of similarly talented basketball players, the first of whom are shooting baskets in a well lighted gym and the second of whom are shooting baskets in a badly lighted gym (and obviously missing a lot of shots). Then they are asked to judge how good the players were. The players in the well lighted gym were considered superior. In another example, a group of people are brought in for an experiment and told they are going to play a quiz game. They are paired off and they draw lots. One person gets a card that says he or she is going to be the "Contestant." The other is told he or she is going to be the "Questioner." The Questioner is then asked to draw up a list of ten "challenging but not impossible" questions based on areas of particular interest or expertise, so someone who is into Ukrainian folk music might come up with a series of questions based on Ukrainian folk music. The questions are posed to the Contestant, and after the quiz is over, both parties are asked to estimate the level of general knowledge of the other. Invariably, the Contestants rate the Questioners as being a lot smarter than they themselves are. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2147-58 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 02:12 AM If you ask people to predict which seminarians played the Good Samaritan (and subsequent studies have done just this) their answers are highly consistent. They almost all say that the students who entered the ministry to help people and those reminded of the importance of compassion by having just read the parable of the Good Samaritan will be the most likely to stop. Most of us, I think, would agree with those conclusions. In fact, neither of those factors made any difference. "It is hard to think of a context in which norms concerning helping those in distress are more salient than for a person thinking about the Good Samaritan, and yet it did not significantly increase helping behavior," Darley and Batson concluded. "Indeed, on several occasions, a seminary student going to give his talk on the parable of the Good Samaritan literally stepped over the victim as he hurried on his way." The only thing that really mattered was whether the student was in a rush. Of the group that was, 10 percent stopped to help. Of the group who knew they had a few minutes to spare, 63 percent stopped. What this study is suggesting, in other words, is that the convictions of your heart and the actual contents of your thoughts are less important, in the end, in guiding your actions than the immediate context of your behavior. The words "Oh, you"re late" had the effect of making someone who was ordinarily compassionate into someone who was indifferent to suffering—of turning someone, in that particular moment, into a different person. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) 8 - Highlight Loc. 2180-88 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 02:16 AM Judith Harris has convincingly argued that peer influence and community influence are more important than family influence in determining how children turn out. Studies of juvenile delinquency and high school drop out rates, for example, demonstrate that a child is better off in a good neighborhood and a troubled family than he or she is in a troubled neighborhood and a good family. We spend so much time celebrating the importance and power of family influence that it may seem, at first blush, that this can"t be true. But in reality it is no more than an obvious and commonsensical extension of the Power of Context, because it says simply that children are powerfully shaped by their external environment, that the features of our immediate social and physical world—the streets we walk down, the people we encounter—play a huge role in shaping who we are and how we act. It isn"t just serious criminal behavior, in the end, that is sensitive to environmental cues, it is all behavior. Weird as it sounds, if you add up the meaning of the Stanford prison experiment and the New York subway experiment, they suggest that it is possible to be a better person on a clean street or in a clean subway than in one littered with trash and graffiti. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2232-46 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 02:24 AM But the spread of any new and contagious ideology also has a lot to do with the skillful use of group power. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, for example, the Methodist movement became epidemic in England and North America, tipping from 20,000 to 90,000 followers in the U.S. in the space of five or six years in the 1780s. But Methodism"s founder, John Wesley, was by no means the most charismatic preacher of his era. That honor belonged to George Whitfield, an orator of such power and charisma that, it was said, he once charmed a five pound contribution out of Benjamin Franklin—who was, of course, the furthest thing from a churchgoer. Nor was Wesley a great theologian, in the tradition of, say, John Calvin or Martin Luther. His genius was organizational. Wesley would travel around England and North America delivering open air sermons to thousands of people. But he didn"t just preach. He also stayed long enough in each town to form the most enthusiastic of his converts into religious societies, which in turn he subdivided into smaller classes of a dozen or so people. Converts were required to attend weekly meetings and to adhere to a strict code of conduct. If they failed to live up to Methodist standards, they were expelled from the group. This was a group, in other words, that stood for something. Over the course of his life, Wesley traveled ceaselessly among these groups, covering as much as four thousand miles a year by horseback, reinforcing the tenets of Methodist belief. He was a classic Connector. He was a super Paul Revere. The difference is, though, that he wasn"t one person with ties to many other people. He was one person with ties to many groups, which is a small but critical distinction. Wesley realized that if you wanted to bring about a fundamental change in people"s belief and behavior, a change that would persist and serve as an example to others, you needed to create a community around them, where those new beliefs could be practiced and expressed and nurtured. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2264-69 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 02:27 AM The lesson of Ya Ya and John Wesley is that small, close knit groups have the power to magnify the epidemic potential of a message or idea. That conclusion, however, still leaves a number of critical questions unanswered. The word group, for instance, is a term used to describe everything from a basketball team to the Teamsters Union, from two couples on a holiday to the Republican Party. If we are interested in starting an epidemic—in reaching a Tipping Point—what are the most effective kinds of groups? Is there a simple rule of thumb that distinguishes a group with real social authority from a group with little power at all? As it turns out, there is. It"s called the Rule of 150, and it is a fascinating example of the strange and unexpected ways in which context affects the course of social epidemics. ========== 9 The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2292-99 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 02:31 AM Take a minute, for example, to make a list of all the people you know whose death would leave you truly devastated. Chances are you will come up with around 12 names. That, at least, is the average answer that most people give to that question. Those names make up what psychologists call our sympathy group. Why aren"t groups any larger? Partly it"s a question of time. If you look at the names on your sympathy list, they are probably the people whom you devote the most attention to—either on the telephone, in person, or thinking and worrying about. If your list was twice as long, if it had 30 names on it, and, as a result, you spent only half as much time with everyone on it, would you still be as close to everyone? Probably not. To be someone"s best friend requires a minimum investment of time. More than that, though, it takes emotional energy. Caring about someone deeply is exhausting. At a certain point, at somewhere between 10 and 15 people, we begin to overload, just as we begin to overload when we have to distinguish between too many tones. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2316-30 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 02:35 AM Dunbar"s argument is that brains evolve, they get bigger, in order to handle the complexities of larger social groups. If you belong to a group of five people, Dunbar points out, you have to keep track of ten separate relationships: your relationships with the four others in your circle and the six other two way relationships between the others. That"s what it means to know everyone in the circle. You have to understand the personal dynamics of the group, juggle different personalities, keep people happy, manage the demands on your own time and attention, and so on. If you belong to a group of twenty people, however, there are now 190 two way relationships to keep track of: 19 involving yourself and 171 involving the rest of the group. That"s a fivefold increase in the size of the group, but a twentyfold increase in the amount of information processing needed to "know" the other members of the group. Even a relatively small increase in the size of a group, in other words, creates a significant additional social and intellectual burden. Humans socialize in the largest groups of all primates because we are the only animals with brains large enough to handle the complexities of that social arrangement. Dunbar has actually developed an equation, which works for most primates, in which he plugs in what he calls the neocortex ratio of a particular species—the size of the neocortex relative to the size of the brain—and the equation spits out the expected maximum group size of the animal. If you plug in the neocortex ratio for Homo sapiens, you get a group estimate of 147.8—or roughly 150. "The figure of 150 seems to represent the maximum number of individuals with whom we can have a genuinely social relationship, the kind of relationship that goes with knowing who they are and how they relate to us. Putting it another way, it"s the number of people you would not feel embarrassed about joining uninvited for a drink if you happened to bump into them in a bar." ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2342-55 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 02:38 AM Then there is the example of the religious group known as the Hutterites, who for hundreds of years have lived in self sufficient agricultural colonies in Europe and, since the early twentieth century, in North America. The Hutterites (who came out of the same tradition as the Amish and the Mennonites) have a strict policy that every time a colony approaches 150, they split it in two and start a new one. "Keeping things under 150 just seems to be the best and most efficient way to manage a group of people," Bill Gross, one of the leaders of a Hutterite colony outside Spokane told me. "When things get larger than that, people become strangers to one another." The Hutterites, obviously, didn"t get this idea from contemporary evolutionary psychology. They"ve been following the 150 rule for centuries. But their rationale fits perfectly with Dunbar"s theories. At 150, the Hutterites believe, something happens— 10 something indefinable but very real—that somehow changes the nature of community overnight. "In smaller groups people are a lot closer. They"re knit together, which is very important if you want to be effective and successful at community life," Gross said. "If you get too large, you don"t have enough work in common. You don"t have enough things in common, and then you start to become strangers and that close knit fellowship starts to get lost." Gross spoke from experience. He had been in Hutterite colonies that had come near to that magic number and seen firsthand how things had changed. "What happens when you get that big is that the group starts, just on its own, to form a sort of clan." He made a gesture with his hands, as if to demonstrate division. "You get two or three groups within the larger group. That is something you really try to prevent, and when it happens it is a good time to branch out." ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2362-69 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 02:40 AM If we want groups to serve as incubators for contagious messages, then, as they did in the case of Divine Secrets of the Ya Ya Sisterhood or the early Methodist church, we have to keep groups below the 150 Tipping Point. Above that point, there begin to be structural impediments to the ability of the group to agree and act with one voice. If we want to, say, develop schools in disadvantaged communities that can successfully counteract the poisonous atmosphere of their surrounding neighborhoods, this tells us that we"re probably better off building lots of little schools than one or two big ones. The Rule of 150 says that congregants of a rapidly expanding church, or the members of a social club, or anyone in a group activity banking on the epidemic spread of shared ideals needs to be particularly cognizant of the perils of bigness. Crossing the 150 line is a small change that can make a big difference. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2404-14 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 02:46 AM It"s not hard to see the connection between this kind of organizational structure and the unusual, free form management style of Gore. The kind of bond that Dunbar describes in small groups is essentially a kind of peer pressure: it"s knowing people well enough that what they think of you matters. He said, remember, that the company is the basic unit of military organization because, in a group under 150, "orders can be implemented and unruly behavior controlled on the basis of personal loyalties and direct man to man contacts." That"s what Bill Gross was saying about his Hutterite community as well. The fissures they see in Hutterite colonies that grow too big are the fissures that result when the bonds among some commune members begin to weaken. Gore doesn"t need formal management structures in its small plants—it doesn"t need the usual layers of middle and upper management—because in groups that small, informal personal relationships are more effective. "The pressure that comes to bear if we are not efficient at a plant, if we are not creating good earnings for the company, the peer pressure is unbelievable," Jim Buckley, a longtime associate of the firm, told me. "This is what you get when you have small teams, where everybody knows everybody. Peer pressure is much more powerful than a concept of a boss. Many, many times more powerful. People want to live up to what is expected of them." ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2426-44 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 02:49 AM What Buckley is referring to here is the benefit of unity, of having everyone in a complex enterprise share a common relationship. There is a useful concept in psychology that, I think, makes it much clearer what he"s speaking about. This is what University of Virginia psychologist Daniel Wegner calls "transactive memory." When we talk about memory, we aren"t just talking about ideas and impressions and facts stored inside our heads. An awful lot of what we remember is actually stored outside our brains. Most of us deliberately don"t memorize most of the phone numbers we need. But we do memorize where to find them—in a phone book, or in our personal Rolodex. Or we memorize the number 411, so we can call 11 directory assistance. Nor do most of us know, say, the capital of Paraguay or some other obscure country. Why bother? It"s an awful lot easier to buy an atlas and store that kind of information there. Perhaps most important, though, we store information with other people. Couples do this automatically. A few years ago, for example, Wegner set up a memory test with 59 couples, all of whom had been dating for at least three months. Half of the couples were allowed to stay together, and half were split up, and given a new partner whom they didn"t know. Wegner then asked all the pairs to read 64 statements, each with an underlined word, like "Midori is a Japanese melon liqueur." Five minutes after looking at all the statements, the pairs were asked to write down as many as they could remember. Sure enough, the pairs who knew each other remembered substantially more items than those who didn"t know each other. Wegner argues that when people know each other well, they create an implicit joint memory system—a transactive memory system—which is based on an understanding about who is best suited to remember what kinds of things. "Relationship development is often understood as a process of mutual self disclosure," he writes. "Although it is probably more romantic to cast this process as one of interpersonal revelation and acceptance, it can also be appreciated as a necessary precursor to transactive memory." Transactive memory is part of what intimacy means. In fact, Wegner argues, it is the loss of this kind of joint memory that helps to make divorce so painful. "Divorced people who suffer depression and complain of cognitive dysfunction may be expressing the loss of their external memory systems," he writes. "They once were able to discuss their experiences to reach a shared understanding....They once could count on access to a wide range of storage in their partner, and this, too, is gone....The loss of transactive memory feels like losing a part of one"s own mind." ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2457-64 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 02:52 AM When Jim Buckley says, then, that working at Gore is a "different kind of experience," what he is talking about, in part, is that Gore has a highly effective institutional transactive memory. Here, for example, is how one Gore associate describes the kind of "knowing" that emerges in a small plant: "It"s not just do you know somebody. It"s do you really know them well enough that you know their skills and abilities and passions. That"s what you like, what you do, what you want to do, what you are truly good at. Not, are you a nice person." What that associate is talking about is the psychological preconditions for transactive memory: it"s knowing someone well enough to know what they know, and knowing them well enough so that you can trust them to know things in their specialty. It"s the re creation, on an organization wide level, of the kind of intimacy and trust that exists in a family. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2480-81 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 02:54 AM That is the paradox of the epidemic: that in order to create one contagious movement, you often have to create many small movements first. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2568-71 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 05:54 PM This is where, I think, Connectors, Mavens, and Salesmen play their most important role. In the chapter on the Law of the Few, I talked about how their special social gifts can cause epidemics to tip. Here, though, it is possible to be much more specific about what they do. They are the ones who make it possible for innovations to overcome this problem of the chasm. They are translators: they take ideas and information from a highly specialized world and translate them into a language the rest of us can understand. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) 12 - Highlight Loc. 2576-83 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 05:56 PM One of the key figures at Lambesis was DeeDee Gordon, the firm"s former head of market research, and she says that the same process occurs in the case of the fashion trends that periodically sweep through youth culture. The Innovators try something new. Then someone— the teen equivalent of a Maven or a Connector or a Salesman—sees it and adopts it. "Those kids make things more palatable for mainstream people. They see what the really wired kids are doing and they tweak it. They start doing it themselves, but they change it a bit. They make it more usable. Maybe there"s a kid who rolls up his jeans and puts duct tape around the bottom because he"s the one bike messenger in the school. Well, the translators like that look. But they won"t use tape. They"ll buy something with Velcro. Or then there was the whole baby doll T shirt thing. One girl starts wearing a shrunken down T shirt. She goes to Toys R Us and buys the Barbie T shirt. And the others say, that"s so cool. But they might not get it so small, and they might not get it with Barbie on it. They look at it and say, it"s a little off. But there"s a way I can change it and make it okay. Then it takes off." ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2584-2600 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 05:57 PM Perhaps the most sophisticated analysis of this process of translation comes from the study of rumors, which are—obviously—the most contagious of all social messages. In his book The Psychology of Rumor, the sociologist Gordon Allport writes of a rumor involving a Chinese teacher who was traveling through Maine on vacation in the summer of 1945, shortly before Japan"s surrender to the Allies at the end of World War II. The teacher was carrying a guidebook, which said that a splendid view of the surrounding countryside could be seen from a certain local hilltop, and he stopped in a small town to ask directions. From that innocent request, a rumor quickly spread: a Japanese spy had gone up the hill to take pictures of the region. "The simple, unadorned facts that constitute the "kernel of truth" in this rumor," Allport writes, "were from the outset distorted in...three directions." First of all the story was leveled. All kinds of details that are essential for understanding the true meaning of the incident were left out. There was no mention, Allport points out, of "the courteous and timid approach of the visitor to the native of whom he inquired his way; the fact that the visitor"s precise nationality was unknown,...the fact that the visitor had allowed himself to be readily identified by people along the way." Then the story was sharpened. The details that remained were made more specific. A man became a spy. Someone who looked Asian became Japanese. Sightseeing became espionage. The guidebook in the teacher"s hand became a camera. Finally, a process of assimilation took place: the story was changed so it made more sense to those spreading the rumor. "A Chinese teacher on a holiday was a concept that could not arise in the minds of most farmers, for they did not know that some American universities employ Chinese scholars on their staffs and that these scholars, like other teachers, are entitled to summer holidays," Allport writes. "The novel situation was perforce assimilated in terms of the most available frames of reference." And what were those frames of reference? In 1945, in rural Maine, at a time when virtually every family had a son or relative involved in the war effort, the only way to make sense of a story like that was to fit it into the context of the war. Thus did Asian become Japanese, guidebook become camera, and sightseeing become espionage. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2602-8 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 05:58 PM Memory experiments have been done in which subjects are given a story to read or a picture to look at and then asked to return, at intervals of several months, and reproduce what they had been shown. Invariably, significant leveling occurs. All but a few details are dropped. But certain details are also, simultaneously, sharpened. In one classic example, subjects were given a drawing of a hexagon bisected by three lines with seven equal size circles superimposed on top of it. What one typical subject 13 remembered, several months later, was a square bisected by two lines with 38 small circles arrayed around the fringes of the diagram. "There was a marked tendency for any picture or story to gravitate in memory toward what was familiar to the subject in his own life, consonant with his own culture, and above all, to what had some special emotional significance for him," Allport writes. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2609-14 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 06:04 PM This is what is meant by translation. What Mavens and Connectors and Salesmen do to an idea in order to make it contagious is to alter it in such a way that extraneous details are dropped and others are exaggerated so that the message itself comes to acquire a deeper meaning. If anyone wants to start an epidemic, then—whether it is of shoes or behavior or a piece of software—he or she has to somehow employ Connectors, Mavens, and Salesmen in this very way: he or she has to find some person or some means to translate the message of the Innovators into something the rest of us can understand. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2624-37 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 06:08 PM To analyze how well the needle program was working, researchers at Johns Hopkins University began, in the mid 1990s, to ride along with the vans in order to talk to the people handing in needles. What they found surprised them. They had assumed that addicts brought in their own dirty needles for exchange, that IV drug users got new needles the way that you or I buy milk: going to the store when it is open and picking up enough for the week. But what they found was that a handful of addicts were coming by each week with knapsacks bulging with 300 or 400 dirty needles at a time, which is obviously far more than they were using themselves. These men were then going back to the street and selling the clean needles for one dollar each. The van, in other words, was a kind of syringe wholesaler. The real retailers were these handfuls of men—these super exchangers—who were prowling around the streets and shooting galleries, picking up dirty needles, and then making a modest living on the clean needles they received in exchange. At first, some of the program"s coordinators had second thoughts. Did they really want taxpayer funded needles financing the habits of addicts? But then they realized that they had stumbled inadvertently into a solution to the limitations of needle exchange programs. "It"s a much, much better system," says Tom Valente, who teaches in the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. "A lot of people shoot on Friday and Saturday night, and they don"t necessarily think in a rational way that they need to have clean tools before they go out. The needle exchange program isn"t going to be available at that time—and certainly not in the shooting galleries. But these [super exchangers] can be there at times when people are doing drugs and when they need clean syringes. They provide twenty four seven service, and it doesn"t cost us anything." ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2863-71 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 08:24 PM The fascinating thing about this permission giving, though, is how extraordinarily specific it is. In his study of motor fatalities, Phillips found a clear pattern. Stories about suicides resulted in an increase in single car crashes where the victim was the driver. Stories about suicide murders resulted in an increase in multiple car crashes in which the victims included both drivers and passengers. Stories about young people committing suicide resulted in more traffic fatalities involving young people. Stories about older people committing suicide resulted in more traffic fatalities involving older people. These patterns have been demonstrated on many occasions. News coverage of a number of suicides by self immolation in England in the late 1970s, for example, prompted 82 suicides by self immolation over the next year. The "permission" given by an initial act of suicide, in other words, isn"t a general invitation to the vulnerable. 14 It is really a highly detailed set of instructions, specific to certain people in certain situations who choose to die in certain ways. It"s not a gesture. It"s speech. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 2962-75 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 08:42 PM The significance of the smoking personality, I think, cannot be overstated. If you bundle all of these extroverts" traits together—defiance, sexual precocity, honesty, impulsiveness, indifference to the opinion of others, sensation seeking—you come up with an almost perfect definition of the kind of person many adolescents are drawn to. Maggie the au pair, and Pam P. on the school bus and Billy G. with his Grateful Dead records were all deeply cool people. But they weren"t cool because they smoked. They smoked because they were cool. The very same character traits of rebelliousness and impulsivity and risk taking and indifference to the opinion of others and precocity that made them so compelling to their adolescent peers also make it almost inevitable that they would also be drawn to the ultimate expression of adolescent rebellion, risk taking, impulsivity, indifference to others, and precocity: the cigarette. This may seem like a simple point. But it is absolutely essential in understanding why the war on smoking has stumbled so badly. Over the past decade, the anti smoking movement has railed against the tobacco companies for making smoking cool and has spent untold millions of dollars of public money trying to convince teenagers that smoking isn"t cool. But that"s not the point. Smoking was never cool. Smokers are cool. Smoking epidemics begin in precisely the same way that the suicide epidemic in Micronesia began or word of mouth epidemics begin or the AIDS epidemic began, because of the extraordinary influence of Pam P. and Billy G. and Maggie and their eq uivalents—the smoking versions of R. and Tom Gau and Gaetan Dugas. In this epidemic, as in all others, a very small group—a select few—are responsible for driving the epidemic forward. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 3019-30 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 08:51 PM What distinguishes chippers from hard core smokers? Probably genetic factors. Allan Collins of the University of Colorado, for example, recently took several groups of different strains of mice and injected each with steadily increasing amounts of nicotine. When nicotine reaches toxic levels in a mouse (nicotine is, after all, a poison) it has a seizure—its tail goes rigid; it begins running wildly around its cage; its head starts to jerk and snap; and eventually it flips over on its back. Collins wanted to see whether different strains of mice could handle different amounts of nicotine. Sure enough, they could. The strain of mice most tolerant of nicotine could handle about two to three times as much of the drug as the strain that had seizures at the lowest dose. "That"s about in the same range as alcohol," Collins says. Then he put all the mice into cages and gave them two bottles to drink from: one filled with a simple saccharin solution, one filled with a saccharin solution laced with nicotine. This time he wanted to see whether there was any relationship between each strain"s genetic tolerance to nicotine and the amount of nicotine they would voluntarily consume. Once again, there was. In fact, the correlation was almost perfect. The greater a mouse"s genetic tolerance for nicotine, the more of the nicotine bottle it would drink. Collins thinks that there are genes in the brains of mice that govern how nicotine is processed— how quickly it causes toxicity, how much pleasure it gives, what kind of buzz it leaves—and that some strains of mice have genes that handle nicotine really well and extract the most pleasure from it and some have genes that treat nicotine like a poison. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 3058-78 | Added on Tuesday, June 02, 2009, 08:57 PM In a series of large and well designed studies of twins—particularly twins separated at birth and reared apart—geneticists have shown that most of the character traits that make us who we are—friendliness, 15 extroversion, nervousness, openness, and so on—are about half determined by our genes and half determined by our environment, and the assumption has always been that this environment that makes such a big difference in our lives is the environment of the home. The problem is, however, that whenever psychologists have set out to look for this nurture effect, they can"t find it. One of the largest and most rigorous studies of this kind, for example, is known as the Colorado Adoption Project. In the mid 1970s, a group of researchers at the University of Colorado led by Robert Plomin, one of the world"s leading behavioral geneticists, recruited 245 pregnant women from the Denver area who were about to give up their children for adoption. They then followed the children into their new homes, giving them a battery of personality and intelligence tests at regular intervals throughout their childhood and giving the same sets of tests to their adoptive parents. For the sake of comparison, the group also ran the same set of tests on a similar group of 245 parents and their biological children. For this comparison group, the results came out pretty much as one might expect. On things like measures of intellectual ability and certain aspects of personality, the biological children are fairly similar to their parents. For the adopted kids, however, the results are downright strange. Their scores have nothing whatsoever in common with their adoptive parents: these children are no more similar in their personality or intellectual skills to the people who raised them, fed them, clothed them, read to them, taught them, and loved them for sixteen years than they are to any two adults taken at random off the street. This is, if you think about it, a rather extraordinary finding. Most of us believe that we are like our parents because of some combination of genes and, more important, of nurture—that parents, to a large extent, raise us in their own image. But if that is the case, if nurture matters so much, then why did the adopted kids not resemble their adoptive parents at all? The Colorado study isn"t saying that genes explain everything and that environment doesn"t matter. On the contrary, all of the results strongly suggest that our environment plays as big—if not bigger—a role as heredity in shaping personality and intelligence. What it is saying is that whatever that environmental influence is, it doesn"t have a lot to do with parents. It"s something else, and what Judith Harris argues is that that something else is the influence of peers. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 3252-59 | Added on Wednesday, June 03, 2009, 12:27 AM This is the first lesson of the Tipping Point. Starting epidemics requires concentrating resources on a few key areas. The Law of the Few says that Connectors, Mavens, and Salesmen are responsible for starting word of mouth epidemics, which means that if you are interested in starting a word of mouth epidemic, your resources ought to be solely concentrated on those three groups. No one else matters. Telling William Dawes that the British were coming did nothing for the colonists of New England. But telling Paul Revere ultimately meant the difference between defeat and victory. The creators of Blue"s Clues developed a sophisticated, half hour television show that children loved. But they realized that there was no way that children could remember and learn everything they needed to remember and learn from a single viewing. So they did what no one had ever done in television before. They ran the same show five times in a row. Sadler didn"t try to reach every woman in San Diego all at once. She took what resources she had and put them all into one critical place—the beauty salon. ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 3286-3302 | Added on Wednesday, June 03, 2009, 02:34 PM What must underlie successful epidemics, in the end, is a bedrock belief that change is possible, that people can radically transform their behavior or beliefs in the face of the right kind of impetus. This, too, contradicts some of the most ingrained assumptions we hold about ourselves and ea <You have reached the clipping limit for this item> ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 3350-53 | Added on Wednesday, June 03, 2009, 02:40 PM 16 <You have reached the clipping limit for this item> ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 3439-45 | Added on Wednesday, June 03, 2009, 02:52 PM <You have reached the clipping limit for this item> ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 3469-78 | Added on Wednesday, June 03, 2009, 03:11 PM <You have reached the clipping limit for this item> ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 3479-85 | Added on Wednesday, June 03, 2009, 03:12 PM <You have reached the clipping limit for this item> ========== The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Malcolm Gladwell) - Highlight Loc. 3487-3501 | Added on Wednesday, June 03, 2009, 03:14 PM <You have reached the clipping limit for this item>


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Columbia Business School
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Columbia Business: Feature
An Enlightening Journey: The Tale of an Incredible Lioness
Feature | January 17, 2013
The inspiring story of one entrepreneur in Tanzania.
Topics: Entrepreneurship | Read Article
American Daydream
Feature | November 26, 2012
Is the American dream of home ownership still within reach?
Topics: Real Estate | Read Article
The Real Deal
Feature | October 19, 2012
For Kesha Cash '10, being an impact investor means doubling as a social entrepreneur — and as an activist for the next generation of change-makers.
Topics: Entrepreneurship, Leadership, Social Enterprise | Read Article
Pouring Passion
Feature | October 12, 2012
Columbia Business School alumni are proving that the wine industry is ripe for innovation.
Topics: Entrepreneurship, Leadership, Strategy | Read Article
Organic, Biodynamic, Natural: What's the Difference?
Feature | October 12, 2012
Columbia Business School alumni are proving that the wine industry is ripe for innovation.
Topics: Entrepreneurship, Leadership, Strategy | Read Article
Inspiring Tomorrow's Leaders
Feature | June 20, 2012
Lauren Decker '09 collaborated with Professor Hitendra Wadhwa to bring one of the School's most popular MBA courses to seniors at a local high school.
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A Better Big Apple
Feature | June 13, 2012
Through a new Master Class — a unique partnership between the School, city agencies, and the private sector — students are working to improve one of the most complex entities in the world: New York City.
Topics: Accounting, Business Economics and Public Policy, Corporate Finance, Entrepreneurship, Leadership, Marketing, Media and Technology, Operations, Real Estate, Risk Management, Social Enterprise, Strategy | Read Article
Second Act
Feature | May 01, 2012
After a successful business career, Matthew Kallis '86 followed his dream to be behind the camera. Now, the filmmaker's latest documentary has caught the attention of audiences, critics and Oprah.
Topics: Entrepreneurship, Media and Technology, Leadership | Read Article
Outrageously Successful
Feature | April 25, 2012
Businesses first pitched as part of Columbia's A. Lorne Weil Outrageous Business Plan Competition are proving that visionary thinking is a key to entrepreneurial success.
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Model Teachers
Feature | November 21, 2011
Alumni executives who serve as adjunct professors offer students a practitioner's expertise — and the inspiration of an instructor who has walked in their shoes.
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Robert Wood Johnson University Medical Group-UMDNJ125 Paterson St, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
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The Robert Wood Johnson Medical GroupThe faculty practice of the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School.The Robert Wood Johnson Medical Group, one of the largest multispecialty groups in New Jersey, is comprised of approximately 600 physicians with expertise in more than 210 subspecialty clinical programs. The Medical Group is dedicated to provide the highest quality medical care. In support of the education, research, patient care and community outreach missions of Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, respect and compassion for patients in a safe and efficient manner is priority. Our academic physicians provide a full range of highly specialized services for the pediatric and adult populations.


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EZ Set® Mobile Home Entrance Lock Set
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EZ Set® Mobile Home Entrance Lock Set.
Quality EZ Set® Mobile Home Lock with 4-way universal latch and brass finish. Mfg. no. 100TGN US3 4 WAY.
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Susan Schneider
President Obama's New Role in the Fight Against Black Homophobia
May 15, 2012
There are many reasons to be glad that President Obama has finally decided to stop dissimulating and openly advocate gay marriage. Not least among them is that he is no longer giving tacit approval to a prejudice in the African-American community that becomes more awkward and regrettable by the year. Homophobia, to be sure, is a sadly universal phenomenon. But it is one with especially deep roots among blacks. Polling numbers bear this out.


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Abstract Peoples and DJ Hersh will be hosting #TheJam every Wednesday at Bottlenecks (3 South Main Street, Wilkes-Barre) marking the start of a new music series in Northeastern Pa. We hope to see you out at a show!
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Past Shows
|11 Jun 2014
|Abstract Peoples
|Wilkes-Barre, PA Bottlenecks
|07 Jun 2014
|Abstract Peoples
|Plains, PA River Grill
|River Grill
|04 Jun 2014
|Abstract Peoples
|Wilkes-Barre, PA Bottlenecks
|28 May 2014
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Abstract Peoples featured on 'Snow Tracks' compilation
Abstract Peoples' "The Show" was featured on winter complication "Snow Tracks," published by music blog Highway 81 Revisited.
Weekender Sessions
Abstract Peoples was the latest artist to film a segment of Weekender Sessions, performing three songs from 119 Studios in Scranton, Pa
Abstract Peoples are a Hip-Hop band, formed in 2013 by AJ Jump and Gino Lispi in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Abstract Peoples are known for their diverse and raw approach on hip-hop music through Lispi's innovative rhymes and live instrumentation. With a strong, dynamic line up of musicians, Abstract Peoples' conscious party music will satisfy most any crowd. Not to mention they will have obvious amounts of fun while doing it.
AP has opened for such notional acts as Asher Roth, Wu-Tang Clan and Lil Wayne and are available for bookings.


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Malala Is Doing Well--and Has An Announcement!
By Mona Gable on February 04, 2013
BlogHer Original Post
She is awake. She is alert. And hours before undergoing a grueling five-hour surgery in Britain to repair her hearing and reconstruct her shattered skull, Malala Yousafzai spoke to the world. After reassuring us that she was "getting better," the 15-year-old Pakistani activist got right to the point: she's launching a charity to educate women and girls called the Malala Fund.
But here, let her tell you about it in this video she recorded:
It was the first time Malala had spoken in public since her attack. And I was astonished to see her doing so well. Just last October, ,when she was shot in the head at point-blank range by the Taliban, few thought Malala would survive. All she wanted was for the right for girls to be educated, a cause she began championing when she was just a 10-year-old girl in the Swat region of Pakistan. That is why the Taliban tried to assassinate her. And because she openly criticized them. But she did not die. Instead she survived and inspired people around the world with her courage and selflessness and became even more beloved in Pakistan.
If you'd like to donate to the Malala Fund, you can learn more about it at Vital Voices,an international leadership program for women that is partnering with the teen activist.
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Del Monte After School Snacking
Del Monte Fruit Burst Squeezers are healthy snacks you can offer your children after a long day at school. 17 moms offer their best back to school snacking and lunch tips. Find some great ideas and get a chance to win a $100 VISA Gift Card on each blog. Read more


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Surfer Crossing Posters
Surfer Crossing Posters is intensely outstanding and makes a pleasant wall decoration, the product dimension is 9 x 11 inch and the price is $59.99. If you're trying to look for top recommended Surfer Crossing Posters with affordable price, the unit is the attractive deals for you.
Surfer Crossing Posters comes in cool condition and the paper it is printed on is cool. The poster is black and white photo, usually with a lustrous finish, used for lobby display and press promotion. We are selling the high quality the poster, which surface, texture are famous and rich. Compared to others like this unit on the place, this produce is undoubtedly supreme for the price. Surfer Crossing Posters is top-notch and the photograph is beauteous as hell. It is an optical illusion of depth created from flat, two-dimensional painting with repetitive pattern. The one is a good-looking, exceedingly luxury poster, it's on proper paper, has plenty of whitespace for framing, and arrived fast in mint condition. This unit is free of wrinkles and is inordinately bright and satisfying looking. The superior price for what must have taken a number of time to make.


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You know, I think I understand why you don't want to give up the suits.
"We're not a team, We're a timebomb."
Do you like it?
It'll do.
"Remember when we sat at this piano and wrote our first song together?"
Iron Man. That's kind of catchy. It's got a nice ring to it. I mean it's not technically accurate. The suit's a gold titanium alloy, but it's kind of provocative, the imagery anyway.
ross + pixie
calum + pixie
The boys jamming out to Aswad - Shine Like A Star pre-show at Ferrara
We are timeless.


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VIDEO: CABARET Cast Reunites in Honor of Fillm's 40th Anniversary
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May 29, 2014
|Related: TODAY, NBC
NBC's "TODAY" welcomed the legendary Liza Minnelli and the cast of the landmark film Cabaret on this morning's show. "They sent us to Germany to make this extraordinary film," explained the Academy Award winning actress. "And I could hear people whispering, 'How are we going to advertise it? The Nifty, Nazi Follies?" Check out the cast reunion below!
The cast of Cabaret, which also includes Joel Grey, Michael York and Marisa Berenson, reunited to honor the film's 40th anniversary which was released in 1972. The film, which was directed by Bob Fosse, will be released by Warner Bros Home Video on February 5 on Blu-ray and DVD.
Although 2012 was the actual 40th anniversary, restoring Cabaret was a long and painstaking process and could not be ready for home video in 2012. Warner Bros would not release it on Blu-ray until it passed their strident tests.
The film won 8 Academy Awards including Best Actress in a Leading Role for Liza Minnelli and Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Joel Grey.
About Author
- THE UNAUTHORIZED SAVED BY THE BELL STORY Premieres Today on Lifetime
- HISTORY Premieres Two-Night Miniseries HOUDINI Starring Adrien Brody Tonight
- Jim Nantz Hosts CBS FALL PREVIEW Tonight
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- ABC's Primetime Schedule for Week of 9/15 Includes DWTS Premiere


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Bromfords School aim for national Handball title (From Echo)
Get involved: send your pictures, video, news and views by texting ECHONEWS to 80360, or email us »
Bromfords School aim for national Handball title
5:00pm Wednesday 25th June 2014 in Sport By Luke Lambert
BROMFORDS School and Sixth Form College are competing to be the best in the country at this week's National Handball Finals.
The Year 8 Under-13s in the team will be travelling to Birmingham on Thursday to take on three other schools, and are hoping to emulate the under-16 team, which were crowned national champions in March.
The Wickford school has already ensured they are in the top four schools in the country at the sport but are gunning for top spot.
They are already Essex and Suffolk champions, South East of England champions and South England champions but want to add the national title.
Chris Baker, head of PE at the school, said: "This is a fantastic achievement. To be one of the best four teams is great in itself but we want to win it now."
The round robin tournament against Parrs Wood (North) Sale Grammar (North) and Woolwich Poly (South) will be held at Birmingham International Futsal Arena.


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Here's a full length HD version of this video :D [Also remmove spaaces] ==> b i t . d o / ogzj
Here's a full length HD version of this video :D (NOTE: REMOVE SPACES) ==> h t t p : / / t i n y u r l . c o m / oe6duud
Awesome! There is a complete meal there waiting to be eaten ;)
Hot vi, that bottom is a cockncum hungery whore. O yeah.
I want to be in the middle of them getting dp'd
That is so fucking hot I want to lick all that cum up and have my ass teared a part by that cock
Ok my ass is next to get creamed
Love it
mu god!!!
beautiful cream pie


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Oakland Man Charged With Assault Of Twin 2-Year-Old Girls
WGME is reporting that an Oakland man has been charged with the aggravated assault of twin 2-year-old girls.
WGME is reporting that an Oakland man has been charged with the aggravated assault of twin 2-year-old girls.
Topsham Police say 16-year old Matthew Plutchak, of Parliament Circle, has been missing since late Tuesday (May 20) night.
A judge today (May 21) accepted the prosecution's dismissal of a manslaughter charge against a 12-year-old Fairfield girl charged with murder.
Memorial Day Weekend is this weekend and the summer travel season is here! Some good news for Maine motorists, gas prices has slowly been falling over the past few weeks. According to the price-monitoring website gasbuddy.com, the average price for a gallon of gas in Maine dropped by 2.5 cents a gallon to $3.67.
Family Dollar is planning at adding 19 new stores in the state of Maine and they are proposing to build two new stores in Farmington and Waterville.
The New England Patriots have agreed to terms with free agent and former University of Maine wide receiver Derrick Johnson. Last season, Johnson was tied for the team lead in receptions with 60 for 608 yards and two touchdowns in 13 games.
This winter was brutal on Maine roads. One of the most beaten up roads in the area is Mount Vernon Avenue in Augusta. Besides resurfacing the road, the project will also involve replacing and improving underground water and sewer pipes, crumbling sidewalks and retaining walls.
Things you can buy at an auction, paintings, furniture, toys but a lighthouse? Yes, in fact, two Maine lighthouses are now on the auction block. It's part of a federal program to rid the government of the expenses of maintaining the lighthouses.
A manslaughter charge will be dismissed against a 12-year-old Fairfield girl.
One of my guilty pleasure television shows is 'Restaurant Impossible' with chef Robert Irvine on the Food Network. Here's a quick premise of the show. They select a restaurant that is struggling financially. Chef Irvine then has two days to transform the restaurant.


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|By PR Newswire
Article Rating:
|January 15, 2013 08:01 AM EST
MIAMI, Jan. 15, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Verizon Terremark today announced that it has increased availability, security and flexibility for its leading Enterprise Cloud service. Enterprise Cloud computing platforms are being expanded in two of the company's data center facilities located in Dallas and London, as enterprises and governments across geographies demand immediate access and availability to cloud resources.
Verizon Terremark extended the federal-grade security controls previously available exclusively through the Enterprise Cloud Federal Edition to all its commercial customers. Enterprises can now leverage advanced security technologies including role-based access controls and certificate based multifactor authentication. These enhanced security features allow customers to bring enterprise-class authentication and access control through the use of the customers' certificates and tokens to manage cloud resources.
"The ability to provide rapid access to cloud environments with high level of security shows our leadership and commitment to the Infrastructure-as-a-Service market, not only domestically but on a global scale," said Chris Drumgoole, Verizon Terremark's senior vice president of global operations. "Through the enterprise-scale cloud ecosystem we have built, Verizon Terremark is in the best position to serve enterprises and governments and enable them to improve the lives of consumers and citizens through the use of the best technology available."
Additionally, as a response to the strong demand for hybrid clouds and to further simplify adoption, Verizon Terremark will be extending the Enterprise Cloud service to include instance-based compute and storage. This feature allows customers to pay for their cloud services per virtual machine versus reserving resource capacity, as they continue to have complete awareness of usage through embedded CloudSwitch software technology. This standardized migration procedure removes adoption barriers by enabling private and public sector organizations to gain greater flexibility and control over migration to and from cloud environments and traditional computing environments without modifying workloads and applications.
"We are excited to be able to offer expanded flexibility to our customers, without locking into our technology, as well as providing greater usability and integration," said John Considine, Verizon Terremark's chief technology officer. "By over-simplifying workload portability, we give the control back to the enterprise, as we enable them with efficiency and optimization of an elastic solution."
About Verizon Terremark
Verizon Terremark is a leader in transforming and securing enterprise-class IT on a global scale. A subsidiary of Verizon Communications Inc. (NYSE, NASDAQ: VZ), Verizon Terremark sets the standard for IT deployments with advanced infrastructure and managed service offerings that deliver the scale, security, and reliability necessary to meet the demanding requirements of enterprises and governments around the world. With a global network of data centers and a comprehensive portfolio of secure solutions, Verizon Terremark is helping enterprise and government executives realize the power and promise of the cloud today. For more information, visit www.terremark.com.
SOURCE Verizon Terremark
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text: The Microtel Inn and Suites Bushnell is located 40 miles from Lakeland Amtrak Station. The hotel is close to Lake Sumter Landing Market Square Dade City Amtrak and South Lake Memorial Hospital.The hotel offers services and amenities that include baggage storage free breakfast elevator fax service handicap accessible wireless Internet access pool and non-smoking rooms. Parking is available and pets are not allowed in this hotel.The guestroom amenities include alarm clock hairdryer ironing facilities radio shower coffeemaker telephone and cable TV.


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Corporate reporting
The blog looks at the hot topics in corporate reporting and emerging issues companies need to think about.
Latest Corporate reporting posts
15 August 2014
"If it were easy, everyone would be doing it."
By Hilary Eastman, Director of investor engagement at PwC That old saying is relevant for so many things – and when I read the FRC's Financial Reporting Lab's newest insight report yesterday on clear and concise reporting, it was one...
31 July 2014
Adjusted Performance Measures - time for some 'ground rules'?
By Jennifer Sisson, Responsible for Investor engagement at PwC We are hearing clear messages from investment professionals and regulators that companies should improve the disclosure of adjusted performance measures. But what information exactly are they after? Would some ground rules...
16 July 2014
If reporting doesn't influence behaviour, why are we bothering?
By Superna Khosla, Integrated Reporting Policy Lead at PwC It's a question that those of us surrounded by accounting manuals and data as interim reports are put to bed this month might well ask. It was the question Paul Druckman,...
02 July 2014
Reporting insights over breakfast
By Elaine Forrest, Corporate Reporting specialist at PwC When you spend so long reviewing, debating, and writing about narrative reporting practices it's nice to spend some time with the people that actually have to prepare the information and get their...
16 June 2014
Clear and concise reporting – what's needed to make it a reality?
By Mark O'Sullivan, Director of Corporate Reporting at PwC Last week saw the launch of the FRC's Guidance on the Strategic Report. Whilst the Regulations that introduced the Strategic Report represented only a modest change to narrative reporting requirements in...
30 May 2014
Human rights reporting - disappointing disclosures
By Rachel Poole, Sustainability and Corporate Reporting specialist at PwC Sustainability reporting is an area of fast-paced development at the moment – it's an exciting place to be. We're starting to see a feedback loop effect, where the requirement to...
12 May 2014
Integrated Reporting - 'a step ahead' of last month's EU directive on non-financial disclosure, or going somewhere different altogether?
By Superna Khosla, Integrated Reporting Policy lead at PwC The first invitations to the expert committee supporting this Directive began to land on neighbouring desks in 2011 when I was at A4S/the IIRC, and it was exciting stuff. Tucked away...
25 April 2014
Reports out, results in...our view of the December year end reporters so far
By Gurpreet Kaur, Corporate reporting specialist at PwC With approximately half of the FTSE 350 having December year ends, March and April have been exciting months for our team. We have been eagerly reading annual reports as they have come...
07 April 2014
Innovative assurance for broader reporting: Is there a better way?
By Mark O'Sullivan, Director of Corporate Reporting at PwC Twitter: @MsullsMark LinkedIn: Mark O'Sullivan As you've read on this blog many times, I firmly believe that sound business decisions – and the disclosures companies make around them – increasingly need...
18 March 2014
Has the directors' report had its day?
By John Patterson, Corporate reporting at PwC With December year end companies now publishing annual reports, it's become clear that the advent of the strategic report has led to a downgrading of the directors' report. It's still a statutory requirement,...
03 March 2014
Investor relations professionals focus on improving disclosures
By Jennifer Sisson, Responsible for investor engagement at PwC @jenlsisson uk.linkedin.com/in/jensisson/ It is great to see that investor relations teams around the world have told BNY Mellon that they are focusing on improving disclosure. When asked what their 'top goals'...
24 February 2014
New reporting regulations…what we've seen so far
By Elaine Forrest, PwC Corporate Reporting specialist When you spend your year reviewing annual reports, the start of a new reporting cycle is a bit like getting an unexpected present. You don't know what's inside, but it's exciting to receive...
07 February 2014
Megatrends drive reporting change – time to change gear?
By Mark O'Sullivan, Director of Corporate Reporting at PwC So how prepared are companies to deal with the fundamental external forces that CEOs think will have the most impact on their businesses over the next five years? This year's PwC...
18 November 2013
How does your reporting measure up?
With challenging new reporting requirements and the continuing pressure to communicate effectively with stakeholders, companies are facing a daunting task. In our recent reporting survey, you'll find practical tips, investor insights and best practise examples to help with your reporting.
25 October 2013
So how do you restore trust?
It's a difficult question – and one that we've been talking to leaders about in a series of round table discussions this year. So I was interested to hear our chairman Ian Powell sharing three top-line actions from those round...
04 October 2013
'Excellence in reporting' changes gear in 2013 awards
Our Building Public Trust Awards dinner is one of my favourite times of year. PwC spends a great deal of time working with companies, public sector organisation, investors, and other stakeholders to understand market needs and review how effectively these...
16 September 2013
Live webcast: how new regulation will impact in 2013
On Monday 23 September, we will be hosting a live webcast to discuss the variety of new narrative reporting requirements that significantly change the way companies will have to report to the market during the next reporting cycle. We will...
09 July 2013
International business gathers in Germany to tackle the reporting challenge
Integrated reporting has just taken an important step forward as some of the world's largest businesses gathered in Frankfurt for the International Integrated Reporting Council's Pilot Programme Conference, which we hosted for them. They considered the results of new research...
21 June 2013
Tax transparency: business under the microscope
According to some politicians, civil society organisations (CSOs) and journalists, a number of the world's biggest brands are by dint of their tax arrangements "unethical", "evil" and "disgraceful". Wherever you stand on the issue, it's clear that such headline-grabbing allegations...
16 April 2013
The Integrated Reporting Framework: "what's in it for me?"
It's a busy time in the reporting world: the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) has just launched the consultation draft of its integrated reporting framework – or IR - for comment. It's now time for businesses and investors to get...
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Holland Taylor is a veteran actress that has been appearing in stage, on television and in movies since the 60s. Now Taylor is best known to the current generation for her iconic role as the Harper boys' mother on Two and a Half Men.
Holland Taylor
|Evelyn Harper
|Two and a Half Men
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- Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Two and a Half Men Quotes
Charlie: Oh, try MalibuPuddingGirls.com.
Alan: Pudding Girls?
Charlie: Trust me.
Alan: Oh ... ew.
- Permalink: Oh, try MalibuPuddingGirls.com. Pudding Girls? Trust me. O...
- Added:
Lyndsey: Oh, God. You saw "Cinnamon's Buns?"
Charlie: Not all the way through. Though I'm very familiar with the bakery shop scene in the middle. You know, with the frosting gun?
- Permalink: Oh, God. You saw Cinnamon's Buns? Not all the way through. Tho...
- Added: