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|Excellent - 320 reviews
The Hilton Garden Inn Syracuse hotel is pleased to be the Winner of the 2006 J.D. Power and Associates Hotel Guest Satisfaction Award. Come experience the award-winning deluxe guest service for yourself The Hilton Garden Inn Syracuse, New York hotel is in the eastern suburb of Syracuse, near companies such as Carrier, New Venture Gear, Bristol Meyer Squibb...
Overall Rating - Excellent - 320 reviews
Excellent 10.0
The friendly staff!I was very impressed with how friendly the staff was! We ate dinner in the little restaurant and met a couple that stay there every 4 to 6 weeks. The staff called them by name even! To me this says a lot about a hotel !!!! The breakfast was delicious! The shower was amazing and never ran out of hot water. We left a do not disturb sign on our door because we really didn't need any maid service and when we got back there was a 'care package' left at the door for us! They really know how to treat their guests!
Excellent 8.6
The staff is very friendly, the lobby very welcoming and the breakfast is quick and offers a wide variety.
The one tiny elevator that carries everyone to the 2nd and 3rd floor. No recycling!
|Good - 171 reviews
With a stay at Extended Stay America - Syracuse - Dewitt in East Syracuse, you'll be in the business district and close to Brooklawn Golf Course and Palace Theater. This hotel is within the vicinity of Erie Canal Museum and Syracuse University. Make yourself at home in one of the 121 air-conditioned rooms featuring kitchens with full-sized refrigerators/free...
Overall Rating - Good - 171 reviews
Excellent 9.0
Barry at desk was outstanding. The room was much better than expected. Will definitely use again.
Poor 2.0
Room was updated.
Front desk staff was pretty angry.When I walked into the room, there was a fan, and the carpets were damp. I wasn't sure what was wrong, and I sat down for a few moments. Suddenly, a staff member comes into the room without knocking. He does apologize for not knocking, but tells me that the room previously had a water leak. I should NOT be paying for this room!! They should be leaving this room vacant until it can be used. Mind you, the room was a very nice room overall. But you should not be offering this room!
|Excellent - 127 reviews
Overall Rating - Excellent - 127 reviews
Excellent 10.0
Amazing hotel!! My friends and I stayed here while on a shopping trip to Destiny USA from Canada. The location was excellent, not right on the highway and in a quiet location. Still only 12 minutes away from mall. The staff were so friendly and helpful! The rooms were clean and nice, it was the only hotel that I could find in the area that had two queen beds in a room for our group of four. The beds and pillows were so comfortable! The restaurant in the hotel was reasonably priced and had healthy options. We will always be staying at this hotel during our yearly visit to Syracuse!
Excellent 10.0
The location was perfect, right off the NY state Thruway. The staff were very kind and courteous. The fact that I could get a real breakfast in the morning before heading out was great. The fireplace in the public area made it feel very inviting.
|Excellent - 430 reviews
Experience skilled hospitality in an ideal location at the DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Syracuse. This full-service hotel in Syracuse, New York, is situated in a corporate park just off the New York State Thruway and is only ten minutes from downtown and Syracuse University. Take the complimentary shuttle to Syracuse Hancock International Airport Close to Syra...
Overall Rating - Excellent - 430 reviews
Excellent 10.0
The room was awesome. Bed comfy, lots of extra pillows. Shower was amazing. Over all a great experience.
NoNice room. Yummy cookies. Courteous staff.
Excellent 9.0
I thought the front desk staff as exceptionally kind and welcoming.
I thought the corner rooms were loud.The location and price were outstanding for a last minute option.
|Good - 391 reviews
Welcome to the Embassy Suites Syracuse hotel. Easily accessible from I-90 and Route 81, our Syracuse, New York hotel is located just minutes from downtown and the Syracuse Hancock International Airport (SYR). Enjoy nearby popular attractions, including the Carousel Center, Historic Armory Square shops, dining and entertainment and the New York State Fairgrou...
Overall Rating - Good - 391 reviews
Excellent 10.0
I liked the feeling of the place...the staff was very nice and helpful and the good was excellent...the room was great and there were no problems
The bathroom was a little small and there was no fan
Mediocre 3.0
I liked the atrium and the breakfast was amazing.
I hated that there was a wedding and the noise was ridiculous all night long. No one told people to stop screaming and I didn't get to bed until after 3 am.I will not be staying here again.
|Good - 877 reviews
Enjoy hometown hospitality at this Baymont Inn and Suites East Syracuse hotel, just off Interstate 90, minutes from Syracuse Hancock Airport and convenient to Syracuse University, parks, golfing, the Erie Canal Museum, museums and live entertainment. This completely non-smoking hotel offers complimentary wireless Internet and complimentary breakfast, as well...
Overall Rating - Good - 877 reviews
Excellent 10.0
The front desk clerk was very friendly and offered many helpful suggestions for my stop on my trip. I appreciated his insight, but I appreciated his friendliness even more.
Bed and shower were great--my only general advice for hotels is to have as many plugs and charging opportunities as possible. And good wifi. That is just an indispensable part of modern day hotel travel.It was a great stop--clean, cheap, convenient. I would recommend it to anyone passing through the Syracuse area on a budget.
Okay 5.0
Compared to my last at this hotel last year the experience was not great. The rooms and hotel needs better maintaience and upkeep.
|Excellent - 489 reviews
When you stay at Genesee Grande Hotel and Suites in Syracuse, you'll be in the business district and minutes from Syracuse Stage and Community Folk Art Center. This hotel is close to Syracuse University and Erie Canal Museum. Make yourself at home in one of the 159 air-conditioned rooms featuring flat-screen televisions. Your room comes with a pillowtop bed...
Overall Rating - Excellent - 489 reviews
Good 8.0
Location, restaurant, free wifi.
Lack of closet to hang dresses, room small.Would stay here again because of the location. Friendly staff.
Okay 5.0
Free parking
Unreliable wifi, no coffee maker in roomThe lobby of this hotel was really nice but the room was average at best - slightly awkward layout, almost no counter space in the bathroom, no coffee maker. I found it bizarre and annoying that there was only 1 nightstand - very inconvenient unless you are travelling alone. Wifi was free but terrible, the connection would drop every 2 minutes. Interactions with staff were average. At least it was quiet at night but overall, I was underwhelmed.
|Good - 50 reviews
Cozy Extended Stay Waits at Hotel's Suites in Syracuse New York travelers seeking hotels in Syracuse off Carrier Circle opt for the Candlewood Suites® Hotel Syracuse. This thoughtfully situated, all-suite property places patrons within minutes of the area's top corporate destinations and attractions, from Hancock International Airport to Syracuse University...
Overall Rating - Good - 50 reviews
Okay 5.0
Free laundry services and free Internet.
We had to have a smoking room which was very annoying. They should have told us that up front.Hotel was okay, not great. Staff was courteous and helpful. We had to settle for last room remaining, which was a smoking room that we did not want and was on the third floor, which was difficult with a dog.
Poor 1.0
i didn't like the fact that room wasn't clean every day. also the hotel was under remodaling.
no cleaning of the rooms. the tv gudie didn't match what was on the tv.i didn,t like the whole stay, not for the amount of money i pay for.
|Excellent - 175 reviews
Conveniently located just off I-690, the Holiday Inn Express & Suites, East Syracuse-Dewitt is the perfect location to any destination in the Syracuse area. Situated in Widewaters Corporate Park, we are a stone's throw from Community Bank, Suburban Propane, ARCADIS and Carrier Circle. Anyone visiting Syracuse for pleasure will find a range of fantastic sight...
Overall Rating - Excellent - 175 reviews
Excellent 10.0
Clean rooms, comfortable beds, nice breakfast area. Staff was very efficient and friendly.
Pancake maker was out of service during our visit, but there was a good selection of food available.
Excellent 10.0
The bed was very comfortable. Bathroom was very clean. Staff was nice and the breakfast was great!
|Good - 15 reviews
Overall Rating - Good - 15 reviews
Excellent 10.0
room size and configuration
noIt is a jewel in Marriot's crown.
Good 8.0
Very spacious rooms with kitchen facilities as well.
|Excellent - 824 reviews
With a stay at Parkview Hotel, you'll be centrally located in Syracuse, steps from Community Folk Art Center and minutes from Syracuse Stage. This hotel is close to Erie Canal Museum and Syracuse University. Make yourself at home in one of the 83 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and flat-screen televisions. Complimentary wireless Internet access...
Overall Rating - Excellent - 824 reviews
Excellent 9.3
Professional & courteous staff, modern & clean rooms, convenient location
Excellent 9.0
The room was beautiful. It is an older building but the upgrades inside the hotel are wonderful.
|Good - 801 reviews
The Quality Inn hotel in East Syracuse, New York is only minutes from local businesses, such as Widewaters and BristolMyers Squibb. Explore nearby attractions such as the Waterloo Premium Outlets and Destiny USA Entertainment Center. Syracuse is the home of the Carrier Dome, the Syracuse Orange, The Great New York State Fair, and a short drive to Turning Sto...
Overall Rating - Good - 801 reviews
Poor 2.0
convenient location, good price
we can't stay in a smoking room but they only had smoking rooms left. we had to give up our room to go to a different hotel. the guy working the desk wasn't apologetic, sympathetic, or helpful.
Good 8.0
it was affordable.
the bathroom was not all that appeasing.
|Good - 637 reviews
With a stay at Red Carpet Inn North Syracuse in North Syracuse, you'll be close to NBT Bank Stadium and Onondaga Lake Park. This hotel is within close proximity of Central New York Regional Market and Brooklawn Golf Course. Make yourself at home in one of the 60 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you c...
Overall Rating - Good - 637 reviews
Okay 6.0
Continental breakfast every morning, though limited seating for this.
Noise from highway & airplanes (must be directly below the landing pattern for Syracuse airport!),
Poor 1.0
big room without other bed
Staff had their pants pulled down, hideous tattoos and wore skull bracelet which made me not want to give my credit information. Very unprofessional front desk.Had to have police come and remove suspicious substance found between the mattresses. Did not get much sleep. No return phone call from owner.
|Good - 717 reviews
Syracuse is the commercial and cultural hub of central New York State, and Red Roof Syracuse is convenient to so many Syracuse attractions! LeMoyne College, Hancock International Airport, and SUNY Health Sciences are within 10 minutes; the Amtrak Station and Carousel Center are 10 miles from the hotel, and Rosamond Gifford Zoo, Syracuse University, and the C...
Overall Rating - Good - 717 reviews
Okay 6.0
The price and the location was the most attractive attributes.
Not really. Everything was pretty satisfactory for what I paid.
Okay 5.0
Convenient to the event we were attending
The woman that checked us in was not very polite....had a bit of an attitude.We I checked in after 1pm, I was told by front desk lady that my room was not ready. I told her that the website stated I could check in at that time. She went in to state that the hotel was booked solid the night prior and that rooms were not ready. I asked when the room would be ready and she said probably in another hour. I told her it was unacceptable and that I had a function to attend to at 3 pm that same day. Again she said that the hotel was booked solid the night booked solid the night prior. She then stated this is one of the reasons she hated her job. Not my issue. Not once did she apologize for the inconvenience and try to lighten the situation. At this time I was getting a bit aggravated. She could sense it and all of a sudden a room miraculously was ready. Staff should be trained at being more accommodating...
|Good - 212 reviews
With a stay at Craftsman Inn and Conference Center in Fayetteville, you'll be minutes from Towne Center Mall and close to Gage Home Museum. This hotel is within close proximity of Stickley Museum and Links at Erie Village. Make yourself at home in one of the 90 individually decorated guestrooms. Complimentary wired and wireless Internet access keeps you conn...
Overall Rating - Good - 212 reviews
Poor 2.0
location is ok.
My family member found long hair on the bed, obviously from the last guest, so the bedding has not been made ready for the new guest, though we arrived at 8-9:00 pm. Room is rather old and out of date.
Good 7.0
Had the basic amenities plus a good location. Free wifi, (no longer a given at most hotels), cable TV that includes baseball stations like YES, fresh wartm cookies everyday at 5pm., and friendly, helpful staff. It exceeded my expectations.
the hallway carpets were dirty, the place could use some paint and maybe some upgrade.has the feel of a B&B, because it is a small, quaint hotel.


text:
West Yorkshire Police investigate 76 Savile abuse cases
West Yorkshire Police say they are investigating 76 offences related to the former children's TV presenter Jimmy Savile.
Former patients at the Leeds General Infirmary, Dewsbury and District Hospital, High Royds Hospital and St James Hospital in Leeds allege they were abused by the Jim'll fix it star.
The force has confirmed that the youngest victim was five-years-old when the alleged abuse took place.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Chapter 12 DEFICITS, SURPLUSES, AND DEBT WHAT IS THIS CHAPTER ABOUT? This chapter looks at the surpluses, deficits, and debt and their impact on the economy. The focus of this chapter is on the following questions: 1. How do deficits and surpluses arise? 2. What harm (good) do deficits (surpluses) cause? 3. Who will pay off the accumulated national debt? After reading this chapter, the students should: 1. Know the differences and relationship between the deficit (surpluses) and the debt, as well as the mechanics by which the government is able to float the debt. 2. Be able to read data concerning the deficit (surpluses) and the debt, by knowing why it is necessary to look at the structural deficit (surpluses). 3. Understand how changes in fiscal policy influence the deficit (surpluses) and debt. 4. Have a historical understanding of how the U.S. achieved such a large deficit (surplus) and debt in this country and of the political economy of the debt. 5. Understand what is a burden and what is not a burden of the debt. 6. Be able to argue both sides of the politically important issue about the desirability of different ways to restrain deficits and the debt, such as the balanced-budget amendments. NEW TO THIS EDITION Note the change in the chapter title to Deficits, and Debt Federal budget data are updated. A new In the News on the impact of Bush tax cuts One new Question for Discussion. Chapter 12 – Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt - Page 197 LECTURE LAUNCHERS How long will this chapter take? One or two 75-minute class period(s). Where should you start? 1. Ask students to define the national debt. Most students confuse the definitions of national debt and budget deficit. Many believe they are the same term. The national debt is the accumulation of previous year"s budget deficits. This question can lead you into a discussion of the concept of budget surpluses and deficits that begins on page 228. 2. Ask students how large the national debt is. The most current number can be found using the cyber note on page 240. Most students will be surprised at the size of the debt. A fun technique is to divide the debt by the nation"s population and then ask the students to pay their share. This will help you introduce the concept of the burden of the debt. 3. Students may find it interesting that the size of the debt relative to the GDP has been historically worse. During World War II, the ratio was consistently over 1.0. Still the absolute size of the debt is alarming. 4. Ask the students who owns the national debt. Figure 12.4 on page 241 is a very good graphical representation of who owns the debt. To a very large extent, the national debt is owned internal to the U.S. 5. Finally, discuss the consequences of paying off the debt. You might offer the historical argument that taxes must rise and spending must fall in order to pay off the debt. Under this scenario, the economy would certainly suffer. Put this historical thinking in perspective to how a budget surplus has occurred since 1998 allow for some of the debt to be retired. Use AS and AD analysis to discuss the macroeconomic implications of retiring the debt through increased taxes and reduced spending. Another point of discussion is that if the debt is fully retired, it would become impossible to perform monetary policy. Students may not want a balanced budget once they understand how the economy may be affected. COMMON STUDENT ERRORS Students often believe the following statement is true. The correct answer is explained after the incorrect statement is presented. Our grandchildren will feel the burden of the deficit. Deficit and debt are concepts that are often confused. While deficits occur because of the excess of expenditures over taxes during a given year, the debt can be calculated at any given point in time and represents the cumulative effect of running deficits over our entire history. It is the debt on which transfers such as interest payments are made, not the deficit. Such transfers may result in opportunity costs. Chapter 12 – Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt - Page 198 However, a deficit may reflect expenditures on capital that future generations will need and thus may not be the source of the burden. ANNOTATED OUTLINE I. Introduction A. This chapter looks at the deficits (surpluses) and debt that occur when the government uses its tax and spending powers to shift AD. Schiller takes a closer look at how government spending is financed. The focus in this chapter is on the following questions: 1. How do deficits and surpluses arise? 2. What harm (good) do deficits (surpluses) cause? 3. Who will pay off the accumulated national debt? B. In the News: "The Bush Tax Cuts Are Sapping America's Strength" President Clinton's economic advisor, Laura D'Andrea Tyson, argues that the tax cuts passed during the G.W. Bush administration cause an unprecedented future debt burden that will reduce long term growth. II. Budget Effects of Fiscal Policy A. Keynesian theory highlights the potential of fiscal policy to solve macro problems. 1. Definition: Fiscal Policy – The use of government taxes and spending to alter macroeconomic outcomes. 2. The guidelines are simple. Use fiscal stimulus to eliminate unemployment Use fiscal restraint to control inflation. 3. The federal budget is a key policy lever for controlling the economy. B. Budget Surpluses and Deficits. (Table 12.1) 1. Use of the budget to stabilize the economy implies that federal expenditures and receipts will not always be equal. 2. By reducing tax revenues and increasing spending the federal government throws its budget out of balance creating a budget deficit through deficit spending. 3. Definition: Deficit Spending – The use of borrowed funds to finance government expenditures that exceed tax revenues. 4. Definition: Budget Deficit – Amount by which government spending exceeds government revenue in a given time period. 5. Formula: Budget Deficit GovernmentSpending - Tax Revenues 6. If the government spends less than its tax revenues, a budget surplus is created. 7. Definition: Budget Surplus – An excess of government revenues over government expenditures in a given time period. 8. The U.S. federal government ran a $70 billion surplus in 1998. 9. A String of Deficits. (Figure 12.1) Prior to 1998, the most recent budget surplus occurred in 1969. Between 1982 and 1996, the deficit got as high as $290 billion (1992) and never got below $100 billion. There was a return to deficits in 2002. World View: "Budget Imbalances Common" Comparison of the US budget surplus in 2000 with deficits and surpluses Chapter 12 – Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt - Page 199 in other countries. 10. Keynesian View (Figure 12.1) From a Keynesian perspective, budget deficits and surpluses are a routine feature of fiscal policy. In Keynes' view, a balanced budget would be appropriate only if all other injections and leakages were in balance and the economy was in full- employment equilibrium. The practice of fiscal policy has produced few budget surpluses. C. Discretionary vs. automatic spending 1. Budget analysts say Congress could not balance the budget even if it wanted to. If true, the policymakers may not be responsible for the long string of deficits, nor do they deserve credit for any budge surpluses. 2. At the beginning of each year, the President and Congress put together a budget blueprint for next fiscal year. 3. Definition: Fiscal Year (FY) – The twelve-month period used for accounting purposes; begins October 1 for the federal government. 4. To a large extent, most current revenues and expenditures are a result of decisions made in prior years. In this sense, much of each year's budget is ―uncontrollable‖. Uncontrollables account for approximately 80% of the federal budget. This leaves 20% for discretionary fiscal spending. 5. Definition: Discretionary Fiscal Spending – Those elements of the federal budget not determined by past legislative or executive commitments. 6. The force behind Keynesian fiscal policy is the ability to change tax and spending levels, i.e. to provide fiscal restraint or fiscal stimulus. 7. Definition: Fiscal Restraint – Tax hikes or spending cuts intended to reduce (shift) aggregate demand. 8. Definition: Fiscal Stimulus – Tax cuts or spending hikes intended to increase (shift) aggregate demand. 9. Automatic Transfers. Most uncontrollable line items' value also changes with economic conditions. Income transfers, such as outlays for unemployment compensation and welfare, increase during recessions, acting as automatic stabilizers. Definition: Income Transfers – Payments to individuals for which no current goods or services are exchanged, such as Social Security, welfare, unemployment benefits. Definition: Automatic Stabilizers – Federal expenditure or revenue item that automatically responds countercyclically to changes in national income, like unemployment benefits, income taxes. Automatic stabilizers also exist on the revenue side of the budget, e.g., income taxes move up and down with the value of spending and output. In addition, the tax code is progressive. D. Cyclical Deficits. (Table 12.2) 1. The size of the federal deficit is sensitive to expansion and contraction of the macro economy. 2. Inflation also affects the budget deficit. Chapter 12 – Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt - Page 200 Social Security is automatically adjusted to inflation and federal outlays increase . This outlay is, however, offset by inflation-swollen tax receipts. Both Social Security payroll taxes and corporate profit taxes rise automatically with inflation. These offsetting expenditures and revenues almost cancel each other out. 3. Actual budget deficits and surpluses may arise from economic conditions as well as policy. President Reagan, in his 1980 campaign, promised to balance the budget. The 1981-82 recession, however, caused the deficit to soar. President Bush explained the huge deficits during his presidency on an increase in the nation's unemployment rate due to the 1990-91 recession. President Clinton found the budget deficit declining during his presidency, but most of the deficit reduction was due to automatic stabilizers kicking in as the unemployment rate fell. The reduction in unemployment from 7.4 percent in 1993 to 4.3 percent in 1998 resulted in an increase in tax revenues, reduced income transfers and a budget surplus. 4. Cyclical deficit widens when unemployment or inflation increases and shrinks when unemployment or inflation decreases. 5. Definition: Cyclical Deficit – That portion of the budget deficit attributable to unemployment or inflation. E. Structural Deficits (Table 12.3) 1. To isolate effects of fiscal policy, the deficit is broken down into cyclical and structural components. 2. Formula: Total Budget Deficit Cyclical Deficit StructuralDeficit 3. Part of the deficit arises from cyclical changes in the economy; the rest is the result of discretionary fiscal policy. 4. Definition: Structural Deficit – Federal revenues at full-employment minus expenditures at full employment under prevailing fiscal policy. 5. Only changes in the structural deficit measure the thrust of fiscal policy. 6. Fiscal policy is categorized as follows: Fiscal stimulus is measured by the increase in the structural deficit (or shrinkage in the structural surplus) Fiscal restraint is gauged by the decrease in the structural deficit (or increase in the structural surplus). 7. In The News: "Fiscal Policy in the Great Depression" Between 1931 and 1933, the structural deficit actually decreased. This fiscal restraint reduced aggregate demand and deepened the Great Depression. III. Economic Effects of Deficits A. Crowding Out. (Figure 12.2) 1. If government borrows funds to finance deficits, the availability of funds for private sector spending may be reduced. This is known as crowding-out. 2. Definition: Crowding-Out – A reduction in private-sector borrowing Chapter 12 – Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt - Page 201 (and spending) caused by increased government borrowing. 3. Crowding out implies less private-sector output. 4. The risk of crowding out is greater the closer the economy is to full employment. B. Opportunity cost. 1. Crowding out reminds us that there is an opportunity cost to government spending. 2. Definition: Opportunity Cost – The most desired goods or services that are forgone in order to obtain something else. 3. Deficits are only desirable if the resulting change in the mix of output is desired. IV. Economic Effects of Surpluses A. The economic effects of budget surpluses are the mirror image of those for deficits. B. Crowding In 1. Surpluses are a leakage in the circular flow. 2. There are four potential uses for budget surplus: Cut taxes Increase income transfers Save it Spend it 3. The first two options effectively wipe out the surplus but give consumers more disposable income and change the public-private mix of output. 4. The third option entails paying back accumulated debt potentially causing a crowding-in effect. Definition: Crowding In – An increase in private sector borrowing (and spending) caused by decreased government borrowing. If the government pay s off some accumulated debt, households that were holding that debt end up with more money. If they use that money to buy goods and services, the private-sector output will expand. In addition, a reduction in debt takes pressure off market interest rates. As interest rates drop, consumers are willing and able to purchase more big-ticket items like cars, appliances, and houses. 5. The fourth option, spending the surplus, wipes out the surplus and enlarges the relative size of government. C. Cyclical Sensitivity 1. Crowding in depends on the state of the economy. 2. In a recession, a surplus-induced decline in interest rates is not likely to stimulate much spending 3. If consumer and investor confidence is low, even a surplus-financed tax cut might not lift private-sector spending much. V. The Accumulation of Debt A. Debt Creation 1. When the Treasury borrows funds it issues treasury bonds. 2. Definition: Treasury Bonds – Promissory notes (IOUs) issued by the U.S. Treasury. 3. The total stock of all outstanding bonds represents the national debt. 4. Definition: National Debt – Accumulated debt of the federal Chapter 12 – Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt - Page 202 government. 5. Whenever there is a budget deficit, the national debt increases. IN years when a budget surplus exists, the national debt can be pared down. B. Early History 1776-1900. 1. By 1783, the United States had borrowed over $8 million from France and $250,000 from Spain to finance the Revolutionary War. 2. During the period 1790-1812 the U.S. often incurred debt but typically repaid it quickly. 3. The War of 1812 caused a massive increase in national debt and, by 1816, the national debt was over $129 million. 4. 1835-36: Debt Free! - The U.S. was completely out of debt by 1835. 5. The Mexican-American War (1846-48) caused a four-fold increase in the debt. 6. By the end of the Civil War (1861-65), the North owed over $2.6 billion, nearly half of its national income and, after the South lost, Confederate currency and bonds had no value. C. The Twentieth Century. (Figure 12.3) 1. Spanish-American War (1898) also increased the national debt. 2. All prior debt was dwarfed by World War I which raised the debt from 3% to 41% of the national income. 3. National debt declined during the 1920's but rose again during the Great Depression. 4. World War II – The greatest increase in national debt occurred during World War II. Rather than raise taxes, the government rationed consumer goods. U.S. War Bond purchases raised the debt from 45% of GDP to over 125% in 1946. 5. The Korean War (1950-53) added little to the national debt. 6. Vietnam War (1965-72) increased the debt by over $100 billion largely due to the refusal of the President or Congress to raise taxes. 7. The 1980s. (Tables 12.3 and 12.4) During the 1980s, the national debt rose by nearly $2 trillion. Increase was not war-related but as a result of recessions (1980-82 and 1990-91), a military buildup, and massive tax cuts (1981-84). The national debt nearly tripled in this decade. 8. 1990s The early 1990s continued the same trend. Discretionary federal spending increased sharply in the first two years of the Bush administration. The federal government was forced to bail out hundreds of failed savings and loan associations. The 1990-91 recession killed any chance of achieving smaller deficits. The 1988-92 period saw the national debt increased by another trillion dollars. There was some success in reducing the structural deficit in 1993 however, budget deficits for 1993-96 have pushed the national debt to over $5 trillion. This works out to nearly $20,000 of debt for every American citizen. 9. 2000s With the Bush tax cuts, the structural deficit soared. Chapter 12 – Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt - Page 203 VI. Who Owns the Debt? A. Liabilities = Assets 1. National debt represents a liability as well as an asset in the form of bonds. 2. Definition: Liability – An obligation to make future payment; debt. 3. Definition: Asset – Anything having exchange value in the marketplace; wealth. 4. National debt creates as much wealth (for bondholders) as liabilities (for the U.S. Treasury). B. Ownership of Debt (Figure 12.4) 1. Federal agencies hold roughly 50 percent of the outstanding Treasury bonds. 2. The Federal Reserve acquires Treasury bonds in its conduct of monetary policy. 2. Social Security Trust Fund is the largest owner of U.S. debt. 3. State and local governments hold 8 percent of the national debt. 4. The general public directly owns about 8% in the form of U.S. Savings Bonds or other treasury bonds and indirectly owns another 11% in banks, insurance companies, corporations, etc., totaling almost half of the national debt. 5. All debt held by U.S. households, institutions and governments is called internal debt and equals approximately 80% of the total. 6. Definition: Internal Debt – U.S. government debt (Treasury bonds) held by American households and institutions. 7. The other 22% is external debt and is held by foreign households and institutions. 8. Definition: External Debt – U.S. government debt (Treasury bonds) held by foreign households and institutions. VII. Burden of the Debt A. Refinancing 1. Prior to 1998, there has been almost no reduction of the national debt since 1957. 2. The debt has historically been refinanced by issuing new bonds to replace old bonds that have become due. 3. Definition: Refinancing – The issuance of new debt in payment of debt issued earlier. 4. The ability of the U.S. Treasury to refinance its debt raises an intriguing question. What if the debt can be eternally refinanced? B. Debt service 1. Definition: Debt Service – The interest required to be paid each year on outstanding debt. 2. Interest payments restrict the government's ability to balance the budget or fund other public sector activities. 2. Most debt servicing is a redistribution of income from taxpayers to bondholders. 3. Interest payments themselves have virtually no direct opportunity cost. C. Opportunity costs 1. Opportunity costs are incurred only when real resources (factors of production) are used. 2. The process of debt servicing uses few resources, and has negligible opportunity costs. 3. The true burden of the debt is the opportunity costs of the activities financed by the debt. 4. Government purchases. The opportunity cost of government purchases is the true burden of Chapter 12 – Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt - Page 204 government activity, however financed. 5. Transfer payments. Only direct cost is the land, labor and capital involved in the administrative process of making the transfer. Changes in output or prices occurring because of income transfers result from indirect behavior responses (such as changes in work, saving or investing patterns) and should be distinguished from the direct costs of the transfer. The debt that originated in deficit-financed income transfers is not a meaningful measure of economic burden. D. The Real Tradeoffs. 1. The national debt poses no special burden to the economy, but the transactions it finances have a substantial impact on the question of WHAT, HOW, and FOR WHOM to produce. 2. Deficit financing tends to change the mix of output in the direction of more public-sector goods. 3. The burden of the debt is really the opportunity costs (crowding out) of deficit- financed government activity. 4. This burden must be compared to whatever benefits society gets from government activity. E. Debt Ceilings 1. In 2001 there were proposals before Congress to force the use of some of the current surplus to pay off old debt. 2. Although the debate about the burden of the debt is really an argument over the optimal mix of output, future interest payments entail a redistribution of income. VIII. External Debt A. No Crowding Out. (Figure 12.5) 1. External financing allows us to get more public-sector goods without cutting back on private-sector production. 2. As long as foreigners are willing to hold U.S. bonds, external financing has no real cost. B. Repayment 1. Foreigners may not be willing to hold bonds forever. 2. External debt must be paid with exports of real goods and services. IX. Deficit and Debt Limits A. Deficit Ceilings 1. The only way to stop the growth of the national debt is to eliminate the budget deficit that created it. 2. Definition: Deficit ceilings - An explicit, legislated limitation on the size of the budget deficit. 3. The Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (Gramm- Rudman-Hollings Act) was the first explicit attempt to force the federal budget into balance. It set a lower ceiling on each year's deficit until budget balance was achieved. Called for automatic cutbacks in spending if Congress failed to keep the budget below the ceiling. Required Congress to pare the deficit from over $200 billion in FY1985 to Chapter 12 – Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt - Page 205 zero (balanced) by 1991. Congress refused to cut spending and raise taxes enough to meet the targets, and the Supreme Court declared the ―automatic‖ mechanisms unconstitutional. X. The Economy Tomorrow: "Dipping into Social Security" A. "Saving Social Security" 1. Since 1985, the Trust Fund ahs collected more than it paid out. 2. Between 2002 and 2014 the Fund will acquire another $2 trillion. B. Aging Baby Boomers 1. Baby boomers, now in their peak earning years are approaching retirement age. 2. By 2030 there will be only 2 workers for every retiree. C. Social Security Deficits 1. To finance baby boomer retirement, Congress will have to raise future taxes or make cuts in other programs. 2. If GDP growth slows, it will tougher to fund Social Security benefits. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 1. Who paid for the Revolutionary War? Did the deficit financing initiated by the Continental Congress pass the cost of the war on to future generations? Citizens and taxpayers in the new country obviously paid most of the war's costs. There were loans from France and Spain. These loans were a form of external debt. To the extent these external debts were paid by taxpayers and resulted in losses through exports, the cost of the war was passed on to the future. 2. In what ways do future generations benefit from this generation's deficit spending? Cite three examples. The point here is that we will have more public goods and services in the future as a result of present borrowing. Some examples to consider are the "investments" in the infrastructure by the U.S. Government (e.g., the highway system, water- treatment facilities. and park land), housing of the poor, and aid to developing countries. All these provide future benefits-some of which are as intangible as goodwill. 3. What is considered "too much" debt or "too large" a deficit? Are you able to provide any guidelines for deficit or debt ceilings? Whenever the burden of financing and refinancing generates undesirable reallocations of resources away from the private sector, there should be some limitations on the growth of the debt. It may be useful to pose the following extreme case. Suppose the debt were 20 times the GDP of the economy and the interest rate were 5 percent. Then the total GDP would be needed to service the debt. The government would take all income and redistribute it to the bondholders. Some possible guidelines for deficit or debt ceilings would include: The burden does not significantly affect work incentives and entrepreneurship. The burden of external debt does not significantly affect internal consumption. The burden of the debt does not affect the stability of the government but contributes to the stability of the economy. Chapter 12 – Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt - Page 206 4. If deficit spending "crowds out" some private investment, could future generations be worse off? If external financing eliminates crowding out, are future generations thereby protected? Future generations could be worse off if crowding out results in government spending which has less of a positive impact on long-range growth than the private spending it crowds out. External financing will not protect future generations. Eventually a return must be paid unless external groups have an insatiable appetite for American debt. 5. If tax cuts crowd out government spending, is the economy worse off? (See In the News) The answer depends in part on the current state of the macroeconomy. If there are underused resources, then the federal government may not be able to use fiscal policy to restore full employment. Also, the answer depends on how one views government spending. Conservatives who believe that private spending is more efficient than government spending may not worry if government spending is "crowded out." Liberals may respond that public spending sometimes can be more efficient or more necessary than private spending. 6. A constitutional amendment has been proposed that would require Congress to balance the budget each year. Is it possible to balance the budget every year? Is it desirable? Yes, it is technically possible to have a balanced budget every year. This case is demonstrated by state governments each year. The more important questions is whether this is desirable. PRO (There should be a balanced budget): When debt is out of control, it can undermine the economy and government. It might be worth pointing out that Germany after World War I was crushed with the debt from the Versailles treaty Incurring obligations to repay debt in the future transfers the costs of our current consumption to future generations. They will find their standard of living lessened by having to repay our loans, particularly if the debt is held externally. CON (There should not be a balanced budget): There is a loss of flexibility in the use of fiscal policy; in fact, fiscal policy will exacerbate swings of the economy, forcing restraint in times of depression and stimulus in boom periods. There is a loss of control through monetary policy-which is put into place through the sale and purchase of government securities. There are fewer choices for savers looking for places to hold their wealth. The government becomes more shortsighted and difficult to manage. It has less ability to plan and to perform in its infrastructure, education, and other long- run functions; the cyclical nature of the economy will be a source of continual surprise that prevents effective planning. 7. What should the government do with a budget surplus? Of course, there are many "correct" answers to this question, but some possible answers are: Pay off some of the accumulated debt, spend more on needed social programs, spend more on education, lower taxes. The answer to this question depends on whether we as a nation are satisfied with the current mix of government provision of goods and services vs. private provision of goods and services. Chapter 12 – Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt - Page 207 8. By how much did defense spending increase in 1940 to 1944? What was crowded out? Defense spending increased from $45 billion to $882 billion (stated in chain- weighted dollars) resulting in crowding out things like non-essential business investment and consumer goods. For example, during World War II, sugar, rubber and nylons were rationed and nearly impossible to obtain. 9. How long would it take to pay off the national debt? How would the economy be affected? The answer to this question depends on how much we want to pay on the national debt each year. Historical evidence suggests that we will never pay off the debt. As noted in the chapter, however, paying off the national debt primarily involves a redistribution of income from taxpayers to bond holders. To the extent that this is an internal transfer of income, the economy will be essentially unaffected by paying off the national debt, although the distribution of income will change. To the smaller extent that bonds are held outside the U.S., there will be less goods and services available for domestic consumption, ceteris paribus, as foreign holders of debt purchase U.S. goods and services with their new cash. It is, of course, possible that the dollars will not return to the U.S. but rather will circulate elsewhere in the global economy. In such a case, there will be little or no effect internally due to the repayment of the national debt. 1o. Which of the following option do you favor for resolving future Social Security deficits? What are the (dis)advantages of each option? Cutting Social Security benefits Raising payroll Taxes Cutting non Social Security programs Raising income taxes The answers to this question will depend upon each student's viewpoint. All the options are hard choices. Cutting Social Security benefits will certainly help resolve deficits, however, taxpayers usually believe there is a social contract with social security. In other words, when they paid their social security taxes, they perceived a certain level of benefits would be available. Based on this information, taxpayers made investment and retirement decisions. To change this social contract would not only be considered inequitable by many, it could cause significant financial problems for those who are currently on social security or for those who will be participating in the program in the relatively near future. Raising payroll taxes is also a method of resolving the deficit, however, doing so would result in reduced AD as consumers incomes decline. This could exacerbate the problem of insufficient revenues for the social security system. Also payroll taxes are regressive. Cutting non Social Security programs is also another solution, however, doing so is essentially robbing Peter to pay Paul. The question becomes which government spending program is most important. In addition, cutting any program has the contractionary effect discussed above. Raising income taxes causes the same problems listed above for raising payroll taxes except that income taxes are progressive. Chapter 12 – Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt - Page 208 ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS CHAPTER 12 1.a.Tax revenue decreased b. government spending increased c. budget deficit increased 2. Four times (1998-2001) 3. Japan 4. a. Revenue rises by $56 billion; spending falls by $4 billion. 4.a.deficit falls by $60 billion b. Revenues rise by $84 billion; spending rises by $70 billion b. deficit decreases by $14 billion 5a. fiscal restraint of $96 billion . b. fiscal stimulus of $252 billion 6. The problem shows how interest rates have become an increasingly important part of the budget balance picture. (a) Deficit = spending - taxes = $10 billion - $8 billion = $2 billion 6a. $2 billion (b) $2 billion of bonds are needed to finance this deficit. b. $2 billion (c) Annual interest on new bonds = $2 billion x 0.1 = $0.2 billion. c. $0.2 billion d. i. $2.2 billion ii. $2.2 billion iii. $0.22 billion e. Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Deficit 2.42 2.662 2.9282 New debt 6.62 9.282 12.2102 Debt service 0.662 0.9282 1.2102 f. 0.2/2.2 = 9.1%; 0.42/2.42 = 17.4%; 0.662/2.662 = 24.9%; 0.9282/2.9282 = 31.7% . g.The cumulative debt above rises relative to the government expenditure of $10 billion. 7.a.Between 1931 and 1933, the structural deficit decreased from $4.5 7a.$6.5 billion billion to a $2 billion surplus, a $6.5 billion level of fiscal restraint. Chapter 12 – Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt - Page 209 b. If the MPC was 0.80, the spending multiplier is 5. Given a $6.5 b. $32.5 billion billion fiscal restraint, the AD would have been ultimately reduced by $6.5 billion x 5 = $32.5 billion. 8. a.If there is no external financing available, then the opportunity cost 8a. h1-h2 of increasing government spending from g1 to g2 is a decrease in private- sector output from h1 to h2. b. If there is complete external financing available, then in the short- b. no run, there is no opportunity cost. However, at some point in the future, opportunity the external financing must be repaid and there will be an opportunity cost cost. . 300 200 100 0 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 -100 -200 9. The two measures move differently because of the recession that occurred in 2001. Chapter 12 – Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt - Page 210 IN-CLASS DEBATE, EXTENDING THE DEBATE, AND DEBATE PROJECT In-class Debate A Balanced Budget Amendment? The text describes (on page 290) a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would require a balancing the federal budget every year. Should the U.S. pass such a requirement? 1) What are two strong arguments against requiring a balanced Federal budget every year? 2) What are two strong arguments in favor of requiring a balanced Federal budget? (For each argument you make, you may qualify your support. That is, you may add words to the proposal to balance the federal budget every year in order to make it acceptable to you.) Teaching note Student answers could consider: 1) a) Balancing the budget could prevent giving stimulus when the economy needed it. b) Balancing the budget every year could prevent fiscal restraint when the economy needed it. 2) a) It would avoid excessive federal spending by restricting Congressional action. hands. b) The amendment could be changed to balance the budget over the business cycle or to allow for deficits for certain expenditures or in certain situations. Extending the Debate What will future US Federal deficits (or surpluses) look like? The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) both provide estimates of economic variables for future years. Find their estimates at: http://www.cbo.gov (CBO) http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget (OMB) Do these estimates make sense? Why do they differ? For background see: http://www.cbo.gov/showdoc.cfm?index=4985&sequence=0 Debate Project Is Social Security Going Broke? Chapter 12 – Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt - Page 211 Over the next few decades, retiring baby boomers will increase outflows in the social security system. Will there be sufficient funds to keep social security going—and should it be kept going? The issue has become highly politicized, often obscuring facts about the system and limits to what we know about future economic data. Key questions: Will there be sufficient funds available to maintain benefits when baby boomers retire? When will this potential problem occur? Can the problem be solved with minor changes in taxes or benefits? Do we know enough to make accurate forecasts far in the future? Should private retirements funds replace social security? For background on the debate from relatively non-partisan groups see: Social Security Administration http://www.ssa.gov/SSA_Home.html Its 2001 Report: http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/TR/TR01/index.html Twentieth Foundation The Social Security Network http://www.socsec.org/ AARP http://research.aarp.org/econ/list.html For the position that social security is in crisis that cannot be readily fixed, or that it should be replaced by a private retirement system se: Concord Coalition http://www.concordcoalition.org/socialsecurity/ Cato Institute http://www.socialsecurity.org/ Citizens for a Sound Economy http://www.cse.org/ For the position that social security is not going ―broke,‖ or that it can be easily fixed see: Economic Policy Institute ―Facts at a glance‖ http://www.epinet.org/content.cfm/issueguides_socialsecurity_socsecfacts Center for Economic and Policy Research http://www.cepr.net/Social_Security/index.htm 2030 Action http://www.2030.org/ss.asp Chapter 12 – Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt - Page 212 PRINT MEDIA EXERCISE Name:_________________ Chapter 12 Section:__________________ Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt Grade:___________________ Find an article that illustrates a change in discretionary fiscal policy. Use the article you have found to fulfill the following instructions and questions: 1. Mount a copy (do not cut up newspapers or magazines) of the article on a letter-sized page. Make sure there is room at the bottom of the article to write the answers to the questions. 2. Does the change in fiscal policy involve government purchases, income transfers, or taxes (government receipts)? Below the article write which one of the three is involved. 3. Underline the one sentence that refers to the change in fiscal policy. 4. The change in fiscal policy should be classified as a change in a leakage or an injection. Write below the article whether the change in fiscal policy involves an injection or a leakage. Write below the article whether there is more or less of the injection or leakage. 5. What is the impact of the change in fiscal policy, ceteris paribus, on the deficit? Write below the article the most appropriate of the following possible responses: "a greater deficit," "a greater surplus," "a smaller deficit," or "a smaller surplus." 6. Use an arrow to indicate in the article at least one of the decision makers who is responsible for the change in the fiscal policy. 7. Does the article mention the implication of the fiscal policy change on the deficit or debt? Below the article write "mentions" if it does mention or "not mention" if it does not mention the implication. 8. In the remaining space below your article, indicate the source (name of newspaper or magazine), title (newspaper headline or magazine article title), date, and page for the article you have chosen. Use this format: Source: ____________________ Date: ______________ Page: _____________ Title: ___________________________________________________________ If this information also appears in the article itself, circle each item. 9. Neatness counts. Chapter 12 – Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt - Page 213 Professor's Note Learning Objective for Media Exercise To enable students to see how policies reported in the media--even if they do not refer to a deficit or the debt--nevertheless affect this crucial public policy issue. Suggestions for Correcting Media Exercise 1. Compare the passage that is underlined with the description below the article of which element of fiscal policy is being used (government purchases, income transfers, or taxes). 2. Compare the passage that is underlined with the description below the article of whether an injection or a leakage is involved. Students should be able to identify the change in a leakage or an injection properly. 3. The indication below the article of whether a greater or smaller deficit or surplus results should also be consistent with the underlined passage. 4. The assignment is about discretionary fiscal policy, not necessarily about higher deficits or debt reported in the press, which may reflect cyclical elements of the economy. A decision can be made about whether to grade students on this issue. Likely Student Mistakes and Lecture Opportunities 1. The students may still fail to understand leakages and injections. Mistakes on this may give one more chance to emphasize this issue. 2. The exercise may also complement a discussion on the circular flow. 3. This exercise can be done simultaneously with the assignment of the previous chapter--with extra credit for the students who find one article that will serve for both assignments. Then the students will produce articles that illustrate the multiplying effects of fiscal policy. 4. Several articles that students use will not be about discretionary fiscal policy, but about uncontrollables. This assignment provides an opportunity to emphasize this particular concept. 5. Many of the students will find articles that say nothing about deficits, surpluses, or the debt. This is an opportunity to show them the importance of recognizing the deficit/surplus/debt implications of government action, regardless of whether the media report them. SUPPLEMENTARY RESOURCES Baker, Dean and Mark Weisbrot, Social Security: The Phony Crisis. University of Chicago Press, 1999. Accessible discussion of the social security system and the political dimensions of the ‗crisis.' Blejer, Mario I., and Adrienne Cheasty: "The Measurement of Fiscal Deficits: Analytical and Methodological Issues‖, Journal of Economic Literature, December 1991, pp. 1644- 1678. Provides a sophisticated, international perspective on the problems of fiscal management and measurement. Chapter 12 – Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt - Page 214


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Christian Dior Haute Couture S/S 2007
(Source: vogueanon)
(Source: omglookstasty)
I got my fluorite pendant from my lovely friend Jenna aka natural-magics! Her etsy shop is called naturalmagics also.. she was the whole reason I ever started wire wrapping in the first place :) she's wonderful! Also this stone is so green but for some reason no matter how many times I take a picture of it, it looks completely blue. :p
(Source: zoeyrawr)
Out of this world fashion from Shenova. Custom, hand-made dresses featuring galactic themed prints and more now available from their Etsy shop. (PS That Earthrise Maxi Dress is everything *O*)
DJL remembers with fondness the days when she'd match up book covers with teapots and the like. So the next batch of stuff is a throwback to those days. First up, it's books with matching jewellery. Here's the Penguin Clothbound Classics edition of Robinson Crusoe with a phases of the moon necklace, which can, incidentally, be purchased for real monies here. Just in case there are any lusty folk who feel like bookcessorizing is something they need to do in life.
after what feels like literally the longest week of my life working on it my marauder's map dress for leakycon is DONE!! as a side note, i literally never want to use another fine point sharpie in my life.
This is beyond amazing and inspiring.
m0n64 submitted:
For when you find that specal someone
an eggagment ring
Handpainted Bras by Sceene Shoes
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© Todos os Direitos Reservados


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Items by Brad Dimock
Every spring, Grand Canyon boatmen meet for an educational seminar -- and a rousing good time.
A river guide who first worked on the Colorado River through Grand Canyon in 1971 describes how a funky, rugged, adventurous business turned into an expenisve, elitist, lavishly catered "service" that has left him disillusioned with the whole thing.
- Bob Ferris on Wolf pups, and the return of wild wonder
- Bob Ferris on Wolf pups, and the return of wild wonder
- Helen Neufeld on Critics see GOP wildfire bill as attack on environmental protections
- Larry Bullock on The Latest: Wild Mexican wolf pups born in Sierra Madre
- Bruce Vojtecky on A day on the river that ended in a death


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Tallulah (Character)
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Tallulah: [fretting over Lazlo who is about to die] Doctor, can't you do somethin'
The Doctor: Oh Tallulah with three l's and an h... just you watch me
The Doctor: [jumps up, takes off his coat and starts trashing around] What do I need, oh I dunno. How about a great big genetic laboratory. Oh, look I've got one. Lazlo, just you hold on! There's been too many deaths today, way too many people have died. Brand new creatures, wise old men and age old enemies. And I'm telling you, I'm telling you right now. I am NOT having ONE more dead. You got that? NO ONE!
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An overturned tanker truck on Buford Highway snarled traffic in DeKalb County on Tuesday.The tanker overturned on the ramp from Interstate 285 eastbound to Buford Highway around 5 p.m.
For several hours, all lanes on the ramp were blocked and southbound traffic on Buford Highway was being diverted through the left turn lane.
Crews worked to transfer the tanker's 8,500 gallons of fuel into other vehicles.
The tanker was finally removed and all lanes were reopened just after 10 p.m.Stay with FOX 5 and myfoxatlanta.com for more details on this developing story.
WJBK-TV | Fox 2 16550 West Nine Mile Rd.Southfield, MI 48075Main Station: (248) 557-2000Newsroom: (248) 552-5103


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CL Series 2012 / MIXER
Next-generation digital mixers that allow intuitive operation
CL Series
Taking up new processing technology to achieve ease of operation
One feature of the CL Series is that Centralogic (which links the touch LCD and the horizontally and vertically arrayed operation controls, of which it can make use) enables the operator to call up a range of information and functions on the central section of the device. This allows him or her to make fine adjustments while checking the sound—from the same position every time. An important aspect of Centralogic is the smooth flow of operation or of adjustment to the operator's line of sight—that is, the way in which the operator can comfortably switch his or her line of sight between the faders and the display, and (as an extension of this) the way in which the operator can check on the performers or the audience. We made use of the post-processing technique of bending pre-painted metal panels so as to achieve a smoothly curving shape that would not interrupt this flow. There were many problems in initial production, but, after about a year of repeated experimentation by the engineers and other specialist staff members, the device finally became a commercial reality. The result, I believe, is that Centralogic—a Yamaha strongpoint—has been showcased with beautiful clarity. At the same time, the fader knobs (which serve as the point of contact between human and machine) were also regarded as key components of the mixer. In order to achieve a comfortable fit for the operator and allow various styles of operation, the upper surface of the fader knobs are curved like the bucket seat of a sports car, and both their front and rear top surfaces have also had an indentation added to them. The sides of the fader knobs have also been hollowed out so as to make the scale markings underneath more visible. The front pads on the front surface are made out of oak. Since this device is used by professionals in venues where top performance is crucial, I believe that we can improve on its design by adding something extra to the mixer's existing advantages of high-speed operational capability and easy-to-understand functions—some element that will arouse the sensibilities of the user.
CL series mixers are shaped in such a way that their horizontal and inclined surfaces are smoothly linked, and they boasts graphics to match. This combination is clearly indicative of the smoothly contiguous configuration consisting of operation controls arrayed in front and alongside a central touch LCD incorporating a range of functions.
As a mixing console for live performances that undergoes repeated movement and installation, these products must be both sturdy and elaborate. The delicate operation controls are enclosed by the top panel and dynamic side pads, both of which feature an original design and are produced using metal-bending techniques that make them light and strong.
We aimed to create a clear interface so that the operator could use the mixer in comfort at live performances, where everything must be right the first time, and to build a reliable device in which every detail had been properly thought out—from the materials and the accuracy of the graphics right down to the ability to make adjustments using a single screw.
Naturally, panel information is clearly visible both indoors and out, and the StageMix application for the iPad allows flexible operation of the mixer—enabling the iPad to either control the device remotely from various locations or to function as a sub-display on top of the main panel.
The fader knobs that control input and output are also known as the mixer's "handles." These are designed for fingertip control and with easy-to-read scale markings. Together with the oak front pads, this feature evokes a feeling of comfort in the operator.


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million+ comment on Annual Grant letter to HEFCE
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Following the publication by the Department for Businesses, Innovation and Skills (BIS) of the Annual Grant letter, to the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE), Professor Michael Gunn, Vice-Chancellor of Staffordshire University and Chair of the university think-tank million+ has described the retention of the Student Opportunity Allocation as a 'victory for common sense'. The Government's request to HEFCE to merge the Student Opportunity Allocation with the Access to Learning Fund will, however, result in less funding overall to support disadvantaged students. The Annual letter sets out the funding which the Government will provide HEFCE in the 2014-15 academic year.
The details of the Grant letter and the future of the Student Opportunity Allocation have been the subject of intense negotiations between Coalition Ministers, following revelations of plans to cut the allocation by 60% and abolish it completely in 2015. The revelations triggered a high profile campaign by students and Vice-Chancellors with MPs from all parties tabling a series of parliamentary questions.
Professor Michael Gunn, Chair of the university think-tank million+ said:
"This is a victory for common sense although it is still disappointing that the overall grant is being cut. Higher education should be seen as an investment in the future and not a cost to be constantly trimmed."
"The balance of responsibility for the funding of higher education has already shifted substantially to graduates and there are very good arguments for Britain to emulate our competitors and invest more in both higher education teaching and research."
Pam Tatlow, Chief Executive of the university think-tank million+ said:
"The work of many universities to ensure that people from all backgrounds have the opportunity to study for a degree has been a real success story, which has benefitted individuals and the economy. It would have been extremely short-sighted to undermine the progress that has been made."
Notes to Editors
1. For further information and to arrange interviews, contact Gavin Pearson, Head of Public Affairs, million+ on: 020 7717 1659 / 07527 336 990 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
2. million+ is a leading university think-tank. More information can be found at: www.millionplus.ac.uk
3. The Student Opportunity Allocation provides additional resource to universities that recruit students from disadvantaged backgrounds. It is distributed on a formulaic basis by HEFCE to universities and colleges based on the profile of the students that they have recruited, taking into account social background and disability.
4. Click here to read the annual grant letter on the HEFCE website.
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In the night. Dream delight. I want to see you standing theeeeere.
Fantastic game and I read elsewhere that you can unlock Xmas Nights. Please be true.
Also Sega... if you're now in to porting games from the PS2 please do Sega Rally 1995 and Virtua Racing Flat Out!
#9051161, By LeSpank NiGHTS into Dreams... HD
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All Schools
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(6) Preschools
(1) Preschools
There are 6 Other Private Schools in Wisconsin, serving 823 students.
Wisconsin Other Private Schools
- School Location Students Grades
AbbotsfordAbbotsford Christian Academy
4868 Cemetary Ave
Abbotsford, WI, 54405
(715)223-444528 students | Gr. K-12
BarronGrowing Lights Christian Academy
Po Box 68
Barron, WI, 54812
(715)637-365546 students | Gr. K-12
FranklinIndian Community School
10405 W Saint Martins Rd
Franklin, WI, 53132
(414)525-6100298 students | Gr. PK-8
MenomonieMenomonie Alliance Christian School
502 21st Street North
Menomonie, WI, 54751
(715)232-846471 students | Gr. K-8
MilwaukeeEarly View Academy Of Excellence
7132 W Good Hope Rd
Milwaukee, WI, 53223
(414)431-0001318 students | Gr. K-12
MilwaukeeSt. Sava Orthodox School
3201 S 51st St
Milwaukee, WI, 53219
(414)546-957862 students | Gr. K-9
State Statistics:
|About This State (WI)
|(WI) State Statistics
|Nationwide Statistics
|Population (Approximate)
|5,651,612 people
|304,788,332 people
|Age 25+ w/College Degree
|Median Household Income
Recent Articles
Updated August 17, 2014
Getting involved with your child's school benefits both you and the school. It's a win-win for all concerned.
SAT test prep takes time to do properly. We explore some of your options here.
Choosing the right private school for your child involves comparing schools as opposed to ranking them.
More ArticlesGetting into Private School, Paying For It, Pre-elementary, Elementary Issues, Opinion


text:
Free Download Rick Price - Heaven Knowns Mp3 & Lirik LaguAdded: Fri, 29 May 2009 - 13:51:08
Mp3 Info :
- Artist : Rick Price
- Title : Heaven Knowns
- Album : Unknown Album
- Genre : Pop
- Edited : Fri, 29 May 2009 - 13:51:08
Tags :
Rick Price - Heaven Knowns - play, listen and download free at stafaband.info.File is hosted at free file sharing service, not on our server.
Download Mp3 Link
click [download] link above to save Rick Price - Heaven Knowns mp3 from 4shared.com
Lirik Lagu Rick Price - Heaven Knowns Lyrics
she's always on my mind,
from the time i wake up
'till i close my eyes
she's everywhere i go
she's all i know
though she's so far away
it's just keeps getting stronger
every day
and even now she's gone
i'm still holding on
so tell me where do i start
'cause it's breaking my heart
don't wanna let her go
maybe my love will come back some day
only heaven knows
and maybe our hearts will find their way
only heaven knows
and all i can do is hope and pray
'cause heaven knows
my friends keep telling me
that if you really love her
you've gotta set her free
and if she returns in kind
i'll know she's mine
so tell me where do i start
'cause it's breaking my heart
don't wanna let her go
why i live in despair
'cause wide awake or dreaming
i know she's never there
and all these time i act so brave
i'm shaking inside
why does it hurt me so...
heaven knows
Leave Your Comment
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text:
Will Ireland ever get round to a second referendum?
Almost lost in the crisis is this statement by the Irish Taoiseach which, in normal circs, might have been the big story of the Brussels summit.
Brian Cowen seemed to rule out any prospect of a second referendum this side of June's European election. "We will work extremely closely with the Presidency, with the Member States and with the Union's institutions between now and our next meeting in December. With sufficient determination and political will, I believe that we can make the necessary progress." (Trans: "Jaysus, boys, would yez stop pushin' me? I'm after tellin' yez that we can't rush things!")
Eurocrats have plainly cooked up some scheme to allow the Euro-elections, and possibly the subsequent Commission nominations, to go ahead with the numbers envisaged in the European Constitution Lisbon Treaty. Or, as the Taoiseach put it in fluent European: "I am extremely mindful that there are important milestones in the course of 2009 which require clarity at an early date. We will continue to work with our partners to ensure that we can overcome the uncertainty that currently exists."
How? By hiring creative lawyers. Some parts of Lisbon will simply be decreed by the 27 governments. I suspect that the number of MEPs is in that category. Others – possibly including a new deal on the number of Commissioners – could be agreed with a time-lag. Still others will be ratified by the Oireachtas without a referendum.
The Irish leader seems to have hinted to his fellow leaders that he wants a second referendum later in 2009. But, by then, what would be the point? The key institutional changes would have been agreed, and the outstanding odds and ends could be pushed through by judicial activism and executive fiat. Why would Cowen risk ending his premiership over a treaty that was, to all intents and purposes, already in force? You'll have gathered that Biffo isn't my favourite politician; but the man's not a total eejit.
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August 14th, 2014 8:49


text:
Managerial elements in the educational system – characteristics and functions of the educational management. Types of managers
AbstractThe present paper focuses on the verification of the hypothesis according to which the organizational climate, the quality of all resources involved in the educational process and especially the quality of the management have a very important role in obtaining performance. After the conceptual definitions which come as a necessity when describing the educational management, the characteristics and the functions of the educational management, as a well as its types of managers, are to be subsequently presented. In fact, the scientific paper constitutes a sequence from a more complex research. That is why the results of the enquiry are only partly presented in order to verify the hypothesis.
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Bibliographic InfoArticle provided by Ovidius University of Constantza, Faculty of Economic Sciences in its journal Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series.
Volume (Year): X (2010)
Issue (Month): 1 (May)
Pages: 911-916
Contact details of provider:
Web page: http://www.univ-ovidius.ro/facultatea-de-stiinte-economice
More information through EDIRC
Related researchKeywords: educational management; performance; organizational climate;
Find related papers by JEL classification:
- A2 - General Economics and Teaching - - Economic Education and Teaching of Economics
- M5 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting - - Personnel Economics
- M11 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting - - Business Administration - - - Production Management
- M12 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting - - Business Administration - - - Personnel Management; Executives; Executive Compensation
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Welcome Melbourne Technology Starters and Upstarts!
SEO Workshop - Discover the real SEO online techniques that get results
The SEO Workshop is an opportunity for business members to learn how to implement smarter and cost effective online marketing strategies, through the use of search... Learn more
- Sandringham Yacht Club
- 36 Jetty Rd, VIC 3191 , Sandringham (map)
Hosted by: Mario Zorovic (Co-Organizer)
Idea Pitch Night - September
Welcome to September edition of Idea Pitch Night. Melbourne University will be hosting us again at the same venue (Brown Theater Electrical Engineering Building). This... Learn more
- Brown Theatre, Electrical Engineering Building
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne (map)
Hosted by: Moresh J Koknae (Co-Organizer)
Recent Meetups
August 23 · 9:00 AMEntrepreneur Success Event• Are you a business owner or entrepreneur? • Do you want to accelerate your existing business or launch your business idea? • Do you want to build sustainable,... Learn more
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text:
But this deserves it's own thread.
Makes me teary eyed. Awesome work by Rahim Moore - my appreciation of him grows daily. Thanks for the link SS.
What a great story - BRAVO Rahim !
Incredible act of kindness ... and it shows just how serious and frightening it was for him ....... thanks for the link SS
My happiness is not the means to any end. It is the end. It is its own goal. It is its own purpose.
― Ayn Rand, Anthem
Selfishness is not living as one wishes to live, it is asking others to live as one wishes to live.
― Oscar Wilde
And by the stream there cometh up on its edge, every kind of fruit-tree whose leaf fadeth not; and its fruits hath been for food, and its leaf for medicine.
- Ezekiel 47:12
"Essentially, the bargain that I think every President strikes with the American people is, you give me this office, then in turn my fears, doubts, insecurities, foibles, need for sleep, family life, vacations, leisure, is gone. I am giving myself to you.---Obama said in 2008
Not much more to add but double WOW
Sounds like his life is now different ..even though he was religious it sounds like he might of found a new way to help .
I want Rahim Moore threads.
Originally Posted by Mingo
I want Rahim Moore threads.
Hopefully the next thread won't be about how Rahim raped the guy's wife in the hospital hallway
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text:
Ruth Eckerd Hall, Clearwater
Clearwater comedy events
Lisa Lampanelli
Saturday, Nov 8 8:00p
Last Comic Standing
Tuesday, Oct 28 7:30p
Capitol Theatre, ClearwaterEnjoy an evening of great stand-up comedy with the winner & the finalists from NBC's popular laughfest "Last Comic Standing" ~AXS
Bill Maher
Saturday, Oct 25 8:00p
Ruth Eckerd Hall, Clearwater
Paula Poundstone
Saturday, Feb 7 8:00p
Capitol Theatre, Clearwater
Bill Engvall
Saturday, Jan 10 8:00p
Ruth Eckerd Hall, Clearwater
Clearwater Beach, Florida: 1 MILE Fun Run
Saturday, Oct 25 10:00a
Clearwater Municipal Marina, ClearwaterAll ages Parents are welcome to run along side of their child(ren) for 1 Mile Fun Run on Clearwater Beach at low tide on hard packed sand. Start time is 10:30am. You can run barefoot or with shoes...
Martin Short and Steve Martin
Sunday, Sep 7 7:00p
Coconuts Comedy Club with Steve Arik
Friday, Sep 19 7:00p
The Event Venue, OldsmarOldsmar, please welcoms Coconuts Comedy Club to our area! The show is located on the second floor at The Event Venue. The Event Venue is located off of Derek ln and Scarlets Blvd...
Terry Fator
Sunday, Nov 23 7:00p
Act Like a Success: Steve Harvey
Saturday, Oct 18 12:00p
Vintage Vanities & Retro Rags
Monday, Nov 17 7:00p
freeFall Studio Theatre, St PetersburgThe Vintage Variety Show with a Burlesque Twist! A comedy fashion show to raise funds for Fostering Hope Florida.
The Comedy Ventriloquism of Lynn Trefzger
Saturday, Sep 6 8:00p
Carrollwood Cultural Center, TampaHave you ever had a childhood hobby that got out of hand? That explains Lynn Trefzger's start as a ventriloquist/comedienne...
Nick Swardson
Tuesday, Sep 30 7:30p
Straz Center Ferguson Hall, Tampa
Ron White
Saturday, Nov 8 7:00p
Straz Center, Tampa
City Fish Grill 1/2 Price Bottles of Wine
Monday, Sep 8 10:00a
City Fish, OldsmarJoin us today for 1/2 price bottles of wine from our regular menu all day long! Every Monday from 11 am - 10 pm.
Clearwater comedy Related Topics
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A day with Marcella Vonn Harting
Sat 9/27 9:00a
GIFF Presents: "Pharmboy"
Fri 9/26 6:30p
Waitting To Exhale
Sat 9/27 6:00p
Pegboard Nerds Tampa
Fri 9/26 10:00p
Tchami Tampa
Sat 9/27 10:00p


text:
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Radisson Hotel Manchester Downtown
Manchester, United States of America
Radisson Hotel Manchester Downtown
700 Elm Street, Manchester, NH 03101 – Show map
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Terrace, Sun Deck
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Golf Course (within 2 miles), Sauna, Fitness Center, Hot Tub, Indoor Pool
Food & Drink
Bar, Breakfast in the Room, Restaurant With Dining Menu, Buffet-Style Restaurant, Special Diet Meals (upon request)
Public parking is available on site (reservation is not needed) and costs USD 10 per day.
Room Service, Vending Machine (drinks), Vending Machine (snacks), Airport Shuttle (free), 24-Hour Front Desk, Express Check-in/Check-out, Baggage Storage, ATM on site, Concierge Service, Laundry, Dry Cleaning, Meeting/Banquet Facilities, Business Center, Fax/Photocopying, Souvenir/Gift Shop
Newspapers, Safe, Shops (on site), Non-smoking Rooms, Facilities for Disabled Guests, Elevator, Heating, Hypoallergenic room available, All Spaces Non-Smoking (public and private), Designated Smoking Area
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text:
Hale - Father and Son
I made this picture because I always thought Hugh Jackman would be perfect for the role of Derek's father.
Hale - Father and Son
I made this picture because I always thought Hugh Jackman would be perfect for the role of Derek's father.
Derek/Kate - Teen Wolf
Even if Kate is a total sociopath, I always thought Derek and her look good together !
4 of my Derek Hale posters for the Derek Hale Appreciation Day !
Derek has been my favorite character since the very first episode of Teen Wolf. Depicted as a strong born werewolf, his struggles and backstory as well as his personality makes him one of the most interesting character to me.
I hope he'll still be on the show for a very long time!
Derek Hale as a badass Alpha! - Teen Wolf
I always wanted Derek to be a powerful and dangerous Alpha fueled by rage. That's why I made this poster. Gotta say Deucalion's wolf form was an inspiration.
New #TeenWolf poster featuring the beautiful Jill Wagner as Kate Argent !
Teen Wolf - Hunter/Hunted
Scott & Allison !
I had to post a little something about that wonderful gift !
Thanks to a friend of mine, I got one of my posters printed and signed by none other than Tyler Posey AND Tyler Hoechlin themselves ! Great characters and great people in real life.
Yep, that's really great so a big "THANK YOU SO MUCH!!!" to the Tylers !! I'm veryyy happy !
It's cool to think that Scott and Derek actually put their claws on one of my posters :)
Ethan & Aiden - Teen Wolf Twins !
Charlie and Max Carver !
Derek Hale
Happy New Year !
2 very simple posters !
Scott & Derek / Stiles & Lydia !
Pictures courtesy of TeenWolfDaily.com


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4-H Fair
- 4-H Fair
Morris takes on new role as Madison County 4-H queen
Stephanie Morris, the daughter of Steve and Carla Jo Morris of Elwood, was selected as Madison County's 4-H queen during the fair's opening-night pageant Sunday at the fairgrounds.
4-H Fair: Queen candidate profiles
The 4-H Fair Queen Pageant is to be held tonight at 7:30 p.m. at the fairgrounds in Alexandria. Here are short bios for each of the candidates.
4-H Fair: 10-year members
The Alexandria Kiwanis Club and the Madison County 4-H Association have announced the 4-H members who are completing 10 years in the 4-H program.
Horses big part of 4-Hers life
Nine-year-old Micah Hardy, like many 4-Hers, has never known a life without horses. Her mother joked that her daughter was even on a horse before she was born as she rode while she was pregnant with the girl.
Souped up and ready to go
It isn't much of a spectator sport but the competitors readying their garden tractors for the decades-old pull sure do enjoy it. "It's not that exciting to sit and watch," joked Wayne Richards, the coordinator for this year's Garden Tractor Pull at the Madison County 4-H Fair. "But it is a lot of fun to be a part of.
More to 4-H than livestock
Don't go into Exhibit Hall just to escape the sweltering heat at the Madison County 4-H Fair. 4-Hers like Tressia Phipps and Jackie Lieurance want you to go there to appreciate the hundreds of projects on display inside that air-conditioned building.
Teen loves her pigs — and lets them go
In her fifth year of 4-H, Cheyenne Morgan is part of the Grand Champions Club. This year she won two reserve-champion ribbons, a third, two fifths and a sixth place and showed six hogs.
Midway rides thrill fairgoers
Despite the heat and the storms, the midway at the Madison County 4-H Fair has a lot to offer for Alexandria and the rest of Madison County. Between classic fair food and new and returning rides, the fair has delivered another carnival for the entire area.
At 4-H Fair, responsibility an age-old component
For Isaac Mohr and his brother, Cade, of Pendleton, raising and showing their animals for 4-H is about responsibility.
Raising, showing animals is hard work
Showing animals in the Madison County 4-H Fair competitions is more than just strutting animals around an arena. There is a lot of hard work that goes into raising the animals, and then caring for and prepping them for the fair competitions.
- More 4-H Fair Headlines
- Morris takes on new role as Madison County 4-H queen


text:
|By Marketwired .
Article Rating:
|February 11, 2013 07:00 PM EST
TOKYO and OTTAWA -- (Marketwire) -- 02/11/13 -- A.I. Corporation (AIC), a software solutions vendor for the embedded system design and development industry in Japan, today announced the addition and availability of open source license management tools and services from Protecode to its current solution offerings. New products include the hosted solution, ProtecodeCloud, and additional software code auditing services, which will be available to customers in the Japanese region.
Developed by Protecode, an innovator in the field of open source software license management solutions, ProtecodeCloud is a Software as a Service (SaaS) code scanning tool that allows organizations to manage open source licenses and obligations in the cloud, without having to invest in infrastructure and costly upgrades. With ProtecodeCloud, organizations can now manage open source licensing obligations in the cloud without the infrastructure requirements of an on-premises solution. Those interested in cloud-based software scanning and open source license management can now request information via Protecode's Japanese language website: www.protecode.com/jp/cloud.
"Many of the organizations we work with are concerned about identifying obligations associated with the use of open source software in their projects. With Protecode's tools we can now show organizations that open source can be adopted and managed in a responsible way, allowing them to accelerate development and reduce development costs," said Mr. Hiroyuki Kato, President of A.I Corporation.
ProtecodeCloud allows organizations, especially those that are already developing software in the cloud, to identify and manage open source and third party code and their associated obligations. ProtecodeCloud can also uncover security vulnerabilities, Export Control Classification Number (ECCN) information, and encryption packages in a code base.
For organizations that prefer a code audit service solution prior to a transaction such as M&A of a product launch, Protecode offers Protecode Certified, a software code auditing service, also now available in Japan. A software code audit reveals all open source and third party code as well as associated licensing, copyright and security vulnerability information.
Additionally, ProtecodeCloud complements Protecode's existing on-premises solution, System 4. For more information, visit www.protecode.com/jp/cloud.
About A.I. Corporation
AIC's solutions and products cover broad range of industries such as consumer electronics devices, automotive and telematics, digital office equipment, communication and network equipment, industrial control and factory automation, and many other industries where embedded microprocessor-based systems are running. AIC will combine its software development expertise with Protecode's automated open source scanning solution to provide audit services to the Japanese market. For more information, visit: www.aicp.co.jp.
About Protecode
Protecode provides comprehensive solutions for managing open source software licenses, including both hosted and on-premises solutions that enable lightning fast code scanning that works behind the scenes in real-time to detect and report open source licenses relative to company-defined policies. Built for ease-of-use and minimal intrusion into existing development processes, Protecode cost-effectively manages the lifecycle of open source licensing obligations. Protecode is headquartered in Ottawa, Canada with partners worldwide. For more information, visit www.protecode.com/jp, www.facebook.com/protecode, www.youtube.com/user/protecode or follow @Protecode on Twitter.
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- ARM Server to Transform Cloud and Big Data to "Internet of Things"
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These underbar glass rack storage units offer you great opportunities to store and air-dry your clean glasses. And with such great bargains, you can be sure you're getting one of the best deals around here at The WEBstaurant Store.
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