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Chapter 2: Interactions between virus and virus-like pathogens and the host plant: susceptible, tolerant and resistant citrus species
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Virus and virus-like pathogens were discovered because they produce diseases. For instance, in the 1930s citrus growers in Argentina noted that sweet orange trees on sour orange rootstock declined and died. This disease was called tristeza. Two other observations were made: trees on certain rootstocks other than sour orange did not decline and sour orange trees and sweet orange trees on their own roots showed no symptoms. Intensive research into the cause of tristeza disease, which eventually killed 20 million trees in South America, led to the discovery in the 1940s that the tristeza agent is transmissible by aphids and graft inoculation. The agent was eventually identified as a virus in the 1960s. It is now recognized that CTV has probably been present in India and the Far East for several centuries although the virus did not attract attention there as the infected citrus trees showed no symptoms and were tolerant of CTV. In Japan, there are many satsuma trees grafted on trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata), which are infected by CTV but remain symptomless.
These examples show that, for a given virus or virus-like pathogen, not only are there susceptible hosts and host associations, but also tolerant hosts and host associations. In the case of CTV, sweet orange and mandarin species are tolerant of the virus. Sour orange is also tolerant, but when sweet orange or mandarin is grafted on sour orange, the association obtained is susceptible. In fact, most commercial citrus species, except lemon, give a susceptible association when grafted on sour orange. When trifoliate orange and rough lemon are used as rootstocks for sweet orange, mandarin or satsuma, however, the trees are tolerant of CTV. Rough lemon is a tolerant rootstock. Trifoliate orange is more than tolerant, it is resistant to CTV.
Resistant plants are those in which the pathogen is unable to multiply, and such plants do not act as hosts for the agent. Unlike tolerant plants, resistant plants are not only symptomless, they are also free of the agent. In tolerant host plants, the pathogen multiplies without inducing symptoms, but the plants nevertheless carry the agent. Therefore, tolerant plants are sometimes called symptomless carriers. Mandarin is a symptomless carrier of CTV, for instance.
Susceptible host plants are those in which the agent both multiplies and induces symptoms. In tolerant and susceptible plants, the agent is present throughout the host. Such plants are systemic hosts. Furthermore, with certain viruses, such as tobacco necrosis virus (TNV), hypersensitive host plants are known.
When TNV is mechanically inoculated on a leaf, certain leaf cells become infected. The hypersensitive reaction of the plant lies in the production of necrotic rings of dead cells around the points of entry of the virus. These so-called necrotic local lesions prevent the virus from becoming systemically distributed throughout the plant. Such plants are thus free of virus except in the necrotic local lesions. TNV induces necrotic local lesions in several citrus species when it is mechanically inoculated on their leaves.
Tables 5 and 6 list, in alphabetical order, rutaceous and non-rutaceous plants and indicate their susceptibility to or tolerance of the various virus and virus-like pathogens of citrus. Inversely, Tables 7 and 8 list the virus and virus-like diseases of citrus and indicate the symptomatic or symptomless plants. Most citrus species given as symptomless are tolerant. Resistant species are indicated but sometimes it is not known whether species are tolerant or resistant.
The above discussion considered species as susceptible, tolerant or resistant. The situation is, however, more subtle. For instance, there are many sweet orange varieties and many strains of CTV. While Washington navel and Valencia sweet oranges are tolerant of Brazilian strains of CTV, these same strains induce severe symptoms (stem pitting) in Pera sweet orange. Certain strains of CTV from the Far East produce symptoms even on Washington navel and Valencia late sweet orange. Small-fruited acid lime (Kagzi, Key, Mexican, West Indian) seedlings are susceptible to CTV and show CTV-specific symptoms - leaf vein clearing and stem pitting. However, a strain of CTV, discovered recently in Corsica (France), produces no symptoms whatsoever in lime seedlings even though the virus strain multiplies well in the infected lime plants.
These examples show that a given host plant can be tolerant or susceptible, depending on the strain involved and that, vice versa, a given strain can induce symptoms in certain varieties of a species but be symptomless in others. Hence, the distinction between tolerance and susceptibility is not as clear as it would appear to be. According to the strains considered, a given host may show severe, moderate or mild symptoms or even none at all. Moreover, a strain giving a severe reaction in one citrus species may well give a moderate or mild reaction in a different species. When referring to the severity of a strain, therefore, one must indicate the nature of the host in which the severity of the strain is evaluated. For instance, in South Africa there are strains of CTV from sour orange or lemon sources that induce severe stem pitting in acid lime seedlings but no reaction (decline) in sweet orange on sour orange rootstock.
Various strains of an agent can infect a single plant. In Spain, up to 23 different sub-isolates of CTV have been obtained from a single Mexican lime seedling carrying an aphid-transmitted field isolate of the virus. These results suggest that a field plant is rarely infected by a pure strain of an agent, but rather by a population of various strains.
Cross-protection or pre-immunization is based on interference between different strains of a virus in a single plant and refers to the phenomenon in which infection of a plant by a mild strain of a virus protects the plant against a severe strain of that virus. A classical case of cross-protection concerns Pera sweet orange in Brazil. This variety is sensitive to
TABLE 5 Rutaceous and non-rutaceous plants: their susceptibility to citrus virus and virus-like disease agents1
TABLE 6 Rutaceous and non-rutaceous plants: their tolerance to citrus virus and virus-like disease agents1
Brazilian strains of CTV in that it shows severe stem pitting in the orchard after natural aphid transmission of the virus. When a nucellar clone of Pera sweet orange was infected with a mild CTV strain, this preimmunized clone showed only mild CTV stem pitting in the field as it was protected against the severe, aphid-transmitted strains of CTV. Over the last 20 years, the preimmunized Pera sweet orange clone has yielded more than 50 million trees without any loss of cross-protection. Today, efforts to find mild CTV strains for cross-protection are carried out in many CTV-affected countries. While cross-protection with mild strains against severe stem pitting strains has generally met with success, mild strains capable of protecting sweet orange trees on sour orange rootstock against CTV-induced decline have yet to be found.
The above considerations apply not only to viral agents, but also to viroids. A good example is that of the viroid responsible for potato spindle tuber (PSTV). This viroid also affects tomatoes. Various PSTV isolates cause mild, moderate, severe or lethal symptoms in tomato. Assuming the isolate that produces the mildest symptoms to be standard, all other isolates differ in certain nucleotides which are either exchanged, inserted or deleted, with the total number of nucleotides (359) being strictly maintained. All these changes are found in only three regions of the PSTV primary nucleotide sequence. For instance, the deletion of a uridylic residue (-U) in region I and insertion of an adenylic residue (+A) in region III changes a mild isolate into a severe one. A lethal isolate has the following modifications: -G and +A in region I,-U +AA in region II, and +C -C -U in region III. In the case of CEV, similar differences in the nucleotide sequences of mild, moderate and severe isolates probably exist. However, viroids other than CEV are also involved in what is called citrus exocortis disease.
TABLE 7 Citrus virus and virus-like diseases: rutaceous and non-rutaceous plants that are symptomatic
TABLE 8 Citrus virus and virus-like diseases: rutaceous and non rutaceous plants which are symptomless
When a series of stable exocortis isolates (judged by symptoms on inoculated citron plants) were recovered from different citrus sources in California (United States of America and Spain and then analysed by a sequential polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sPAGE) procedure, some isolates contained CEV but always in association with additional viroids; other isolates did not show the presence of CEV but harboured some of the other viroid RNAs. The effect on P. trifoliata rootstocks of the various viroids listed in Table 3 on p. 12, when singly inoculated into trees on this rootstock, is only partially known, and Table 3 therefore has question marks in the column for P. trifoliata. However, the reactions of P. trifoliata and Troyer citrange rootstocks to the individual viroids are being studied. It is already known that CV-IIa alone induces bark cracking, not bark scaling, on P. trifoliata grafted with sweet orange. This viroid causes the mildest symptoms in citron (see Tables 2 and 3). Recent observations have shown that CV-Ia causes inverse pitting (pinholing) on P. trifoliata and that CV-IIIb causes stem grooving (finger marks) on the same host (see Table 3).
A striking synergism has been observed between CVEV woody gall and citrus yellow vein virus. The symptoms of yellow vein are greatly enhanced in host plants (lime, sweet orange, lemon, rough lemon) also infected with CVEV. This synergism has been used in the identification of virus strains. An unexpected phenomenon of protection by CVEV against CTV has been observed in Japan.
Interferences and interactions among citrus viroids have also been found. Certain citrus viroids (CV-IIa) or viroid combinations (CVIIa + CV-III) may mask or suppress symptom expression of cachexia (CV-IIb). Indeed, there seems to be mutual antagonism between CV-IIa, the viroid producing mild symptoms on citron, and CV-IIb, the cachexia viroid. If CV-IIa prevents CV-IIb from becoming established in Parson's Special mandarin, for instance, there will be no symptom expression of cachexia in the mandarin. This may explain certain irregularities and inconsistencies in symptom expression that have been observed in routine indexing of cachexia on Parson's Special mandarin.
Strain differences have also been established in the case of uncharacterized virus-like agents. For instance, while all isolates of the cristacortis agent induce severe stem pitting on Orlando and Wekiwa tangelos and sour orange, only some isolates cause symptoms on Clementine and a single isolate produces symptoms on lemon.
Bar-Joseph, M., Marcus, R. & Lee, R.F. 1989. The continuous challenge of citrus tristeza virus control. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol., 27: 291-316.
Bové, C., Vogel, R., Albertini, D. & Bové, J.M. 1988. Discovery of a strain of tristeza virus (K) inducing no symptoms in Mexican lime. In Proc. 10th Conf: IOCV, p. 14-16. Riverside, Univ. Calif.
Calavan, E.C. & Weathers, L.G. 1961. Evidence for strain differences and stunting with exocortis virus. In Proc. 2nd Conf: IOCV, p. 26-33. Gainesville, Univ. Fla. Press.
Calavan, E.C., Christiansen, D.W. & Weathers, L.G. 1965. Variability of cachexia reactions among varieties of rootstocks and within clonal propagations of citrus. In Proc. 3rd Conf IOCV, p. 78-85. Gainesville, Univ. Fla. Press.
Costa, A.S. & Muller, G.W. 1980. Tristeza control by cross protection: a US-Brazil cooperativesuccess. Plant Dis., 64: 538-541.
Costa, A.S., Grant, T.J. & Moreira, S. 1954. Behaviour of various citrus rootstockscion combinations following inoculation with mild and severe strains of tristeza virus. Proc. Fla Hort. Soc., 67: 26-30.
Duran-Vila, N., Pina, J.A. & Navarro, L. 1991. Exclusion and/or uneven distribution of viroids in four citrus hosts. In Proc. 11th Conf: IOCV, p. 219-223. Riverside, Univ. Calif.
Duran-Vila, N., Roistacher, C.N., Rivera-Bustamante, R. & Semancik, J.S. 1988. A definition of citrus viroid groups and their relationship to the exocortis disease. J. Gen. Virol., 69: 3069-3080.
Duran-Vila, N., Pina, J.A., Ballester, J.F., Juarez, J., Roistacher, C.N., Rivera-Bustamante, R. & Semancik, J.S. 1988. The citrus exocortis disease: a complex of viroid-RNAs. In Proc. 10th Conf IOCV, p. 152-164. Riverside, Univ. Calif.
Frolich, E.F., Calavan, E.C., Carpenter, J.B., Christiansen, D.W. & Roistacher, C.N. 1965. Difference in response of citron selections to exocortis virus infection. In Proc. 3rd Conf: IOCV, p. 113- 118. Gainesville, Univ. Fla. Press.
Grant, T.J. 1959. Tristeza virus strains. In J.M. Wallace, ed. Citrus virus diseases. p. 45-55. Berkeley, Div. Agric. Sci., Univ. Calif.
Grant, T.J. & Higgins, R.P. 1957. Occurrence of mixture of tristeza virus strains in citrus. Phytopathol., 47: 272-276.
Hughes, W.A. & Lister, C.A. 1949. Lime disease in the Gold Coast. Nature, 164: 880.
Kitajima, E.W., Silva, D.M., Oliveira, A.R., Muller, G.W. & Costa, A.S. 1964. Thread-like particles associated with tristeza disease of citrus. Nature, 201: 1011-1012.
Koizumi, M. & Sasaki, A. 1980. Protection phenomena against tristeza in trees preinoculated with vein enation virus. In Proc. 8th Conf IOCV, p. 48-50. Riverside, Univ. Calif.
Koizumi, M., Kano, T., Ieki, H. & Mae, H. 1988. China laurestine: a symptomless carrier of satsuma dwarf virus which accelerates natural transmission in the fields. In Proc. 10th Conf IOCV, p. 348352. Riverside, Univ. Calif.
McClean, A.P.D. 1974. The tristeza virus complex. In Proc. 6th Conf. IOCV, p. 59-66. Berkeley, Div. Agric. Sci., Univ. Calif.
Meneghini, M. 1946. Sobre a natureza e transmisiblade da doença "tristeza" dos citrus. O Biológico, 12: 285-287.
Moreno, P., Guerri, J. & Ballester Olmos, J.F. 1991. Segregation of citrus tristeza virus strains evidenced by double stranded RNA analysis. In Proc. 11th Conf: IOCV, p. 20-24. Riverside, Univ. Calif.
Muller, G.W. & Costa, A.S. 1968. Further evidence on protective interference in citrus tristeza. In Proc. 4th Conf: IOCV, p. 71-82. Gainesville, Univ. Fla. Press.
Muller, G.W. & Costa, A.S. 1977. Tristeza control in Brazil by preimmunization with mild strain. Abstr. Int. Citrus Congr., Orlando, Florida.
Muller, G.W., Rodriguez, O. & Costa, A.S. 1968. A tristeza virus complex severe to sweet orange varieties. In Proc. 4th Conf: IOCV, p. 64-71. Gainesville, Univ. Fla. Press.
Muller, G.W., Costa, A.S., Castro, J.L. & Guirado, N. 1988. Results from preimmunization tests to control the Capao bonito strain of tristeza. In Proc. 10th Conf: IOCV, p. 82-85. Riverside, Univ. Calif.
Pina, J.A., Duran-Vila, N. & Navarro, L. 1991. Interference of citrus viroids with cachexia symptoms on Parson's Special mandarin. In Proc. 11th Conf: IOCV, p. 206-208. Riverside, Univ. Calif.
Rodriguez, O., Moreira, S., Salibe, A.A. & Sobrinho, J.T. 1972. Further study of the tolerance to citrus tristeza virus of citrus varieties suitable for rootstock in Brazil. In Proc. 5th Conf: IOCV, p. 121-124. Gainesville, Univ. Fla. Press.
Roistacher, C.N., Dodds, J.A. & Bash, J.A. 1988. Cross protection against citrus tristeza seedling yellows and stem pitting viruses by protective isolates developed in greenhouse plants. In Proc. 10th Conf: IOCV p. 91-100. Riverside, Univ. Calif.
Rossetti, V., Fassa, T.G. & Nakadaira, J.T. 1965. Reaction of citrus varieties to the stem pitting of Pera orange. In Proc. 3rd Conf: IOCV, p. 46-48. Gainesville, Univ. Fla. Press.
Salibe, A.A. 1965. Occurrence of stem pitting in citrus types in Brazil. In Proc. 3rd Conf: IOCV, p. 40-45. Gainesville, Univ. Fla. Press.
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Semancik, J.S. 1988. Citrus exocortis disease - 1976 to 1986. In Proc. 10th Conf: IOCV, p. 136-150. Riverside, Univ. Calif.
Semancik, J.S., Gumpf D.J. & Bash, J.A. 1991. Interactions among group 11 citrus viroids: a potential for protection from cachexia disease. In Proc. 11th Conf: IOCV, p. 189-195. Riverside, Univ. Calif.
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Chapter 3: Transmission and spread of virus and virus-like citrus pathogens
Polyembryony of citrus seeds
Bud propagation
Mechanical transmission
Insect and mite transmission
Other means of transmission
Polyembryony of citrus seeds
Most virus and virus-like citrus pathogens are not seed-borne
The seeds of many varieties of the genera Citrus Fortunella and Poncirus, used as scions and rootstocks, have two types of embryo: a single, sexual (zygotic) embryo; and several non-sexual, nucellar embryos. The origin of these embryos is as follows. In a mature ovule of a citrus flower, the embryo sac containing the female gamete or egg cell (n chromosomes) is surrounded by the nucellus; at the apex of the nucellus is an opening, the micropyle. On pollination, when the pollen tube has reached the embryo sac by way of the micropyle, the nucleus of a male gamete or sperm eel] (n chromosomes) passes into the embryo sac where it fuses with the egg cell nucleus to yield the fertilized egg (2n chromosomes), thus accomplishing fecundation. The embryo resulting from the development of the fertilized egg is the sexual, zygotic embryo.
The extra embryos derive from somatic cells (2n chromosomes) of the nucellus. These nucellar embryos grow into the embryo sac and lie alongside the sexual embryo. Although there may be exceptions, pollination is usually necessary for the formation of nucellar embryos. Since nucellar embryos develop asexually by ordinary mitotic division of 2n chromosome cells of the nucellus, no male cells contribute to their formation and no reduction division (meiosis) occurs in the seed-parent cells which produce them. Nucellar seedlings, therefore, not only inherit from the seed parent alone but they are actually identical with it in genetic constitution, except for possible differences brought about by somatic (bud) variation. The growth of the nucellar embryos into seedling plants thus represents a true-to-type vegetative propagation of the seed parent or mother tree.
The zygotic embryo must compete for space and nutrients with the nucellar embryos. The result of this competition depends on the number of nucellar embryos, their time of starting, their location and the relative genetic vigour of the two kinds of embryo. In many varieties, a seed produces only one or more nucellar seedlings and no zygotic seedlings, indicating that the sexual embryo was crowded out or was simply too weak to survive. In such cases, all or nearly all of the seedlings produced will be from nucellar embryos and the seed parent will "breed true" with respect to all or nearly all of its offspring.
Nucellar polyembryony is used in citriculture for two purposes: the production of homogeneous, ready-to-graft rootstock seedlings and the production of scion seedlings from which nucellar clones can be developed. Both the rootstock seedlings and the scion seedlings will not only be true to type, they will also be free of virus and virus-like agents. Indeed, while several non-rutaceous viruses are known to be transmitted through the seed embryos (seed-borne viruses), transmission of virus and virus-like agents of citrus through embryos of citrus seeds (seed transmission) is of minor importance. Seed transmission of citrus crinkly leaf virus (CCLV) and the related CVV has been observed but is rare. Observations indicating psorosis (concave gum) transmission by seed of Carrizo and Troyer citranges and Poncirus trifoliata have been reported. SDV is transmitted through the seed of bush bean, but not citrus. Seed transmissions of exocortis have not been confirmed. None of the other virus and virus-like agents of citrus seems to be seed-transmitted.
Phloem-restricted prokaryotes, in particular, are not transmitted from an infected mother tree to seedling progeny plants via the seeds. This absence of seed transmission does not imply, however, that the seeds as a whole are free of the pathogens. CVV was detected at a high level in the seed-coats of Volkamer lemon seeds. It is also well known that homogenates of seeds from stubborn-infected trees are good sources for the isolation and culture of Spiroplasma citri, the causal agent of stubborn. It has been shown that, in this case, the embryo is free of the spiroplasma but the seed-coats, or, more precisely, their phloem tissue where the spiroplasma is located, are not. Seeds from stubborn- or greening-affected trees often show various degrees of abortion, probably related to the presence of the pathogens in the seed-coats.
Bud propagation
A grafted citrus tree is composed of two elements: a rootstock and a scion. The rootstock is practically always derived from a seedling which is, in essence, free of virus and virus-like pathogens. Hence, when grafted trees are found to be infected by a virus or virus-like pathogen, the infection often comes from the scion bud that was grafted on the rootstock seedling, not from the seedling itself. Indeed, the propagation of buds taken from trees infected by virus and virus-like pathogens is one of the main means by which these agents have been, and still are being, spread. In this form of dissemination, humans are the vector! Spreading graft-transmissible agents of citrus in this way can easily be prevented by taking buds only from trees known to be free of virus and virus-like agents.
However, under certain circumstances, the use of budwood free of such agents is not enough. A tree obtained from a healthy rootstock seedling and a "clean" bud can become infected by a given pathogen as a result of mechanical and/or insect vector transmission. Hence, three classes of virus and virus-like pathogens of citrus can be considered: i) agents that are mechanically transmitted (see Table 9); ii) agents that are transmitted by insect and mite vectors (see Table 10); and iii) agents that are transmitted neither mechanically nor by insect or mite vectors.
Mechanical transmission
Under orchard conditions, mechanical transmission occurs when the pathogens (cachexia and exocortis viroids) are carried unintentionally from an infected tree to a healthy one by way of budding knives, pruning scissors or hedging or topping machines. In the laboratory, mechanical inoculation can be carried out in several ways. In the stem-slash procedure, slashing the stem of an infected plant with a knife or scalpel will contaminate the blade, which is then used to slash the stem of a healthy plant.
TABLE 9 Mechanically viruses and viroids of citrus
|Disease or agent
|Type of agent
|Mechanically transmitted to:
|Algerian navel orange virus
|Sweet orange, Chenopodium quinoa
|Etrog citron, cucumber
|Dweet tangor agent
|Etrog citron
|Etrog citron, gynura, cucumber, chrysanthemum, tomato
|Infectious variegation-Crinkly leaf
|Lemon, cowpea. cucumber, Gomphrena globosa, Crotalaria spectabilis
|Leaf rugose
|As for Infectious variegation plus Chenopodium quinoa, Phaseolus vulgaris, Petunia hybrida, Nicotiana tabacum
|Psorosis (Calif)
|Etrog citron, Nicotiana benthamiana, Nicotiana megalosiphon, C quinoa, Capiscum annuum and frutescens
|Psorosis P 203 (Psorosis A)
|Etrog citron C quinoa
|Psorosis B
|Etrog citron C quinoa, Gomphrena globosa
|Etrog citron, C quinoa (not system c), G globosa, Crotalaria spectabilis, Petunia hybrida, Zinnia elegans cowpea, bean
|Satsuma dwarf
|Sesame, cowpea, bean, petunia, tobacco, Chenopodium spp, Physalis floridana, G. globosa
|Tatterleaf-Citrange stunt
|Etrog citron rough lemon seedling, Valencia late sweet orange on Poncirus trifoliata, cowpea, bean, C quinua (systemic)
|Tobacco necrosis virus citrus isolate
|Lemon, sweet orange sour orange Orlando tangelo, Etrog citron, acid lime cowpea, cucumber, Xanthni n.c. tobacco
|Etrog citron, sweet orange
1 Phloem-restricted prokaryotes are not mechanically transmissible.
2 Serologically related to infectious variegation-crinkly leaf virus.
This technique has been found to be most effective in the mechanical transmission of exocortis and cachexia viroids as well as tristeza virus to citron plants. To prevent such transmission occurring in the field or laboratory, budding knives and other such tools can easily be disinfected with domestic bleach diluted to give a 1 percent sodium hypochlorite solution.
Herbaceous plants can be mechanically infected by rubbing sap or extracts from infected plants on the leaves of healthy plants in the presence of carborundum powder. the presence of this fine abrasive results in mild mechanical damage to the cell wall, a condition that allows the pathogen to enter the cell (leaf-abrasion method). Depending on the plant and/or the pathogen in question, the inoculated leaves will show either chlorotic or necrotic local lesions and the infection will either become systemic or remain local.
TABLE 10 Insect and mite vectors of virus and virus-like disease agents of citrus
Mechanically inoculated plants may be tolerant of the inoculated agent and remain symptomless, such as citron infected with cachexia viroid. Table 9 lists the citrus pathogens that have been mechanically transmitted and some of the mechanically infected plants are also indicated. Note that phloemrestricted prokaryotes have not been mechanically transmitted. In the case of exocortis and cachexia viroids, the efficiency of mechanical transmission varies according to the donor and receptor hosts.
Insect and mite transmission
Several virus and virus-like citrus pathogens are transmitted by insect vectors (see Table 10). Healthy field trees in a given region will become infected by one or other of these pathogens if the agent and the vector occur together in the region. For instance, CTV was not present in Argentina in the 1900s but the tropical citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida, was. Around the 1920s, citrus budlings infected with CTV were introduced, probably from South Africa. From then on, the spread of CTV occurred swiftly as T. citricida turned out to be a very efficient vector of CTV, with one viruliferous aphid being enough for transmission to occur. After invading Argentina and Brazil, where CTV killed 20 million trees between 1930 and 1950, the virus is now widespread in the northern parts of South America. In Venezuela it has destroyed almost 500 000 trees and it has recently been found in Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Belize and Guatemala. F. citricida has been isolated in Panama. Costa Rica, Salvador, Nicaragua and Martinique in the French West Indies.
Aphid species other than T. citricida are also vectors of CTV. One of the second most important CTV vectors is Aphis gossypii, which can transmit destructive isolates of CTV at relatively high rates of efficiency. In Israel, CTV strain VT was transmitted by A. gossypii at a much higher efficiency rate (40 percent) than other isolates (5 percent). In Spain, A. gossypii transmitted the common CTV isolate T-300 at a higher efficiency rate 190 percent) than the seedling yellows isolate T-387 (60 percent). These results underline the fact that certain virus strains are transmitted at higher rates than others by a given vector.
Other CTV aphid vectors are: Aphis citricola (syn. A. spiraecola), Toxoptera aurantii and My-us persicae. A. citricola is a less efficient vector than A. gossypii but it is frequently abundant on citrus and may be more important in spreading the virus in the field than laboratory transmission tests indicate. In Spain, A. citricola is the most abundant aphid species in citrus areas and is believed to be responsible for the natural spread of CTV in the field. In the Mediterranean and the Near East, including Pakistan, T. citricida has not been reported but A. gossypii and some of the other aphid vectors are pandemic from Morocco to Pakistan. They are responsible for the spread of CTV in Mediterranean countries, such as Spain and Israel, where this virus has been introduced. They could become the major CTV vectors in other countries of the Mediterranean area and the Near East if CTV were introduced. In other words, even in the absence of T. citricida, other vectors of CTV are present in the Mediterranean and Near East regions. Hence, efforts have to be made to keep CTV out of countries where it is not yet present. Both T. citricida and T. aurantii are black aphids. The drawings on p. 36 show how one can easily distinguish between them on the basis of the venation of their front wings and the pigmentation of their antennae.
Other insect vectors of citrus viruses are indicated in Table 10. Note that all insect vectors of citrus viruses are aphids, except in the case of leprosis, where mites are responsible for transmission.
In the case of the phloem-restricted prokaryotes, the insect vectors are leafhoppers and/or psyllids. the two psyllid vectors of the bacterium-like organism (BLO) associated with greening are restricted to rutaceous hosts, both cultivated and wild. In contrast, the leafhopper vectors of S. citri (Figs 34 and 35) are polyphagous and live primarily on non-rutaceous hosts, visiting citrus only occasionally and under certain conditions. This explains why natural spread of the greening BLO is much more efficient than that of the stubborn spiroplasma, except under special conditions. For instance, when young citrus trees are grown in the presence of the weed Salsola kali (Fig. 174), high infection rates of citrus with S. citri can be observed, as in the Syrian Arab Republic. This weed is the major host plant of the two leafhopper vectors of the spiroplasma. Thus, the presence of S. kali favours high populations of the leafhoppers which, in turn, favour the spread of the spiroplasma, in particular to young citrus trees nearby. In Oman and the United Arab Emirates, witches' broom disease of lime, an MLO disease, is spreading very fast. The putative insect vector, probably a leafhopper or a psyllid, has not yet been identified but monoclonal antibodies (MAs) and DNA probes for the detection of the MLO have now become available and enable identification of the vector(s). Indeed, in May 1991 in Oman, and in February 1993 in the United Arab Emirates, the leafhopper Hishimonus phycitis was found in great numbers on arid lime trees and it might be the vector of the witches' broom MLO. This is the first time that this leafhopper has been found in the Arabian peninsula although it is a well-known leafhopper in India where it transmits the MLO of eggplant little leaf disease.
Differential morphological characteristics of the front wings and antennae of Toxoptera aurantiiand Toxoptera citricida
A situation similar to that in Argentina prior to the introduction of CTV exists today in Brazil for greening. An abundant population of Diaphorina citri, the Asian psyllid vector of the greening BLO (Fig. 37), thrives on citrus throughout the State of Sao Paulo, and probably elsewhere. Introduction of the greening BLO would probably result in an epidemic as bad as that of tristeza in the 1930s.
Aphids, leafhoppers and psyllids, the major insect vectors of virus and virus-like disease agents of citrus, are members of the Homoptera. All members of the Homoptera feed in the same way, by means of sucking mouthparts, which consist of two pairs of stylets- mandibles and maxillae - sliding in the grooved labium. The mandibular stylets lie outside the maxillary stylets. Grooves on the inner faces of the maxillary stylets match in such a way as to form two canals, down one of which saliva is injected into the plant while a mixture of sap and saliva passes up the other. Thus, such insects are ideally equipped for pathogen transmission. The relationships between these homopterous vectors and the pathogens are of three major types (see Table 11). the phloem-restricted prokaryotic agents (spiroplasmas, MLOs and BLOB) are persistent in the vectors in which they multiply. Once infected, the vectors remain infected and can transmit the pathogen throughout their lifetime. The leafhopper and psyllid vectors acquire the pathogen when feeding on infected plants. These insects suck up the rich sap in the sieve tubes of their specialized mouth parts. If the sieve tubes contain pathogens, such as spiroplasmas, MLOs or BLOB, they are also sucked up, and subsequently enter the gut, cross the intestinal membrane, reach the blood (haemolymph) of the insect, multiply and invade tissues and organs, eventually reaching the salivary glands.
Only when the pathogen is established in the salivary glands can the insect transmit it to the healthy plants on which it feeds. Indeed, the saliva formed in the salivary glands is required to lubricate the stylets in the search for phloem and sieve tubes. When the saliva contains pathogens, these may be introduced into the phloem with the saliva. Thus, they circulate all the way from the gut to the salivary glands, passing through the whole body of the insect. This is why these pathogens are sometimes called "circulative" agents; they are also termed "propagative" because they multiply in the insect (see Table 11). The time required for the insect to acquire the pathogen while feeding on the infected plants - acquisition feeding- is the acquisition period. This period is fairly long: 24 to 48 hours for Neoaliturus haematoceps feeding on S. citri-infected periwinkle plants (Catharanthus roseus syn. Vinca rosea). The time required for the agent to multiply within the insect and arrive in the salivary glands is the incubation period. This is the period required for the insect to become viruliferous, i.e. able to transmit the disease (eight to 12 days in the case of IV. haematoceps). The retention period is the time during which the insect remains viruliferous. With the phloem restricted pathogens of citrus, the retention period is the remaining lifetime of the insects.
CTV behaves as a semi-persistent agent in relation to its aphid vectors. Citrus mosaic virus of India is a non-persistent or stylet-borne agent. CVEV, a luteovirus, is a persistent agent. The virus circulates in the insect vector but, unlike the spiroplasmas, MLOs and BLOB, there is no multiplication of the virus in the insect. The incubation period is long, since the circulative virus has to reach the salivary glands of the insect before it can be transmitted. The retention period is about two or three weeks. Table 11 lists some of the characteristic relationships of persistent, semi-persistent and non-persistent agents with their insect vectors. The term "stylet-borne" indicates that the pathogen adheres to the stylets after they have been introduced into and then removed from the infected plant. Stylet-borne pathogens can be transmitted almost immediately to a healthy plant, an action that is accomplished in a minute or so. In serial transfers, usually only the first plant is infected, after which the insect loses its infectivity; hence, the pathogen is termed non-persistent. It does not multiply or circulate in the insect. Semi-persistent agents resemble circulative ones in that they are not generally acquired during brief acquisition probes. The probability of transmission increases with longer acquisition-access feeding periods of 12 to 24 hours or more' suggesting that these pathogens are somehow able to accumulate in the vector's anterior alimentary canal and resist being quickly flushed through with clean sap from healthy plants. The pathogen is not present in the insect's haemolymph. Furthermore, experimental injection of the agent directly into the haemolymph does not render the recipient insect viruliferous. With persistent circulative agents. such injections render the insect inoculative, but only after an adequate incubation period. For instance, when S. citri is injected into the leafhopper vectors Neoaliturus haematoceps or N. tenellus, the minimum incubation period is eight days.
TABLE 11 Relationships between citrus disease agents and homopterous insect vectors
Other means of transmission
It is often desirable to transmit citrus pathogens to herbaceous, non-rutaceous hosts. This can be done with certain pathogens by mechanical transmission (see Table 9). In the case of S. citri, infected leafhopper vectors are able to transmit the spiroplasma to a whole range of herbaceous, non-rutaceous host plants. This is because the leafhoppers are not restricted to rutaceous hosts. However, the psyllid vectors of the greening BLO are strictly restricted to rutaceous hosts, and attempts to vector-transmit the BLO to herbaceous plants have failed. In the case of the witches' broom MLO, the natural vector of the agent is not known, and insect transmission with known leafhopper species has not yet been achieved. Fortunately, the use of the parasitic plant dodder, Cuscuta campestris, has made it possible to transmit the following agents to periwinkle seedlings (Fig. 219): S. citri (Fig. 175), the witches' broom MLO (Fig. 142) and several serotypes of the greening BLO (Fig. 220). However, when using dodder, one must remember that certain viruses pass through its seed.
No pathogens of citrus are known to be naturally transmitted through nematodes or pollen. Pollen from cristacortis graft-infected Orlando tangelo seedling trees, when placed under a strip of bark on the cambial surface of the wood of healthy Orlando tangelo seedlings, was able to transmit the cristacortis agent. indeed, stem pitting and psorosis young leaf symptoms typical of cristacortis developed on five of the six pollen-inoculated seedlings. However, no natural infection of citrus by the cristacortis agent has ever been observed and, therefore, pollen is not a natural means of cristacortis dissemination. Some viruses, such as psorosis, can be maintained in callus tissues grown from infected citrus shoot internodes. Virus transmission can be achieved by placing callus pieces under the bark of healthy plants.
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If Charlie Finn has an "I told you so," for the BCHL, he hides it well. The 21-year-old netminder from North Vancouver is saying all the right things about the Junior A loop, even though he couldn't get a team … Continue reading
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North Vancouver goalie parlays play in Ontario Junior A league into Colgate scholarship and now stint at Devils camp
Has Trevor Linden and co. done enough to win back the fans?
When El Presidente Trevor Linden joined the Canucks management team this summer, he sent out a letter to season ticket holders. In that letter was the option for people to cancel their season tickets and refund their deposit if they … Continue reading
Budding power forward Virtanen will get over shoulder surgery, help change Canucks' culture
Jake Virtanen called it a huge honour. Jim Benning called it huge step in the right direction. "He brings meanness and ruggedness and we're trying to change the culture and he's a piece of the puzzle," the Vancouver Canucks general … Continue reading
Sharp-shooting Jake Virtanen takes aim for NHL teams in interviews at scouting combine
Jake Virtanen appreciates a good military metaphor. The Calgary Hitmen winger from Abbotsford, projected by many as a top-10 pick in the upcoming NHL draft, spent this week in Toronto at the scouting combine. He couldn't partake in the physical … Continue reading
Hitmen powerhouse Jake Virtanen, on Canucks draft radar, will be out until October after shoulder surgery
Kevin Epp, the Vancouver-based agent for NHL draft prospect Jake Virtanen, says that the Calgary Hitmen winger from Abbotsford had surgery recently to correct some "instability," in his shoulder but says that it's not an uncommon procedure for hockey players.… Continue reading
Former Giant centre Riley Kieser plays key minutes in Oil Kings run to WHL crown
Good for Riley Kieser. The former Vancouver Giants centre was out on the ice in the final few moments of the seventh and deciding game of the WHL final on Monday, helping the Edmonton Oil Kings hold onto a 4-2 … Continue reading
Calgary Hitmen win special teams battle, rout Vancouver Giants 5-0 in WHL action
The Vancouver Giants got a firsthand look at how the WHL's elite teams make opponents pay for mistakes. The Calgary Hitmen went 3-for-5 on the power play on Friday at the Pacific Coliseum. On the flip side, the Giants were … Continue reading


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Robin Hood Open 2014
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Please arrange to pay any outstanding entry fees for the RHO as soon as possible please. Cheques payable to SCSC. Thanks.
Birthday Party Tickets Now Available
The Club will celebrate its 80th year with a Party on Sun 21st Sept, 4.30pm-9pm, John Fretwell Sports Complex; BBQ, Disco, Bouncy Castle, Ice Cream Cart. Tickets available now, free of charge to all swimming members & U16s, £2.50 for everyone else.
Major Oak Open Meet, 15 & 16 November, Water Meadows
The Club is attending the above Meet & encourages all eligible swimmers to enter. As the Meet is popular & fills up quickly, please send your entry direct to Mansfield SC ASAP. Details available on Mansfield SC's website.
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Green Bay Packers running back Eddie Lacy (concussion) participated in the team's practice on both Monday and Wednesday, according to a report by Mike Vandermause of the Green Bay Press-Gazette. Lacy had rushed for 51 yards on 15 carries including his first career touchdown this season before being injured against the Washington Redskins in Week 2.
Fantasy impact: Although teammate James Starks put together a solid effort against the Redskins after Lacy departed in Week 2, he too has dealt with his share of injuries this season, most notably to his knee. Starks is expected to be inactive against the Lions this week and did not practice Wednesday, Vandermause confirmed.
With Green Bay's backfield being hit with the injury bug, it's been a while since they had consistent production from the running game. Even when they do, the fact still remains they are a pass first team. That said, Lacy is one of their top draft choices and there is no doubt that he is still the go to guy for the Packers in the rushing attack.
It sometimes takes a while for players to come back from concussions, but Lacy doesn't necessarily have a history of them. Fantasy owners are advised to stay posted to injury reports as Sunday's game creeps closer.
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Philadelphia Sights
Please Touch Museum
Please Touch Museum Review
Philadelphia's children's museum occupies one of the city's most stately buildings, a gorgeous example of Beaux Arts–style architecture constructed for the 1876 Centennial Exhibition and one of just two public buildings still standing from the event. The facility, which is aimed at children seven and younger, instills a sense of wonder from the get-go, with its marble-floored Hamilton Hall, which has an 80-foot-high ceiling and a 40-foot-tall sculpture of the torch of the Statue of Liberty as its centerpiece. (The real statue's torch was displayed here for the nation's 100th birthday celebration.) The 38,000-square-foot facility is set up as six engaging exhibits, plus three areas designed for toddlers, where kids can learn through hands-on play at a mock supermarket, a hospital area, a space gallery with a rocket-making station, Alice's Wonderland, and a theater with interactive performances. New in spring 2012, children can climb aboard with a new interactive exhibit based on the railroad. Another highlight is a circa-1908 Dentzel Carousel ride with 52 gleaming and colorful horses, pigs, cats, and rabbits that's housed in an adjacent, enclosed glass pavilion; separate tickets can be purchased for carousel rides. There also is a café serving lunch items and snacks.
- Address: 4231 Ave. of the Republic, W. Fairmount Park, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, PA, 19131 | Map It
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In Mike Monteiro's talk "How Designers Destroyed the World" (which I cannot recommend highly enough), he reminds us that we are responsible for what we put out into the world, which is a blessing and a curse. One of the stories he tells is the story of Bobbi, a girl who joined her college "Queer Chorus" because she loved to sing, and she is also a lesbian. However, Bobbi had not yet come out to her parents, and when the well-meaning chorus leader added her to the chorus' Facebook page, he inadvertently outed her when she was not prepared to be outed. What's more, many of her followers turned on her, including her family pastor who left her a voicemail telling her the "Hell awaits you." She was devastated.
Monteiro reminds us that this was not the chorus leader's "fault." He added Bobbi because he wanted to be able to easily communicate with his choir, and he used the Facebook group for those communication. He kept the Facebook page "open" (i.e. not hidden) because he knew how important it was for his chorus to be proud of themselves. Bobbi also did nothing "wrong" in this situation. Her reasons for not coming out to her parents earlier are entirely her own, and she had set her Facebook privacy settings to protect her from just this sort of things.
To be completely fair, Facebook also didn't mean for this to happen. The Facebook group settings allow other people to add you to a group, because that encourages social networking, which is Facebook's goal. The group settings also override the personal privacy settings, to make it easier for people to share information, and communication is another of Facebook's goals.
I said that Facebook didn't mean for this to happen. I did not say it wasn't their fault it happened – and not because Facebook is in any way malicious, but due (as Monteiro says) to a "careless design decision." Continue Reading


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Man charged with felony after allegedly exposing himself to child
Wednesday, June 25, 2014 2:43 PM EDT
Wednesday, June 25, 2014 2:43 PM EDT
) -- A Hudson, N.H. man was expected to be arraigned Wednesday after police arrested him for allegedly exposing his genitals to a child under 16 years old.
An arrest warrant had been issued earlier for Luc Carrier, 58, after the New Hampshire Division of Children, Youth and Families asked police with help for an incident reported of Carrier exposing himself and "performing sexual acts to himself" in front of the child.
Police found Carrier in Vermont and taken into custody as a fugitive from justice. He was taken back to Nashua and charged with indecent exposure/lewdness, a Class B felony that carries a penalty of up to seven years in prison if convicted.
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Entries tagged with: McKittrick Hotel
Yeah Yeah Yeahs singer Karen O is releasing her first solo album, Crush Songs, on September 9 via Julian Casablancas' Cult Records, and she's now announced some intimate shows to celebrate it. She'll begin with a three-night run at NYC's McKittrick Hotel (Sept. 9-11) at the Manderley Bar and a fourth NYC show on 9/12 at Le Poisson Rouge. That's followed by a three-night run in LA, a two-night run in London, and a Berlin show. Tickets for all dates go on sale via Karen's website on Friday (8/15). The US shows go on sale at noon PST/3 PM EDT. All dates are listed below.
Before the tour, Sofar Sounds will host advance listening parties for Crush Songs in 21 cities on August 27, including NYC. "The events will take place at secret locations in homes and apartments where hosts will play the deluxe edition of Crush Songs--featuring O's own words and artwork--for private audiences in each city." Head HERE for a chance to attend. Full list of cities below.
Continue reading "Karen O playing intimate shows, including 4 nights in NYC, and 3 at Hollywood Forever Cemetery"
by Bill Pearis
Spoon @ McKittrick Hotel 8/3/2014
"This is a pretty cool summer, right?" asked Britt Daniel, smiling like the Cheshire Cat, as Spoon took the stage at the McKittrick Hotel last night (8/3), a surprise record release show for the band's terrific new album, The Want My Soul, which is out this week. The McKittrick is home to Sleep No More, the extremely interactive adaptation of Macbeth and a little of that David Lynch vibe was part of the show. Before Spoon came out, a group of people came throuh the crowd dressed in white robes, and one of them sang a Django Reinhardt-style-arrangement version of the new album's "I Just Don't Understand" before the curtains opened up to reveal the band. (I was also pulled off the elevator into a phone booth where, after being told to make a call, was taken into a secret room where I was given a sacrament. Freaky, disorienting, but fun.) Spoon were in good spirits, having played Lollapalooza just the day before in Chicago. Guitarist/keyboardist Alex Fischel (imported from Divine Fits) had some amp issues but they took it all in stride. They were definitely having a good time, as was the 300 or so people in attendance. (Spoon has been sending out "mystery mailers" to fans, invites to this was one of them.) We got 13 songs, a little more than half from They Want My Soul mixed with favorites like "Small Stakes," "I Turn My Camera On," and "Black Like Me." Setlist is below.
Spoon will be back in about a month, playing Central Park Summerstage on September 10 as part of their upcoming tour. Still no opener announced for that one but tickets are still available.
Setlist, and a couple more cameraphone pics, below...
Continue reading "Spoon played a surprise show at McKittrick Hotel (setlist)"
Black Keys at Central Park in 2012 (more by Dana (distortion) Yavin)
The Super Bowl weekend concerts in NYC keep coming. After already announcing Red Hot Chili Peppers at Barclays Center, Foo FIghters on the Bud Light Hotel cruise, The Roots on that same cruise, and others, three more concerts, billed as The Evenings With Legends, were announced today.
The first of those happens with John Legend at McKittrick Hotel on January 29, the intimate venue which is home to Sleep No More, and where the just-announced Les Claypool show is also happening.
The next night, Band of Horses play McKittrick Hotel (1/30), which is a one-off ahead of their upcoming acoustic tour which hits NYC for a sold-out show on 2/28 at Town Hall.
And lastly, the Black Keys will headline the soon-to-close Roseland Ballroom on January 31. No ticket links for any of these shows yet.
In other recent Black Keys news, "Bob Dylan's Hair" wasn't actually Bob Dylan's hair, and Patrick Carney is co-producing the new Black Lips album.
by Doug Moore
Duo De Twang
So here's a novel live package: though Primus haven't announced any tour dates for 2014 yet, bassist/vocalist/legendary weirdo Les Claypool will return to the road at least once this year with his bizarre skiffle-shred Americana project Duo De Twang, who will play a run of North American dates from January through March in support of their upcoming debut album Four Foot Shack. (You can preorder it here if you're a Claypool devotee.)
Anything involving Claypool will probably be at least a little odd, but the 2/27 NYC date at the McKittrick Hotel will be extra gonzo. The hotel is also home to Sleep No More, Punchdrunk's chaotic, creepy (and popular!) experimental production of Macbeth. Duo De Twang's gig is being billed as part of an SNM performance; they'll play after the theatrical segment. Sleep No More has featured musical guests before, notably Jim James of My Morning Jacket and MMJ collaborators Preservation Hall Jazz Band.
You can preorder tickets for the 2/27 combined gig here. They're a little steep at $130; if you just want to see Duo De Twang, you can catch them in on 2/28 in Woodstock, NY at the Bearsville Theater (tix here). Sleep No More-only tickets can be had for $80 on pretty much the day of your choosing.
Check out a Duo De Twang version of Primus's "Jerry Was a Racecar Driver", some live footage, and the full run of dates below...
Continue reading "Les Claypool's Duo de Twang touring, playing McKittrick Hotel after Sleep No More (dates)"
Stranger Cat is Cat Martino, made a new song with Sufjan, played Glasslands, playing more shows too (pics & stream)
photos by Ryan Muir, words by Andrew Sacher
Stranger Cat @ Glasslands in Brooklyn -- 11/2
Cat Martino, in addition to playing in Sharon Van Etten's band, was a member of Sufjan Stevens' Age of Adz-era touring band and released her own album that same year, which also featured Sufjan (whose Christmas music she has also contributed to). More recently, she's started another project, Stranger Cat, which introduces glitchy electronics to her art pop sound, not unlike the ones heard on Age of Adz. Her first single for the project, "I Promise," also features Sufjan, in addition to Man Man's Chris Powell, and it sounds a bit like another former Sufjan band member, St. Vincent. Check out that song and a preview video for another new song, "Stagger to the Sky", below.
This past weekend, Stranger Cat played a Wild Honey Pie-presented Brooklyn show at Glasslands on Saturday (11/2) with Lapland and Plume Giant. Pictures from Cat's set at that show are in this post.
She's got some more local shows coming up too, including a free one at Manderley Bar at the McKittrick Hotel on November 10 (home of Sleep No More) and another one at Glasslands on November 24 with Magmana and Glass Ghost. Tickets for the Glasslands show are on sale now.
More pictures from her last Glasslands show, along with the stream and video, below...
Continue reading "Stranger Cat is Cat Martino, made a new song with Sufjan, played Glasslands, playing more shows too (pics & stream)"
Preservation Hall Jazz Band kicking off McKittrick Hotel residency, rescheduled Apollo Theater show for November
Preservation Hall Jazz Band at GoogaMooga 2012 (more by Chris La Putt)
Surrounding the release of their new album, That's It (stream it), My Morning Jacket collaborators Preservation Hall Jazz Band will be doing a week-long residency with "surprise special guests" at McKittrick Hotel, home of Sleep No More. The residency kicks off tonight (7/7), and continues every night through Saturday (7/13). Tickets, which include a copy of the new album, for each night are available.
The band were also initially supposed to play the legendary Apollo Theatre (7/11) this week too, but that show has been rescheduled for November 16. Tickets for that show are available, and all tickets purchased for 7/11 will be honored.
They're also going to be on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon this week, performing as the musical guest on July 8. And, members of the band will appear with house band The Roots on the July 9 episode, for which Mudhoney will be the musical guest.
All PHJB dates are listed below...
Continue reading "Preservation Hall Jazz Band kicking off McKittrick Hotel residency, rescheduled Apollo Theater show for November"
by Andrew Sacher
French singer/actress Soko (aka Stephanie Sokolinski), who you might also know from Jherek Bischoff's 2012 album Composed (she appeared with Parenthetical Girls singer Zac Pennington on a track), released her debut album, I Thought I Was An Alien, last year, and it just officially came out in the US this week (6/11). It's a nice sounding singer/songwriter-y indie pop album, with a bit of a lo-fi aesthetic. The whole thing can be streamed below.
She's been celebrating the US release of the album with a few California shows earlier this month, and now she's coming to NYC for two shows at McKittrick Hotel on Thursday (6/13) (6 PM and 8:30 PM). Tickets (starting at $20) for these sorta upscale release shows are on sale now. Note that the price does not include admission to "Sleep No More" which is also at the McKittrick Hotel.
All upcoming dates are listed, along with the album stream, below...
Continue reading "Soko playing NY album release shows, streaming debut LP"
Jim James w/ MMJ at Capitol Theatre in 2012 (more by PSquared Photography)
My Morning Jacket frontman JIm James, who was just announced for Bonnaroo, is currently on his previously discussed tour in support of his new solo album, Regions of Light and Sound of God, which hits NYC for multiple shows. Those shows include tonight's (2/19) sold out MHOW show with Dean Wareham, and Wednesday's super intimate sold out show at McKittrick Hotel (2/20). However, if you'd like to get into tomorrow's McKittrick show, you've still got a chance because we are giving away a pair of tickets, courtesy of show sponsor RDIO. The tickets only grant access to Jim's set, not the "Sleep No More" show, which happens right afterwards.
Jim's dates also include other NYC shows on Thursday (2/21) for the Tibet House benefit, and a sold out show at Webster Hall (4/29) with Cold Specks. All other dates are listed HERE.
Contest details below...
Continue reading "Jim James is here, win tickets to the McKittrick Hotel show"
photos by Chris La Putt, words by Rachel Kowal
Patrons in masks generally wander the darkened halls of the McKittrick Hotel for the disturbing and wildly successful production of Sleep No More, but Sunday night, all artifice was stripped away for a quiet evening with Laura Marling.
A line of twinkling Christmas trees served as the backdrop of the velvet-curtained stage. And though Marling's music doesn't exactly smack of holiday cheer, there is a warm, comforting quality to her voice that rises above the bleakness of her lyrics.
Marling began her solo set with the beautiful, sparse finger-plucked melody of "Sophia," the single from her most recent album, A Creature I Don't Know. Though she didn't reach too far back into her discography for older favorites, she did throw in a Ryan Adams cover ("My Winding Wheel") early on to help introduce some variety to her short set. But it was the latter part of the show that was the highlight for me: a breathtaking new song (which she also played at her recent Webster Hall show), followed by the equally arresting "Alpha Shallows" and "Night After Night."
Not even an intermittent cough between songs compromised Marling's voice. Throughout her set, the sold-out crowd reverently stood in complete silence - so quiet that Marling commented on the incessant noise of shutter clicks.
I've lost track of how many times I've seen Laura Marling at this point. I'm well acquainted with her painfully short sets and with the nervous stage banter she tends to fall back on while tuning her guitar (which she likened to a "temperamental old man"). And yet, instead of quickly crossing her off my list as I do with many artists after I've seen them once, I keep going back. Because when Marling starts to sing, it's as if you are the only two people in the room.
I was at the second of two shows on Sunday night. We have pictures from the earlier one. More of them with the late show's setlist, below...
Continue reading "Laura Marling played the McKittrick Hotel (pics, setlist)"
Laura Marling @ Webster Hall in Sept (more by David Andrako)
The always wonderful Laura Marling is coming back over to the states to play some shows in December including two at the The McKittrick Hotel in NYC on December 11th. Both are on sale now. All tour dates and a video of Laura on Carson Daly, below...
Continue reading "Laura Marling announces December solo tour (2 NYC shows included) --- 2012 dates"


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Betsey Johnson Tough Love Mini SatchelSKU: #8260845
Product Information
- You don't get diamonds without a little applied pressure; introduce a little Tough Love to your wardrobe with this sensational Betsey Johnson® mini satchel and shine like the precious gem that you are!
- Pebbled synthetic leather handbag with braided and chain-link detail at front flap trim.
- Magnetic flap closure.
- Top handles with chain-link detail and detachable, adjustable shoulder strap.
- Polished hardware accents with signature logo plaque at back.
- Decorative bow accent at front.
- Flat bottom supports upright structure.
- Polyester lined interior with back wall zip pocket and organizational slip pockets.
- Imported.
- Measurements:
- Bottom Width: 11 in
- Depth: 7 in
- Height: 9 in
- Strap Length: 31 in
- Strap Drop: 15 in
- Handle Length: 14 in
- Handle Drop: 5 in
- Weight: 1 lb 2 oz


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A passion for real that helps you make the most of whatever you're making!
Nutrient Booster Powder!
Features cleansing foods' burdock root' dandelion root and artichoke with FoodState Farm Fresh Fruit Phenolic Blend and Reishi mushroom to support liver health and its to process and remove toxins from the body.
- Dandelion.
- Schisandra Berry.
- Artichoke Leaf.
- Promotes the body's natural detoxification processes.
- Supports liver health and function.
- Helps maintain a radiant and clear complexion.
Product Highlights:
- First to market' in delivering targeted whole food powder formulas to easily elevate the nutritional value and health benefit of any smoothie' shake' meal replacement' or juice/non-dairy beverage.
- Made with FoodState® nutrients' phytonutrient packed whole foods and botanicals.
- No added sugar' sweeteners' flavorings' stimulants' preservatives' fillers' or food coloring.
- Convenient powder delivery for ease of blending or shaking into your favorite smoothie' protein shake or juice.
- Less than 10 calories per serving.
- Suitable for vegetarian and paleo diets.
- Tested to be FREE of gluten' dairy' soy' pesticides and herbicides.
- Non-GMO ingredients third party verified by the Non-GMO Project.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These products are not meant to diagnose' treat or cure any disease or medical condition. Please consult your doctor before starting any exercise or nutritional supplement program or before using these or any product during pregnancy or if you have a serious medical condition.
Serving Size: 1 Level Scoop (1.96 Grams)
Servings Per Container: 30
Amount Per Serving / % DV
Gentle Daily Detox Blend 800mg / **
300mg Artichoke Leaf Extract' 300mg Organic Burdock Root' 200mg Organic Dandelion Root.
FoodState® Farm Fresh Beet Root 325mg / **
Cleansing Greens Blend 300mg / **
100mg Organic Broccoli' 100mg Cabbage' 100mg Organic Parsley
Reishi Mushroom (Purple kculli corn optimized) 200mg / **
Organic Schisandra Berry 200mg / **
FoodState® Farm Fresh Fruit Phenolic Blend 140mg / **
Uncle Matt's Organic® Whole Oranges (natural source of bioflavonoids)' Organic Blueberry (natural source of anthocyanins)' Organic Cranberry (natural source of Proanthocyanidins).
**Percent Daily Value (DV) not established.
Add one scoop or single serve pack to a serving of your smoothie' shake' juice or chilled beverage. Mix or blend well before consuming.
Once the jar has been opened' make sure the lid is sealed tightly' and consume the nutritive powder within 3 months.
Allergy / Dietary Needs
- Kosher Product
- Gluten Free
- Dairy Free
- Soy Free
- Herbicide Free
- Pesticide Free
- Vegan Product
- Made In The Usa
Ratings & ReviewsReview This Item
Overall Rating for Daily Purify™ 30 Servings
Displaying reviews 1-1 of 1
By Health Nut
from Phoenix, Arizona
Hope it works
Cant say whether it works or not but I trust MegaFood products to do what they say. This one has a strong smell that does leave a slight taste to smoothies etc.
√ I would recommend this item to a friend.
Displaying reviews 1-1 of 1


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July 02
Africa: The Future of Money and Business - Part 3 [opinion]
Our banking system desperately needs competition. That competition has now arrived. Clever people are setting up their own off-the-grid businesses and are beginning to trade with... Read more »
June 23
South Africa: The Future of Money and Business - Part 2 [opinion]
The off-the-grid businesses revolution is beginning. And we are going to thrive. Off-the-grid businesses operate outside of the conventional banking system. They do not register... Read more »
June 09
Africa: The Future of Money and Business - Part 1 [opinion]
Welcome to a new world. A world where money does not exist and everyone lives in a Utopian society. Read more »
April 19
South Africa: Interview With All Four Ubuntu Party Delegates
The Ubuntu Party has promised South Africa a People's Bank to free us all from debt slavery. They assure us that free energy is a reality and organic food gardens around the... Read more »
April 17
South Africa: SA Banks Are Being Sued (again) [press release]
NewERA's Advocate Douglas Shaw is suing the SA banks again Scott. Yay! Read more »
March 28
South Africa: Our Economic Textbooks Are Wrong Says Bank of England [press release]
PLEASE INFORM ALL SOUTH AFRICANS: Read more »
April 15, 2013
South Africa: "Justice" Is a Circus [press release]
Imagine you discover that an Unconstitutional fraud is being perpetuated on the people of South Africa by the banks. Read more »
South Africa: "Common Law Courts" [press release]
This is an absolutely remarkable interview with Melanie Spencer who has co-created a system of "Common Law Courts." Read more »
April 08, 2013
South Africa: Tax Havens and the Public Trust [press release]
In Episode 4 of our NewERA news bulletin, we talk to Bridgett Whyte about the "One People's Public Trust" meeting recently held in Cape Town. Read more »
March 29, 2013
South Africa: "the News" - Episode 1 [press release]
In our first news bulletin we chat to Sid Organe: "The Siddie that Never Sleeps." Read more »
March 04, 2013
South Africa: New Freedom Movement Rocks the World [press release]
A local South African branch of the One People's Public Trust (OPPT) has been formed to purportedly free the people of South Africa from the shackles of a corrupt government and a... Read more »
South Africa: The One People's Public Trust [opinion]
A local South African branch of the One People's Public Trust (OPPT) has been formed to purportedly free the people of South Africa from the shackles of a corrupt government and a... Read more »
January 16, 2013
South Africa: The 10 Questions Explained
It is our mandate to keep you informed of issues so serious that they effect the very foundation of our Consitution and your basic right to live. Read more »
November 28, 2012
South Africa: Stop the Conspiracy!
The attached document is spreading through the Internet like wildfire. It is called "Securitisation - A Conspiracy of Silence." Read more »
October 10, 2012
South Africa: Newera Vs the Banks
Here is an update of NewERA vs The South African Banks... Read more »
October 02, 2012
South Africa: SA Banks Must Pay Out Big Time
Up to a trillion rand could be refunded to South African customers by the banks. This is precisely the kind of cash injection that will help bring our country out of debt slavery... Read more »
September 25, 2012
South Africa: Standard Bank Up for Fraud
To continue from our last email "Should SA 'Banksters' be put in Jail?", we confirm from this press release that charges of civil fraud have been laid against Standard Bank (case... Read more »
AllAfrica publishes around 2,000 reports a day from more than 130 news organizations and over 200 other institutions and individuals, representing a diversity of positions on every topic. We publish news and views ranging from vigorous opponents of governments to government publications and spokespersons. Publishers named above each report are responsible for their own content, which AllAfrica does not have the legal right to edit or correct.
Articles and commentaries that identify allAfrica.com as the publisher are produced or commissioned by AllAfrica. To address comments or complaints, please Contact us.


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I'm Vicky~
Current Residence: Wherever you are.
deviantWEAR sizing preference: Whatever Fits.
Print preference: Colour.
Favourite genre of music: Alternative.
Favourite photographer: Andy Barron, Hanke.
Favourite style of art: Abstract.
MP3 player of choice: Zune.
Shell of choice: Sea.
Wallpaper of choice: The old stuff.
Skin of choice: Blue.
Favourite cartoon character: Hey Arnold!
Personal Quote: "You weren't born to hate." - George Huang.


text:
Seminole, OK 74818
Sportsman Lake in Seminole is a beautiful 354 acre lake with 15 miles of shoreline. The lake's facilities include 69 ... read more...
800-928-4574, 580-753-4574
Rt 1 Box 16
Ames, OK 73718
This 5,000-acre working cattle ranch, located on an island in the Cimarron River, is considered one of Oklahoma's oldest ... read more...
23280 S Spillway Dr
Jet, OK 73749
Great Salt Plains State Park is one of Oklahoma's most unique state parks. The barren landscape of ... read more...
800-654-8240, 918-465-2565
Robbers Cave State Park
Wilburton, OK 74578
The Robbers Cave Trail System is located inside Robbers Cave State Park in Wilburton. Known for its picturesque scenery ... read more...
Hwy 48 S
Holdenville, OK 74848
Facilities include boat ramps, fishing docks, RV hookups with electric/water, group facilities, picnic areas, grills and ... read more...
HC 68 Box 106
Nashoba, OK 74558
Wild Horse Trail Camp, located in the Kiamichi Mountains on 3,000 acres, specializes in peaceful stays, excellent food ... read more...
800-654-8240, 918-465-2562
Hwy 2 N
Wilburton, OK 74578
Robbers Cave State Park is located in the scenic, hilly woodlands of the Sans Bois Mountains of southeast ... read more...
3410 Rd & 1050 Rd
Meeker, OK 74855
Meeker Lake offers 250 surface acres of water and five miles of shoreline. Facilities include boat ramps, boat docks, ... read more...
47601 River Rd
Shawnee, OK 74801
Double J Ranch in Shawnee is a 1,200-acre horse ranch that gives visitors a unique opportunity to learn something new ... read more...
Lake Murray State Park & Lodge
Park Office: 13528 Scenic Hwy 77
Ardmore, OK 73401
Lake Murray State Park is Oklahoma's first and largest state park consisting of 12,500 acres located on the shores ... read more...
13 miles NE of town
Frederick, OK 73542
The Lazy S Ranch in Frederick features approximately 2,900 acres for hunting deer, quail, turkey and wild hog. Fishing ... read more...
7900 SE 104th
Oklahoma City, OK 73165
The Riding Stables in Oklahoma City offers 6,000 acres of scenic land to explore around Lake Stanley Draper. One and two ... read more...
Durham, OK 73642
Explore northeastern Oklahoma on an outdoor adventure with Gantz Ranch Hunts. Stay at the spacious on-site lodge, ... read more...
Windsong Adventures Outdoor Entertainment
757 E 390 Rd
Adair, OK 74330
Windsong Adventures Outdoor Entertainment offers something for everyone in the family. If hunting is your passion, ... read more...
Great Salt Plains State Park Trail System
Rt 1 Box 28
Jet, OK 73749
The Great Salt Plains State Park Trail System in Jet consists of two trails on the north side of the Great Salt Plains ... read more...
E of city
Duncan, OK 73533
Duncan Lake offers an enclosed floating fishing dock, 44 plug-ins, pavilion, disc golf course, boat ramp, hiking, ... read more...
Hwy 10
Braggs, OK 74423
Camp Gruber Recreation & ORV area is a 450-acre facility operated by the Gruber Recreation Trust Authority. Facility ... read more...
Chickasaw National Recreation Area
Sulphur, OK 73086
Located within the scenic Chickasaw National Recreation Area is a diverse and challenging trail system. Whether ... read more...
Monkey Island Trail & Hayrides
55800 E 273 Rd
Monkey Island, OK 74331
Beginner and expert equestrians alike will enjoy outdoor adventures with Monkey Island Trail Rides at Royal Horse ... read more...
19059 Park 80
Hulbert, OK 74441
The Sequoyah Riding Stables are located near The Lodge at Sequoyah State Park, within the boundaries of fabulous ... read more...
Email: email@example.com


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Kappa Veloce Fashion Trainers - Black/Pink
These sleek black Veloce fashion trainers by Kappa are the perfect low key addition to your street-inspired looks this season.
With a mesh upper these trainers circulate the air inside the shoe keeping your feet cool and comfy, while contrast overlays better the fit. The cushioned midsole ensures your comfortable all day and the waffle patterned outsole provides even more cushioning under foot.
Wear these fashion trainers with a pair of skinny jeans and printed top, adding a hoodie on cooler days.
Useful info:
- Veloce fashion trainers by Kappa
- Mesh upper
- Contrast overlays
- Contrast branding
- Cushioned midsole
- Waffle-effect outsole
Kappa Ladies Danza Fashion Trainers - Black/Silver/Pink
Adding a little colour pop to your work out wardrobe, these Danza womens fashion trainers by Kappa work well with your sports luxe wardrobe.
Featuring a breathable mesh upper, these trainers keeps the air flowing freely around the shoe for a cool, dry and comfortable wear. The metallic trims add a futuristic appeal to your looks, while contrast purple details are perfect for summer.
Wear these fashion trainers with your collection of skinny jeans, printed tees and hoodies on cooler days.
Useful info:
- Ladies fashion trainers by Kappa
- From the Danza range
- Breathable mesh upper
- Metallic trims
Kappa Maresas Trainers
- In Stock
7 reviews
- Delivery
- Next day delivery available
Kappa Maresas Women's Trainers
In a contemporary urban style, the Kappa Maresas trainers provide the finishing touch to your streetwear collection.
In a mid-hi silhouette, these black modern trainers feature flat-sport laces for a secure athletic-inspired fit. The cushioned ankle collar and supportive insole offer comfort for daily wear, while the pink branding to the tongue, side and heel add a splash of femininity. A slender contrast tread provides a neat trim, completing the colourful look of the shoe.
Team these Kappa trainers with skinny jeans and a printed T-shirt for a confident sporty style.
Useful info:
- Trainers by Kappa
- Maresas
- Rounded toe
- Contrast tread
- Flat sport laces
- Padded ankle collar
- Contrast branding to tongue, side and heel


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Braid Panel Afghan Square
Create a lattice effect with your knitting using this technique that differs slightly from cabling.
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When you knit cables, you cross knit stitches over other knit stitches. The braid panel differs from the cable panels by requiring you to cross knit stitches over purl stitches. Try it in this project.
Using Plymouth's Encore Worsted and size 7 (4.5 mm) 16" circular needles, cast on 60 sts. Work 5 rows garter stitch (knit every row), increasing 14 sts evenly across last row (74 sts).
Keeping first and last three sts of each row in garter stitch, work patt across center 68 sts as foll:
Row 1 (WS): K4, [p4, k4] eight times.
Row 2: P2, [2/2 RPC, 2/2 LPC] eight times, p2.
Row 3 and all WS rows: Knit the knits and purl the purls.
Row 4: P2, k2, p4, [2/2 RC, p4] seven times, k2, p2.
Row 6: P2, [2/2 LPC, 2/2 RPC] eight times, p2.
Row 8: P4, [2/2 LC, p4] eight times.
Rep rows 1-8 a total of 9 times. Discontinue cable pattern and work 5 rows of garter stitch, decreasing 14 sts evenly across first row of garter stitch (60 sts). Bind off loosely.
We Recommend...
Afghan Square Knitting Patterns
Knit these four afghan squares with step-by-step instructions from expert knitters.
Quilts Beyond the Square Patch
These quilts steal the show with atypical scenes and not a square piece of patchwork in sight. To view more quilts, check out...(8 photos)
Women's Knit Sweater With Black Ribbon
Knit a feminine sweater with seamless construction and minimal finishing.
See Also:
From our Sister Sites:
- SIPs: Structural Insulated Panels (from HGTVRemodels)
- Solar Panels Help Save on Power Bills (from HGTVRemodels)
- Renewable Solar Roof Panels (from HGTVRemodels)


text:
Mercury Systems (Massachusetts)
Mercury Systems (Massachusetts) Computer Product Project Manager Interview Questions & Reviews
Getting an Interview
Interview Experience
Interview Difficulty
- Popular Job Titles:
- Manufacturing Technician (1)
- Computer Product Project Manager (1)
No Offer
Negative Experience
Difficult Interview
Computer Product Project Manager Interview (Negative Experience; Difficult Interview)
I applied through other source and the process took 2 days - interviewed at Mercury Systems (Massachusetts) in October 2010.
Interview Details – Looking to be re-hired, job required relocation (on me), on phone hiring manager (whom I knew very well) gave incorrect signals about what they really wanted. In person interviews revealed the disconnect and the day was wasted. Company is still a good place to work for most roles. Management is in a state of flux and there is sometimes inconsistency in the charters.
Interview Questions
- Can you handle the details of product project management, given constantly changing priorities? View Answer
- Do you really want to relocate? View Answer


text:
Do You Dare?
Longtime Nicki fans can go with her signature look, comprised of a jet-black wig with thick bangs, a Barbie dress, tons of cleavage and a bubble gum pink lip. Or you can get funky and do your own version of one of Nicki's most unforgettable outfits, like this shiny spandex suit.
If you, too, want to dress like the Young Money superstar, check out our tips to re-creating some of her most unforgettable looks whenever you want to step outside of the box!
Check out the rap queen tonight on 106 & Park!
(Photo: Kristian Dowling/PictureGroup)
10 Things That Happened in Ferguson 8/2108/21/2014
The Buzz: OMG Girlz Drop New Single08/21/2014
On 106 Tonight: Discussing the Shooting of Michael Brown08/21/2014
Exclusive Access: Brandon Broady Co-Hosts08/20/2014
August Alsina Sets a #ThirstTrap on Instagram08/20/2014
Exclusive Access: Back-to-School Fashion08/19/2014
The Buzz: 8/19/1408/19/2014
Exclusive Access: U.D.L Yellow vs. Purple08/18/2014
The Buzz: Malaysia Pargo Gets Spousal Support, Keke Palmer08/18/2014
The Buzz: Martin Lawrence Confirms 'Bad Boys 3'08/15/2014
The Buzz: Ciara Calls Out Magazine for Fake Interview08/14/2014
Exclusive Access: Twista & Rae Sremmurd08/14/2014
Exclusive Access: French Montana, China McClain and More!08/13/2014
The Buzz: Tyga and Blacc Chyna Call It Quits08/13/2014
The Buzz: Tyga & Blacc Chyna Call It Quits, Stevie J Stays08/13/2014
Exclusive Access: Yo Gotti & Bobby Shmurda08/12/2014
The Buzz: Patti LaBelle Joins American Horror Story08/12/2014
Exclusive Access: U.D.L Blue vs. Red08/11/2014
Exclusive Access: Remy Ma's 'Flawless' Return08/11/2014
The Buzz: Iggy Azalea to Collab With Lil Kim, Rappers Show08/11/2014
The Buzz: Drake and Lil Wayne Drop Mobile App & More08/08/2014
Exclusive Access: Arlen Escarpeta and More!08/07/2014
The Buzz: Beyoncé Set to Perform at the VMAs and More08/07/2014
Exclusive Access: Skyler Grey & Gabrielle Jordan Williams08/07/2014
Exclusive Access: Tasha Page Lockhart08/06/2014
The Buzz: 8/6/1408/06/2014
The Buzz: Chris Brown Announces X Album Release08/05/2014
Exclusive Access: Wiz Khalifa08/05/2014
Exclusive Access: Teyana Taylor Touches Base08/04/2014
The Buzz: 8/4/201408/04/2014
The Buzz: 8/1/1408/01/2014
Exclusive Access: Tiny & Chad Boseman07/31/2014
Exclusive Access: Keyshia Cole & Adrian Marcel07/31/2014
The Buzz: 7/31/1407/31/2014
On 106 Tonight: Inside "Get On Up" With Chadwick Boseman07/31/2014
The Buzz: 7/30/201407/30/2014


text:
Always Beginning
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essays on a life in poetry
Part Two. Interstices. Swimming and Writing. Motherhood and Poetics. October 4, 1995. For Anne at Passover. Recitations. First Loves
Part Three. An Appreciation of Marianne Moore's Selected Letters. This Curious Silent Unrepresented Life. Josephine Jacobsen. Back to the Fairground: Mona Van Duyn. A Postcard from the Volcano. Essay on Robert Frost
Part Four. Trochee, Trimeter, and the MRI: On A Shropshire Lad. Gymnastics: The Villanelle. A Way of Staying Sane. Word for Word: "Poem for My Son" Scrubbed Up and Sent to School
Part Five. Keynote Address, PEN-New England, April 11, 1999. Premonitory Shiver. Two Junes
Part Six
Poems. For Anne at Passover / Maxine Kumin. A Postcard from the Volcano / Wallace Stevens. Xxvii / A. E. Housman. One Art / Elizabeth Bishop. The Nuns of Childhood: Two Views / Maxine Kumin.
Poets, American
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Sunday, May 25, 2008
Unfair fares: A warning about Iberia Airlines
Iberia Airlines has started charging travellers €150 (each way) to check bikes in as luggage, even if the bicycle falls within the traveller's luggage allowance. They started charging the fee at the end of April, and from what I hear, it's not being applied to everyone who tries to check a bike in - people who travel on domestic Iberia flights don't seem to be getting hit for the extra money. But if you're coming over for whatever reason - Camino de Santiago, cycling holiday, the Trans-Iberian - be sure to check with Iberia that you're NOT going to get nailed for the fee, especially if you bought your ticket before the end of April and you wouldn't have known about the fee.
In the meantime, I'm going to find out how to get ahold of Iberia so that we either can have the fee eliminated or have Iberia's ISO 14001 rating put under revision....
UPDATE: Bingo, here it is.
Iberia Airlines of Spain
c/ Velázquez, 130
28006 Madrid
Phone: (34) 91 587 8787
e-mail: email@example.com
2 comments:
- Randy said...
Not so long ago you could fly your bike for free or a nominal charge on most airlines. Then they saw a potential income stream and some of them jumped on it. You can find a fairly current list here: http://www.ibike.org/encouragement/travel/bagregs.htm
People (me included) have tried pushing back against the US airlines with no success. I fear we will have little luck with Iberia either - but I will try.
In the meantime, Bike Friday flies fee free!
- May 27, 2008 at 6:24 AM
- : said...
Hi everybody, For more details on Iberia Airlines like airlines information, history, destinations, fleets, Thomas Cook Airlines phone numbers, code share agreement and baggage information visit "Altiusdirectoy.com". This URL may be useful.
- December 22, 2009 at 8:46 PM


text:
|Harmony Hall Earth Day Clean-Up
|View other area events
When: Event has passed. Watch this page for updates.
Where: Harmony Hall
Cost: FREE ADMISSION
April 21st from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. with a post work party featuring music, refreshments and local snacks provided by Route 67 Country Store & Cafe. Lend a hand with landscaping, carpentry and general clean-up Harmony Hall is available for your events, workshops and art exhibitions. On Wednesday, April 4th at 7 pm Dan Berggren an Adirondack singer and storyteller will be performing at Harmony Hall. On Saturday, April 14th at 7 pm everyone is welcome to the Spring BarnDance. Visit www rt67cafe com for all of the details, or call call 882-7347
For More Information Call: 518-882-7347
Regional Towns
- Glens Falls
Discover Hometown USA, Glens Falls NY!
- Queensbury
Visit Queensbury, NY - a bustling town sandwiched between Glens Falls and Lake George!
- Fort Edward
Learn more about the town of Fort Edward in Upstate NY!
- Lake Luzerne
Read more about the quaint area of Hadley - Lake Luzerne!
- South Glens Falls
Learn more about the Village of South Glens Falls - a close knit community located in Upstate NY!
Regional Events
- LocalFest: A Celebration of Stuff Made Here
On September 6, 2014 the historic Shirt Factory will host the 3rd Annual LocalFest - a celebration of all things locally made!
See full details
- Lake George Jazz Festival 2014
The 2014 Lake George Jazz Festival is September 13 & 14 at Shepard Park in Lake George NY. Click to read more about performers and events for this awesome event!
See full details
- Glens Falls Downtown Balloon Festival Party & Classic Car Show
The Glens Falls Downtown Balloon Festival Party & Classic Car Show, taking place September 18th, 2014 is the perfect way to kick-off the Adirondack Balloon Festival.
See full details
- Run For The ROC 5K Run and Community Walk
The Saratoga Hospital Foundation presents Run For The ROC, a 5K run and community walk held at the Saratoga Race Track on Sunday, September 28, 2014 beginning at 11:00 a.m. Registration begins at 9:00 a.m.
See full details
- 22nd Annual Taste of the North Country
Sample a variety of food from the North Country's best restaurants!
See full details
- + See all Glens Falls Region events
+ Add your event


text:
By Stacey Rivera | 01/25/2013 - 16:13
We Latinas do a lot of entertaining, and being entertained...and that almost always means food! We know, no recipe will ever taste exactly like abuela's cooking, but whether you are hosting or visiting, there are some recipes every Latina should know!
These sixteen staples of our cuisine will take you from the dog days of summer to the chilly holiday season without missing a beat.
Read more
By Samantha Leal | 12/07/2012 - 15:33
Puerco pibil, or cochinita pibil, is a slow-roasted pork dish. Cochinita (small pig) pibil (to bury) literally translates to 'buried whole suckling pig'. Traditionally, you should marinate the pork in the same manner as described but cook the whole pig wrapped in banana leaves underground with fire wood and hot stones for hours until tender. Recipe courtesy of Flavors of Belize: The Cookbook and Chef Sean Kuylen.
Read more
By Samantha Leal | 11/09/2012 - 21:20
This delicious soup from Ronaldo's Cocina is perfect for the fall season. Get cooking!
This recipe comes from chef Ronaldo Linares, Executive Chef of Martino's Cuban restaurant in Somerville, NJ who has appeared on BBC America's Chef Race and Food Network's Chopped.
Read more
By Samantha Leal | 10/15/2012 - 19:00
Get festive with these delicious potions that are sure to delight. Consider them your adult treats.
Read more
By Latina Staff | 10/03/2012 - 10:40
In the north of Mexico, where I'm from, chunks of luscious braised pork wade in ruddy sauce. If the pot was big enough, I swear I'd jump right in. This is my soul food. This is carne con chile Colorado.
And no, it's not from the state of Colorado. Colorado basically means "red" in Spanish, as in the color imparted by chiles like guajilos and anchos. When I was ittle and my mom would make this dish, the house would have this unbelievable aroma of tomatoes and tomatillos, garlic and onions, all charring on a comal. This more than anything else, my mom always says, is the smell of a Mexican kitchen.
You see this basic combination of ingredients in various forms throughout the country, from that mind-blowing pork to the marinade for thin slices of beef browning over charcoal in the street markets of Oaxaca, to big pots of pozole, the hominy stew that's the world's greatest hangover cure. But my Chile Colorado Sauce distills the flavors into a puree that you can turn into multiple dishes. It's a beautiful thing: a little tangy from the tomatillos, a touch sweet from the tomatoes and onions, and packed with flavor (not heat) from the ancho and guajillo chiles. And making it fills your kitchen with the same awesome smells I was blessed to experience growing up.
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By Desiree Browne | 09/25/2012 - 15:47
With Latin America producing 40 percent of the world's coffee, it's no surprise that Latinos have plenty of ways to prepare it. Whether your abuela always used a colador or a moka pot, coffee always smells like home. Switch up your routine caffeine fix with these coffee recipes from around Latin America.
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By Michelle Rivas | 08/01/2012 - 16:00
Health halos are the seemingly angelic snacks that tease us with their promises of low-fat and sugar-free heavenly bliss. What happens when you purchase one of these tempting treats? Normally, after a few more than the recommended amount, they leave you asking for forgiveness.
When given the choice of a regular meal and a low-fat meal, obviamente your instinct is to choose the latter. Is this the best option for you though? The health halo effect can often lead to over-eating from the caloric misconception and item labeling.
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By Latina Staff | 08/01/2012 - 11:02
It's finally here! The Latin Kitchen (www.TheLatinKitchen.com) the new food site from Latina, has launched! Check it out for the best recipes and menu ideas, food how-to's, entertaining tips and more.
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By Valerie Tejeda | 07/18/2012 - 14:00
When the weather is warm, nothing hits the spot better than a cool summer treat. But can your bathing suit bod handle all the deliciousness? You bet! Here's how to indulge without the guilt.
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By Valerie Tejeda | 06/27/2012 - 16:00
For most people, Latin American food is seen as a guilty pleasure. The good news? You don't have to think that anymore! Many of your favorite Latin dishes are packed with tons of health benefits, so there is no need to be so hard on yourself when indulging in these tasty foods.
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SPSC - Sindh Public Service Commission
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Bring Him Down
Bury The f**ker
Let us Worship A collective Madness
Chase The bastard
The wormz will never leave Got to keep things clean
The wormz are spreading
I have responsibility!
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Went to check in close to 4 pm and room was not ready. Had to wait to check in because the room had not been cleaned yet.
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Grab a Ben & Jerry's
An ice cream tub has soothed many a frayed nerves for many people. If you are having a hard time at work, in college or at home, a few spoonfuls of your favorite flavor could do wonders to improve your mood.
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Posted in : How To De-Stress During Holidays