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Hacienda Inn Aeropuerto
No availability found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
Travel Blogs from Merida
More Mayan Ruins
... the structures to the top. It was a really beautiful view, but it took me quite a while to work up the nerve to go back down the steep steps.
After coming back from Uxmal, I wandered back to the hostel, which is fortunately on the main square of Merida. That evening was the first day of the Feria de Merida. So I walked around between all the wonderful street vendors, I watched as a special police unit took down the Mexican flag for the ...
Oxkintok, the forgotten Mayan site
... is a special park. You need more knowledges about the Mayas to enjoy it. The man i met explained many things to me. Mathematics and astrologics of the Mayas. My visit in this park was planned to be one hour but i needed two. Transport from Merida 2 hrs and the taxi 30 minutes. So it is a big project to find. Here you need good skills in spannish. You also need two liters water and sun protection and very stabile shoes.
HIGHLIGHTS Wed 4 Dec: Cenotes, Merida
An all-day highly recommended swim in 3 of the local 'cenotes' (sen-o-tays). I know them as sinkholes. These fresh water swimming holes are connected by spectacular limestone caverns and deep underwater rivers ...
Mi cumple
Today was a birthday to never forget. A birthday full of family and love and celebration. I spent all afternoon at the beach with Emma & Cassie. Then, I headed home to get ready and pick Cyndy and Vicky up from their hotel. I got to show them the public bus system - a hoot. We arrived at my house for cake, and Mama Angelita welcomed them warmly with soft cheek kisses and hugs. Mama assured me that we would celebrate ...
Day 69 - bus to Merida
Another rough night with the hot room and lack of sleep. We got up at 7am, had cornflakes we had brought the night before along with plastic bowls with plastic spoon to eat them in and Bobbie got fresh milk in the morning while I got ready. The bus station was right next door to the hotel so after checking out we just had to walk next door and we were there. When Bobbie went to get the milk she said there was a lot of people at the station and she had walked past ...
How has this hotel rated in the past?
- Suites
- Restaurant
- Swimming pool
- Room service
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Wheelchair accessibility

subset: commoncrawl


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eMachines E520 Manual
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From Slash's pickups to Eddie's amp, here are five essential pieces of signature gear.
From Another Dimension: Check out ODD Guitars' 3-D-printed models, with photo gallery.
Paul Riario reviews three new Fender Stratocaster models — with complete text and video.
This week in Nashville, ESP unveiled its limited-edition Metallica Ride the Lightning guitar.
Fender has introduced four new models to its Pawn Shop series: the Pawn Shop Offset Special, the Pawn Shop Jaguarillo, the Pawn Shop Fender Mustang Special, and the line's first bass guitar, the Pawn Shop Reverse Jaguar Bass.
"When I first got to LA, I had that creme Les Paul, which is an amazing-sounding fiddle," Wylde said last week. "So I had the blonde hair and the creme Les Paul -- and it was gonna look like a Randy Rhoads tribute band when I get up there with Ozzy. So I wanted to get something painted on it. Eddie Van Halen had the stripes and Randy had the polka dots.
Zarley Wide Neck Guitars has introduced the first of its new line of wide-neck guitars, the Reserve.
When the Rev. Billy Gibbons isn't playing a Gretsch Billy-Bo or a Pearly clone on the road, there's no telling what the Texas guitar connoisseur might be sportin'! A short YouTube clip from a July 2011 show in France features Billy with a sexy T-type by TAO Guitars of Brussels, Belgium. The El Mirage axe is a one-off guitar for Gibbons springing from TAO's T-Bucket platform, a sort of space-age, George Jetson, retro-modern T-type interpretation.
Guitar designer Dean Zelinsky -- the founder of Dean Guitars who has designed models for Billy Gibbons, Dimebag Darrell and Leslie West -- has started a new company, Dean Zelinsky Private Label Guitars.
When Line 6 introduced its Variax technology back in 2003, guitarists were immediately knocked out by its ability to produce the sounds of various guitars and stringed instruments in numerous alternate tunings. However, many players were somewhat lukewarm about the solidbody guitars that housed the technology, which were decent and playable but not particularly sexy.
The Elkridge, Maryland-based Oktober Guitars has introduced its new Pktober XP guitar, which they're calling a new take on -- and improvement of -- a classic design. The Oktober XP is available worldwide and can be ordered directly from the Oktober Guitars website.
In the following video, Guitar World's Paul Riario examines the new ESP LTD Deluxe Eclipse model, the EC-1000T/CTM. The guitar features a gold-plated, locking TonePros bridge and ESP locking tuners, as well as EMG-81 and EMG-60 pickups.
Fender's American Standard series guitars and basses have been upgraded for 2012, resulting in the latest iterations of the Telecaster, Stratocaster, Precision Bass and Jazz Bass. The new instruments now feature Fender Custom Shop pickups, as well as other new design touches.
In the following video, Guitar World's Paul Riario checks out the Hottie 429, a guitar that combines high-end design and a bare-essentials philosophy.
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Find out what fashion trends you need to keep in mind when buying a coat this year.
5 tips for hot fall fashionUPDATED 3:22 PM CDT Oct 22, 2012
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- Rising Human Rights Challenges in the Gulf Region and Beyond / ANNUAL REPORT OF THE GULF CENTER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS 2014
- UAE- Criminalizing Dissent UAE 94 Trial Deeply Flawed / Judicial Observation Report August 2013
- Threats and Attacks Plague Yemen's Brave Human Rights Defenders
News from International Organizations
- UAE: Cameron Should Press Rulers on Torture
- Report on Bahrain's Attorney General Dr. Ali bin Fadhel Al - Buainain and his position in the International Association of Prosecutors
- Ceartas submits complaint to Int'l Association of Prosecutors urging expulsion of Bahrain Attorney General
- Arab Working Group for Media Monitoring met the Tunisian Minister of Human Rights
- Bahraini rights defender denied the right to a fair trial
Written by HRDs and Journalists
Gulf Center for Human Rights
Oman: Human rights defender Mohammed Al-Fazari held incommunicado
On 30 August 2014, human rights defender Mohammed Al-Fazari was summoned by the General Directorate of Inquiries and criminal investigations of the Oman Police in Muscat. According to an official letter…Read More
For Immediate Release / Bahrain: Courageous Human Rights Defender Maryam Al-Khawaja Arrested in Bahrain; Could Face Lengthy Prison Sentence
The Bahrain Center for Human Rights (BCHR) and the Gulf Center for Human Rights (GCHR) express grave concern over the arrest and detention of courageous human rights defender Maryam Al-Khawaja upon her…Read More
Bahrain: Co-Director of the GCHR detained and not permitted entry to her country Bahrain
On 30 August 2014, human rights defender and co-director of the Gulf Centre for Human Rights (GCHR), Maryam Al-Khawaja was refused entry to her country Bahrain and detained at the immigration area.…Read More
Kuwait: Arrest and detention of blogger and human rights defender Mohammed Al-Ajmi
On 27 August 2014, the Department of Criminal Investigation summoned blogger and human rights activist, Mohammed Al-Ajmi. As a result he went to their offices, located in Salmiya at 10:00am on the same…Read More
Bahrain: Joint Letter to King Hamad of Bahrain Regarding Torture Victims
King Hamad of Bahrain Cc: Lt. General Sheikh Rashed bin Abdulla Al-Khalifa Minister of Interior Kingdom of Bahrain Your Majesty, The undersigned representatives of international human rights organizations…Read More
Bahrain: Prominent Human Rights Defender Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja to Start a New Hunger Strike
Prominent human rights defender and founder of the Bahrain Centre for Human rights (BCHR) and the Gulf Center for Human Rights (GCHR), Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja, has declared an open hunger strike "in…Read More


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I am finding it hard to find a laptop that has a com port.
The one i normally use when configuring switches has died. It was only used for that purpose nothing else. I am finding it hard to find one with a com port at all. Do those USB adapters work?
If anyone has one in the local area that is giving one away i would be grateful it doesn't need to be anything spectacular. Just a second hand Windows 2000 one will do fine. Sorry i cant give anything for it the school are skint at the moment, although a drink will be on the cards
Failing that i will try a USB adapter.
There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)


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Xsyon: Massive Terrain Update Available
Posted on: Jun 26, 2014 Views: 16
You will not log in and be mind-blown at how detailed and pretty everything is. You will, however, be awed at the beautiful landscapes and vistas.
The development of Xsyon has been a long road fraught with many hurdles. With Kickstarter, Notorious Games will expand its development team and bring Xsyon to a full featured release.


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Home > Find an Internist > TX > McKinney Internists > Dr. Christopher Martin, MD
Dr. Christopher Troy Martin MD is a male Internist, has 6 years of experience and practices in Internal Medicine.
Dr. Christopher Martin has 2 office locations.
Village Park North
5209 Dunster Dr
McKinney, TX 75070
Phone Number
Locations and availability (2)
Village Park North
5209 Dunster Dr
McKinney, TX 75070
Phone Number
Locations and availability (2)
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Christopher Martin:
View the full profile to get information on:
- Qualifications
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Specialties & Research
Dr. Christopher Martin, MD is board certified in Internal Medicine.
Education & Awards
Dr. Martin graduated from St. George's University, Bay Shore.
Dr. Martin has 2 hospital affiliations:
- Jane Phillips Medical Center
- Reliant Rehabilitation Hospital
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- Additional Information
- Where does Dr. Christopher T. Martin practice?
Dr. Christopher Martin practices Internal Medicine near McKinney, TX.
Additional practice locations include: Bartlesville, OK.
See McKinney Internists.


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Today is my 10th wedding anniversary. I thought I'd take the opportunity to write an open letter to my husband, because I can. If you don't want to read about sappy love and genuine appreciation for another human, stop reading now. 268 more words
Tags » Genuine Love
How Do We Do It? 2
Photo Credit: via Compfight cc
The apostle John lays out some no-nonsense direction on how to walk in love in 1st John 3:16 – 18. 556 more words
Genuine Faith equals Genuine Love
In this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while, if need be, you have been grieved by various trials, that the genuineness of your faith, being much more precious than gold that perishes, though it is tested by fire, may be found to praise, honor and glory at the revelation of Jesus Christ whom having not seen you love. 294 more words
Love is a Choice
Love is a choice. Imagine yourself in a world unable to hate; although seemingly utopian at first, you begin to realize there would not be any choice in the matter…and choice is key to genuine love. 378 more words


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Menopause Prevention
- Overview
- What It Is
- Causes
- Risk Factors
- Diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Prognosis
- Living With
- Complications
- User Questions
Take Action
- Screening
- Medications
- Prevention
- Treatment
- Alternative Treatment
- Care Guide
- Questions for Your Doctor
- When to Contact a Doctor
- Find a Doctor
- Resource Guide
How to Prevent Menopause
Because menopause is a natural biological event in every woman's life, there is no way to prevent it from occurring. It will happen.
You can, however, take measures designed to reduce your risk of diseases associated with estrogen loss, including osteoporosis and heart disease. These include:
Increase Your Intake of Phytoestrogens
A substantially high intake of phytoestrogens (isoflavones and lignans) may help reduce your menopausal symptoms. They may also reduce your risk for diseases associated with estrogen loss. Phytoestrogens occur naturally in certain foods:
Isoflavones: soybeans, chickpeas, and legumes
Lignans: flaxseeds, whole grains, and some fruits and vegetables
Eat a Healthful Diet
A healthful diet during menopause can improve your sense of well-being. It may also reduce the risk of heart disease, osteoporosis, and certain cancers. Your diet should be low in saturated fat and high in fruits, vegetables, and grains. An adequate intake of calcium (1200-1500 mg per day) can help lower your risk of osteoporosis. You can increase the calcium in your diet by eating more calcium-rich dairy foods (low-fat or nonfat preferred), leafy green vegetables, and calcium-fortified foods and juices. Vitamin D, found in sunlight and certain foods (fortified milk, liver, and tuna), helps your body absorb calcium. Recent evidence supports dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil capsules, salmon, tuna).
Limit Caffeine and Alcohol
Cutting back on caffeine and alcohol may reduce symptoms of anxiety and insomnia. It may also reduce the loss of calcium from your body and reduce your risk of other health problems.
Quit Smoking
Smoking is the number one preventable cause of premature death. Giving up smoking can reduce your risk of early menopause, heart disease, osteoporosis, and many types of cancer, including lung and cervical cancer. Many women quit smoking successfully, often after several attempts. Your healthcare provider may offer medication that can help, such as the antidepressant Zyban (bupropion) and other smoking cessation aids, such as nicotine patches and gums. Support groups and smoking cessation classes can also help. The most successful smoking cessation programs involve a combination of behavior modification techniques and drug therapy.
Exercise Regularly
Regular exercise is a great remedy for many symptoms of menopause. It helps promote better sleep, stimulates brain chemicals that can reduce negative feelings and depression, and may reduce hot flashes. Weight-bearing exercises such as walking, climbing stairs, and resistance exercises such as lifting weights help to strengthen your bones and decrease your risk of osteoporosis.
Manage Stress
During menopause you may be facing many stressors, such as raising children or having children leave home, caring for elderly parents, and juggling a number of responsibilities. You can reduce stress by taking care of your whole self. This means eating a healthful diet, getting plenty of sleep, exercising regularly, and having enough time for rest and recreation. A variety of relaxation techniques can also help you to cope more effectively with stress. Examples include meditation, deep breathing, progressive relaxation, yoga, and biofeedback.
What It Is
Learn the basics of this condition. Find out what you're dealing with.
What causes Menopause? Learn what the medical community has uncovered.
Risk Factors
Are you at risk of getting Menopause? Inside you'll find known risk factors for the condition.
How will your doctor diagnose you with this condition? Learn about the tests, process, and more.
What are the Menopause symptoms? Are you showing any? Learn more today.
Can this condition lead to other health problems? Learn more about the known complications.
Take Action
Learn more about the specific tests or exams given by your doctor to screen for Menopause.
What medications offer relief or help with this condition? Are there side effects? Risks? Learn more.
How can you prevent Menopause? Read what the medical community suggests for prevention methods.
Can this condition be treated? What Menopause treatment options are available?
Learn more about the day to day care of this condition. Changes to your activity, diet, exercise, and more.
Find a Doctor
Do you need to contact a doctor about Menopause? Select a location to find a specialist in your area.
Featured Articles
By sforsyth
Talking about genital, sexual, and urinary problems can be uncomfortable for postmenopausal women and their doctors. Having a term that doesn't carry stigma, isn't embarrassing to say, and is Read more →
By sforsyth
Feeling that conventional doctors did not take their suffering seriously, women instead sought out hormonal treatments for menopausal symptoms from anti-aging clinicians, according to a sudy done at Read more →
By sforsyth
By Marni Andrews There are a record number of North American women now entering a new period of their lives, menopause, which marks the official end of their reproductive period. Women are born Read more →


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Man remains in custody over Alum Rock death
Police are continuing to hold a man in custody on suspicion of murdering a Birmingham mother-of-five.
Police said they found a woman with serious injuries in a house in Alum Rock on Monday (19 November) afternoon after responding to an emergency call.
The woman, who is yet to be formally identified, was taken to hospital but died a short while later.
Police believe the victim is 33-year-old Shaista Khatoon who lived at the address.
Investigating officer Chief Inspector Wayne Jones, said:
– Investigating officer Chief Inspector Wayne Jones
"Although we're clearly at a very early stage in the investigation we understand that the victim and her attacker were known to one another.
"The death is particularly tragic, as a mother has been taken from her young children.
"Our thoughts and condolences go out to the family of the victim."


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Kyle Peterson is no longer around. Evergreen's best golfer in recent years graduated in May. So did Kyle Malazdrewicz. They, arguably, were the face of the Cougars program.
Both were multiple-time 4A state qualifiers, finishing 13th and 30th, respectively, last October at Hiwan Golf Club. But, such is the case in high school athletics, turnover is ongoing.
In 2014, Evergreen is a squad that is staring at the realistic probability of its top three players being sophomores.
By Tim Donohoo
For the Courier
Brady Smith just wanted a taste of the trails. The 16-year old from Crown Point, Ind., had been in the Denver area for three days and the aspiring runner longed to run the Mt. Falcon 15K before he returned home to the Midwest. He got his wish.
Little reminders still seep in on the club's website, but change — big change — is under way with the Altitude Football Club, formerly Evergreen Stingers.
Altitude FC became official on June 1, but maybe the first real glimpse of the new staff and curriculum-changing atmosphere around the club, founded in 1979, came July 21-25 with a pair of camps at the Marshdale Fields.
The erosion of the identity of summer baseball hasn't gone unnoticed by newly named Evergreen varsity head coach Steve Jones. A former assistant coach under Terry Hensley years ago and a former pitching coach at Colorado Christian University, Jones understands the importance of players getting scouted to better their future.
Traveling 15 1/4 miles is A little more than a drop in the bucket when you are almost 2,500 miles from home like Costa Rican native Gabriel Zumbado was.
The 22-year-old Olympic hopeful and member of the Newton Running team took first place at the Evergreen Sprint Triathlon on July 27. Finishing with a time of 1 hour, 2 minutes and 52 seconds, he was almost 2 minutes faster than second-place finisher Brian Fots. Zumbado said he wasn't racing to beat anyone, he simply wanted to go as fast as his legs would take him.
Evergreen Composite biking team to host open house
The Evergreen Composite Mountain Biking Team will host a parent-student Open House on Aug. 7 at 6 p.m. at Buchanan Rec Center. The team will be registering riders for the 2014 fall season.
The team consists of riders from Evergreen and Conifer high schools.
Midsummer's 90-degree heat had eased — if only for a day — on July 17, and the grass at Evergreen Middle School was a little thicker than what the Evergreen Cougars are accustomed to. Consistent rain does that, not to mention that EHS' home facility and the playing surface at familiar Trailblazer Stadium is turf, not grass.
Yet, heat or no heat, grass or turf, it was all relative for Evergreen's football team, which was in the first of a two-week camp just weeks before officially starting practice Aug. 11.
Ross Fowler has plenty of soccer coaching experience from his time with the Colorado Rush and Altitude FC, where he has been the director of coaching for both. Now the Manchester, England native has his first head coaching position at the high school level.
Earlier this summer, Fowler was named the head coach for Evergreen High School's boys soccer program, replacing Peter Jeans, who resigned for personal reasons.
"It's a good program. It's an exciting opportunity to try to build on," Fowler said.
Brock Burke made his professional debut for the Gulf Coast Rays on July 18 against the Baltimore Orioles' rookie-level team at Ed Smith Stadium in Sarasota, Fla.
The 6-foot-2 left-hander started and pitched just the first inning as the team slowly works him into the rotation after a heavy pitch count during the high school season.
The 17-year-old Evergreen High graduate tossed a one-two-three inning, striking out the Orioles' Henry Urrutia to end the frame.
Christina Spinzig, a 2010 Evergreen High graduate, was named an All-American Scholar for the second consecutive year by the Women's Golf Coaches Association.
Spinzig was joined on the list by Colorado State University teammate Betsy Kelly. To qualify, a student-athlete must maintain at least a 3.50 cumulative grade-point average.
The 22-year-old Spinzig played in 10 tournaments this past season for Colorado State, recording one top-20 finish and an average round of 77.7.
She graduated with a degree in business administration.
Copyright © 2014
Canyon Courier is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Evergreen, Colo, and the surrounding area.


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Aug 9th Rock Against MS at Dobbs South Street Phila
Aug 22nd OT Bar in Langhorne 8pm-12
Aug 23rd Heather w/ Seven Carneys Cape May, NJ 9pm
Aug 28th Irish Rover in Langhorne 6-10pm
Aug 31st Dog N Bull 3-7pm
I just got on Sound Cloud!!! Click the link above and take a listen.
* Very excting things are happening for Heather Heather in the New Year. Heather recently traveled to Vegas, NY, Texas and Florida. She was invited to sing in Germany, Italy, and Canada....Big things are in the works! Be sure to come out and support Heather Heather!!!!
Heather was just interviewed by Jeff Bohen from LevittownNow.com
Check out her article levittownnow.com/2013/04/14/this-is-heather-heather/
Currently, we are in the studio recording "Mirror of Falling Hearts".
If you wanted to buy a shirt and did not have the chance to get one just shoot us an email
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|Product Type: Step ladder
|Color: Silver
|Primary Material: Aluminum
|Slip-Resistant Steps: Yes
|Folding: Yes
|Number of Steps: 7
|Duty Rating: Type I (Heavy Duty) 250 lbs
Questions & Answers
"Hi, what is the weight capacity of this ladder?" asked by Jaf
"Hi, what are the assembled dimensions of this ladder?" asked by Tan
Werner 8' Ladder
Thumbs up
Kristine from Macungie, PA– Verified Buyer– Top 1000 Reviewer
Very Good ladder good price. Sturdy and well worth it.
Husband Loves!
lula from MI– Verified Buyer
My husband loves this ladder! He uses it all the time to clean out the gutters and windows etc! So much better than the wooden one we had. This is completely sturdy and holds the weight!
Excellent price for this ladder!
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Werner 8 Aluminum Step Ladder
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text: You are here:HomeNews & EventsNews News Historic Flypast Over CWGC Arras Memorial Commemorates WWI Aviators13/08/201413 August 2014, Arras, France – A flypast over the CWGC's Arras Flying Services Memorial by a replica WWI biplane, followed by Tornados of the Royal Air Force, will commemorate the sacrifice of pioneer aviators during the Great War. Filter News: Pleases Select... News Video Cemetery Alert Press Release Page Previous 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Next Second branch falls at Lijssenthoek 06/07/2012 Another large branch has fallen from a tree at Lijssenthoek Military Cemetery in Belgium. Headstone dedication ceremony at Fromelles (Pheasant Wood) Military Ceremony 05/07/2012 The replacement headstones for nine recently identified Australian soldiers were dedicated at Fromelles (Pheasant Wood) Military Cemetery on 20 July - the 96th anniversary of the Battle of Fromelles. Czech Senators lay wreath at Bayeux War Cemetery 04/07/2012 Four Czech senators have laid a wreath at Bayeux War Cemetery during their tour of Normandy. Carl and Malcom help teams divert from H4H rally to visit family graves 03/07/2012 Our Regional Supervisors, Carl Liversage and Malcolm Ross, have completed the Help for Heroes European Rally 2012. Discover how they were able to help teams divert from the rally to pay their personal respects. Dr Matt Lynch makes personal pilgrimage to the grave of Noel Chavasse 03/07/2012 Dr Matt Lynch provided medical cover for the Help for Heroes European Rally 2012. Here he shares his own account of a personal pilgrimage he was able to make to the grave of Captain Noel Chavasse. Rheindahlen handed over to CWGC 27/06/2012 Our Director General Alan Pateman-Jones has attended the official handing over ceremony at Rheindahlen Military Cemetery, Germany. Headstone beam replaced in churchyard on the Isle of Arran 21/06/2012 A beam underpinning a number of war grave headstones at Kilbride Old Churchyard on the Isle of Arran is being replaced. There is restricted access to the war graves while the work is being carried out. CWGC at Armed Forces Day 19/06/2012 The city of Plymouth is hosting Armed Forces Day 2012, and CWGC staff will be going along to talk about the work of the Commission and to help members of the public conduct searches of its databases. Vandalism at Leopoldsburg War Cemetery 19/06/2012 British and Canadian Graves have been damaged in a recent spate of attacks at Leopoldsburg War Cemetery in Belgium. Eighty years of commemoration at Thiepval 18/06/2012 CWGC marks eighty years since the inauguration of the Thiepval Memorial, with staff available to meet members of the public at this year's Somme ceremonies Page Previous 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Next


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A method of regenerating etchant and recovering etched metals. Etching solution, which is overladen with metal cations is passed through a cation exchange unit. Subsequently, the etching solution, which is diminished in metal cation concentration, is returned to the etcher sump. The cation exchange unit is then rinsed with deionized water to remove residual etching solution, with the effluent being conveyed to a metal recovery unit. The cation exchange unit is then rinsed with an aqueous solution of an acid to remove cations and to regenerate the cation exchange unit. The effluent from this rinsing is also conveyed to the metal recovery unit. The cation exchange unit is then rinsed with deionized water to remove residual acid, with this effluent likewise being conveyed to the metal recovery unit. Subsequently, a selectolyte solution is passed through the cation exchange unit to enhance the cation retention property thereof. The effluent is conveyed to a storage container. At this point, etched metal can be recovered from the metal recovery unit.
1. A method of regenerating an ammoniacal etchant, said method comprising the steps of:
withdrawing, from an etcher sump, etching solution containing copper ions at a concentration above an efficiency parameter;
conveying said etching solution to a cation exchange resin bed for selective removal and retention of said copper ions by said cation exchange resin bed;
returning regenerated effluent etchant from said cation exchange resin bed to said etcher sump at a copper ion concentration at said efficiency parameter;
rinsing said cation exchange resin bed with deionized water to remove residual etching solution therefrom;
conveying effluent deionized water and residual etching solution from said cation exchange resin bed to a metal recovery unit;
rinsing said cation exchange resin bed with an aqueous solution of an acid to remove said copper ions and to regenerate said cation exchange resin bed;
conveying effluent aqueous solution of acid and copper ions to said metal recovery unit;
rinsing said cation exchange resin bed with deionized water to remove residual acid therefrom;
conveying effluent deionized water and residual acid to said metal recovery unit;
passing a selectolyte solution through said cation exchange resin bed to enhance the cation retention property thereof and to provide a pH balance during said step of conveying said etching solution to said cation exchange resin bed; and
conveying spent effluent selectolyte solution to a storage container.
2. A method according to claim 1, which includes the step of preparing said cation exchange resin bed, prior to said step of conveying etching solution thereto, by consecutively passing through said bed an aqueous solution of an acid, deionized water, and a selectolyte solution.
3. A method according to claim 1, in which said selectolyte solution comprises ammonium hydroxide and a chelating agent.
4. A method according to claim 3, in which said chelating agent is selected from the group consisting of an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, diethylenetriamine, and triethylenetetraamine.
5. A method according to claim 1, in which said acid is selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid.
6. A method according to claim 1, which includes the step of monitoring the Baume of said etching solution in said etcher sump for initiating and halting said step of withdrawing etching solution therefrom when said etching solution has reached a predetermined Baume level.
7. A method according to claim 1, which includes the steps of monitoring the pH of said etching solution in said etcher sump, and adding replenisher solution to said etching solution to achieve the appropriate etching parameters.
8. A method according to claim 1, which includes the step of recovering etched copper from said metal recovery unit.
9. A method according to claim 8, which includes the step of recovering etched copper by an electrowinning process.
10. A method according to claim 8, which includes the step of recovering etched copper by a metal ion replacement process.
The present invention relates to a method of regenerating etchant and recovering etched metal.
Chemical etching processes are utilized on a large scale by industry for producing components. Manufacturers of printed circuit boards and the like represent the users of chemical etchants. Conductive circuit patterns are obtained, for example, from copper coated insulating materials such as F.R.P., epoxy resins, etc. The copper layer is selectively coated in a photographic process with etch photo resist. The exposed copper is then removed by chemical etchants.
A heated ammoniacal solution is generally sprayed or brought into contact with the copper surface which is to be etched. Ammonium hydroxide and ammonium salts combine with copper ions to form a cupric ammonium complex ion Cu(NH3)4 +2 which holds etched and dissolved copper in solution at 18.0 to 30.0 oz./gal. As the copper concentration builds up due to the etching process, the effectiveness of the solution decreases.
Principal methods of regeneration for maintaining a controlled etching process are:
1. Removal of a portion of the spent etching solution from the etcher sump under controlled conditions, and replenishing the removed etchant.
2. Acidification to precipitate copper hydroxide, which is filtered off and leaves a solution requiring readjustment of chemical balance and pH. Adjustment of pH must be carried out with utmost care. Furthermore, excess HCl will produce explosive gases of ClO2 and chlorine.
3. Liquid-liquid extraction process involving mixing spent etchant with organic solvent, e.g. hydroxyoxime, to extract copper. An organic layer containing copper is mixed with aqueous sulfuric acid, which extracts the copper to form copper sulfate. However, regeneration by this method is expensive, and is limited to large manufacturing facilities.
Regeneration methods presently being used either do not address the pollution problem, relying heavily on the supplier for haulaway, or the ones that do, e.g. (3), are too expensive to be viable for a small to medium sized manufacturer.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a true regeneration of etchant.
Another object is to prevent pollution by recovering etched material.
A further object is to return regenerated etchant to the etcher sump, after removal of copper, with greatly reduced etching parameter adjustment requirements.
Yet another object is to carry out the regeneration in a safe and continuous manner.
Another object is to selectively treat the cation exchange resin for return of the etchant to the etcher sump, and for recovery of the etched material.
These objects, and other objects and advantages of the present invention, will appear more clearly from the following specification in connection with the accompanying drawing, which is a schematic example of a system employing the inventive method.
The present invention provides a method to remove a metal cation from an ammoniacal etching solution while maintaining a continuous etching process. The method involves passing the etching solution, which is overladen with metal cations, through a cation exchange unit. Subsequently, the etching solution, which is diminished in metal cation concentration, is returned to the etcher sump. The cation exchange unit is a column containing a cation exchange resin bed. The cation exchange resins are strongly acidic cation exchange resins, such as polystyrene matrix with a nuclear sulfonic acid active group, a sulfonated polystyrene cross-linked with divinyl benzene, or a phenolic matrix with a methylene sulfonic active group. Such resins are commercially available under trade names such as Amberlite IR-120 Plus (Rohm & Haas), Dowex 50 (Dow Chemical Co.,), Duolite C-20 (Diamond Shamrock Chemical Corp.), and Ionac 240 to 249 (Ionac Chemical Corp.).
By way of example, cupric ammonium complex ions Cu(NH3)4 +2 in ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride may be the active etchant, which reacts with metallic copper to yield cuprous ions, cuprous being rapidly oxidized to the cupric state by air oxidation:
Cu+Cu(NH3)4 +2 →2Cu(NH3)4 +
4Cu(NH3)2 + +8NH3 +O2 +2H2 O→4Cu(NH3)4 +2 +4OH-
Etching can be continued with formation of Cu(NH3)4 +2 oxidized by air during etching as long as the copper-holding capacity is not exceeded.
To regenerate cation exchange resin in its hydrogen form, a solution containing ammonium hydroxide and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), is added, the latter being employed as a chelating agent. Such a solution, for the purpose of this invention, will henceforth be referred to as a "selectolyte" solution. Typical, though by no means all inclusive, ranges for the constituents and parameters of the selectolyte solution are set forth in the following table:
______________________________________Selectolyte Solution moles/liter______________________________________Ammonium Hydroxide 1.0-3.0Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid 0.015-0.15(Di-Sod Salt)Water q.s. to 1 LiterpH 10.0-11.0______________________________________
The purpose of the selectolyte solution is to enhance, by as much as a multiple of 5 or more, the cation retention property of the cation exchange resin.
The selectolyte solution can also be prepared by using other compatible chelating agents, such as triethylenetetraamine, diethylenetriamine, or any other commercially available chelating agents, e.g. Versenes (Dow Chemical Co.).
A stream of the etching solution which needs to be regenerated is passed through the selectolyte-treated cation exchange resin. The ion exchange substance in contact with the stream exchanges copper ions with ammonium ions, thereby allowing the etching solution to return to the etcher sump at operating parameters, such as adjusted pH and diminished metal ion concentration. The ion exchange substance is regenerated using a solution of hydrochloric or sulfuric acid followed by a backwash cycle. The backwash and the regeneration liquor containing the metal cation are mixed, for example, in an electrowinning tank or in a metal ion replacement tank.
With the electrowinning method, the copper is present in solution as an acid salt, this solution being the electrolyte. An anode and cathode arrangement is used to plate the copper on the cathode when electric current is applied. An insoluble anode is used. The electrolyte, after being diminished in copper value, is passed to a waste treatment tank where the pH of the solution is raised to approved release levels, and the solution is discharged, for example to a sewer. With the metal ion replacement method, the metal cation is replaced from the solution to its salt by metals above it in the electrochemical series. For example, copper ions may be replaced by aluminum ions. The copper is filtered, and the resulting effluent is passed to a waste treatment tank, where the pH of the solution is raised to release levels, and the solution is discharged to a sewer. Of course, any other suitable method for recovering metal may be used.
Referring now to the drawing in detail, the etcher 1, which contains the etching solution which is to be subjected to regeneration, is of the spray or splash type etcher, or the like. The etching solution contains an active etchant and dissolved cations, which are present as a result of etching of a piece having a surface of an etchable material, e.g. a metal. The cations are complexed if the etchant is ammoniacal. The etching solution in unit 1 is continuously circulated via stream 2 through valve 3, and is returned via stream 9 to unit 1. The Baume monitor unit 10, containing a hydrometer or any other Baume reading apparatus, has the capability to read Baume and remotely actuate valve 3.
When the Baume of the etching solution has reached such upper limits that etching is greatly diminished or even stopped, i.e. the metal cation concentration in the etchant is too high, the unit 10, which continuously reads the Baume of the etching solution, opens valve 3 to stream 4, and shuts it to stream 9. The solution in stream 4 passes via valve 5 into an ion exchange unit 6, which is a cation exchange resin bed in which the metal cations are selectively retained, and which selectively releases cations derived from the selectolyte solution. The resultant stream of regenerated etchant, which is slightly lower in pH or at influent stream pH, but within etching pH parameter, is returned through valve 7 via stream 8 to unit 1. Unit 11 is a pH control unit, employing a standard pH electrode, and has the capability to continuously read pH and to allow a flow of solution via stream 12 to adjust the pH and other operating parameters, such solutions being commonly referred to by suppliers as replenisher solutions. Such replenisher solutions contain etchant and, at most, a very low metal ion concentration. Stream 8, which contains a lower concentration of the metal cations than does the stream 4, results, upon return to unit 1 and mixing with the etching solution therein, in lowering of the Baume of the etching solution.
The cation exchange unit 6, which is laden with metal cations, must now be regenerated. Deionized water, via stream 20, is passed through valve 21 into the cation exchange bed 6 to remove residual etching solution. The resultant stream, containing residual etching solution, is passed through valve 32 via stream 33 into the metal recovery unit 34. This step also prevents neutralization during the subsequent step of adding acid, as well as preventing overheating and formation of gas, precipitate, etc.
An aqueous solution of an acid, e.g. H2 SO4, HCl, or the like, is passed from unit 13 via stream 14, through valve 15, into the cation exchange unit 6. The resulting stream, containing the metal ions previously exchanged, is passed through valve 18 via stream 19 into the metal recovery unit 34. Deionized water, via stream 20, is again passed through valve 21 into the cation exchange unit 6. The resulting stream, containing traces of the acid used for metal ion removal, is passed through valve 32 via stream 33 into the metal recovery unit 34.
Unit 22 contains selectolyte solution, which, for example, comprises ammonium hydroxide and a chelating agent such as diethylenetriamine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, or triethylenetetraamine. The selectolyte solution is passed via stream 23, through valve 24, into the cation exchange unit 6. The previously regenerated cation exchange resin, in its hydrogen form, exchanges the ammonium cation. The resulting stream is passed through valve 25 via stream 26 into unit 16.
The method of the present invention allows the effluent etchant stream from the throughput of etching solution through the cation exchange unit 6 to be returned to the sump of the etcher 1, the pH now being within process (etching) parameter and the selectolyte preventing the sludging of the metal ions. At the same time, the cation exchange unit is regenerated and is ready for the next throughput of etching solution.
The solution contained in unit 34 may either be subjected to electrowinning of metallic copper, or, if hydrochloric acid is employed in the regeneration cycle of the cation exchange resin, then metallic aluminum is added to the solution contained in unit 34, whereby metal ions contained in the solution are sludged out. The pH of the solution in the metal recovery unit 34 may be monitored by a pH control unit 35. After the completion of either process, the solution now contained in unit 34, is passed through valve 36 via filter 37, through valve 38 via stream 39 to the neutralization unit 30. Stream 20, containing deionized water, is passed through valve 40 via stream 41 into unit 34 to wash and neutralize metal cation sludge. The spent selectolyte solution in unit 16 is now passed via stream 27 through valve 28 and via stream 29 into unit 30 to raise the pH. Additional neutralization may be adjusted as determined by pH monitor unit 43. The pH having reached release parameters, the solution in unit 30 is released via stream 42 to rivers, ponds, sewers, etc.
Some of the advantages of the present invention are as follows:
1. Completely independent adjustment and control of pH and Baume is possible;
2. Regeneration of etchant can be done in line and in proximity to the etcher;
3. Present dilution methods are no longer required to restore etching solution parameters within control limits;
4. The etcher user can recover copper sulfate or metallic copper on site for possible reuse or resale for potential economic advantage;
5. The quantity of replenisher solution required is significantly reduced, thereby reducing replenishing costs and storage costs by a significant percentage. The quantity actually required is due only to dragout and loss in the ion exchange bed during regeneration;
6. pH adjustment may be performed with a low-cost chemical, i.e. ammonium hydroxide or anhydrous ammonia;
7. Interdependent pH and Baume adjustment by dilution method is eliminated;
8. Operating costs are reduced, and a safe and continuous etching system can be maintained; and
9. Above all, the inventive steps allow regeneration of etchant, and metal recovery, to be carried out in a single process.
The present invention is, of course, in no way limited to the specific disclosure of the specification and drawing, but also encompasses any modifications within the scope of the appended claims.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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High tech foreign direct investment and its impact on economic development
AbstractRecent empirical studies concerning the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic development have all been taking into account FDI as a whole. However, the theoretical literature on the topic argues that more attention should be devoted to distinguishing FDI by type, and suggests that FDI with high technological content might play a peculiar role. This paper investigates the existence and the magnitude of this peculiar effect. With reference to developing countries, we find strong evidence that countries with a larger population and a larger stock of human capital, and countries that enjoy lesser uncertainty, are able to attract more FDI with a higher technological content. We also find evidence pointing towards a positive relationship between the share of technology embodied into FDI and the level of economic development in the host country.
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Bibliographic InfoPaper provided by University Library of Munich, Germany in its series MPRA Paper with number 5390.
Date of creation: Sep 2002
Date of revision: Apr 2005
Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:5390
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Postal: Schackstr. 4, D-80539 Munich, Germany
Phone: +49-(0)89-2180-2219
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Web page: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de
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Related researchKeywords: Cross-section regression; Foreign direct investment; High tech; Manufacturing; Human capital; Development;
Find related papers by JEL classification:
- O33 - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth - - Technological Change; Research and Development; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
- O14 - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology
- F21 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements
- C31 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions; Social Interaction Models
- O57 - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Comparative Studies of Countries
ReferencesReferences listed on IDEAS
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"Does foreign direct investment transfer technology across borders?,"
ULB Institutional Repository
2013/6221, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
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- Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan & Laura Alfaro & Selin Sayek & Areendam Chanda, 2002.
"FDI and Economic Growth: The Role of Local Financial Markets,"
0212007, EconWPA.
- Alfaro, Laura & Chanda, Areendam & Kalemli-Ozcan, Sebnem & Sayek, Selin, 2004. "FDI and economic growth: the role of local financial markets," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(1), pages 89-112, October.
- Romer, Paul M, 1990.
"Endogenous Technological Change,"
Journal of Political Economy,
University of Chicago Press, vol. 98(5), pages S71-102, October.
- Paul Romer, 1989. "Endogenous Technological Change," NBER Working Papers 3210, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Paul M Romer, 1999. "Endogenous Technological Change," Levine's Working Paper Archive 2135, David K. Levine.
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"Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models,"
IFS Working Papers
W95/17, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
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- Blundell, R. & Bond, S., 1995. "Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models," Economics Papers 104, Economics Group, Nuffield College, University of Oxford.
- L.R. de Mello Jr., 1996.
"Foreign Direct Investment-Led Growth: Evidence from Time Series and Panel Data,"
Studies in Economics
9615, Department of Economics, University of Kent.
- de Mello, Luiz R, Jr, 1999. "Foreign Direct Investment-Led Growth: Evidence from Time Series and Panel Data," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 51(1), pages 133-51, January.
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"Schooling Quality in a Cross-Section of Countries,"
London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 68(272), pages 465-88, November.
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- Lee, J.-W. & Barro, R.J., 1998. "Schooling Quality in a Cross Section of Countries," Papers 659, Harvard - Institute for International Development.
- Nehru, Vikram & Swanson, Eric & Dubey, Ashutosh, 1995. "A new database on human capital stock in developing and industrial countries: Sources, methodology, and results," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 46(2), pages 379-401, April.
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"How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth?1,"
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Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 115-135, June.
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Kenny Chesney – The Boys Of Fall
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|April 8, 2014, 10:32 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: January 2, 2011
Location: Utah
Posts: 882
Traits of a "sharpshooter" or "Sniper"
This might be a silly question but...
I've often heard this tossed around that it takes a very specific mindset or personality to persevere as a LEO Sharpshooter or a military Marksman/Sniper.
Typically this takes the form of a very calm and methodical approach to situations and frame of mind. Getting into the zone so to speak.
That said, for those here who may have served in these functions, would you say that this holds true? Clearly not everyone has what it takes to get into these specific fields of work, but are these kinds of things inherent to the individual, or can it, over time and intense training, be honed and taught to any person who so desires to master long distance shooting?
|April 8, 2014, 10:51 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: March 30, 2014
Posts: 179
I went through the British SAS Sniper School back in 1976. Before even being considered, you had to pre-qualify at a certain level within your own unit.
Once having accomplished that, you had to be in extremely fit condition. Once at the school, marksmanship courses were attended to verify that you were good to proceed.
Military snipers just aren't about marksmanship. It's about the ability to be able to function under the worst conditions w/o any time constraints. The mindset is established all the while you are in training. You can drop out at any given moment.
It's literally impossible to cover all the aspects of training and mindset conditioning on a forum. The school was seven weeks long and it was as tough as it gets. Graduating from sniper school was not only a full blown accomplishment for me, it was an honor and a privilege as well. The percentage of American soldiers that attend it are less than 1/3 of 1 %.
I had already graduated from Jump School and Ranger Training. I thought that I had already seen the hardest training that would come my way. Man was I in for a surprise. Later that same year, I was able to attend Belgian Commando School. That was another story in and by itself.
Needless to say, 1976 was a very challenging year for me.
Forgot to mention........No comparison between civilian (LE) sharp shooting and military applications. Whole different animal.
Last edited by 2123; April 8, 2014 at 11:03 PM.
|April 8, 2014, 11:16 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: October 14, 2012
Posts: 408
it takes a very special person to be a military sniper. cant really speak for civilian.
i went to squad designated marksman school during my time in the army and was slotted for sniper training. my unit only had two slots for sniper training and both men that were sent out ranked me.
in some ways i am glad that i never went to sniper school because it is one of the toughest schools in the us military.
that being said. anyone can be taught to be a good shooter but i believe that it takes someone special to be a (Sniper)
|April 8, 2014, 11:30 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: September 13, 2005
Posts: 3,059
I think it takes a mindset rather than specific training. Massad Ayoob said of Charlie Askins :"He was also a stone cold killer." If squeezing the trigger on a human being means no more than hitting a paper target or a tin can, if, as Carlos Hathcock said, you can "get in the bubble" and shut out everything but concentrating on the shot, then I think you can be a sniper.
|April 8, 2014, 11:46 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: March 30, 2014
Posts: 179
^^^^.........What he said. You have to remember, the whole idea of training and to graduate from that training, is about taking the shot.
In military applications, it's not about being on time, taking the shot and leaving. It's about being where you need to be way early, waiting for how ever long it might take, taking the shot and being successful, and then getting out with your life still intact.
All your training is there to support your sole mission and that mission only. Everything else is just clutter (irrelevant).
Last edited by 2123; April 8, 2014 at 11:59 PM.
|April 9, 2014, 05:24 AM
Senior Member
Join Date: March 6, 2009
Location: Middle Tennessee
Posts: 1,120
The duties of a military sniper and a civilian (LE) sniper are vastly different.
A military sniper may have to be in position for days or even weeks before he is authorized to take his shot or before he locates his target, or he may have to remain on station for an extended period of time in order to cover infantry operations, particularly in urban warfare situations (The Second Battle of Fallujah, Ramadi, and Stalingrad are some examples that come to mind). Then he has to get out without getting killed.
The LE sniper on the other hand is generally on over watch duty during a relatively short operation such as a drug raid or he is brought in to neutralize a hostage taker or an active shooter. Their mission will only last a matter of hours at most, and they will almost certainly be engaging a relatively low number of targets.
As far as taking the shot itself, the mindset required would be similar. As for the mental toughness required leading up to the shot, the military sniper would need to be far tougher. Laying in wait for days reconnoitering or engaging dozens of targets in a war zone would much more difficult, mentally and physically, than doing so for an hour or two in an American city or town.
'Merica: Back to back World War Champs
|April 9, 2014, 10:56 AM
Senior Member
Join Date: September 28, 2008
Posts: 5,035
The rumor is that to be a sniper requires remaining alert, while laying in wait, in mud, heat and rain, while getting bit all over by every available insect, peeing laying down, and wondering if another guy has you in his sights.
Lock the doors, they're coming in the windows.
|April 9, 2014, 02:52 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: September 13, 2005
Posts: 3,059
IMHO there's been too much emphasis in the sniper mystique on the "camouflage" and "hiding out" versus being a hunter or a stalker for lack of a better term. Big difference between fighting on a static front-say Stalingrad, or Vietnam-and a fluid situation-say the Normandy Breakout or the Russian Front after Stalingrad. Seems to me part of the "sharpshooter" idea is that he knows how to shoot and scoot. Just read a book about the Commandos, in the fighting in Normandy they quickly found out the Germans knew the best hiding locations and the marksmen who could get one or two effective shots and quickly vacate the area had a greater effect.
|April 9, 2014, 03:29 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: September 28, 2008
Posts: 5,035
It definitely makes sense that the laying in wait technique is only good until the first round is fired, giving away the position.
Having the next ones already in mind wouldn't hurt.
Serious business and the more one studies it, it becomes clear there's lots more about it than just the shooting.
Lock the doors, they're coming in the windows.
Last edited by g.willikers; April 9, 2014 at 03:42 PM.
|April 9, 2014, 05:14 PM
Junior member
Join Date: July 29, 2013
Location: Gardnerville, NV
Posts: 569
There are many, many tactical/strategies systems that are studied by military snipers. A police SWAT sharpshooter would certainly never have the need to use. The Aguilar system comes to mind, used extensively in Chechnya: basically it requires being highly mobile and fast (having many hides lined up) while maintaining a distance of 300-500yds from enemy troops (inside 300 you are vulnerable to SAWs and other infantry weapons, outside 500-600 there is the possibility of tank or artillery fire.). These sorts of tactics would be totally irrelevant to a LE sharpshooter, who is (more or less) never in any danger and never needs to relocate.
|April 9, 2014, 06:02 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: June 21, 2009
Location: West Central Missouri
Posts: 2,561
There is a difference between being a marksman and a sniper, at least in the military.
Inside Every Bright Idea Is The 50% Probability Of A Disaster Waiting To Happen.
|April 9, 2014, 06:34 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: March 30, 2014
Posts: 179
The term sniper is frowned upon in the LE world. It still gets tossed around though, usually by the press / media.
The appropriate term would be sharp shooter or marksman. You don't want to refer to a LE sharp shooter as a sniper to his face. You will be corrected.
|April 9, 2014, 09:28 PM
Join Date: March 11, 2006
Location: Upper US
Posts: 11,232
At one time, police "shooters" or "marksmen" were referred to as "countersnipers". Guess they didn't like that one, either....
At one time, anyone who fired from concealment was considered a "sniper". Seems like today, anyone without the training and physique to be the hero in an adventure novel cannot be one. Or at least that's the way some people talk.
The role of a sniper in a military unit has varied over the years, from as simple as being a regular soldier who was simply more skilled at shooting than average, to a highly trained individual tasked with missions of a highly specialized nature.
What are the traits of a sniper or sharpshooter? Beyond the ability to hit their target, its whatever it takes for someone else to apply that label to them, or the way they do what they do. And that varies with each person applying the label.
All else being equal (and it almost never is) bigger bullets tend to work better.
|April 9, 2014, 10:15 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: November 23, 2009
Posts: 1,798
Nonsense. The only requirements for full-fledged sniperhood are: the wearing of camouflage clothing and/or boonie hats, or a One Shot One Kill or similar slogan T-shirt, together with the possession, or desire to possess, a centerfire rifle of any type or caliber, in any configuration known to man. These requirements may also be met by verbal claims of specious credibility or by proximity to persons the sniper wannabe deems to be of a gullible nature.
|April 9, 2014, 10:48 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: March 30, 2014
Posts: 179
Yup......those "One Shot One Kill" t-shirts pretty much clear up all the confusion.
|April 9, 2014, 10:56 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: September 12, 2002
Location: Twin Cities, MN
Posts: 1,525
Kilimanjaro - well, your 'configuration' has to include a scope too...just sayin'.
|April 10, 2014, 12:01 AM
Senior Member
Join Date: September 13, 2005
Posts: 3,059
The t-shirt must also read : "If you run you'll die tired!"
Getting back to the subject, I note that Simho Haya did not use a scope and the Soviet snipers of WWII made do with their 3.5x PU scope.
|April 10, 2014, 02:33 AM
Senior Member
Join Date: September 25, 2009
Location: Nebraska
Posts: 864
I'm an LE sharpshooter in a county with a lot a rural land. There is some discussion about the term "sniper" being used for law enforcement officers that use center-fire rifles with scopes for the purpose of shooting at moderate-to-long distances. Personally, I don't get too worked up about being called a sniper, or a sharpshooter, or a marksman. I've never served in the military, but as others have alluded to, military sniper training is far more advanced than law enforcement training. So in that sense, "we are not worthy," but as 44AMP stated, "At one time, anyone who fired from concealment was considered a 'sniper'." It has happened as recently as the "D.C./Metro Snipers" a few years ago. So it's hard to fault people for referring to LE sharpshooters as snipers. Many citizens, the media, and even other law enforcement officers will refer to us "snipers." It's like people referring to "magazines" as "clips," sometimes it's not worth your effort to bother correcting them.
I would agree with what Ben Towe had to say above, although, I would add that LE applications can happen in rural areas too. A good example would be that former LAPD officer that was barricaded in that cabin last year. So the ability to approach a backwoods hideout unseen, and wait for hours upon hours reconnoitering is important. As law enforcement our goal would be to apprehend a criminal so they can stand trial, but if a person poses an imminent threat of serious bodily injury or death to us or others then we will "end the threat." This is all kind of common sense, but we would prefer to have absolute concealment, and good cover; however, because we are reactionary, getting both or either of these in a timely manner can be difficult. The average LE sharpshooter engagement distance is under 100 yards (some studies put the average distance around 55 yards), and almost all are under 150 yards. With such short distances we realistically wouldn't have to worry about making adjustments to our optics, since point of aim and point of impact would only be off a couple inches up or down at most. With that said, we train for shorter and longer distances, and to make adjustments.
Getting more to the OP's mindset question... You can probably guess or research the things law enforcement sharpshooters would have to train and be ready for, but you may not have given any thought about what happens after the shot. This really goes for any officer that kills someone in the line of duty. After a LEO takes the shot that's generally the end of the ball game, as far as action goes. Then the LEO will have to worry about things like debriefing interviews, reports, psychological issues, and (the dreaded) grand jury. Assuming the grand jury decides that you shouldn't be charged with murder, you have to continue living and working in a community where you killed someone, who most likely had family and friends in that community.
Slow is Smooth. Smooth is Fast.
Last edited by Departed402; April 10, 2014 at 04:37 AM. Reason: grammar
|April 10, 2014, 04:28 AM
Senior Member
Join Date: March 6, 2009
Location: Middle Tennessee
Posts: 1,120
'Merica: Back to back World War Champs
|April 10, 2014, 08:27 AM
Senior Member
Join Date: February 13, 2014
Location: Grapevine TX
Posts: 242
UncleBuck's answer
For the Military - marksmen are just well qualified with their weapons, and it isn't very special other than, 'okay, this guy can shoot'. Sniper on the other hand is an entire job field and training includes tactics, SERE school, very advanced shooting training, etc. There is no training at all for someone designated as a marksman, except that they may be asked to qualify on other weapons and be assigned extra duties beyond their normal duties, at least in the USAF where I was. I assume in the infantry services, it is similar in that the marksmen are the ones you upgrade to more powerful weapons.
Former SSgt USAF 136AW Carswell
|April 10, 2014, 09:08 AM
Senior Member
Join Date: June 25, 2005
Location: Marysville, WA
Posts: 658
I think the key is whether one can send the shot when the target has eyes.
Lots of people "say" they can but not everyone can view another human as if it was just a paper target.
Lot's of people have the physical and "tactical" skills, a lot less are dispassionate enough to be a "sniper". To actually watch a good part of your target's head become "maggot food".
My definition of Gun Control--- A steady grip and hitting your target.
"In God we trust, all others are suspects."
"If I shoot all the ammo I am carrying, either I won't need any more, or more won't be of any help".
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Robert W. Leeson, 75, of Agency, passed away Friday, March 21, 2014 at his home with his family at his side.
Robert was born on September 17, 1938 in St. Joseph, MO to Carl and Anna Ruth (Gill) Leeson. He was a retired Meat Cutter in St. Joseph.
He was preceded in death by his parents and a sister, Betty Mollus.
Robert married Connie Insco, she survives of the home. Additional surviving family includes his children, Debra Creal and Dennis Leeson of St. Joseph and Rob Leeson of Arizona; stepsons, Jason and Justin Insco, of Agency, MO; two brothers, Lloyd Leeson of St. Joseph and Danny Leeson of New Mexico; six grandchildren, nine great-grandchildren and numerous nieces and nephews.
Robert loved his family and his dogs and enjoyed hunting, fishing and coaching sports.
Care has been provided by Heaton-Bowman-Smith & Sidenfaden Chapel.
The family suggests memorial contributions to the American Heart Association.


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