text: United States Patent: 5512176 ( 1 of 1 ) United States Patent 5,512,176 Blair April 30, 1996 Desalination process Abstract Polyurethane polymers useful as hydrogels wherein the polyol is a specific polyol of block copolymers and a method for desalination of water. Inventors: Blair; E. Allan (Pennington, NJ) Assignee: Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (Riyadh, SA) Appl. No.: 08/262,949 Filed: June 21, 1994 Related U.S. Patent Documents Application NumberFiling DatePatent NumberIssue Date 96766Jul., 19935354835Oct., 1994 Current U.S. Class: 210/633 ; 210/500.27; 210/510.1; 210/642; 210/902; 210/924; 524/909; 528/59; 528/60; 528/66; 528/76; 528/77; 528/904 Current International Class: C08G 18/48 (20060101); C02F 1/00 (20060101); C08G 18/00 (20060101); C02F 001/58 (); B01D 039/16 (); B01D 071/54 () Field of Search: 210/500.27,510.1,642,633,902,924 524/909 528/59,60,66,76,77,904 References Cited [Referenced By] U.S. Patent Documents 3438893 April 1969 Anderson et al. 4780512 October 1988 Gould et al. 5147646 September 1992 Graham 5354835 October 1994 Blair Other References Simpso; Mastering Wordperfect 5.1 and 5.2 for Windows; Sybex, Inc.; San Francisco; 1993; p. 157.. Primary Examiner: Seidleck; James J. Assistant Examiner: Sergent; Rabon Attorney, Agent or Firm: Spatz; William J. Kirchner; Robert F. Parent Case Text This application is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 08/096,766 filed Jul. 23, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,835 granted Oct. 11, 1994. Claims What is claimed is: 1. In a method for recovering water having a lower salt content in a form of a less saline water, from a starting saline water solution the improvement comprising: immersing a hydrogel polymer shape in a saline water solution at about room temperature for a time sufficient to absorb said less saline water within said polymer, said polymer being comprised of a polyol and a polyisocyanate, said polyol is comprised of a block copolymer of A and B, wherein in said block copolymer constituent A is from about 15 to 35% by weight and B is from about 55% to 75% by weight, and wherein said polyol of A and B has an equivalent weight from about 1000 to 2000, the polyol is polyfunctional with hydroxyl functionality of two to eight and the polyisocyanate has two isocyanate groups and the hydrogel polymer in a cured condition has a tensile strength of at least 3500 psi and wherein A in said block copolymer is of poly-ethylene oxide and B is of a poly-propylene oxide, poly-butylene oxide or poly tetra methylene ether; removing said hydrogel polymer shape from said starting saline water; and recovering by heating, said less saline water by heating said hydrogel polymer to from 30.degree. C. to 80.degree. C. 2. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the polyol of A and B comprises an ethylene oxide capped polypropylene oxide polyol. 3. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the block copolymer of A and B has an equivalent weight of about 1650 and the polyol is a trifunctional polyol which has a hydroxyl functionality of three. 4. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the polyol is formed into an isocyanate terminated prepolymer by reaction with a polyisocyanate, and said prepolymer is cured to form a hydrogel polymer shape. 5. The method as defined in claim 4 wherein said polyol is chain extended by a chain extender of a molecular weight below about 200. 6. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein in said block copolymer A is of a poly-ethylene oxide and B is of a polypropylene oxide. 7. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein said hydrogel polymer shape is a continuous belt. 8. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein said saline solution is sea water and said hydrogel polymer is formed from an isocyanate terminated prepolymer. 9. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the polyol comprises a block copolymer of poly-ethylene oxide as A and poly-propylene oxide as B and in said copolymer A is about 30% by weight and B is about 60% by weight. 10. The method as defined in claim 9 wherein said polyol comprises blocks of hydrophobic components. 11. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein room temperature is about 20.degree. C. to 25.degree. C. Description SPECIFICATION This invention relates to desalination of water, more particularly this invention relates to desalination of non-potable water to make it useful for human consumption, such as for potable use or agricultural use. Thus, the present invention concerns desalination of water by absorption of less saline or fresh water in a polymeric absorbent, followed by releasing the water by heating the absorbent. In accordance with this invention case, the water dissolves in and swells the polymer. At the higher temperature, the polymer shrinks and expels the water. Still further, this process relates to a method for desalination of water by means of specifically tailored polymers. The novel method has outstanding advantages in that the novel use of the polyurethane polymers, consisting of specific block copolymers, i.e., polymer precursors provide, in the final polymer and the disclosed method, excellent water pick-up of up to several times the weight in water, salt expelling ability, outstandingly desirable .increment.T.degree. for the absorption-desorbtion operating conditions, hydration capacity of polymer and other and further advantages as these shall appear from the discussion herein. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In arid continental regions of the world proximate to water sources such as salt water or on an island having deficient water supplies, e.g., Bermuda, a ready source of water would be sea water or brackish well water were it not for the high cost of obtaining salt-free water from these sources. A great effort has been expended to develop various processes for this purpose, e.g., evaporation, amine solvent extraction, reverse osmosis, etc. In fact, in the United States the Office of Saline Water was established within the Department of Interior to investigate and find new methods for water recovery. In other countries where obtaining water is of national concern, similar governmental institutions exist. Consequently as a result of these efforts and activity, a number of publications and patents have come into existence. The literature collection concerning water recovery is fairly large. This literature relates to various desalination methods and practices and illustrates schematically a number of processes. However, for purposes of background understanding, the present invention relates to a method pertaining to the use of heretofore unknown family of hydrogels for absorbing water from sea water, brackish water or brackish well water and the like (collectively "saline water"), the removal of the hydrogels from the saline water and the expelling from the hydrogels of water of substantially reduced salinity and recovery methods associated therewith. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention and discovery has been made possible by the surprising and heretofore unknown behavior of a family of polyurethane polymers based on precursors such as obtained from specific block copolymers and prepolymers thereof which exhibit a behavior that makes these polymers especially attractive as hydrogels for removal of water. The improved quality of this family of hydrogels makes it especially attractive in that the difference in temperature between a regime of reasonable absorption or pick-up of water from the saline water and expulsion or desorption is very small, i.e., the rate of desorption over the temperature difference is great and the amount of absorbed and expelled or desorbed water within this range of temperature is large. Stated otherwise, water from the discovered family of hydrogels may be absorbed at low ambient temperature and expelled only on slight heating at slightly higher temperatures from the hydrogel despite the fact that a fairly large amount of water (relative to prior art hydrogels) is thus expelled. Accordingly, when such slight temperature changes at a relatively low local ambient temperatures is used, the desalination cycle is achieved at relatively high efficiency (when measured against prior art) and the .increment.T.degree. is said to be very favorable. The inquiry is then concerning how efficient is the low temperature absorption-desorption cycle and such efficiency is typically measured by salt rejection, i.e., how salt free is the obtained water. The actual salt rejection herein approached levels as high as 70% on a first pass, which is a significant level in the use of hydrogels over the indicated temperature range and at a favorable rate, i.e., as a function of temperature v. amount of water v. time. However, higher salt rejection regimes may be obtained based on the described regime of polyols suitable for desalination. Further, it has been found that the constituent amounts for the copolymers, in the hydrogel, could be related to properties such as absorption-desorption temperature, salt rejection and expelled water content. The water pick-up and absorption and/or desorption depends, therefore, on the proper selection of component parts of the block copolymer precursors and their proper incorporation in the prepolymer or the polyurethane polymer. Specifically the invention relates to precursor block copolymers of ##STR1## wherein in the block copolymer x denotes about 20%-30% by weight of A, and y denotes about 70%-60% by weight of B and the balance is TDI (toluene diisocyanate) and/or a cross-linking agent chain extender or other isocyanates such as MDI, i.e., 4,4-diphenyl methane diisocynate. The distinction between the prior art and the herein disclosed invention resides in the "block" copolymer nature of a polyol made from A and B and prepolymers of these. For the intended purpose, copolymers of this type do not behave in the similar fashion to random copolymers. In fact, even among block copolymers the properties for the intended purpose are not predictable. Hence, the results are surprising, distinct and outstanding. Moreover, because the polyurethane polymers may be fashioned in suitable shapes, e.g., skeins, textiles, films, reinforced films, belts, such as conveyor type belts with adequate reinforcing etc., these shapes may be utilized to develop suitable recovery methods of the continuous type because the strength of the polymer allows festooning, e.g., a belt may be festooned in pick-up-absorption zone and/or desorption-expulsion zone. RELEVANT PRIOR ART There are several expired patent which related to the technology this invention addresses. Inventor Block of Universal Oil Products, (UOP), was granted U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,234,125 and 3,234,126 in 1966 for desalination by absorption/desorption using polyvinyl alcohol acetate and ethoxylated cellulose. Jones and Anderson of Dow Chemical Company were granted U.S. Pat. No. 3,438,893 in 1969 on a similar process using cross linked polyurethane polymers. The United States Office of Saline Water evaluated that technology in the early 1979's, in a contract with Chemico Process Plants Company. Chemico Process Plants Company reported that the economics were not favorable in NITI's Report PB-236 934 and expressed a number of negative opinions. The polymers in the Chemico Process Plants Company work had very poor physical properties, and the economics which were used for desalination by a return-of-investment analysis were unrealistic since these economics were based on unrealistic membrane economics. Hass of Polaroid received U.S. Pat. No. 3,451,926 in 1967 for a similar concept using as the polymeric absorbent N-vinyl-2-ethyl imidazole, cross linked with a-a' dibromo-p-xylene. Segal and Schorr of American Metal Climax received U.S. Pat. No. 3,441,501 in 1969 on another solid absorbent process using phosphorus containing polyolefins. Lazare, of Puraq Company received U.S. Pat. No. 3,386,913 in 1968 on a similar process using a liquid-liquid extraction concept based on cellulose ethers. In 1973, Glavis and Clemens of Roban and Haas were granted U.S. Pat. No. 3,743,898 on a solid absorbent process using acrylate-acrylic acid copolymers. None of these patents has disclosed the herein circumscribed class of polyol compounds and the polymers, and all have expired. Still further, none of the patents has related the variables which affect the viability of the process as discussed herein. With respect to various polyols, a number of non applicable polyols are disclosed in the following patents. U.S. Pat. No. 3,745,684 discloses block copolymers but does not relate any properties of these polyols to the desalination of water such as sea water or to polymers made from the polyols useful for that purpose. U.S. Pat. No. 4,010,146 illustrates a blend of polyols of a copolymer of ethylene oxide and 12-propylene oxide and of poly(tetramethylene ether)glycol. The resulting polyol is reacted with a chain extended organic diisocyanate, e.g., MDI. The polymers are suitable for forming thermoplastic materials. A similar disclosure is, found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,124,572, granted November 7, 1978. This reference also discloses the preparation of block copolymers. U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,686 granted Feb. 1, 1983 teaches amines as chain extenders for a diisocyanate and a block copolymer as a polyol, but an opposite use of these polyols is suggested, i.e., reduced water absorbance. Finally, U.S. Reissue Pat. No. 31,67 1 reissued on Sep. 11, 1984 teaches injection molded parts made from block copolymers used in conjunction with chain extenders. The polymers obtained from these polyols and chain extenders are thermoplastic and are primarily used as injection molded polymers. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND EMBODIMENTS THEREOF In accordance with the invention concerning block copolymers and the discovery concerning the use of the polymers made from the block copolymers, the present block copolymers exhibit a unique relationship - in distinction from the conventional copolymers and undifferentiated block copolymers which had been used for different purposes. Conventional copolymers are random copolymers or variations of the random copolymers with different terminal ends thereof. Block copolymers are represented by blocks of A properly sequenced with blocks of B, e.g., a typical block copolymer may be represented by OH-AAA-B-AAA-H). A block polymer is defined as a copolymer in which each monomer is present in the form of chains made from the monomer of indeterminate length but which are deferred by the overall molecular weight or equivalent weight. These block copolymers may be of various chain length, but chain length of predetermined uniform size is preferred and are generally identified by the molecular weight or equivalent weight. Typical median, desirable weight ratio of A to B, in the present invention, is about 30% of A to 60% of B, balance an isocyanate plus an optional chain extender such as water, ethylene glycol, MOCA (methylene (bis ortho chloro aniline), 1,4 butane diol, 1,6 hexane diol, trimethylol propane and the the like. The polyols are prepared by polyethoxylation of a starting hydrophobic polyol. The hydrophobic polyols are the blocks other than ethylene oxide listed are either propylene oxide, butylene oxide, or polytetramethylene ether, having a molecular weight of 1000 to 20000 daltons, an ethylene oxide content of 20% to 80%, and a functionality of two to eight. The chemistry of this process is given in the Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, Volume 2, p 508-509. The useful range of the block copolymers is about from 15% to 35% ethylene oxide (EO) and about 75% to 55% propylene oxide (PO) by weight, balance for the polymer is toluene diisocyanate (TDI) or like isocyanate with or without an extender. However, the block copolymers where 30% is EO and 60% by weight are PO appear to be best suited from the discoveries made so far. Besides the toluene diisocyanates suitable diisocyanates are methylene diphenyiisocyanate (MDI) aliphatic diisocyanates of 4 to 10 carbon atoms, e.g., such as a six carbon atom diisocyanate and derivatives and mixtures of the foregoing. The above combination of polyurethane polymers and their properties are .surprising in their precursors behavior in distinction from the known prior art as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,438,893 (the "'893 patent") which disclose random copolymers of A and B and which used these polymers for the same purpose. The '893 patent does not show the advantages as discovered herein. This surprising distinction has been achieved despite the erroneously suggested applicability of the parameters, e.g., carbon-oxygen ratios, such as established by the prior art '893 patent. The surprising distinctions are based on the nature of the herein disclosed hydrogel polymer family defined by their precursor type and content and further characterized by the behavior of the polymer for the intended purpose. In accordance with this invention the block copolymer precursors and the final hydrogel polymers having the above characteristics equilibrate rapidly and selectively with saline water at about room temperature and release purer water when heated to 30.degree. C.-80.degree. C. conditions particularly desirable for practical operation of a desalination process in arid regions where solar energy may furnish some of the power for desorption at the higher temperature. Furthermore, these polymers are easily prepared from readily available starting materials, i.e., block copolymers, isocyanates, prepolymers etc. as will be further described herein. As used herein for demonstrating some of the advantages the terms "amount of water" absorbed, "liquid rejection" and "salt rejection" are defined as follows: ##EQU1## where W.sub.D =Weight of dry, unswollen resin at temperature T.sub.1; W.sub.S =Weight of water-swollen resin at temperature T.sub.1; W.sub.R =Weight of recovered resin after desorption at T.sub.2; C.sub.O =Initial salt concentration of solution; and C.sub.R =Salt concentration in recovered water. These properties are readily determined by simple techniques. To reflect practical operating conditions, these properties are determined using a standard 3.5% NaCl (by weight) aqueous NaCl solution with initial absorption at room temperature of about 20.degree. C.-25.degree. C. and desorption at 35.degree. C.-85.degree. C. The physical polyurethane properties are determined in accordance with ASTM methods. In contrast with the thermally reversible solvent extraction process wherein offensive amine solvents are particularly effective, oxygen-containing polymers are clearly preferred as selective, non-offensive, water absorbing, insoluble polymers. Although the detailed mechanism for the selective water absorption for these hydrophilic polymers is not known, reversible solvation involving hydrogen bonding, perhaps in a steric configuration, with the oxygen atoms is undoubtedly a factor. The Polyols In order to describe the metes and bounds of the invention, as based on the experiments, the following discussion of the polyol polymers should be helpful. A preferred polyol is a trifunctional polyol of about 1000 equivalent weight, and above, of polypropylene-oxide polyether resin (such as used for polyurethane foams), e.g., available from Union Carbide, Danbury, Connecticut, as for example as Niax LG-56 polyol, i.e., urethane based polyols capped with ethylene oxide. By changing the molecular weight, i.e., equivalent weight of the starting polyol or the percentage of the ethylene oxide in the block copolymer of this polyol, or by incorporating or adding a hydrophobic segment to the polyol, the following variables may be controlled: water pick-up, temperature at which water is absorbed and temperature at which water is desorbed, physical properties of the ultimate polyurethane polymer, and the abruptness of water release, i.e., desorption at a desirable temperature or .increment.T.degree. C. Based on the above, the desired polyol copolymer is a trifunctional block copolymer of approximately up to 40% ethylene oxide content by weight, an equivalent weight of about 1650 and an abrupt water release at approximately about 34.degree. C. for the polyurethane polymer. The polyol should have good purity, i.e., low water content and a narrow, consistent distribution of polyol species in the polyol copolymer. By the hydrophobic segment in the polyol it is intended to mean a segment derived from propylene oxide, butylene oxide or polytetramethylene ether. In addition to the copolymer, other polymer chain extenders are used such as listed above. These extenders should have a molecular weight below about 200. In view of the above, the following regime will provide acceptable polyols within the purview of the invention: equivalent weight from 1000 up to 2000, desirably from about 1400 to about 1800, preferably about 1650.+-.100, trifunctionality derived from the constituent block polymer components of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide and trimethylol propane and an abrupt pick-up .ltoreq.34.degree. C. and release at .gtoreq.34.degree. C. with the abruptness desirably over a range of about 50.degree. C. as .increment.T.degree. C at about the 34.degree. C. median point. Moreover, for screening desirable copolymers the copolymer cloud point may be related to the water pick-up, i.e., absorption limit phenomenon, whereby a hydrogel swells and absorbs large quantities of water at a certain temperature at which the polyol becomes "cloudy" i.e., insoluble in the solvent, and upon heating desorbs a substantial, if not most of the water. Such absorption-desorption is initially related to the cloud point of water soluble high molecular weight polyol and like compounds; below its cloud point, the material is water soluble, and above it, the material is water insoluble. However, a cloud point determination is a necessary but not a sufficient condition to predict applicability. A cross-linked polymer such as TDI cross-linked polyol cannot dissolve, but it does swell. If a swollen, cross-linked prepolymer changes from soluble to insoluble form, it will expel the solvent. This is what also happens when the water swollen hydrogel polymer is heated. The functional group in the polyol which is associated with the cloud point phenomenon is the ether group. A cloud point in water solutions is seen in poly (methyl vinyl ether), and the entire family of ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymer surfactants, as well as polyethylene oxide. The cloud point temperature depends on the ratio of carbon to oxygen. The higher the carbon to oxygen ratio, the lower is the cloud point temperature. Thus, polyethylene oxide, with an C:O ratio of 2:1, has a cloud point of 98.degree. C., and poly (methyl vinyl ether), with an C:O ratio of 3:1, has a cloud point of 32.degree. C. at 3% concentration or solution. Cloud points herein have been established for 50% solution of the polyols under investigation. Certain copolymers, with C:O ratios between those two extremes, have cloud points between these. There also seem to be steric considerations, since polypropylene oxide, which also has a C:O ratio of 3:1 has a cloud point around zero degrees centigrade. Since the polymer swells and shrinks as it absorbs and desorbs water, it can generate a force, i.e., energy, which can be used to move the polymer or to pump water. Solar heating will produce a sufficiently elevated temperature to desorb water, therefore this additional energy if coupled to solar energy as a solar energy supplement can be used as solar energy driven water pump and desalinator. The Prepolymer The above polyol is typically reacted with, e.g., TDI or MDI as it is well known in the art. The amount of the readily available TDI may range in the prepolymer from about 8% to 15% by weight but may be as high as 30%. A convenient amount is 10% in a polyol of 30% EO and 60% PO, but within the regime as further circumscribed below, the diisocyanate may vary depending on the chain extenders used or the physical properties desired with higher, e.g., TDI amounts providing for additional coupling. In general, increasing the amount of isocyanate increases the strength and hardness of the polymer, but decreases the water pickup at any given temperature. A convenient amount added is a slight excess of two equivalents of TDI per equivalent of precursors thus yielding an isocyanate terminated precursor. The prepolymer is then caused to react, e.g., such as by casting into a film and allowed to, react with moisture, i.e., water as it is well known in the art. Experimental Data In order to establish an appropriate regime for the desired family of polyols within the above described parameters a number of polyols were investigated. TABLE 1 __________________________________________________________________________ PROPERTIES OF PRECURSORS USED IN SYNTHESIS CLOUD POINT DEGREES .degree.C. AT Concentration FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENT PRECURSOR 1% 10% GROUP/MOL WEIGHT % EO __________________________________________________________________________ 1. BLOCK COPOLYMERS SURFACTANTS PLURONIC L-61 1) 24 17 2 1000 10 PLURONIC L-92 26 23 2 1825 20 PLURONIC 25R-2 29 28 2 1550 20 PLURONIC 31R-1 2) 24 18 2 1625 10 TETRONIC 90R4 43 24 4 1810 40 TETRONIC 150R1 20 13 4 2000 10 POLYOLS FOR POLYURETHANE FORMS VORANOL 232-023 3) 19 13 3 2000 18 VORANOL 232-034 21 15 3 1647 18 VORANOL 235-056 30 19 3 1000 18 NIAX-POLYOL 11-27 4) 16 11 3 2074 18 NIAX-POLYOL 11-34 18 13 3 1647 18 DOW 15-200 3) 68 3 875 PPG 2025 ?) <0 2 1000 0 2. FUNCTIONAL FLUIDS (RANDOM COPOLYMERS) UCON 50-H-1500 67 65 2 1400 50 UCON 68-H-1400 99 86 2 1250 32 UCON E648 18 13 2 1167 19 __________________________________________________________________________ 1) and 2) available from BASF corporation of Morristown, NJ. 3) available from Dow Chemical Corporation of Midland, Michigan. 4) available from Union Carbide, Danbury CT. Prepolymer Synthesis The prepolymers are synthesized by reacting one equivalent of, e.g., the Pluronic surfactant with 2.2 equivalents of toluene diisocyanate. No allowance was made for the presence of water in the surfactants. Some of the prepolymers had poor properties, such as gelling, and instability, attributable to, e.g., water content in the polyol. Thus, the poor properties of some of these prepolymers are explained by the presence of water, possible errors in molecular weight, and/or presence of impurities. Returning to the polyols described above and specifically the surfactants as starting materials, the group of ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymer surfactants were investigated. These are sold by the BASF Corporation such as under the names PLURONIC or TETRONIC. These surfactants were investigated to establish a proper comparison for the invention herein. These materials are hydroxyl terminated polyfunctional compounds which have known cloud points and a defined chemical compositions as shown above. Polymers can be made from these materials. These polymers have absorption-desorption temperatures and water pickup content in the desirable range. However, most of the surfactant derived polymers did not possess adequate physical properties. These polymers had very low tensile strength, and broke up on repeated water absorption cycling. Polyurethane films prepared in this manner normally are strong rubbery materials and have a tensile strength greater than about 7500 psi. According to ASTM method D 412, most of the polymers prepared from Pluronic and Tetronic surfactants had tensile strengths below 1000 psi and were gummy rather than rubbery. A tensile strength of 3500 psi has been established as a threshold requirement, anything greater is a bonus. Prepolymer formation was carried out by mixing appropriate amounts of the precursor and TDI at room temperature, and allowing the mixture to stand and react for a minimum of sixteen (16) hours. The equivalent weight of TDI is 89. The equivalent weights of the precursors were calculated from the molecular weights and functionality reported by the manufacturer. These equivalent weights were in the range of 1,000 to 2,000. The equivalent weights were also analyzed by the hydroxyl number method. The weight ratio of TDI to surfactant was generally in the range of 5 to 15 parts of TDI to 100 parts of surfactant. The prepolymer is a viscous liquid which develops a skin on the surface when exposed to air. The material increases in viscosity and eventually gels over a period of several weeks. Unless the prepolymer batches had the undesirable constituents or undesirable characteristics, these were then evaluated. Several prepolymers were unsuitable for casting due to premature gelling. Water consumes isocyanate, and thereby upsets the stoichiometry. If the molecular weight is improper, the stoichiometry is also improper, and the polymer will have poor physical properties or the prepolymer will have excessive viscosity. Several of these prepolymers gelled within a few hours because of water in samples. The satisfactory prepolymers were cast with a Gardner knife as 1 mm thick films, and were allowed to polymerize by reaction with atmospheric moisture. Polymerization, which is also called curing, occurs from 24 to 72 hours, depending on the relative humidity. The desirable, cured films are to be strong, rubbery materials. Water Pick-Up Experiments The following describes the experiments for determining the water pick-up of synthesized polymers. In all cases, the water pick-up is expressed in grams of water per gram of polymer. The information presented in the following sections allows one to predict the amount of water transferred in any given temperature cycle. All prepolymers were synthesized by reacting the precursors with TDI, as described above. The prepolymers were cast into films and allowed to cure. The polymer films, all weighing between 0.5 to 1.0 grams, were immersed in either fresh or salt water, and allowed to reach equilibrium at specific, reported temperature. The hydrated samples were then weighed to yield the water pick-up. TABLE II ______________________________________ FRESH AND SALT WATER PICK-UP OF TDI POLYMERS AT 1 C (grams water per gram Polymer) PREPOLYMER POLYOLS FRESH SALT* ______________________________________ PLURONIC L92 11.74 1.57 PLURONIC 25R2 1.38 1.1 PLURONIC 25R4 6.63 5.69 ______________________________________ TABLE III ______________________________________ FRESH AND SALT WATER PICK-UP OF TDI POLYMERS AT 5 C (grams water per gram polymer) PREPOLYMER POLYOLS FRESH SALT* ______________________________________ PLURONIC L92 1.11 0.58 PLURONIC 25R2 0.85 1.21 PLURONIC 25R4 6.33 5.25 ______________________________________ TABLE IV ______________________________________ FRESH AND SALT WATER PICK-UP OF TDI POLYMERS AT 23.5 C (grams water per gram polymer) PREPOLYMER POLYOLS FRESH SALT* ______________________________________ PLURONIC 25R2 0.67 0.55 PLURONIC 25R4 2.07 1.64 ______________________________________ *NaCl solutions of 3.5 grams salt per 100 grams of water. The low tensile strength of the polymers is due to the impurity of the Pluronic and Tetronic surfactants. Chemical analysis indicated that these surfactants contain varying amounts of water and other volatile materials as well as mono functional compounds. The above experiments show that not all block copolymers work and that a specific family of ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymers must be utilized of a high degree of purity and consistency. Two other families of ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymers which are commercially available with purities suitable for preparation of polyurethane polymers were then investigated. One of the materials is ethylene oxide capped polypropylene oxide polyols which are used in manufacture of "HR" polyurethane foams and identified as Voranol 232-023,232-034, and 232-056, and Niax Polyol 11-27 and 11-34. The other is known as Ucon functional fluids of the H series (identified above). The capped polyols are block copolymers which are trifunctional and contain less than 20% ethylene oxide. The Ucon fluids are difunctional random copolymers, generally containing over 50% ethylene oxide. Urethane polyols The ethylene oxide capped polyurethane polyols which were investigated were DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY's VORANOL 232-034, VORANOL 232-023, VORANOL 235-056, and Voranol 15-200, and UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION's NIAX POLYOL 11-34 and NIAX POLYOL 11-27. The designation "urethane polyols" refers to their use rather than their composition. The polyurethane polymers which were prepared in accordance with the above procedure were made with TDI from these precursors. These polyurethane polymers had very abrupt change of water absorbtion-desorbtion with respect to temperature. However, these polymers picked up and released water at an inconveniently low temperature and while useful in lower temperature arid regions of the world are not yet utilizable in the majority of arid regions of the world. Most of the data herein were obtained with Voranol 232-034, which contains between 15% and 19% ethylene oxide. It has an equivalent weight of 1633, and its cloud point is 6.degree. C. at 50% water. TABLES V, VI and VII presents the water adsorption data for the identified urethane polyols at the above illustrated temperatures. TABLE V ______________________________________ FRESH AND SALT WATER PICK-UP OF POLYMERS AT 1.degree. C. (grams water per gram polymer) POLYMER BASED ON POLYOL PRECURSORS OF: FRESH SALT* ______________________________________ VORANOL 232-023 5.58 5.02 VORANOL 232-034 3.6 1.67 NIAX 11-27 5.61 3.99 NIAX 11/34 3.6 2.24 VORANOL 15-200 4.47 3.99 ______________________________________ TABLE VI ______________________________________ FRESH AND SALT WATER PICK-UP OF POLYMERS AT 5.degree. C. (grams water per gram polymer) POLYMER BASED ON POLYOL PRECURSORS OF: FRESH SALT* ______________________________________ VORANOL 232-023 5.45 4.29 VORANOL 232-034 3.39 0.78 NIAX 11-27 5.46 2.37 NIAX 11/34 3.51 1.64 VORANOL 15-200 4.75 3.81 ______________________________________ TABLE VII ______________________________________ FRESH AND SALT WATER PICK-UP OF POLYMERS AT 23.5.degree. C. (grams water per gram polymer) POLYMER BASED ON POLYOL PRECURSORS OF: FRESH SALT* ______________________________________ VORANOL 232-023 0.337 0.443 VORANOL 232-034 0.4 0.397 NIAX 11-27 0.28 0.276 NIAX 11/34 0.312 0.427 VORANOL 15-200 2.75 2.26 ______________________________________ *NaCl at 3.5% per 100 grams of water. At any given time temperature, the pick-up of salt water (3.5% NaCl) is less than the pick-up of fresh water. The results of these experiments indicated that the prepared polymer will pick up and release 2.84 grams water per gram polymer in a cycle from 0.degree. C. in salt water to 10.degree. C. in fresh water. This is a very encouraging water pick-up ratio, but the salt rejection was not satisfactory. However, it illustrates again the unpredictability of the acceptable polyols because polymers with good water pick up and also good salt rejection are needed. COMPARISON WITH RANDOM ETHYLENE OXIDE-PROPYLENE OXIDE COPOLYMERS (FUNCTIONAL FLUIDS) Because of the inconvenience of working at refrigeration temperatures to obtain water recovery as indicated above, Union Carbide Corporation's Ucon polyol fluids were compared. These polyols have much higher cloud points. Ucon 68H is a random copolymer of 68% ethylene oxide and 32% propylene oxide, with an equivalent weight of 1250. The polyol has a cloud point of 93.degree. C. at 50% concentration in water. A prepolymer of 15 g TDI to 100 g Ucon 68-H was prepared, which gave films of water pick up 4.34 g/g fresh water at 20.degree. C. As the temperature is raised, the polymer slowly loses water, only reaching 1.63 g/g at 65.degree. C. This is different from the data obtained with the Voranol based polymer. The Voranol based polymers showed a very abrupt water content change at a temperature close to the cloud point. The Ucon 68-H polymers show a gradual change in water content at a temperature much below the cloud point. These two polymers have substantially similar TDI/polyol ratios. Again the data indicate the unpredictability of the water pick-up as coupled to the .increment.T.degree. concerning the desired water release. Tables VIII, IX and X presents the water pick-up data for the identified functional fluids at the above discussed temperatures. TABLE VIII ______________________________________ WATER PICK-UP OF POLYMERS AT 1.degree. C. (grams water per gram polymer) POLYMER BASED ON POLYOL PRECURSORS OF: FRESH SALT* ______________________________________ UCON 50H-1500 12.25 11.09 UCON 68H-1400 4.96 4.61 ______________________________________ TABLE IX ______________________________________ WATER PICK-UP OF POLYMERS AT 1.degree. C. (grams water per gram Polymer) POLYMER BASED ON POLYOL PRECURSORS OF: FRESH SALT* ______________________________________ UCON 50H-1500 9.63 9.46 UCON 68H-1400 4.92 4.65 ______________________________________ TABLE X ______________________________________ WATER PICK-UP OF POLYMERS AT 23.5.degree. C. (grams water Per gram polymer) POLYMER BASED ON POLYOL PRECURSORS OF: FRESH SALT* ______________________________________ UCON 50H-1500 6.99 4.42 UCON 68H-1400 3.67 3.16 ______________________________________ There are several known differences between Voranol 232-034 and Ucon 68-H. First of all, the ethylene oxide contents are different. Voranol 232-034 has an ethylene oxide content of 15%-19%, while Ucon 68-H has an ethylene oxide content of 68%. Second, Voranol 232-034 is trifunctional while Ucon 68-H is difunctional. The trifuctionality of Voranol is from derived glycerol and polyol reaction. As a result, the Voranol polymer is cross-linked by primary valence bonds, while the Ucon polymer is cross linked only by secondary valence bonds. Third, Voranol 232-934 is a block copolymer, while Ucon 68-H is a random copolymer. Both of these materials show a cloud point which appears to be proportional to the ethylene oxide content. However, molecular weight distribution may be different for each. WATER PICK-UP SUMMARY The water pick-up data presented are summarized in Table XI, below. TABLE XI ______________________________________ WATER PICK-UP OF SELECTED POLYMERS vs. TEMPERATURE POLYMER BASED ON DEGREES.degree. C. PREPOLYMER OF: 1.degree. 5.degree. 23.5.degree. ______________________________________ PLURONIC L92 FRESH 1.74 1.11 SALT 1.54 0.58 PLURONIC 25R2 FRESH 1.38 0.85 0.67 SALT 1.10 1.21 0.55 PLURONIC 25R4 FRESH 6.63 6.33 2.07 SALT 5.69 5.25 1.64 VORANOL 232-023 FRESH 5.58 5.45 0.33 SALT 5.02 4.29 7 0.44 VORANOL 232-034 FRESH 3.6 3.39 0.40 SALT 1.67 0.78 0.40 DOW 15-200 FRESH 4.47 4.75 2.75 SALT 3.99 3.81 2.26 NIAX 11-27 FRESH 5.61 5.46 0.28 SALT 3.99 2.37 0.27 6 NIAX 11-34 FRESH 3.60 3.51 0.31 SALT 2.24 1.64 0.43 UCON 50H-1500 FRESH 12.25 9.63 6.99 SALT 11.09 9.46 4.42 UCON 68H-1400 FRESH 4.96 4.92 3.67 SALT 4.61 4.65 3.16 ______________________________________ SALT REJECTION The salt rejection of these polymers was measured by determining the electrical conductivity of the water solution absorbed by the polymer and the conductivity of the water that is released when the polymer is heated. In order to measure the salt rejection, a weighed sample of the polymer was allowed to absorb salt water a low temperature. The sample was reweighed to determine the amount of water pick-up. The sample is then placed in a measured amount of water which is heated to the release temperature, and allowed to come to equilibrium. The sample is then reweighed, which gives the amount of water released. The electrical conductivity of the water into which the sample was released is then measured. Given the electrical conductivity, salt concentration and thereby the weight of water recovered is determined. This allows one to calculate the salt absorbed with the water, and thereby the salt rejection. The electrical conductivity of salt water is essentially linear over the range of 10.sup.-2 to 10 percent, therefore this method is quite accurate. Tables XII through XXIII show the water content versus temperature and salt rejections of various polymers. The first column in each one of the following tables represents the temperature of the measurement. The second column, represents the water pick-up of the hydrated sample in grams of water per gram of polymer. This column is divided into both Salt and Fresh Water. The third column, labeled SALT WEIGHT, ABSORBED, is the water pick-up in grams of water per gram of polymer of the sample hydrated in salt water (3.5% NaCl by weight). The fourth column, labeled SALT WEIGHT RECOVERED, is the theoretical weight of salt absorbed, calculated from the salt water pick-up and salt concentration. The fifth column, labeled SALT REJECTED is the weight of recovered salt, measured by the electrical conductivity of the recovered water, and the last column, labeled REJECTED SALT % is the percentage of salt rejection, calculated from theoretical amounts of salt absorbed versus salt recovered. TABLE XII __________________________________________________________________________ SALT REJECTION VORANOL 15-200 POLYMER, 1.57 g INITIAL WEIGHT Gr WATER PER Gr POLYMER SALT WT. SALT WT. SALT TEMP .degree.C. FRESH SALT ABSORBED RECOVERED REJECTED __________________________________________________________________________ 20.degree. 5.89 3.55 0.07 65.degree. 1.91 1.89 0.1 -- __________________________________________________________________________ TABLE XIII __________________________________________________________________________ SALT REJECTION VORANOL 232-023 POLYMER, 0.86 g INITIAL WEIGHT Gr WATER PER Gr POLYMER SALT WT. SALT WT. SALT TEMP .degree.C. FRESH SALT ABSORBED RECOVERED REJECTED __________________________________________________________________________ 5.degree. 5.45 4.29 0.15 21.degree. 0.337 0.443 0.077 49% __________________________________________________________________________ TABLE XIV __________________________________________________________________________ SALT REJECTION NIAX 11-34 POLYMER, 0.96 g INITIAL WEIGHT Gr WATER PER Gr POLYMER SALT WT. SALT WT. SALT TEMP .degree.C. FRESH SALT ABSORBED RECOVERED REJECTED __________________________________________________________________________ 1.degree. 3.6 2.24 0.0784 21.degree. 0.312 0.427 0.054 31% __________________________________________________________________________ TABLE XV __________________________________________________________________________ SALT REJECTION NIAX 11-27 POLYMER, 0.70 g INITIAL WEIGHT Gr WATER PER Gr POLYMER SALT WT. SALT WT. SALT TEMP .degree.C. FRESH SALT ABSORBED RECOVERED REJECTED __________________________________________________________________________ 5.degree. 5.46 2.37 0.0829 21.degree. 0.28 0.276 0.026 69% __________________________________________________________________________ TABLE XVI __________________________________________________________________________ SALT REJECTION VORANOL 232-034 POLYMER, 0.63 g INITIAL WEIGHT Gr WATER PER Gr POLYMER SALT WT. SALT WT. SALT TEMP .degree.C. FRESH SALT ABSORBED RECOVERED REJECTED __________________________________________________________________________ 1.degree. 3.6 2.24 0.0784 21.degree. 0.4 0.397 0.025 68% __________________________________________________________________________ TABLE XVII __________________________________________________________________________ SALT REJECTION UCON 68H-1400/PPG2025 POLYMER, 2.0 g INITIAL WEIGHT Gr WATER PER Gr POLYMER SALT WT. SALT WT. SALT TEMP .degree.C. FRESH SALT ABSORBED RECOVERED REJECTED __________________________________________________________________________ 20.degree. 4.52 0.09 65.degree. 2.57 0.07 22% __________________________________________________________________________ TABLE XVIII __________________________________________________________________________ SALT REJECTION VORANOL 15-200B POLYMER, 1.44 g INITIAL WEIGHT Gr WATER PER Gr POLYMER SALT WT. SALT WT. SALT TEMP .degree.C. FRESH SALT ABSORBED RECOVERED REJECTED __________________________________________________________________________ 20.degree. 4.23 3.96 0.09 65.degree. 1.68 1.71 0.06 33% __________________________________________________________________________ TABLE XIX __________________________________________________________________________ SALT REJECTION VORANOL 15-200 POLYMER, 1.59 g INITIAL WEIGHT Gr WATER PER Gr POLYMER SALT WT. SALT WT. SALT TEMP .degree.C. FRESH SALT ABSORBED RECOVERED REJECTED __________________________________________________________________________ 20.degree. 4.18 4.1 0.09 65.degree. 1.99 1.99 0.06 33% __________________________________________________________________________ TABLE XX __________________________________________________________________________ SALT REJECTION UCON 68-H-1400 POLYMER, 0.89 g INITIAL WEIGHT Gr WATER PER Gr POLYMER SALT WT. SALT WT. SALT TEMP .degree.C. FRESH SALT ABSORBED RECOVERED REJECTED __________________________________________________________________________ 0.degree. 4.96 4.61 0.1613 21.degree. 3.67 3.16 0.114 29% __________________________________________________________________________ TABLE XXI __________________________________________________________________________ SALT REJECTION UCON 68-H-1400 POLYMER, 0.89 g INITIAL WEIGHT Gr WATER PER Gr POLYMER SALT WT. SALT WT. SALT TEMP .degree.C. FRESH SALT ABSORBED RECOVERED REJECTED __________________________________________________________________________ 0.degree. 4.96 4.61 0.1613 65.degree. 0.97 0.89 0.129 20% __________________________________________________________________________ TABLE XXII __________________________________________________________________________ SALT REJECTION UCON 50-H-1500 POLYMER, 1.10 g INITIAL WEIGHT Gr WATER PER Gr POLYMER SALT WT. SALT WT. SALT TEMP .degree.C. FRESH SALT ABSORBED RECOVERED REJECTED __________________________________________________________________________ 0.degree. 12.25 11.09 0.5631 21.degree. 6.99 4.42 0.24 57% __________________________________________________________________________ TABLE XXIII __________________________________________________________________________ SALT REJECTION UCON 50-H-1500 POLYMER, 1.10 g INITIAL WEIGHT Gr WATER PER Gr POLYMER SALT WT. SALT WT. SALT TEMP .degree.C. FRESH SALT ABSORBED RECOVERED REJECTED __________________________________________________________________________ 0.degree. 12.25 11.09 0.5631 65.degree. 1.86 2.01 0.288 49% __________________________________________________________________________ The salt rejection was measured by the following method. A weighed sample of polymer which had been equilibrated in water was placed in a 3.5% saline solution at a low temperature and allowed to reach a new-equilibrium. The sample was weighed and a water pick-up was calculated from the total weight and the dry weight. The theoretical salt pick-up was calculated from the weight of water picked up and the salt concentration. The sample was then placed in distilled water and heated to the water release temperature and allowed to equilibrate. The polymer sample was then removed from the water and weighed, making possible the calculation of water released. The salt concentration of the water in which the sample was heated was measured by electrical conductivity, and the weight of salt recovered was calculated from the amount of water and the concentration. Using this method, the salt rejection was calculated for the various polymers, and it was found that there was little pattern in the salt rejection further establishing the unpredictability. The polymers made from the UCON fluids gained and lost water gradually over a wide temperature range, .so the initial water pick-up can be controlled easily by adjusting the temperature at which the water is absorbed. By using this method, it is possible to show the relationship between water pick-up and salt rejection, and to achieve salt rejections of up to 70%. The water pick-up of the polyurethane polymers was then tailored by including hydrophobic blocks in the polymers. This was done by mixing a prepolymer made from a hydrophobic or water insoluble polyurethane polyol such as the reaction product of three moles of TDI with one mole of Niax polyol LG-56 with the prepolymer made form a hydrophilic precursor such as a nonionic surfactant or EO capped urethane polyol. The examples of the hydrophobic or water insoluble polyurethane polyols used in these experiments are polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of 2000 and Niax polyol LG-56, manufactured by Union Carbide. The slope of the curve of water pick-up versus temperature is controlled by the nature of the precursor, while the water pickup at any given temperature is controlled by the ratio of the amounts of hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments. The above identified investigation illustrates the unpredictability of polymers useful for the obtention of water from saline solutions. However, from the established data illustrating the non-workable, polyurethane polymers disclosed herein, a regime has been established for the polymers within which the methods may be practiced. Thus, the present invention provides for the polymers which are useful in the method as described below. Typically the obtained polymers may be cast in shapes and if needed with a reinforcing matrix of suitable supporting material, e.g., high strength fiber material, e.g., of glass, polyester, polyaramid, polyalkylene, e.g., Spectra type polymers (available from Allied Chemical Corp. of Morristown, NJ) etc. Appropriately, belts may be fashioned and then festooned in suitable water-pick-up zones and water desorbtion zones which are maintained under conditions established as suitable for these zones. The recovered water may be recovered in a plurality of zones in which water is of increasing purity. The rejected water from the additional zones is returned counter currently to the preceding zone (except the first zone) and progressively exhausted until the salt content in the water approaches salt content in the first zone. In this manner the progressive exhaustion of the recovered water is possible. Further, the obtained water, depending on the recovery stages finds greater and greater fields of utilization. Appropriate patents which illustrate the above describe variations in the method in still greater detail are U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,747,951 and 3,386,913. These patents show a single stage and multistage processes. These patents are incorporated by reference herein. The described invention is defined by the claims herein in which the reasonable variations are considered within the scope of the claims. * * * * *


text:
AS part of their 20th anniversary year, Concerts for Craswall will present a special concert given by the Duo Amadè, on May 15 at 7.30 pm in St Michael's Church, Michaelchurch Escley. The duo will perform a programme of music by Mozart and Schubert, interspersed with readings from their letters.
The violinist Catherine Mackintosh and fortepianist Geoffrey Govier formed the Duo Amadè in order to concentrate on performing the violin sonatas of Mozart, and it is their belief that the performance of these works on period instruments gives them a freshness and vitality that might otherwise be lost.
For 15 years Catherine Mackintosh was leader of the Academy of Ancient Music, and has directed many performances of the Orchestra of the Age of Englightenment, of which she was a founder member. She now concentrates on chamber music, and on passing on her enthusiasm for earlier styles of performing to countless young musicians all over the world.
Geoffrey Govier has been a passionate advocate of the early piano for over 20 years, and is active throughout the world both as soloist and chamber musician.
Together they have performed at Wigmore Hall, and it will be a very special treat to hear them in the perfect acoustic of St Michael's.
For more information call 01981 510332.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Good
Sealver Siliga
You can probably put the whole defensively line on here, but Siliga was an animal. He was getting sacks, knocking down passes, getting pressure, blowing up running plays, and doing whatever he wanted out there. Great bounceback game for the junior.
The Corners
Tommy Rees was very accurate on Saturday. Brandon Burton was pretty good against Michael Floyd holding him to only 4 catches. This unit was much better after watching the game a second time.
The Bad
The Offense
Too many stalled drives and no fluidity to the offense. More carries for Matt Asiata is a must. The drive where they handed it off to him time and time again got them down the field with relative ease. The passing game is suffering due to a lack of deep passes. No creativity right now.
Brian Blechen (at times)
Blechen is a true freshman, so he's going to make true freshman mistakes, but the one he made on the 26 yard touchdown pass was awful. He took an awful line and was nowhere near the receiver. You can blame it on him being a freshman, but he's as accountable on the field as everyone else, freshmen, senior, or whoever.
The Linebackers
Where have you gone Chad Manis? Get back soon. Manis being out has been a big blow as Walker and Martinez have not been as affective without him. Boo Anderson isn't ready yet and J.J. Williams is likely out for the year now. Too many poor angles by this group and they were pushed around a lot.
The Ugly
The Penalties
10 penalties in the first half killed more chances for points. The constant false starts by the linemen were inexcusable. Sclauderaff had two himself. I don't think he had two the entire season coming into this game.
The Coaching
Where's the motivation? Where are the offensive adjustments? Where's the fire and the passion? Where is the accountability for all of the penalties? Sometimes ripping into your players on the sidelines needs to take place. Kyle Whittingham and Dave Schramm should have been all over the offense on the sidelines.
Special Teams
YIKES!!! How can you have another punt blocked like that? Sam Brenner and Neli A'asa looked like they were on another planet on that play. No vision. Sean Sellwood has turned into a below average punter the past few weeks. Shaky couldn't get a return going at all, and when he did, he fumbled.
Personnel Preview: Utah offense
A closer look at Utah's offensive starters and key reserves for Saturday's contest vs. the Irish…


text:
A Consuming Fire - Inspirational Videos
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Area House members supported stadium bill
The Minnesota Vikings stadium bill received support from three area House lawmakers Monday night as the attention of football fans turned to Tuesday's expected vote in the Senate.
Voting "yes" on the stadium bill Monday night were Rep. John Ward, DFL-Brainerd; Rep. Larry Howes, R-Walker; and Rep. Mike LeMieur, R-Little Falls. All three also voted in favor of the bonding bill on Monday.
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text:
Booth: Nordson Industrial Coating Systems
Group: NORDSON
Group: NORDSON
Spray gun / painting / airless / electric
max. 500 psi | MEG®
Nordson Industrial Coating Systems
The Nordson® MEG® Inside Stripe is an electric gun for interior detachment of three-piece welded vessels. It operates at 1000 cans per minute in coating the seam of three piece cans. It can also be utilized in 52 mm cans. Aside from this, it has a large array of nozzles to suit the appropriate film thickness and width of the stripe. It has a built in cooling system to prevent build up and can be used with fast speed welders. Its structure allows the quick on-line replacement for fast maintenance and its deposition with coat nozzle offers uniform stripe control.


text:
Birmingham News
Local news for Birmingham, AL continually updated from thousands of sources on the web.
3 hrs ago | Alabama Live
Ashfaq Taufique weighs in on Mideast conflict, Muslim relations in Birmingham: 3 questions, 5 minutes
Although it may seem to be a world away, the conflict in the Middle East hits home here in Birmingham.
More than 400 Corvette enthusiasts - and their cars - are expected to descend on the Birmingham area Aug. 25 to Aug. 27 on their way to the 20th anniversary celebration of the National Corvette Museum in Bowling Green, Ky.
Study: Bad roads cost Birmingham drivers $1,600 annually
When you drive around Montgomery you may notice some less than ideal driving conditions.
"Why not Birmingham?" Mayor William Bell explains logistics, feasibility behind city's bid for 2016 Democratic National Convention
Birmingham's bid to host the 2016 Democratic National Convention is backed by a feasibility plan that includes stacks of maps, 3D video imagery and plans for major renovations to meet the requirements.
Indie star Melodie Sisk comes to SHOUT fest with horror film, says that Birmingham is now home
A busy indie-film actor and producer, Melodie Sisk is the co-star of a new, out-of-the-box horror film, "The Ladies of the House," that promises to be one of the highlights of the Birmingham SHOUT LGBTQ Film Festival this weekend.
Forced prostitution, heroin distribution alleged in Shelby County arrest
A Birmingham man is behind bars in Shelby County on charges that he required a woman to prostitute herself and had heroin for distribution, according to court documents filed Tuesday.
Money trail leads to criminal probe of community health centers, the backbone of Obamacare: AL.com investigates
The 1,300 community health centers across the United States are meant to serve as the backbone of the Affordable Care Act's plan to leave no one without health care.
Birmingham's Chris Sams plays dual roles in SHOUT's 'Occupying Ed'
The actor and graduate of Clay-Chalkville High School and the University of Montevallo left for Los Angeles five-and-a-half years ago, and since then, he has worked regularly, from the Los Angeles revivals of "Boys in the Band" and "Rent," to background work in feature films.
Chattanooga Lookouts clip Birmingham Barons on Sweeney's homer in 11th
BIRMINGHAM, Ala. - Darnell Sweeney's two-run home run in the top of the 11th held up to give the Chattanooga Lookouts a 7-6 Southern League baseball victory Tuesday night when the Birmingham Barons managed only Trayce Thompson's leadoff homer in the bottom of the inning and left the tying run on second base.
'We have to be the movement': Students, residents march in Birmingham in honor of slain Missouri teen Michael Brown
Those who gathered in Birmingham, many of them students at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, marched, posed with their hands up, carried signs and chanted "no justice, no peace" and "hands up, don't shoot."
Birmingham area police accept military gear; say it's not for militarization but saving lives
Trussville police have an armored truck because of the Department of Defense's 1033 program.
What Birmingham can learn from Ferguson Missouri
In September of 2002 Dave Adkisson, the then President of our Birmingham Area Chamber of Commerce , and I got up for an early morning jog.
Birmingham PD identify suspect in fatal hit-and-run that killed mom of three
Police have secured arrest warrants for 25-year-old Sylvester Taylor. He is wanted for manslaughter and leaving the scene of an accident.
Birmingham Land Bank Authority fills final seats
The Birmingham Land Bank Authority has finally filled the seats and named the appointees to head the group tasked with managing Birmingham's blight.
'Everybody loves movies': Birmingham SHOUT, Alabama's only gay film...
Birmingham SHOUT LGBTQ Film Festival -- the only gay and lesbian film festival in the state of Alabama - returns to the Magic City this Saturday and Sunday.
LabCorp to cut 57 Birmingham jobs
The company is a North Carolina-based company that specializes in clinical laboratory tests, which include esoteric testing, genomics and anatomic pathology.
Children with severe visual impairment get #8216;life-changing #8217; high-tech devices from Sights Savers and UAB
In addition, the high-tech vision aids that can help make a big, positive difference for these kids, that can held them read, write, draw, catch up on homework, watch TV and do many other simple tasks, are very expensive.
Judge: Defendant's statements to Birmingham detectives in 2011 home invasion slaying admissible in September trial
Justen Stinson, Brandon Hill and Jonathan Weston were charged in the June 2011 home invasion slaying of Classheka Norman.
Eunice's World: Another take on 'Jersey Belle' reality show
She has worked for ESPN's "SportsCenter," the Tennessee Titans in the NFL and the FedEx Orang Bowl in Miami.
See photos previewing Autism Shines Gala
The Autism Society of Alabama will present Autism Shines Gala on Aug. 23 at Renaissance Birmingham Ross Bridge Golf Resort.
Birmingham News, Events & Info
Updated: Thu Aug 21, 2014 02:20 am
Copyright © 2014 Topix LLC


text:
NEW ORLEANS, LA (WVUE) - The city is back in the national spotlight with the hosting of the NBA All Star Game and the related events.
Thousands of kids and adults poured into the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center late Thursday afternoon for the opening of the NBA All Star Jam Session, which is headquarters for all games basketball and other fun activities for people of all ages.
Having the city host the event is a boom for the local tourism industry as well.
At Walk-Ons Sports Bar and Restaurant, General Manager Adam Fleeman said they are preparing for brisk business through the weekend.
Hotels are also expected to do well over the next few days as big NBA players, their families, and big names in entertainment flock to the city.
The All Star Jam Session has a huge NBA Store with thousands of pieces of merchandise.
Michael Brady, Manager of the NBA Licensing said the public should beware of counterfeiters selling merchandise on the street.
Mayor Mitch Landrieu, Rita Benson LeBlanc and the new NBA Commissioner took part in opening ceremonies surrounded by hundreds of kids from the New Orleans Recreation Department and the Boys and Girls Club of Southeast Louisiana.
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Style Map
Daily Dispatches From The Global Scene
The Fall '14 Ready-to-Wear collections are under way in Milan, and will be followed by the shows in Paris. Before the new clothes hit the runway, we've asked some of the most anticipated names to offer a sneak peek. Per usual, it's a busy time for all—designers and fashion followers alike—so we're continuing our split-second previews: tweet-length at 140 characters or less. Our entire collection of Fall '14 previews is available here.
WHO: Roberto Cavalli
WHERE: Milan
WHEN: Saturday, February 22
WHAT: "Feathers and embroideries dance on the evening flapper dress of the Cavalli woman, who by day dons a military Neo-Chivalry style." — Roberto Cavalli. The designer sent us a Fall '14 detail shot, above.


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Author: Guise, Cedric H.
Source: Journal of Forestry, Volume 43, Number 3, 1 March 1945, pp. 172-175(4)
Publisher: Society of American Foresters
Document Type: Journal Article
Affiliations: Professor of Forestry and Head of Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
Publication date: March 1, 1945


text: The hacking subculture evolved almost alongside the rise of computing machines in the 60s and 70s. "Hacking" as is popularly defined, is the clever use of technology and programing to solve what seem to be hard problems (not to be confused with what the popular media calls hackers – People who break into computer systems for evil). The emphasis of the hacker culture is on cleverness and excellence. Along with the social good of doing something meaningful and exciting, hacking has risen to prominence in the mainstream culture.


text:
Last Updated: Tuesday, May 20, 2014, 16:40
Singer Janet Jackson says her late musician brother Michael would always be loved. The singer made an emotional tweet a day after a hologram that looked like the king of pop performed the new hit of his posthumous album `Xscape` at the Billboard Music Awards recently, reportedly.
Last Updated: Tuesday, May 20, 2014, 14:29
Singer Janet Jackson, who was impressed by the way technology brought her late brother Michael Jackson `alive` in a convincing way at the recently held Billboard Music Awards, remembered the King of Pop as a "genius".
Last Updated: Friday, February 28, 2014, 11:10
Janet Jackson has refuted reports suggesting she is splitting from her husband Wissam Al Mana.
Last Updated: Saturday, September 14, 2013, 17:03
Patti Webster, who handled the public relations of celebrities like Halle Berry, Janet Jackson, Alicia Keys among others, passed away at the age of 49.
Last Updated: Tuesday, June 04, 2013, 08:51
Janet Jackson has been named the face of a new campaign for the United Nations Children`s Fund (Unicef) to help eliminate starvation in Africa.
Last Updated: Friday, May 24, 2013, 14:35
Janet Jackson has now become the wealthiest in her family, after a decades long career in music, television and film.
Last Updated: Thursday, May 23, 2013, 16:35
Janet Jackson has joined the exclusive billionaires club thanks to her incredible career in the entertainment industry spanning four decades.
Last Updated: Sunday, April 21, 2013, 15:41
Janet Jackson`s new billionaire husband, Wissam Al Mana, had a steamy love affair with a former playboy stripper.
Last Updated: Sunday, April 21, 2013, 11:18
Selena Gomez has revealed that her upcoming tour is inspired by Janet Jackson and Britney Spears` past stage shows.
Last Updated: Wednesday, April 10, 2013, 09:45
Singer-actress Janet Jackson has reportedly retired from the entertainment industry following her recent marriage to Wissam Al Mana.
Last Updated: Tuesday, February 26, 2013, 14:41
Singer-actress Janet Jackson has revealed that she tied the knot with her billionaire businessman boyfriend, Wissam Al Mana, last year.
Last Updated: Thursday, December 27, 2012, 12:12
Singer Janet Jackson is reportedly engaged to her billionaire boyfriend Wissam Al Mana.
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text:
Kiteworld Magazine News
British Wavemasters Tiree Results
A full 3 rounds have been completed in a range of conditions on both tacks and the winners are... Lee 'Pasty' Harvey & Helen Thompson
BKSA Wavemasters 2013 Tiree, Scotland
Jon Ellman-Brown & Helen Thompson lead the way in the waves in Tiree
The Virgin Kitesurfing Armada Sets a New World Record
Sir Richard and 317 others hit the water at Hayling for the charge downwind
Kitesurfing Armada Update
All done & dusted, now just the stories...
S2AS Summer Kitesurfing Demo and Party 2013
Join the S2AS Summer party on 28th September in Poole and help to raise money to fight cancer
Portuguese kiter wants to beat a record
Oporto to Lagos... non-stop... 538 km!
Surf Expo
2014 gear previewed, Jesse claims top spot and good news for Slingshot and Real
F-One 2014 Gear Released
Full catalogue available here
Schedule Update for China and New Caledonia
The dates for the both PKRA's in China have been modified and unfortunately the Slalom event is canceled for Hainan.
Issue #65 - Coming together
Issue #65 is burning the printers at the moment
Kitesurfing Test - Boards 2013
Xenon Infra
Kitesurfing Test - Kites 2013
Blade Prime 9m
Kitesurfing travel directory


text:
American Bully Razor Edge pitbull adult male
I have a nice razor edge pocket male...16 inches at the shoulders available. He's had one litter. Moving and can't take him.
Call or text Jay at 310-936-6004.
Jul 20 -
Springfield - Dogs & puppies
I have two beautiful pocket bullies, 9 weeks old, and ready for their forever homes! But only GOOD HOMES!! Please! Accepting calls and text at all hours 646 636 6649 prices negotiable for good homes only
Aug 31 -
New York City :
New York - Dogs & puppies
5 puppy's left 3males 2 females
They bully pocket tri color bloodline
They going to be 6 weeks old this week
Mother is 13 inch short
Mom and dad last pics
Please call or 7862525675
Aug 30 -
New York City :
Bronx - Dogs & puppies
I got 3 males 2 females . 600$ Each the brown 700$
They bully pocket tri color bloodline
Razor edge
Blue nose
They going to be 6 weeks old this week
Mother is 13 inch short
Mom and dad last pics .
Please call or txt 7862525675
Delivery to brooklyn and bronx
Aug 30 -
New York City :
Brooklyn - Dogs & puppies
We have 4 males and 2 females available off of Anarchy x Zilla. Litter was born 8/13/14 puppies will be ready for there new homes the first week of October. They are very heavy Gottiline Dream Team blood we are accepting a $500 deposit now to hold your pick. Males will range ...
Aug 28 -
New York City :
Valley Stream - Dogs & puppies
I have 3 pups looking for new home I have the father on premises he is an xl bull and the mother is a pocket they are short and compact and eating hard food for more info plz contact Jose at (917)615-5894
Aug 27 -
New York City :
Bronx - Dogs & puppies
2 males left bully pocket pitbull blue nose .680 for each
Call or txt 7862525675 delivery in brooklyn .
Aug 26 -
New York City :
Brooklyn - Dogs & puppies
I have this beautiful all white (with a little bit of black spots on her ears) Female American Pocket Bully 7 weeks old, Who unfortunately I can't keep, she really must go Today! She was worth 800 but am willing to let her go TODAY!!! for 450! Please text me ASAP ...
Aug 23 -
New York City :
New York - Dogs & puppies
One of the best breedings I have done. Super short and super thick American bullies available. 646-346-0852 for more info
This ad was posted with the eBay Classifieds mobile app.
Aug 22 -
New York City :
Fresh Meadows - Dogs & puppies
Kung Fun Panda ABKC American Bully pocket up for stud. Please contact for further information.
Aug 17 -
Philadelphia :
Gloucester City - Animal services
7 months old and ready to go
here is the sire ped www.bullypedia.net/americanbully/details.php?id=215593 he is the white cow patch
dam doesnt have a ped link she is blue pocket female. old school edge $200 each with abkc reg papers in hand female is brindle
text me ...
Aug 17 -
Raleigh :
Raleigh - Dogs & puppies
4 beautiful Female POCKET puppies left! that WONT grow to be as big as their loyal hearts! We own both parents as pets and know their pedigree very well, they are not lazy dogs! We excerise and sociallize on a daily bases, They are great with kids and other animals.And they ...
Aug 16 -
New York City :
New York - Dogs & puppies
Gorgeous dog love being around the family and going for walks
American bully great temperament and 15 inches and pocket
he won't last long don't let this deal pass
serious inquires please
Aug 12 -
Virginia Beach :
Chesapeake - Dogs & puppies
12 month male pocket bully . Padrote (1000 service) .u have your female , he is the right one for good looking puppies. Contact me 2016376333
Aug 8 -
Newark :
Newark - Dogs & puppies
7 month old tri color female very short pocket size bully $1000 o.b.o. 100% razors edge top and bottom. UKC PR BRED. 302 236 0647 contact for more pics
Jul 31 -
Delaware :
Bridgeville - Dogs & puppies
The mother is short razor edge bully and the father is Xxl gottiline bully the first pic is the father and the sec is mother , I'm asking for the the fawn 700$ and males 600$ one females 650$ they are cheap for this kind of breed , so don't wait I have 5 puppy's for sale ...
Jul 30 -
New York City :
Brooklyn - Dogs & puppies
Decide to down size on my kennel due to relocation of the family,
7572286555..please contact me for more information.
Great kennel starter for someone that loves the breed or family pets as well, the black female is Gotti and the others are edge dogs all pocket the tri male ...
Jul 22 -
Virginia Beach :
Chesapeake - Dogs & puppies
Dad is pocket bully and mom is a true blue these puppies are one of a kind you won't find a another puppy like these any where else.. they are all blue with white markings. email me or text for more info 919seven50six416
Jul 8 -
Fayetteville (NC) :
Seven Springs - Dogs & puppies
We'll be sending text message alerts for your subscription to


text:
Help us solve some of the UK's biggest cases. Join the team for dramatic reconstructions, CCTV footage and our wanted faces. Your call could be all it takes to put an offender behind bars.
On iPlayer
This programme is not currently available on BBC iPlayer
On TV
There are no upcoming broadcasts of this programme
Last on
Tue 22 Jul 2014 21:00
BBC One
Manchester festival death
A day out at a festival had devastating consequences for 26-year-old Robert Hart.
Crimewatch tweets
Tweets from the official BBC Crimewatch account
- BBC Crimewatch @BBCCrimewatch
To watch #Crimewatch reconstruction of Valerie Graves' murder broadcast in April click here http://t.co/2dieujlPu4 http://t.co/lGamTyjGYI
- BBC Crimewatch @BBCCrimewatch
RT @metpoliceuk: Did you see the appeal on @BBCCrimewatch last night RE the unexplained death of Kester David? If not, click here http://t.…
- BBC Crimewatch @BBCCrimewatch
RT @DC_Police: Another picture of #AlanJeal's missing blue coat. Detectives appealing for info about its whereabouts @BBCCrimewatch http://…
- BBC Crimewatch @BBCCrimewatch
Watch all the CCTV cases featured in tonight's #crimewatch again here: http://t.co/XauQeQLyqS
- BBC Crimewatch @BBCCrimewatch
Keep the calls coming in 0500 600 600. We're back at 10:40pm after the news #crimewatch #BBC1 and 11.10pm for BBC NI
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Content from Twitter. Learn more about content from Twitter.


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Ski mousse lemon with meringue style sauce
£1.39 (57.9p per 100g)
Sorry, we no longer stock these items at the branch Cambridge.
Product Summary
Sumptuously smooth red fruit yogurt pots raspberry and strawberry. Fun and fruity variety pack apricot, peach, raspberry and strawberry. Would you believe it? 50 years young and still making truly delicious pots of yumminess! If you love Ski®Mousse, we're sure you'll love our Ski®yogurt pots. Celebrating 50 years of Ski®. Good to remember. Enjoy Ski®Mousse as part of a varied balanced diet and healthy lifestyle
Lemon Mousse (88%): Whole Milk (51%); Lemon preparation (13%): Glucose Syrup, Lemon Purée Concentrate (6%), Sugar, Citric Acid, Lactic Acid, Modified Maize Starch, Lemon Juice Concentrate, Thickeners (Carob Gum, Pectin), Flavourings, Preservative (Potassi, Meringue Style Sauce (12%): Water; Sugar; Modified Maize Starch; Flavouring; Stabilisers (Pectin, Locust Bean Gum); Acidity regulator (Lactic Acid); Colours (Curcumin, Beta Carotene)
Preparation & Storage
Keep refrigerated +6ºmax
Please note that whilst we take every care to ensure the product information displayed on our website is correct, product recipes are regularly changed and this may affect nutrition and allergen information therefore you should always check product labels and not rely solely on the information presented here.If you require specific advice on any Waitrose branded product, please contact Customer Support on 0800 188884 or email firstname.lastname@example.com. For all other products, please contact the manufacturer.This information is supplied for personal use only. It may not be reproduced in any way whatsoever without the prior consent of Waitrose Limited nor without due acknowledgement.


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[February 14, 2013]
Media Alert: Cadence to Showcase Innovation for Early Software Development and Prototyping at Embedded World 2013
(Marketwire Via Acquire Media NewsEdge) FELDKIRCHEN, GERMANY -- (Marketwire) -- 02/14/13 -- Cadence Design Systems, Inc. (NASDAQ: CDNS), a leader in global electronic design innovation, today announced its participation at Embedded World 2013. Visitors to the Cadence booth (Hall 4/4-609) can learn about the latest enhancements to the Cadence® System Development Suite, whose four connected platforms enable concurrent hardware/software design and verification to accelerate system integration, validation, and bring-up. Cadence technologists will present papers and showcase technology demos at the conference and participate in partner demos.
WHENFeb. 26-28, 2013 WHEREHall 4 / 4-609 Exhibition Centre Nuremberg, Germany WHAT Partner technology demos: ARM booth, Hall 4 / 4-336: Visitors who are planning to develop Cortex-M-based processors will learn how the Cadence mixed-signal solutions work seamlessly with ARM-based processors. FlowCAD booth, Hall 4/4-321: Visitors can learn how power-aware memory interface and serial link design and analysis with Allegro Sigrity technology enables predictable product creation.Cadence Papers on Feb. 27 "Utilizing Mixed-Language Virtual Platforms for Programmable SoC FPGA Designs," by Jason Andrews, 10 a.m. to 10:30 a.m., Session 6: Embedded System Design Automation I "Hardware/Software Co-Debug and Co-Verification Environment for Embedded Systems Abstracts," by Markus Winterholer. 2:30 p.m. to 3 p.m.: Session 6: Embedded System Design Automation II "FPGA-based Rapid Prototyping - Help or Distraction for Embedded System Development " by Juergen Jaeger. 4 p.m. to 4.30 pm, Session 8: FPGA and ASIC Design / SoC IIAbout CadenceCadence enables global electronic design innovation and plays an essential role in the creation of today's integrated circuits and electronics. Customers use Cadence software, hardware, IP, and services to design and verify advanced semiconductors, consumer electronics, networking and telecommunications equipment, automotive electronics, and computer systems. The company is headquartered in San Jose, Calif., with sales offices, design centers, and research facilities around the world to serve the global electronics industry. More information about the company, its products, and services is available at www.cadence.com.
Cadence and the Cadence logo are registered trademarks of Cadence Design Systems, Inc. in the United States and other countries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Add to Digg Bookmark with del.icio.us Add to Newsvine For more information, please contact: Andrea Huse Cadence Design Systems, GmbH email@example.com Source: Cadence Design Systems, Inc.
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text:
CBI has sought permission to summon some persons as prosecution witnesses, including Rajeshwar Singh, in connection with the 2G scam.
She said the trial before the Special CBI court was progressing on a day-to-day basis and any delay in hearing would render her plea infructuous.
Kanimozhi, who is facing trial, sought discharge from case contending there was no evidence to justify the charges of receiving alleged bribe.
The court has asked them to appear before it on May 26 and holding that there was "enough incriminating material" on record to proceed against them.
The CBI informed SC that it was investigating the allegation that Unitech got spectrum in 2008 by hiding that it was a front for the Tata group.
CBI Director Ranjit Sinha has denied ever asking for the suspension of the 2G scam trial against three executives of Reliance Telecom Ltd.
Balwa, who has been chargesheeted in the case along with 18 others, argued in the court that ED has made the case on the basis of "hearsay evidence".
Sinha's views could come out in the open at the next hearing before the SC in September after the apex court asked for files and records on the matter


text:
Search Results
Title: An appeale of the orthodox ministers of the Church of England against Richard Mountague, late Bishop of Chichester, now Bishop of Norwich. To the most illustrious, high, and honourable court of Parliament. And to the nobilitie, orthodox clergie, gentry, and communaltie of England. With the proceedings against him in Bow-Church. And an epistle to B. Mountague himselfe. also, a supplication of the ministers of Scotland against the said Mountague. Wherein his dangerous heresies are revealed; and the character of an Arminian or Mountaguists is added.
Publication Info: Edenburgi : [s.n.], M.DC.XLI. [1641]
subjects: [Montagu, Richard, 1577-1641 -- Early works to 1800] [Arminianism -- Early works to 1800] [Great Britain -- Church history -- 17th century -- Early works to 1800]
Title: A proclamation giuen by the discreet lords and states, against the slanders laid vpon the euangelicall and reformed religion, by the Arminians and separatists containing all the points, accusations, declarations and confessions, taken out of the last prouinciall synode holden at Arnhem, the 15. day of September last past. 1618. Together with the seuerall examinations and confessions (at Vtrecht and the Hage) of one Leydenberg, pentioner of Leyden, and Taurinus; with their sodaine and fearefull ends.
Author: Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk. Synoden (1618) Gelderland, Netherlands.
Publication Info: [London] : Printed according to the Dutch originals, at London, by G[eorge] E[ld] for Th[omas]: Th[orpe]: and Richard Chambers, and are to be solde at the signe of the blacke Beare in Paules Church-yard [at the shop of Edward Blount], 1618.
subjects: [Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk. -- Synoden (1618 : Gelderland, Netherlands)] [Arminianism -- Early works to 1800] [Remonstrants -- Early works to 1800] [Netherlands -- Church history -- 17th century -- Early works to 1800]
Title: An apology of English Arminianisme or A dialogue betweene Iacobus Arminius, professour in the Vniuersity of Leyden in Holland; and Enthusiastus an English Doctour of Diuinity and a great precisian. Wherein are defended the doctrines of Arminius touching freewill, predestination, and reprobation: the said doctrines being mantained & taught by many of the most learned Protestants of England, at this present time. Written by O.N. heertofore of the Vniuersity of Oxford.
Author: O. N., fl. 1634.
Publication Info: [Saint-Omer : English College Press], Permissu Superiorum, 1634.
subjects: [Arminius, Jacobus, -- 1560-1609] [Arminianism -- Early works to 1800]


text:
This search has been saved.
Mags are 14" x 6"
Tyres are 185 x 65 x 14 with approx 75% tread
Genuine Aus delivered 1995 MX-5 in White
Good clean condition for its age and fantastic to drive. I owned for 11years.
$6995 negotiable. Selling registered with RWC.
1.8 litre BP8 manual. Genuine 204000km
- BP engine is designed for turbo variant so is one of the toughest NA engine in Mazda... complete with oil squatters in the engine for extra cooling.
New clutch at 140k
New spark cable at 140k
New tranny fluid at 130k
New sparks and timing belt 10k ago
New clutch cylinders ...
show more
Mx5 na Garage Vary front spoiler maniner blue Bomex side skirts
Power stearing, aircon,electric windows.
Automotive plus lightened flywheel
Rear engine seal replace including heavy duty clutch supplied by automotive plus
New clutch master and slave cylinders
New soft top
Serviced air con
Repl...acement rad supplied by automotive plus
Full timing belt service including all seals and water pump supplied by automotive plus at 187k
Magnacor leads
New windscrean
New door top rubbers
Sparco ...
show more
1991 Mazda Mx5 for sale.
Car is missing passenger side window I have a replacement to go with the car it just needs to be fitted. Paint work is a bit rough here and there but mechanically it is a sound car.
Asking for 3800 with hard top or 3500 without.
Serviced regularly, always maintained. Reluctantly being sold due to an expanding family.
This is the best handling car I have ever owned or driven. After factory, I have put in lowered springs and 17" wheels and tyres, for even better handling. The original alloy tyres and wheels are included in... the sale. I have also replaced the soft top.
In 7 years ownership, this has been a very reliable car. I have replaced the radiator, the exhaust system, a water pump and the clutch.
show more
1990 Mazda MX5 NA 1.6 Turbo Conversion - Mod plated 100% Legal - $9999 ONO
100% Mechanically solid - Aircon, lights, power windows, radio, everything works!
rego valid through to Dec 2014
New windscreen, belts and brakes installed last month (All receipts)
Modifications include:
...-AVO Turbocharged kit @ 12psi, 140kw at the wheels
-Haltec PS1000 ECU fitted and initial tuned by All Star Tuning, the previous owner fitted it with megasquirt but I decided to sell that and fit ...
show more
We are regrettably selling our much loved MX-5. It is an excellent car with very low K's and drives amazingly. This is the limited edition model and includes a number of features which set it apart from all others.
Limited Edition special features:
Tan roof, BBS alloys, tan leather interior,... power steering, detachable hard top.
Also this car has a lot of additional extras:
-Immobilizer and remote locking
-Bluetooth stereo with upgraded speakers in doors and headrests ...
show more
Excellent condition : 6 SPEED BLACK CONVERTIBLE HARDTOP; 6 STACKER IN-DASH BOSE, 7 SPEAKER STEREO SYSTEM, EXCELLENT INCREMENTAL CRUISE CONTROL, FOG LIGHTS, ROLL BARS, LEATHER SEATS (covered), SRS AIR BAGS, TACHOMETER, DUAL EXHAUST, AC, REMOTE LOCKING. Fantastic ride especially when the sun is shin...ing and the top is down, luxury appointed, an amazing stereo on wheels. You will love it, low kilometres, very well looked after - you will find this sporty little number hard to resist. ...
show more
Hi, I have a set of super pro extra camber bushes for the front & rear of a mazda mx 5 NA, they will fit up to 98 model I think. These are brand new & retail for $205 front, $202.5 rear. selling $300.
Silver Eunos Roadster MX-5
Sell as is - good condition, but needs a little tlc
has power steering
electric windows
pioneer sound system
17" chrome wheels
4 cyclinder- 1.6
Currently registered - but SELLING UNREGISTERED
More information call Alex after 5pm 0403 194 271
M...ake an offer - Will consider nearest offer
show more
14x5.5 with near new tyres. These are the original MX5 wheels so are super lightweight. Wheels have light corrosion on the face. All center caps and bolts included. Selling $550 neg.
Here we have in excellent condition a 1999 MX5 with a low 104,000 ks log books. Would be interested in swapping for unfinished project Holden Ford Mazda or Aluminuim Boat value of $6000 cash differences either way.
MAZDA RX-8 GenII genuine alloys
- 18x8"
- +50 offset
- x1 set of 4 alloys
- factory chrome lug nuts included
will fit:
Beautiful little '89 Mazda Mx5 Roadster for sale. Regrettible sale, due to job.
New battery.
Back tires have done 10,000 kms, fronts have done 5,000kms.
New radiator and hoses etc.
Sell Your Car Anytime
4 OZ Racing wheels for sale.
Size is 15 X 7, PCD1 4 X 100mm, offset approximately +40, near as I can measure.
The wheels are polished, not chrome, with a black relief. VGC, classic 5 spoke design and look stunning on a car. These are a high quality mag wheel, made in Italy, not some cheap import.
I had these wheels on a Mazda MX5 (1990) and then a Honda CRX (1995).
Wheels were professionally re-polished, and have been coated in a rust preventative solution and kept in storage for a number ...
show more
For sale today is my 1990 Australian delivered MX-5. Originally a 1.6L this example has had the larger 1.8L motor and bigger brakes installed (both professionally swapped; have been modplated) new engine has aprox 83xxx km while the chasssis has 238xxx. I believe the clutch has 45xxxish kms on it as... well. I have the paperwork and extensive receipt history to go with the car.
I bought the car 3 months ago to use on the weekend while my project car is being finished but unfortunately ...
show more
Rims are 17" , just to big for the mx5 . They are multi stud 2 x 4 stud, fit just about any 4 stud small car Mazda Honda Nissan Toyota . Would consider swap for 15 or 16".
Tyres are legal, 60% tread, a little camder on rears.
215/50/17 all round
Text to ******5025
This Vehicle is registered and full roadworthy. With our 25+ years of service and located only 10 minutes south of the Brisbane CBD, on the magic mile. We are happy to assist you with your purchase or any questions you may have. With our convenient trading hours of 8am - 5.30pm monday through to sat...urday and our knowledgable friendly staff we are sure your experience at Mike Brennan Wholesale Cars will be an honest and pleasurable one and will save you money!
show more
show more
im selling my mzda mx5
looking for a quick sale
car runs like a dream perfect p plater car
engine was replace by previous owner
car regulary serviced just got regod about a month
ago come with momo steering wheel
and lowered king spring brand new not even fitted please ring me or text me...
if intrested DO NOT EMAIL
0435130901 come have a look at it and take it for a test drive
will consider swaps for a decent road bike
show more
Excellent car in fantastic condition,this model has the retractable roof.Female driver
Always maintained by Mazda
Tyres replaced last year.
Never raced or driven on dirt roads.
Always parked inlocked garage.
Can be viewed in Brisbane.
Hey up for sale is my 1989 mazda mx5, it's a 5 speed manual 4 cylinder.
Bonus parts:New roof, wide mags, chrome roll bars and mirrors, drift sport steering wheel.
Interior and dash are in excellent condition paint is also good for the age of vehicle. This car is a real head turner and cheap sports... car. You will not be dissapointed if you need any more information please call, Tony ******4602
Ps car comes with rwc
show more
Selling my number plates from my Toyota 86 GTS. Only on the car for a few months. Wanting to revert back to a standard plate - considering selling my car
Suit Toyota 86, AE86, someone born in 1986 etc.
Text / email please.
Tags: 86, brz, toyota, ae86, sprinter, trueno, hachi, roku, hachirok...u, astra, civic, ford festiva, fiesta, laser, toyota corolla, echo, seca, hyundai, accent, getz, excel, i20, daewoo lanos, kia, rio, mirage, lancer, nissan pulsar, class classic cleaner clio ...
show more
Mazda MX5 2002 awesome little car 6 speed, CD player, New tyres, Low ks for year model, Serviced every 15000, (coming up to one so it will be done) Soft top excellent condition, Interior well looked after,
little hole in drivers seat and some stone chips on front bumper, has a few marks here and the...re but nothing stands out. Good condition for its age. Carbon fiber sticker on bonnet.
Fun car to drive, good fuel economy must sell sitting in garage under cover. (Wife would like to put her car in ...
show more


text:
Support Your Park
World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument encourages visitors to help preserve, protect, and enjoy the resources of the site. Various volunteer programs are available for the public to be very involved through visitor center assistance, maintenance, cultural resource management, or ranger programs.
There are no fees to visit World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument, however donations are accepted to help support the National Park Service mission in Pearl Harbor.
Pacific Historic Parks is our cooperating association that supports our interpretation, education and research programs, in addition to operating the bookstore. Please visit their website to learn how to support the new Pearl Harbor Visitor Center through an Endowment Fund, browse their online bookstore, and learn about how to support National Park sites in the Pacific.
Many outside organizations throughout the area work to support the national monument.
Did You Know?
Although the USS Arizona was stricken from the official register of U.S. naval vessels after the attack, on March 7, 1950, she was symbolically "re-commissioned" when a flagpole was erected on the ship.