text:
A combustion chamber valve, such as an intake valve or an exhaust valve, is briefly opened during the compression and/or power strokes of a 4-stroke combustion cycle in an internal combustion engine (in particular, a diesel or CI engine). The brief opening may (1) enhance mixing withing the combustion chamber, allowing more complete oxidation of particulates to decrease engine emissions; and/or may (2) delay ignition until a more desirable time, potentially allowing a means of timing ignition in otherwise difficult-to-control conditions, e.g., in HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) conditions.
1. A method for modifying combustion in a combustion chamber of a 4-stroke internal combustion engine running under standard warm engine operating temperatures, the method comprising the step of briefly opening a combustion chamber valve sometime during a period spanning:
a. the latter half of the compression stroke, and
b. the first half of the power stroke.
2. The method of
a. 50 degrees before top dead center, and
b. 50 degrees after top dead center.
3. The method of
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14. The method of
a. the combustion chamber valve which is briefly opened during the period is an intake valve, and
b. the method further comprises the step of briefly opening an exhaust valve during the period.
15. The method of
16. The method of
17. The method of
a. 30 degrees before top dead center, and
b. 30 degrees after top dead center.
18. The method of
19. A method for modifying combustion in a combustion chamber of a 4-stroke internal combustion engine running under standard warm engine operating temperatures, the method comprising the step of opening a combustion chamber valve during at least one of the compression stroke and the power stroke, with such opening effecting an escape of no more than approximately 15% of the mass of the combustion chamber contents.
20. The method of
a. the latter half of the compression stroke, and
b. the first half of the power stroke.
21. The method of
a. 50 degrees before top dead center, and
b. 50 degrees after top dead center.
22. The method of
a. 30 degrees before top dead center, and
b. 30 degrees after top dead center.
23. The method of
24. The method of
25. The method of
26. The method of
27. The method of
28. The method of
29. The method of
30. The method of
31. The method of
32. The method of
33. The method of
a. the combustion chamber valve which is briefly opened during at least one of the compression stroke and the power stroke is an intake valve, and
b. the method further comprises the step of briefly opening an exhaust valve during at least one of the compression stroke and the power stroke.
34. The method of
35. A method for modifying combustion in a combustion chamber of a 4-stroke internal combustion engine running under standard warm engine operating temperatures, the method comprising the step of opening a combustion chamber valve for at least one discrete period, each period:
a. starting and ending sometime between the start of the compression stroke and the end of the power stroke, and
b. effecting an escape of no more than 20% of the mass of the combustion chamber's contents.
36. The method of
37. The method of
38. The method of
39. The method of
40. The method of
41. The method of
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45. The method of
a. at least one intake valve, and
b. at least one exhaust valve,
are each opened for at least one discrete period, each period starting and ending sometime between the start of the compression stroke and the end of the power stroke.
46. The method of
47. The method of
a. 30 degrees before top dead center, and
b. 30 degrees after top dead center.
48. The method of
This invention was made with United States government support awarded by the following agencies:
U.S. Department of Energy Grant No(s).: DE-FC04-02AL67612 The United States has certain rights in this invention.
This disclosure concerns an invention relating generally to combustion methodologies for internal combustion engines, and more specifically to combustion methodologies resulting in decreased pollutant emissions.
For better understanding of the invention described in this document, it is initially useful to review basic principles of internal combustion engine structure and operation. FIG. 1 depicts a cylinder in a simple idealized internal combustion engine 100, including a combustion chamber 102 defined between a piston 104 and a cylinder head 106. The cylinder head 106 includes a fuel injector 108 and a pair of combustion chamber valves, an intake valve 110 for intake of air from an intake manifold 112, and an exhaust valve 114 for exhaust of combustion products to an exhaust manifold 116 and exhaust system. As is well known, the engine 100 operates by engaging in a combustion cycle, wherein fuel is burned in the combustion chamber 102 to expand the gases (primarily air) therein and drive the piston 104. The piston 104 in turn drives a crank 118 associated with the piston 104, with the crank 118 in turn driving the crankshaft (not shown) which provides power output for a vehicle drive train or to other structures for transmitting mechanical power. The classical four-stroke combustion cycle for both SI (spark ignition or gasoline) engines and CI (compression ignition or diesel) engines involves the following steps:
(1) An intake stroke, wherein the intake valve 110 is opened while piston 104 retreats from cylinder head 106 to draw air into the combustion chamber 102 from the intake manifold 112.
(2) A compression stroke, wherein the piston 104 approaches cylinder head 106 with the combustion chamber valves 110 and 114 closed (at least during the latter portion of the stroke).
(3) A power or expansion stroke, wherein fuel injected into the combustion chamber 102 is ignited and the expanding gases within the combustion chamber 102 push the piston 104 outwardly (as during the intake stroke). Again, the combustion chamber valves 110 and 114 usually remain closed (at least during the early portion of the stroke).
(4) An exhaust stroke, wherein the combustion products within the combustion chamber 102 are expelled to the exhaust manifold 116 by advancing the piston 104 towards the cylinder head 106 with the exhaust valve 114 open.
Each stroke occurs over 180 degrees of crankshaft rotation, with the entire cycle thereby occurring over 720 degrees (two full crankshaft revolutions). The combustion chamber valves 110 and 114 are usually opened and closed at the desired times by valve actuators such as cams or other structures, which are in turn driven by the crankshaft (not shown). Since such arrangements couple the timing and extent of valve opening and closing to the positioning of the crankshaft, and since it may be desirable to have a greater degree of control over valve actuation to achieve desired combustion chamber conditions, there has been a recent trend towards the use of variable valve timing technologies. These technologies wholly or partially decouple the timing and/or extent of valve actuation from the crankshaft position, and allow the valves 110 and 114 to be opened and/or closed when desired (and may also allow the degree of opening to be varied as desired). Examples of variable valve actuation (VVA) schemes may be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,777,915; 4,829,947; and 5,515,818.
The foregoing combustion cycle steps/strokes differ between classical SI and CI engines in that SI engines tend to inject fuel during the intake stroke, whereas CI engines tend to inject fuel late in the compression stroke or early in the power stroke, close to �top dead center� (TDC), the piston 104's point of closest approach to the cylinder head 106. Additionally, in SI engines, ignition of the fuel/air mixture occurs by introduction of a spark (with no spark plug being illustrated in FIG. 1). In contrast, classical CI engines rely on the compression stroke to increase the heat and pressure in the combustion chamber 102 to such a degree that ignition results. There are also various types of �hybrid� engines which operate using a combination of SI and CI principles, or example, engines which run primarily on CI principles but which use a spark or �glow plug� to assist with ignition. (Also note that the engine of FIG. 1 is described as a �simple idealized� one since real-world engines may have a wide variety of combustion chamber configurations other than those shown at 102 in FIG. 1, and may have varying numbers, locations, and configurations of combustion chamber valves 110 and 114 and/or injectors 108.)
In the field of engine development and manufacture, two concerns of critical importance are engine efficiency (e.g., power output per fuel consumption) and engine emissions. Diesel engines tend to operate more efficiently than SI engines, but they unfortunately also tend to have much greater pollutant emissions than SI engines. Common pollutants arising from the use of internal combustion engines are nitrogen oxides (commonly denoted NOx) and particulates (also known simply as �soot�). NOx is generally associated with high-temperature engine conditions, and may be reduced by use of measures such as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), wherein the engine intake air is diluted with relatively inert exhaust gas (generally after cooling the exhaust gas). This reduces the oxygen in the combustion chamber and obtains a reduction in maximum combustion temperature, thereby deterring NOx formation. Particulates (soot) include a variety of matter such as elemental carbon, heavy hydrocarbons, hydrated sulfuric acid, and other large molecules, and are generally associated with incomplete combustion. Particulates can be reduced by increasing combustion and/or exhaust temperatures, or by providing more oxygen to promote oxidation of the soot particles. Unfortunately, measures which reduce NOx tend to increase particulate emissions, and measures which reduce particulates tend to increase NOx emissions, resulting in what is often termed the �soot-NOx tradeoff�.
At the time of this writing, the diesel engine industry is facing stringent emissions legislation in the United States, and is struggling to find methods to meet government-imposed NOx and soot targets for the years 2002-2004 and even more strict standards to be phased in starting in 2007. One measure under consideration is use of exhaust after-treatment (e.g., particulate traps) for soot emissions control in both heavy-duty truck and automotive diesel engines. However, in order to meet mandated durability standards (e.g., 50,000 to 100,000 miles), the soot trap must be periodically regenerated (the trapped soot must be periodically re-burned). This requires considerable expense and complexity, since typically additional fuel must be mixed and ignited in the exhaust stream in order to oxidize the accumulated particulate deposits.
Apart from studies directed to after-treatment, there has also been intense interest in the more fundamental issue of how to reduce NOx and particulates generation from the combustion process and thereby obtain cleaner �engine out� emissions (i.e., emissions directly exiting the engine, prior to exhaust after-treatment or similar measures). Studies in this area relate to shaping combustion chambers, timing the fuel injection, tailoring the injection rate during injection so as to meet desired emissions standards, or modifying the mode of injection (e.g, modifying the injection spray pattern). One field of study relates to premixing methodologies, wherein the object is to attain more complete mixing of fuel and air in order to simultaneously reduce soot and NOx emissions. In diesel engines, the object of premixing methodologies is to move away from the diffusion burning mechanism which drives diesel combustion, and instead attempt to attain premixed burning. In diffusion burning, the oxidant (fuel) is provided to the oxidizer (air) with mixing and combustion occurring simultaneously. The fuel droplets within an injected spray plume have an outer reaction zone surrounding a fuel core which diminishes in size as it is consumed, and high soot production occurs at the high-temperature, fuel-rich spray core. In contrast, premixed burning mixes fuel and air prior to burning, and the more thorough mixing results in less soot production. Premixing may be performed by a number of different measures, such as by use of fumigation (injection of fuel into the intake airstream prior to its entry into the engine), and/or direct injection of a fuel charge relatively far before top dead center (TDC) so that motion of the piston 104, and convection within the cylinder, result in greater mixing.
One promising diesel premixing technology is HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition), which has the objective of causing initial ignition of a lean, highly premixed air-fuel mixture at or near top dead center (TDC). An extensive discussion on HCCI and similar premixing techniques is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 6,230,683 to zur Loye et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,832,880 to Dickey and U.S. Pat. No. 6,213,086 to Chmela et al. also contain useful background information. The charge is said to be �homogeneous� in HCCI because it is (at least theoretically) highly and evenly mixed with the air in the cylinder. Ignition is then initiated by autoignition, i.e., thermodynamic ignition via compression heating. The objective of HCCI is to use autoignition of the lean and homogeneous mix to provide a uniform and relatively slow non-diffusion (or minimized diffusion) burn, resulting in significantly lower combustion chamber temperatures and diminished NOx production (which thrives at high temperature), as well as lower soot production owing to enhanced mixing. In contrast, a richer mixture (such as that necessary for flame propagation from the spark in an SI engine) will burn more quickly at greater temperature, and therefore may result in greater NOx production.
Another promising premixing technology is the Modulated Kinetics (MK) technique, which might be regarded as being a species of HCCI. MK combustion is primarily characterized by three features: (1) a leaner-than-usual fuel/air mixture is used; (2) injection is made at or near top dead center (often after TDC); and (3) the ignition delay exceeds the injection duration (so that the fuel/air mixture is at least partially premixed prior to combustion). In essence, MK combustion involves use of relatively late injection(s) in the �general� HCCI combustion method described above, and concentrates on using the ignition delay for premixing. For further discussion on MK combustion, see, e.g., Kimura et al., �Ultra-clean combustion technology combining a low-temperature and premixed combustion concept for meeting future emissions standards,� SAE paper 2001-01-200, 2001.
As the foregoing references note, while HCCI-type premixing processes might be beneficially implemented in CI engines to achieve their high efficiency without their customarily high emissions, HCCI is also hard to accomplish owing to the difficulties in igniting the lean mix and/or controlling the start of ignition. Combustion in an SI engine is readily initiated by the spark, with premixed burning occurring afterward; similarly, combustion in a conventional CI engine is initiated by fuel injection near top dead center (at or slightly after the end of the compression stroke) when thermodynamic conditions for autoignition are favorable, with diffusion burning occurring afterward. However, HCCI does not utilize a spark, nor is it desirable for HCCI to use the rich mixture needed for effective use of a spark. It is also difficult for HCCI to achieve a homogeneous charge or premixed burning if injection near top dead center is used, since there is less time for mixing to occur before ignition. Thus, a key area of study in the HCCI field is how to efficiently initiate ignition, and more critically, how to effect ignition at the desired time. While these issues are somewhat straightforward where CI engines operate under a relatively rigid set of operating conditions (as with diesel generators, which tend to operate at relatively constant speeds and loads), these issues become exceedingly complex where CI engines must operate at varying speeds and loads (as in automotive/vehicular operations). These ignition and timing problems are the primary reason why HCCI methodologies have not attained widespread use outside of generators and other constant speed/load applications.
In view of the foregoing discussion, there is a significant need for methods and apparata which assist in obtaining premixed burning, particularly premixed burning which achieves or approximates HCCI burning, so as to allow exploitation of the high efficiency of CI engines without the detriment of their high pollutant emissions.
The invention, which is defined by the claims set forth at the end of this document, is directed to methods which at least partially alleviate the aforementioned problems. To allow a reader to better compare the invention to the preexisting technology described above, preferred features of the invention will now be more specifically described with reference to FIG. 1. Thus, it should be understood that while FIG. 1 bears the label �prior art� to denote that the exemplary structure shown therein is well known, the following description describes how the invention might be implemented in previously-known engines of the type shown in FIG. 1 or of other types (though it should also be understood that the invention might be implemented in other types of engines which are yet to be developed).
A particularly preferred version of the invention involves briefly opening at least one of the combustion chamber valves 110 and 114 for at least one discrete period sometime during the compression and/or power strokes, resulting in one or more of the following benefits:
(1) Greater mixing may be obtained within the combustion chamber 102. If one of the combustion chamber valves 110 and 114 is opened for a brief period, the gases within the combustion chamber 102 will rapidly exit from the opened valve into its associated manifold 112 or 116 during this period. The escaping gases may generate mixing flows within the combustion chamber 102, which may enhance burning of particulates and thereby result in lower emissions.
(2) The conditions in combustion chamber 102 can be altered to effect a change in the time ignition is initiated, thereby allowing the ignition timing to be varied as desired to achieve HCCI. Since ignition timing is largely dependent on the pressure (and temperature) of the gases within the combustion chamber 102, releasing the combustion chamber 102 gases by briefly opening one or more of the combustion chamber valves 110 and/or 114 will introduce an ignition delay depending on the resulting drop in pressure (and temperature). Thus, by opening one or more combustion valves 110 and/or 114 (and opening them simultaneously or sequentially, where multiple valves are opened), one can tailor combustion chamber pressures (and to some degree temperatures) so that peak values can be precisely timed, allowing control over ignition timing.
Since the pressure generated within the combustion chamber 102 is used to generate the power output from the engine 100, it might be regarded as contrary to the purposes of the engine 100 to open one or more of the combustion chamber valve(s) 110 and/or 114 for a discrete period sometime during the compression and/or power strokes: the release of pressure from the combustion chamber 102 results in a power loss. However, the power loss may be acceptable if emissions reduction and other objectives are met. The pressure loss within the combustion chamber 102 will depend on the length of the period during which the combustion chamber valve(s) 110 and/or 114 is/are opened, and the degree to which they are opened. It is believed that the benefits of the invention would best be achieved if the period and extent of valve opening be limited such that no more than 20% of the mass of the combustion chamber 102 contents (as measured after fuel injection) be released during all discrete openings of the valves 110 and 114 during the compression and/or power strokes, since computerized engine simulations appear to indicate that more substantial power losses occur if more than approximately 15% of the combustion chamber 102 mass is released. It follows from the foregoing that it will usually be desirable to implement the invention in such a manner that any mixing and/or ignition timing objectives are met while releasing as little of the combustion chamber mass (and thus pressure) as possible. Thus, it is expected that when the invention is implemented in most diesel engines by a single opening of a single one of the combustion chamber valves 110 and 114 to its fully open position (or nearly so), it will usually be desirable to open the valve for no more than 5 degrees of crankshaft revolution, since computerized engine simulations indicate that more substantial power losses occur above approximately 7 degrees. More preferably, the period will not exceed approximately 5 degrees. Where the invention is implemented by opening more than one combustion chamber valve (e.g., by opening both an intake valve 110 and an exhaust valve 114, or by opening more than one intake and/or exhaust valve 114 where multiple intake valves 110 and/or exhaust valves 114 are present), it is expected that the foregoing parameters would apply to the cumulative openings of the valves 110 and 114. The same principle applies where a combustion chamber valve is opened more than once during compression and/or power strokes.
The timing of the valve opening may also vary depending on which of the two aforementioned benefits is to be achieved, and the degree to which it is to be achieved. It is expected that the objective of greater mixing is best accomplished if one or more of the combustion chamber valves 110 and 114 is opened during the first half of the power stroke, most preferably within about 50 degrees after TDC (i.e., approximately the first quarter of the power stroke). At this time, ignition has usually started and combustion is underway.
In contrast, to achieve the objective of ignition timing, it is expected that any openings of the valves 110 and 114 are usually best implemented starting in the latter half of the compression stroke, most preferably at 50 degrees before TDC or thereafter. Openings of the valves 110 and 114 could occur earlier, but since ignition delay occurs with each valve opening owing to pressure release from the combustion chamber 102, and ignition is usually desired late in the compression stroke or early in the expansion stroke, openings of the valves 110 and 114 during the latter half of the compression stroke (particularly at about 30 degrees before TDC and thereafter) should afford more precise control of ignition timing.
The foregoing discussion suggests that where ordinary engine speed/load conditions are presumed, the mixing objective is generally better achieved with openings of the valves 110 and 114 after TDC, whereas the ignition timing objective is generally better achieved with openings of the valves 110 and 114 before TDC. However, openings of the valves 110 and 114 before TDC will have an impact on mixing as well. Similarly, openings of the valves 110 and 114 after TDC may also have an impact on ignition timing provided ignition has not already begun. To illustrate, some combustion schemes�such as the Modified Kinetics (MK) combustion methodology, where ignition is often desired after the power stroke has begun�may benefit from valve openings after TDC to control ignition timing.
As noted above, the invention may be accomplished by opening more than one of the intake and/or exhaust valves 110 and 114, and/or by opening one or more of these valves more than once during a combustion cycle. It is expected that it will generally be most beneficial to open one or more intake valves 110, since any unburned fuel and/or particulates ejected from the combustion chamber 102 will then be retained in the intake manifold 112 for later readmission into the combustion chamber 102 during the next intake stroke. The unburned fuel and particulates (if any) ejected from the intake valve(s) 110 during one combustion cycle will therefore be taken up for consumption in the following cycle. In contrast, if the invention is implemented by alternatively or additionally opening one or more exhaust valves 114, any unburned fuel and/or particulates escaping the combustion chamber 102 will exit to the exhaust manifold 116 to exit as pollutant emissions (unless some form of after-treatment is applied to the exhaust gases). Owing to these emissions, it is expected that implementation of the invention by opening one or more exhaust valves 114 will generally be undesirable, unless any resulting emissions are outweighed by any corresponding mixing and/or ignition timing benefits.
In some instances, opening of exhaust valves 114 warrants serious consideration despite any emissions drawbacks. To illustrate, since exhaust valves 114 are often spaced at opposite ends of the combustion chamber 102 from any intake valves 110, it may in some cases be beneficial to first open an exhaust valve 114 and then an intake valve 110, or conversely first open an intake valve 110 followed by opening of an exhaust valve 114, to better achieve thorough mixing throughout the entirety of the combustion chamber 102. By opening the valves 110 and 114 at different times, a sort of back-and-forth �sloshing� effect is achieved in the contents of the combustion chamber 102, resulting in thorough mixing. However, the same effect might be accomplished by only opening intake valves 110 if multiple spaced intake valves 110 are present.
Since most standard valve actuation schemes couple valve actuation to crankshaft motion, and it would often be difficult and expensive to modify any cams or other intervening structure to effectively actuate the valves to implement the invention, it is expected that the invention would make beneficial use of variable valve actuation (VVA) technologies. Since variable valve actuators (VVAs) allow precise control of valve opening and closing times, and/or to the degree of valve opening/closing, they allow a readily available means for implementing the invention.
At various points in the foregoing discussion, preferred operating parameters were noted for the invention, with such parameters being determined in view of computerized engine simulations. These simulations were performed using WAVE simulation software (Ricardo PLC, Shoreham-by-Sea, West Sussex, England) with a Caterpillar 3401E SCOTE engine (Caterpillar Inc., Peoria, Ill., USA) running at 821 rpm, 25% load, with 61.2 mg of fuel being injected per cycle starting at 20 degrees before TDC. It should be understood that different preferred operating parameters might be derived if engines having different configurations and/or operating conditions are tested.
Note that various preferred versions of the invention are shown and described above to illustrate different possible options for the invention and the varying ways in which these options may be combined. Apart from combining the different options of the foregoing versions of the invention in varying ways, other modifications are also considered to be within the scope of the invention. Following is an exemplary list of such modifications.
First, any variable valve actuators (VVAs) used to implement the invention may make use of regeneration methodologies, i.e., recovery of energy which would otherwise be lost by the engine or by associated components, to better decrease energy demands from valve actuation. Exemplary regeneration methodologies may be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 6,315,265 (recovery of energy captured from valve during valve deceleration), as well as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,082,328 and 6,012,424 (recovery of energy from vehicle braking systems).
Second, the invention might be implemented by opening a combustion chamber valve other than an intake valve (or valves) and/or an exhaust valve (or valves). For example, a combustion chamber might be separated from an adjacent supplemental chamber (provided outside the cylinder) by a supplemental combustion chamber valve which serves neither intake nor exhaust purposes. The combustion chamber contents might be �vented� into this supplemental chamber at appropriate times to serve the mixing and/or ignition timing functions of the invention.
Third, while the invention is believed to have most beneficial application to CI engines, it might be utilized in SI engines as well (particularly in SI engines implementing HCCI-type or similar combustion schemes). In this case, the primary benefit of the invention would likely result from the enhanced mixing that the invention can provide, rather than from ignition timing modification (which is more readily controlled in an SI engine via spark timing).
The invention is not intended to be limited to the preferred versions of the invention described above, but rather is intended to be limited only by the claims set out below. Thus, the invention encompasses all different versions that fall literally or equivalently within the scope of these claims.
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NATO starts military drills in the Black Sea
Romania, Bulgaria and the United States started joint military training exercise in the Black Sea, a day after the drills have been postponed due to adverse weather conditions, according to Mediafax. The USS Truxtun guided-missile destroyer along with three Romanian naval vessels and a Bulgarian naval frigate are taking part in the Black Sea maneuvers, according to the Bulgarian TV channel BGNES, quoted by Novinite.com. The US navy destroyer arrived in the Black Sea in the context of stronger tensions engulfing the Crimean Peninsula where Russian military groups have seized control from Ukrainian authorities, with rumours spreading that these tensions are the reason of the drills. But, the US Marine Corps said the joint drills, held in the west part of the Black Sea, have been planned weeks in advance. The USS Truxtun (DDG-103 in NATO terms) is a destroyer owned by the US Navy, belonging to the Arleigh Burke class. The destroyer is a fast military vessel, equipped with artillery systems, missiles and torpedoes, aimed at hitting mosquito crafts and enemy submarines, as well as to escort defenseless vessels.

subset: commoncrawl


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Yeah, so, my friend Alex was watching the mini-camp today and gave me a call afterwards.
Apparently Troy absolutely lit Fred Smoot on FIRE for an 80 yard touchdown pass. He said Troy was by Smoot by the time he got out of his backpedal, and the Vikes on the sidelines just ate it up.
Otherwise, though, Troy still bobbled a few passes and dropped a few, so what he can do remains to be seen. But yeah, he said the highlight of the camp was Troy smoking Smoot, after Smoot talking so much crap to the rookie.


text:
ViXS Interview Questions & Reviews in Toronto, ON
Getting an Interview
Interview Experience
Interview Difficulty
- Popular Job Titles:
- Software Engineer (3)
- Senior Software Engineer (1)
- Graphics Software Engineer (1)
- Engineer (1)
- Physical Design Engineer (1)
Accepted Offer
Positive Experience
Difficult Interview
Software Engineer Interview (Positive Experience; Difficult Interview)
I applied online and the process took 1 week - interviewed at ViXS in May 2010.
Interview Details – 1. HR (or the team manager or director) will call you to make an interview appointment and talk about your basic information briefly.
2. Team manager or directory will give you an interview.
3. Upper management person may come to talk with you during the interview.
4. Reference check and give you an offer.
Interview Question – As a software engineer position, a C-test is the most difficult part for most of the interviewers. View Answer
Accepted Offer
Positive Experience
Average Interview
Graphics Software Engineer Interview (Positive Experience; Average Interview)
I applied online and the process took 5 days - interviewed at ViXS in March 2011.
Interview Details – interviewed with several people in a row, and had a quiz on basic coding (1 hour).
Interview Question – I did find something difficult or unexpected. Answer Question
No Offer
Negative Experience
Difficult Interview
Software Engineer Interview (Negative Experience; Difficult Interview)
I applied online and the process took a day - interviewed at ViXS in April 2011.
Interview Details – After applying online, got a email a few days later from a manager which led to an interview the following week.
Brush up on optimized memory copy routines, linked lists and C syntax.
Generally a very negative atmosphere. No attempt to sell you on the company: why you should work there, how good the work environment is etc. That any questions concerning the company were extremely vague.
Interview Questions
- A series of questions where one was to write out routines for building a doubly linked list. View Answer
- An array of integers was shown. One was to do arithmetic operations on this array in an optmized fashion. View Answer


text:
Search Common Sense
The Scripture Call for God's People:
II Chronicles 7:14 If my people, which are called by my name, shall humble themselves, and pray, and seek my face, and turn from their wicked ways; then will I hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin, and will heal their land.
Freedom Calendar
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Exclusive–Mitch McConnell: Harry Reid Must Allow Votes on House's Anti-Executive Amnesty BillsBreitbart.com | by Matthew Boyle | August 13, 2014
Obama Weighs Using Ground Troops to Rescue Iraqi RefugeesNewsmax.com | Wednesday, 13 Aug 2014 04:15 PM
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Will the West stand by and watch the slaughter of Yazidis, and cleansing of Christians, in Iraq?HotAir.com | by Ed Morrissey | posted at 10:01 am on August 7, 2014
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Pelosi Asks Reporters To Be 'Messengers' For Failing House DemcRATSDailyCaller.com | By: Chuck Ross, Reporter | August 05, 2014
'Insider Attack' at Afghan Base Kills US GeneralNewsmax.com | Tuesday, 05 August 2014 12:55 PM
Bergdahl Roommate: Chairman of Joint Chiefs Told Us Bowe Was A DeserterDailyCaller.com | By: Patrick Howley, Political Reporter | August 05, 2014
Man being tested for Ebola in NYC likely doesn't have itCBSNews.com | Last Updated August 4, 2014 7:45 PM EDT
Some Are Calling This the 'Most Important Video About Israel Ever Made' — and It's Taking the Internet by StormTheBlaze.com | By: Oliver Darcy | August 4, 2014 7:21pm
Social Media Jihad: Islamic State ramps up gruesome Internet campaignFoxNews.com | By Perry Chiaramonte | Published August 01, 2014
Ebola 2: here come the "global pandemic" promotersInfowars.com | by Jon Rappoport | August 1, 2014
Gaza crisis: Israel, Hamas agree to 72-hour humanitarian cease-fireFoxNews.com | Published July 31, 2014
House Delays Recess Until Border Bill Is PassedNewsmax.com | Thursday, 31 Jul 2014 06:20 PM
Israeli 4-hour cease-fire for parts of Gaza ends as Palestinians claim strike hits marketFoxNews.com | Published July 30, 2014
Send The Invasion Of Illegals To Beverly Hills And GeorgetownPersonal Liberty Digest | by Wayne Allyn Root | July 24, 2014
Boehner rules out impeachment: 'Scam started by Democrats'The Washington Times [h/t Drudge]| By Stephen Dinan | July 29, 2014
Official AP Tweet: Despite Gaza 'Horror,' U.S. Lawmakers 'Fall Over Each Other to Support Israel'Newsbusters.org | By: Tom Blumer | July 29, 2014, 12:30 ET
[LIBEAL ALERT] In Event of Emergency, Illegals to be Evacuated Before Citizens 'For everyone's safety..'Infowars.com | By: Adan Salazar | July 28, 2014
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Amid Deluge of Foreign Crises, Network News Shuts Out Obama CriticsMRC.org | By: By Scott Whitlock, Senior News Analyst | Posted: July 27, 2014
GOP Rank-and-File Discusses Ways to Take on Obama Over Amnesty, Including ImpeachmentBreitbart.com | by Jonathan Strong 25 Jul 2014, 8:42 AM PDT
Is the Press Responsible for the Bergdahl Scandal?FloppingAces.net (Guest Post) | By: Brother Bob | July 25, 2014
Duff Watson SWA: Man Says Southwest Pulled Him Off Flight for TweetNewsmax.com | By Angela Deines | Thursday, 24 July 2014 08:28 PM
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- California Assemblywoman Does Something Obama Doesn't Have the Guts or Desire to Do August 27, 2014[TPNN.com] Melissa Melendez is a Republican who serves California's 67th Assembly. Melendez is not only an elected official, she is a mother of five, a business woman, and a Navy veteran. On Tuesday, she did something that far few elected officials have done. She has taken a stand for the Sgt. Andrew Tahmooressi, the U.S. Marine being held in a Mexican priso […]
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- Judicial Watch Sues TSA over Cover-Up: Passenger Complaints "Assaults Relating to Sexual Misconduct" August 26, 2014[Judicial Watch] (Washington D.C.) – Judicial Watch announced today that it filed a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) lawsuit against the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) seeking "Incident Reports" of alleged sexual misconduct throughout 2013 by Transportation Security Administration (TSA) officers at Dulles, Chicago, Denver, Miami, and Lo […]
- Rep. Gohmert Warns of Terrorist Threat Along Texas-Mexico Border August 25, 2014[Breitbart.com] "The FBI director previously said...that there were people from terrorist countries who were assuming Hispanic names, and learning a few words of Spanish, and coming in," Gohmert said. "The FBI director himself testified to that before Congress. So we know that this kind of thing has been going on--Governor Perry isn't say […]
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- California Assemblywoman Does Something Obama Doesn't Have the Guts or Desire to Do August 27, 2014
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Tucson Aftermath Not the Left's First Political Witch Hunt
Posted on January 13, 2011 by Various Writers
Despite a gaping absence of even a shred of evidence, liberal commentators and pundits have sought to link Sarah Palin, Rush Limbaugh, and Fox News, among others, to the noxious carnage. Among the most egregious examples was Paul Krugman of the New York Times, who invoked what he described as the "eliminationist rhetoric" of the right. Others went further still, with Michael Russnow asserting at the Huffington Post, "With all the terrorism happening in our country and around the world, isn't most of it coming from the right?" Tossing logic to the wind, these critics have attempted to identity conservative fingerprints at the scene of the crime where none can, or will, be found. Continue reading →
Posted in Amendment Rights, America's Freedoms, Corruption, Corruption in Government, Current Elections, Education, Elections Politics, Government, House of Representatives, Learning from History, Media Corruption, National Security, New Media News, Politics, Progressives pushing for Marxism/Socialism, Radical Liberal Progressive Left, Reject Socialism, Religious Freedoms, Terrorism, Undermining Constitution | Tagged AZ, Bibi, Bryce Tierney, Featured Story, Fox News, Gabrielle Giffords, Huffington Post, Israel, jared loughner, Left's Witch Hunt, likud, Media Criticism, Michael Ben-Yair, Michael Russnow, Mother Jones, Netanyahu, New York Times, News, Paul Krugman, politics, Rush Limbaugh, Sarah Palin, Tucson aftermath, Yasser Arafat, Yitzhak Rabin


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I think there was a similar thread to this quite recently. But just to get you started, here are 52 terms:
Slang words for to flatulate, fart, pass gas | Urban Thesaurus | The Online Slang Dictionary
not a teacher
ps. a few more: Fart Thesaurus
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|Mercy General surgeons join staff at PCH
|Monday, March 31, 2014 9:17 AM
PAULDING – Mercy Defiance Clinic and Paulding County Hospital are pleased to announce that Mercy's three general surgeons have joined the staff and are now seeing patients at both Paulding County Hospital and Mercy Defiance.
The three, Souheil Al-Jadda, M.D., Jeffrey A. Pruitt, M.D., and John W. Shaw, M.D., are experienced physicians and all are board certified in General Surgery. Each surgeon will be at Paulding County Hospital for office appointments and surgical procedures one day per week, Monday, Wednesday or Friday.
In a joint statement, Paulding County Hospital CEO Gary Adkins and Mercy Defiance CEO Chad Peter noted that the two facilities have a history of working together and are pleased to be offering this additional service to the Paulding community.
Other Mercy physicians providing services at Paulding County Hospital, are Raj Gunda, M.D., hematology and oncology, and Thomas Walsh, M.D., urology.
The surgeons' services include hernia repair, appendectomy, removal of the gallbladder, removal of hemorrhoids, laparoscopic surgery, breast biopsies, mastectomies, bowel surgery, colonoscopies, and EGD, a procedure to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine.
Dr. Al-Jadda joined Mercy Defiance in 2006 and has 38 years of general surgery experience. Dr. Pruitt, with 22 years of experience, has been with Mercy Defiance since 1993, and Dr. Shaw, with 19 years in general surgery, joined the Mercy Defiance Staff in 1995.
Scheduling for office appointments with these surgeons at Paulding County Hospital is being handled by Mercy Defiance Clinic. Patients should call Mercy Defiance Clinic toll-free at 1-800-925-4642 or 419-784-1414 and press 1 to be connected to scheduling.
To read the rest of this article please subscribe or sign in


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DJ Khaled - Hip Hop
Artist: DJ Khaled
Featuring: Scarface , Nas , DJ Premier
Producer: J.U.S.T.I.C.E League
Album: Kiss The Ring
Avg Rating: 4.4 ( 53 total votes )
I won't front, I've haven't exactly been easy on DJ Khaled over the years, but the man might have just bought himself a lifetime pass from hip-hop heads for this new Hip-Hop joint. Featuring more hall-of-fame talent than the '92 Dream Team, Hip-Hop is founded on yet another cinematic beat from the J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League that makes heavy use of a live piano. From there we get an emotional verse from Scarface that will have many proclaiming "he's back!", while Nas stays in his classic Life Is Good form with a closing verse that demands at least 20 rewinds to truly comprehend. At least. Oh, and did I mention live scratching from DJ Premier? Sometimes you remember why you fell in love with Hip-Hop in the first place, this is one of those times for me. I think it's safe to say that this will be the standout track from DJ Khaled's upcoming Kiss the Ring album, due out August 21.
Listen to More: DJ Khaled , Scarface , Nas , DJ Premier
Written by Nathan S. on 08/10/12
[Album] DJ Khaled - Kiss The Ring
In your face DJ and record executive DJ Khaled has released his new Cash Money/Universal Republic album, Kiss The Ring, featuring previously-released singles "Hip-Hop" "Take It To The Head" and "I Wish You Would."Guest...
Cash Money/Republic
First DJ Booth Appearance:
"It's A Problem ft. Beanie Sigel & Jadakiss" (2006)
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An Ode To The NFL Coaches Fired On Monday
We've come to expect NFL teams who missed the playoffs to jettison their head coaches this time of year. But five in one day? Bill Littlefield offers a verse to those who are now looking for work.
We've come to expect NFL teams who missed the playoffs to jettison their head coaches this time of year. But five in one day? Bill Littlefield offers a verse to those who are now looking for work.
Last week Major League Baseball unveiled a new rule aimed at reducing head injuries. Bill Littlefield hopes more changes in other sports are on the way in 2014.
Yet another wax sculpture of Cristiano Ronaldo has been unveiled. This event provoked Bill Littlefield to think about how we praise famous men and the extent to which some of them find it necessary to praise themselves.
Fresh off a World Series victory with the Red Sox, outfielder Jacoby Ellsbury has signed with Boston's archrival, the New York Yankees. Bill Littlefield looks at some of the more memorable departures from Fenway to the Bronx.
In this season of giving thanks, Bill Littlefield recalls a sports experience he's thankful he'll never have to live through again.
Bill Littlefield is occasionally asked to share his stories. This week, he shares someone else's.
The Jonathan Martin – Richie Incognito story has morphed into something much larger than a locker room spat. With the Miami Dolphins in the midst of a public relations nightmare, Bill Littlefield is imagining how the organization might be trying to control the situation.
For some, running is about sweating, pain, triumph and failure, but others find poetry in the sport. 'Bearers of Distance' is a new anthology of works by poets who also run. Bill Littlefield shares some of the highlights of this creative approach to capturing the spirit of running.
With the end of the baseball season nearing, commentator Bill Littlefield is thinking about what the end of the baseball season means to some especially devoted fans of the game.
With the World Series kicking off, Bill Littlefield is thinking about the different ways fans appreciate the game of baseball.


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NEW YORK, Aug 20- U.S. crude oil rose in choppy trading on Wednesday ahead of the September contract's expiration and after government data showed crude stocks in the United States fell sharply last week. U.S. crude stocks slid by 4.5 million barrels last week, the U.S. Energy Information Administration said, more than analysts had expected.» Read More
*Events in Ukraine, Libya and Iran closely watched. NEW YORK/ LONDON, April 30- Oil fell below $108 per barrel on Wednesday on a strong supply outlook as inventories in the United States rose to a record high and traders anticipated increased exports from Libya.
Phillips, based in Houston, had a first-quarter profit of $1.6 billion, or $2.67 per share, compared with $1.41 billion, or $2.23 a share, in the same quarter of 2013..
April 30- Canadian oil and gas producer Cenovus Energy Inc reported a better-than-expected operating profit, helped by a 48 percent jump in production at its Christina Lake oil sands project in northern Alberta.
*Asset prices in Dubai soar with economic recovery. RAS AL KHAIMAH, United Arab Emirates, April 30- W hen French wine and cognac bottle maker Saverglass decided to expand three years ago, it chose a relatively remote, less affluent location in the United Arab Emirates for its plant rather than the business hubs of Dubai and Abu Dhabi.
LAUNCESTON, Australia, April 30- First it was oil refining and now it's petrochemicals getting a reality check in China. In recent months China has seen a slew of delays and cancellations to oil refinery and petrochemical projects, as the full impact of slower economic growth, pollution concerns and foreign competition hits home.
LONDON, April 30- Royal Dutch Shell reported on Wednesday its first-quarter earnings almost halved from a year ago to $4.5 billion, mainly due to a $2.9 billion charge reflecting impairments related to refineries in Asia and Europe.
TOKYO, April 30- Iran's top oil clients cut their March imports 16.4 percent from the previous month's two-year high and look set to reduce their shipments further over coming months, bringing the volumes closer in line with the deal easing sanctions on Tehran.
WASHINGTON, April 29- U.S. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, in an abrupt election-year shift in strategy, opened the possibility on Tuesday of allowing a vote on congressional approval of the long-delayed Keystone XL oil pipeline.
WASHINGTON, April 29- U.S. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid on Tuesday left open the possibility of voting on legislation forcing the approval of the long-delayed Keystone XL pipeline that would link Canada's oil sands to refineries in Texas. The Senate is expected to debate the efficiency bill this week.
NAIROBI, April 24- British explorer Tullow Oil and partner Africa Oil Corp aim to submit development plans to the Kenyan government late next year for their oil discovery in the northwest of the country, executives from the firms said on Tuesday.
SINGAPORE, April 29- U.S. crude inched closer to $101 a barrel on Tuesday, building on Monday's gains ahead of weekly inventories data as investors shrugged off more U.S. sanctions on Russia and an imminent rise in Libyan exports. *U.S. crude for June delivery edged up 8 cents to $100.92 a barrel by 0032 GMT after settling up 24 cents in the previous session.
BEIJING, April 28- China's top refiner Sinopec Corp is scaling back billions of dollars in petrochemical investments in the face of growing U.S. competition in the sector and rising local opposition to oil and gas plants over environmental concerns.
BEIJING, April 28- Sinopec Corp has held up a $3.1 billion ethylene plant in east China's Qingdao, after a fatal pipeline blast last year threw into question whether the city is environmentally viable for the petrochemical complex, a company source said on Monday.
*Russia says it will respond if its Ukraine interests attacked. SINGAPORE, April 24- Brent crude futures rose on Thursday, holding above $109 per barrel for a fifth straight session, as a vow by top oil producer Russia to respond if its interests in Ukraine came under attack stoked supply worries.
BRASILIA, April 24- Brazil's Supreme Court upheld late on Wednesday an opposition request for a congressional inquiry into alleged corruption at state-run oil company Petroleo Brasileiro SA, a ruling that could upset President Dilma Rousseff's re-election plans.
*U.S. oil stocks hit record high, Cushing draw supports. *Ukraine says truce is over, Russia says will respond. NEW YORK, April 23- Crude oil futures slipped on Wednesday after weekly data showed U.S. crude inventories hit a record high, though Brent managed to settle above $109 on support from the ongoing crisis in Ukraine.
India is set to pay Iran $1.65 billion under an interim nuclear deal that eases sanctions and gives Tehran access to $4.2 billion in blocked funds.
NEW DELHI, April 23- India is set to pay Iran $1.65 billion over the next three months under an interim nuclear deal that eases sanctions on Tehran and gives it access to $4.2 billion in blocked funds, four sources with knowledge of the matter said.
*Crude stocks drop on lower imports. BEIJING, April 23- China's commercial crude oil. China's crude oil imports in March fell to a five-month low of 5.54 million barrels per day, official data has shown, after three months of high inbound shipments and gains in fuel product inventories.
In January, the EPA agreed to reconsider the mandate, which would have required oil refiners to buy millions of dollars worth of credits if cellulosic fuels were not available to be blended into gasoline or diesel.


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Local News
National Audubon Society turns over 73,000 signatures petitioning Vikings Stadium glass
St. Paul, MN (NNCNOW.com) --- The National Audubon Society held a demonstration at Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton's office today to kick off its campaign against the Vikings Stadium's windows.
Jim Carlson, and his ex-girlfriend, are appealing their federal punishments
Duluth, MN (NNCNOW.com) --- The owner of the former Duluth head shop "Last Place on Earth" has filed an appeal in his synthetic drug case, and hired a new attorney.
'No Water Contact' advisories lifted for multiple Northland beaches
Duluth, MN (NNCNOW.com) --- The Minnesota Department of Health has lifted 'No Water Contact' advisories for multiple Northland beaches.
Back to School is Officially Upon Us
Duluth, MN (NNCNOW.com) -- While many families are finishing up their summer vacations, students at the Duluth Edison Charter schools were gearing up for their first day back at class.
Undercover operation nets six arrests for prostitution, child enticement
Duluth, MN (NNCNOW.com) - An undercover operation in the Northland has netted six arrests related to prostitution and human trafficking.
Cable median barrier project begins along I-35
Duluth, MN (NNCNOW.com) - Drivers on parts of I–35 in Carlton and St. Louis County could encounter some lane restrictions.
Both sides of Sandpiper pipeline weigh in on Environmental Impact Statement process
Superior, WI (NNCNOW.com) --- People on both sides of a major pipeline debate are speaking up about the controversial projects in Northwestern Wisconsin. They made comments Monday on the proposed Sandpiper pipeline, and a proposed replacement of a 324–mile long Enbridge pipeline.
Esko students head into school year armed with iPads
Esko, MN (NNCNOW.com) - Students in grades four through 12th will be using the iPads on a one on one basis this school year.
Ely man's tomato smashes world record
Ely, MN (NNCNOW.com) --- An Ely man has smashed a world record by growing a tomato that weighs 8.41 pounds.
St Louis River clean-up project is flowing along
Duluth, MN (NNCNOW.com)--- The St Louis River is the largest river flowing into Lake Superior ...and also one of the most contaminated areas of the Great Lakes. Progress is being on a multi-agency effort to restore the powerful river.
Most Viewed
Family delivers plea to stop distracted driving
Rat Rod Rendezvous brings rodders in from across Midwest to show off custom cars
Increased wolf activity leads to fears for pets & children
A Prairie Home Companion coming to Duluth DECC in November
Film crew wraps up production on Minnesota-based eco-thriller
Undercover operation nets six arrests for prostitution, child enticement
Largest Labor Day picnic in MN attracts voters and candidates
Duluth Superior Pride Fest wraps up with no protesters two years in a row
While ahead of schedule, progress on St. Louis River cleanup getting tougher
MN bear season set to open Sept. 1st


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Vernon Kennard
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