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Download Brittle Coating Method Pdf from our fatest mirrorMeasurement Stresses Fixed-Bridge Restorations Brittle Technique
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Measurement of Stresses in Fixed-Bridge Restorations Using a Brittle Coating Technique R. G. CRAIG and F. A. PEYTON School ofDentistry, University ofMichigan, AnnArbor, Michigan
Date added: February 1, 2014 - Views: 6
ultrasonic test method was used to determine the mod-ulus at different temperatures and compositions. 3.2.2. ... Ductile-brittle transition of an aluminde coating on IN100 superalloy, R. Brunetaud et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of Conference on High Temperature Material for
Date added: November 23, 2012 - Views: 6
Measurement of brittle-film adhesion on a ductile substrate by indentation 2321 Table 1. Cont. Selected adhesion measurement techniques measurement
Date added: May 22, 2012 - Views: 7
Investigation of the Mechanical Properties and Brittle-to-Ductile Transition of Thin Molybdenum Films Mark E. Walter The Ohio State University, ... coating was chosen as the method to produce the thin films. The first step in this research was
Date added: August 13, 2013 - Views: 2
Multiscale monitoring of interface failure of brittle coating/ductile substrate systems: A non-destructive evaluation method combined digital image
Date added: May 15, 2013 - Views: 10
method of checking strain distribution. Flaking of brittle mill ... The present work describes an improved brittle coating in the form of a sprayable lacquer which air-dries over night to form a coating of uniform brittleness within the limits of thickness of
Date added: August 5, 2014 - Views: 1
Brittle Coatings The brittle coating technique appears to have been the first optical approach used with hole drilling [3], ... the hole drilling-photoelastic coating method and application of the method to welded joints. In 1967, Gibbs et al
Date added: October 25, 2013 - Views: 2
BRITTLE 1.ACQUFR TECHNIOUE OF STRESS ANALYSIS ' AUTWTOR(e) ... Describes the brittle lacquer method for analyzing strain/stress in materiel. o< ... Whether a particular brittle lacquer coating will fracture under a certain strain depends on the strain sensitivity of the ...
Date added: May 15, 2013 - Views: 5
SEM History Experimental Techniques Jan/Feb 1999, Vol. 23, No. 1 . ... was amazed to find that the brittle coating method, which had actually been developed in Germany to solve failure problems on the Zeppelin engines, was not in use to any
Date added: March 14, 2012 - Views: 4
A new method to evaluate the fracture toughness of ... traces of the indentation crack into and away from the coated region is used to measure the toughening imparted by the coating. This test method avoids the complicating effects of delamination that often occur ... brittle materials, and ...
Date added: November 6, 2013 - Views: 1
This method of critical load determination is mostly adequate for hard coatings that crack with more energy. Depth ... Fig. 8 shows the micrograph of full scratch of a thick brittle ceramic coating catastrophic coating failure is observed when L
Date added: August 5, 2014 - Views: 1
Discuss the crack patterns which can be obtained in a brittle coating under various combinations of stresses. Illustrate your answer by giving sketches. (08 Marks) c. Describe the calibration method generally used for brittle coating. How true threshold strains can be determined by this method ...
Date added: May 20, 2014 - Views: 1
strength of the thin brittle coating are discussed. This study can contribute to ... According to this result, the trilayer structure testing method was verified for brittle thin coating systems. In addition, the Weibull diagram included as an inset
Date added: November 10, 2013 - Views: 3
FATIGUE TESTING AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS r (d) Mechanicalpropert, Defiexion method, brittle coating method, bonded wire technique, moist coating method, vibration
Date added: December 23, 2011 - Views: 30
brittle coating bonded to a compliant substrate is progres-sively loaded with a spherical indenter (radius 3 mm), as shown in Fig. 1a. ... measurement method described in Section 2 is first illus-trated and proved using Trilayer1 as follows.
Date added: September 19, 2013 - Views: 2
Analysis of the ductile/brittle transition during a ... the mar and wear resistance properties of polymeric bilayer systems. These systems were composed of a transparent coating on a ther-moplastic polymer (PMMA) substrate. ... method takes into account the piling-up phenomenon and
Date added: August 5, 2014 - Views: 1
tolift off the coating. With hard or brittle coatings, cracking usually occurs in the bend area. Such cracks may or may not ... thin coatings cannot be evaluated for adhesion by this method. 6. Draw Test 6.1 Form a suitable sample about 60mm in diameter into a
Date added: June 21, 2012 - Views: 12
Post-Coating Treatments of Steel for Reducing Risk of ... (usually as submicroscopic cracks), as well as catastrophic brittle failures at applied stresses well ... 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 A 919 Terminology Relating to Heat Treatment of Metals3
Date added: June 29, 2012 - Views: 10
coating method. Aqueous dispersions ... filler levels can also result in brittle coating layers and lead to cracking in creasing and folding operations and subsequent loss of barrier performance. ... The paper with 0.8 g/m2 polyolefin dispersion coating showed a
Date added: October 15, 2013 - Views: 6
In a recent study of Hertzian indentation of a brittle porcelain coating on a Pd-alloy substrate10 the critical role of the metal substrate in the fracture of the ceramic ... method (Grindosonic MK5, J.W. Lemmens Inc., St. Louis, MO).
Date added: November 28, 2013 - Views: 2
Since it is not electroplated, it won't cause brittle failures. • ACU Coating for High-Hardness Case and Induction Heat-Treated Fasteners is cured at a low temperature so ... method) • No introduced hydrogen -– will not cause embrittlement failures • RoHS compliant (chrome-free)
Date added: April 11, 2014 - Views: 1
Method of production ... Mixing the fertilizer during coating application helps to maximize coating distribution and effectiveness . Fertilizer Industry . Round Table. ... Excessively brittle coating can contribute to high dust levels ...
Date added: July 4, 2014 - Views: 1
1.2 Brittle Coating The brittle-lacquer technique of experimental stress analysis relies on the failure by cracking of a layer of a brittle coating which has ... These crack data could be used to locate strain gauges for precise measurement of the stress. The method is however, ...
Date added: April 20, 2013 - Views: 7
Brittle Coating Method:Coating Stresses, Failure Theories, Brittle Coating Crack Patterns, Resin and Ceramic Based Brittle Coating, Test Procedure, Analysis of Brittle Coating Data. ... Mechanical Vibration – G. K. Grover – Jain Bros. Roorkee. 3.
Date added: May 22, 2013 - Views: 13
CHOOSING A METHOD: (1) ... thin to medium coating Grind TILE REMOVAL VCT on concrete or wood Remove tile and adhesive, ... Sticky residue Remove, leave smooth surface, ready for thin coating ••• Scrape+Shot Blast Brittle residue Remove, ...
Date added: February 1, 2013 - Views: 4
184.108.40.206 Brittle Coating Method The brittle coating is sprayed over the area of interest on the surface of the actual pressure vessel. When the coating is dry, the pressure vessel is loaded. Initial cracking in
Date added: November 5, 2012 - Views: 2
coating failure, including the underlying substrate, ... stereo microscope at magnification of 50x or less may reveal that one of the layers is brittle and full of cracks, ... "Method for Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test," Method B.
Date added: January 31, 2012 - Views: 66
coating specification. 4.2 This method is suitable for acceptance testing. 5. ... 10-µm thick of a metal of similar hardness to the coating. For hard, brittle coatings (for example oxide or chromium coat-ings) tightly wrapping the specimen in soft aluminum foil
Date added: June 27, 2013 - Views: 1
Spray methods and applications of thermal spray coatings In the spraying process the coating mate-rial, wire or powder, melts in a high tem-perature heat source in a spray gun and is
Date added: April 24, 2012 - Views: 5
sol-gel method. The coating was deposited on mild steel substrate by manual dip coating technique. ... decreases when thickness of coating grow up and also brittle ability of TiO2 nanoparticle coating will increase. 2
Date added: December 7, 2013 - Views: 1
Hydrogen Embrittlement Embrittlement is a phenomenon that causes loss of ductility in a material, thus making it brittle. There are a number of different forms including:
Date added: March 1, 2012 - Views: 53
Coating Types and Selection Course No: T06-002 Credit: 6 PDH ... from tough and flexible to hard and brittle, and does not significantly deform on the application of heat. In coating ... method of coating application that may be allowed.
Date added: May 25, 2012 - Views: 5
Department of Mechanical Engineering Curriculum for M.Tech. Programme in Manufacturing Technology Semester 1 ... Theory of brittle coating method - coating stresses, failure theories - brittle coating patterns - crack detection -
Date added: August 1, 2013 - Views: 18
method were carried out on the CSEM THT (High Temperature Tribometer) device at the room temperature and at the ... better mechanical support to the hard and mainly brittle coating. Duplex treatment has proven successful in improving wear,
Date added: January 29, 2013 - Views: 4
Anticorrosive Profile for Water-Based Epoxy Coating Primer Corrosion Coated General Corrosion Coated Scribe Blistering ... Enhances resistance to brittle failure Improves resistance to physical degradation ... Federal Standard Test Method #141a Method 6461.
Date added: June 9, 2014 - Views: 1
the coating method is restricted to individual tows. Thus, to ... 11M. A. Mattoni and F. W. Zok, ''Strength and Notch Sensitivity of Porous- ... facial Roughness on Fiber Debonding and Sliding in Brittle-Matrix Composites, ...
Date added: January 14, 2014 - Views: 1
make the coating brittle and eventually checking in the ... Measurement method • Testex tape. Construction ... Coating selection 3. Coating specification 4. Identify inaccessible areas 5. Contractor capabilities 6. Coating inspection 7.
Date added: October 23, 2012 - Views: 12
Thermal barrier coating are being ... The trend of erosion of the coatings seems to follow the mechanism predicted for brittle materials. Coating deposited at 18kW power level shows ... technique. This steady-state, comparative measurement method uses the known thermal ...
Date added: August 25, 2013 - Views: 10
descent method, Newton's method, types of penalty methods for handling ... Introduction to Robotics – Analysis, System, Applications by Saeed ... brittle coating crack patterns, crack detection, ceramic based brittle coatings, resin based brittle coatings, test procedures for brittle ...
Date added: September 13, 2013 - Views: 17
and to select the optimal coating for bulk and sheet metal forming tools. Key words: PVD, hard coating, multilayers, indentation method, cracking, delamination. 1. ... The main elements of damage evolution and fatigue response in coated brittle
Date added: March 26, 2012 - Views: 2
HOT DIP GALVANIZED COATING PROCEDURE ... brittle galvanized coatings. The coating ... The blast cleaning must extend into the surrounding, undamaged, galvanized coating. Application This method of repairing galvanized surfaces must
Date added: May 24, 2012 - Views: 472
Standard Test Method for coating adhesion ASTM D3359, with modifications suggested by Decorative Resins International. ... The coating film appears to be relatively brittle indicated by the cracking of the coating film along the cuts. Title: Microsoft Word - Document1
Date added: November 2, 2011 - Views: 436
A variety of recognized methods can be used to determine how well a coating is ... than one which is brittle and hence fractures ... A standard method for the application and performance of this test is available in ASTM D6677. Tape Test On metal substrates, a more formal version of the knife ...
Date added: November 2, 2011 - Views: 34
method) during loading the sample. When the ITO layer ... in the brittle coating is monitored as a function of the uniaxial tensile load applied to the substrate [9]. Tests were carried out in-situ in an optical microscope, using a
Date added: March 30, 2012 - Views: 4
single crack in a brittle epoxy coating is healed as many as seven times in the microvascular systems, whereas micro- ... method is described in detail by Jones et al. [32]. In the coating, the crystals aggregated together to form larger
Date added: October 25, 2013 - Views: 1
coating was determined using the GDOS method - glow discharge optical emission spectrometry, employing a SDP 750 A spectrometer made by LECO. The ... provides better mechanical support to the hard and mainly brittle coating.
Date added: March 17, 2014 - Views: 1
This document is downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technological University Library, Singapore. Title Scratch resistance of brittle thin films on compliant
Date added: May 10, 2013 - Views: 4
Experimental Stress Analysis . By . Prof. K. Ramesh . Department of Applied Mechanics, ... Ten-step method, Understanding phasemaps. ... Steps in brittle coating tests, Coating selection, Surface preparation. 30 . Analysis of Brittle ;
Date added: February 3, 2014 - Views: 3
of erosion resistance of materials using the Monte Carlo method, or modelling of the coating response ... Thus, the erosion resistance of brittle coatings can be linked to the magnitude of the surface stresses in the coating surface. IVC-17/ICSS-13 and ICN+T2007 IOP Publishing
Date added: March 20, 2014 - Views: 2
brittle and therefore not stable under mechanical stress. Indeed, the sheet resis- ... coating method for its capability of creating a con-formal layer, as compared with other coating techni-ques, such as sputtering, evaporation, and chemical
Date added: June 29, 2014 - Views: 1


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Introducing Broome & the Kimberley
With just two opposing seasons, the Wet and the Dry, the Kimberley is a land of extremes – semi-arid plains dotted with spinifex and outback roads that flow like rivers, spectacular ranges cut by steep stony gorges and tiny pockets of tropical rainforest and tranquil waterholes. It's these dramatic contrasts that make a trip here so compelling.
But despite the region's many attractions – from the pristine Dampier Peninsula and splendid Cape Leveque to the magnificent gorges of Geike and Windjana and Tunnel Creek, and the rough and tumble of Gibb River Rd – there's still no place as engaging or as full of contradictions as Broome, with its rich, ancient indigenous history and exotic 19th-century pearling past. And then there's its present as a big outback town that plays host to amateur rodeos the same week it holds its annual cultural festival, the Shinju Matsuri, with Japanese food and dragon boat races. Then rumble along the Gibb River Rd to Derby and Kununurra where the languid pace goes best with a sweet juicy mango, or a nice cold beer.
Best places to stay in Broome & the Kimberley
Need to know
Broome & the Kimberley destination guides
Cape Leveque Experience
Experience the wild beauty of Western Australia on this three-day coastal tour of the Kimberley. Visit a Bardi community and learn how to rustle up some bush tucker before feasting on a traditional outback feed of billy tea and damper. Discover paradise with a stroll along white sandy Cape Leveque beach or explore the colourful sea life on a snorkelling expedition.
Kimberley Cruise Mitchell Plateau
Cruise West Australia's most spectacular and remote wilderness coastline

subset: commoncrawl


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1966 Ford Mustang GT
An established modern classic beyond reproach, the Ford Mustang Convertible is as emblematic of the time and spirit of its production as it is of the modern Mustang enthusiast. And desirable as the 65-66 Mustang convertible is, if the base car is the Audrey Hepburn of Ford drop tops, the Ford Mustang GT must certainly be the Ingrid Bergman--something just that much more desirable and elusive.
This superbly restored 1966 Ford Mustang GT convertible is elegantly finished in Vintage Burgundy Metalic with handsome Parchment Crinkle interior and white convertible top and features: rebuilt and Rare A code 289cid 225hp 4 barrel V8, 4-Speed top loader transmission, Fog Lights, updated factory style radio, bucket seats, Magnum wheels and power convertible top.
The car received a loving rotisserie restoration and shows wonderfully with hand rubbed glossy paint, all new trim and glass. The GT has totally fresh mechanicals, running gear and the electrical work has been gone through as well. The engine compartment and under carriage are finely detailed and the interior is crisp and new.
With GTs accounting for a mere 3 or 4% of total Mustang production, these classics Fords are exceptionally rare. This special example retains the GT option front disc brakes, heavy duty springs, heavy duty front sway bar, and special quick ratio steering box, correct exhaust bracket inside the rear sub-frame, and correctly wired fog lamps.
For either the experienced collector or the newly christened enthusiast, there will be very, very few such well restored, well cared for and financially accessible GT convertibles from which to choose any time in the foreseeable future. Those seeking just such an automobile will have missed an extraordinary opportunity when this car is no longer available!


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Save America
I read your
paper because it's free and I enjoy the ads. But I struggle through the
left wing tripe that fills every page, from political cartoons to the
vitriolic pen of Mr. Tuttle. What a shame this
beautiful area of the state has such an abundance of
Socialist/democrats. Or perhaps the silent majority chooses to stay
Doom, Yet a Cup Half Full
In the news we are told of the civil unrest at Ferguson, Mo; ISIS war radicals in Iraq and Syria; the great corporate tax heist at home. You name it. Trouble, trouble, everywhere. It seems to me the U.S. Congress is partially to blame...Uncomfortable Questions
defending the positions of the Israelis vs Hamas are far too narrow.
Even Mr. Tuttle seems to have failed in looking deeply into the divide.
American media is not biased against Israel, nor or are they pro
Palestine or Hamas...
The Evolution of Man Revisited
As the expectations of manhood evolve, so too do the rules of love. In Mr. Holmes's statement [from "Our Therapist Will See Us Now" in last week's issue] he narrows the key to a successful relationship to the basic need to have your wants and needs understood, and it is on this point I expand...
Patrick Sullivan's article there was no mention of the county that
would have put the cherry on top his premise on the divide between rich
and poor...
More crony captalism
really enjoyed Stephen Tuttle's recent article titled "A line in the
tar sands. Mr. Tuttle has a way of making you think on both sides of an
Tax Junk Food or Ban Boxing?
So, if you break it down to its simple basics, Bill Bustance likes oatmeal and thinks it shouldn't be taxed. He doesn't like Cheerios and thinks they should be taxed and the revenue should be used for roads (Huh?!)...


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Greenhouse gas emissions
Direct Company impacts
The most material direct environmental impact that Aviva creates are greenhouse gas emissions. Our greenhouse gas emissions are generated from the energy used in our buildings and fugitive emissions, business travel, water and disposal of waste to landfill. We also include emissions from our outsourced data centre in the UK and our network of accident repair garages. The scope of Aviva's emissions includes all operations where we have day to day control; including joint ventures. 115,889 tonnes of carbon dioxide or equivalent (tCO2e) were emitted by Aviva into the atmosphere in 2013.
Carbon offsets from the voluntary carbon market have been purchased to cover 100% of our footprint. The cost of offsetting will be funded by the areas of the business that have created the emissions on a 'polluter pays' basis.
For the first time this year, we have been able to measure the number of lives impacted through two carbon development projects from which we purchased credits. We were able to do so with the help of our carbon credit provider ClimateCare. Following LBG methodology this has been measured as impacting over 271,000 lives in terms of improved health.
Performance, strategy and targets
Aviva's relative emissions have reduced again this year by 7.5%. This is mainly thanks to having fewer offices, milder weather and a combination of improvements in energy efficiency and an increased use of technology. Our renewable electricity on a worldwide basis is 48% (2012: 24%) of our total electricity consumption.
Due to the business' structural transformation over the last two years, we set a new baseline in 2010 for our long term carbon reduction target. As the sale of Aviva in the USA was only completed in September 2013, this part of is included in our end of year reporting. Our restated 2010 baseline is 132,244 tCO2e and our long term target for 2020 remains at a 20% reduction using this baseline year figure. At this point we have made a 12% reduction to target. Our group annual carbon reduction target still stands at 5%.
Our use of communication technologies has continued to increase in 2013. 3,015 meetings were held by telepresence in 2013, (2012: 2,717), as well as 13,372 webex meetings and use of other technologies. We have estimated the cost of travel avoidance from the use of telepresence in 2013 as £10.6 million and 9,009 tonnes in carbon savings. However, our business travel has increased overall by 0.5% despite the cost reducing by 20%. Air travel has increased by 1% on the year, with a great proportion of long haul flights compared to short haul.
On a worldwide basis the cost of offsetting our operational carbon emission carequivalents is approximately <£0.5m. The UK businesses were financially impacted in 2013 by the cost of the Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency Scheme (CRCEES). The total CO2e emissions in respect of CRCEES for the 2012/2013 financial year were 108,013tCO2e (2011/2012: 97,729 tCO2e). This cost the business just under £1.3 million.
The graph below shows the cost of carbon per tonne for Aviva. These figures take into account the cost of CRCEES, the Climate Change Levy and the cost of purchasing carbon credits. The cost of carbon varies depending on the source of the emissions and the geography of where the emissions are created. These also change over time. The only aspect of the costs which benefits the environment is the carbon offsetting element.
Aviva's operational carbon boundaries differ from those reported for the CRCEES. That includes energy emissions from our portfolio of properties included in funds we manage and have responsibility for. Aviva's position in the CRCEES Performance League table in 2013 was 611 out of a total of 2016 participating organisations.
Indirect impacts
Aviva Investors continues to manage a growing portfolio of renewable energy and energy efficiency assets for its clients, including members of the Aviva Group. During 2013, Aviva Investors undertook further acquisitions of portfolios of domestic solar photovoltaic assets. These amounted to 31MW of installed capacity across 10,000 properties in the UK, bringing total installed capacity in this sector to more than 50MW.
Aviva Investors also invested in the new energy centre to provide an energy efficiency solution to the Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge. This £36m transaction is expected to be the first of many similar investments and has received significant coverage. Thanks in part to support via an investment from the UK Green Investment Bank. Outside the UK, Aviva Investors has also invested in 24MW of French solar farms and continues to manage a 50MW wind farm in Spain. Our Renewable Energy Infrastructure Fund stands at just under £400 million.
Launched in 2013, Aviva Canada household customers can take advantage of Green Assure endorsement. In the event of a claim, Green Assure endorsement gives them the option of replacing damaged goods with more energy-efficient, environmentally friendly ones.
Direct company impacts
Hazardous and non-hazardous waste
Total disposal cost for hazardous and non-hazardous waste in the UK was £583,000 (2012: £681,000), which includes UK landfill tax and capital expenditure.
Overall total waste volume has remained flat over the period with a 0.1% reduction. Meanwhile, the proportion of waste diverted from landfill increased to 73% from 69% the previous year. In the UK, this rose to 98% from a figure of 95% last year. We are close to meeting our UK local target of zero to waste to landfill by the end of 2015. However, the final 2% is proving the most difficult due to the lack of suitable recycling infrastructure in some areas of the country.
Performance, strategy and targets
The quality and scope of reporting for waste has improved further this year. Our total waste figures now include waste from Solus, our accident repair centres and from the branch offices in Canada.
Due to the restructuring of the business, IT waste has increased significantly overall. The UK business has a programme of collecting redundant equipment. Over 6,496 items were collected; including 1,196 desktop and laptop computers. 77% of these were reused avoiding a cost of £1.3m. This reuse programme meant that the amount disposed of, through 100% recycling actually reduced compared with last year.
Industry benchmark information
- 200kg of waste per employee per year; and
- Recycling rate of 60–70% (BRE Office toolkit).
Group targets
- Annual 4% reduction in total waste;
- Annual recycling rate greater than 80%; and
- Long-term target – zero to landfill for UK operations by 2015 and worldwide by 2020.
Indirect impacts - Products/suppliers/investors
For General Insurance the way a claim is dealt with is can dictate the amount of waste produced. The focus is on how quickly this can be achieved, while reducing environmental impact and cost to the business. In turn, this eases the pressure to increase premiums.
We are working with our 130 suppliers in the UK to accelerate our response and the way we assess, clean, dry, repair and replace items. We are also aiming to report on and seek ways of reducing overall environmental impact. Specific case studies are provided here (LINK to CR report). We also continue to work with peers through an ABI working group to understand how we can raise standards in this area across the industry.
Resource usage
Direct Company impacts
The operating cost of water is £1.0million (2012: £1.2 million) with a CO2 equivalent of 488 tCO2e (2011:586tCO2). Of the total water consumed, 1% comes from grey water sources and is used for irrigation of the grounds around the buildings.
Energy intensity
The total cost of buildings related energy in 2013 was £16.8 million (2012: £17.3 million). The equivalent cost per square meter is £25.75. The cost of UK CRCEES regulation of £1.296 million is an additional cost.
Paper usage
We currently do not track the cost of paper on a global basis.
Environmental incidents
During 2013 there were no environmental incidents as a result of our operations (2012: none). However, we have received one Enforcement notice from the UK Environment Agency in respect of the Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency Scheme (CRCEES).
Despite declaring the under purchase of 1,139 allowances to the Environment Agency, we received an Enforcement Notice in April 2013 regarding the Government's CRC scheme. The Government Order 2010, aligned with CRCEES, includes the compulsory issuance of Notices for the under purchase of allowances. Notices can be issued regardless of circumstance or whether the organisation declared the error itself. The Enforcement Notice was fully complied with and satisfied, within the timescales required.
No additional costs, fines or civil penalties resulted from the compliance to the Notice.
Performance, strategy and targets
Water consumption increased by 13% in 2013. Whilst the water intensity per employee worldwide is 12.4m3, the intensity in the UK business is currently 9.3m3.
Paper consumption has reduced by 1.3%. We are working to reduce our paper consumption further, both office and marketing, through pin printing and using electronic documents/on-line, instead of hard copy documents. The percentage of paper with some recycled content now stands at 48%.
Industry benchmark information
- Water: 4 cubic meters per employee per year (Water Key Performance Indicators and benchmarks for offices and hotels. C657 CIRIA www.ciria.org)
- Office paper: 4,000 – 5,000 sheets per employee per annum (Gartner research).


text:
Examining Risk Preferences under High Monetary Incentives: Comment
AbstractNo abstract is available for this item.
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Bibliographic InfoArticle provided by American Economic Association in its journal American Economic Review.
Volume (Year): 84 (1994)
Issue (Month): 4 (September)
Pages: 1104
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Cited by:
- RobertS. Shupp & ArlingtonW. Williams, 2008.
"Risk preference differentials of small groups and individuals,"
Economic Journal,
Royal Economic Society, vol. 118(525), pages 258-283, 01.
- Robert S. Shupp & Arlington Williams, 2003. "Risk Preference Differentials of Small Groups and Individuals," Working Papers 200301, Ball State University, Department of Economics, revised Apr 2006.
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Skip to Content
'Murder is My Business,' an exhibition of Weegee's gritty photographs, opens at the International Center for Photography.
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IRA Commander tape: 'One man gave execution order'
Gerry Adams has always denied any involvement in the killing of Jean McConville but audio tapes of a former IRA Commander recovered from an American university has cast doubt on his claim.
Former members of the organisation gave up the secrets of the past to researchers. The interviews were not to be released until after the death of those involved, but police have accessed the tapes.
Mr Adams' old friend, a former IRA Commander, Brendan Hughes, said: "This woman was taken away and executed. Jean McConville.
"There's only one man that gave the order for that woman to be executed. That man is now the head of Sinn Fein. I did not give the order to execute that woman. He did."
Read: Gerry Adams continues to be questioned over 1972 murder


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After accepting a phone upgrade from my service provider, I decided to embark on a mission of investigating some new Android software and for the first time found myself genuinely keen to download a game. The game in question – Zookeeper. Why? Because its probably the one game I wasted months of my life to … Continue reading
One thing Microsoft has is a thick skin. Over the last few years they have put me in mind of that person probably most of us know. The one who whilst doesn't get invited to parties always manages to invite themselves. The one who lives off past "glories" with a big, brash attitude that always … Continue reading
I am encouraged by the the release of ebook readers and their massive popularity. As readers of this blog and listeners to the audio-cast will know, I am not a big fan of TV & Film, infact if it wasn't for the PS3 and the once a year tradition of Doctor Who, I'd happily throw … Continue reading
In a move perhaps highlighting two separate points I've made on numerous occassions, it is being reported that Microsoft is to invest $24 million in a project designed to encourage Windows Mobile Development in university. The "creatively" named AppCampus is a project between the company from Redmond and Nokia where in May prospective developers/students can … Continue reading
… it will be Windows Phone 7 hell for Windows tablets when they finally have a real showing. Certain tech "experts" dismissed them, they said the tablet form factor would never replace the desktop. Whilst this could be put down to their lack knowledge, what is more likely was because they saw them as a threat … Continue reading
Intellect 2012 Open source and open standards are the direction for UK government IT, the civil servant leading the government's technology change agenda has said. Source: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/02/10/open_source_government/ More often than not, the UK governments grasp on technology/software is rather vague to say the least. We need look no further than BBClick to see the level in … Continue reading
"Mighty" Microsoft is due to announce its Windows 8 (enabled for tablets), which is rumoured to flop onto the scene on the Tablet form factor in around 12 months time. As with Smart-phones, the once mighty Microsoft (who now seems to prefer to make money with Patents instead of products) is just as late into … Continue reading
Over the years I've kept an eye on the antics of certain Microsoft MVP's. What I find very interesting (since around April this year) their "advocacy" has started to dry up, one in-particular has made no real posts of note, with merely a few cheap shots at Steve Jobs and that's about it. I wonder, is this … Continue reading
I find myself again distracted from a rather large post which will be focusing on the rather "un-secret" Usenet "secret" but it's rather more relevant at the present time to report that yet again its claimed that Windows 7 has run into update problems. When I predicted that the WP7 would be lacking even months … Continue reading
With people around the world celebrating the Royal Wedding, good cheer may be hard to find around Redmond today. If Steve Ballmer had considered raising a glass to the happy Royal couple, then the news on the Microsoft stock drop may instead have the chairs flying. It is being reported that Microsoft stock is down … Continue reading


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Couponing On The Brink Of A Digital RevolutionAugust 5th, 2014 10:56am
For over a century, coupons have been an effective tool for influencing and motivating consumers. In general, the concept of couponing hasn't changed much. However, methodologies for distributing them have changed drastically… and for good reason.
You are exposed to coupons and other promotions every day. They're in the stores you shop at, in the paper you read, and can be found online or on your phone. The reason they are seemingly everywhere is because almost everyone uses them. In fact, the Inmar 2014 Coupon Trends Report shows that, in a three-month duration, 96% of shoppers will have used a coupon at least once. Consumers use coupons to save money, and will look for deals that pertain to goods that they would buy normally. However, as coupons continue to evolve, we are finding that what they are capable of offering is much more than a simple discount.
Traditionally Speaking
For years, the primary methodology for distributing coupons has been through Free Standing Inserts (deals that can be found in the paper, magazines, etc.). They are used to push offers on a large scale by casting a wide net. They aim to incentivize repeat purchases, or perhaps prompt customers to buy a newly introduced product. The downside to this approach is that the targeting is very generalized. Another limitation, and possibly the most significant, is that it is nearly impossible to gather analytical data/ information that could supply valuable consumer insights.
Coupons That Keep Up
Our world is changing, and consequently, so are consumers' behaviors and habits. Therefore, you will need the tools that will allow you to better accommodate their expectations. The introduction of digitally distributed offers has revamped the marketplace. Whether you are printing an internet-delivered coupon or receiving codes straight to your mobile device, the benefits (to both the company and the consumer) are setting the bar for all distributed promotions.
Some of the key benefits include:
- Data gathering – collect, analyze, and gain valuable insights on your consumers.
- Strategic agility – easily fine-tune or modify offers (appearance, value, etc.) on the fly.
- Superior retargeting – efficiently and effectively manage your promotional strategy.
- Distribution control – retailers and manufacturers can regulate exactly how many offers will be claimed and redeemed.
- Personalized offers – use collected data to push individualized promotions.
- Cost savings – digital provides a cheaper alternative to print.
- Security – combat coupon fraud by tracking your customers using tools such as embedded codes (check out CoupCheck™ to learn more).
Digital offers work great if your goal is to:
- Target a specific consumer population
- Encourage a shopper to switch brands
- Incentivize customers to repurchase goods
- Introduce a new product or service
- Save money while establishing a healthy consumer database
Promotions That Show Promise
Although traditionally distributed offers are still the conventional approach, digital promotions are quickly gaining momentum and are responsible for ever-increasing redemptions. In fact, the Inmar 2014 Coupon Trends Report stated that, "Overall, digital coupons are attracting more new buyers than print coupons by a margin of 35%." In five years, it is projected that the population of mobile coupon users alone will nearly double from the current 560 million to 1.05 billion users (Mobile Coupons: Consumer Engagement, Loyalty & Redemption Strategies 2014-2019).


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Collection American Colony in Jerusalem, 1870-2006Show Featured Items
1828 to 1873
Oct. 20
Birth of American Colony founder Horatio Gates Spafford, in Lansingburgh (North Troy), N.Y. (d. 1888). His father Horatio Gates Spafford, Sr., (b. 1778) was born in Vermont, in a family originating in Yorkshire, England. Named for the Revolutionary War general Horatio Gates, the elder Spafford was an inventor and writer, author of a popular gazetteer of the state of New York.
Birth of Olof Henrik Larsson in Sweden (d. 1919). As the leader of a Swedish evangelical sect in Chicago, Larsson will head a contingent of devout Swedes living in America to join the American Colony in Jerusalem in 1896.
Mar. 16
Birth of American Colony founder Anna Tubena Larsson (Anne Tobine Larsdatter Øglende), Stavenger, Norway (d. 1923). Anna's father Lars Larsson (Bjarne Lars Larsen Øglende) is a farmer and skilled cabinet and violin maker.
Anna T. Larsson (Øglende) emigrates from Norway to the United States with her family. Landing in New York, the family travels to Chicago, Ill., the gateway to the West, to settle among other Scandinavian immigrants. Anna's father Americanizes the family name to "Lawson."
Anna Lawson's mother Tanetta and baby brother Hans die in a cholera epidemic in Chicago. Anna, age 7, remains in Chicago and attends Dearborn Academy at the generosity of family friend Sarah Ely. She excels at the school and is recognized for her musical ability. Her father homesteads in Minnesota with her ten-year-old half-brother Edward.
Anna Lawson moves to the family's remote farm near Wanamingo, Minnesota, to keep house and care for her half-brother and their invalid father, who is dying from tuberculosis. After Lars Lawson passes away, Edward remains in Minnesota, while Anna returns to Chicago to live with her married half-sister Rachel Fredrickson. She finds work as a waitress.
Horatio Gates Spafford moves to Chicago. A Republican temperance and anti-slavery advocate, he supports Abraham Lincoln's candidacy for the presidency and practices law in a private firm downtown. He is active in the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in midtown, with its library, lectures, and literary clubs. He invests in real estate speculation, mining, and other ventures, and manages private trusts for clients as an executor.
Anna Lawson comes to the attention of Presbyterian Sunday School teacher Horatio Gates Spafford when she attends his class with a friend. Spafford is impressed by the teenager's maturity and deft abilities in debate, as well as by her beauty. He begins to court her.
Anna Lawson is schooled at Ferry Institute for Young Ladies in Lake Forest, Ill. with financial help from Horatio Gates Spafford. She graduates in 1860. In 1859, Horatio begins teaching medical jurisprudence classes at what later will be Northwestern University.
Sept. 5
Horatio Gates Spafford and Anna Lawson marry at the Second Presbyterian Church in the South Side of Chicago. They take up residence in a home in Lake View on the northern outskirts of Chicago, with plans to begin a family.
During the Civil War, Horatio Gates Spafford works with the Christian Commission arm of the YMCA, while Anna Spafford volunteers with other women in fund-raising for the U.S. Sanitary Commission.
Births of Spafford daughters Anna (Annie) (b. 1862); Margaret (Maggie) (b. 1863); Elizabeth (Bessie) (b. 1866) and Tanetta (b. 1871), all of whom will perish together at sea in 1873.
Horatio Gates Spafford, from youth a poet and religious song writer, composes lyrics to hymns. He is part of a circle of evangelists and religious musicians in the Methodist tradition that includes composer P. P. Bliss, gospel musician Ira D. Sankey, and influential preacher and revivalist Dwight L. Moody. Spafford visits jails and hospitals as part of Moody's group to offer evangelistic services. He observes revivalists in a trip to London, England, in 1870. Moody will play a part as a spiritual advisor and comforter when tragedy strikes the Spafford family in 1873.
German colony founded by South German Protestants from Würtemberg in Valley of Rephaim, Jerusalem.
The Great Fire strikes Chicago, Ill., and destroys a large part of the city. Horatio Gates Spafford suffers serious financial reversals in his real estate and business investments, but the Spafford's Lake View home is unscathed. The Spaffords offer refuge to friends fleeing the disaster.
The Spaffords' already challenged financial standing becomes increasingly precarious with the economic downturn of 1873.
Anna Spafford and her daughters depart for Europe from New York as passengers aboard the luxury ship Ville du Havre, while Horatio Gates Spafford stays temporarily behind to attend to business in Chicago. The pair plan to live abroad and educate the girls for a year in European schools. The Spafford traveling party includes a French governess for the children, Mlle Nicolet, and young William (Willie) Culver, the son of family friends from Chicago.
1873 to 1881
Nov. 22 - Dec. 1
While progressing across the Atlantic ocean in the middle of the night, the luxury steamer Ville du Havre is mortally damaged in a shocking collision with another vessel, the Loch Earn, under starlit skies. The Spafford party and a group of ministers who befriended them on the ship are among the passengers who gather on deck as the Ville du Havre is sinking. After life boats prove too few or unuseable, the majority of those aboard the vessel die in the disaster. The four Spafford girls, their governess, and their family friends are lost. Anna Spafford is among those rescued from frigid water. In all, some 232 perish in the shipwreck. Anna is among the 87 who survive, 60 of whom are officers or crew. She and other survivors are transported to safety aboard a passing cargo ship, the Trimountain. Upon reaching shore in Cardiff, Wales, Anna telegraphs the tragic news to her husband in Chicago that she among their traveling party is "saved alone."
Horatio Gates Spafford writes the lyrics for the popular hymn of faith and consolation, "It Is Well with My Soul."
At Dwight L. Moody's encouragement, and as an andedote to grief, Anna Spafford volunteers to do anti-vice work among Chicago's poor as a volunteer with the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU).
November 16
The Spaffords begin their family anew. A son, Horatio Spafford, is born at Lake View. The boy will die of scarlet fever at home, Feb. 11, 1880.
"It is Well With My Soul," with music by P. P. Bliss, is copyrighted in 1876. It is first sung at Farwell Hall, Chicago, in November.
Horatio Gates Spafford publishes Waiting for the Morning and Other Poems in Chicago, including the lyrics to "It is Well With My Soul".
Mar. 24
Birth of the Spaffords' daughter Bertha Spafford in Illinois (d. 1968). In her adulthood Bertha Spafford (Vester) will assume leadership of the American Colony in Jerusalem and become involved in social service work with women and girls in Jerusalem.
The Spaffords and friends Mary (Lingle) Whiting (1850-1931) and John C. Whiting (d. 1886) join others in splitting off from their Fullerton Avenue Presbyterian Church congregation. They begin to hold prayer meetings in Lake View. Their group of faithful stress the mercy of God and optimism in religious practice. They believe, with many others of their era, that the Second Coming of Christ is nigh. They are popularly dubbed "Overcomers."
Jan. 18
Birth of the Spaffords' seventh and last natural-born child, a daughter, Grace Spafford in Illinois (d. 1964). Grace Spafford will travel to Palestine with her parents as an infant and grow up in the American Colony in Jerusalem. She will spend her lifetime as a primary member of the colony and die in Jerusalem. She works in her youth as a teacher, volunteer, and nurse.
Birth of Hol Lars Larsson (Lewis Larsson) in Sweden (d. 1958). While an American Colony member Larsson will become a principal photographer of the Middle East. He served for many years as the Swedish Consul in Jerusalem.
1881 to 1896
August 17 - September
The Spafford family and a core group of their millennialist "Overcomer" friends depart the Chicago area and travel to the Holy Land. The travelers includes Mary and John C. Whiting and their young daughter Ruth (b. 1880), Horatio Gates Spafford's visionary sister Margaret Lee (d. 1891), well-to-do Chicago widow Amelia Gould (Sister Elizabeth) (d. 1914), business man William Rudy (d. 1915), Lizzie and Otis Page (Brother Samuel) and their daughter Flora (who would marry Fareed Naseef), and a young nanny, Annie Aiken. Captain William and Mary Sylvester join them in Great Britain. Upon arrival in Jerusalem, this group of eighteen men, women, and children take up residence in a house on the Old City wall in the Muslim Quarter, between Herod's Gate and Damascus Gate. They soon found a benevolent utopian Christian Protestant community that becomes known as the American Colony. They pool their resources and live communally. Without actively seeking converts, they do benevolent works, forge ties with local Arabs and Jews, and promote interfaith appreciation and friendship.
British Opthalmic Hospital founded in Jerusalem by the Order of St. John.
June 10, 1882
John D. Whiting (d. 1951) is the first baby born in the American Colony in Ottoman Palestine. After his birth the colonists move increasingly towards the observance of celibacy. Through prayer, Horatio Gates Spafford and the Whitings come to the conviction that community members should endeavor to focus on affairs of the spirit rather than of the body. They hope that practicing celibacy, as many religious orders do, will promote feelings of equality and brother-sister relationships among members of the colony, rather than special focus on particular family members, and that this discipline will help members achieve spiritual readiness for the coming Millennium.
Selah Merrill serves his first term as American Consul in Jerusalem. Though lacking personal observation of the community, Merrill is highly critical of the American Colony's communal ethos and non-denominational religiosity. Conflict with the American Consul's office and the State Department marks the colony's formative years. Merrill serves additional terms as U.S. Consul in Jerusalem in 1891-93 and 1898-1907.
Horatio Gates Spafford teaches English at the Alliance Israelite boys' school in Palestine.
American Colony member and Christian convert Jacob Eliahu (b. 1864) is adopted by the Spaffords and takes their name. A Sephardic Jew from Ramallah, Jacob Spafford (Brother Jacob) is a student teacher at the London Jews Society mission school when he forms friendships with American Colony members. He continues to join relatives for Jewish holidays and observances while serving in a long and highly respected leadership capacity in the American Colony. He is particularly close to Anna Spafford, who relies on his stewardship and business acumen. Jacob Eliahu Spafford, who counted English, Spanish, Swedish, Arabic, and Hebrew among his fluent languages, will die in an automobile accident in Palestine July 19, 1932.
Sept. 10
Horatio Gates Spafford's young nephew and adopted son Robert (Rob) Eugene Lawrence (b. 1861), becomes the first of the original colony members to die. Lawrence succumbs to sun stroke after working in high heat conditions in the desert, preparing ground to plant trees at an Arab village.
Dec. 5
Original colony founder John C. Whiting dies of liver congestion in Jerusalem, and is buried at the American Cemetery, Mount Zion.
Oct. 16
American Colony leader Horatio Gates Spafford dies from "congestive chills" (malaria or a malaria-like illness). The grief-stricken Anna Spafford is criticized for the degree of joy and optimism she chooses to attach to her husband's death, as she emphasizes his salvation and transition to heaven to their followers.
Anna Spafford assumes leadership of the American Colony.
Edwin S. Wallace serves as American Consul in Jerusalem. Like Selah Merrill, he is suspicious and obstructionist in his views of the American Colony. In 1897-98 the colony members come to loggerheads with him over desecration of colonists' graves in the American Cemetery on Mount Zion. The remains are disinterred without notice and bones intermingled under a change in administration of the burial yard.
With support from the American Consulate in Jerusalem, U.S. relatives of Mary Whiting challenge Whiting's fitness as a parent. A custody case ensues over guardianship of John D. Whiting and his older sister Ruth. With a $60,000 inheritance at stake, willed to the children by their maternal grandmother, a trial to determine the merits of the matter takes place in Chicago. The Whiting and Spafford families and other American Colony members travel to America. Anna Spafford gains newspaper publicity for her spirited testimony as to the religious beliefs in the community. The court finds in Mary Whiting's favor and dismisses the petition against her. The Whiting children are free to return to Jerusalem. Meanwhile, Anna's charismatic personality gains new converts to the American Colony enterprise among a group of Swedish-Americans who offer her hospitality during her stay in Chicago.
1896 to 1915
April and August
The American Colony increases dramatically in size and ethnic diversity as groups of Swedish millennialists migrate to Jerusalem to join the community. Members of the Swedish Evangelical Church of Chicago, Ill., led by Olaf Henrik Larsson arrive in Jerusalem in April, after becoming impressed by Anna Spafford during her time in Illinois. Other Swedes, including Tipers Lars Larsson and many farmers from the village of Nås in Dalarna, Sweden, arrive in August. Like the original members, they are attracted by Anna Spafford's spiritual leadership and embrace the idea of the impending nature of the Second Coming. The colony reaches a membership level of approximately 150 people.
In need of more living space for its many members, the American Colony leases and moves to the palatial former home of Rabbah al-Husseini, located off Nablus Road near the Tomb of the Kings, in East Jerusalem. The colony eventually purchases the property. It also retains the original building in the Old City.
Swedish members contribute essential manual, professional, and domestic labor to the colony. Their skills in farming, animal husbandry, horticulture, photography, weaving and crafts, baking and other culinary arts, as well as the financial contributions they made upon joining the community, prove crucial to the economic health of the colony and the development of its various commercial enterprises.
The American Colony sponsors meetings of various locally based social organizations and has its own arts club, drama club, literary club, and concert band.
Bertha Spafford is recruited by Ismail Bey Husseini to direct the Moslem Girls School, in Old City, Jerusalem, along with veteran American Colony teacher Johanna Brooke. As co-director Bertha oversees westernized modernization of facilities for the school. As principal in subsequent years she emphasizes vocational training of Arab girls to help promote economic options and counteract traditional practices of early arranged marriages.
American John Dinsmore (called Professor Dinsmore or Brother John) (1862-1951) and his wife Mary Dinsmore (1868-1949) join the colony with their daughter. While Sister Brooke tutors the children of the colony and teaches painting, John Dinsmore, an accomplished botanist, becomes director of the American Colony school. As a resident scientist at the colony, Dinsmore will develop a renowned herbarium of Holy Land plants.
Consecration of the English Collegiate Church of St. George, neighboring the American Colony.
The American Colony Photo Department is established as a commercial enterprise of the colony. Over the next three and a half decades its photographers document key events and ceremonies as well as everyday life, travel, architecture, street scenes and landscapes of the Middle East, as well as pictorial allegorical images of the Holy Land and the events of World War I, the end of the Ottoman Empire and the administration of the early British Mandate. Staff photographers, photographic assistants, and darkroom and print production experts in the first decades of operation include American Colony members Elijah Meyers (1851-1930), Furman Baldwin, Lewis Larsson, Lars Lind, Erik Lind, Olaf Lind, and Fareed Naseef, and in later years, G. Eric Matson.
American Colony Photo Department photographers headed by Elijah Meyers are hired by Zionist Theodor Herzl to document Jewish settlements. They also photograph the historic visit of Kaiser Wilhelm II to Jerusalem. The photographs are distributed internationally, and the American Colony Photo Department begins to establish a reputation among Jerusalem photographers.
Swedish author Selma Lagerlöf (1858-1940), who in 1909 will become the first woman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature, is among guests welcomed at the American Colony by Anna Spafford. She visits Jerusalem with her close companion, Sophie Elkan, to research the stories of Swedish migrants to the colony. Her resulting two-part novel Jerusalem (The Holy City) (1901-02) is a fictional account based on the experience of the Swedish members of the American Colony who came to Jerusalem from Nås. The popularity of the novel gives rise to an annual pageant in Sweden commemorating the spiritual and actual journey of those farmers who gave up their properties in Nås to make new lives in Jerusalem.
The American Colony begins operating as a hostel for visitors to the Holy Land. Over the next decades, the Colony hosts many visiting tourists from the United States and other countries, among them leading journalists, colonial administrators and politicians, diplomats, authors, archaeologists, religious scholars, and artists.
March 1
In the first wedding allowed at the American Colony, Bertha Spafford marries member Frederick Vester (1869-1942) after an extended courtship. Born in Jerusalem, Vester is the son of German-Swiss missionaries with long involvement in the business community. The Spafford-Vester union brings to an official end the mandate of celibacy within the American Colony. In successive years young people of the colony, Swedish, Arab, Jewish, and American in origin, enter ties of matrimony.
Vester and Co.—The American Colony Store, managed by Frederick Vester and John D. Whiting, offers commercial goods, including antiques, rugs, Palestinian embroidery, costumes, and jewelry, and souvenir postcards and photographs to a tourist trade near Jaffa Gate in the Old City, Jerusalem. Whiting and other American Colony members provide specialized guided tours of the Near East to small parties of visiting scholars and archeologists.
Lewis Larsson follows Elijah Meyers as director of the American Colony Photo Department.
Six children are born to Bertha and Frederick Vester. The eldest, Anna Grace Vester (Lind) (d. 1995), is born in the original Colony house in the Old City. Anna Grace in 1925 will marry Nils Lind, one of the Swedish migrants to the American Colony, a colony photographer and business man, and manager of the Colony's short-lived New York store. Divorced in 1941, she returns to Jerusalem to help run the American Colony Hotel. At the end of her life she becomes director of the Spafford Children's center and lives at the facility. Her brother Horatio is born in 1906, followed by Tanetta, John (Jock), Louise, and Frieda.
Thomas R. Wallace is American Consul in Jerusalem. He proves friendly to the American Colony, and to religious diversity in the city.
John D. Whiting is deputy U.S. Consul in Jerusalem from 1908 to1910 and again from 1915 to 1917. He specializes in geographic, agricultural, sociological and commercial policies.
Aug. 11, 1909
The Spafford and Whiting families are united through marriage as well as friendship, when John D. Whiting and Grace Spafford, the youngest children of original founders Mary and John C. Whiting and Anna and Horatio Gates Spafford, wed in Jerusalem.
Four children are born to Grace Spafford Whiting and John D. Whiting. Three sons, all born in Jerusalem, live into adulthood: Spafford Whiting (b. 1910), David Whiting (b. 1912), and Edmund Wilson Whiting (1918-1975); a daughter, Grace Bertha (Baby Grace), born December 14, 1914, dies of illness while still an infant, September 30, 1915.
Population of Ottoman Jerusalem has risen to near 70,000, in part from immigration. Suburban construction accompanies a shift in population density outside the Old City walls, with Jewish patterns of settlement along Jaffa Road in West Jerusalem and Muslim settlement north of the Muslim Quarter, in East Jerusalem.
John D. Whiting publishes a series of articles about the Middle East in National Geographic. The articles range in topic from travels to Aleppo, Bethlehem, Cappadocia, and Petra, to Bedouin life, religious practices, the 1915 locust plaque and aspects of the Holy Land. They feature photographs by American Colony Photo Department photographers.
British government declares war on Turkey.
Samaritanernas päskfest I ord och bild–bibliska blodsoffer I våra dagar (Passover Celebrations of the Samaritans in Words and Pictures–biblical blood offerings in our time) is published by Lewis Larsson, in Stockholm. Features photographs by Lewis Larsson and John D. Whiting taken in the Spring of 1914, with accompanying text by Whiting, Selma Lagerlöf and Sven Hedin. Credited to be the first photographic work documenting the sunset to dawn Passover celebrations of the Samaritans on Mount Gerazim.
March-October, 1915
A locust plague decimates vegetation in Palestine. The American Colony Photo Department under Lewis Larsson documents the stages of locust development, the devastating "before" and "after" impact on the environment, and methods used to eradicate the invading insects. The locust attack is the subject for one of Whiting's National Geographic articles, published in December 1915.
1916 to 1930
The population of Jerusalem drops significantly in war time, as residents are deported, drafted into military service or labor, and suffer from famine and disease. American Colony members engage in relief efforts and public health and social welfare activities for the local populace during World War I, including operation of a volunteer nursing corps and a supper kitchen. Bertha Vester organizes a sewing school and a women's lace-making cooperative, to help Palestinian women whose husbands are absent during wartime to support their families.
British Army officer T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) helps fuel the Arab Revolts against the Ottoman Turks in collaboration with Feisal, Abdullah, Auda Abu Tayi, and other Arab leaders who will feature in the leadership of Arab states after the war's end. T. E. Lawrence is a familiar guest at the American Colony during his time in the Middle East. He is well-liked and known for playing ball with the children on the colony lawn.
The American Colony Nurses corps is active in several hospitals in Jerusalem. They work with both the Red Crescent and the Red Cross. Many colony members volunteer, among them Olaf and Lars Lind, Bertha and Frederick Vester, and Grace and John D. Whiting.
American Colony photographer Lewis Larsson serves as an official photographer of the Red Crescent. He travels with American Colony photography assistants behind lines of battle, and documents the campaigns in Palestine and Syria. The American Colony produces albums featuring scenes documenting the war and its political aftermath.
John D. Whiting begins service as an undercover intelligence officer with the General Headquarters Advance Field Intelligence, British Army. Fluent in Arabic and a frequent traveler, he works under Lieutenant Colonel Wyndham Deedes. Whiting will continue to work in British intelligence at various points in his later life.
British dominate Turks in Gaza and Jaffa, and advance on Jerusalem.
December, 1917
The occupation of Jerusalem by the British Army and proclamation of martial law by Field Marshal Edmund Allenby signals the beginning of British administration in Palestine that will continue until 1948. The surrender of Jerusalem by the Turks December 9, and the public reading of the proclamation December 11, are documented in photographs by Lewis Larsson and in the writings of American Colony members.
July 4
Allenby and staff attend a 4th of July celebration at the American Colony.
July 24
The Vesters attend ceremonies on Mount Scopus dedicating Hebrew University. They have become a part of the formal social world of British military officials and diplomats, their wives and staff. Bertha Vester will befriend Edmund Allenby, Ronald Storrs, Lord Herbert Samuel, Brigadier General Sir Wyndham Deedes, and others, and welcome them to receptions and events at the colony.
British forces advance to Nablus, Damascus, and Aleppo. The Turks surrender December 31.
Bertha Vester administers an orphanage and foster system for Greek Orthodox Christian and Muslim Palestinian impoverished girls who had lost one or both parents to poverty, illness, or warfare during World War I. It is supported primarily by donations of Americans through the Christian Herald.
The American Colony runs a playground in the Old City adjacent to the Spafford Baby Home.
Gertrude Bell (d. 1926) visits the American Colony and is introduced to members of the Arab Palestinian community by Bertha Vester. Bell praises John D. Whiting's intelligence after meeting him for tea at the American Colony with Bertha Vester and Jacob Spafford. Bell's niece, Valentine Richmond, will in 1939 marry Horatio Vester, Bertha and Frederick Vester's son, in England.
Lewis Larsson begins his service first as Vice Consul and then as Swedish Consul in Jerusalem.
Herbert Samuel becomes High Commissioner. British civil administration begins in Jerusalem, and will last until 1948.
Religious and ethnic violence marks Easter and Nebi Musa festivals.
March 28
Frederick and Bertha Vester attend reception for Winston Churchill during his visit to Jerusalem.
John D. Whiting and T. E. Lawrence are among those who participate in the ceremonial meeting of Emir Abdullah and other Arab leaders with Herbert Samuel in Amman. The event is captured by American Colony photographers.
July 7
Ruth Whiting marries Maurice Goldenthal, a Romanian Jew who worked in the House of Industry of the London Jews' Society before joining the American Colony in 1899. The marriage will prove rocky and the Goldenthals will leave the American Colony community with their children in 1926. After a brief attempt to run a store in Los Angeles, California, they return to Jerusalem in 1928. At the time of her mother's death in 1931, Ruth Whiting is a resident of the German Colony in Jerusalem.
Bertha Vester visits the United States with her children, including scenes of her youth.
The League of Nations approves the British Mandate administration in the Middle East.
The Vester & Co.—American Colony Stores, Inc., is established as a partnership of Frederick Vester and John D. Whiting. The American Colony looks to expanding business ventures with a branch store in New York City, which Whiting and Nils Lind are involved in organizing.
Bertha Vester begins keeping a diary and continues the practice until her death in 1968.
Apr. 17
Matriarch Anna Spafford dies after a long decline in health. Bertha Vester assumes leadership of the American Colony.
Bertha Vester begins the Anna Baby Home in her mother's honor. The children's facility will develop over time into the Anna Spafford Baby Nursing Home and Infant Welfare Center, then the Spafford Children's Hospital, and finally the Spafford Children's Center, Jerusalem, offering pediatric care and social services. The facility is based in the original building in the Old City first occupied by American Colony founders upon their arrival in Jerusalem.
April 1
Dedication of Hebrew University, Mount Scopus.
Dr. Helena Kagan (d. 1978), who is of Russian Jewish descent and received her medical education in pediatrics at the University of Bern, heads the medical staff of the Spafford Baby Home, with the services of Arab, Jewish, and Armenian doctors and nurses.
Earthquake in Jerusalem damages the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the Al Aksa mosque, and the Augusta Victoria Hospice, as well as other buildings and religious and charitable facilities.
Bertha Vester travels to America to fund-raise for the colony's programs and visit her children who are studying in private schools.
August, 1929
Arab-Jewish riots in Jerusalem.
Stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression.
The American Colony is organized into a corporation, the American Colony of Jerusalem. The business arrangements and control of colony finances is a last straw in tensions between some of the prominent and most outspoken Swedish residents of the Colony and their American counterparts. The new business model imposed under the leadership of Bertha Vester results in a split in the group and the departure of many of the Swedish members. The dissenters, who depart with small severance payments, are referred to in Vester's writings as the "minority." After the split in the colony membership, forty-seven residents remain.
1930 to 1980
As the economic Depression deepens, the struggling Vester and Co.—American Colony Store in New York is sold to Nils Lind, son-in-law of Frederick and Bertha Vester.
Bertha Spafford Vester and others operate the American Colony Aid Association, a charitable organization with financial supporters in Palestine and the United States. The American Colony School of Lacemaking and Handicraft is one of its beneficiaries.
With the rise of power of Adolf Hitler in Germany and in the course of the events of World War II, tens of thousands of European Jews fleeing persecution and death migrate to Palestine, primarily from Eastern Europe, or attempt to relocate to the United States. Some six million will die in the systematic anti-Semitic holocaust of the Nazi regime.
G. Eric Matson (b. 1888), who was as a boy among the Swedish migrants to the American Colony in 1896, takes charge of the photo department and Lewis Larsson departs from colony membership. Palestinians Hanna Safieh (1910-1979) and Joseph H. Giries, both earlier apprentices in the American Colony Photo Department, work as photographers with Matson, as does John D. Whiting. Eric and Edith Matson leave Jerusalem amidst rising violence. They run the Matson Photo Service in the United States, utilizing many American Colony Photo Department images.
Palestinian general strike.
Arab revolts in Palestine.
World War II.
Jan. 2
Frederick Vester dies suddenly of a heart attack at the American Colony. He is stricken during a American Colony reception for nurses and social workers doing war relief work in Jerusalem.
Arab League established.
July 22
Bombing of the King David Hotel, home to British administrative offices in Jerusalem.
Civil violence ensues over the partitioning of Palestine. The American Colony endeavors to maintain neutrality; is damaged by mortar fire.
The state of Israel is proclaimed May 14. The Arab-Israeli War soon commences. Mary Franji (b. 1927), (Nurse Mary) of the staff of the Anna Spafford Baby Home and wife of Hanna Franji, door man of the American Colony, nurses wounded at the American Colony International Red Cross Emergency Clearing Station.
East Jerusalem and the West Bank placed under the administration of Transjordan (Jordan) under Abdullah ibn Hussein. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs become refugees from Israeli-occupied territory. Armistice agreement between Israel and Transjordan of April 1949 divides Jerusalem along north-south lines. The American Colony is located at the border of No Man's Land, which stretches to Mea Shearim, in the area administered by Jordan until 1967.
First Israeli Parliament meets in Jerusalem. David Ben Gurion is the first prime minister of Israel.
Israeli Parliament proclaims Jerusalem the capital of Israel. The Jordanian Parliament proclaims annexation of East Jerusalem, with Amman as capital of the expanded state.
Dr. Hassan Dajani and Dr. Mahmoud Dajani are among the physicians on the Spafford Children's Hospital medical-surgical staff.
Bertha Vester publishes the American version of Our Jerusalem: An American Family in the Holy City, 1881-1949. New York, Doubleday & Co., with introduction by Lowell Thomas. She departs on a book tour to the United States to fund raise for the colony's charities and promote the publication at women's clubs, churches, and other venues. She will work on the English edition of the book while in New York City, and return to Jerusalem in the summer of 1951.
Feb. 28
American Colony teacher and botanist John Dinsmore dies in Jerusalem.
July 20, 1951
King Abdullah of Jordan is assassinated in Jerusalem, at the Al-Aqsa Mosque.
Oct. 3, 1951
John D. Whiting dies in Jerusalem after suffering a heart attack earlier in the year. He is buried in Ramallah. Grace Whiting will make a trip to the United States after his death to visit her children, including Edmund Wilson Whiting, recently the father of a baby girl.
Spafford Baby Home refurbished as the Spafford Children's Hospital. Anna Grace Lind returns to Jerusalem after living in the United States and begins to help her mother manage the American Colony hostel and grounds.
May 12, 1952
Helen Keller visits the American Colony while in Jerusalem for a lecture tour.
New Child Welfare Center wing of the Spafford Children's Hospital. The hospital includes an X-ray Department, surgical facilities, an out-patient clinic, and the Mother Craft Training Center.
The American Colony loses the last vestiges of its once productive farm with the closing of the piggery, as the municipality develops around the colony's formerly pastoral property.
Deaths of Swedish American Colony members Christina Larsson Levy (b. 1875), Nellie Olson (b. 1861), Annie Larson, and Charlotte Johanssen.
October-November, 1956
Sinai Campaign.
Vester and Co., Ltd., established.
Bertha Vester publishes Flowers of the Holy Land. Kansas City, Mo., Hallmark Cards.
Bertha and Frederick's son, Horatio Vester (d. 1985), a barrister in England, moves to Jerusalem to manage the American Colony Hotel with his British wife, Valentine Vester (d. 2008). Bertha and Frederick's eldest daughter, Anna Grace Lind, joins her sister Frieda Ward in administering the Spafford Children's Hospital. Lind assumes full directorship in 1973, when Ward returns to England.
Bertha Vester is awarded the Jordan Star by King Hussein of Jordan.
Bertha Vester publishes a new and enlarged edition, Flowers of the Holy Land. Kansas City, Mo., Hallmark Cards
Grace Whiting dies, Jerusalem.
The Six-Day War. The American Colony Hotel is damaged by mortar fire and foreign correspondents and the Red Cross use it as a gathering place. The outcome makes for the American Colony's third change of country. It has been part of Syria, Jordan, and Israel, while occupying the same East Jerusalem land.
Dr. Jantien Dajani joins the staff of the Spafford Children's Hospital. She will later become the director of the Spafford Children's Center.
June, 1968
Official reunification of Jerusalem and removal of barbed wire barriers and road blocks allows increased freedom of movement for residents after twenty years of Israeli-Jordanian restrictions.
June 27, 1968
Bertha Vester dies, Jerusalem.
The Spafford Children's Hospital becomes the Spafford Children's Center, providing social and psychological services, public health and preventative medicine to a primarily Palestinian clientele of women and infants, children, and youth.
Camp David peace accords signed by Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin.
Management of the American Colony Hotel shifts to Gauer Hotels of Switzerland following the retirement of Horatio Vester. The shareholders and board of directors of the hotel primarily remain descendants of the early founders and members of the American Colony.


text:
Like it or not, the "Veronica Mars" movie Kickstarter opened a new frontier for crowdfunding, proving that film projects can raise more than microbudgets on the site, that people are willing to contribute to a project that's associated with a major corporation if it allows them to make a movie happe...Read More »
With "Grown Ups 2" starring "SNL" alumnus Adam Sandler and "King of Queens" star Kevin James opening this weekend, and "The Way Way Back" with Steve Carell of "The Office" fame out since last week, your local multiplex will soon be playing a choice of films with star actors who originally made their...Read More »
We wrote last week about Liz W. Garcia's amazing and perfect quote about women working as directors in a recent interview. Garcia's latest film, The Lifeguard, premiered at Sundance and was picked up by Focus World and Screen Media Films.Read More »
Kristen Bell's upcoming film "The Lifeguard" seems to be the late-blooming coming of age movie of the summer, albeit with a protagonist who's 29. Feeling lost, Leigh (Bell) quits her big time reporter job in New York to move back to the last place she felt happy: her hometown in Connecticut. But ins...Read More »
Sometimes life knocks you down, you have to move back in with your parents and get a job as a lifeguard. Okay, so maybe that's not the trajectory most trouble young folks take, but in "The Lifeguard," it's the path that Leigh, played by Kristen Bell, takes in the feature debut from writer/director ...Read More »
For the sake of argument, let's agree that the Neil LaBute narrative unfolds like this: the provocative playwright turned filmmaker stormed the indie world in 1997 with his disturbing, brusque and scathing critique of the male psyche "In The Company of Men." LaBute's controversial, piquant, sometime...Read More »
Disney's latest, Frozen, is based on the Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale The Snow Queen. The film follows Anna (Kristen Bell) who teams up with a mountain man (Jonathan Groff) to find her older sister Elsa (Idina Menzel) who has disappeared after accidentally cursing their kingdom into eternal wi...Read More »
Okay, the headline isn't quite accurate -- it's actually the show's creator Rob Thomas who is getting the $5.7 million from the highly publicized and grounding breaking Kickstarter campaign for the "Veronica Mars" movie. It's nearly three times the $2 million he was initially seeking, but perhaps mo...Read More »
It's a good year so far for Kristen Bell, as the Kickstarter campaign to reboot "Veronica Mars" reached its goal last week. Focus Features' alternative distribution outlet Focus World has partnered with Screen Media Films in acquire U.S. rights to Sundance entry "The Lifeguard."Read More »
This March, it's good to be Kristen Bell. Hot off the announcement that a "Veronica Mars" movie will indeed see the light of the day following a record-breaking Kickstarter run, Focus World and Screen Media Films have partnered together to acquire U.S. rights to her Sundance indie vehicle "The Lifeg...Read More »


text:
A book by Robert A. Heinlein
"His writing flows naturally, his characters speak as if they were real people, and his setting seems so real that I wouldn't be surprised to find it on a normal, everyday roadmap. I wound up being firmly convinced that this place, these people, are … see full wiki
A book by Robert A. Heinlein
A book by Julie Kagawa.
A book by Cassandra Clare
A book by Alyson Noel


text:
New Mod on the Squad
New Mod on the Squad
Post #21
witch doctor
Group: Members
Posts: 2,056
Joined: 2-February 11
From: Dawg City
Member No.: 434
Gender: Male
Apr 23 2012, 07:06 PM
Accepted in the form of cash, check, or internet memes.
Sorry, but this is all I have.
Index of horrible mocks
QUOTE ("Al_Cone")
However, I totally would sleep with the Doc... but only for your brain.
Post #22
Group: Moderators
Posts: 16,066
Joined: 25-July 05
Member No.: 18
Gender: Male
Apr 23 2012, 07:22 PM
Oh shit, don't tell me you're an alien.
No, but she does wash motorcycles seductively.
Theres no free speech in this country anymore. Especially not for the gainfully employed. In 21st century America, our most cherished freedoms now only apply to the unproductive members of society. Rather than being a nation of laws presided over by great men, were instead ruled by the whimsical outrage of degenerates who spend their lives on Twitter, stalking and harassing our best and brightest without consequence, because they dont have a job thatll fire them.
~Justine Tunney
Dude, do my a favor and get go away. Please?
Post #23
Name: N/A
Group: Admin
Posts: 10,467
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From: Maim Street, U.S.A.
Member No.: 1
Gender: Male
Apr 23 2012, 09:34 PM
Hey, we didn't get moth-eaten jackets. What gives, Boss?
I assure you there was no favoritism involved in the uniform options. I only had the three pairs of personalized crotchless underwear and evening gloves made, so I had to do something different when TE joined up.
Post #24
good kid DAWG city
Group: Members
Posts: 2,355
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From: CUMbria (huhehue)
Member No.: 196
Gender: Male
Apr 24 2012, 08:06 AM
good choice on picking such a nice person for mod.
well done.
Protect Lil B at all costs He is a gem to the Earth and The Planets
So if anyone thinks that I have been in dangerous problems then I say give me liberty or give me death.
QUOTE (some canadian guy idk)
Misanthropy and other fashionable cynicisms are nothing more than the most shallow depth of intellect parading as enlightened wisdom.
My Tumblr.
Post #25
Drunken Mage
Group: Members
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From: Catonsville, MD
Member No.: 536
Gender: Male
Apr 24 2012, 10:11 AM
The forgotten member of the "Tribe of Spoon"
Winner of CCC #107- I've decided to let it all go to my head, then my pancreas, then a short trip to the gonads for release.
Winner of CCC #129- Took me a while to push this rock back up the hill and... whoops.
Winner of CCC #136- Whoo-Hoo! Whiskey and hookers on me! Seriously, drape them upon my slumbering mass.
Winner of CCC #137- Two in a row! Do you believe in Miracles?! No seriously, the hell was up with that Jackie Chan flick?
Winner of CCC #143- I'm so drunk on power now! I've sold all my tanker trucks full of Baily's Irish Creme to balance things out.
Winner of CCC #147- Comrades! Rejoice in the conquering of the bourgeois pigs with this caption of dressing down weeaboos!
Post #26
Group: Members
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From: Tim Hortons Land (AKA Canada)
Member No.: 470
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Apr 28 2012, 08:51 AM
Congrats to you TE!
"I have no grudge against McDonalds but they are spergs who activated their aspergers. I am clearly in the right here and how dare they not take my input seriously." - Bonglorio
|Lo-Fi Version
|Time is now: 1st September 2014 - 10:30 AM


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use the following search parameters to narrow your results:
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Looking for help explaining law according to different theorists (self.law)
submitted 1 year ago by [deleted]
I was assigned a paper where I have to compare different types of law. I was given Cardozo, Aquinas, Hoebel and Sumner. I'm having a hard time with Cardozo view on law just because every search just tells me about Cardozo's school of Law. Any help comparing the different laws would be appreciated. Thanks!
[–]SergeiMich 4 points5 points6 points 1 year ago
There is a significant number of resources listed at the "Further Reading" portion of his Wiki page.
[–]toga_virilis 2 points3 points4 points 1 year ago
Your best bet is to take a look at his book The Growth of the Law.
Also, it's worth taking a look at his more celebrated opinions - Wolf v. Lucy, Lady Duff Gordon; Sun Printing v. Remington; Palsgraf; and Meinhard v. Salmon.
[–]danthemanmarino 1 point2 points3 points 1 year ago
Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement {Genitive} and Privacy Policy {Genitive}. © 2014 reddit inc. All rights reserved.
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i blog about comics, art, ridiculous tv shows, and the terrible lack of puppies in my life.
Photo with 39 notes
in which the fraction lays down some REAL TALK.
go hernandez or go home.
The "where do I start?" thing is what bugs me the most. You start at the beginning, weirdos.


text:
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All the activities have exercises with them including: listening and oral, scanning and skimming, predicting, questioning, matching, and answering questions. The books can be used for low intermediate advanced students. This is a thoroughly reworked version of Of the People and By the People, For the People previously published by Delta and the Center for Applied Linguistics.
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text:
|Cheng-hua: Year 16, Month 2, Day 22
|(1 Apr 1480)
The Yun-nan Grand Defender and Eunuch Director Qian Neng memorialized: "During the intercalary 10th month of the 15th year of the Cheng-hua reign (Nov/Dec 1479), over 800 yi soldiers who had been sent by the country of Annam, crossed the border of Meng-zi County in Yun-nan, set up camp and erected buildings, claiming that they wanted a key position from whence to capture bandits. Although we ordered them to withdraw and return, it appears that they are undecided and unsettled. A further prohibition should be issued." The memorial was sent to the Ministry of War which advised: "The Yun-nan defence officials should be ordered to organize the troops to provide firm defence, to keep a careful watch on the activities of the intruders, and to memorialize on arrangements." This was approved.
|Xian-zong: juan 200.5a
|Zhong-yang Yan-jiu yuan Ming Shi-lu, volume 47, page 3513
Preferred form of citation for this entry:
Geoff Wade, translator, Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource, Singapore: Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore, http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/entry/2530, accessed August 31, 2014.
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text: DJs of the Craft First time here? Use the CustomInk design lab to make your own t-shirts! Is it a winner? Current Score4.1 View full-size image Design Your Own < previous next > "The DJs of the Craft are coming together for the Love of House. DJ L'Monte Wilson | Bryan "DJ BT" Turner | Rexx Racer with Guest DJs: DJ Dap, Reverb Kirb, DJ Silk and Papa Roc ! The DJs you know & love are coming together to Jam, This is our way of saying thank you for supporting us throughout the year. And we want our supporters to come out and fellowship with the "DJs of the Craft". " - http://www.mixenuf.com - DJ L'Monte (Jun 12, 2013) Similar Photos: Fellowship BBQ | dj | personal services Share this photo: Twitter Facebook comment by Guest - Jun 17, 2013 - back to the top I rate it as a 10.. comment by Guest - Jun 18, 2013 - back to the top 10


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Barra da Tijuca Apartment Rental Photos and Description
Apt 2 bedrooms, 1 suite for 4 people at resort in Barra da Tijuca
2 bedroom apartment, 1 suite. Well furnished, with fitted wardrobes, litter box and air conditioning in every room. Sleeps 4 people. Living room, kitchen, recreation area with pool, hot tub, fitness center, sports court, ballroom, barbecue, games room, cinema room, gourmet kitchen, zen space and playground for children.
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This is your guide to using the Presentation Practice Room. Use this guide to learn how to operate the equipment and use the software in the facility.
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Information on Photoshop basics including: how to open and create a new image, navigating pallets, learning the parts of a layer, how to use guides, and where to go for more help at the University of Michigan.
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Dreadnaught011 Wrote:
Oct 26, 2012 12:53 PM
That's all self-evident. So my previous alerts to misdirected rage once again is, The homosexual is unfortunate. He's afflicted, as in Jesus' times lepers were sick and suffering unfortunates. Homosexuals are the present-day lepers of society. We must always pray for their deliverance from the scourge of Satan. Not hate them. Much as we might think they deserve hate.