text: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print), International Journal of Computer Engineering andCOMPUTER ENGINEERING & ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 01-10 © IAEME TECHNOLOGY (IJCET) ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print) ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) IJCET Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 01-10 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijcet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2014): 8.5328 (Calculated by GISI) ©IAEME www.jifactor.com ANOMALY BASED DETECTION AND PREVENTION TO PROVIDE SECURE MANET USING DUAL HEAD CLUSTER IN HIERARCHICAL COOPERATIVE IDS Ms. Maheshwari Sonawane1, Saniya Anasari2 1, 2 Department of Electronics & Telecommunications, DYPSOE, PUNE, INDIA ABSTRACT A purely wireless network wherein each device itself acts as a node and also performs the task of router is called as Mobile Ad-hoc network. A MANET has become a need of today's fastest developing era. A measure issue in MANET is security as it is an autonomous system of nodes which has no fixed infrastructure and also, due to continuous movement of mobile nodes it has dynamic topology so it is difficult to maintain security. In our proposed system a cluster with dual head will be used in cooperative IDS for anomaly detection system .Two head nodes will be protecting each other from intrusion along with detecting intrusion for cluster member. This intrusion can be detected by signature analysis or anomaly based detection. Anomaly based detection will detect intrusion by monitoring the whole system activities. Our proposed system will also find attacks which are new and which were not possible to detect by using signature analysis. Proposed system will be able to detect the anomaly behaviour of the attacks like black hole, Dos and flood anomaly. As a result of our research work a stable, secure network will get formed. Keywords: IDS, MANET, Cluster, Anomaly Detection system, Dos, Black –Hole Attack, Secure Network. 1. INTRODUCTION Due to the need of fastest developing era users of network are now increasing day by day. Wireless network is becoming one of the fastest growing and demanding networks now a day. Mobile Ad-hoc Network is one of them. The applications of MANET range from a one-off meeting network, emergency operations such as disaster recovery to military applications due to their easy deployment [8]. MANET is an autonomous system which does not have any centralized administrative system. Each node of a network also serves as a router while itself being a part of a 1 International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 01-10 © IAEME network. MANET being a network of highly mobile nodes it has dynamically changing topology. Security is one of the measure issues in MANET because of the absence of centralized infrastructure, physically unsecure nodes, low power supply and its dynamic changing topology [1]. In order to provide security to MANET many protocols have been developed, lots of research work is still going on to provide the security to MANET. Other techniques such as Intrusion Detection Systems and clustering approach has also been adopted by researchers for strong security measure and also to improve the performance by considering limitations of the mobile nodes in the MANET and its dynamically changing topology. Various intrusion detection techniques which have been developed for wired network cannot get applied as it is on MANET as MANET is purely wireless network [1]. Co-operative IDS is type of architecture based IDS for MANET. To find the intrusion locally or globally task of detection is divided among several nodes in cooperative IDS system. So, the intrusion is detected by IDS agent i.e. node in that cluster and which is managed by the head in that cluster, such architecture is called as hierarchal cooperative IDS system. But if head node in that cluster get fail then whole cluster may get damage so, in our proposed system we are using two heads per cluster. Advantage of using two head per cluster is if any of the head stop working or if it gets down the system will not depend on that as we have secondary node to manage [1]. Energy of the nodes of MANET is a measure issue so, by having two head per cluster power will get saved also these two nodes will be protecting to each other from intrusion [1]. The anomaly-based IDS detect activities that are different from the normal expected system behaviour. Anomaly detection has some techniques to detect anomaly in network like statistical anomaly detection, anomaly detection using neural networks, immunology based system, data mining, and Chi-square test utilization. This system is also known as behaviour-based IDS, in which the normal behaviour of the network is captured, and then it is compared with the current behaviour of the network to detect anomaly in the network. Anomaly detection systems typically consist of two phases of operation training and testing. Training is the process of modelling the normal behaviour of the network. This model generated by the training is then used as profile for the network and users. Stable profile is needed for anomaly based IDS to be effective. A profile consists of information about the list of parameters which are specifically geared to the target being monitored. Constructing an effective profile involves gathering information on behaviour and activity that is considered acceptable for the network. Testing is the process of comparing the model generated by training process and the current network activities. The detection techniques usually involve statistical or mathematical approaches to flag any deviation between two models. For anomaly detection techniques to be effective, they must have mechanisms that keep the false alarm rate low. ABID systems extensively use statistical methods [8] [9] to estimate the deviation between the expected and the current behaviour to detect an intrusion in the network. Statistical probabilistic techniques including the chi-square test, Hotelling's T2 test, decision trees and Markov chains are employed in ABID systems. Neural network algorithms [10] have also been used to learn and model the behaviour of the users in the network. The key advantage of ABID systems is that they can detect new attacks. ABID systems can also provide early warnings of potential intrusions in the network. However, they are prone to generate false alarms. Whereas in signature analysis, all available attacks are used as a database so, only repeated attacks are detected. But anomaly detection is based on the behaviour so, it can help in the formation of more secure and stable network. Here we use NS2 simulator to calculate result. 2 International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 01-10 © IAEME 2. RELATED WORK In order to provide security to MANET many researchers has performed it on hardware and software. MANET has tremendous range of applications in variety of fields. Lee, Zhang and Huang (Zhang et al., 2003; Zhang & Lee, 2000) proposed an anomaly-based detection system that is cooperative and distributed. In this system, each node independently detects local intrusions and gathers information by using an IDS agent. And if needed, it cooperates with other neighboring IDS agents to increase the accuracy of detection. In this system, each operation is done by a given module in the agent. The key advantage of the system is that it is distributive and cooperative, and consequently it increases the accuracy. Its main disadvantage is that the responding time and the rate of false positive are high. Kachirski and Guha (2003) proposed a multi sensor anomaly-based detection system that is based on the mobile agent technology. This system uses three main agent, monitoring, decision and action to detect the intrusion. The monitoring agent supervises the network and the nodes, the action agent is responsible for producing suitable response against the intrusion and the decision agent analyzes the gathered data for detection of intrusion. This system is based on hierarchical structure and the agents. These agents are placed on nodes based on their function. Therefore, the action agent is placed on all nodes of the network and the decision agent is placed on some of nodes. The most important advantage of the system is applying the distributed mobile agents. Moreover, its most important disadvantage is that finding suitable nodes to appoint to main tasks is time-consuming and is more complex. Sun et al. (2003) introduces a zone-based anomaly detection system. In this system, MANET is divided to several non-overlapping zones. In this system, the nodes are organized in two layers, intra-zone and inter-zone (or gateway nodes). Each node has an IDS agent that is executed on it. Other components of this system are data collection module, detection engine, local aggregation and correlation engine (LACE) and global aggregation and correlation engine (GACE). The data collection module and the detection engine are responsible for gathering the audit data and analysing every instant of intrusion respectively. The LACE module is responsible for correlation and aggregation of the local reported alerts. These alerts are broadcast for all nodes in the same zone. The function of GACE in this system is depends on the type of the node. If node is an intra-zone one, it just sends the reports to the inter-zone nodes. And if the node is an inter-zone one, it receives the reports from other intra-zone nodes, aggregates and correlates them and compares with its own reports and if needed it creates some alerts. The intrusion response module is responsible to produce suitable respond against the detected intrusion. In addition, this module is responsible to managing alerts received from GACE. The key advantage of the system is dividing the network into non-overlapping zones and its main disadvantage is that the responding time is long. Nakayama et al. (2009) proposed an anomaly-based detection system to detect malicious activities that target at the AODV routing protocol (Perkins et al., 2011). The proposed system uses the machine learning technique to detect the intrusion. So, after gathering the data step, then an approximate distribution of the normal behaviour is extracted. Then by analysing the gathered data and compare it with approximate distribution, system can find any deviation from normal behaviour. If the deviation exceeds the threshold, the system realizes that an attack was occurred. The main advantage of this system is the low rate of the false positive and the key disadvantage is that it cannot be used for detection of all possible attacks. Joseph et al. (2011) proposed an anomaly-based detection system in the MANET to detect sinkhole attack (like those nodes that do not cooperate with the network in routing and forwarding operation). This system by a classifier can detect malicious behaviours. This system can gathered data from the network, MAC and physical layers. Then by processing the gathered data by the 3 International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 01-10 © IAEME classifier, a function created to make the decision. This function will distinguish whether the current event is legal or it is a result of sinkhole attack. The main advantage of this system is using the features of several layers and its main disadvantage is that it is used just to detect one type of sinkhole attack. Lauf et al. (2010) proposed a two-stage anomaly-based detection system. Its goal is to act in environments with limited resources, like the MANETs. This detection system can be divided into two stages. The first stage for fast detection of the threat and, then compute a threshold for the second stage. While the second stage aims at exactly detecting the resources of the threat and also for detecting repeated attacks simultaneously. At the first stage in this system, an analysis is done on the gathered data, if any deviation was detected, then second stage is called. The main advantage of this system is that needed minimum amount of the resource. Because it is called the second stage only if it needed. The main disadvantage of the system is the high rate of the false positive. Kabiri and Aghaeiin (2011) present an anomaly-based technique that focuses on denial of service (dos) attacks. The proposed system gets benefit from its neighbours' normal behaviours and analysis them based on the optimal features. Its main advantage is that it reduce the computational and data processing overhead by using a set of the optimal features. The key disadvantage of the system is that the system is exposed to high rate of false positive. Nadeem and Howarth (2009) proposed an anomaly-based detection system for MANET to detect dos attacks. The proposed system detects the malicious behaviours based on statistical analyses. In this system, after gathering data, its probability distribution is estimated and it is compared with normal behaviour by using chi-square test (Lancaster, 1969). If the distribution of the gathered data does not fit the normal behaviour, then the observed behaviour is considered as a suspicious, for every suspicious behaviour, the counter increased a unit. Besides, in the case of exceeding the threshold, the node will be labelled as malicious. The main advantage of this system is the low rate of false positive and its main disadvantage is that it is just able to detect dos attacks. Albers et. al. [3] proposed a distributed and collaborative architecture of IDS by using mobile agents. A local intrusion detection system (LIDS) with every node can be extended for global concern to find the intrusion more effectively. Security policy adaptation reinforced through agents (SPARTA), IDS based on mobile agent suggested by Krugel et. al. [6] and uses an event definition language (EDL) for the description of attacks. Zeba Ishaq [1] proposed a system of Secure MANET using dual head cluster in Hierarchal Cooperative IDS he also has suggested that signature analysis will get replaced by anomaly detection to find the new attacks; this is the key guidance for our proposed system. 3. PROPOSED WORK AND METHODOLOGY In our proposed system we are using Hierarchical Cooperative IDS. A MANET node typically has limited battery power and is not always efficient to make each MANET node the monitoring node for itself, especially when the threat level is low. We describe a cluster-based detection scheme where a cluster of neighbouring MANET nodes can periodically, randomly and fairly elect two monitoring node for the entire neighbourhood. The normal traffic i.e. normal behaviour will be captured by the head node and if intrusion occurs or if any deviation in normal behaviour occurs the intrusion will get detected. By using this method we can detect new attacks. To implement the anomaly detection technique NS2 is used in our proposed system, we have designed the MANET topology of 30 nodes using AODV protocol .The steps start with examining of 4 International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 01-10 © IAEME the simulated data by using (NS2) and ends with a graph representing the abnormal traffic and normal traffic in a time interval. 3.1 Simulation Environment For simulation, of our research work we have set the parameter as shown in table I. Table 1: Details of simulation parameters Simulator NS2 –( ver 2.34) Simulation area 1000(m)x1000(m) No of nodes 30 No of clusters 6 No of malicious nodes 1 Maximum bandwidth 2 Mbps Simulation Time 1000 sec Transmission range 250m Traffic type CBR Routing protocol AODV The nodes are numbered from 0 to 29 3.2 Algorithm for Statistical Anomaly Detection Advantage is our proposed system can detect the new attacks as well, it initially captures the normal behaviour of the system then it's easy to detect the deviation from normal to abnormal behaviour. So, to detect the new attack one should go for anomaly detection. Algorithmic explanation of anomaly detection is here [7] 1st step: Initialize Node I =0 to 29 Initialize Threshold =value 2nd step: Transfer Packets in Sequential Node For I=0 to 29 Transmit (node [i], node (i+1)) 3rd step: If (Transmit (node (i), node (i+1)!) Display "Anomaly Detected" Then, If (Threshold==n) Count status of each node (no of packets) = Counter Threshold ≥ Counter DDoS attack Detected i.e. Flood anomaly detected Else, Display "No anomaly found" Packet Received (node (i), node (i+1) Display Counter on Node [i] If (i==29) Xmt (node [i-(i-1)], node [i]) Display "Flash Anomaly Detected", go to call (III) Above algorithm is for anomaly detection. Likewise we can add no. of detection techniques for known attacks and unknown attacks will be get detected by the deviation of the networks regular activities. 4. SIMULATION RESULTS We have selected NS2, network simulator for this research work as it is open source tool and implements standard protocol as per RFC. 5 International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 01-10 © IAEME 4.1 Design of Network For implementation of our proposed system we have set up a MANET topology of 30 nodes. Fig 1: Design of the network We have formed the cluster and selected the head node for each cluster which is more powerful and will be responsible for the entire cluster. 4.2 Anomaly Detection Fig 2: Detection of anomaly Anomaly has been detected at head nodes of the clusters i.e. at nodes 1, 3 and 4 6 International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 01-10 © IAEME 4.3 Performance Evaluation of Parameters Network performance can be evaluated by considering following parameters. 4.3.1. Energy In MANET each node has initial energy which get utilize for the communication. We have plotted a graph of utilization of energy vs. time and we concluded that due to attack detection energy utilization is more but after prevention of attach it get reduced, hence we have saved energy of nodes. Fig 3: Energy Utilization vs. Time 4.3.2. Average End-to-end Delay End-to-end delay is the time it takes for a packet to travel through the network from source to destination. The average end-to-end delay is the summation of all end-to-end delays divided by total data packets arrived at destination. We have plotted the graph of delay vs. time to evaluate the performance of after attack and after preventing the attack. It is observed that delay is more after prevention. Fig 4: End to end delay Vs. Time 7 International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 01-10 © IAEME 4.3.3. Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) Packet delivery ratio is resulting from the number of unique data packets arrived at the destination divided by the unique data packets sent from a source. By the graph we have concluded that due to detection of anomaly PDR was low but it has been improved by preventing the network. Fig 5: PDR Vs. time 4.3.4. Throughput It is one of the dimensional parameters of the network which gives the fraction of the channel capacity used for useful transmission. Along with these parameters one should also consider the energy utilization of the nodes, it is one of the important aspect when network nodes are mobile and infrastructure less. Throughput was low in the network where attack has been detected but it is increased when attack is prevented. Fig 6: Throughput Vs. Time 8 International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 01-10 © IAEME CONCLUSION We have detected the anomaly which is generated by the random malicious node. Due to the anomaly detection in the network PDR is degraded because of this delay is more also energy utilization is more and energy is getting reduced as time passes. Overall throughput is minimized due to anomaly in MANET. We have detected the attacks like anomaly behaviour of black hole attack, denial of service attack and flood anomaly. As a preventive measure of the anomaly detection we have taken dual head per cluster .The two head nodes per cluster in our system not only cooperate for finding intrusion for other nodes in that respective cluster but also protect each other against intrusion. Also, power problem of nodes will also get solved as only one node will be active at a time. Hence, more permanent cluster will be formed. By using our proposed system, Anomaly based detection, problem of new attack will be resolved which was in signature based detection. So, new attack signature is formed for further use. Our preventive measure towards the anomaly detection will minimize the delay and saves the power of nodes to form the more permanent cluster. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincere thanks to my honorable guide Prof. Saniya M. Ansari and others those who have contributed towards the completion of research work and preparation of this paper. REFERENCES [1] Zeba Ishaq, Secure MANET using two head cluster in Hierarchal Cooperative IDS, International journal Of Computer Applications (0975-8887), Volume 57-No.3, November 2012. [2] Zhang Y, Lee W. Intrusion detection in wireless ad hoc networks. Proc. of 6th Ann. Int. Conf., (ACM MobiCom'00): Boston, MA, Aug 2000; 275-283. [3] Albers P, Camp O, et,al.Security in ad hoc networks: a general ID architecture enhancing trust based approaches. Proc. of 1st Int: April 2002; 1-12. [4] Vasudevan, Decleene B, Immerman N, et,al.Leader election algorithms for wireless ad hoc networks. In 3rd DARPA Information Survivability Conference and Exposition (DISCEX III): April 2003. [5] Krishna P, Vaidya N H, et,al.A cluster-based approach for routing in dynamic networks.ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review: 1997; 27, (2): 10-64. [6] Krugel C, Toth T.Flexible, mobile agent based intrusion detection for dynamic networks. In European Wireless: 2002. [7] Manmeet Kaur marhas, Anup Bhange and Piyush Ajankar, Anomaly Detection in Network Traffic: A Sattistical Approach, vol. 1, No. 3, IJIEASR, ISSN: 2319-4413, December 2012. [8] Satoshi Kurosawa, Hidehisa Nakayama, Nei Kato, Abbas Jamalipour, and Yoshiaki Nemoto, Detecting blackhole Attack on AODV- based Mobile Ad Hoc Networks by Dynamic Learning Method, International Journal of Network Security, Vol.5, No.3, PP.338–346, Nov. 2007. [9] Sagar D. Pandiya, Rakesh Pandit and Sachin Patel, A System for MANET to Detect Selfish Nodes Using NS2, IJESIT, and ISSN: 2319-5967, Vol 1, Issue 2, November 2012. [10] D.Dasgupta, F.Gonzalez, K.Yallapu, J. Gomez, R.Yarramsettii, An agent-based intrusion detection system, Computers and Security (2005). 9 International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 01-10 © IAEME [11] Kapil Dhamecha, Rutvik Upadhyay and Bhushan Trivedi, Co-operative IDS Architectures for MANETs- A Survey. International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887), Volume 61– No.1, January 2013. [12] Kachirski O, Guha R.K, 2003: Effective intrusion detection using multiple sensors in wireless ad hoc networks, Proceedings of HICS, 57. [13] Kazienko P., Dorosz P: Intrusion detection systems. Part I. Intrusion types and symptoms. Tasks and architecture of IDS. Translation from Polish, IT FAQ 12/2002, pp. 21-27. [14] M. Ramadas, S. Ostermann, and B. Tjaden, "Detecting Anomalous Network Traffic with Self-Organizing Maps," Proc. Sixth Int'l Symp. Recent Advances in Intrusion Detection, pp. 36-54, 2003. [15] J.Brutlag, "Aberrant Behaviour Detection in Time Series for Network Monitoring," Proc. USENIX 14th System Administration Conf. (LISA), pp. 139-146, Dec. 2000. [16] Nadeem, A & Howarth, M. (2009). Adaptive intrusion detection and prevention of denial of service attacks in MANETs. International Conference on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing: Connecting the World Wirelessly, Leipzig, Germa. [17] Dr. Imad S. Alshawi, Dr. Kareem R. Alsaiedy, Vinita Yadav and Rashmi Ravat, "Defense Framework (Stream) for Stream-Based Ddos Attacks on Manet", International Journal of Information Technology and Management Information Systems (IJITMIS), Volume 5, Issue 1, 2014, pp. 42 - 52, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6405, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6413. [18] Prof. S.B. Javheri and Shwetambari Ramesh Patil, "Attacks Classification in Network", International Journal of Information Technology and Management Information Systems (IJITMIS), Volume 4, Issue 3, 2013, pp. 1 - 11, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6405, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6413. [19] Nada M. Badr and Noureldien A. Noureldien, "Review of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Security Attacks and Countermeasures", International Journal of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET), Volume 4, Issue 6, 2013, pp. 145 - 155, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6367, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6375. [20] Neha Kaushik and Ajay Dureja, "A Comparative Study of Black Hole Attack in Manet", International journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 93 - 102, ISSN Print: 0976- 6464, ISSN Online: 0976 –6472. 10


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Rawson, town and port, capital of Chubut provincia (province), southern Argentina. It lies along the Chubut River near the latter's mouth, about 5 miles (8 km) upriver from the Atlantic Ocean coast.
It was founded in 1865 by Welsh settlers and named for Guillermo Rawson (1821–90), then Argentine minister of the interior. Although the port has declined in importance, there are small installations for fisheries. The town and nearby beaches draw large numbers of summer tourists. Pop. (2001) 22,493; (2010 est.) 25,500.
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Lundberg Collection features woodie treasures
VanDerBrink Auctions will auction off the Lowell Lundberg Collection of woodie treasures on June 14 in Fargo, North Dakota. More
Categories: A Note from the Lil' Nordstrom's Gal, Features Tags: auction, car auction, lundberg, lundberg collection, vanderbrink, woodie, Woodies Leave a comment
Parts galore – and sometimes more than you bargained for
If you've ever needed a part for your car or truck, you've more than likely called or gone to Nordstrom's Auto Recyclers of rural Garretson, S.D. It's a mechanical Mecca, the Holy Grail for the car enthusiast. There's buildings and … More
Learning to Drive
I think we can all remember the first time that we got behind the wheel. That feeling of actually growing up and that power (or no power) when you pushed down that accelerator for the first time. I do. On … More
Brand Royal
Recently, I was in Arkansas to meet a potential customer about an auction. The man had been in the car business for over 75 years and was a casualty of the fall of GM and Chrysler. I pulled up to … More
'Gentlemen: Start Your Engines!'
Racing has deep root in the history of the automobile. From the days of boot-leggers to the famous Brickyard 500. Americans have always had the need for speed. This same love for racing runs deep in my family and the … More
Prewar car and truck barn find collection in Enid, Okla., to be offered by VanDerBrink Auctions
Beginning in 1945, Oliver Jordan stashed old iron. Now his collection of cars and trucks from the 1910s-'50s will be sold by VanDerBrink Auctions. More
The Automotive Circle of life
I just came off the road from a week of driving around and looking at fabulous antique tractors and cars. I just love that thrill of driving over a hill and seeing a sea of gleaming chrome and stainless all … More


text: Bad broiler element Scott M. • Midland, MI • July 01, 2014 My Repair & Advice With the information from the video on the site. I decided I could repair myself and everything went as shown (accept I didn't have any of the problems that I could have had, per video). I was prepared because of the video. Was this review helpful to you?


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Prior to 3/5/2008 the newsclips are available in a PDF archive.
News Clips 03/17/2014
Pen Air donating $100,000 to UWF
Source: Pensacola News Journal, 03/17/14
View Original Article
Pen Air Federal Credit Union will donate $100,000 this afternoon to support the University of West Florida College of Business.
Part of the gift will be used to establish a new scholarship for UWF business students, the Pen Air Federal Credit Union Betty M. Petree Endowment.
Another portion of the funding will go toward implementing a money management education program for students, the Pen Air Federal Credit Union Financial Literacy Boot Camp.
Representatives from Pen Air will present the gift at 3:30 p.m. today in room 102 of the UWF College of Business Education Center, Building 76A.


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Flipkart and Snapdeal seem to take every opportunity to compete aggressively against each other. After Flipkart partnered with semi government bodies to boost manufacturing and entrepreneurship in..Read More
The first half of 2014 was an action-packed 6 months when we saw a lot of private investments in the startup ecosystem, predominantly by the venture capital..Read More
Delhi-based online marketplace Snapdeal has announced its entry into the hospitality segment by launching the category of 'hotels and catering supplies'. Users can browse through 50,000 products..Read More
Internet penetration in India has been increasing exponentially – in 2006 there were only 21 million active internet users, which rose to 243 million users by June..Read More
After launching the e-learning category, poster boy of Indian ecommerce space Flipkart has now launched the sexual wellness category (link). At present the company offers five categories..Read More
With rumours of Flipkart having successfully raised a war chest of nearly a billion dollars doing the rounds, here is a look at the company's funding journey..Read More
In a bid to ease the process for merchants, eBay-funded Snapdeal has launched Seller Zone App for Android powered mobile phones. The application makes it easier than..Read More
Indian Retail Industry is currently estimated at US$ 490 billion, in which only 10% of the consumers buys online, and the rest 90% of the consumers spend..Read More
eBay-backed online marketplace Snapdeal has launched Smartfeed – a personal shopping guide for its customers. It provides users personalized shopping ideas and a trending list of products..Read More
Almost every urban and tech-savvy Indian is familiar with the fairy tale of Flipkart, how the two founders started with absolutely no inventory but would go out..Read More
YourStory, in collaboration with Kalaari Capital conducted an extensive survey of e-commerce consumers across India. The survey results and the infographic published earlier have provided a bird's..Read More
YourStory launched an extensive survey of e-commerce consumers in India in collaboration with Kalaari Capital. The analysis of the data provided some interesting insights about the various..Read More
Snapdeal, an Indian online marketplace has raised $100 million according to a WSJ report. The company is valued at $1 billion (Kunal Bahl, the CEO has not..Read More
In its detailed report on Indian e-commerce sector released last month, Accel Partners predicted a strong growth in the fashion category. Fashion e-commerce GMV doubled since 2012,..Read More
E-commerce sector in Q1 2014 was dominated by the news of Flipkart and Myntra's merger rumors along with Snapdeal raising a large round of funding led by..Read More
YourStory has remained at the forefront of the startup ecosystem, shaping the way startups take shape and grow. In addition to enabling startups, YourStory also has been..Read More
The news of Flipkart and Myntra being in talks to merge together – either fully or at least financially – have been doing the rounds for many..Read More
A venture capitalist, who has been on the other side of the table as an entrepreneur, and has scripted spectacular success stories from both sides. That is..Read More


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Village Motor Lodge
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Let's Go to London
Friday was busy doing last minute additions to our luggage, saying goodbyes, and rushing to the airport. We got there and made it through security without issues. Boarding was right on time, and the flight would have been perfect had it not been for the two screaming kids in front of me. ...
Deuces Wilson
Left Wilson today and it was a lot harder than I thought it would be. Layla crawled for the first time today and it was to me. I got all my stuff packed, but just feel like I forgot stuff. I have a cool room mate though. She's sweet, and is going to Africa. This girl is gonna do big ...
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Featured MNV Articles:
KGC Crosses Below Key Moving Average LevelBy Metals Channel Staff, Friday, November 2, 5:59 PM ET
KGC) crossed below their 200 day moving average of $9.37, changing hands as low as $9.30 per share. Kinross Gold Corp. shares are currently trading off about 5% on the day. The chart below shows the one year performance of KGC shares, versus its 200 day moving average:
Looking at the chart above, KGC's low point in its 52 week range is $7.11 per share, with $15.04 as the 52 week high point � that compares with a last trade of $9.38.
Special Offer: Manage the risks of the markets better with a free 30 day trial to the Multi-Asset Class Risk Management Portfolio.
According to the ETF Finder at ETF Channel, KGC makes up 4.44% of the Gold Miners ETF (AMEX:GDX) which is trading lower by about 3.7% on the day Friday.
�����See what other ETFs contain KGC �
Relevant Stock Market Definitions
Exchange Traded Fund Definition, The Importance of ETFs, Price-To-Earnings Definition, What is an ETN?
This Article's Word Cloud: AMEX According Average Below Corp Definition Definitions ETFs Earnings Friday Gold Kinross Manage Management Moving Offer Portfolio Relevant Risk Special Stock Their Traded What about above average below changing chart contain currently hands moving other performance point range raquo risks share shares slideshow stocks trade trading week what with year


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PC - Windows
Various Cheats and Hints for The 7th GuestHome / PC - Windows /
This page contains The 7th Guest Hints for PC - Windows called "Various Cheats and Hints" and has been posted or updated on Aug 21, 2008 by MolineuxWolf. Let us know what you think of this Hint by thumbs voting.
- Developer: Trilobyte
- Publisher: Virgin Interactive
- Genre: Adventure General
- Release Date: Not Set
- ESRB: Teen
Various Cheats and Hints
Scene select:
Type Zaphod Beeblebrox (case-sensitive) at the opening screen. Click on one of the four corners of the Ouija board.
Back to all Cheats
Stuck on this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let others answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an The 7th Guest expert then please try to help others with their questions.
Latest Questions
How do you get to the attic
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On Why SF is So Crazy Expensive & DC/NY Are Better
The gap between the cost of land+materials and the cost of housing in SF is the result of demand, not regulation. It is definitely more expensive to build in SF, but the main reason a one-bedroom costs $3500/month is not that the housing inspector required really fancy wiring or the construction permits were pricey, it's that there are a bunch of people around willing and able to pay $3500/month for a one-bedroom apartment. CAPITALISM!
On How the Other Half Lives
@Josh Michtom@facebook I still totally thought it sounded like a robot
On Concerning the Moral Obligations of the Wealthy
@Josh Michtom@facebook Yup, there is an income level where morality demands charity. I'm just not sure what it is, or what charity means in the context of a universal morality. Tithing as practiced by, say, modern Mormons responds to this same kind of ethical conundrum between wealth and righteousness, but the morality of sincere religious belief is too tied in to specific old texts to apply universally. I do think it's interesting that so many religions and belief systems have struggled with this problem - Islam traditionally forbids interest on loans and demands that a portion of income (variously interpreted) is given to help the poor, buddhism is more or less based on a renunciation of material wealth and goods, modern liberal humanism involves a lot of online discussions a la this one right here. Really not sure where I'm going with this, but yes: unless you limit your moral universe to some subset of humanity (family, religion, country, etc) that does not include any poor people, there is a moral obligation to donate to charity. Defining the boundaries of the group, and what exactly constitutes charity though... difficult.
On Concerning the Moral Obligations of the Wealthy
Well, that was lovely. Morality and value get mixed up when you remember that we're all individual people though. Curing a sick kid in rural India is worth X; curing your own sick kid is worth infinity plus all of your money. Is it immoral to be self-interested in this kind of basic hereditary sense (ie to value your own progeny more highly than anyone else)? Honestly I'm not sure, but I want to say no. For the broader point about donating the money you don't "need": sure, but where, collected by whom, at what level, implemented how? You can have progressive taxation and argue about relative rates and geographic cutoffs (to which: if you live in Hawaii you shouldn't get a higher cutoff than people living in Mississippi. Hawaii is better than Mississippi and you pay more to live there. If I lease a BMW for hella $$$ I'm not poorer than I would be if I leased a Hyundai for only $.) or we could live in a Marxist society, but so far no one has figured out how to build one of those that works.
On The Year I Saved $10,000
GF and I saved 10k each on salaries ~35k. It was the first year out of college, we didn't have a ton of loans to pay off, etc. Mostly we just lived on the wrong side of MLK, so the rent was cheap. Just the gap between our Oakland rent and any place we could get in SF accounted for about 5k of savings for each of us. We ended up traveling around California and then South America for 6 months. Hella worth it.
On Concerning Eschewing Ivies and Raising Working-Class Heroes
My girlfriend and I met at UC Berkeley, which is about as ivy as a state school can get, but still the other day when we met up with one of her high school friends and their small tribe of friends from Princeton it felt like we were watching a sketch comedy performance in which everyone acts and dresses (ALL J-CREW ALL THE TIME: AJATT) like a young Jack Donaghy/Sheryl Sandberg. The bottom line is that if you send your kid to Princeton they'll come out of it thinking that wearing pink khaki shorts and tasseled loafers while day-drinking on the west coast is a non-ridiculous thing to do, and that is incorrect. Life skills, people.
On How to Cold Email a Complete Stranger
The use of "ask" as a noun is a monstrosity that must be stopped before it consumes us all. I don't know if the users of noun-ask really think it means something other than "request", or if they're unfamiliar with the word "request", or if they know all about "request" but are code-switching to match the apparent stupidity levels of their corporate superiors and avoid sounding like a SNOOT, but something has to be done to quash this. It makes you sound like a poorly programmed office robot, and it's just grammatically wrong in a way that if you heard a first-grader say it you'd correct them without even thinking about it just so they don't sound stupid their whole lives. END OF RANT. PS these were all good suggestions, especially, ironically, having a specific question in your email.
On Weed Sells Like Hotcakes! Who Knew?
Live in Seattle, still waiting for a weed store to open up in my part of town. For now I call some people with a nice website and they dispatch a car full of weed to my house. The drivers are always super chill in the way you'd expect of weed dealers that used to equate their business with The Wire and now see it as something more like selling individual cigarettes on the street in NY - illegal, but only in a not-paying-the-right-taxes/not-having-the-right-permits kind of way. I'll absolutely switch to a store once they open up, unless the prices are just crazy.
On Why I Didn't Study STEM
Learning the equipment-intensive parts of science is what college is for. Also, everyone had to buy their own graphing calculator at my school. Also graphing calculators are not necessary to learn calculus (though a good teacher definitely is, and it sounds like you didn't have that). Seems like you didn't study a STEM subject (let's remember that there is no STEM - there's physics and biology and a bunch of other ologies) because you wanted to study something else more, or just didn't want to study STEM, or because of a constellation of social forces suggesting that it would be hard and that you wouldn't be good at it because of the boobs, but lack of equipment can't be that high on the list of reasons. Maybe you would have been more passionate if you got to look through a microscope in high school, but all the english classes had was books and that seemed to work ok. Anyways, don't blame the equipment.
On Does Biking To Work Take All The Joy Out of Biking?
@Liz the Lemur Agreed. The problem is that if you hate your job then going to work sucks however you get there. Trying to separate the spheres of your life completely so you have this job where you work most of the day in the capitalist machine that crushes your soul and then you come home and take a bike ride and feel free and beautiful and whatever: that's a bad strategy, but even there you'll feel better about reality if you bike to work because endorphins (and/or adrenaline, depending on the biking infrastructure on your route).


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Recently, I've talked with a LOT of professional photographers of all experience levels across a wide variety of specialties, and one of the most common problems I hear about is feeling overwhelmed by too much information and trying to sort out the good stuff from the bad. For example, here's how one conversation with a portrait photographer went (let's call her … [Read more...]
Interview With Scott Wyden Kivowitz – Wedding Photographer Conversion Kit: Lead-Generation Made Simple
Attention wedding photographers! Is your photography website converting visitors into leads at a good rate, or is it asleep on the job? Would you like more potential brides and grooms to make YOUR photography website the last stop in their search for the right photographer to capture their dream wedding? Well, now you can! In this short interview, I'm thrilled to talk … [Read more...]
What It REALLY Means When Someone Says They Have A Passion For Photography That Drives Them To Succeed
A quick question for you. Do you have a passion for photography that drives you to push yourself as a professional photographer every single day, regardless of the obstacles and challenges that get in your way? The concepts of "passion", "drive" and "determination" are deeply fascinating to me, and central to my work as a marketing coach as I strive to help photographers … [Read more...]
How To Make Money With Photography – 29 Ways To Love What You Do Without Having To Sell Your Camera
"How could this happen to me? Why have I almost reached the point of actually hating photography? The one thing I truly loved to do has turned into a monster that's killed my creativity and passion as a result of the stress it's brought into my life!" These were tough words for me to hear from a distraught professional photographer with whom I was talking about how to make … [Read more...]
The New Game Of Photography Marketing And How Your Blog Can Win You More Qualified Clients
Have you noticed how everything feels faster these days? We have to get more done in a day, power through our daily chores at lightning speed (often at the cost of doing a less than perfect job), and we get to spend less time being able to think or be as productive as we could be. As a result of racing through our lives as if there's no tomorrow, our attention is spread more … [Read more...]
Nobody Will Read Your Next Photography Blog Post. The Reason Why Might Shock You.
Do you have a photography blog? If so, that's great – a blog can be a powerful marketing platform for any professional photographer. But, did you know that MOST blog posts by photographers never get read by more than a handful of people? You've probably experienced this yourself... You work hard on the actual photography you create for your clients, and they really love … [Read more...]


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FHRITP strikes again
Was watching the news and this occurred. Figured you all would find this as funny as I did.
By: e21rich | Comments: 221 | Views: 11876 | Votes: 17 | Shared: 19
Location: Napa, California, United States | Leaked: 5 hours ago in Other Entertainment
The Mambet Rock and Zilim River in Ural Mountains. "Real Russia" ep.82
Bashkortostan is one of the most beautiful regions of Russia with famous Ural Mountains, rocks, woods and rivers. Our special expedition featuring Suzuki Jimny, upgraded for an off-road rides by ou
By: realrussiablog | Comments: 44 | Views: 1016 | Votes: 11 | Shared: 0
Location: Tolparovo, Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia | Leaked: 7 hours ago in Other Items from Liveleakers
Curious Fox Plays Hide and Seek With Drone
In this aerial recording, a curious fox runs through a giant field of blackcurrants in the Radviliskis area of Lithuania. He darts in, out and around the rows of blackcurrant plants, appearing as thou
By: Viral Video | Comments: 218 | Views: 13391 | Votes: 42 | Shared: 152
Leaked: 1 day ago in Other Entertainment
Honda towing lifted jeep gone wrong.
My buddy thought his jeep couldn't be towed by a Honda civic...haha
By: Your Daily Video | Comments: 362 | Views: 24841 | Votes: 25 | Shared: 52
Location: United States | Leaked: 9 hours ago in WTF, Vehicles
Aug. 26 airstrike in Iraq
The video depicts a U.S. airstrike against an ISIL armed truck near Irbil on Aug. 26.
By: CptSpaulding | Comments: 473 | Views: 21623 | Votes: 39 | Shared: 39
Location: Arbil, Kurdistan, Iraq | Leaked: 11 hours ago in Iraq
Drunk Guy Falls off porch
By: HandCream | Comments: 73 | Views: 10131 | Votes: 7 | Shared: 31
Leaked: 12 hours ago in WTF
Lucky escape for paraglider
no major injury
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Location: Nepal | Leaked: Aug-16-2014 in WTF
Shoplifter fights off store security w/ a baby in her arms; Passerby dole out vigilante justice on the employee
By: als | Comments: 1459 | Views: 139492 | Votes: 49 | Shared: 717
Location: New York, United States | Leaked: 12 hours ago in WTF
Snakehead fishing with duckling
The great bait.
By: romanoti | Comments: 454 | Views: 37096 | Votes: 6 | Shared: 47
Leaked: 14 hours ago in WTF, Sports
Patient Pup and the Bitchy Bird
I think we can all relate buddy
By: livelurked | Comments: 273 | Views: 23187 | Votes: 56 | Shared: 92
Leaked: 1 day ago in WTF
Honda donut at home
just a little donut
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Leaked: 18 hours ago in WTF, Vehicles
Awesome Machines Compilation
Awesome Machine that make work easier.
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There have been some great forecasts and some awful ones over the past 25 years. Here is a look at some that shook the market.» Read More
Citigroup shares helped fuel the Dow's rally after noted banking analyst Meredith Whitney upgraded the stock to a "hold" rating, reports CNBC's Mary Thompson.
Meredith Whitney, who made the prescient call in 2007 that Citigroup would cut its dividend, has now upgraded the very stock that brought her celebrity status during the credit crisis.
CNBC's Mary Thompson reports on Meredith Whitney's Citigroup upgrade from "underperform" to "hold" the same day the company meets with shareholders.
CNBC's Kate Kelly has the details of Meredith Whitney's upgrade on Citigroup from an "underperform" rating to a "hold", amid improved operating metrics.
High-grade municipal bonds remain a solid investment despite their sometimes-battered public image, according to fixed income expert Alexandra Lebenthal.
CNBC's Kelly Evans reports Citi has a new target on its back: noted analyst, Meredith Whitney told CNBC's Maria Bartiromo she is not "positive" on Citgroup. Also, discussing the results of the Fed's new "stress tests" on banks and whether it's good policy to play out the results in the public arena, with Bill Isaac, Fifth Third Bancorp chairman.
Meredith Whitney, founder & CEO of Meredith Whitney Advisory Group, offers her reaction to the bank stress tests. She also explains why she remains worried about the muni bond market.
We count down our five most popular videos from the past week, February 17 to February 24, 2012.
Influential banking analyst Meredith Whitney downgraded Jefferies to a "hold" from "buy" last night. The FMHR discusses.
Jefferies CEO Rich Handler has at least one prominent supporter — noted banking analyst Meredith Whitney, who said the company is run conservatively and unlikely to get hammered by exposure to European debt.
Some say big-business stars such as Oprah Winfrey, Martha Stewart, and Meg Whitman have not only broken the glass ceiling, they've made it irrelevant. Either way, they're certainty good role models.
One year ago, Meredith Whitney made a call that ignited a firestorm in parts of the muni market, with CNBC's Mary Thompson.
Is Meredith Whitney wrong or just early? Insight with Peter Hayes, BlackRock and CNBC's Mary Thompson.
Weighing in on Meredith Whitney's call on muni bonds and why she is wrong, with Matt Fabian, Municipal Market Advisors senior analyst, who adds that muni bonds are not structured similarly to other markets.
CNBC's David Faber and Gary Kaminsky discuss Meredith Whitney and her muni bond prediction from last year.
Just about a year ago this week, rumors started to circulate in the sometimes sleepy and boring world of municipal finance. The crisis talk went into overdrive, of course, when Ms. Whitney appeared on 60 Minutes andwarned that the $3 trillion municipal bond market faced the immediate threat of hundreds of billions of dollars in defaults.
Major banks stop lending to each other. A liquidity scare sets in. Policy makers contemplate fillingl the void with dollars meant to stave off fears that the banking system is failing.
An economy under constant barrage from housing, price inflation and debt concerns actually has created investment opportunities, banking analyst Meredith Whitney said.
Tea Party members are primarily "freaked out white men" who pose the greatest political threat to Democrats in 2012, according to banking analyst Meredith Whitney.
Meredith Whitney sees signs of a double-dip as cities and towns continue to get squeezed by cuts in federal funding.


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How Prince William is celebrating Father's Day
Prince William isn't spending his first Father's Day with breakfast in bed or getting a one-day pass from doing diaper duty. Instead, he's celebrating by partaking in one of his favorite royal hobbies: polo. Prince William joined Prince Harry in a charity polo match in Gloucestershire, with the proceeds going to Centrepoint, a non-profit benefiting the homeless, Child Bereavement UK and Well Child.
Even though the prince had a match to win, the outing was still a family affair. Kate Middleton and baby George made the trek to Gloucestershire as well, cheering from the sidelines (Well, Kate cheered at least.). While the polo match was held just a short drive from Prince Charles's home, it hasn't been revealed if Prince William and Prince Harry made plans to meet up with their own dad to celebrate Father's Day before heading home. Queen Elizabeth II was also spotted at the match, but she wasn't with her newly damed friend, Angelina Jolie.
Follow Emily on Twitter: @EmLaurence
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1-10 of 1000+ terraced houses for sale found
1 bed end of terrace house for sale
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£1,300,000 Guide Price
Guide Price £1,300,000
4 bedroom terraced house for sale Carr House, Kirklees Hall, HD6 4HD
A very rare opportunity has arisen to purchase the principal part of the historical Kirklees Hall. This superb Grade l Listed property, which has undergone major renovation in the 1990's, under the auspices of English Heritage, offers unique and elegant living boasting a spectacular array of orig... More details ›
£759,950 Guide Price
Guide Price £759,950
5 bedroom terraced house for sale Field House, Dean Lane, Triangle, HX6 1NU
Field House, which has recently been renovated, forms a substantial part of the original main house. The property is Grade II* listed from the well renowned Georgian period and is located within a park land setting. In its current form this is the very first time that this fabulous period home h... More details ›
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5 bedroom house for sale St. Pauls Street, Leeds, LS1
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6 bedroom end of terrace house for sale Parish Ghyll Road, Ilkley, West Yorkshire, LS29
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8 bedroom terraced house for sale Beech Grove House, Savile Road, Halifax HX1 2BA
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4 bedroom terraced house for sale High Street, Boston Spa, LS23 6AJ
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4 bedroom terraced house for sale The Malt, Main Street, Burley In Wharfedale, LS29
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6 bedroom terraced house for sale Manor Heath Road, Halifax
Sat in a commanding position on a large plot with views across Savile Park is this substantial stone built 19th century residence. With an abundance of features and character this property was built in approx 1890 and designed by the world renowned Victorian architect 'Wood' and at the time of be... More details ›
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6 bedroom town house for sale The Malt, Main Street, Burley In Wharfedale, LS29
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Range Description
Distribution: Mexico (Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacan, Guerrero, W Puebla, Morelos) tortugensis: Isla Tortuga
Physical Description
Type Information
Catalog Number: USNM 1782
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Locality: Laredo and Camargo, between, County Undetermined, Texas, United States, North America
- Holotype: Stejneger, L. 1893. North American Fauna. 7: 205.
Catalog Number: USNM 59371
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Sex/Stage: Female;
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1916
Locality: Isla Cedros, northeast side of, Isla Cedros, Baja California Norte, Mexico
- Paratype: Zweifel, R. G. 1958. American Museum Novitates. (1895): 12, figure 1, A and B.
Palouse Grasslands Habitat
This taxon is found in the Palouse grasslands, among other North American ecoregions. The Palouse ecoregion extends over eastern Washington, northwestern Idaho and northeastern Oregon. Grasslands and savannas once covered extensive areas of the inter-mountain west, from southwest Canada into western Montana in the USA. Today, areas like the great Palouse prairie of eastern are virtually eliminated as natural areas due to conversion to rangeland. The Palouse, formerly a vast expanse of native wheatgrasses (Agropyron spp), Idaho Fescue (Festuca idahoensis), and other grasses, has been mostly plowed and converted to wheat fields or is covered by Drooping Brome (Bromus tectorum) and other alien plant species.
the Palouse historically resembled the mixed-grass vegetation of the Central grasslands, except for the absence of short grasses. Such species as Bluebunch Wheatgrass (Elymus spicatus), Idaho Fescue (Festuca idahoensis) and Giant Wildrye (Elymus condensatus) and the associated species Lassen County Bluegrass (Poa limosa), Crested Hairgrass (Koeleria pyramidata), Bottlebrush Squirrel-tail (Sitanion hystrix), Needle-and-thread (Stipa comata) and Western Wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii) historically dominated the Palouse prairie grassland.
Representative mammals found in the Palouse grasslands include the Yellow-bellied Marmot (Marmota flaviventris), found burrowing in grasslands or beneath rocky scree; American Black Bear (Ursus americanus); American Pika (Ochotona princeps); Coast Mole (Scapanus orarius), who consumes chiefly earthworms and insects; Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis); Gray Wolf (Canis lupus); Great Basin Pocket Mouse (Perognathus parvus); Northern River Otter (Lontra canadensis); the Near Threatened Washington Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus washingtoni), a taxon who prefers habitat with dense grass cover and deep soils; and the Northern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus), a mammal that can be either arboreal or fossorial.
There are not a large number of amphibians in this ecoregion. The species present are the Great Basin Spadefoot Toad (Spea intermontana), a fossorial toad that sometimes filches the burrows of small mammals; Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum); Northern Leopard Frog (Glaucomys sabrinus), typically found near permanent water bodies or marsh; Columbia Spotted Frog (Rana luteiventris), usually found near permanent lotic water; Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla), who deposits eggs on submerged plant stems or the bottom of water bodies; Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum), fossorial species found in burrows or under rocks; Woodhouse's Toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii), found in arid grasslands with deep friable soils; Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas), who uses woody debris or submerged vegetation to protect its egg-masses.
There are a limited number of reptiles found in the Palouse grasslands, namely only: the Northern Alligator Lizard (Elgaria coerulea), often found in screes, rock outcrops as well as riparian vicinity; the Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta), who prefers lentic freshwater habitat with a thick mud layer; Yellow-bellied Racer (Chrysemys picta); Ringneck Snake (Diadophis punctatus), often found under loose stones in this ecoregion; Pygmy Short-horned Lizard (Phrynosoma douglasii), a fossorial taxon often found in bunchgrass habitats; Side-blotched Lizard (Uta stansburiana), frequently found in sandy washes with scattered rocks; Southern Alligator Lizard (Elgaria multicarinata), an essentially terrestrial species that prefers riparian areas and other moist habitats; Pacific Pond Turtle (Emys marmorata), a species that usually overwinters in upland habitat; Western Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis), who, when inactive, may hide under rocks or in animal burrows; Night Snake (Hypsiglena torquata); Western Skink (Plestiodon skiltonianus), who prefers grasslands with rocky areas; Western Terrestrial Garter Snake (Thamnophis elegans), found in rocky grasslands, especially near water; Rubber Boa (Charina bottae).
- C. Michael Hogan & World Wildlife Fund. 2014."Palouse grasslands". Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC ed.Mark McGinley.
- D.W.Meinig. 1968. The Great Columbia Plains: A Historical Geography, 1805-1910. University of Seattle Press, Seattle (Revised 1995). ISBN 0-295-97485-0.
Habitat and Ecology
- Terrestrial
Life History and Behavior
Life Expectancy
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Hypsiglena torquata
There are 2 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
-- end --
Download FASTA File
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Hypsiglena torquata
Public Records: 2
Specimens with Barcodes: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
Population Trend
Conservation Actions
Hypsiglena torquata
Hypsiglena torquata, commonly known as the night snake, is a species of rear-fanged colubrid. It is found throughout the southwestern and western United States, as well as in Mexico and British Columbia, Canada. The number of subspecies varies depending on the source, but it is generally accepted that there are 17.
- Hypsiglena torquata affinis Boulenger, 1894 - Boulenger's night snake
- Hypsiglena torquata baueri Zweifel, 1958 - Cedros Island night snake, Bauer's nightsnake[2]
- Hypsiglena torquata catalinae W.W. Tanner, 1966 - Santa Catalina night snake
- Hypsiglena torquata chlorophaea (Cope, 1860) - Sonoran night snake
- Hypsiglena torquata deserticola W.W. Tanner, 1966 - desert night snake
- Hypsiglena torquata gularis W.W. Tanner, 1954 - Isla Partida night snake
- Hypsiglena torquata jani (Dugès, 1866) - Texas night snake
- Hypsiglena torquata klauberi W.W. Tanner, 1944 - San Diego night snake
- Hypsiglena torquata loreala W.W. Tanner, 1944 - Mesa Verde night snake
- Hypsiglena torquata martinensis W.W. Tanner & Banta 1962 - San Martín Island night snake
- Hypsiglena torquata nuchalata W.W. Tanner, 1943 - California night snake
- Hypsiglena torquata ochrorhyncha Cope, 1860 - spotted night snake
- Hypsiglena torquata tiburonensis W.W. Tanner, 1981 - Tiburón Island night snake
- Hypsiglena torquata torquata (Günther, 1860) - collared night snake
- Hypsiglena torquata tortugaensis W.W. Tanner, 1944 - Isla tortuga night snake
- Hypsiglena torquata unaocularis W.W. Tanner, 1944 - Clarion Island night snake
- Hypsiglena torquata venusta Mocquard, 1899 - central Baja night snake
Total length is 12–26 in (30–66 cm). It is pale gray, light brown, or beige in color, with dark grey or brown blotches on the back and sides. The night snake's head is rather flat and triangular-shaped and usually has a pair of dark brown blotches on the neck. It also has a black or dark brown bar behind the eyes that contrast against the white or pale gray upper labial scales, and the pupil of the eye is vertical. The belly is white or yellowish. Females are usually longer and heavier than males.
Geographic range[edit]
The night snake has been found as far north as southern British Columbia, and as far south as Guerrero, Mexico. The eastern range of the night snake extends to Texas. Still, not much is known as far as population densities and exact range due to the highly cryptic nature of the night snake.
The night snake is found in many differing types of habitat including: grasslands, deserts, sagebrush flats, chaparral, woodlands, thorn scrub, thorn forest, and mountain meadows. Both rocky and sandy areas are inhabited by night snakes, and elevations over 8,500 ft (2,600 m) have been recorded. The night snake is also known to inhabit mammal burrows.
Night snakes are known to be both crepuscular (most active at dawn and dusk), and nocturnal. They are usually seen at night while crossing roads, but can be found under rocks, boards, dead branches and other surface litter during the day. Night snakes hibernate during the winter months, and are known to aestivate during periods of the summer. They are generally most active from April to October, with peaks of activity usually occurring in June.
Although the night snake poses no threat to humans, it is slightly venomous and uses this venom to subdue its prey.
Their main prey is lizards. A study in southwestern Idaho found that the night snake's diet consisted mostly of side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana) and their eggs. Other prey includes juvenile rattlesnakes and blind snakes, salamanders, frogs, and large insects.
If threatened, the night snake may coil up and thrust its coils at the threat, while flattening its head into a triangular defensive shape.
Night snakes mate in the spring, and females lay a clutch of 2–9 eggs from April to August. Eggs hatch in 7 to 8 weeks, usually in late summer. Males reach sexual maturity after one year.
Night snakes are known to be docile and easily handled. Captive night snakes have lived over 12 years.
- ^ The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org
- ^ Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M. 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Hypsiglena torquata baueri, p. 19).
Further reading[edit]
- Behler JL, King FW. 1979. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. ISBN 0-394-50824-6. (Hypsiglena torquata, pp. 616-617 + Plate 586).
- Boulenger GA. 1894. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xi + 382 pp. + Plates I- XX. (Hypsiglena torquata, p. 210; see also H. ochrorhynchus, pp. 209-210, and H. affinis, pp. 210-211 + Plate VIII, Figure 1).
- Conant R. 1975. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Hypsiglena torquata, pp. 217-218 + Plate 33 + Map 170).
- Conant R, Bridges W. 1939. What Snake Is That? A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains. (With 108 drawings by Edmond Malnate). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A-C, 1-32. (Leptodeira torquata ochrorhyncha, pp. 128-129 + Plate 25, Figure 74).
- Günther A. 1860. Description of Leptodeira torquata, a new Snake from Central America. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Third Series 5: 168-170 + Plate X., Figure A.
- Schmidt KP, Davis DD. 1941. Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha, pp. 259-260, Figure 84 + Plate 29, center, on p. 349).
- Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr. 1982. Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3. (Hypsiglena torquata, pp. 176-177).
- Stebbins RC. 2003. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition. The Peterson Field Guide Series ®. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. xiii + 533 pp. ISBN 0-395-98272-3. (Hypsiglena torquata, pp. 403-404 + Plate 46 + Map 180).
- Wright AH, Wright AA. 1957. Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes). (Genus Hypsiglena, pp. 314-317, Map 30; species Hypsiglena torquata, pp. 318-330, Figures 97-101).


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"he took a hand to his weeping cock—"
Hahahaha oh my god, this is literary what I see every time someone uses a phrase like that. Every. Time.
I'm so glad I'm not alone. Then again, I find erotica in general to be really hilarious and very awkward most of the time, so. But mostly hilarious (and also editing an acquaintance's pretty decent writing when an unexpected smut scene full of this kind of thing appears is possibly the most awkward thing in the history of the world.).
(Source: luciferofficial)


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83-16323 - 8Gb Raspberry Pi Operating System
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Make your devices a little slimmer with this microSD card adapter board.
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Recent Posts
Author Archives: Rebecca Phillipps
Sherds and archives
Since my last post I have analysed 918 ceramic sherds from the Fayum and E-75-8 at Nabta Playa. I have just over one week left in the UK and 450 sherds left, so it shouldn't be a problem to get … Continue reading
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The legacy of the early twentieth century
Hi everyone, This past week I have been examining collections at UCL's Petrie Museum. This museum, tucked away on the UCL campus holds over 18,000 artefacts collected from numerous excavations across Egypt and Sudan. All of these artefacts are from late … Continue reading
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Work out of the field – Five days in and three museums down
Hi everyone, Josh here. As part of my PhD research investigating the Neolithic ceramics of the Fayum, I am travelling to the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Austria to analyse museum collections prior to (hopefully) going to analyse ceramics in the … Continue reading
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Secret Document Proves that there is a Spy amongst the Kiwis!
While searching for a missing charger, Josh discovered the following letter: December 12, 2012 Subject: Topsecret message to the Lewis Binford Center for the Improvement of American Archaeology at UCLA I apologize for the delay in submitting my … Continue reading
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Half way through already
It's been two weeks since we started our work on the north shore of the Fayum and already we have achieved the first set of targets for the season. We began the season working north of Kom K. One of … Continue reading
Dimeh visit
Last Saturday we got a sleep in (until 7am) and then set off for a day in the desert to see some sights. Our first stop was Dimeh, but on the way one of our land cruisers got stuck in … Continue reading
Dimeh visit
Last Saturday we got a sleep in (until 7am) and then set off for a day in the desert to see some sights. Our first stop was Dimeh, but on the way one of our land cruisers got stuck in … Continue reading
I like sand up my nose by Sam age 25
Today we went into the field and we dug some hearths. We have dug hearths in the field for three days now. Hearth features used to be fire pits used by people a very long time ago. Today they look … Continue reading


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Two days had passed since Arizona State's women's basketball team was upset by the University of Arizona, but coach Charli Turner Thorne was having a hard time looking forward.
"It's still in my gut," Turner Thorne said.
That's understandable. No. 11 ASU was beaten 68-49 by an Arizona team that had been 0-11 in Pac-12 play. It was the Wildcats' first win over the Sun Devils since 2011.
But Turner Thorne believes the loss could turn into a positive entering this weekend's trip to the Bay Area. ASU (20-4) plays No. 6 Stanford on Friday and No. 22 California on Sunday. The Sun Devils had won five consecutive games before losing to Arizona, but Turner Thorne said there had been some slippage in key areas, most notably rebounding and taking care of the ball.
It's much easier to get that message across after a 19-point loss to a rival.
"We have been slumping a little bit, to be honest," Turner Thorne said. "For a young team to lose that way, hopefully it will help us get back to doing some of the things we need to do better. I know I have their attention. I think they'll be a lot more fired up because of that."
The problem: Stanford is in the same boat. The Cardinal suffered their first conference loss at Washington on Sunday, so Turner Thorne is certain the Sun Devils will get the Cardinal's best effort.
"It's not ideal that our next game is at Stanford," Turner Thorne said.
There's probably no good time to face 6-foot-4 Stanford forward Chiney Ogwumike, whom Turner Thorne called the best inside player in the country.
Ogwumike is averaging 27.2 points and 12.3 rebounds per game and had 30 points and 16 rebounds in the teams' earlier meeting this season, won 80-56 by Stanford.
Turner Thorne will use different defenders on Ogwumike but is more concerned about the forward creating open perimeter looks for her teammates.
"She's surrounded by 3-point shooters, so you kind of have to pick your poison a little bit," Turner Thorne said. "We'll try to take away the easy paint touches, but we have to also try to take away the open 3s."
ASU will have to find a way to get its own easy looks against a Stanford defense that is allowing opponents to shoot just 35.5 percent from the field. The Sun Devils, meanwhile, have been held under 70 points in eight of their past nine games after scoring more than 70 in 12 of their first 15 contests.
"The thing Stanford does so well is totally lock in on the better scorers. They're really good in goading non-shooters into shooting," Turner Thorne said. "We haven't shot the ball well the last couple of weeks, and we have to get that going. We just have to be very disciplined."
Friday's game
No. 15 Arizona State at No. 6 Stanford
When: 8 p.m.
Where: Maples Pavilion, Stanford, Calif.
TV/radio: KDUS-AM (1060).
Outlook: Both the Sun Devils (20-4, 9-3 Pac-12) and the Cardinal (22-2, 11-1) are coming off unexpected losses — ASU to rival Arizona and Stanford to Washington. ... The Cardinal's defense is an issue for the Sun Devils; Stanford is allowing opponents to shoot just 35.5 percent from the field and 29.6 percent from 3-point range. ... ASU has lost 15 consecutive games to Stanford.


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