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This sun soaked 4078m² section offers stunning views over Sandy Bay, out to the Poor Knights, Whananaki and beyond. With a gentle slope, all weather access drive and power & phone handy to the boundary this section offers a golden opportunity to design and build your dream home now. Imagine being able to stroll down the drive for a surf or play with the kids on their boogie boards. So handy to other beautiful beaches, scenic walks, boat ramps, cafés, fishing and diving. Now voted one of the top 3 coastlines in the world means the Tutukaka Coast will only grow in value over time. Don't kick yourself later – get in now!! $920,000 (water views).
Alan Dowsett
licensed real estate agent
mobile: 021 244 5434
a/hrs: 09 434 4413
office: 09 438 8777
email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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UN Secretary-General Launches "Seal the Deal!" Campaign [viewed]
29 April 2009: While in Brussels, Belgium, on 23 April 2009, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon launched a worldwide climate change campaign under the slogan "Seal the Deal!"
29 April 2009: While in Brussels, Belgium, on 23 April 2009, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon launched a worldwide climate change campaign under the slogan "Seal the Deal!"
24 April 2009: Speaking at the Tsunami Lessons Learned event, which took place in New York, US, on 24 April 2009, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon stressed the importance of sharing lessons learned from disaster responses.
20 April 2009: The International Training Centre (ITC) of the International Labour Organization (ILO) has launched a six week open course on Green Jobs, focusing on the socioeconomic impacts of climate change with particular attention to the world of work, in terms adaptation and mitigation, and on how to manage the transition to a low-carbon economy.
22 April 2009: The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has released the fourth issue of its FoodClimate newsletter, which contains interviews, updates and notes on upcoming events on climate change relating to agriculture, fisheries and forestry. The feature story, an interview with members of a livelihood adaptation to climate change project in Bangladesh, focuses on technology transfer, actor involvement and other prerequisites for and obstacles to community adaptation.
21 April 2009: "On the Frontlines of Climate Change," an internet forum launched by the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in partnership with the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Secretariat of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII) and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), has published an article on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD).
April 2009: The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and the University of Joensuu, Finland are jointly organizing a two-week course on international environmental law-making and diplomacy.
2 April 2009: The European Investment Bank (EIB) is providing a total of EUR 220 million in three operations that will contribute to the mitigation of climate change, within the objectives of the China Climate Change Framework Loan (CCCFL), signed with the People's Republic of China in November 2007.
6 April 2009: The UN Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) have entered into a collaborative effort to help build capacity for climate change adaptation. Under the partnership, UNEP's Division of Early Warning and Assessment will develop a joint module, based on the training resources developed under the UNITAR's Climate Change Capacity Development project. The new module will then be included in UNEP's Integrated Environmental Assessment (IEA) training manual.
31 March 2009: The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is intensifying its lending for energy efficiency and clean energy projects, and has recently established two new facilities worth €110 million to finance investments by enterprises in the Western Balkans in energy efficiency and renewable energy projects.
3 April 2009: The UN Development Programme (UNDP) presented the results of the ART Initiative, which was designed by a group of UN Agencies under UNDP's leadership (namely the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the UN Development Fund for Women, the World Health Organization and UNOPS) to promote the strategic and operational articulation among the development cooperation institutions and programmes in support of national policies and local dynamics of governance and local development.

subset: commoncrawl


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High School Quarterback Goes Behind-The-Back On Fake Punt
This is a deceptively great move from Georgia high school football. Archer high school made like it was going to punt to Sandy Creek but then hit the backup quarterback, Will Bearden, with the direct snap. He took the ball and avoided pressure by going behind his back with the ball and dumping it off for a first down. »


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I am working on my logo and website but I am really struggling with creating a tagline. I have started a consulting and training business serving small to medium sized not for profit organizations. I work them to create solutions to the challenges they maybe having with governance, policy development, and volunteer resources. I also offer proposal writing, program evaluation, and facilitation. Any ideas would be greatly appreciated.
Jay's Answer: I think the problem you're having crafting a tagline is because it's not clear WHY your target audience needs you. "Creating solutions to the challenges they maybe…" isn't a strong offering. What could a non-profit do better as a result of hiring your services? Why couldn't they do this in-house? Why should they trust your knowledge?
The more specific your offering, the easier it'll be to sell yourself to them. You don't want them to have to wade through a menu of services to figure out if you're the right person for them. If you position yourself as the expert in a specialty, then it becomes much clearer if there's a fit.
I strongly suggest spending the time developing your marketing strategy. If you need assistance, hire my services. Or, start doing it yourself. But, don't develop your website/logo any more until it's clear what you're offering. Otherwise, you're going to confuse a lot of people, and they won't come back to your website after you "tighten things up".


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Weekend Plans With Engine Shop's Ed Kiernan Oilers Unveil Details Of New Arena District Ravens Partner With Domestic Abuse Center NFL Toughens Domestic Violence Policy CBS Going All-Out With U.S. Open Coverage Snickers Releases First Manziel Commercial Classified Advertisements Executive Transactions Filing Hints NCAA's Strategy In O'Bannon Appeal Notre Dame Renovations Begin In November
Upcoming Conferences and Events
SBD/Closing Bell
Under Armour More Than Doubled Sponsorship Commitments In '10
Published February 24, 2011
Under Armour becomes an official supplier of gloves to the NFL beginning in '11 and combine training apparel beginning in '12. It is already an official presenter of the NFL combine and has the rights to outfit players on-field with its cleats. The NFL has not exercised any of the warrants it received in '06 as part of the league's original deal with the company, according to the annual report.


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Managing complex projects & commercial acumen & at the heart of the deal & this is smarter healthcare for the 21st century & bringing projects to life & always delivering & that's Healthcare with Bird & Bird
A truly international firm & organised around our clients & passion and insight & connecting with our clients' vision & commercial advantage & where service matters & that's Bird & Bird
We use Bird & Bird's expertise in IT, IP and strategic partnerships to help our clients deliver smarter healthcare for the 21st century.
Our focus on ehealth projects, strategic partnerships, outsourcings and large-scale networked IT is complemented by the ecommerce, data protection compliance and regulatory work that Bird & Bird undertakes for clients operating in the healthcare sector, as well as its medical devices work and its world-renowned life-sciences and pharmaceuticals work.
Our clients - which include hospitals, financial institutions, government bodies and their suppliers - choose us for our expertise in the key technologies, processes and regulatory frameworks needed to deliver more intelligent healthcare.
Our group is based across Europe, the Middle East and Asia and has a real understanding of the sector acquired through decades of experience.
We also have exceptional insight into the challenges of delivering transformational projects and major programmes, gained through hands on support of such projects and programmes. Some of our team members are also Associate Fellows at the Saïd Business School, University of Oxford where they teach on aspects of major programmes.
And our work makes a difference. In 2012 alone, we were involved with some of the most high-value and complex healthcare IT transactions across Europe, incredibly innovative partnerships between the public and private sector and collaborations which will improve access to cutting-edge medical care in the Middle East.
View further contacts
Chambers UK 2014
Legal 500 2013
Regional Commercial Director, International US Software and Application Company
Patrick O'Connell, Chairman, Advisory Board and Practitioner Director,BT Centre for Major Programme Management, University of Oxford
AN innovative social franchising system to improve certain services in NHS hospitals has been suggested.
The Cabinet Office has indicated that it intends to follow a 'copy out' approach to implementing the new Public Procurement Directive (Directive 2014/24) in the UK with the aim of implementing the Directive by early 2015.
London partner Mark Abell was featured in the Health Service Journal on how NHS trusts can make the most of franchising...
Making innovation happen in healthcare is hard; it's also essential to the delivery of smarter healthcare for the 21st century.
We advised Silmäasema in a recent transaction where Finnish private equity firm Intera Partners acquires majority of shares.
Eight Bird & Bird partners from six jurisdictions have been recognised in this year's ILO Client Choice Awards ceremony which took place on 7 May in London.


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X-Lite quality problems
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2010 Peterbilt 387
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2014 Dodge RAM 1500 PROMASTER
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Description: **LOW MILEAGE, NO DPF** | Very Clean 550k Mile Pre-DPF Freightliner, Great Tires andBrakes. Truck is Equipped With an Automated Transmission,Aluminum Wheels and Airslide 5th Wheel. Don't Forget to AskAbout our Extended Warranties and Great Financing OptionsAlso We Have A New Roadside Assistance Program.More Information
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Sean Kilcarr comments on trends affecting the many different strata of the trucking industry.. Check back often for Sean's take on the trucking industry, in his award-winning blog, Trucks at Work.


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The Houston Texans won their first ever Thanksgiving game on Thursday, but it was a nail-biter from start to finish as they had to scratch and claw their way in the end to earn a 34-31 victory over the Detroit Lions. The game went deep into overtime, almost hinting at a two-tie NFL season, and the game likely would have ended if not for some bad luck and bad play on the part of Detroit.
UprootedTexan from Texans blog Battle Red Blog was, of course, grateful for the win. However, he was also very wary of the form that the Texans showed throughout the game, allowing the Lions to keep themselves in the driver's seat all game. It was very reminiscent of their previous game, another nail-biter against the Jacksonville Jaguars. According to BRB, that kind of form could doom the team down the road if they don't get it together:
That being said, the injuries and the fact that we had to claw back in another game is, to say the least, troubling. If the Texans keep playing like this, I fear Texans will not last long in the playoffs. They can do that against the Jacksonvilles and Detroits of the league. But falling behind early against Baltimore or New England is only begging for trouble.
Houston will head to Tennessee to face off against the Titans on Dec. 2.


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Bryan Eisenberg | August 26, 2011 | Comments
Everything you wanted to know about us.
It's often the most neglected page on your website; if you even have this page. However, if you do, it is very likely among the most visited pages. I may be dating myself, but it is the Rodney Dangerfield of web pages. It gets no respect. Do you have an "about us" page? Is it performing at the level it should be?
As brands, we should want people to like us, to share our values, to feel validated by doing business with us. How are we supposed to get them to do this if we don't connect to them on a human level in a "human voice"?
The worst crime is having no page or, as may be the classic case of dehumanization in history, the new Huffington Post about us page, post the AOL acquisition. Yes, it is blank. Great job for a bunch of writers.
The purpose of the about us page is to break down the facade of anonymity of the web and of corporations. The visitor who clicks on that page is giving you their permission to share with them all about your company, in the spirit of transparency and with an authentic voice that allows you to share all that makes you the business you are.
What is a good about us page like? Below are some guidelines, but first check out the Zappos about us page:
1. They tell you who they are, not what they do. In fact, what you can do for customers and why they should care is messaging that most of the rest of your website should convey.
So take it easy on the sales pitch and give us you and your company's story. Show us your passion. Can you tell what passion Zappos has?
2. Behind every business there are real people - highlight them! Zappos does this in so many ways on its about us page. In Stanford's Persuasive Technology Lab web credibility research project by my friend BJ Fogg, they share 10 guidelines for building the credibility of a website. These guidelines are based on three years of research that included over 4,500 people. I want to point out three of the 10:
Did you forget to feature the people behind your business on your about us page? Just compare this page without the staff behind it to this page with the staff. Which one do you want to do business with?
3. Culture, values, and personality matter to people! Don't come up short with flaccid copy. The vast majority of about us pages are simply boring, stiff, and tightly clenched pages. Companies love to have fun and show off their creativity in their advertising, but it seems the second you get them in front of a CMS, they lose their personality. This is a great page to feature video of your team.
Check out examples of featuring videos from the CEOs from large corporations such as ING Direct to medium-sized businesses like Spence Diamonds. If you were in the market for a diamond, wouldn't you want to buy one from Sean Jones?
How do you choose the voice of your about us page? Here are some more ideas:
4. Size doesn't matter to everyone. Don't exaggerate your size to fake credibility. Jason Fried, CEO of 37signals (which has a fabulous about us page), explains why people should avoid exaggerating size.
5. Some cool stuff you can add to your about us. I've enjoyed exploring timelines of companies in their about us page or section. You can see 37signals' timeline or check out the one from the McDonald's website .
Tumblr is about sharing content with people, and one of the first things it does on its about us page is share the Tumblr blogs from its management team.
This is a social networking nirvana. This is often where your visitors want to get a sense of the people behind your team. Highlight key clients they may have worked with, trade organizations, publications, or events they have contributed to. Companies like The Brooks Group allow you to see their team members' email addresses, phone numbers, and even invite you to connect to them on LinkedIn. If your team members have authored books, whitepapers, or a blog, a Twitter account, or a Facebook page, feel free to share them here too.
Is there anything else you would like to know about "about us" pages, but might have been afraid to ask? Feel free to share your favorite about us page in the comments below.
Bryan is off today. This column was originally published on July 1, 2011 on ClickZ.
Join the Industry's Leading eCommerce & Direct Marketing Experts in Chicago
ClickZ Live Chicago (Nov 3-6) will deliver over 50 sessions across 4 days and 10 individual tracks, including Data-Driven Marketing, Social, Mobile, Display, Search and Email. Check out the full agenda and register by Friday, Sept 5 to take advantage of Super Saver Rates!
Bryan Eisenberg is coauthor of the Wall Street Journal, Amazon, BusinessWeek, and New York Times bestselling books "Call to Action," "Waiting For Your Cat to Bark?," and "Always Be Testing." Bryan is a professional marketing speaker and has keynoted conferences globally such as SES, Shop.org, Direct Marketing Association, MarketingSherpa, Econsultancy, Webcom, SEM Konferansen Norway, the Canadian Marketing Association, and others. In 2010, Bryan was named a winner of the Direct Marketing Educational Foundation's Rising Stars Awards, which recognizes the most talented professionals 40 years of age or younger in the field of direct/interactive marketing. He is also cofounder and chairman emeritus of the Web Analytics Association. Bryan serves as an advisory board member of SES Conference & Expo, the eMetrics Marketing Optimization Summit, and several venture capital backed companies. He works with his coauthor and brother Jeffrey Eisenberg. You can find them at BryanEisenberg.com.
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Latest research reveals 68% higher revenue per conversion for marketers who integrate their search & social advertising. In addition to the research results, this whitepaper also outlines 5 strategies and 15 tactics you can use to better integrate your search and social campaigns.
September 17, 2014
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Gentle Yoga Class is a non-strenuous, quiet, meditative practice. It is ideal for those looking for a gentler class while encouraging the body to stretch and rest in a variety of poses and through the use of yoga props. It is beneficial for beginners, seniors, those recovering from injuries as well as more advanced practitioners looking for a moving meditation and the ability to bring more focus to breath and body during a faster paced, more active practice. Gentle Yoga Class can also benefit those who are quite fit but require more flexibility that is needed to move safely into more intense yoga poses. This class encourages a connection to mind, body and breath bringing awareness to Self. Emphasis on breath allows for deep relaxation, leading the body toward more flexibility and balance. Various breathing and meditation techniques including guided meditations and aroma therapy will be explored to promote deep relaxation.
Gentle Yoga has been known to be effective in various physical and mental aliments such as:
- Movement Limitations
- Arthritis
- Back Pain
- Relief from Disabilities
- Recovery from Surgery (based on doctors recommendations
- Relieves Stress, Tension, Anxiety and some Depression


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The first day of school for the 2014-15 school year is Wednesday, September 3. We can't wait to see all our students and parents back on campus. The schedule for the first day is:
7:30 - 8:00 am: Before Care (Students who arrive before 8:00 am will automatically be checked in to Before Care)8:00 - 8:10 am: Arrival8:15 am: Morning Assembly begins 8:30 - 8:45 am: Coffee and Tea Social for Parents3:00 - 3:15 pm: Pick Up 3:10 - 6:00 pm: After Care (Students not picked up by 3:10 pm will automatically be checked in to After Care)
Continue on for information on the first day...
On Tuesday, June 3, the HRS community gathered to break ground for construction of the future Hamlin Robinson School. After 31 years and 4 different locations, HRS will now have its own permanent location where we'll be building community and empowering students. Thank you to everyone who made this amazing milestone possible.
Click here for photos!
On Saturday, October 18, 2014, educators and parents of students with learning differences are invited to join us for a full-day workshop on Multi-Sensory Math.
The workshop will be facilitated by Marilyn Zecher and will cover basic research and methodology, strategies for teaching, and demonstrations of the use of manipulatives.
1700 East Union Street | Seattle WA 98122 | 206-763-1167Hamlin Robinson School ignites the academic and creative potential of students with dyslexia and other language-based learning differences.
© 2013 Hamlin Robinson School. All rights reserved


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Right wing conservative talk show host ,Hugh Hewitt and Rush Limbaugh are teaming up, to urge their listeners to boycott GM Motors in some sort a weird effort, to save the free enterprise system. It's just another attempt at sabotaging President Barack Obama's policies. In their mind, if Barack Obama fails, America wins. They seem to forget the 88,000 workers at GM, even though Limbaugh tried to reassure his listeners that the boycotters were not angry over them. Imagine a small group of 100 or so Victorians, boycotting Invista; I don't think the employees or their families would take too kindly to that. I don't think this movement will get any traction, but it goes to show you how far that 20% will go in order to try to derail this president.
Last week the anti- Obama crowd tried to show that President Obama somehow disrespected the murder of Pvt. Long because the president did not immediately honor the deceased, with metals of heroism. Fox got all the mileage they could out of this story(I presume) because lone survivor Pvt. Quinton Ezeagwula, spoke with reporters earlier today, only CNN and MSNBC carried the press conference live. Fox News never cut to the press conference, choosing instead to focus on Newt Gingrich's criticisms of the Obama administration from last night's congressional Republican fundraiser: I assume it was the same crowd that mocked Cindy Sheehan.
Jon Stewart is filling his weekly skits with clips from Hannity, Bill O'Reilly, and Fox and Friends; mocking their daily rants over the latest presidential speech, a night out in New York and Paris, and Government Motors. Mr. Stewart has a small staff, but he makes good use of YouTube and Google, something Fox should put to use. I imagine the latest speech by Newt Gingrich will be used by Jon Stewart. Newt Gingrich first words to yet, another conservative GOP RE-Imaging committee was ", I do not come here as a citizen of the world", this was a speech mocking the current president for his speech. he made as a presidential candidate in Europe. It only took a 5 minute research on Google to find out that the conservative icon Ronald Reagan, used the very same words, then candidate Obama used. Newt is now saying that he does not want to be a citizen of North Korea, Iran, etc…. Nice try Newt.
Poor conservatives, the Lee Atwater /Karl Rove scare tactics, are no longer working because as Lawrence O'Donnell correctly pointed out, the only conservative principle left is the Pro-Life position. The conservatives sold out a long time ago to Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and the prescription drug bill (Medicare part D) that they have not asked to be repealed. They did not call George W. Bush, a socialist when he signed the $7 trillion entitlement, Medicare part D. It's like the conservatives saying "We are only a little bit pregnant."
Like them or loath them, good or bad, the Democratic party representatives, are the only ones actively working on the issues of today ,because the opposition is too busy boycotting or trying to redefine itself for the next election.
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1876-The British ship Circassian was destroyed off Bridgehampton, Long Island, following a successful rescue of 49 persons on December 11 by the Life-Saving Service. During later salvage operations in a storm the ship drifted out of the sand, resulting in the loss of 28 of its salvage crew including 12 Shinnecock Indians.
1944-Coast Guard-manned USS FS-367 rescued survivors from USS Maripopsa at San Jose, Mindoro, Philippine Islands.
1958- The 590-foot tanker African Queen ran aground and split in two 10 miles off Ocean City, Maryland. Within two hours 15 helicopters from the nearby Coast Guard, Navy and Marine Corps bases evacuated all 47 crewmen successfully. The Coast Guard Rescue Coordination Center at New York coordinated the operations.
1997- The 493-foot freighter Merchant Patriot began taking on water in stormy seas. Coast Guard air assets from AIRSTA Clearwater arrived on scene and, along with Air Force units, rescued the ship's captain and her 27 crewmen. The vessel, however, remained afloat and was later towed to Freeport, Bahamas.
(Source: USCG Historian's Office)
The Coast Guard medevaced an 87-year-old female reportedly suffering from complications associated with a lower back injury aboard the fishing vessel Annie B in Port Alexander, Sunday evening.
The Coast Guard is responding to a plane crash Saturday approximately 51 miles southeast of Chincoteague Island.
Watchstanders at the Coast Guard 5th District
Coast Guard crews aboard the Coast Guard Cutter Charles David Jr. and the Coast Guard Cutter Valiant repatriated 86 migrants illegally migrating from Cuba and Haiti.
ABB is celebrating today its 125th anniversary in Finland. Founded in 1889 in Helsinki by entrepreneur and inventor Gottfrid Strömberg, ABB Finland is today
Maritime Reporter & Engineering News was founded by John J. O'Malley (1905-1980) in 1939, and today ranks as the world's largest audited trade publication in the world serving the maritime industry,
Northern Ireland Office Minister, Dr Andrew Murrison MP, visited the historic HMS Caroline in Belfast's Titanic Quarter as restoration grants are received, informs the UK Government.


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Found 186 additional ads in areas surrounding Gatley
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"I'm not really surprised by people who wrinkle their noses at the mention of content management systems (CMSs)," writes JoAnna Springsteen. "They seem to think that using a CMS limits what they can do with their Web application's design, cramps them in terms of user interface, or is just too big and clunky to manage, let alone perform. Too often, I've heard misinformation about the use of content management in general, and the software tools specifically. Let me set the record straight on a few points."
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Thursday, 4 August 2011
Fallen off the wagon. .
12 comments:
I too suffer from toast for breakfast, pasta for dinner - and sometimes its not even what I want but its just so easy.ReplyDelete
But I just figure you cant be good at everything all of the time ... that would be boring. Best just to start anew tomorrow (or the next day!)
Absolutely. I've fallen off the wagon in recent weeks, but I'm hoping that whilst I'm on holidays I'll get myself back on track. It's hard, if you don't plan ahead you do just tend to eat that white fluff. The thing I hate is it doesn't even fill you up anyway! You've done so well with though, try not to get down on yourself for a few 'fluff' days. xxReplyDelete
I know just how you feel! I get so rushed in the morning (mostly because I've pressed snooze one too may times!), toast is always easy. For boyfriend and I, both being busy with work and uni, pasta is a simple choice for dinner (I try to only have it once a week though!). Before I know it, I've carb loaded in a big way. When I feel this way, I try to think of the good choices I have made, like carrying around my little container of mixed seeds and nuts and the three pieces of fruit I've eaten. You're doing great! :-)ReplyDelete
ha. story of my life for the past few years. i keep trying to tell myself it is all about enjoyment but my body is disagreeing. i don't know where my willpower has gone!ReplyDelete
You are only human Jody and tomorrow is a new day :)ReplyDelete
I've done this many a time...and still am falling off the wagon from time to time.
My goodness Jody, nothing you have said here is bad at all. You are doing a fantastic job. I wish I could take a leaf out of your book, I have been SHOCKING with the sweets of late. I really feel awful for it too. I am a chocoholic for sure, as I need to have at least some chocolate every day :o/ Don't be too hard on yourself, life is for living after all and you need to have some treats here and there :o) xoReplyDelete
Ooh I'm a naughty carb sneaker too. I don't eat heaps, but it's that piece of toast here, or the crumpet there, or the gnocchi for lunch rather than a salad. I hear you! Good luck over the next week. At least now you are aware you might be able to stop yourself!ReplyDelete
Sometimes over eating is just what your body needs for a fat burnign jump start, right? I'll stick wiht that...ReplyDelete
I just simply, overly, endearingly love the photo with your blog. If I was a professional photographer, or even good at it, I'd want my shots to have that trueness and happiness beaming out of all of them. Cheers!
*sorry, I can't spell check.ReplyDelete
Don't feel guilty Jody! We all have dodgy days. I like to think of these sort of things over a week or even a few days, the big picture. I'm still with you on the less carbs idea and feel heaps better for it. I'm thinking broccoli and bacon soup for lunch... delish! gxoReplyDelete
Ah yes we all definitely have bad weeks, don't be too hard on yourself. It can be really hard to keep up the pace sometimes but there is always tomorrow. xReplyDelete
yep, lots of bad weeks over here. someone said to focus on three hour blocks only. don't get overwhelmed by always doing it right, just focus on the next three hours. aaand, don't beat yourself up. fluffy carbs taste good ;)ReplyDelete


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Am I biased or random?
October 18, 2005
I'm interested in the neuroscience behind decision making: specifically, do people have "random number generators" in their brains for breaking decision stalemates?
Lets say someone offers me an apple and there are two on the table in front of me. How do I choose which one to take?
If they are different from each other, I can rely on all sorts of criteria: I prefer redder apples; I prefer larger apples; etc. But suppose they seem identical and I really want an apple. I MUST choose between them SOMEHOW or I'll be sitting there forever staring at the two apples. There's a clear survival advantage to breaking these kinds of stalemates.
If I was modeling this situation in an A.I. program, I can think of two possible solutions:
1) Include a random "coin-flip" module which is invoked when all more reasonable decision-making procedures fail.
2) Include arbitrary biases.
Expanding on 2: when we see no qualitative difference between two apples, do we just default to the one on the left (or the one on the right)? This might differ between two people -- one might always choose left and the other might always choose right -- but would a single person always make the same biased choice under the similar circumstances?
If so, there must be dozens of these "defaults" built into the brain (pick the one on the left, pick the bigger one, pick the nearest one, etc.) A random-number generator seems like a simpler method.
But if these biases do exist, are they universal (or close to universal)? Do all people tend to pick the left one? Is there a list somewhere of these biases? [This could be useful for interface design and many other disciplines!] Is it cultural? Do Americans pick the left apple while Chinese pick the right apple?
If there is a random-number generator, do we know how it works? Is the generator only evoked as a last resort (if all "better" decision making processes fail)? Or does it sometimes trump "higher-level" processes?
I guess the same question could be asked for the biases. Do we sometimes choose an apple just because it's on the left, rather than because it looks tastier?
posted by
Science & Nature
(38 answers total)
1 user marked this as a favorite
People are pretty bad at randomness. Something I've learned from poker is that I have to force a certain amount of randomness into my game (conciously). I do this using a randomizing device, usually my watch. If I need to do something 25% of the time, I look at my watch, if the seconds are past 45, I do it, else I do not.
Even when people THINK they are being random they usually aren't. A (ficticious, I assume) example from the Cryptonomicon by Neal Stephenson had to do with a woman who was making one-time-pads for encryption. Basically, she was picking letters out of a bingo-thingy and writing them down. There would be two copies made, one for the agent in the field and one for the home base. They would both use the key for a specified period of time and then change it. Anyway, this woman had certain built in expectations for how often a Q should come up, based on human language. Statistically you should get a Q 1 in 26 times but english text contains Qs with a MUCH lower frequency, so she unconciously avoided Q while reaching. This allowed an observer to decrypt some of the messages.
I suspect that we have no randomizing method built in that is reliable, period. We must invent them (rock paper scissors, bubble gum bubble gum, picking petals off a flower, etc).
posted by
on October 18, 2005
I've noticed the same thing, RustyBrooks: try coming up with 10 random numbers, between 1 and 100. You only have 10 seconds to come up with these numbers. It's pretty hard to do so. We yearn for some better criteria to help us choose.
But all this just shows we have a hard time CONSCIOUSLY generating a random number. Our brains do all sorts of things unconsciously that we can't do as easily consciously.
posted by
on October 18, 2005
You're looking for decision heuristics. I read the precis of the book
Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart
in BBS. If you don't feel like reading the whole book, I'll email you the article.
posted by
on October 18, 2005
In terms of left/right bias, I know that there's an entire industry in charge of designing product layout for stores based (at least partly) on which direction most people go after entering the door. So there are probably also marketing surveys / research articles that might help you with this question.
posted by
on October 18, 2005
rather than because it looks tastier?
We're human...greed & pleasure
posted by
on October 18, 2005
The identical apple problem is a digital one, and we don't think like machines. To your computer apple == apple for most values of apple, but in the analog world of natural thinking there aren't exact values to collide. It's not possible to have two truly identical apples simply by virtue of the fact that one has to be located slightly differently than the other, and things that seem fundamentally "the same" to you in all likelihood have a tiny but nonzero perceived difference that is meaningfully factored into the decision.
Allowing that the apples
be parsed identically for simplicity's sake, in all the potentially important variables, the primary decision factor could "arbitrary bias," in a sense, but really just low priority bias. We start with picking the one that doesn't have a worm in it, if both are clean we go with the ripest, if they both look approximately the same shade of red, we move on down the scale until some less-crucial criterion breaks the tie. It could be something that scarcely matters at all w/r/t apple enjoyment, but it has been settled upon as the end product of a methodical process.
This is simplified by the stipulation that the apples are exactly identical in all higher-priority respects, and in reality we don't choose apples for one reason, but sum up the weighted results of all our judgements down the line.
To model this in an AI program it would just have to know a great deal about apples and apple selection criteria and their associated priorities. Somewhere along the priority path between aesthetic sense of the shape of the stem and something about an apple we once saw in that TV show we can't quite remember the name of it becomes unfeasible to model the expontentially growing web of analog vageries and a simple rand() will suffice. I suspect the human mind has no such limitation, and will continue to link ever more abstracted concepts until a decision can be made.
posted by
on October 18, 2005
See also
Buridan's Ass
posted by
on October 18, 2005
Let's get away from apples. What if we force the mind to confront something unnatural. Suppose gave the following test to 1000 people:
please draw a red circle around ONE item from each of the following groups:
Most of the questions are dummies. We're only interested in the answers to 3 and 6. The dummies are to keep people from suspecting that we're trying to figure out the main purpose of the experiment. I suspect if you gave them this:
They'd start purposefully randomizing, just to make things interesting -- or they'd purposefully choose a bias, just to make things easier.
No two apples ARE exactly alike, but (A) and (A) are exactly alike, unless we're going to go down to the level of miniscule differences created by imperfect printing processes. Does the brain really care about (is it even able to detect?) such differences?
The only difference is that one (A) is on the left and one is on the right. So we MUST fall back to randomly choosing or going with a bias, right? Which one do people choose? Would the switch back and forth between the left and the right (A). Or would they be consistent? If they switch, would it be 50/50? If they showed a bias, would all (or most) people show the same bias? What if one (A) was above the other, instead of to-the-left of the other?
I don't think anyone here can take the test, because this thread dirties the test tube.
posted by
on October 18, 2005
There was a study on pantyhose (which I can't find; "pantyhose study" is not good for googling, trust me); or rather, on decision-making involving pantyhose. A number of women were each placed in front of a table strewn with assorted pantyhose and asked to choose one "at random". A high percentage of them chose a pair on the right. The point of the study was to show that we are bad at self-reporting; the women gave a variety of reasons for why they chose the pantyhose that were all spurious. But the fact of the matter is that our neural nets are programmed against randomness; tendencies are more often than not adaptive. Also, neural nets are not simple on/off left/right switches; there are as you stated a lot of factors that go into a decision, but we will most likely go with the most "comfortable" decision; the one that is most strongly coded into our brains by experience. If the last apple you had to pick out was on the right, and a blemished apple on the left, you will likely go for the one on the right in this case as well, even if there is no observable difference this time.
posted by
on October 18, 2005
I suspect the human mind has no such limitation, and will continue to link ever more abstracted concepts until a decision can be made.
This may be true. When I'm trying to pick one item out of a group of highly similar item, it takes me longer than if I notice differences. Say I'm trying to pick one can of Coke from a shelf in the supermarket. They all look the same to me, and they are so closely packed that several of them seem about the same distance from me. Which do I pick?
I DO pick one, but it takes a moment. Maybe this is because my brain is searching for some sort of criteria and it must do a much longer search than it does when I'm trying to pick, say, chicken cutlets.
A random decision should be quicker, so maybe I AM eventually settling on some odd bias. OR maybe my brain IS ultimately making a random decision, but it only wants to do this as a last resort, so the length of time is created by my brain first exhausting every other possibility.
It seems like sometimes my unconscious mind CAN'T decide, so it throws the problem to my conscious mind. At which point I think, "This is SILLY. They're all the same. I should just pick one!" And somehow I do. How?
posted by
on October 18, 2005
Just a quick correction to the post by RustyBrooks. A onetime-pad encryption key should not be used over a time period. If you use it a single time then the encrypted message is unbreakable for anybody without previous knowledge of the key (provided that the key really is random). However, if you use more than once and some adversary intercepts those messages then they will be able to decrypt all of them without much effort. Hence the name onetime-pad.
It is probably true that
keys typically are considered void after a certain time period though.
Also, in relation to the creation of onetime-pad keys. I seem to recall that they initially were often created by having secretaries bang away randomly on type writers. But of course this turned out to not be very random at all since they would alternate between hands when pressing a key causing a pattern in the keys.
As to grumblebee's question: My suspicion is that the bias thing is more likely the answer than that there is some form of RNG in the brain. Historically and still today a human does not need to do decisions in a perfectly random manner (assuming you aren't working as a WWII secretary) so there has been no evolutionary drive towards creating a RNG in the brain. Since the situations where you normally would make a "random" decisions aren't of great importance to you then the slightest (possibly unconscious) bias would become dominant and cause a decision. This would in most normal situations be
random enough
posted by
on October 18, 2005
But the fact of the matter is that our neural nets are programmed against randomness; tendencies are more often than not adaptive.
Randomness can be adaptive. I forget the specifics of the study so I can't find information about it online (I'll try to hunt it down later): at an AI lab somewhere researchers developed little puck-like robots that could scoot all over a tabletop trying to find diamonds painted on the walls. Those that did best at finding the diamonds had their programs replicated with slight random mutations introduced into the code. That is, they underwent an evolutionary process. Many generations later, the best performers were finding the diamonds more reliably than the best program that the computer scientists were able to create from scratch.
What really confused the computer scientists, though, was the fact that the winners of the evolutionary competition all had a light sensor off in the corner of their visual field enabled. Because there was a cost involved with enabling a light sensor, the best performers should have pruned away all the extraneous sensors that weren't contributing to any beneficial function. The sensor must have been contributing to the pucks' fitness. But how? Upon analysis, it turned out that the sensor was acting as a (pseudo-)random number generator! If the puck got caught in a Buridan's Ass scenario and didn't know which way to turn next, it would consult the brightness of light faling upon that sensor.
Moral: (pseudo-)randomness can be adpative and can evolve by natural selection. Whether something like this is going on in our brains is far beyond our knowledge at this point. I suspect we must rely on some sort of pseudo-random-number generation (it just makes good engineering sense), but I have no idea how this random-number generation is achieved or whether it is tied to a sensory modality.
(Something else really cool about that study is that they trained the pucks continuously, but didn't realize that the environment was changing when they turned the lights off for the night. The pucks speciated into a diurnal species and a nocturnal species!)
posted by
on October 18, 2005
4. (A) (A), circle one
I circled on the left for the last three questions, I might as well just circle the whole column and get this over with. But then the test proctor will think I'm not taking their research seriously, so maybe I'll circle on the right. She reminds me of my ex though, and I don't need that aggravation again so I don't care what she thinks, and I'm in a hurry. Although she does have a shapely ass...
Most answerers won't put this much conscious thought into their answer, but there are always some tangent variables to consider. If the answerer hasn't sexually fixated on the proctor and there aren't such obvious distinctions between circling targets the grunt work of distinguishing will be done by the subconscious. We typically aren't privy to this process, due to good separation of concerns by the intelligent designer maybe, but a cigar never really is just a cigar, for example, and the workings behind the curtain of conscious thought will find
bias to pick left (A) or right (A).
Randomness is one of those things like objectivity that are helpful as concepts but impossible in practice. A computer's random isn't capital R "Random," it's an algorithm that gives varying results based on a seed. A computer does math and it uses the tools at its disposal. We do concept linking, and we use the tools at our disposal. There's no reason to postulate a special randomness module, in all likelihood we make inconsequential decisions in the same way we do everything else, by examining the direct differences between our choices and the potential affects propagated to conceptual links referenced by our choices. If there are no such differences, it ceases, by definition, to be a choice.
Even if you amend your test to instruct people to "circle
up to
one in each group", and asked to make a choice between circling or not circling (A), eliminating left and right bias, there is still a foothold for abstraction to the first handy linked concept that does introduce some distinction. Human randomness, like computer randomness, is only truly random in its functionality. Human randomness is the product of decisions made on the basis of highly abstracted conceptual links. We may not be able to say exactly by what path a random decision is made, but that doesn't mean there isn't a path.
Basically, what rycee said better and more succinctly. I'm not letting all this typing go to waste :/
posted by
on October 18, 2005
Painquale, that is absolutely fascinating. Please share the reference if/when you find it!
Truthfully, I felt a human RNG was unlikely. My gut told me that moift was right, but I tried to play devil's advocate, because I want to keep an open mind about it. If your source is correct, it certainly doesn't mean moift is wrong, but it is tantalizing.
An RNG does seem like a simpler solution (when faced with nearly-identical choices) than a big table of biases, so you'd think Natural Selection would find that solution -- unless it has some hidden costs (i.e. do (pseudo) RNGs require a ton of processing just to generate the random number?)
I how hard it would be -- in theory -- for a biological entity to use develop an organ that could read some external data and use that as a randomizing force. For instance, could a animal read cosmic ray emissions and use them to generate random choices? This sounds similar to what the robots were doing with the lights.
posted by
on October 18, 2005
Fascinating topic. Gyan, could you send me that article? My email is in my profile.
posted by
on October 18, 2005
There are elements in a brain that are truly random (this is where it gets Quantum). There's also enough irrelevant input at any decision point (what's in the corner of your eye, audible noise...) to seed a pseudo-random choice. Brains are fairly chaotic systems, so it seems that these tiny randomnesses can propagate into signals strong enough to tilt a decision if there truly was a stalemate.
On the other hand, as mentioned,
humans suck at acting randomly on purpose
posted by
on October 18, 2005
Painquale, that is absolutely fascinating. Please share the reference if/when you find it!
All I remember offhand is that the project used kheperas (
these little guys
). I'll ask around and try to get the reference for the particular study.
posted by
on October 18, 2005
tdismukes: turns out it's available for free
posted by
on October 18, 2005
"The identical apple problem is a digital one, and we don't think like machines."
Can't be sure of this. We don't know if brains are essentially the same and simply operating with a massively larger database and processing capacity. Besides Penrose, do you know of any attempted proof that demonstrates your assertion?
posted by
on October 18, 2005
do you know of any attempted proof that demonstrates your assertion?
Short answer: There's no proof and there probably never will be, and I don't have any better sources than google for a few relevant terms.
From what we know concretely about the brain's operation, it's either analog or it's digital on such a fine scale that actually discrete elements blur into functionally continuous operation. The prevalent theory is probably that we have a hybrid setup or that we are in fact digital at the most primitive level, but it's useful and not harmful to think of our thought process as analog at the higher levels to avoid the low-level pitfalls of digital systems (what's the floating point precision of a human being? how long between neural spikes is one operating cycle?). There isn't really a way to prove continuity because there could always be discrete elements just below the smallest measurable scale. Discreteness, while theoretically provable, hasn't been demonstrated.
My personal pov is that it is a bit hubristic to try to fit our brains into the mold of the machines we've made (no machine can generate a system more complex than itself, but they can generate plenty lesser) and the continually elusive hard problems of AI point to fundamentally different architectures. YMMV
posted by
on October 18, 2005
No two apples ARE exactly alike, but (A) and (A) are exactly alike, unless we're going to go down to the level of miniscule differences created by imperfect printing processes.
I think moift's point about apples still holds with (A) and (A) here. One (A) is to the left of the other. One (A) is situated closer to one's dominant writing hand. One (A) is closer to the center of one's field of view because of the position from which one is viewing the piece of paper.
posted by
on October 18, 2005
it's digital on such a fine scale that actually discrete elements blur into functionally continuous operation.
This is true of computers too, which is why we can model connectionist networks with sinusoidal activation curves on a digital computer. So I very much doubt that we can draw the conclusion that "we don't think like machines" because our brains our analog. We can model continuous activation curves finely enough on a digital computer so that they behave indistinguishably from real analog processors. The distinction between analog and digital computing is a real red herring.
(This doesn't necessarily conflict with what you were saying about the apple problem, though. You were just saying that we can take in fine-grained information about differences between the apples, and that information could be used to drive a preference between the two. That's a real possibility. I also agree that AI really has to let go of its old GOFAI symbol-processing ways, but saying that' is very different from saying that we don't think like machines.)
posted by
on October 18, 2005
(no machine can generate a system more complex than itself, but they can generate plenty lesser)
This phrase gets tossed around like it was a theorem, yet I've never seen anything confirming it. If a machine can gather information independently, what's to say that it cannot increase in complexity beyond its creator? If our species is a spinoff from yeast, that's one prominent counter example.
posted by
on October 18, 2005
This phrase gets tossed around like it was a theorem
It is.
Gregory Chaitin
proved it in his
"Limitations of Mathematics"
. The full text is online, but it's mostly about LISP.
posted by
on October 18, 2005
oops, that's just "
of Mathematics"
posted by
on October 18, 2005
Also, re: your examples, when you gather information you increase the complexity of your system, so it can lead to incrementally more complex creations but the rule isn't broken. I don't get your meaning with the yeast thing.
posted by
on October 18, 2005
If I saw two apples that were
I wouldn't eat either ;-)
As for brains being machines, that sounds dangerously like the old "brains are hardware, consciousness is software" argument. Some people would argue that when it comes to the brain, the hardware and software are in fact the same thing. I know that doesn't add much to the topic, so I'll leave it there :-)
posted by
on October 18, 2005
I very much doubt that we can draw the conclusion that "we don't think like machines"
You're in good company on that, and I don't want to argue too much further out of my depth, but:
We can model continuous activation curves finely enough on a digital computer so that they behave indistinguishably from real analog processors
Map for territory.
A model of a continuous curve is fundamentally not a continuous curve, if it was it wouldn't be a model anymore, more like an identity. The floating point depth supported by the program doing the modelling necessitates internally discrete units, and the model is therefore distinguishable from a pure wave at all the infinite points not accessible beyond this precision. It's certainly "good enough" for any practical application I can think of, but there's no mistaking it analog. We can design digital systems to be extremely fine grained but we cannot completely obscure the seams. As of yet, no one has found the seams in our own thinking.*
except neural spikes
posted by
on October 18, 2005
The Nisbet & Ross study mentioned by Eideteker shows the primacy-recency effect: that yep, people usually choose the item (apple) on the right. You might choose the apple on the left if you're left hand dominant, though: the effect's probably related to prevalence of right-handedness rather than cultural factors like directionality of text. Also, what Rustybrooks mentioned about the Q's: people don't have anything near an RNG, but rather
an idea of randomness.
For abundant evidence that (untrained) people rely on a long list of
cognitive biases
over logic, see Kahnemann & Tversky's
Judgment Under Uncertainty.
posted by
on October 18, 2005
The process in question happens in the dorsolateral frontal lobes, but I'll be blessed if I know how. There certainly hasn't been evidence of RNGs in the ones I've dissected.
posted by
on October 18, 2005
moift: My argument re the yeast thing is: If we are considered algorithmic, we have been generated from yeast as much as an AI would have to be generated by humans. The non-increase of complexity holds in a
system, but we don't have to or want to limit our machines to that.
posted by
on October 18, 2005
painquale: You're
off. You're confusing random mutations
an algorithm to random generation
an algorithm.
Humans were created by random processes with natural selection, but that does not mean we use random processes to make decisions.
posted by
on October 19, 2005
painquale: oops, I didn't read your whole post.
posted by
on October 19, 2005
From what we know concretely about the brain's operation, it's either analog or it's digital on such a fine scale that actually discrete elements blur into functionally continuous operation.
The prevalent theory is probably that we have a hybrid setup or that we are in fact digital at the most primitive level, but it's useful and not harmful to think of our thought process as analog at the higher levels to avoid the low-level pitfalls of digital systems
Again, 'prevalent' betwixt whome?
Who's we? Everything
know about the brain points to it being a neural-network type system. And 3-credit class on brain chemistry. Software neural networks are easy to implement on digital hardware. And from the software's 'perspective' it's analog as well.
And anyway, the same thing could be said about any computer.
Think about it:
1) Application level: AI software gives a yes or no answer.
2) Software level: Analog ANN using floating point numbers
3) CPU: floating point numbers are stored as digital information, processed by digital logic gates
4) Transistors: digital logic gates are implemented by analog transistors
5) Electrons: Electrons are either there or not, and voltage is a discrete multiple of the electron voltage.
So the question is, at what 'level' are the important things happening. What 'level' of brain activity is the 'software' level that does the thinking? My thinking is that the implementation of an ANN below level 2 won't change the result. So if you have this setup instead
1) person makes a choice, digital
2) Neural network in the brain, analog input, digital (yes/no) output
3) ions in the brain, voltages are multiples of the electron voltage. (digital)
Discreteness, while theoretically provable, hasn't been demonstrated.
I'm pretty sure the discreetness of electrical charges was proven decades ago...
And as I have said before. Once you get to the 'noise floor' of any analog system, you're going to have to divide the signal into discrete components if you want to do further processing on it, otherwise you'll have
but random results.
posted by
on October 19, 2005
we have been generated from yeast as much as an AI would have to be generated by humans
Yeast isn't a system and it didn't create us.
The non-increase of complexity holds in a closed system, but we don't have to or want to limit our machines to that.
If you reference outside information it becomes part of your "closed system" and its complexity increases. This includes data as well as algorithm.
'prevalent' betwixt whome?
The writers of the interesting looking articles in the first page of my google search, and most in this thread seem to lean towards the digital side. My guess from what I've seen is that most people agree with you, but I don't have any numbers.
And 3-credit class on brain chemistry.
I said everything 'we' (us) know 'concretely'. You're talking about theory. Discreteness hasn't been shown on the smallest probeable scale yet so from what we know concretely, either it isn't discrete or it is but below the threshold we can see with current technology. I realize this is just a slight restatement but I stand by it. If you have proof of discrete cognitive function in humans congratulations on your impending nobel prize.
Neural networks are a non-symbolic approach to cognition and actually represent the best hope for a continuous system. Even in computer science, they are implemented in analog, digital and hybrid frameworks. The brain's use of neurons doesn't constitute evidence of discrete operation; the complex macro-behavior of NNs like de- and hyper-polarization is thought to be analog.
Even on the level of a single neuron, if it, for example, fires 2/3 of the time when the input is higher than the threshold, it's a probability gate (a nonlinear analog circuit), simple on/off output notwithstanding.
I'm pretty sure the discreetness of electrical charges was proven decades ago...
Neural spikes are discrete
in value
, but there's no evidence they're discrete in time. Digital systems need clock cycles to get meaningful data, and we don't know if ...|...|...|... is any different from ...|||... and if it is where the discretion lies. (Excuse my crappy ascii electroscope) If the distance between spikes is meaningful as a real number, we're analog.
'noise floor'
But neural networks love noise, nothing has to be rounded off for their sake. Our models are often trained with purposeful jitter from white noise to increase the chances of generalisation (they will associate new experiences within +/-noise from a trained experience with that experience, allowing anticipation). There is no need manually correct for this.
you're going to have to divide the signal into discrete components if you want to do further processing on it in a digital system
Fixed. Analog systems can process analog data. It's what they do.
posted by
on October 20, 2005
Yeast isn't a system and it didn't create us.
If you reference outside information it becomes part of your "closed system" and its complexity increases. This includes data as well as algorithm.
Yes. So this non-increase of complexity is interesting for the construction of algorithms and for information theory in general. But when we discuss how capable we can make our machines, the theorem merely states that "the universe can not generate anything more complex than itself", which isn't really a constraint. It does not fix a relationship between the complexity of humans and the complexity of computers.
And while there are likely better examples, yeast is a system. It takes garbage as input and produces more yeast. By the external modification process of natural selection, it transformed its output changed from yeast to human beings. I don't think anyone suggests that algorithms and representations in an AI should be hard coded. External interference is inherent to the concept of intelligence.
I'm also with delmoi on the analog/digital matter. Even though the firing times are not discrete, they too are subject to noise. If we decrease the time increment of an ANN sufficiently, the quantization will drown in thermal noise. Such noise can be applied to a digital system as well as an analog one.
posted by
on October 20, 2005
the theorem merely states that "the universe can not generate anything more complex than itself"
The theorem holds in the general form that any system cannot generate anything more complex than itself. The universe is equally subject but not especially so.
stuff about yeast generating human intelligence
Yeast didn't create us any more than silicon created computers. You mention natural selection, so I guess your meaning is that yeast has a creation role in our development because it was an evolutionary root, but polymorphism is not an excuse from Chaitin's rule. If you look at human cognitive development from the primordial ooze level and at any step you see an unattributed increase in complexity you're missing something.
When yeast combines with other organics to form an organ or a digestion environment or whatever, its complexity is unaffected. If may be a part of a more complex system, but it isn't a creator/generator, just a constituent. The complexity of the new system is the sum of the irreducible complexities of its constituent parts.
When simple organics polymorphize into more complex systems, they are not creators. You can't get something from nothing and you can't get a truly spontaneous complexity jump from an organism with the input of just the organism. That would be A = A + C, where A is the "base" complexity of the organic and C is the irreducible complexity of new functionality. If C > 0 you've got a logical paradox. The universe doesn't arbitrarily bestow advances and that's why the theorem works. The equation must balance, C[Source] + A = A + C[Dest]. Evolution is the principle C[Source], and you can't write it off as an "outside system" because as soon as it changes yeast, it is adding its own complexity to the new system.
What you're saying is like saying a mother created a more complex machine than herself when she had a child with 12 toes. There is additional complexity (especially in his footwear choices,) but she was just a party to it, and didn't create it without the balancing complexity of factors like a certain vitamin deficiency or sleeping with a cousin or whatever it is that causes babies to have more than standard number of toes.
We don't know what caused the leap from single-celled to multicellular organisms, for example, it may have been a certain combination of chemicals or lightning striking a puddle of primordial goop or something else entirely, but we know the single cell didn't do it itself, the new complexity came from some x-factor.
I'm also with delmoi on the analog/digital matter.
That's cool.
Even though the firing times are not discrete [snip]
AKA continuous, analog
If we decrease the time increment of an ANN sufficiently, the quantization will drown in thermal noise.
A(rtificial)NN is fundamentally not our brain, and its problems with "decreasing time increment" aren't relevant because the brain hasn't been shown to work on any sort of "increment", hence the time-scale continuity /\. I'm not clear on this, but are you saying it's not analog because spikes can't be too close together? It's true that they can't, neurons have a resting period before they can fire again, but that doesn't stop any larger gaps between spikes from being significant on the real number level. Ie., the difference between a 2 second (plenty of time) pause, and 2 seconds plus some
surreal number
> 0. Don't let's do number theory, this is already far enough away from apples, I just thought it was interesting :]
posted by
on October 20, 2005
moift: Look, I am aware of the theorem and its implications, and I'm not out to debunk it. My point is that this particular theorem does not pose a constraint on machines, because other systems than its programmers are allowed to feed them with complexity. Ok, closing my case on that, I'm really here to explain what I mean with the time increment:
The surreal number >0 is not relevant if it does not exceed the noise floor. Since the brain is located at 300K, there is plenty of thermal noise, and that includes 'jitter', i.e. noise in the spike timing. If there is 1ns of RMS noise, differences in firing intervals much shorter than that do not convey information. We can quantize the time in intervals of e.g. 1ps, and the error introduced this way is insignificant compared to the 'errors' that are already present in the simulated neuron.
posted by
on October 21, 2005
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- Stella Batts: A Case of the Meanies published by Sleeping Bear Press
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You can't quit because you're fired!
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STAGE TUBE: 2013 Tony Awards Go Backstage with Families of Broadway - The Roths!
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Many in attendance also objected to the fact that councilors were proposing a 150 percent raise, arguing that people in the private sector would never see such a raise.
McMilleon, who was against the proposal, tried to temper this sentiment by pointing out that the council wasn't voting on raises for themselves, but for whoever holds the office in the future. He added that the money the councilors make compared to other department heads, whose salaries are often criticized as being way too high, isn't even in the same ballpark.
"To put this raise in the same category as the other contracts we have in this community is absurd; there is no comparison," McMilleon said. "I'm not going to vote for this because of the perception issue, because I don't think it sends the right message at this time."
Prior to the meeting, Ferguson provided the other councilors with data sheets detailing the salaries of all the mayors and city councilors in Massachusetts, and her point was that Amesbury's mayor and councilors are among the lowest paid in the state, in some cases by a fairly wide margin.
According to Ferguson, Kezer's current $80,000 annual salary is tied with two others at No. 34 out of 46 mayors in Massachusetts, and is below the statewide average of $97,168 per year. That average does not include the mayors of Worcester ($34,000), Lowell ($20,000) and Cambridge ($105,000), who are each elected from the City Council as part of their city's "Plan E" form of municipal government.
Within Essex County, Kezer is also on the low end of the totem poll, as he and Methuen Mayor Stephen Zanni each have the second lowest mayoral salary in the county, ahead of only Gloucester Mayor Carolyn Kirk.
Kirk, however, is set to see her salary rise from $75,000 to $100,000 next year if she wins re-election, as will Newburyport Mayor Donna Holaday ($85,000 to $97,000) and Peabody Mayor Ted Bettencourt ($95,000 to $105,000). These increases will boost the average Essex County mayoral salary from $89,393 to $94,193.


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In just the last few weeks, Karen Ignagni, the health industry's chief lobbyist, has faced Democratic accusations that insurers are "villains" and "immoral." In an interview with KHN, Ignagni discussed her take on the Democratic political assault, her industry's end-game strategy and her unflagging opposition to a public plan.
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As Senate Democrats scramble to finance an ambitious health care overhaul, they're exploring ways to get extract money from the insurance industry, including taxing very costly policies. They're also considering tacking a fee onto every new policy sold as a result of health reform or a flat tax on insurer profits.
Jul 24, 2009
President Obama and leading Democrats have stressed that people who like their employer-sponsored insurance would be able to keep it, under a health care overhaul. But they haven't emphasized the flip side: That people who don't like their coverage might have to keep it.
Jul 15, 2009
While advocates say insurance exchanges would stimulate price competition and give consumers new choices, there's also a risk these programs could undermine the employer-based health insurance system. Here are nine questions and answers about exchanges and their role in health reform.
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Insurance exchanges are a critical part of proposed health system overhaul legislation. They could transform how insurance is sold. But experts warn that without the right structure and rules, exchanges could undermine the employer-based insurance system.
Democrats in Congress, surprised by the high cost estimates for their health care proposals, are looking at a wide range of options for raising money and reducing costs. Some of the revenue raisers have been rejected in previous years, but now all ideas are on the table because of the big amounts needed to pay for a health care overhaul.
Jun 22, 2009
Senate Finance Committee Chairman Max Baucus says the bill soon to come out of his committee will include comparative effectiveness requirements.
Jun 09, 2009
Lawmakers are considering varied approaches to taxing employer-provided health insurance as a means of paying for an overhaul of the health system, Kaiser Health News reports. Proposals include taxing benefits above a certain premium amount, taxing the benefits only of high-income earners, or combining both approaches.
Jun 08, 2009
The new head of the White House Office of Health Reform predicts there will be a health care reform bill on President Obama's desk by Thanksgiving.
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