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PHILADELPHIA Ś Seven universities will participate in a national preparedness initiative designed to help campuses train for, respond to and recover from emergencies, Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano said Tuesday.
Napolitano made the announcement in Philadelphia at Drexel University, which is among the schools chosen for the Campus Resilience Pilot Program. The effort seeks to help colleges develop and share best practices for responding to threats, violence or natural disasters.
ōAs we know from experience, a crisis on campus can happen without notice,ö she said, ōwhether itÆs an active shooter situation, a major disaster such as a hurricane or earthquake, or some other hazard that endangers lives.ö
The initiative is part of the Obama administrationÆs effort to reduce gun violence, she noted. Her announcement comes two weeks before the sixth anniversary of the Virginia Tech massacre, in which a student fatally shot 32 people before killing himself.
Napolitano wouldnÆt specify how much the program will cost, saying only that the department is redeploying resources to pay for it.
The other six schools are Eastern Connecticut State University; Green River Community College in Auburn, Wash.; Navajo Technical College in Crownpoint, N.M.; Texas A&M University; Tougaloo College in Jackson, Miss.; and the University of San Francisco.
The initiative will entail school administrators, students and community members working with homeland security and emergency management officials to assess campus safety, develop crisis plans and train responders. The strategies will be shared with colleges across the country.
ōThe government canÆt do it by itself, campuses canÆt do it by themselves,ö Napolitano said.
Institutions chosen for the program range from urban to rural, public to private, and large to small. Some university officials said Tuesday that they were only recently notified of their selection, and arenÆt yet sure what form their participation will take.
At Drexel, a private school serving about 25,000 students near the heart of Philadelphia, President John Fry said campus safety stems from a combination of human expertise and technological capabilities, such as security cameras and emergency call boxes.
University police ōare able to do so much more because of what the technology provides them,ö he said, adding that he looks forward to learning about safety strategies at other campuses.
Peter Novak, vice provost for student life at the University of San Francisco, said participating in the program ōwill be incredibly valuable to us as an institution and to the community.ö The Jesuit Catholic school serves about 10,000 students in an urban environment.
ōResilience planning combines the best of emergency planning with preventive education and crisis management,ö Novak said in a statement.
Follow Kathy Matheson at www.twitter.com/kmatheson


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Forte Properties7800 Shoal Creek Blvd, Ste 100N, Austin, TX 78757
(512) 981-6865
Forte Properties is a full service Austin real estate company that specializes in representing Sellers and Buyers of Owner Financed homes in Austin Texas and surrounding areas. We view ourselves as more than just an Austin real estate company. We are your full service Austin Owner Financed home and real estate experts. Whether you are searching for Owner Financed homes in Austin, wanting to list your Central Texas home for sale or are looking to invest in Austin real estate, we are dedicated to giving you the best experience possible.

subset: commoncrawl


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Gallery Folders
Voltage - superheroes
Nicholas - Pokemon
Naruto - Carver Higurashi
Kato - Avatar
For Friends
DeviantArt stuff
My god your work is even better than ever!!
I'm utterly pouring through your gallery and all that I've missed!
Such an impressive gallery! You're showing breath taking control over so many different cartoon art styles, it's simply amazing! I'm definitely watching you!
How on earth do you get your hot girl drawings to look so... squishy?
Nice Gallery
Voltage and my oc (in human form) fighting together for the fun of it.


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Discover Adionomy, Your Online Radio Advertising Campaign, Fast, Easy and Custom-Made!
Flora Purim is a Brazilian jazz singer known mainly for her work in jazz fusion. She achieved her fame on Chick Corea's 1972 album, Return to Forever and recorded with various artists through that decade, including Stanley Clarke, Jaco Pastorius, and her husband, Airto Moreira. Flora Purim's voice has a range of at least four octaves. The musicians she works with have always been as important as her in the performances.
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Danceable Jazzy, funky, soulful electronic chill-out music! Dansante Jazzy, funky, soul musique électronique chill-out! Tanzbare Jazzy, funky, seelenvollen elektronischen Chill-out-Musik! Ballabile Jazzy, funky, soul chill-out di musica elettronica!
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Smooth music for daydreamers. VISITA NUESTRA WEB: www.pikkarradio.es
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Galactik sensation sound
INDEPENDENT WORLD'S FINEST MUSIC PUSHING... G.S.S. plays a selection of finest recordings, with no discrimination, from every culture, of every colour...
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Acid jazz soul funk groove primavera
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Martha Radio
Smooth Adult Contemporary with today's latest SAC artists and past NAC greats!
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News: French Montana Admits He'll Help Out His Own Sales: "I'll Have The Label Buy 1,000 Or Something"
Friday, Apr 19, 2013 11:00AM
Nearly a month away from his long-awaited debut landing on store shelves, Bad Boy Records rapper French Montana recently admitted he will support Excuse My French by purchasing a handful of copies.
While the amount he purchases will likely not make or break his overall opening week total, Montana did reveal he would have Bad Boy chip in.
Excuse My French is available on pre-order this week. Honestly, how many copies will you be buying for yourself? Probably about... I'mma buy me enough to give out when I go out on tour. Like, a hundred out of my pocket. That's $10 a piece. I'll have the label buy a 1000 or something and I'll take it from them. What I'mma buy? A hundred. (MTV Hive)
Recently, French revealed how many albums he hopes to sell in the first week.
"May 21st," French confirmed when asked about his album release date. "I'm trying to crack that big number when I drop. Man, I gotta crack at least 200 [thousand] or better. You never know though. You know what I'm saying? You never know though. It all comes down to the shipping. I don't care [what's come out in the past ten years]." (Sirius XM)
French's long-awaited debut's tracklisting surfaced online this week.
01. Once In a While (Feat. Max B) 02. Trap House (Feat. Birdman & Rick Ross) 03. Ain't Worried About Nothin 04. Paranoid (Feat. C.A.S.H.) 05. When I Want 06. F*ck What Happens Tonight (Feat. DJ Khaled, Mavado, Ace Hood, Snoop Dogg & Scarface) 07. Gifted (Feat. The Weeknd) 08. Ballin Out (Feat. Jeremih & Diddy) 09. I Told Em 10. Pop That (Feat. Rick Ross, Drake & Lil Wayne) [Music Video] 11. Freaks (Feat. Nicki Minaj) [Music Video] 12. We Go Where Ever We Want (Feat. Ne-Yo & Raekwon) 13. Bust It Open 14. Drink Freely (Feat. Rico Love) 15. Throw It In the Bag (Feat. Chinx Drugz) 16. Marble Floors (Feat. Rick Ross, Lil Wayne & 2 Chainz) 17. Ocho Cinco (Feat. MGK, Los, Red Cafe & Diddy) 18. If I Die (Excuse My French)
Earlier this year, the New York native promised his debut would be the hottest hip-hop LP to drop in ten years.
"Rick Ross and [Diddy] are both executive-producing the album," French said in an interview. "I feel it's going to be a classic. I feel like it's going to be the best album to come out in a decade. ... The album of the decade because it's just it. I heard everybody's album and I'm a fan of everybody and I just don't feel like nobody came out with an album like this." (Rap-Up TV)


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Cris Cab - Colors
Artist: Cris Cab
Featuring: Mike Posner
Producer: PJ McGinnis and Cris Cab [for Personal Joints]
Album: Red Road Mixtape
Avg Rating: 3.0 ( 6 total votes )
On mixtape lead single Heaven, Cris Cab put his game-spitting abilities to the test as he persuaded a Bible-believing shawty to let go of her inhibitions. The freshly-released follow-up finds the Miami singer-songwriter trying to coax another reticent chick out of her shell; this time, though, it's a simple lack of self-esteem that's keeping her from letting him in. As on the aforementioned cut, Cris Cab and PJ McGinnis double up behind the boards, crafting a sugary Island-pop groove to back the singer as he encourages the girl in question to cut loose and let her True Colors shine. RCA recording artist Mike Posner echoes the headliner's sentiments on the guest tip. Like what you're hearing? More fresh, summery jams await on Cris' Red Road Mixtape, set to drop digitally April 16. Also watch our pages for the latest on Cab's Mercury Records debut album, coming sometime this fall.
Listen to More: Cris Cab , Mike Posner , Music Videos, R&B/Pop
Written by richard on 04/4/13
Mercury Records
First DJ Booth Appearance:
"My Life" (2011)
Member Reviews and Ratings
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- Drake vs. Lil Wayne - The Hits
- Run The Jewels - Blockbuster Night (Part 1)
- T.I. ft. Skylar Grey - New National Anthem
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- The DJBooth Top Prospects EP (Vol. 1)
- The Best Hip-Hop & R&B Songs of 2014 (Ongoing)
Discover the best new songs, videos, and albums added to the Booth.


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StartUpHire is the place to find Senior Demand Generation / Field Marketing Manager jobs. Review the list of Senior Demand Generation / Field Marketing Manager career opportunities to the left. These Senior Demand Generation / Field Marketing Manager jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available.
You can refine your job search for Senior Demand Generation / Field Marketing Manager career opportunities by adding a job title, company name, or keyword to the search box above … or click the "Advanced Search" link for more options.
Don't see the employment opportunity you're looking for? Check back soon for more Senior Demand Generation / Field Marketing Manager jobs, or sign up for an email alert (link below) to receive periodic updates on new Senior Demand Generation / Field Marketing Manager jobs.
The Field Marketing Manager will be responsible for planning and executing marketing events and programs to generate new leads and drive pipeline and demand in the Eastern region of the US. The Field Marketing Manager will play a crucial role in building pipeline to support8/14/2014 Philadelphia, PA Save This Job
Number of Openings:1 Job Type (Employment Type):Direct Hire Start Date: 2014/06/05 Country:United States State/Province:California City:Pleasanton Salary Interval:Per Year Job Schedule:Full Time Job Category:Marketing Career Level:Senior Manager or Director Level of7/26/2014 Pleasanton, CA Save This Job
Location/Division: San Francisco, CA Job Requisition: #082014-59 Category: Marketing Granicus is the industry?s leading cloud platform provider of government transparency, efficiency, and citizen participation solutions. Thousands of government agencies use Granicus? solutions to9/1/2014 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Acquia is looking for a leader to create a killer channel marketing program from the ground up leveraging their tremendous product marketing skills. The Senior Product Marketing Manager for Channels will be presented with a greenfield opportunity to essentially build their own8/20/2014 Burlington, MA Save This Job
Department Product Marketing Description Pentaho is actively looking for energetic and creative out-of-the-box thinking, solutions-oriented product marketing managers to help revolutionize a ten billion dollar big data and business analytics market place. The ideal candidate has7/6/2014 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
We are looking for a dynamic, creative marketing communications leader who is eager to apply their experience, energy and team coaching skills to support the marketing efforts of a fast growing, fast-moving company that is redefining their market. The successful candidate7/28/2014 Minneapolis, MN Save This Job
The Senior Manager Marketing Communications will be the outbound voice of the Transera analytics-driven customer engagement product line for contact centers. This is an opportunity for the right person to define and create, from the ground up, the sales and marketing content,7/15/2014 Sunnyvale, CA Save This Job
Position: Senior Director of Partners & Alliances, LATAM Company Overview TOA Technologies is the leading provider of cloud-based mobile workforce management and customer appointment management applications for both midsize and large enterprises. TOA?s patented platform and7/9/2014 Miami, FL Save This Job
Company Overview TOA Technologies is the leading provider of cloud-based mobile workforce management and customer appointment management applications for both midsize and large enterprises. TOA?s patented platform and processes dramatically improve customer service while7/9/2014 Cleveland, OH Save This Job
Position Description: The Senior Account Development Representative (Sr. ADR) is responsible for identifying and qualifying prospects for Packet Design?s products and setting productive meetings for the field sales executives in his/her territory. The ADR will follow up in a9/2/2014 Austin, TX Save This Job


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Kitembilla Jelly
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Rare Kitembilla fruit jelly. Kitembilla is also known as the Ceylon Gooseberry.
Shop with Confidence
Your order is protected with the LocalHarvest money back guarantee.
The Kitembilla also known as the Ceylon Gooseberry is native to Ceylon.
It was introduced into the United States by Dr. David Fairchild. Also popular in Cuba, seeds were sent from there to the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association in 1920. Plants were distributed widely throughout the Hawaiian Islands and use of the fruits was officially encouraged. Recipes developed in Hawaii in the 1920s, include juice, spiced jelly, kitembilla-papaya jam, kitembilla-guava jelly, and kitembilla-apple butter. The fruit virtually disappeared until we found a few plants 2 years ago. The jelly has a great distinctive berry like flavor.


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Results tagged "offside" from Loughborough Echo - Goaltastic
GOLDEN-voiced broadcaster Tim Gudgin, who retires on Saturday from reading the BBC's Final Score football results to the nation, has admitted he does not even understand the rules of the game.
Gudgin, best known for his distinctive rising and falling intonation, is hanging up his microphone after more than 60 years of broadcasting.
He said: "My main interests used to be rugby, cricket, golf and tennis.
"At school I didn't have the chance to play football.
"I don't even understand all the rules - although I just about understand the offside rule."
A GOALKEEPER is to face a disciplinary hearing next week after whistling to stop an opponent.
During their 2-0 win over FC Copenhagen in the Champions League, Barcelona goalkeeper Jose Pinto whistled when striker Cesar Santin broke through one-on-one and the Danish club's player stopped thinking the ref had called for offside.
Barcelona has since "strongly distanced itself from the episode that is against all principles of fair play and respect for the game and the opponent."
Pinto could have blown his chances of appearing for a while if found guilty - he'll face a two game Eurpoean ban as a minimum.


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The National ALS Registry may be the single largest ALS research project ever created. Learn More »


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'Area News' Archives
Citizens First 2010 Organizational meeting
Citizens First is holding an organizational meeting at the Jumping Bean Coffee Shop and Restaurant this evening, Jan. 28, at 6 p.m. Everyone is invited to come and learn about Citizens First. The planned agenda: Citizens First 2010 Organizational meeting Welcome Restate Citizens First mission and areas of Interest Define the differences between Citizens First and Berthoud Town Forum Importance of attending Town meetings Announce Board vacancies 2009 ... Full Story
Berthoud Boys top Skyline 53 to 34
Joel Maly led the Spartan attack with 26 points and 16 rebounds. Mark Mathiesen was 4 for 4 from outside the circle and contributed 14 points. Zach Ruebesam made his 6 points with a three-pointer and three free throws. Greg Hutchins added 4 points and Jeff Carlson 3 as the Spartans defeat the Falcons 53 to 34. The teams went to the locker room at half time with the score tied 16 all, but the Berthoud squad out scored Skyline 2 to 1 in the second half making the final score look lopsided. The ... Full Story
Former Recorder columnist Doug Nichols passes away
We were saddened to learn that our friend and colleague Doug Nicols passed away this afternoon. Doug had taken a fall in December and suffered a broken leg. He seemed to be recovering when he suddenly lost consciousness and was rushed to the hospital where he remained in a coma until today. The preliminary report indicates a blood clot in the brain. Nichols was a retired micropaleontologist who volunteered at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science and wrote the column "Our Natural World" for ... Full Story
Legal Notice: Public Hearing for variance to
The Board of Trustees of the Town of Berthoud has scheduled a public hearing for a request for a variance to the Development Code for Prairie Star. The public hearing will be held on Tuesday, Jan. 26, 2010 beginning at 7:00 p.m. at the Town Hall Board Room, 328 Massachusetts Ave., Berthoud, Co. 80513. TOWN OF BERTHOUD Mary K. Cowdin, Town Clerk Published January 20, 2010 Recorder Online
Berthoud High School 2010 Semester 1 Honor Roll
Berthoud High School 2010 Semester 1 Honor Roll 4.0 And Above Grade 9 Sarah Brickey, Mimi Garcia, Hannah Haggas, Richard Lawler, Alexandra Liebman, Lindsey Loberg, Megan Loberg, Aja Mattise Lorenzen, Stefani Messick, Tucker Skoric, Sierra Stippich, Morgan Thonhoff, Nathaniel Ver Steeg, Kellie Ward Grade 10 Britney Berens, Daniel Bosnich, Dillon Fagler, Nicholas Fleegal, Maddison Funk, NataLee Hawkins, Lindsey Pott, Luke Read, Dalton Sannes, Lucille Skrobacz, ... Full Story
Berthoud Royalty
Berthoud's own Marie Andrade Allison has begun her year as the 2010 Boulder County Fair and Rodeo's Lady- in-Waiting in earnest this week at the National Western Stock Show and Rodeo. Crowned this past September, Marie will serve one year as the Lady in Waiting, followed by a year as the 2011 Boulder County Fair and Rodeo Queen. Counties throughout the state have Royalty programs, through which these young, ... Full Story
Loveland MLK Day History
By Carol Radcliff – January 6, 2009 The Loveland MLK Day Celebration has always been planned and implemented by a small, grassroots citizen group who believe in promoting the values of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The group changes from year to year, depending who has the time, interest and energy to be involved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the 20th Annual event. Since formal records have not been kept, much of this information comes from my memory of serving on the committee over ... Full Story
Show Choir Showcase a great success
The Fourth Annual Show Choir Showcase was indeed a showcase of talent and judging by the number of people attending, a great success. There was no shortage of Choirs and the audience that packed Berthoud High School Commons was treated to over an hour and a half of musical entertainment. The show started off with the Kids in Red, elementary students who attend a two-day workshop with members of the Bridge-Between Show Choir. The 39 kids who attended this year's ... Full Story
Dream Big-Martin Luther King Day
Martin Luther King Day, celebrated as a national holiday on the third Monday of January, is this Monday, Jan. 18. This is also the date of the 2010 King Day of Service that celebrates the birthday of Dr. King by reminding people that his life was given in service to people of all races and creeds. In Colorado, most schools, government offices, banks and some businesses celebrate the day with a day off school or work. If you and your family would like to participate in ... Full Story
New Vision Charter School enrollment
New Vision Charter School will be holding an Information and Enrollment Meeting for Elementary and Middle School on Tuesday Jan. 26 at 6:30 p.m. at the school, 2366 East 1st Street, Loveland. If you're interested in finding out more about the Thompson School District's public school of choice, this is the place to have your questions answered. The meeting will include a special presentation on the middle school curriculum including block scheduling, sports and electives. This year's ... Full Story


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Comprehensive Description
Spea multiplicata has no boss between the eyes, and the eyelids are wider than the space between them. The dorsal color is uniformly brown or dark gray with small dark spots or blotches and red-tipped tubercles scattered over the dorsum, and no dorsolateral stripes are present. A short wedge-shaped spade is present on each hind foot. The iris is slightly variegated and appears pale copper colored. Male vocal sacs appear as a dark, heavily pigmented area on the throat (Conant and Collins 1991).
The body of the tadpole is broadest just behind the eyes, tapering gradually towards the bottom of the tadpole and tapering sharply towards the top. It has a short snout, and a tail that is about 1 1/3 - 1 1/4 times the head-body length that has its greatest width near the midpoint. The dorsal fin originates posteriorly on the body. The eyes are close together and well up on the head, and the anus is medial, emerging in the base of the ventral fin. The spiracle is low on the left side, belove the lateral axis of the body (Stebbins 1962).
Similar species: S. multiplicata can be easily mistaken for Spea bombifrons. Newly metamorphosed toadlets which have been in preservative for long periods of time are difficult to distinguish. S. multiplicata lacks a frontal boss, unlike adult S. bombifrons, but these two species frequently hybridize making this characteristic unreliable at times (Simovich 1994). S. multiplicata can be distinguished from Scaphiopus couchii by coloration: brown or dark grey with red-tipped tubercles in S. multiplicata, vs. greenish-yellow dorsum with dark mottling in Scaphiopus couchii (Degenhardt et al. 1996).
- Conant, R. and Collins, J. T. (1991). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians: Eastern/Central North America. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
- Degenhardt, W.G., Painter, C.W., and Price, A.H. (1996). Amphibians and Reptiles of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
- Brown, H. A. (1976). ''The status of California and Arizona populations of the Western Spadefoot Toads (genus Scaphiopus).'' Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Contributions in Science, 286, 1-15.
- Sattler, P.W. (1980). ''Genetic relationships among selected species of North American Scaphiopus.'' Copeia, 1980(4), 605-610.
- Simovich, M. A. (1994). ''The dynamics of a spadefoot toad (Spea multiplicata and S. bombifrons) hybridization system.'' Herpetology of North American Deserts. P. R. Brown and J. W. Wright, eds., Special Publication No. 5, Southwestern Herpetologists Society, Los Angeles.
- Smith, H. M. (1978). A Guide to Field Identification: Amphibians of North America. Golden Press, New York.
- Stebbins, R. C. (1962). Amphibians of Western North America. University of California Press, Berkeley.
- Tanner, W. W. (1989). ''Status of Spea stagnalis Cope (1875), Spea intermontanus Cope (1889), and a systematic review of Spea hammondii Baird (1839) (Amphibia: Anura).'' Great Basin Naturalist, 49, 503-510.
National Distribution
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Year-round
Global Range: (200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)) Range extends from southeastern Utah, southern Colorado, and northern Oklahoma south through Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas in the United States, to Guerrero and Oaxaca (Stebbins 1985, Conant and Collins 1991) in Mexico. Elevational range extends up to about 2,470 meters in some areas.
Range Description
Distribution and Habitat
S. multiplicata ranges from western Oklahoma to Arizona (Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, and Texas) and far south into Mexico (Conant and Collins 1991).
S. multiplicata can be found in various habitats, including grasslands, sagebrush flats, semi-arid shrublands, river valleys, and agricultural lands. It is sometimes found on roads following summer thundershowers (Degenhardt et al. 1996).
- Conant, R. and Collins, J. T. (1991). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians: Eastern/Central North America. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
- Degenhardt, W.G., Painter, C.W., and Price, A.H. (1996). Amphibians and Reptiles of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
- Brown, H. A. (1976). ''The status of California and Arizona populations of the Western Spadefoot Toads (genus Scaphiopus).'' Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Contributions in Science, 286, 1-15.
- Sattler, P.W. (1980). ''Genetic relationships among selected species of North American Scaphiopus.'' Copeia, 1980(4), 605-610.
- Simovich, M. A. (1994). ''The dynamics of a spadefoot toad (Spea multiplicata and S. bombifrons) hybridization system.'' Herpetology of North American Deserts. P. R. Brown and J. W. Wright, eds., Special Publication No. 5, Southwestern Herpetologists Society, Los Angeles.
- Smith, H. M. (1978). A Guide to Field Identification: Amphibians of North America. Golden Press, New York.
- Stebbins, R. C. (1962). Amphibians of Western North America. University of California Press, Berkeley.
- Tanner, W. W. (1989). ''Status of Spea stagnalis Cope (1875), Spea intermontanus Cope (1889), and a systematic review of Spea hammondii Baird (1839) (Amphibia: Anura).'' Great Basin Naturalist, 49, 503-510.
Physical Description
Length: 6 cm
Type Information
Catalog Number: USNM 16207
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Locality: Silao de La Victoria, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Syntype: Brocchi, M. P. 1879. Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris, Series 7. 3: 23.
Catalog Number: USNM 16206
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Locality: Silao de La Victoria, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Syntype: Brocchi, M. P. 1879. Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris, Series 7. 3: 23.
Catalog Number: USNM 16205
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Locality: Silao de La Victoria, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Syntype: Brocchi, M. P. 1879. Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris, Series 7. 3: 23.
Catalog Number: USNM 3694
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Locality: Valley of Mexico, Mexico
- Holotype: Cope, E. D. 1863. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 15: 52.
Sonoran Desert Habitat
This taxon is found in the Sonoran Desert, which comprises much of the state of Sonora, Mexico, most of the southern half of the USA states of Arizona, southeastern California, most of the Baja California peninsula, and the numerous islands of the Gulf of California. Its southern third straddles 30° north latitude and is a horse latitude desert; the rest is rainshadow desert. It is lush in comparison to most other deserts. There is a moderate diversity of faunal organisms present, with 550 distinct vertebrate species having been recorded here.
The visually dominant elements of the landscape are two lifeforms that distinguish the Sonoran Desert from the other North American deserts: legume trees and large columnar cacti. This desert also supports many other organisms, encompassing a rich spectrum of some 2000 species of plants, 550 species of vertebrates, and untolled thousands of invertebrate species.
The Sonoran Desert prominently differs from the other three deserts of North America in having mild winters. Most of the area rarely experiences frost, and the biota are partly tropical in origin. Many of the perennial plants and animals are derived from ancestors in the tropical thorn-scrub to the south, their life cycles attuned to the brief summer rainy season. The winter rains, when ample, support great populations of annuals (which make up nearly half of the plant species). Some of the plants and animals are opportunistic, growing or reproducing after significant rainfall in any season.
Creosote Bush (Larrea divaricata) and White Bursage (Ambrosia dumosa) vegetation characterize the lower Colorado River Valley section of the Sonoran. The Arizona upland section to the north and east is more mesic, resulting in greater species diversity and richness. Lower elevation areas are dominated by dense communities of Creosote Bush and White Bursage, but on slopes and higher portions of bajadas, subtrees such as palo verde (Cercidium floridum, C. microphyllum) and Ironwood (Olneya tesota), saguaros (Carnegiea gigantia), and other tall cacti are abundant. Cresosote Bush (Larrea tridentata) and White Bursage (Ambrosia dumosa) form the scrub that dominates the northwest part of the Sonoran Desert. This association thrives on deep, sandy soils in the flatlands. Where the dunes allow for slight inclination of the slope, species of Mesquite (Prosopis), Cercidium, Ironwood (Olneya tesota), Candalia, Lycium, Prickly-pear (Opuntia), Fouquieria, Burrobush (Hymenoclea) and Acacia are favored. The coastal plains of Sonora are composed of an almost pure Larrea scrub. Away from the Gulf influence in the area surrounding the Pinacate, Encelia farinosa, Larrea tridentata, Olneya, Cercidium, Prosopis, Fouquieria and various cacti species dominate the desert.
Many wildlife species, such as Sonoran Pronghorn Antelope (Antilocapra sonoriensis EN), Desert Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) and the endemic Bailey's Pocket Mouse (Chaetodipus baileyi) use ironwood, cacti species and other vegetation as both shelter from the harsh climate as well as a water supply. Other mammals include predators such as Puma (Felis concolor), Coyote (Canis latrans) and prey such as Black-tailed Jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), and the Round-tailed Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus tereticaudus). Other mammals able to withstand the extreme desert climate of this ecoregion include California Leaf-nosed Bat (Macrotus californicus) and Ring-tailed Cat (Bassariscus astutus).
Three endemic lizards to the Sonoran Desert are: the Coachella Fringe-toed Lizard (Uma inornata EN); the Flat-tail Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma mcallii NT); and the Colorado Desert Fringe-toed Lizard (Uma notata NT); an endemic whiptail is the San Esteban Island Whiptail (Cnemidophorus estebanensis). Non-endemic special status reptiles in the ecoregion include the Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii VU) and the Gila Monster (Heloderma suspectum NT).
There are twenty-four anuran species occurring in the Sonoran Desert, one of which is endemic, the Sonoran Green Toad (Anaxyrus retiformis). Other anurans in the ecoregion are: California Treefrog (Pseudacris cadaverina); Canyon Treefrog (Hyla arenicolor); Lowland Burrowing Frog (Smilisca fodiens); Mexican Treefrog (Smilisca baudinii); Madrean Treefrog (Hyla eximia); Sabinal Frog (Leptodactylus melanonotus); Northwest Mexico Leopard Frog (Lithobates magnaocularis); Brown's Leopard Frog (Lithobates brownorum); Yavapai Leopard Frog (Lithobates yavapaiensis); Mexican Cascade Frog (Lithobates pustulosus); Mexican Leaf Frog (Pachymedusa dacnicolor); Red Spotted Toad (Anaxyrus punctatus); Sinaloa Toad (Incilius mazatlanensis); Sonoran Desert Toad (Incilius alvarius); Eastern Green Toad (Anaxyrus debilis); New Mexico Spadefoot (Spea multiplicata); Great Plains Toad (Anaxyrus cognatus); Couch's Spadefoot Toad (Scaphiopus couchii); Cane Toad (Rhinella marina); Elegant Narrowmouth Toad (Gastrophryne elegans); Little Mexican Toad (Anaxyrus kelloggi); Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad (Gastrophryne olivacea); and Woodhouse's Toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii).
The Sonoran Desert is recognized as an exceptional birding area. Forty-one percent (261 of 622) of all terrestrial bird species found in the USA can be seen here during some season of the year. The Sonoran Desert, together with its eastern neighbor the Chihuahuan Desert, is the richest area in in the USA for birds, particularly hummingbirds. Among the bird species found in the Sonoran Desert are the saguaro-inhabiting Costa's Hummingbird (Calypte costae), Black-tailed Gnatcatcher (Polioptila melanura), Phainopepla (Phainopepla nitens) and Gila Woodpecker (Melanerpes uropygualis). Perhaps the most well-known Sonoran bird is the Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), distinguished by its preference for running rather than flying, as it hunts scorpions, tarantulas, rattlesnakes, lizards, and other prey. The Sonoran Desert exhibits two endemic bird species, the highest level of bird endemism in the USA. The Rufous-winged Sparrow (Aimophila carpalis) is rather common in most parts of the Sonoran, but only along the central portion of the Arizona-Mexico border, seen in desert grasses admixed with brush. Rare in extreme southern Arizona along the Mexican border, the endemic Five-striped Sparrow (Aimophila quinquestriata) is predominantly found in canyons on hillsides and slopes among tall, dense scrub.
- C. Michael Hogan, Mark Dimmitt, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, World Wildlife Fund. 2013."Gulf of California xeric scrub". Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC ed.Mark McGinley.
- Mark A.Dimmitt. Biomes & Communities of the Sonoran Desert, Arizona-Sonoran Desert Museum.
Sierra Madre Oriental Pine-oak Forests Habitat
This taxon is found in the Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests, which exhibit a very diverse community of endemic and specialized species of plants, mammals, reptiles and amphibians. These high mountains run north to south, beginning in the USA and ending in Mexico. The Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests are a highly disjunctive ecoregion, owing to the fact that they are present only at higher elevations, within a region with considerable expanses of lower elevation desert floor.
The climate is temperate humid on the northeastern slope, and temperate sub-humid on the western slope and highest portions of the mountain range. Pine-oak forest habitat covers most of the region, even though most of the primary forest has been destroyed or degraded. However, the wettest portions house a community of cloud forests that constitute the northernmost patches of this vegetation in Mexico. The forests grow on soils derived from volcanic rocks that have a high content of organic matter. The soils of lower elevations are derived from sedimentary rocks, and some of them are formed purely of limestone. In the northernmost portions of the ecoregion, the forests occur on irregular hummocks that constitute biological "islands" of temperate forest in the middle of the Chihuahuan Desert. To the south, from Nuevo León southward until Guanajuato and Queretaro, the ecoregion is more continuous along the mainstem of the Sierra Madre Oriental.
Dominant tree species include the pines: the endemic Nelson's Pine (Pinus nelsonii), Mexican Pinyon (P. cembroides), Smooth-bark Mexican Pine (P. pseudostrobus), and Arizona Pine (P. arizonica); and the oaks Quercus castanea and Q. affinis. In mesic environments, the most common species are P. cembroides, and Alligator Juniper (Juniperus deppeana), but in more xeric environments on the west slopes of the mountains, the endemic P. pinceana is more abundant. Gregg's Pine (P. greggii) and Jelecote Pine (P. patula) are endemic.
Many mammalian species wander these rugged hills. Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Puma (Puma concolor), Cliff Chipmunk (Tamias dorsalis), Collared Peccary (Tayassu tajacu), Coati (Nasua narica), Jaguar (Panthera onca) and Coyote (Canis latrans) are a few of the many diverse mammals that inhabit this ecoregion. Some threatened mammals found in the ecoregion are: Bolaños Woodrat (Neotoma palatina VU); Diminutive Woodrat (Nelsonia neotomodon NT), known chiefly from the western versant of the Sierra Madre; Chihuahuan Mouse (Peromyscus polius NT); and Mexican Long-nosed Bat (Leptonycteris nivalis EN).
A considerable number of reptilian taxa are found in the Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests, including three endemic snakes: Ridgenose Rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi); Fox´s Mountain Meadow Snake (Adelophis foxi); and the Longtail Rattlesnake (Crotalus stejnegeri VU), restricted to the central Sierra Madre. An endemic skink occurring in the ecoregion is the Fair-headed Skink (Plestiodon callicephalus). The Striped Plateau Lizard (Sceloporus virgatus) is endemic to the ecoregion. The Sonoran Mud Turtle (Kinosternon sonoriense VU) is found in the ecoregion and ranges from southwestern New Mexico south to northwestern Chihuahua.
The following anuran taxa occur in the Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests: Red-spotted Toad (Anaxyrus punctatus); Cane Toad (Rhinella marina); Elegant Narrow-mouthed Toad (Gastrophryne elegans); New Mexico Spadefoot Toad (Spea multiplicata); Sinaloa Toad (Incilius mazatlanensis); Pine Toad (Incilius occidentalis); Southwestern Toad (Anaxyrus microscaphus); Woodhouse's Toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii); Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad (Gastrophryne olivacea); Great Plains Toad (Anaxyrus cognatus); Plateau Toad (Anaxyrus compactilis); Texas Toad (Anaxyrus speciosus); Sonoran Desert Toad (Incilius alvarius), found only at lower ecoregion elevations here; Rana-ladrona Silbadora (Eleutherodactylus teretistes); Sabinal Frog (Leptodactylus melanonotus); Mexican Leaf Frog (Pachymedusa dacnicolor); Montezuma Leopard Frog (Lithobates montezumae); Yavapai Leopard Frog (Lithobates yavapaiensis); Northwest Mexico Leopard Frog (Lithobates magnaocularis); Bigfoot Leopard Frog (Lithobates megapoda), who generally breeds in permanent surface water bodies; Mexican Cascade Frog (Lithobates pustulosus); Tarahumara Frog (Lithobates tarahumarae VU); Western Barking Frog (Craugastor augusti); Lowland Burrowing Frog (Smilisca fodiens); Taylor's Barking Frog (Craugastor occidentalis); Blunt-toed Chirping Frog (Eleutherodactylus modestus VU), found only at the very lowest elevations of the ecoregion; Shiny Peeping Frog (Eleutherodactylus nitidus); California Chorus Frog (Pseudacris cadaverina); Rio Grande Frog (Lithobates berlandieri); Madrean Treefrog (Hyla eximia); Mexican Treefrog (Smilisca baudinii); Dwarf Mexican Treefrog (Tlalocohyla smithii); Canyon Treefrog (Hyla arenicolor); Northern Sheep Frog (Hypopachus variolosus); Chiricahua Leopard Frog (Lithobates chiricahuensis). There are three salamanders found in the ecoregion: the endemic Sacramento Mountains Salamander (Aneides hardii), found only in very high montane reaches above 2400 meters; Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum); and the Tarahumara Salamander (Ambystoma rosaceum).
- C. Michael Hogan & World Wildlife Fund. 2013."Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests". Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC ed. Rodney L. Honeycutt.
- J.A. McDonald. 1993. Fitogeografía e historia de la flora alpina-subalpina del noreste de México. T.P. Ramamoorthy, R. Bye, A. Lot, & J. Fa, editores. Diversidad Biológica de México. Orígenes y Distribución. Instituto de Biología, UNAM, Mexico.
Chihuahuan Desert Habitat
This taxon is found in the Chihuahuan Desert, which is one of the most biologically diverse arid regions on Earth. This ecoregion extends from within the United States south into Mexico. This desert is sheltered from the influence of other arid regions such as the Sonoran Desert by the large mountain ranges of the Sierra Madres. This isolation has allowed the evolution of many endemic species; most notable is the high number of endemic plants; in fact, there are a total of 653 vertebrate taxa recorded in the Chihuahuan Desert. Moreover, this ecoregion also sustains some of the last extant populations of Mexican Prairie Dog, wild American Bison and Pronghorn Antelope.
The dominant plant species throughout the Chihuahuan Desert is Creosote Bush (Larrea tridentata). Depending on diverse factors such as type of soil, altitude, and degree of slope, L. tridentata can occur in association with other species. More generally, an association between L. tridentata, American Tarbush (Flourensia cernua) and Viscid Acacia (Acacia neovernicosa) dominates the northernmost portion of the Chihuahuan Desert. The meridional portion is abundant in Yucca and Opuntia, and the southernmost portion is inhabited by Mexican Fire-barrel Cactus (Ferocactus pilosus) and Mojave Mound Cactus (Echinocereus polyacanthus). Herbaceous elements such as Gypsum Grama (Chondrosum ramosa), Blue Grama (Bouteloua gracilis) and Hairy Grama (Chondrosum hirsuta), among others, become dominant near the Sierra Madre Occidental. In western Coahuila State, Lecheguilla Agave (Agave lechuguilla), Honey Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), Purple Prickly-pear (Opuntia macrocentra) and Rainbow Cactus (Echinocereus pectinatus) are the dominant vascular plants.
Because of its recent origin, few warm-blooded vertebrates are restricted to the Chihuahuan Desert scrub. However, the Chihuahuan Desert supports a large number of wide-ranging mammals, such as the Pronghorn Antelope (Antilocapra americana), Robust Cottontail (Sylvilagus robustus EN); Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Grey Fox (Unocyon cineroargentinus), Jaguar (Panthera onca), Collared Peccary or Javelina (Pecari tajacu), Desert Cottontail (Sylvilagus auduboni), Black-tailed Jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), Kangaroo Rats (Dipodomys sp.), pocket mice (Perognathus spp.), Woodrats (Neotoma spp.) and Deer Mice (Peromyscus spp). With only 24 individuals recorded in the state of Chihuahua Antilocapra americana is one of the most highly endangered taxa that inhabits this desert. The ecoregion also contains a small wild population of the highly endangered American Bison (Bison bison) and scattered populations of the highly endangered Mexican Prairie Dog (Cynomys mexicanus), as well as the Black-tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus).
The Chihuahuan Desert herpetofauna typifies this ecoregion.Several lizard species are centered in the Chihuahuan Desert, and include the Texas Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum); Texas Banded Gecko (Coleonyx brevis), often found under rocks in limestone foothills; Reticulate Gecko (C. reticulatus); Greater Earless Lizard (Cophosaurus texanus); several species of spiny lizards (Scelopoprus spp.); and the Western Marbled Whiptail (Cnemidophorus tigris marmoratus). Two other whiptails, the New Mexico Whiptail (C. neomexicanus) and the Common Checkered Whiptail (C. tesselatus) occur as all-female parthenogenic clone populations in select disturbed habitats.
Representative snakes include the Trans-Pecos Rat Snake (Bogertophis subocularis), Texas Blackhead Snake (Tantilla atriceps), and Sr (Masticophis taeniatus) and Neotropical Whipsnake (M. flagellum lineatus). Endemic turtles include the Bolsón Tortoise (Gopherus flavomarginatus), Coahuilan Box Turtle (Terrapene coahuila) and several species of softshell turtles. Some reptiles and amphibians restricted to the Madrean sky island habitats include the Ridgenose Rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi), Twin-spotted Rattlesnake (C. pricei), Northern Cat-eyed Snake (Leptodeira septentrionalis), Yarrow's Spiny Lizard (Sceloporus jarrovii), and Canyon Spotted Whiptail (Cnemidophorus burti).
There are thirty anuran species occurring in the Chihuahuan Desert: Chiricahua Leopard Frog (Rana chircahuaensis); Red Spotted Toad (Anaxyrus punctatus); American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus); Canyon Treefrog (Hyla arenicolor); Northern Cricket Frog (Acris crepitans); Rio Grande Chirping Frog (Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides); Cliff Chirping Frog (Eleutherodactylus marnockii); Spotted Chirping Frog (Eleutherodactylus guttilatus); Tarahumara Barking Frog (Craugastor tarahumaraensis); Mexican Treefrog (Smilisca baudinii); Madrean Treefrog (Hyla eximia); Montezuma Leopard Frog (Lithobates montezumae); Brown's Leopard Frog (Lithobates brownorum); Yavapai Leopard Frog (Lithobates yavapaiensis); Western Barking Frog (Craugastor augusti); Mexican Cascade Frog (Lithobates pustulosus); Lowland Burrowing Frog (Smilisca fodiens); New Mexico Spadefoot (Spea multiplicata); Plains Spadefoot (Spea bombifrons); Pine Toad (Incilius occidentalis); Woodhouse's Toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii); Couch's Spadefoot Toad (Scaphiopus couchii); Plateau Toad (Anaxyrus compactilis); Texas Toad (Anaxyrus speciosus); Dwarf Toad (Incilius canaliferus); Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad (Gastrophryne olivacea); Great Plains Toad (Anaxyrus cognatus); Eastern Green Toad (Anaxyrus debilis); Gulf Coast Toad (Incilius valliceps); and Longfoot Chirping Toad (Eleutherodactylus longipes VU). The sole salamander occurring in the Chihuahuan Desert is the Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum).
Common bird species include the Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia), Merlin (Falco columbarius), Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), and the rare Zone-tailed Hawk (Buteo albonotatus). Geococcyx californianus), Curve-billed Thrasher (Toxostoma curvirostra), Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata), Scott's Oriole (Icterus parisorum), Black-throated Sparrow (Amphispiza bilineata), Phainopepla (Phainopepla nitens), Worthen's Sparrow (Spizella wortheni), and Cactus Wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus). In addition, numerous raptors inhabit the Chihuahuan Desert and include the Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) and the Elf Owl (Micrathene whitneyi).
- C. Michael Hogan & World Wildlife Fund. 2013."Chihuahuan Desert". Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC ed.Mark McGinley.
- Clovis A. Stacey & Diane M. Post. 2009. Effects of disturbance by humans on small mammals in a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem. The Southwestern Naturalist. 54(3): 272-278
Arizona Mountains Forests Habitat
This taxon is found in the Arizona Mountain Forests, which extend from the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona to south of the Mogollon Plateau into portions of southwestern Mexico and eastern Arizona, USA. The species richness in this ecoregion is moderate, with vertebrate taxa numbering 375 species. The topography consists chiefly of steep foothills and mountains, but includes some deeply dissected high plateaus. Soil types have not been well defined; however, most soils are entisols, with alfisols and inceptisols in upland areas. Stony terrain and rock outcrops occupy large areas on the mountains and foothills.
The Transition Zone in this region (1980 to 2440 m in elevation) comprises a strong Mexican fasciation, including Chihuahua Pine (Pinus leiophylla) and Apache Pine (P. engelmannii) and unique varieties of Ponderosa Pine (P. ponderosa var. arizonica). Such forests are open and park-like and contain many bird species from Mexico seldom seen in the U.S.. The Canadian Zone (above 2000 m) includes mostly Rocky Mountain species of mixed-conifer communities such as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmanni), Subalpine Fir (Abies lasiocarpa), and Corkbark Fir (A. lasiocarpa var. arizonica). Dwarf Juniper (Juniperus communis) is an understory shrubby closely associated with spruce/fir forests. Exposed sites include Chihuahua White Pine (Pinus strobiformis), while disturbed north-facing sites consists primarily of Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta) or Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides).
There are a variety of mammalian species found in this ecoregion, including the endemic Arizona Gray Squirrel (Sciurus arizonensis), an herbivore who feeds on a wide spectrum of berries, bark and other vegetable material. Non-endemic mammals occurring in the ecoregion include: the Banner-tailed Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys spectabilis NT); Desert Pocket Gopher (Geomys arenarius NT). In addition, there is great potential for restoring Mexican Wolf (Canis lupus) and Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) populations in the area because of its remoteness and juxtaposition to other ecoregions where these species were formerly prevalent.
There are few amphibians found in the Arizona mountain forests. Anuran species occurring here are: Red-spotted Toad (Anaxyrus punctatus); Southwestern Toad (Anaxyrus microscaphus); New Mexico Spadefoot Toad (Spea multiplicata); Woodhouse's Toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii); Northern Leopard Frog (Lithobates pipiens); Chiricahua Leopard Frog (Lithobates chiricahuensis VU); Madrean Treefrog (Hyla eximia), a montane anuran found at the northern limit of its range in this ecoregion; Boreal Chorus Frog (Anaxyrus woodhousii); Western Chorus Frog (Pseudacris triseriata); and Canyon Treefrog (Hyla arenicolor). The Jemez Mountains Salamander (Plethodon neomexicanus NT) is an ecoregion endemic, found only in the Jemez Mountains of Los Alamos and Sandoval counties, New Mexico. Another salamander occurring in the ecoregion is the Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum).
A number of reptilian taxa occur in the Arizona mountains forests, including: Gila Monster (Heloderma suspectum NT), often associated with cacti or desert scrub type vegetation; Narrow-headed Garter Snake (Thamnophis rufipunctatus), a near-endemic found chiefly in the Mogollon Rim area; Sonoran Mud Turtle (Kinosternon sonoriense NT).
- C. Michael Hogan & World Wildlife Fund. 2013."Arizona Mountains forests". Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC ed.Mark McGinley.
- John A. Murray. 1988. The Gila Wilderness. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press
Comments: This species is frequently found in desert grassland, shortgrass plains, creosote bush, sagebrush, and semi-desert shrublands, mixed grassland/chaparral, pinyon-juniper and pine-oak woodland and open pine forest. Similar to other Pelobatid species, this species is considered opportunistic. It burrows underground or occupies rodent burrows when inactive. Eggs and larvae develop in temporary pools and ponds formed by heavy rains.
Habitat and Ecology
- Terrestrial
- Freshwater
Non-Migrant: No. All populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations.
Locally Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).
Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.
Migrates between breeding pools and nonbreeding terrestrial habitats.
Trophic Strategy
Comments: Metamorphosed toads eat various small arthropods. Larvae probably eat suspended matter, organic debris, algae, plant tissue, and small aquatic invertebrates. There are two larval morphs, a carnivorous one that subsists principally on fairy shrimp, and an omnivorous one that consumes fewer fairy shrimp and more detritus and algae; morphology depends on diet (Pfennig 1992).
Population Biology
Number of Occurrences
Note: For many non-migratory species, occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations.
Estimated Number of Occurrences: 81 to >300
Comments: Represented by many and/or large occurrences throughout most of the range.
Global Abundance
100,000 - 1,000,000 individuals
Comments: Total adult population size is unknown but surely exceeds 100,000.
Life History and Behavior
Comments: Active at night, usually during humid or wet periods of spring and summer. Active late March-September in northern Texas.
Lays clutch of up to several hundred eggs after heavy rains in spring or summer. Breeding choruses usually last 1-2 days. Larvae hatch within about 2 days, metamorphose in about 2-6 weeks (Pfennig et al. 1991). Ponds commonly dry up prior to metamorphosis, resulting in complete larval mortality.
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Spea multiplicata
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
National NatureServe Conservation Status
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure
NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure
Intrinsic Vulnerability: Moderately vulnerable
Environmental Specificity: Very narrow to narrow.
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
- 2004Least Concern
Global Short Term Trend: Relatively stable (=10% change)
Global Long Term Trend: Increase of 10-25% to decline of 30%
Comments: Likely relatively stable in extent of occurrence, unknown level of decline in population size, area of occurrence, and number/condition of occurrences.
Population Trend
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
This species is largely nocturnal and secretive, and during the summer rainy season can be found hidden under surface objects. It usually occupies an underground burrow that it digs in the soft earth with its hind feet, like other spadefoots in New Mexico. The hind feet are equipped with keratinized, sharp-edged spades. It is often seen on roadways during the night, in search of breeding sites or prey. S. multiplicata may secrete a musty skin toxin when it is molested. The toxin smells like raw peanuts and can irritate the sensitive membranes of the eyes and nose of those who rub their face after handling a spadefoot (Degenhardt et al. 1996).
S. multiplicata breeding, like that of other spadefoots, is closely associated with the summer monsoon rains that fill playa lakes and cause the rapid formation of pools in low-lying areas. The low frequency sound and vibration of rainfall or thunder are the primary cues for emergence. Average breeding period duration is only about 1.6 days. Males usually call while they are floating on the surface of the water. Eggs are fertilized by the male as they are laid during amplexus. There is a high level of variation in clutch size within breeding aggregations, but an adult female lays about 1,070 eggs on average. Eggs are deposited in cylindrical masses that are attached to submerged aquatic vegetation or debris. They hatch in as little as 42-48 hours. The tadpoles metamorphosize in about three weeks, and toadlets emerge from the drying pond and disperse (Degenhardt et al. 1996).
S. multiplicata is a generalized arthropod predator that concentrates on ground dwelling species, as do most spadefoots. Beetles, orthopterans, ants, spiders, and termites comprise over 90% of their total diet, with no major differences in diet by sex or season. Arthropods with well known chemical defenses, such as blister beetles, velvet ants, stink bugs, and millipedes, are usually avoided by S. multiplicata, but it will occasionally feed on centipedes and scorpions. Studies have shown that S. multiplicata may require seven feedings before it has accumulated the fat reserves required to survive for 12 months (Degenhardt et al. 1996).
The call is a vibrant, metallic trill that sounds like running a fingernail along the stiff teeth of a comb. Each of these trills is about 0.75 - 1.5 seconds long (Conant and Collins 1991).
- Conant, R. and Collins, J. T. (1991). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians: Eastern/Central North America. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
- Degenhardt, W.G., Painter, C.W., and Price, A.H. (1996). Amphibians and Reptiles of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
- Brown, H. A. (1976). ''The status of California and Arizona populations of the Western Spadefoot Toads (genus Scaphiopus).'' Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Contributions in Science, 286, 1-15.
- Sattler, P.W. (1980). ''Genetic relationships among selected species of North American Scaphiopus.'' Copeia, 1980(4), 605-610.
- Simovich, M. A. (1994). ''The dynamics of a spadefoot toad (Spea multiplicata and S. bombifrons) hybridization system.'' Herpetology of North American Deserts. P. R. Brown and J. W. Wright, eds., Special Publication No. 5, Southwestern Herpetologists Society, Los Angeles.
- Smith, H. M. (1978). A Guide to Field Identification: Amphibians of North America. Golden Press, New York.
- Stebbins, R. C. (1962). Amphibians of Western North America. University of California Press, Berkeley.
- Tanner, W. W. (1989). ''Status of Spea stagnalis Cope (1875), Spea intermontanus Cope (1889), and a systematic review of Spea hammondii Baird (1839) (Amphibia: Anura).'' Great Basin Naturalist, 49, 503-510.
Degree of Threat: Low
Comments: In some areas, local populations have been eliminated or reduced by agricultural development and other habitat alterations, but most habitat is not significantly threatened.
Conservation Actions
New Mexico spadefoot toad
The New Mexico Spadefoot Toad (Spea multiplicata) is a species of American spadefoot toad found in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Like other species of spadefoot toad, they get their name from a distinctive spade-like projections on their hind legs which enable them to dig in sandy soils. Some sources also refer to the species as the Mexican Spadefoot Toad, Desert Spadefoot Toad or Southern Spadefoot Toad.
The New Mexico Spadefoot Toad grows from 1.5 to 2.5 inches in length, and has a round body, with relatively short legs. They are green, to grey, to brown, usually reflecting the soil color of their native habitat, often with black and orange colored speckling on their back, and a white underside. They have large eyes, with vertical pupils.
Like all species of spadefoot toad, the New Mexico Spadefoot Toad is nocturnal and secretive. If handled, these frogs might emit a peanutlike odor, which can cause tearing and nasal discharge if in close contact with the face. Spending most of its time buried in the ground, the spadefoot emerges during periods of summer rainfall to feed on insects and to breed. Breeding takes place in temporary pools left by the rain. Eggs laid in large masses, often hatch in as little as 48 hours. The tadpoles are forced to metamorphose quickly, before the water dries up.
The species was once classified as a subspecies of the Western Spadefoot Toad, Spea hammondii, but distinctive morphological characteristics led researchers to reclassify it as its own species. The New Mexico Spadefoot Toad is also known to hybridize with the Plains Spadefoot Toad, Spea bombifrons in the areas where their ranges overlap, making distinguishing the species from each other difficult.
- The New Mexico Spadefoot Toad is the Official State Amphibian of New Mexico.
- Herps of Texas: Spea multiplicata
- Amphibian Species of the World: Spea multiplicata
- Peterson Field Guide - Western Reptiles and Amphibians 3rd Edition
Names and Taxonomy
Comments: Placed in the genus SCAPHIOPUS by some authors. Hall (1998) argued against the recognition of SPEA as a distinct genus, but most authors have accepted the split of SPEA from SCAPHIOPUS.
Wiens and Titus (1991) presented a phylogenetic analysis of the genus (or subgenus) SPEA based on allozymic and morphological data.
Regarded as conspecific with S. HAMMONDII until 1976 (Brown 1976); retained within HAMMONDII by some authors (Tanner 1989), but various data support the contention that these are distinct species. In Tanner (1989), the name MULTIPLICATUS (as a subspecies) is associated with populations in the mountains and plateaus of Chihuahua and Durango; southwestern U.S. populations that recently have been referred to as S. MULTIPLICATA are called S. HAMMONDII STAGNALIS (hence SCAPHIOPUS [or SPEA] STAGNALIS if regarded as a species distinct from populations of HAMMONDII in California and Baja California). Sometimes hybridizes with S. BOMBIFRONS (Sattler 1985).
Garcia-Paris et al. (2003) used mtDNA to examine the phylogentic relationships of Pelobatoidea and found that the family Pelobatidae, as previously defined, is not monophyletic (Pelobates is sister to Megophryidae, not to Spea/Scaphiopus). They split the Pelobatidae into two families: Eurasian spadefoot toads (Pelobates), which retain the name Pelobatidae, and North American spadefoot toads (Scaphiopus, Spea), which make up the revived family Scaphiopodidae.


text: Candy Corn Pumpkin By Cameron Simcik October 13, 2012 9:27 PM | TheFW Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Source: Candy Corn Pumpkin Category: Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! More from Y101 Want to See a Jason Mraz Concert? Grammy Winner Booked For Peabody Opera House in St. Louis Maroon 5 Release Sultry 'Animals' Lyric Video The Narrow Champ Clark Bridge 'Amityville' Trailer: Cinema's Most Famous Haunted House Awakens…Again Best of the Web


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i had a dream last night that i was working at starbucks and steve rogers walked in and ordered an iced americano and i said "one iced americano for the iced americano" and then i woke myself up by laughing too hard at my own joke
(Source: princesconsuela)
1 in 5 teenagers have thought about suicide, about 1 in 6 teenagers have made plans for suicide, and more than 1 in 12 teenagers have attempted suicide in the last year. As many as 8 out of 10 teenagers who have commited suicide tried to ask for help in some way before committing suicide. Reblog this if you're always here to listen.
Not a question.
Friends Season 1
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This vodka looks like a fucking galaxy bye.
guess what I just got!!!
meet Spartacus everyone….
people think that i am cruel but really i have the heart of a child. 4 or 5 of them actually i collect them.
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personal/vertical/love ♥
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nikita character meme: eight scenes [4/8]
↳ "I have nothing to live for. Nothing!"
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as if i wasn't scared of bears before
the bear has more eye/hand coordination than i do
(Source: hobolunchbox)
(Source: quote-book)
One of the BEST ad campaigns about representation I have seen.
Everyone has a backbone. Use yours.


text:
Woodridge bids farewell to board member
District officials also say goodbye to Intermediate School principal
PENINSULA — The Woodridge Local School District is seeking a new principal and a new school board member.
The resignations of Gretchen Lawn and board member George DeBord were both accepted at a special Board of Education meeting July 8.
Lawn has been the principal of Woodridge Intermediate School for four years. She is leaving to accept a principal position in Midview Local Schools in Lorain County, a place much closer to her home, said Woodridge Superintendent Walter Davis.
"She is a wonderful member of our administrative team. I'm sorry to see her go," said Davis.
The district is accepting applications for her position, he said.
DeBord replaced board member Jim Vechery in February 2011 after Vechery resigned. He was then elected to the board in November 2011. DeBord cited family and work commitments that demand much of his time as his reasons for resigning. He was vice president of the school board. The other board members elected Tammy Heffernan to take over that position.
The board is accepting applications for a new school board member to fill out DeBord's term. Anyone interested in being considered for the position may obtain an application from the board office, 4411 Quick Road, or from the district website, www.woodridge.k12.oh.us.
The deadline to apply is tomorrow, July 18, by noon. For more information, call 330-928-9074.
The consultants who helped the board arrive at its master facilities plan were on hand at the meeting to discuss the next steps in building planning. Chas Schreckenberger, of Braun & Steidl Architects, and Chuck Warner, of Warner Concepts LLC, presented plans of the district's property and where a new elementary school might fit in. That was the first priority of the staff and community members who attended forums and filled out questionnaires about the needs of the district.
The maximum amount the district may borrow for facilities through a bond issue is $33 million, said Treasurer Deanna Levenger, so that will determine how much school improvement will be possible.
The consultants estimated that a new prekindergarten through fifth-grade elementary school would cost in the neighborhood of $22 million.
If a bond issue passes, that would leave approximately $11 million, they estimated, for the next-highest-voted priority items, a new roof and gutters for the middle school and renovating and adding on to the high school.
The good news is the district owns enough land so it will not need to buy land to build a new elementary building to replace the aged primary and intermediate schools, Davis said. The overwhelming majority of respondents favored placing the new school on the same campus with the middle and high schools.
Schreckenberger showed drawings of possibilities for placing a new school. A one-story building could fit between the middle school and the administration building on Quick Road. A two-story building, on a smaller footprint, could be built behind the middle school, with access to State Road.
The district owns the wooded area between Quick and State roads, closer to where the two intersect, and the school could be built there, too, Schreckenberger said.
Board members also viewed possibilities for renovations to the high school. Foremost on the priority list is enlarging the gymnasium, said Davis. The current one is large enough for physical education classes but not large enough for spectators at big games or for assemblies, he said.
Depending upon how much funding is left, the gym and other rooms could also be moved to more advantageous places in the current building, the consultants said.
Davis suggested he and board members tour some new elementary schools that have been built for 21st-century educational needs to help them decide what they want in theirs.
In other business, Davis reported that all of the Woodridge third-graders had passed the required reading test to be promoted to fourth grade under the state-mandated third-grade reading guarantee.
The board plans to hold special meetings July 23 and 24 at 6 p.m. to interview candidates for the board seat. A special meeting also has been scheduled for July 30 at 6 p.m. The meetings will take place in the Administration Building, 4411 Quick Road.
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Calendar of Events
- The Boiling Point - 9/2/2014
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- Wilco with special guest Bahamas - 9/4/2014
- Full Moon Labyrinth Walk Workshop: The Harvest Moon: Sing, Dance and Celebrate - 9/7/2014
- Open House - 9/7/2014
...More Events


text:
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text: Budapest Qualifying: Red Bull report 31 July, 2010 Sebastian Vettel with Mark Webber Jul.31 (Red Bull Racing) After dominating the practice sessions, Red Bull Racing has secured pole and P2 for tomorrow's Hungarian Grand Prix. Car 5 Sebastian Vettel, Position: POLE "It was a very good day for us. We have felt comfortable all weekend and I think we were able to improve overnight also. I said on the radio to the team on my in-lap, "Mark and I were pushing hard to finish first and second, but this is your moment, enjoy it – you built this wonderful car'. It's a pleasure to drive and I'm looking forward to tomorrow. It was quite a difficult session today. I didn't have a good run in Q2 on the option tyre and didn't feel 100%. There's not really much you can do to the car between Q2 and Q3, just little trims, but it worked quite well and I had a lot of confidence in Q3. I was able to go quite a bit quicker, so it was a good step. I'm happy to be on pole; hopefully we have a good start tomorrow and a good race." Car 6 Mark Webber, Position: 2nd "Sebastian did a good job. We have pushed each other most of the weekend, but he put Q3 together well. The tyres are the gold thing around here – you need to get them just right, understand them and then nail the lap, they can be pretty sensitive at times. We'll see how we go tomorrow, it's a long race and I'm in a good position to get some good points. The first three seconds of the race can be crucial and can deliver 70% of the result." Christian Horner: "It was a fantastic team performance today. The team and both drivers did a fantastic job to secure a dominant front row lock out. Grid position is very important here, it's also one of the longest runs to the first corner, so we're starting the grand prix in the best possible positions. Hopefully we can have a successful race tomorrow." Fabrice Lom (Renault): "Our 11th pole position. We really have a quick car this year and have been such a strong force on Saturdays. We have to build on this performance tomorrow and take advantage to score the maximum points tomorrow. It's not a difficult track for engines here and power is not the most important factor – I hope we convert this to a one-two result." Tweet Related NewsItalian Grand Prix: Red Bull drivers review MonzaRicciardo could steal title from Mercedes duo warns HakkinenSalo says early debut for Verstappen is bad for F1Vettel to get another new chassis for MonzaWebber: Vettel was making many mistakesVerstappen set for FP1 debut at SuzukaSilly Season Update: Honda want Vettel and NeweyHorner: We never realised just how good Daniel isVideo: Vettel drives first ever full lap of Russian GP venueRicciardo: We will keep fighting


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In just five games this season, the Atlanta Falcons have already lost one more regular season game than they did all of last year.
However, according to head coach Mike Smith, the team is not discouraged, via Pro Football Talk:
We simply came up short. We are disappointed but we are not discouraged. Now we have to use this bye week to evaluate everything we do, keep on fighting.
The Falcons' 1-4 start has to be more than disappointing. For a team that made the NFC Championship just a year ago, and championship aspirations this year, this has to be absolutely shocking.
To be fair, all of the Falcons' losses have been close against winning teams, but I can't think of any word to describe "coming up short" week after week, especially against teams like the Miami Dolphins and New York Jets, than discouraging.
"I feel like we are not making the plays that we need to make," said Smith. "We are not coaching the way we need to coach. We're all in this together. There is enough things to look at we all can improve on. It is a group effort."
The Falcons will have a chance to make corrections during this weeks bye. The Falcons are certainly not out of the playoffs yet, but with the New Orleans Saints looming at 5-0, a wild card birth maybe all the Falcons can hope for at this point. And that has to be disappointment.
Tags: Atlanta Falcons Mike Smith


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What is TwitPic Theater anyway, you ask, your eye scanning the cute little selfies of some of Playboy's faves. We're so glad you asked! TwitPic Theater is a collection of the sexiest pictures posted by Playmates and Playboy models from the week. Take a peek into the sexy lives of the girls at photo shoots, on nights out, and more.
Follow the girls on Twitter and see what goes on behind-the-scenes 24/7, all friendly-like.
We think you'll like it.
@Jaclyn_Swedberg glows in the dark
@NikkiLeighxo and her friend are both cutiepies
curves ahead! @JessicaBurciaga
@RPomplun works it!
@AmandaCerny in her holiday sweater!
@hughhefner & @crystalhefner put ET in a smoking jacket!
@ShelbyChesnes on set with Jason Sudeikis for Horrible Bosses 2
@FrancescaFrigo lives it up in Florida!
@Ciara_Price geeks out!
so perky! @hiromioshima


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Asian American Banks Among Best Rated Stock Buys
Asian American Banks Among Best Rated Stock Buys
Wednesday, April 23, 2014 - 12:31 AM
Asian American banks are reported to be bucking the trend and booming, with two of the biggest in Los Angeles -- Korean American BBCN Bankcorp and Chinese American Cathay General Corp. -- in the top pack for the best bank stock buys nationally as rated by financial analysts.
Two L.A. Asian American banks near top of national stock ratings - latimes.com
BBCN today reported net income had risen 27% and loans were up 35% in the last quarter as compared to a year earlier.
Also well rated was Korean American PacWest Bankcorp. Other Los Angeles area Asian American banks also have been reporting hihger profits, including East West Bankcorp, the largest Chinese American bank.
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Home or garden question? Post it now! No Registration Necessary. Post with pictures!
- how do you start a lawn mower with a power drill?
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- I converted a 110 volt fan to a 12 volt fan and now it runs backward. Could it be wired w...
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in an older house, the flooring remaining aftercarpet removal appears to be some type of fiberboard. can engineered laminate be applied overby MAC in Floor » Laminate
Engineered Hardwood floors over some type of fiberboard.
it is not known what is under the fiberboard (ie:plywood or ?).
The fiberboard appears to have some delamination in some areas.
How should I procede since I don't know what is under the fiberboard?
Know the answer or have a comment? Post it here!
The fiber board was most likely installed to conceal some irregularities with the plywood or particle board below it. If the fiberboard itself became unleveled, there's really no reason to keep it there. You may have to strip and level the floor below it using a combination of additional screws to hold down parts that spring out too much, sander to sand off parts that cannot be held down by the screws and floor leveling compounds for anything that could not be treated by screws and material removal.
Alternatively, you may be able to take a closer look at the fiberboard to determine if you can apply pretty much the same techniques to it. See if you can screw down some of the most sticking out pieces. How bad is the de-lamination, could the separated layers be held down by the weight of the floor above it?
Also, keep in mind that you'll be using soft underlayment with any laminate or floating engineering wood floor. The foam underlayment is about 1/8" - 3/32" thick and can actually cover some of the smaller imperfections. In other words, the fiberboard doesn't have to have a mirror-like surface, some of the minor surface issues can be disregarded because they will be taken care of by the underlayment.


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CAPTION THIS: Scribble No. 208
"Yes Ryan, I am well aware of what 'dominant species' means."
I stayed up so late watching women's gymnastics last night that I was barely awake enough to do my hair this morning.
Sometimes, Ryan, when it comes to "romance" I guy has to jump through a lot of hoops.
Lady Gaga puts on her OOOOlympic face
This is my fave comment of the day.


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Whether it's a Halloween costume, a pair of Christmas pajamas or simply a piece of festive décor, the holidays are always a great time for sewing and quilting enthusiasts to show their stuff. If you're looking to keep your ideas fresh, colorful and stylish, check out our project gallery. Our sewing and quilting experts offer step-by-step instructions for creating beautiful handmade pieces that are on-theme for every special celebration on your calendar. When the next holiday season rolls around, let us help you make every handmade gift you give one to be cherished.
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Town of Deerpark Joseph Brant Bus Tour
Saturday—July 19, 2014
Tours begins and ends at the Sparrowbush Fire House, Main Street, Sparrowbush, N.Y.
Meet at 7:45 am (Coffee and ...)—Bus Leaves at 8:00 am.
The tour will include: the July 20, 1779 route taken by Joseph Brant and his Tory Raiders as they burned and looted the valley; re-enactors relating detailed events; visit to Mahagkamik Cemetery; colonial cooking at Fort Decker.
$6.00--Adults $5.00--Seniors $4.00--Children under 12 years (must be accompanied by an adult)
A box lunch will be available at the end of the tour for $3.00 – Choice: Turkey Sandwich or Peanut & Jelly Sandwich plus a bag of chips, grapes, and bottled water. To learn more about this historic event, travel to the Battleground at Minisink Ford, Barryville, N.Y. for programs which will be presented July 19th and 20th.
Reservations Required: Forms are available here, at Town of Deerpark Museum, and Town Hall.
Additional Information: Phone 845-754-8070, 845-672-3016, 845-856-2702
This project is made possible, in part, with funds from The Deerpark Heritage Fund.
Open House
Sunday, September 28th — 11am to 4pm
1863 Huguenot Schoolhouse, Huguenot
John Roebling & Neversink Bridges
Sunday October 19 3pm
Presented by William Clark & Norma Schadt
1863 Huguenot Schoolhouse, Huguenot


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It's a hot one in the Motor City, so odds are this drink vendor did pretty well during this afternoon's Oakland Athletics-Detroit Tigers game. And that's before he made the play of the day on a foul fly.
Look at this cool guy. Barely bats an eye or slips a drop.
[H/T: Isaac, Guyism.com]


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To bring you the world's finest iWotsit protection we've hooked up with consummate case professionals Uncommon. They're an industry leader in making superbly high quality and durable iPad cases. They invented a revolutionary and top secret printing process called TATT™, which embeds the design into the case – so no fading or peeling, ever. It all sounds a bit space age really, which we quite like.
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30/11/12 – Click image for link


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Until we dance with Western Kentucky.
Until that dude calls a fake punt on his own 15 yard line.
Until Albert and that sexy little thing, Alberta, return home.
Former USC running back Emmanuel Moody is headed to UF. Moody said the decision between Florida and North Carolina was tough, but he's confident it's the right move. "It's been a very stressful...
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Until the pursuit for a pinky ring begins
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Until all of the training pays off
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With the ban on text messaging recruits, get used to seeing more videos like this from Urban Meyer and staff. In fact, if you haven't checked it out yet, head on over to coachurbanmeyer.com The...
Until George gets your asses up to holler
After casually talking about creating a sports blog for years, me and fellow Florida alum, Hanson, finally put the pen to the paper in April 2007 when we created the obnoxiously unedited site The...
Until the Western Kentucky Hilltoppers ask Percy for mercy in The Swamp.
Incomplete.That was the result of Chris Leak's first and only pass thus far as a professional quarterback, as the Bears edged the Colts 27-24 Monday night.As expected, Leak's playing time--or lack...
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