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William Armstrong (Virginia)
William Armstrong (December 23, 1782 – May 10, 1865) was a U.S. Representative from Virginia.
Born in Lisburn, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, Armstrong immigrated to the United States in 1792 with his parents, who settled in Virginia. He studied law in Winchester, Virginia before becoming a United States tax collector in 1818 and 1819.
Armstrong served as member of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1822 and 1823 and then was elected as an Adamsite Democratic-Republican to the Nineteenth and Twentieth Congresses and as a National Republican to the Twenty-first and Twenty-second Congresses (March 4, 1825 – March 3, 1833). After leaving Congress, he engaged in the tavern business in Romney, Virginia (present-day West Virginia) until 1862. He died in Keyser, West Virginia on May 10, 1865 and was buried in Indian Mound Cemetery in Romney.
- William Armstrong at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- William Armstrong at Find-A-Grave
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
- 1782 births
- 1865 deaths
- Burials at Indian Mound Cemetery
- Businesspeople from Virginia
- Businesspeople from West Virginia
- Kingdom of Ireland emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
- Members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
- Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
- People from Keyser, West Virginia
- People from Lisburn
- People from Romney, West Virginia
- Virginia National Republicans
- National Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives


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411's Countdown To WrestleMania 29: The Top 10 WrestleMania Matches of the 2000s
Posted by
Nick Sellers
on 04.04.2013
From the Rock vs. Hogan at WrestleMania X-8 and Shawn Michaels vs. Ric Flair to Triple H vs. the Undertaker and more, 411's Nick Sellers counts down the top 10 WrestleMania matches of the '00s!
Canvas Critiques #Special Edition - Wrestlemania in the 00's
When you think of Wrestlemania, it's easy to look at the earlier years. And with good reason, because the likes of Hulk Hogan, Andre The Giant, Randy Savage and Ultimate Warrior gave us some classic moments and formed the very foundation for the future of the event which would become an annual phenomenon.
If you've ever had the privilege of attending a Wrestlemania yourself, you'll no doubt appreciate the grandeur, the atmosphere, the pilgrimage that makes it so unique. I was lucky enough to finally attend my first Wrestlemania in 2011, and while admittedly it wasn't the best of shows, the whole atmosphere and fun to be had on Wrestlemania weekend is quite brilliant.
Whilst the early years of Wrestlemania will live long in the memory, I don't think the more recent editions of the event have been given nearly enough kudos. The likes of Shawn Michaels, The Rock, Triple H, Undertaker, Ric Flair and John Cena to name a few have busted a gut to make sure the Grandaddy of 'em all keeps standing out as the biggest and best event on not just the wrestling calender, but one of the biggest events on the entertainment calender altogether.
The following top ten list is entirely subjective, and as is usually the case with these kind of entries it could ruffle one or two feathers. Still, here's my top ten bouts, all must-see's if you can track them down.
10) Triple H vs Undertaker II w/HBK as guest referee- Wrestlemania 28
The most recent match on the countdown. All the dynamics here came into play brilliantly, and HBK's involvement throughout added to it a great deal.
The hell in a cell stipulation gave them license to basically go out there and batter each other, and the dialogue used with the close ups was something we're not used to seeing, a brilliant approach. It totally eclipsed their effort from the year before and certainly their effort 11 years prior at Wrestlemania 17.
Strangely, most now remember the post-match show of respect and walk back up the ramp between the three people involved rather than most of the match itself, but images like that are big Wrestlemania moments in themselves, and it was a fitting conclusion for all three of them at the end of one of WWE's best ever story arcs.
To me, it would've been the perfect way to end the streak too. That would've truly lived up to its 'End of an Era' billing and also sent out Taker on a very impressive figure, and on a great match to boot. Not that I don't think his match with CM Punk could be good, but unless they ever go for Cena/Taker at the event, I don't think you'll elicit the same kind of emotion from an Undertaker match again.
9) The Rock vs Stone Cold Steve Austin III – Wrestlemania 19
The final chapter of one of WWE's most epic rivalries. The actual legacy of this match didn't become as significant until the days, months and years following it. At the time, it was rightly hailed as just a fantastic match between two of the best to ever lace up the boots.
Later however, we begin to appreciate the match and the effort of the performers more. Austin had returned to the company after a falling out in 2002, but his body was causing him big problems. The night before the show, Austin was in hospital.
It was also one of The Rock's last matches, or at least one of the last matches whilst he had enjoyed a full-time spell on the road with the WWE. His Hollywood career was taking off, so as a result he had more time off of the WWE's broadcasts. On the plus side, this led to his heel "Hollywood Rock" persona which gave us some memorable moments, least of all this match.
The match itself was typical Rock/Austin goodness: Back and forth, full of piss and vinegar and with a gripping finale. Austin bows out of the ring with one great last match and The Rock goes on to evolve outside of the ring. It closes one career and signals a change in career direction for another. A fitting end to an iconic rivalry.
8) John Cena vs Shawn Michaels – Wrestlemania 23
Surprisingly, this is John Cena's only entry on my top ten countdown. Not surprisingly, this isn't the last we'll see of Shawn Michaels.
Cena's momentum at this point was in full swing. He'd already been WWE's new poster boy for some time. The split crowds were heavily talked about, but to his eternal credit he was putting in consistently brilliant bouts. You could argue he was at the top of his game.
HBK had enjoyed a profitable 2006 after he reunited with Triple H. DX were a force to be reckoned with throughout the year, but had suffered a setback at the start of '07 when HHH wound up on the treatment table.
Originally, HHH was supposedly slotted in to take on Cena again, a rematch from their bout at last year's event. Who should replace him but his own partner, Mr.Wrestlemania himself.
This match proved two things. One, it proved that John Cena was unquestionably the man. It's a torch he still holds today, virtually untouchable in the industry as it's top dog. Two, it proved that Shawn Michaels is without a doubt one of the greatest, if not THE greatest performers of all time. The match itself is fantastic, more than worthy of headlining a Wrestlemania. Plenty of good back and forth action with some brilliant false finishes.
You genuinely believed that HBK could take the title. The result in the end was the right one however, and Cena would go on to hold the title until later that winter before finally surrendering it, having held it for nearly 13 months.
7) Shawn Michaels vs Undertaker I – WWE Wrestlemania 25
Another Michaels epic. This rivalry mainly started around 2007, when these two found themselves duking it out as the last two in the Royal Rumble match. At least that's when fans first started clamouring for a match between the two. There could only be one place for such an occasion, and sure enough it was Wrestlemania's 25th anniversary.
I think it's fair to say that as great as Undertaker's effort was, that Shawn stole this match. His selling and the way he gave every ounce of energy his body had were just fantastic. As streak matches go, you genuinely got sucked into believing he had a chance of stopping it.
Michaels' athleticism combined brilliantly with Undertaker's raw power, making for what both men could call their finest WWE outing and not be questioned if they chose to do so. Utterly gripping match, and the precursor for arguably the best rematch/sequel ever.
6) Triple H vs Shawn Michaels vs Chris Benoit – WWE Wrestlemania XX
Chris Benoit will now, sadly, be remembered for totally the wrong reasons. But here was the Benoit that most people knew, the supremely talented wrestler who was technically the most gifted of his generation. Triple H and Shawn Michaels had their own storied rivalry at this point, so this was as much a culmination of their feud as it Benoit's moment in the sun.
Triple threat matches are often hard to get right. Getting all three performers to click and gel together to produce a classic is no mean feat. As good as Benoit was, he'd never headlined an event on this type of scale before. Triple H wasn't exactly on his best form, past injuries looking like they were taking their toll. HBK was barely getting back into a full-time wrestling schedule again after returning from back surgery. Would his body hold up for another Wrestlemania main event?
Needless to say, it's a fantastic triple threat match. It signaled a changing of the guard too, as WWE decided to go against type and give Benoit a shot on top. Ditto Eddie Guerrero, who'd retained his WWE title earlier in the night against Kurt Angle.
HHH proved he was still one of the best. HBK proved he'd gotten over his injury and was back on top form. Benoit proved he could cut it in the WWE's main event scene. All three proved that triple threat matches, when done right, can be tremendous.
5) Edge & Christian vs The Hardyz vs The Dudleyz – WWE Wrestlemania 2000
Not long prior to this contest, The New Age Outlaws were top of the pile in the tag division. These three teams had a healthy rivalry, but not for the gold. That is until The Dudleyz took the tag crowns from the Outlaws in the Wrestlemania run up.
The Hardyz and The Dudleyz had already discovered that putting an enemy through a table was quite a sound tactic when you're at war with somebody, and this added another ingredient to a match that, quite simply, defined one of the core aspects of what made the Attitude era so eye-catching.
This was basically a TLC match, or at least the precursor to them. Many argue their match a year later at Wrestlemania 17 was better, but I still tip this one because of how revolutionary it was. These six men raised the bar so high that it was always going to be a struggle to repeat in terms of quality and violence.
Whilst the main event of the show wasn't bad, this unquestionably is the match people remember when talking about this event. And rightly so, because it's a belter. All six would be set for life after this, and while they've all taken different paths they at least enjoyed varying degrees of success from it, with three of them going on to lift World titles and/or enjoy high profile feuds and matches.
4) The Rock vs Hulk Hogan – Wrestlemania 18
I think this quote from Jerry Lawler at the start of the bout sums things up nicely, as does the "Icon vs Icon" tagline given to the match:
"We'll never see Tyson vs Ali, we'll never see Babe Ruth vs Barry Bonds, but we ARE going to get to witness The Rock and The Hulk!"
Nevermind Cena vs The Rock, this is the ultimate case of wrestling generations colliding. It was also the first time Hogan had appeared in front of a partisan WWF crowd at Wrestlemania in several years. Incredibly, the Toronto crowd were fully behind Hogan.
The match itself would never have been a technical classic, nor should it have been. It's still a decent brawl in its own right, but this match is all about the crowd and how they were whipped up into a frenzy I'm not sure we've ever really seen since. From Hogan's first movements, throwing Rock across the ring and posing just like his early red and yellow days, from kicking out of a Rock Bottom and actually Hulking up again for the first time in a while, the nostalgia levels were through the roof and you couldn't help but get sucked in.
For Hogan, it's arguably his last great match. He'd keep wrestling after this and enjoyed a memorable run with the company, even winning the WWE title, but never again would he wrestle a match with as much energy as this. It's an epic match, a real moment in time if you like, and yet another example of why Wrestlemania is truly wrestling's greatest showcase when booked compellingly and properly.
3) Shawn Michaels vs Ric Flair – Wrestlemania 24
Another HBK entry, another emotionally gripping and completely awe-inspiring match.
Ric Flair's career was slowly but surely coming to an end. In the storyline, Mr.McMahon had decreed that the next time Flair loses, he retires. After HBK announced that Flair was the first inductee into the Hall of Fame that year, Flair then challenged HBK to a match at Wrestlemania, because he wanted to have one great last match. "If I cant compete with the best, I don't want to continue."
HBK went from being the supportive friend, to being the man who was going to put "Old Yella" out of his misery. Shawn, as per usual at Wrestlemania, produced a bona-fide classic. Credit too must go to Flair, who, frankly, wrestled like it was the last time he'd ever step foot in the ring.
You could argue Flair's subsequent TNA appearances diminished the legacy of this match somewhat, but purely because of the performances of both men I really don't think you can. HBK literally broke a rib in trying to make this match as great as possible and send Ric out in style. Ric himself really stepped it up a gear and put in a strong performance akin to that of his prime years.
Watching live back in 2008, you couldn't help but cringe over every pinfall, every submission, every moment where it looked like Flair would lose. Live, it was an emotional rollercoaster, and its a testament to both men that it's still an emotional watch. Wrestling at it's best.
2) The Rock vs Stone Cold Steve Austin II – Wrestlemania 17
The second Rock/Austin match on our countdown, and the match that defined the WWE's greatest ever card, Wrestlemania 17.
The match marked Austin's return to the Wrestlemania main event scene after several months out on the sidelines and his subsequent rise back up the card. The pre-match interview segment saw Austin say to his foe "I NEED to beat you Rock. I need it more than you could ever imagine."
He'd go on to prove this, growing increasingly frustrated by Rock's refusal to lay down and die. Austin even turned his to oldest rival, Mr.McMahon to help him get the job done.
It's the epitome of an epic back and forth contest befitting two of the absolute best ever, let alone the best two wrestlers of that time period. An absolutely incredible story, with a red hot crowd, a much talked about ending and arguably the match that waved goodbye to WWF's glorious attitude era.
Again, not a technical classic, but a wild brawl in which Rock in particular took a crazy beating. For Austin, it was a fitting change for his character ark. No longer could he be as dominant as he was in years prior, injuries had taken care of this. Knowing full well that he wouldn't be able to finish off Rock lightly, he had to take every step he could to regain the WWF title, even if it meant alienating his loyal fanbase. It's little touches like this that add to the theme and help make a classic. Great card, great main event.
1) Undertaker vs Shawn Michaels II – Wrestlemania 26
Two men who totally epitomise all that is wonderful about Wrestlemania, especially post-2000, fittingly close the countdown. HBK's final match, and by far one of his very best.
It's also arguably Undertaker's finest ever Wrestlemania outing. The beauty of streak matches, especially in recent years, has been the ability of the performers to make the audience second guess themselves. In the build-up, you just KNOW Undertaker isn't losing. You KNOW he's chalking up another win. There's no way they'll let (Insert worker here) end the streak…right?
Then the match gets going, and suddenly you don't know what to think. As the match progresses, the false finishes make you lose any kind of pre-conceptions you had going into it. The beauty of this match though was that not only was the streak on the line, but so too was HBK's career, therefore both men had the crowd in absolute agony, the good kind, throughout. On the one hand you didn't really want to see the biblical and prestigious streak end, but who in their right mind wanted to see a performer of Michaels' calibre have his career ended?
The drama was off the charts. As with their bout a year prior, they tore the house down, proving their worth as two of WWE's most valuable commodities. As emotional contests go, you'd be hard-pressed to top this. It evoked all of the elements that make the WWE the world's greatest promotion on it's day- The match itself, the red-hot crowd, the story culmination, everything. It's a perfect match, bringing the curtain down on one of the most storied careers in the industry.
And there's my top ten. There are numerous other contenders that you may well feel should've made the grade. John Cena only features once, Stone Cold only features twice, both against The Rock. Should TLC II at Wrestlemania 17 have made the grade? How about Brock Lesnar and Kurt Angle's Wrestlemania 19 main event in Seattle? Pissy about Angle/Michaels from 'Mania 21 not getting on there or even HBK/Jericho?
If there's any conclusion I can come to from this, it's that Shawn Micheals is unquestionably the best Wrestlemania performer of the 21st century to date. Not all of his matches made it, but there isn't a bad one among them. Even the streetfight with Vince was something a little different. And although he didn't actually compete per say, he still played a vital role in the HHH/Undertaker bout from last year, still proving his chops as an entertainer of the highest level.
The event itself has grown too, recording some impressive PPV buyrates and since Wrestlemania 22 in Chicago's Allstate arena, it's been held in bigger stadiums on a regular basis. Like the first Wrestlemania some 20+ years ago, more and more celebrities are taking part in the event, much to the chagrin of some fans, which only serves to further raise it's profile.
This year should be no different.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Volleyball holds off ETSU, 3-1
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Senior outside hitter Brooke Singleton tallied a match-high 17 kills and 10 digs while senior libero Shelley Walroth finished with a match-high 23 digs to lead the JU volleyball team to a 3-1 (25-20, 19-25, 25-21, 28-26) win over ETSU, Friday evening in the A-Sun "Match of the Week" at Swisher Gymnasium.
JU (11-5, 7-2), which now holds its longest winning streak under head coach Shaun Kupferberg, increased its streak to eight matches and its program record home winning streak to 12 (5-0 this season). The Dolphins hit a match-high .250 and tallied eight service aces, including two consecutive aces by sophomore middle blocker Kathryn Kane to seal the victory.
ETSU (6-11, 5-4) bounced back with a dominant win in set two and finished with a match-high seven team blocks but could not take advantage of 14 service errors by the Dolphins.
"ETSU really made us earn our victory tonight," said Kupferberg. "They are a much better team than when we last saw them and they played great defense all night. We have been playing with some injuries and then some more popped up during the match. Luckily, we were able to push through and come up with a big win."
Senior middle blocker Nicki Kent has been limited with a knee injury but was pressed into service when freshman middle blocker Alison Loeppky left the match in set two with a finger injury. Kane, who also has been playing with an ankle injury, was also used often at the net to make up for the lost bodies.
Walroth, who tallied her eighth 20 dig performance of the year, is now 39 digs shy of cracking the top 25 all-time in NCAA history.
Along with Singleton, junior outside hitter Aidan Yeager finished with 16 kills and a team-best .371 (16-3-35) hitting percentage. Junior outside hitter Brittany Lehman also added 12 kills, seven digs and four blocks. Junior Hannah Munneke added a double-double (55 assists, 10 digs) while sophomore defensive specialist Ashley August helped the defense with 10 digs. Kent also chipped in with eight kills, a .357 (8-3-14) hitting percentage and two blocks.
Whitney Cogburn led the Lady Bucs with 11 kills and 11 digs while Alysa Long added 10 kills and a match-high .529 (10-1-17) hitting percentage. Amanda Youell paced the offense with 38 assists while adding eight digs and three blocks. Jen Neice (15 digs), Lauren Baufield (13 digs) and Dani Howe (10 digs) also contribute to the ETSU defense.
In the first set, both teams battled through five ties until JU used a 5-0 run to take a 12-7 advantage after a bad set by Youell. ETSU would answer with a 5-0 run, capped by a block assist by Youell and Alysa Long, to even the contest once again (12-12). Both teams would go through five more ties until the Dolphins used a 5-0 run, fueled by three consecutive attack error by the Lady Bucs, to make it 24-19. After an attack error by JU, the Dolphins took a 1-0 lead in the match after a kill by senior middle blocker Nicki Kent.
In the second frame, both teams went through three ties until ETSU used a 3-0 run to open up a 6-3 advantage on an ace by Jen Neice. After a kill by Yeager, the Bucs used a 4-0 run to push the lead to 9-4 on a block assist by Youell and McKayle Barber. After a service error by Cogburn, ETSU used a 4-0 run to make it 13-5 after an attack error by the Dolphins. ETSU increased the lead to 16-7 after another attack error by JU and both teams would trade points until a block by Kent and Lehman cut the margin to 24-19. ETSU would even the match, 1-1, heading into the break after a kill by Baufield.
In the third set, ETSU took an early 4-1 lead after a bad set by the Dolphins but JU answered with a 4-1 run to even the match (5-5) on a kill by Lehman. Both teams would battle through 11 more ties until JU used a 2-0 run, capped by a kill by Kent, to take a 22-20 advantage. After a kill by Long, the Dolphins ended the set with a 3-0 run to take a 2-1 lead in the match.
In the fourth frame, both teams went through five ties until ETSU used a 3-1 run to open up a 13-10 lead on a kill by Cogburn. JU countered with a 4-1 run, capped by a kill by Yeager, to even the contest once again (14-14). Both teams would endure five more ties until JU used a 3-0 run, capped by an attack error by Cogburn, to open up a 22-19 lead. ETSU answered with a 4-0, capped by Baufield, to take a 23-22 advantage. Both teams would go through four more ties until Kane's back-to-back aces won the match for JU.
JU will continue A-Sun action at home as the Dolphins host Kennesaw State on Saturday at 3 p.m.


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7/16/2012 (2 years ago)
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
I began my search for truth and the meaning of life by taking classes in the humanities, the physical sciences and the social sciences. Although I did not find the answers I was searching for, I did not walk away from these studies empty handed. I did not realize it at the time, but my secular studies prepared me to receive faith on an adult level.
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
7/16/2012 (2 years ago)
Published in Living Faith
Keywords: Faith, Catholic, Church, Christianity, Religion, Secularism, Michael Terheyden
KNOXVILLE, TN (Catholic Online) - My adult journey toward Catholicism began with my search for truth and the meaning of life. As I explained in the introduction to this series, when I began my journey, I was surrounded by secularism. The word "secularism" has two completely different meanings for me. The first has to do with secular studies or knowledge. The other concerns the ideology of secularism. Both meanings played a significant role in my decision to be Catholic.
In this second article of the series, I will reflect on some of my experiences when I undertook secular studies. I began my journey by taking classes in the humanities, the physical sciences and the social sciences. Although I did not find the answers I was searching for, I did not walk away from these studies empty handed. I did not realize it at the time, but my secular studies prepared me to receive faith on an adult level. However, different studies prepared me in different ways.
Take art, for example. Around the same time that people developed a greater interest in the human condition and the secular affairs of this world, Renaissance artists developed a new way to portray the natural world. I am thinking of perspective drawing. This technique enabled artists to represent spatial distances and three dimensions on a two dimensional surface.
Perspective drawing is not only more interesting, dramatic and beautiful for me to look at, I believe, it transforms art, from merely expressing ideas and giving them some permanence, into a whole new way of exploring the physical universe. When I look at Leonardo Da Vinci's notebooks, among other things, I see a man learning and thinking about the structure of matter and space and using this knowledge to understand how things actually work.
While I have never produced a masterpiece, I have experienced this myself and you can too. I was once drawing the connection between a column and a beam in a building. As I was trying to make the drawing look right, I had a flash of insight about matter and its relation to space and gravity. In that same instant, I saw how to correctly line up the column and the beam.
Perspective drawing has not only given me a way to understand certain things about the physical universe, it has given me much more. When I view masterful works of art, especially detailed drawings, they have the power to transport me beyond myself, to open me up to all that is good and beautiful. And the experience makes me richer.
But it is not just art, other secular subjects have also given me much. For instance, it seems to me that mathematics is the language of nature. I have read about mathematicians who say that they see beauty in certain proofs and equations. As for me, I experience this beauty in certain geometric structures.
I find the golden section or the number phi (1.618) fascinating and beautiful. It is a simple proportion that can be used to construct rectangles, spirals, and other geometric shapes. The golden section can be found in many objects in nature: a nautilus seashell, a flower, a human face, a strand of DNA, a galaxy, the path a moth takes when it flies toward a light. It also has many applications in art, architecture and music. Some people believe it has mystical meaning, but that seems too speculative to me.
If math is the language of nature, then science must be its blueprint. I imagine the periodic table found in chemistry classrooms like a blueprint for nature. It contains such a dense amount of abbreviated information on the elements (the basic building blocks of nature) arranged in such a precise logical order that it amazes me to look at it. The quantum mechanical model of an atom also seems like a blueprint, except the energy levels and orbitals of the electrons sometimes remind me of cascading water and the fluid nature of the atom.
I am also amazed by all the detail, precise order, and perfectly timed events associated with embryonic cell development: fertilization, activation and cleavage of a fertilized egg, formation of tissue layers, and organ development. Of course, many times something goes wrong, but it seems like a miracle to me that it has ever gone right.
The immensity and wonderment of it all forces me to pause and give thanksgiving and praise. But to who or what--myself, the state, the science that unveiled these hidden wonders, some impersonal force, a personal being? I knew that was the right question back in my school days; however, I was not ready to answer it. I wanted greater certainty. So I continued with my studies.
History also prepared me to receive faith. Perhaps what influenced me most was learning about the struggle for freedom. I learned that most people throughout history have lived under authoritarian rulers and that this was the cause of much human suffering. In the West, I saw the struggle for freedom emerge under the form of democracy. I first recall its appearance in ancient Greece.
What we would consider a limited democracy arose in Athens, Greece over a 200-year period; however, war with Persia followed by war between Athens and Sparta left Greece in a weakened state. Seeing an opportunity, the Macedonians capitalized on this weakness, gained control of Greece, and united it under the authoritarian rule of Alexander the Great.
Rome also had a flirtation with democracy. But after a time, Rome's leaders became overly self-serving and cooperation between them broke down. This led to civil wars. Although Rome remained too strong to be conquered by outsiders, it became too weak and divided for democratic rule. Consequently, Rome fell into the hands of a dictator.
It took over a thousand years before democracy began to surface again. In the 1100's, King Henry II took steps to objectify England's legal system. In 1215 the nobles successfully pressed King John into signing the Magna Carta. It limited the King's power and subjected him to the law. Although it originally benefited the nobility, it was later extended to all Englishmen. A Great Council was also established. It later evolved into Parliament. Yet, it took many steps and some civil wars before the formal establishment of England's Bill of Rights in 1689.
Further democratic reforms followed along with some setbacks, but by this time England had become a model for the rest of the world. Yet, the desire for freedom remained a difficult and ongoing struggle for most people. The American revolution testifies to this fact, as does France's bitter revolution and many others. And the struggle goes on today, as oppressed peoples around the world continue to struggle for their freedom, and as free nations struggle to maintain their freedom.
To a certain extent, reading history gave me a birds eye view of the life of many individuals and nations. This view left a deep and lasting impact on me. I saw the horror of war and oppression, that good and evil are real, and that human relationships are objectively ordered according to our nature. I saw nations rise and fall depending on their relationship with truth and virtue. I saw good ideas bring prosperity, and I saw bad ideas cause great suffering. Seeing these things taught me the value of freedom, and that it is worth fighting and dying for.
All of these subjects gave me partial answers to my questions. However, this was not good enough. I needed to conduct my search for truth and the meaning of life within a broader context. And I found this in philosophy. Philosophy used the fragments of truth found in other subjects and attempted to unify them through the use of rigorous reasoning. I learned that the branch of philosophy called metaphysics was concerned with searching for truth and the meaning of life.
That sounded like just the thing I needed. Philosophy brought me closer to what I had been searching for. It took me deeper and farther than I had ever been. But in the end, philosophy could only dance around the answers I was searching for. However, learning to dance, taught me the strengths and weaknesses of reason and gave me an abiding love for ideas.
So by the time I completed my secular studies, I still did not have my answers, but I did have other things. I was filled with wonder. Just about everything fascinated me. I also remained hopeful that the answers were out there somewhere. Although I did not realize it at the time, my experiences had enriched me and opened me up to the possibility of life beyond myself; thus, preparing me to receive the gift of faith on an adult level at a future place and time.
Of course, not all the ideas I was exposed to were positive. Some were confusing and rather dark. In addition, like all of us, I have had to struggle with the secular ideology that has achieved dominance in Western civilization. But I will save these discussions for my next article.
Michael Terheyden was born into a Catholic family, but that is not why he is a Catholic. He is a Catholic because he believes that truth is real, that it is beautiful and good, and that the fullness of truth is in the Catholic Church. However, he knows that God's grace operating throughout his life is the main reason he is a Catholic. He is greatly blessed to share his faith and his life with his beautiful wife, Dorothy. They have four grown children and three grandchildren.
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When Francis began his service from the chair of Peter, much hoopla filled the media about some alleged softening in the opposition of the Catholic Church to what are dismissively referred to as complicated "moral issues" such as abortion. Sadly, even some in the ... continue reading
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Catholic Online is heavily invested in bringing you world class news delivered from the Catholic perspective. This service is provided for free and we intend for it to remain free for the foreseeable future. However, it comes at a cost and right now, we need each ... continue reading
By Deacon Keith A Fournier
The Church is a seed, sign and beginning of the kingdom, making the kingdom present in a world which is wounded by the effects of sin but waiting to be born anew. The Lord continues His work through us. We are the workers in His vineyard. It matters little what ... continue reading
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
The Leadership Conference of Women Religious, or LCWR is comprised of Catholic women religious who are leaders of their orders in the United States. The group represents about 80 percent of the 51,600 women religious in the U.S. However, relations between the ... continue reading
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Answering a wide array of questions, which included the proper response to the persecution of Christians and other religious minorities by fundamentalists of the Islamic State in Iraq, Pope Francis said that "it is legitimate to halt the unjust aggressor." ... continue reading
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Pope Francis, in his first trip to Asia, addressed South Korean political and civic leaders and encouraged them to stay on a steady course towards social justice and democracy. "Peace is not simply the absence of war, but the work of justice," the Pope said in ... continue reading
By Deacon Keith A Fournier
St. Paul was an extraordinary man and an extraordinary Christian. An Apostle, raised up out of the ordinary course, he accomplished great things for the Lord as he eagerly responded to His calling to build the Church and, through her, to help change the world. A ... continue reading
By Deacon F. K. Bartels
What God has promised on the last day for those he loves, he has already accomplished in the Virgin Mary. Let us turn to Mary and love her as our spiritual Mother in the order of grace; let us open our hearts to her Immaculate Heart, that she may illuminate her ... continue reading
By Deacon Keith A Fournier
This event is a part of the naturally supernatural progression in the life of the Blessed Virgin of Nazareth. Her Yes, her Fiat of surrendered love, brought heaven to earth. This exercise of her human freedom, responding to the invitation of God, as sent through ... continue reading
By Tony Magliano
The heart wrenching tragedies throughout the Middle East are not the United States' fault, that is, at least not entirely. The fact that many Sunni Muslims and Shiite Muslims distrust each other, that the Allies established artificial national boundaries to suite their ... continue reading


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Mary and Bob
Thanks guys so much!....The church and venue were both beautiful and I am glad I brought that rainbow with me!!. :-)
GMS Photo and Video
Servicing MD, DC, VA, PA, DE
5525 Twin Knolls Road
Unit 330
Columbia, MD 21045 | map
Website: Visit my website »
Blog: Visit my blog »
Style: Contemporary, Photojournalism, Portraiture...
Packages: Albums, Digital Files, Flush Mount, High Resolution...
Liability Insurance: Yes
About Us
GMS Photo and Video is one of the fastest growing, most sought after, wedding production companies serving Maryland, DC, Northern Virginia, Delaware, and Southern Pennsylvania. Our attention to detail, lighting, emotion, and moment separate us from many other photography companies.We prefer to sell quality over quantity.
We understand that weddings are expensive and we try to help as much as possible. Our Basic package is designed for those on a tighter budget with the ability to purchase prints and albums later at the same price you would have paid in the beginning.
We are fun yet very professional and many of our clients will reflect that in our reviews. So if you are looking for a photographer, videographer, or both you should contact us and see who we are and what we have to offer....You won't be disappointed!
Rob, Joalis, Mike, Luigi, and Karen
Associations I Belong To
GMS Photo and Video is a wedding Photography and Video Production Company from Baltimore. We service weddings throughout the local area, including Maryland, DC, and Virginia, Delaware New Jersey, Pennsylvania. GMS Photo and Video is a professional wedding Photography and Video Company that has been part of the Maryland, DC Virginia, Delaware, New Jersey. Pennsylvania wedding industry for 10 years. We specialize in Photography, Video.


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Congrats to Bryan Judkins, ACD/Copywriter of Young & Laramore.
[via 10ad]
Winner of "The Best Copy I've Seen In An Ad Today" Contest
April 11, 2008 By 1 Comment
Native Nebraskan seeking the perfect pale ale in the Pacific Northwest. Copywriter and brand strategist at Bonehook. Co-founder and editor of AdPulp.
nice copy, but the art direction is trying too hard. Makes the ad feel student-y.
AdPulp offers an inside look at today's leading MarCom issues, plus an eclectic sampling of creative output from brands and agencies around the world. The site was co-founded in October 2004 by copywriter David Burn and marketing technologist Shawn Hartley. Copywriter, Dan Goldgeier, joined the team soon thereafter.
Reach industry influencers with a job post on AdPulp's Job Board.
Great rates
- $50 for 7 days
- $75 for 14 days
- $100 for 30 days
Or pay .49 per match and reach a wider audience c/o JobThread's board.
Copyright © 2014 AdPulp.com. All Rights Reserved.


text: Personalised Leather Tablet Case Gift by Noble Macmillan £98$182.31€127.51$169.58 In stock FREE mainland UK delivery - Order now and receive this item on or before Friday 5 September FREE mainland UK deliveryEstimated delivery: up to 4 days UK delivery only colourcolour (required)PinkMarinacolour (required)PinkMarinacolour (required)PinkMarinacolour (required)PinkMarina personalisaiton (text only) personalisation colour personalisation colour goldsilverpersonalisation colour goldsilverpersonalisation colour goldsilverpersonalisation colour goldsilver quantity by Noble Macmillan Location: London, GB read seller's profile see seller's complete range more items from this seller Personalised Leather Jewellery Roll £110$204.64€143.13$190.35 Leather Passport Cover £80$148.83€104.09$138.44 Leather Cover For iPad Three £198$368.35€257.63$342.63 Cosmetics Case £80$148.83€104.09$138.44 Keep Calm Travel Card Holder £24$44.64€31.22$41.53 Folding Travel Wallet £150$279.06€195.18$259.57 view all you may also like PRODUCT DETAILS DELIVERY RETURNS Made in Britain can be personalised gift wrapping available ask seller a question This beautiful, leather personalised case for iPad 2 and iPad 3 makes a brilliant present. An ideal way to say thank you, happy birthday or congratulations! Handmade by the finest craftsmen in a village deep in the south of Spain. You can make it personal by engraving pretty much anything you want onto the front of the iPad case. The personalisation will be stamped in the centre in silver or gold in our unique gotham font. Making sure it stands out from the crowds! This leather case is the perfect way to keep your iPad safe without compromising on style. The lint free interior ensures the screen of your iPad will not scratch. Available in Mocha (sold out), Pink and Marina. This case will fit the iPad 2 and 3. We can print a logo for a £100 initial charge and then £5 per case. To discuss your business gift needs, enquire about product personalisation and place your order please contact our dedicated business gift service team on 0844 745 9626 or by submitting a 'contact me' form on the corporate gift home page. made from: Leather dimensions: 21 x 26cm product code: 201778 This product is dispatched to you by Noble Macmillan. MAINLAND UK order now and receive this item on or before price Free Delivery Friday 5 September FREEFREEFREEFREE NON-MAINLAND UK estimated delivery price Highlands & Islands of Scotland 2-5 daysfrom dispatch £1.75$3.25€2.27$3.02 INTERNATIONAL DELIVERY estimated delivery price Not currently available for this region You have 28 days, from receipt of cancellable goods, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item. Please note: goods that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements, perishable products and personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken are non-refundable, unless faulty. Read more about our returns policy.Should you choose to return or exchange your order you will need to deliver the item(s) to the UK, where this seller is based. Noble Macmillan's return policy


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The town of Berwick will hire outside legal representation when they seek financial relief from BP over oil spill claims.
The town passed a resolution to retain lawyers Sam Gabb and Russell Stutes Junior. Berwick is looking for payments for economic damage after the 2010 oil spill in the Gulf. The attorneys will notify BP under "the oil pollution act of claims" to recover sales tax losses because of the spill.
Stutes and Gabb will analyze the town's sales tax records from 1994 to 2012 to determine exactly how much revenue Berwick missed out on.
1808 Eraste Landry Rd, PO Box 90665,
Telephone: 337.981.4823
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- Aug 8:
- Colorado moves on flood debris removal, watershed restoration
- Aug 1:
- Sixteen communities, 4 counties get $12 million in flood grants
- Jun 8:
- Large parts of Colorado reject federal flood insurance program
- May 8:
- Colorado floods recovery: Fishing, tourism count on health of state's rivers
- Apr 27:
- Race is on to beat snowmelt in areas pummeled by fall's Colorado flood
- Mar 30:
- Jeffco homeowners vexed by new flood-map spurred insurance spikes
- Mar 25:
- No easy fix on federal flood insurance
An 83-year-old man was standing on the edge of Clear Creek in Idaho Springs when the bank, weakened by flooding, gave way beneath him. He tumbled into the stream and was swept away, authorities say.
Carroll "CT" White's body was discovered Monday about three miles downstream. He is survived by a son, Brian White, who lives in California.
White was one of eight people killed or presumed dead during the past week of flooding in Colorado.
White's biggest love was racing stock cars. He won many trophies with his prized 1936 Plymouth, said his ex-wife, Mary Arlene Reeder, 81.
White had worked for many years at the Coors plant in Golden and he later worked for the Colorado Department of Transportation. He worked as an "avalanche shooter" for a period of time. He would fire cannons to trigger avalanches under controlled conditions near Interstate 25, she said.
"We went to school together in Idaho Springs," Reeder said. "He was born there and lived there all his life."
White loved the outdoors. He was fastidious to a fault.
Every day he packed his lunch box with an identical meal for decades: one sandwich with two slices of bologna with lettuce on white bread, a banana and two Oreo cookies, she said.
Kirk Mitchell: 303-954-1206, firstname.lastname@example.com or twitter.com/kmitchelldp


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Stuart Cassells
Young Piper of Scotland
We currently have no biography for this artist. You can contribute biographical information for Stuart Cassells to Wikipedia, the user-contributed encyclopedia. If you know that a biography for Stuart Cassells already exists in Wikipedia, you can add a link to Stuart Cassells's entry in MusicBrainz.
Links & Information
- Last.fm page on Stuart Cassells
- MusicBrainz entry on Stuart Cassells
Links & information come from MusicBrainz. You can add or edit information about Stuart Cassells at musicbrainz.org. Find out more about our use of this data. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.


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2012 Top 40 Restaurants in the U.S. " Vie
Paul Virant
Western Springs, IL
Springboarding off successful stints at two of the Midwest's top restaurants, Blackbird and Everest, Paul Virant offers his seasonal contemporary American cuisine at this establishment nestled into the Chicago suburb of Western Springs. The chef's mentors range from Alice Waters to Jacques Pépin, while his inspiration is drawn from the rustic Illinois farms that surround him to pickling techniques passed down from both his grandmothers.
Read GAYOT.com's restaurant review of Vie
Other Restaurants
Check out the 2014 edition of GAYOT's Annual Restaurant Issue, which features the Top 40 Restaurants in the U.S., Rising Chefs and more.
At the Top 10 Fried Chicken Spots in the U.S., you can tuck into the best renditions of this staple of Southern comfort food.


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The Simsboro boys fell to Madison Prep Wednesday night in the Class B state championship game, 53-37. Simsboro had the daunting task of slowing down the Chargers big man, Jarrell Martin, a 6-7 LSU commit.
Martin sat out for parts of the first half after quickly getting two fouls but showed why he is a D-I recruit in the second half.
The Class 1A state title game between Arcadia and Country Day's boys teams tips off Thursday at 2 p.m.
320 Division Street
P.O. Box 1490
Lake Charles, LA 70601/70602
Phone: 337-439-9071
Fax: 337-437-7600
FCC Public File
Closed Captioning


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Find out what Dr Susan Dundas, Child Psychiatrist at the Hincks-Dellcrest Centre, has to say on the topic of fear based responses in children.
It's important for parents to manage their pre-trip anxiety.
The experience of reading with your kids has a sweetness that is unmatched - just ask these famous parents!
Is your child really incapable of some tasks, or just brilliant at playing dumb?
I'm nervous about my four year-old being around water. What can I do t o help both her and my confidence?
Find out what Dr Marshall Korenblum, Psychiatrist-in-Chief at the Hincks-Dellcrest Centre, has to say on the topic of medication for a child's mental health problem.
I have paid more than my share of dental bills over the years, so I'll do just about anything to encourage my children to take good care of their teeth. A good electric toothbrush is one of the easiest ways to ensure their teeth get a proper cleaning.
Dr Diane Philipp, Child Psychiatrist at the Hincks-Dellcrest Centre, provides helpful information on this important question.
Do your kids spend too much time indoors? Check out ParticipACTION's Play List of 24 outdoor activities for kids to do before age 12.
The importance of play time away from television and computer screens.


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Are you a TV Fanatic?
Sign up for our daily newsletter to receive personalized television news for free!
Juliet pregnant??? Who does she have a baby with?
That´s Serena and Damien
yes i sure its damian
i think she kissed damien, the drug dealer guy, at boarding school.
?? maybe??
The guy that Serena kissed was Ben if i'm not mistaken?
I dont think its Nate Were probably going into Serena's past....look at the uniforms.
She is kissing somebody from highschool?
who kissed who in 0:07 ? Looks a bit like nate and serena..
the beginning of the promo looks more like a trailer of a movie exciting!!promo!! ps:
what does Chuck say? something about a friendship? at 0.04


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Charles Mann put Georgia on his back with a career-high 29 points as the Bulldogs come from behind to defeat Vermont 63-56.
Dawgs: Searching For Billy Edelin, one of SB Nation's college hoops communities, ranks the Georgia Bulldogs seventh in a list of the 25 most intriguing teams, thanks to Trey Thompkins staying,...
More praise for NBA rookie Darren Collison, the UCLA Bruin alum who was an ultimate Ben Ball warrior, serving as a corner stone of great Ben Howland teams in recent years.
Now that recruiting is over and schedules are starting to trickle out, it's time to take a ridiculously early look at the 2010 NCAA Tourney bracket.
The Knicks are after the 28th pick, among others. What follows is anyone's guess.
Documenting the leads teams took over UNC in the tournament.
Recounting UNC-LSU from the stadium.
Kentucky vs. LSU game 5 of the SEC basketball tournament 2009 -- postmortem.
In football it would be unheard of...only one SEC team in the Top 25! Basketball, not so much. LSU is the lone representative in this BCS Conference. LSU has run through the Southeastern...
SEC Power Poll Round Table.
A quick round up of the days' news for Tennessee Volunteer fans.
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Up to 22% Off Gift BoxesGet This Offer
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Get the Latest Lindt Vouchers Direct to your Inbox
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Enjoy delicious dark chocolate at Lindt. Shop right now to receive up to 20% off.
Offers for Lindt were lasted updated Saturday 16 August 2014 02:35
Not valid on gift vouchers, third party sellers or delivery charges and cannot be combined with other offers. Other exclusions may apply.
To redeem one of the various discounts on a Lindt purchase, simply take the following steps:
1. Browse the catalogue available online – lindt-shop.ch - and choose the product you like most.
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4. Enjoy your shopping for less!
Lindt doesn't stop at simply selling their chocolate to its customers, but they also want to make sure they all make the most of its delicious taste. In their website's special section called "Recipes", Lindt lists a variety of things you can do with their chocolate:
Because you never know when you might crave some good chocolate, Lindt has to be prepared at any time – during the day, as well as the night and even on their mobile app. That's right – now you don't need to turn your laptop on so you can order delicacies. If you own an iPhone or iPad, you can choose your favourite chocolates directly on your mobile device, using the brand-new application.
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Alternatively, you can browse the discounts and voucher codes available through the MyVoucherCodes app. It's never been easier to buy on-the-go!
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Lindts Annual Stock Up And Save Sale at Lindt
Buy Any Two 19 oz Bags For $25 at Lindt
Buy One Bag And Get Another For $5 at


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Members: 4979
Series: 188
Stories: 4480
Chapters: 19311
Word count: 43629111
Authors: 1205
Reviews: 28815
Reviewers: 1329
Newest Member: Antwonette
Challenges: 144
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Who's Online:
Guests: 11
After a rather disastrous encounter with a powerful metal mangling mutant by the name of Magneto, Logan 'Wolverine' Howlett finds himself in a strange place where legends walk, elves are not Santa's helpers, and Dark Lords bind themselves to pretty golden rings. He tries to make sense of everything, but he seems to cause more problems than solve them. Will he be able to deal with it, and will he ever get home?


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Video Review: State of Decay
http://www.destructoid.com//ul/user/3/36745-269703-stateofdecaylogojpg-620x.jpg State of Decay is a game...a game about zombies...there haven't been many of those...right? Of course the truth is... more
http://www.destructoid.com//ul/user/3/36745-269703-stateofdecaylogojpg-620x.jpg State of Decay is a game...a game about zombies...there haven't been many of those...right? Of course the truth is... more
Here is a quick video version of Jim Sterling's review of Remember Me. THIS IS NOT MY WORK!! I only edited together the footage and recorded the review that was written by Jim. Some people li... more
Concern regarding violence in games is nothing new. Usually the conflict comes from outside of the industry in the form of congressmen, parents and lawyers claiming games have a severely detrim... more
WARNING! VIDEO CONTAINS MATURE CONTENT (Violence / Gore) It's that time again. I took a little bit of time to look through my catalogue of games, reached in and pulled out three gems. This tim... more
Radiata Stories was one of my favorite offerings of the PS2 generation, and it deserve more attention than it got. I decided to pay tribute to this fantastic game in the form of a quick video r... more
Ever wonder if it's possible to write and record a review while suffering the effects of various cold medicines and anti-biotics? Let's find out shall we?!? This time we take a look at one of m... more
(Made with loving juiciness by Michael Towns) more
Over the last decade weve been lucky enough to see the game industry change from a focused and bro-centric market to a much broader market that encompasses children and retired grandmothers.... more
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBDgBMQ0VVs The Xbox 360, Wii and PS3 generation has produced some great games, but not all of them got the attention they deserve. Hidden Gems is a (hopefully) mu... more
http://youtu.be/5Zt7wQzznv4 It's important to note that the game is still under development and likely has a number of improvements in store for future updates. That being said, please enjoy our... more
EA's handling of Simcity has been one of the biggest cluster-poops in recent memory. It's one thing to have a problem, fess up to it and try to fix it...but it's an entirely different thing to ... more
Indie Spirit is loosely defined as a style of game development which tends to be more free flowing and artistic than traditional triple A game development. This fosters unique ideas that seem... more
Let's take a moment and pretend that it's the 1980's and arcades aren't just a relic of a lost generation. Now, imagine you're in charge of one such arcade. Sound like fun? You'll just have to ... more
Hotline Miami has received a lot of attention lately for being somewhat of an indie darling on the PC and with the game gearing up for a PSN release, we figured now is a good time for the AO c... more
Does the Real Texas keep it real and deliver a compelling gameplay experience...guess you'll just have to watch and find out. Please excuse my voice sounding slightly off. I've been rather il... more
There have been an influx of indie titles being released for the PC market in recent years and with all of those releases, it's sometimes hard to separate the wheat from the chaff. Does 10,000,00... more
In honor of the game's Steam release, here is a quick video review of Mark Of The Ninja. Enjoy. http://youtu.be/W-_K_dMGDqo more
Like it or not, Square Enix's "Core Online" is very possibly how we will be seeing our games offered in the future. It makes a lot of sense to deliver games in this fashion from the developer, ... more
You hear a lot of great success stories from the indie game development scene. It's fun to listen to these stories because they make you feel really good about this industry you've chosen to po... more
It's like Japanese dick girls Like, you're into DRAWINGS of WOMEN WITH DICKS and the dicks are BIGGER THAN THE WOMEN Now, any ONE of those fetishes, fair enough, go for it But all three? You're... more
You can tell it's been too long since I posted a Community Blog as it took me ten fucking minutes to find the right page! Anyway, never mind all that bollocks because I'm trying to talk about PA... more
A quick video review for the Xbox 360 version of Tropico 3. Hope you enjoy it! Let me know what you think! All constructive criticism is much appreciated. more
Hey all you sexy readers! Looking for a good PSP Mini game to slake your platforming lust? How about Monsters (Probably) Stole My Princess? Is it fun enough to earn that $5 that has been burnin... more
Well here it is. Im ready for your white hot nerd rage! BRING IT! I stumbled through the script in a few places and I apologize for that. I promise it wont be as bad in the future. I was just re... more
These days the game industry is overrun with women all too willing to jiggle their naughty bits for your gaming dollar. While there is a place for this kind of thing, gamers really should not let... more
To say I've been doing a lot of fucking talking lately is putting it mildly. Here is another interview I did, which actually happened very shortly after the fallout of the Final Fantasy XIII re... more
O HAI! More shameless self promotion for you. I was recently interviewed on the Original Gamer podcast where we chatted about Destructoid, and the recent controversies that have made yours truly... more
HI GANG! I appeared on ScrewAttack's Sidescrollers podcast this week to discuss my editorial. I chat to Destin L and Stuttering Craig about fandom, old school games, and Sonic's legs being too ... more
When scrounging around the game industry for a profession, I quickly realized that I cannot be the "best" at any of them. No matter what I did, who I befriended or how hard I worked there would b... more
Lets face it. Video game male lead characters are looking more and more like penises with each passing game. Big, white, male, bald and gruff seems to be the checklist for making a lead charact... more


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|Amazon.com Marketplace
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Product Details
Due to precision design and exacting quality control standards, TYC replacement lamps meets SAE/DOT regulations, and are FMVSS 108 compliant. TYC NSF certified lamps further validates the quality through third party, NSF, certification. NSF certified lamps are accepted by many major insurance companies as acceptable replacement for original equipment parts. Each TYC replacement lamp have been manufactured with similar plastics materials as the original equipment and have undergone rigorous testing to ensure that you, the vehicle owner, can use them safely in both day and night. Your vehicle's lamps are an essential part of your vehicle's safety features, and can mean the difference between getting into or avoiding an accident.
Quick Glance
auto make and model: honda, honda odyssey
Product Title: TYC 17-5292-00-1 Honda Odyssey Left Replacement Reflex Reflector
Manufacturer: TYC
Lowest Price: $9.09 from Amazon.com Marketplace
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BONN, Mar 20 (IPS) - Of the endangered species listed for protection under the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) a great many are forest dwellers – West African elephants, gorillas, bats and many birds.
Forest elephants have been described by conservationists as gardeners of the forest. Credit: Richard Ruggiero/USFWS/CC by 2.0
And it is not simply a case of the animals depending on the forest for food and suitable habitat to breed and raise their young — the forest often depends on the animals too.
Conservationist and CMS ambassador Ian Redmond describes elephants and gorillas as "gardeners of the forest". Elephants provide an invaluable service by uprooting trees, thereby making holes on the jungle canopy which allows light to reach plants closer to the ground and encourages their growth.3
Gorillas eat fruit and the seeds pass through their digestive tract to be deposited as fertiliser. Tropical fruit bats also play an important role in the pollination of plants.
Forest ecosystems, the most biodiverse of all terrestrial habitats, are often very finely balanced. The more diverse, the more robust they are and the better they are at doing what we want – and need them – to do.
While usually many species perform the same function, the removal of a top predator, pollinator or seed disperser can set off a chain reaction, with far-reaching consequences.
A reduction in the forest's resilience, increasing the likelihood of further species loss, can impinge on its ability to provide the ecosystem services, such as water purification and the production of oxygen upon which human well-being depends. The livelihoods of as much as a fifth of the world's population are directly linked to forests, which also provide a home for 300 million people.
The presence (or absence) of an animal as significant as elephants can have huge effects on the character of the habitat, as has been demonstrated by comparing two similar forest landscapes in Uganda.
Douglas Sheil and Agus Salim Center for International Forestry Research, Jakarta, Indonesia found in 2004 that the patterns of succession and regeneration in Budungo forest, which has no elephants, are totally different from those in Rabongo forest. Both forests are in Uganda where there exists a large elephant population.
It has been estimated that approaching one sixth of all greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to deforestation and forest degradation.
A similar proportion of human-generated carbon dioxide can be removed from the atmosphere by forests acting as "carbon sinks" through sequestration. Tropical forests also help to cool the planet as large quantities of water evaporate forming clouds that reflect sunlight away from the surface.
Dr. Bradnee Chambers says many endangered migratory species cannot do without forests; and the forests need the migratory species. Courtesy: Francisco Rilla / CMS
Eco-tourism is a booming business worth billions of dollars a year and wildlife watching forms a significant part of the sector. Sensitively managed, all players reap the benefits – the tourist gets the "close to nature" experience, employment opportunities are created in the local economy and the animals are seen as a valuable asset, not as an irrelevance, nuisance or a threat and therefore worth protecting.
Visitors are prepared to pay fees of 750 dollars to see the mountain gorillas of the Virunga National Park in Rwanda, where 10 groups of the reclusive animals have now been habituated to human visits. The visits are conducted under strict conditions: no more than eight tourists at any time; no noise; no approaching the animals; no litter; and, given the gorillas' susceptibility to human diseases, no participants who are visibly ill.
During the 1990s the mountain gorilla numbers rose by 17 percent, with the greatest increase amongst those groups habituated to tourists and researchers. Without gorilla watching and the associated conservation efforts it is probable that the mountain gorilla subspecies would not have survived.
Instead it is estimated that today there might now be as many as 1,000 Mountain gorillas – still too few for the International Union for Conservation of Nature to regard them as anything more secure than critically endangered. The outlook is less rosy for the more numerous lowland gorilla subspecies, which are seeing their habitat destroyed by logging and conversion to agriculture and which are hunted for bushmeat, with some of the traumatised, orphaned young ending up in the exotic pet trade.
The baby animals certainly look appealing and generally gorillas are characterised by their gentle demeanour, but they do not stay young and cute for long. They are totally unsuited for domestication with a two-metre adult male weighing in at over 200 kgs.
Many endangered migratory species cannot do without forests; and the forests need the migratory species.
Humans need both as they contribute to a healthy environment, a benign climate, a sustainable economy and to a shared natural heritage that enriches our live in ways that cannot be expressed in monetary terms.
© Inter Press Service (2014) — All Rights ReservedOriginal source: Inter Press Service
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UPDATE 12/17/13 5:30pm ET: The Yankees' luxury tax fees for 2013 will be a little lighter than first anticipated, while the Dodgers' are a little harsher. New York must divvy up $28 million for its payroll overages this season while Los Angeles owes $11.4 million, reports Andrew Marchand of ESPN.
The official MLB figures are slightly different from the calculations made back in September (see: below), but they shouldn't be large enough to have much impact on the clubs. Also of note is that the Boston Red Sox came within $250,000 of eclipsing the $178 million threshold, but snuck in just under the wire.
The luxury tax threshold will increase to $189 million in 2014.
ORIGINAL: The New York Yankees are facing a $29.1 million penalty for going over the luxury tax threshold for the 11th consecutive season, while the Los Angeles Dodgers will been taxed nearly $10 million for their first year over the mark, reports Bob Nightengale of USA Today.
The Yankees are paying a 50 percent tax on the payroll that has exceeded the $178 million threshold. With payroll this year currently at $236.2 million, that means they have to pay the league half of $58.2 million -- or $29.1MM.
Nightengale claims that the $29.1 million figure is a record penalty, but a quick search reveals that the Bombers had to pay $34 million in taxes back in 2005. Nonetheless, the Bombers have almost single-handedly contributed to the luxury tax fund over the last decade-plus, paying out over 90 percent of the penalties (roughly $253 million) since its inception in 2003.
The only other teams to be hit with luxury tax penalties are the Red Sox ('04-'07, '10-'11), Angels ('04), Tigers ('08), and now the Dodgers. As a first-time offender, Los Angeles will pay only 17½ percent in tax on their payroll overages, meaning the penalty for their $234.5 million payroll will come in around $9.9 million.
Dodgers president Stan Kasten said that the club is "mindful" of the tax, but didn't express too much concern about the possibility of going over the threshold again next season:
"We understand the impact it will be this year and in the future.
"But I think over time, we will become a team that doesn't pay tax. We had quite a significant rebuilding project in front of us, and that is what we turned our attention to.
"Over time, as we start developing our own homegrown players, we expect our payroll to go down."
Unlike Kasten and the Dodgers, the Yankees have made a big to-do over the last several months about wanting to get under the $189 million tax threshold for 2014. Per Baseball Prospectus, New York currently has $89 million in payroll commitments for next season. This number does not include Derek Jeter's 2014 player option -- nor the possibility of Alex Rodriguez's salary coming off the books due to suspension -- so the figure could shift dramatically in either direction over the next few months.
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Beta-fresh answers, uploaded weekly
Lets face it, our favorite comic strip is often obscure or inconsistent, and key characters are sometimes left stranded for years. Long-suffering readers are within their rights to demand some clarification. Use the "Ask GBT" form to email us your questions, and we will frequently answer some of the best!
Recent FAQS
Great to see Jimmy T. in this week's Classics series. In recent weeks the strip has been re-visiting Ginny Slade's 1976 Congressional campaign. I'd love it if you could please revisit the storyline in which JT wrote and recorded a song to support Slade's candidacy. For those who don't know what I'm talking about, check out this YouTube video, which shows an actual record player spinning the real-world 45 of "Ginny's Song." According to the sleeve (shown on the video) it was produced by Steve Cropper and David Foster, and featured a bunch of kick-ass musicians (including Cropper, Foster, Jay Graydon, and Keth Moon) who recorded as The Walden West Rhythm Section. It was later included on Jimmy's "Greatest Hits" album, which came out a year before Jimmy made the cover of the real-life Rolling Stone. There have been a lot of moments where Doonesbury kind of spilled over into the real world, but I think "Ginny's Song" was probably one of the first. Thanks!
P.P. | Storyline | Lompoc, CA | August 29, 2014
Not only are we happy to queue up the "Ginny's Song" storyline, but we'll lead into it with the benefit concert Jimmy threw for Virginia Slade as well. Rock on!
The wordless strip that ran on August 22nd was a true classic. As I recall, it was at the end of a multi-day slow pan, a piece of work that was absolutely beautiful although it contained no characters until the final reveal. In my humble opinion this series was a highpoint of toondom. Any chance we could see the whole thing?R. | Storyline | Lexington, KY | August 22, 2014
Of course. The August 22nd Classic strip originally appeared on November 13, 1976, and showed Joanie and Rick in bed together (at the time neither was married). Over 30 papers dropped it, including the Boston Globe, which was picketed by M.I.T. students with signs reading, "Joanie, we forgive you." The Bangor Daily News blocked out the final frame, replacing it with the weather forecast ("Fair, cold, highs in the 30s.") "When I first saw it," the editor of the Huntington Herald-Disptach told his readers, "I thought it was two guys in bed." The three-day wordless sequence is included in its entirety in our extended look back on a night (and a strip) to remember.
Okay, my tastes may seem a little weird, but as long as the strip is wallowing in the 70s, I would love it if you would please revisit the whole Energy Czar caper, which took place during the 1973-1974 oil crisis/embargo, and gave Mark a chance to revisit his glory days as an activist. It also involved the ancient and dying art of hitchhiking. Can do?Jack | Storyline | Aptos, CA | July 23, 2014
Can and shall. Your wish is our command. Read it HERE.
When I saw Duke's denunciation of John Denver in the recent Classic, it reminded me that there's always been bad blood there; it's come up more than once in the strip. Care to give us the backstory?C.B. | Characters | Anderson, CA | July 03, 2014
Certainly. The conflict has its origin in the mountains of Colorado. It was born in the summer of the strip's fifth year...
I can't help noticing that there was a certain air of foreshadowing in the strip back when Ray oversaw the handing over of Iraqi security concerns to the local military. With the announcement of US troops returning to take on certain levels of security in the country, could we please take a moment to return to that first day of Iraqi security (or lack thereof)? I seem to remember it was during the World Cup as well...Schuyler | Storyline | Ames, IA | June 20, 2014
The Ray Hightower sequence your excellent memory has referenced appeared in the summer of 2010, and was followed by a Mel-and-Roz-packing-up-the-helos series a year and a half later. You can read both HERE.
Speaking of Time magazine (in today's Daily Briefing), it looks like you are skipping past the storyline where Roland writes about the Walden communards and puts Zonk on the cover. How about revisiting that, with the memorable "Peyote and clam dip" line?M. Dougals | Storyline | Ashland, OR | June 10, 2014
An excellent idea. As it turned out, two years later the Doonesbury cast actually was on the cover of Time. The sequence about Roland's story also includes the line, "You guys are still hippies!" -- and it was only 1974. Time flies when you are having too much fun.
A few weeks ago you featured the famous strips about Mark Slackmeyer's radio show and Watergate, but I'd love it if you would also re-spin some of the other really early "Marvelous Mark" stuff, when he was just starting out. As I recall, there were a lot of dedications, including one to Bertrand Russell.Seamus | Characters | Mystic, CT | May 30, 2014
A request we are happy to honor: The future-legendary NPR star first took to the Walden airwaves on WBBY in February, 1973.
I'm enjoying the Classic Doonesbury strips, but wish they weren't going by so fast. You are skipping all kinds of good stuff -- like Zonker getting busted, for example. Could you please revisit that? I'll ask a few more times if it helps.Darrell | Characters | Los Angeles, CA | May 16, 2014
Once is enough. You've asked; you shall receive. Just click here.
I've had some technical problems getting to the site the past couple of days. Is everything okay?Charlene | Creating the Strip | Peoria, IL | April 28, 2014
All is well. As of today the site has moved, lock, stock and barrel, to The Washington Post. The glitches you experienced were no doubt a result of our behind-the-scenes preparations, but everything seems to have gone smoothly. You can read AMU's announcement about the move here, and Michael Cavna's Washington Post column here.
Speaking of re-reading older strips, I have a question: Why aren't there any 30-years-ago-today strips on the site's Flashbacks page? They've been missing and I've been missing them for quite a while now.Margo Darling | Creating the Strip | Castlegar, CANADA | February 28, 2014
A timely question and an interesting tale: The gap you refer to references the major sabbatical GBT began on January 2, 1983 in order to write Doonesbury: A Musical Comedy. When the impending leave was announced, the Wisconsin State Assembly issued a declaration pleading for "public calm in the face of this grave crisis," and former president Jimmy Carter said he was "heartbroken."
The Broadway show, a collaboration with composer Elizabeth Swados, chronicled Mike and J.J.'s engagement and the graduation of the denizens of Walden Commune from college. It opened at the Biltmore Theater on November 21, 1983. Trudeau wrote the book and lyrics, and was nominated for two Drama Desk Awards. The cast album received a Grammy nomination. A college, high school, and regional theater perennial, Doonesbury: A Musical Comedy can be ordered from Samuel French. And you can view an ad for the original show here.
The strip resumed on September 30, 1984, so 30-years-ago-today strips will once again appear on the Flashbacks page next fall.


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Sheepsquatch: A creature from the pastThere's something big out in the deep woods of Appalachia. Real big. Its called "the white thing" or a more appropriate term, Sheepsquatch. Locals say that a bear-sized, white woolen beast, that can measure up to at least nine feet tall while ... Examiner.com, 2 months ago
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