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Belfast dog owner Caroline Barnes took the case of her dog Lennox to the most senior judges in Northern Ireland, in a bid to have a destruction order overturned.
The long-running case has already been heard by two lower courts in the last two years, with the rulings going against Ms Barnes each time.
Tuesday's appeal was her final chance to save Lennox, but Lord Justice Girvan agreed with the County Court judge's ruling that the dog could not be made safe and must be destroyed.
#savelennox As a dog lover I am very unhappy with the outcome of this case. I was involved in a similar case before in Castlereagh.-- Peter Robinson (@DUPleader) June 13, 2012
#savelennox As a dog lover I am very unhappy with the outcome of this case. I was involved in a similar case before in Castlereagh.
-- Peter Robinson (@DUPleader) June 13, 2012
DUP leader Peter Robinson was among those inundated with requests to intervene by thousands of supporters from around the world, who have signed online petitions over the case - including one to boycott Belfast.
But using the Twitter hashtag #SaveLennox, he tweeted: "We are bound by the principle of the separation of powers. Politicians have no power to interfere with decisions of the courts."
But he admitted that, as a dog lover, he was unhappy about the outcome and said he had been involved in a similar case in Castlereagh - where he served as a councillor for more than 30 years.
"In the Castlereagh case, we succeeded in stopping it going to court. As soon as it does, it is out of the hands of politicians," Mr Robinson tweeted.
He later added in response to a challenge on his inability to intervene: "It's not a political view. It's a legal fact."
Lennox, now aged seven, was seized by Belfast City Council dog wardens two years ago.
His owner has since acknowledged that the dog is a pitbull-type, but legal counsel for Ms Barnes had been arguing that the dog has never bitten anyone and has behaved well since being impounded.
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Explore the hidden gems of this magical Southeast Asian paradise
"This is Burma, and it will be quite unlike any land you know about." Rudyard Kipling wrote those words more than a century ago, and they are as true as ever today. Journeying to modern-day Myanmar is an opportunity not only to see and experience one of the world's last unspoiled, exotic paradises, but to witness its movement towards modernity following decades of internal difficulties. Its spectacular payas (pagodas), temples, and monasteries are elegant and moving reminders of an earlier age, as are the remnants of its days as British colonial Burma. And the hustle and bustle of its largest city, Yangon, belies this energetic nation's eagerness to join the world's economic and political mainstream. And now is the time to visit Myanmar, while traditional bullock carts still outnumber cheap, imported motorbikes and the renowned fishermen of Inle Lake still ply its waters using traditional leg-rowing rather than outboard motors.
On this new adventure you'll discover the spectacular glories of this rich and rare land, from its dizzying array of authentic and intact tribal cultures and the majestic floating gardens of Inle Lake, to the grandeur of Yangon's Shwedagon Paya and thousands of 800-year old temples beside the Irrawaddy River at Bagan. And our itinerary is designed to take the road less traveled, so you'll be sharing these treasures with fewer tourists than with other companies' groups. You'll experience village life firsthand at markets and in the homes of locals who will invite us in, see enduring traditional practices like those of Inle Lake's renowned leg-rower fishermen, and hike amid the beauty and serenity of Myanmar's rural countryside to hill tribe villages with cultures and traditions so distinct, you'd never suspect how near to one another they actually are.
Myanmar's magnificent scenery and breathtaking cultural monuments will etch memories that you'll keep for a lifetime, and its gentle, gracious people will bring you closer to this land than you could ever imagine. And there's no time like the present—Myanmar's drive toward modernity makes change inevitable and indeed, it has already begun. This journey is your chance to enjoy the best of "old Burma" balanced with the vitality of modern Myanmar. Then you will surely understand why Marco Polo described Myanmar as "one of the finest sights in the world."
Note: The entire trip is below 6,000 feet elevation
3 days moderate trekking and 9 days easy to moderate touring
- Explore the beautiful architectural glories of Myanmar: sacred pagodas, ancient Buddhist temples, and monasteries that defy the imagination
- Discover Inle Lake, where high hills rim calm waters dotted with floating gardens, and leg-rower fishermen ply the lake in flat-bottomed boats
- Visit hidden tribal villages and experience authentic hill tribe life, largely unchanged for centuries
- Enjoy a highly authentic experience, as we visit less touristed places and more pristine areas of even the well-travelled "must see" sites
Duration: 12 days Start Location: Bangkok End Location: BangkokDownload Detailed Itinerary
Day 1 : Arrive in Bangkok, Thailand
Arrive in Bangkok, Thailand.
Day 2 : Bangkok - Chiang Rai - Tachilek - Keng Tung
Fly to Chiang Rai, then transfer to the border and cross into Myanmar at Mae Sai. Once in Myanmar you'll meet your trip leader and then drive (4 hours) or fly (if possible) to Keng Tung.
Day 3 : Keng Tung
In the morning, we'll begin our exploration of Keng Tung's historical attractions and exquisite monasteries with a walk to Wat Sonkhan, Wat Inn, and Maha Myat Muni. In the afternoon we'll walk to some nearby hot springs (possibly taking a dip ourselves!) and visit a few of the more easily accessible hill tribe villages: Wan Pauk, Palaung, and Kong Ma Wa.
Day 4 : Keng Tung
Full day of cultural activities, beginning with a visit to a village market followed by trekking to hill tribe villages.
Day 5 : Keng Tung - Heho - Inle Lake
Spend the morning relaxing in the hotel or taking a walk around the village. In the late morning we'll fly to Heho, then drive to picturesque Inle Lake, famous for its floating villages and traditional leg-rower fishermen.
Day 6 : Inle Lake
Full day of exploration on beautiful Inle Lake, visiting the Indein village market and the striking religious sites that dot its shore.
Day 7 : Inle Lake - Pindaya
Drive to Pindaya through the scenic Shan Plateau. Once in Pindaya, we'll walk to a nearby village of the Htutni Da-Nu tribe, then continue on to the Pindaya Buddhist Caves, where a dazzling array of more than 7,000 Buddha statues awaits.
Day 8 : Pindaya - Bagan
Morning free at leisure. In the early afternoon, we transfer to Heho Airport for our flight to Bagan, where we'll transfer to the beautiful Thande Hotel overlooking the Irrawaddy River.
Day 9 : Bagan
A full day to experience the beauty of Bagan, wandering through its hundreds of peaceful Buddhist temples and other stunning sites by bicycle.
Day 10 : Bagan - Yangon
Morning sightseeing in Bagan, followed by an exciting longtail boat ride on the Irrawaddy River. In the afternoon we'll take a short flight to Yangon.
Day 11 : Yangon
Full day to explore the bustling, metropolitan center of Yangon (formmerly Rangoon), including afternoon tea at the elegant, Victorian-era Strand Hotel and a visit to gold-gilt Shwedagon Pagoda at sunset, a particular treat for photographers.
Day 12 : Fly to Bangkok (and onwards)
Transfer to the airport for departure to Bangkok and onwards.
DATES: Best time to go: November - December Departures: Nov 15 - 26, 2014 Dec 2 - 13, 2014 Nov 3 - 14, 2015 Dec 2 - 13, 2015
2014 Prices
2015 Prices
Novotel Suvarnabhumi Airport HotelBangkok
The Novotel Suvarnabhumi Airport is a 4 star hotel located 10 min walk from Suvarnabhumi International Airport in Bangkok. Boasting 612 comfortable and contemporary rooms, the hotel also offers 2 bars and 4 restaurants. With a 24 hr airport shuttle every 10 min from Gate 4 Level 2 and parking available, there is no better place to stay.
Bagan Thande HotelBagan
The Bagan Thande Hotel is proud to be considered one of the most exclusive hotels in Bagan. The property boasts a charming setting, with wonderful views of the Ayeyarwaddy River and located inside the Bagan Archaeological Zone. Facilities include a stunning outdoor swimming pool and jacuzzi; Thande spa, art gallery and a beautiful riverside restaurant.
Chatrium HotelYangon
The colonial-style Chatrium Royal Lake Yangon is a luxury property committed to excellent service. The outdoor pool area is a tropical respite from frenetic Yangon. The hotel's amenities also include a fitness center, Nemita spa and several restaurants (Chinese, Japanese and Continental). The hotel is centrally located in Yangon, near many attractions including the world's oldest pagoda, the Shwedagon Pagoda.
Pristine Lotus ResortInle Lake
This new boutique resort features individual villas set on Inle Lake in a lush garden setting. It is a perfect place to unwind, sitting on your veranda with a book, or having a drink in the spacious gardens. Other amenities of Pristine Lotus include an extensive on-site spa, indoor and outdoor dining, business center and salon. The resort is close to many nearby attractions and has it' own jetty and boat rental.
Inle Inn PindayaPindaya
Inle Inn Pindaya features alpine-style chalets in a picturesque mountain setting. The property is hidden off a small road and boasts a quiet, old world charm. There is a large grassy courtyard where guests can enjoy a drink, read or just relax. The restaurant has warm wood decor and delicious food.
Properties shown are representative of the accommodations we use on this trip, may not be inclusive of all accommodations we use, and are subject to change.
Expert leadership is the key to an exciting, unforgettable experience. Our trips feature gifted leaders for whom leading trips is a true vocation. Besides showing you wonders you'd never find on your own, they make sure everything runs smoothly and safely without a hitch. They are knowledgeable about all aspects of your trip, and take great pleasure in sharing their insights with you. More than just guides, they positively elevate your experience by being teachers, companions, and the best of friends. You'll be in good hands with them every step of the way.
Kyaw Zaya
Kyaw Zaya grew up in Burma and has long had a passion for guiding. After earning his diploma in Gemology, he went on study Tour Guiding. He has led groups for numerous overseas travel companies for the past two decades--from budget trips to high end and experiential travel. The majority of his clients hail from the UK, the US and Belgium. He is a strong leader and is comfortable with groups of any size. In his free time, he enjoys bicycling and reading. Kyaw looks forwards to sharing this adventure in his home country with you.

subset: commoncrawl


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All South Bay Footcare-Podiatry Group Inc
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(310) 326-0202 Additional Contacts
Gentle Podiatry. We specialize in minimal invasive surgery & ingrown toenail Surgery. Free Initial Exam. Most Insurance Plans accepted. Bunions, Calluses, Ingrown Toenails, Warts, Corns, Hammer toe. Serving the Southbay with over 30 years experience. Fellow Academy of Ambulatory Foot Surgery.


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Email Alerts
Samsung Win 8 Smart PCs to get Becrypt protection
Buyers of ATIV Smart PC Pro hardware will be able to take advantage of Becrypt's advanced disk encryption technology News
More SAM education needed
With many users either under or over licensing their software the need for more education around SAM is greater than ever according to FAST News
MicroScope's top stories, week ending 12 April 2013
Our regular look back at the most important channel news stories from the past seven days, as selected by MicroScope readers News
Microsoft confirms new channel appointment for Barclay
Microsoft's Clare Barclay is to become general manager of its Small, Medium Solutions and Partner Group within the UK News
Windows XP user? It's not the end of the world
Billy MacInnes looks ahead to the end of Microsoft Windows XP support next year, and suggests that the growing sense of urgency may be misplaced. Opinion
Ovum suggests alternatives to rushed XP migration
The end of support for XP might be looming but users do have several strategies they can choose from according to analyst house Ovum News
Microsoft and Fujitsu squeeze a little tighter
Microsoft and Fujitsu UK & Ireland have joined forces to drive Microsoft's raft of new products into UK businesses News
Camwood survey adds to Windows XP migration worries
Research conducted by Camwood to mark one year before Microsoft powers down Windows XP for good has shown more concerning trends among customers News
Clock ticking loudly over end of XP support
With just a year left of official support from Microsoft for XP users those sticking with the old OS are being advised to start migration plans News
Microsoft Dynamics skills in high demand
Those with Microsoft Dynamics skills are in high demand enjoying increases in salary as a result and could jump ship if the price is right News


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My due date is April 7th which happens to be my finances birthday. I had already bought great tickets for a PBR that is going on here in our town for April 12th as his birthday gift for both of us to go not thinking about how close it is after my due date(pregnancy brain). What I am wondering is if I should just expect not to go due to just having a baby and will be in pain still or is there a good chance I will feel good enough by then to go? Now I know I might not feel comfortable leaving my new baby emotionally that soon for a few hours and I already have that in my mind as a possible cause for me not going even though my parents would be incredible babysitters. I Just want to know if it's possible in 5 days for my body to even feel good enough to go. Any help is appreciated! :)
Btdt moms quick question from a FTM!
Posted 03/28/2014
Comments (12)
1 2
Posted 03/28/2014
When my first son was a week old I went to a musical 2 hours away. I did take baby with us but I felt fine and baby slept through the whole thing
Ryan & Ashley- 4-22-06
Hayden- 4-23-06 , Landon- 10-16-08, Wyatt 8-27-10, Angel Baby Michael- MC @ 14 weeks 2-1-2013 RAINBOW due April 13,2014
Posted 03/28/2014
I'm a FTM... But isn't there a good Chnace you could still be pregnant? Lots of moms go over their due dates and that's only 5 days over?
Posted 03/28/2014
I wouldn't plan on going! Your going to be so busy with the little one and all the new changes. Pretty sure you won't care about anything else!
Posted 03/28/2014
Never know the baby might not come till the 12th :-)
Posted 03/28/2014
I was out shopping and walking around the day after I left the hospital, no pain no worries for me!
TiaPaige07 · Original Poster
Posted 03/28/2014
Lol yes I've taken that into consideration as well which could quite possibly happen since she feels like in no hurry to come out...this is just if everything goes as planned or she comes sooner.
Posted 03/28/2014
Agree d
Posted 03/28/2014
Everyone will be different so I say keep the tix but be ready to give them away if you don't feel like it. I bought tix for DH's birthday for an event happening 5 days after my due date. Unless this LO comes early, I'm pretty sure he'll be taking a friend instead of me but he really likes to go and that's fine.
I think I felt a little better by 5 days or so after having DD but still pretty sore. I don't think I would have wanted to do anything with alot of walking or sitting in uncomfortable chairs.
Posted 03/28/2014
I have gone 41 weeks with both of my previous pregnancy hate to say it but there is a good chance you could either a)still be pregnant or b) just of had baby a day or two before and stil be in hospital. I would say unless you are still preggers I would plan on not going. If everything works with when baby comes out you "might" be up for it.
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Researchers believe that your baby can now understand all the basic sounds that make up his native language. Between this time and 6 months of age, he'll develop the ability to make some of these sounds, which means... Read More
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Vacation Rentals in Rose Lake, Michigan
Search vacation deals on homes, villas, cabins, cottages, apartments and condos in destinations all over the world. Click the "rental results" tab to browse Rose Lake, Michigan vacation rentals and inquire about your favorites. If you cant find what youre looking for, consider nearby destinations, or come back for a visit - vacation home rentals in Rose Lake are added and updated every week!
Compared to hotels, Rose Lake vacation rentals are much more family-friendly and flexible, offering a lot more space, a lot more savings, and a lot more amenities - like private pools, gourmet kitchens, and pet-friendly accommodations! Tip: Save money by taking advantage of cheap weekly rates.
Rose Lake, Michigan Vacation Rentals and Tourism
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Check out more areas which feature homes, villas, cabins, cottages, or condos.
Rose Lake things to do
Baldwin Canoe Rental
Great people, new owners. Pick a canoe, raft, even a floating chair to fish from. A bus takes you to the drop off, then picks you up a few miles down river....read more
Baldwin Bowling Center
Great spot for some bowling fun!!! A family owned company that makes this experience a wonderful time! They have great food, and a full bar.....make sure...read more
Cadillac 5
This theatre is well run by the staff and supported by the parent company that is Goodrich. We frequent this theatre a few times per month. The bathrooms...read more
Sawmill Tube & Canoe
Took the 4-6 trip, and it was beautiful. Downside being the river was very shallow in some parts, and it was more work than relaxing at times. If you can...read more
Bosman's Pine River Canoe Rental
Fantastic Business, with stellar customer service!! I have rented a raft from Bosmans 2-3 times a year for the last 4 years! I highly recommend this...read more
Crossroads Theatre Guild
This is an awesome performing arts center. They are getting started again, but the production of 'You Can't Take it With You' has the audience rolling in...read more
Camp Mana Pine Resort
Family spent a weekend here last year and loved it - Kids keep talking about the great time they had - We enjoyed some of the most beautifully starry...read more
Mitchell State Park
Disclaimer: I'm basing this review on camping visits to several State Parks compared to Mitchell. During the "busy time" for Michigan State Parks across...read more
The Pines Sports Bar & Bowling Center
A friend of mine suggested the Garlic and Parmesan Wings. I was skeptical because I usually only eat them Buffalo style, but I tried them and I definitely...read more
Pine River Paddlesport Center
My wife and I camped and spent a weekend kayaking the Pine River. Their quiet campground policy allowed us a peaceful and relaxing return to nature. We were...read more
Spinning Wheels Arena
Tuesday is dollar skate! You can't beat it. Battle the kiddies to get your cheap skate on. Spinning Wheels has a nice snack bar area and improved prize...read more
Went zip lining here and would highly recommend it! The staff was very friendly and lots of fun and the scenery was beautiful.read more
Club Shadow's Bowling
Great place. Where else can you go on a Saturday night in Evart to eat, drink, shoot pool, bowl, sing karaoke, listen to a live band, and see a wet t-shirt...read more
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Fox Run is an enjoyable course to play to get some practice. Challenging enough for the average golfer, fun to play by all. I always enjoy playing 18....read more
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Scrabble word: LUCIFERS
In which Scrabble dictionary does LUCIFERS exist?
Scrabble (US/Canada)
(63 pts)
Scrabble (UK)
(63 pts)
Official Scrabble (OSPD)
(63 pts)
(65 pts)
Words with friends
(51 pts)
Hanging with friends
(51 pts)
(8 pts)
Lexulous (US)
(64 pts)
Definitions of LUCIFERS in dictionaries:
- noun - (Judeo-Christian and Islamic religions) chief spirit of evil and adversary of God
- noun - a planet (usually Venus) seen just before sunrise in the eastern sky
- noun - lighter consisting of a thin piece of wood or cardboard tipped with combustible chemical
- noun - a friction match
There are 8 letters in LUCIFERS: C E F I L R S U
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word LUCIFERS plus a wildcard: LUCIFERS?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word LUCIFERS
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Foreign Scientists Study Bulgaria Ornithology Wealth
Ornithologists from Sweden, the Netherlands and the UK, along with Bulgarian colleagues begin monitoring the biodiversity of two Black Sea coastal lakes.
The research will last about a week and is taking place for the 10th year in a row. The scientists finance the expedition with their own funds.
The ornithologists are going to study the Atanasovsko and Pomoriisko lakes.
The Atanasovsko lake has over 233 plant species and is called "Bulgaria's Bird Heaven." 300 bird species live there compared to a total of 400 for the entire country. 12 species among them are listed as globally endangered while 17 are included in Bulgaria's Red Book.
The Pomoriisko lake is also known for its rare plants and mostly birds from Bulgaria's Red Book.
- » Up to 200 out of 700 Houses in Flood-Hit Mizia Are Still Inhabitable
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- » WWF Launches River Conservation Campaign in Bulgaria
- » Minor 2.4-Magnitude Earthquake Reported in Southern Bulgaria
- » Brightest Supermoon in 2 Decades to Be Observed Sunday


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Fodor, Jerry A.
Publication Timeline
Most widely held works about Jerry A Fodor
Most widely held works by Jerry A Fodor
In critical condition polemical essays on cognitive science and the philosophy of mind by Jerry A Fodor ( )
24 editions published between 1998 and 2000 in English and German and held by 1,932 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Doing philosophy, according to Jerry Fodor, is like piloting: The trick is to find an object of known position and locate yourself with respect to it. In this book, Fodor contrasts his views about the mind with those of a number of well-known philosophers and cognitive scientists, including John McDowell, Christopher Peacocke, Paul Churchland, Daniel Dennett, Paul Smolensky, and Richard Dawkins. Fodor constructs a version of the representational theory of mind that blends intentional realism, computational reductionism, nativism, and semantic atomism
A theory of content and other essays by Jerry A Fodor ( )
15 editions published between 1990 and 1994 in English and held by 1,636 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Psychosemantics : the problem of meaning in the philosophy of mind by Jerry A Fodor ( Book )
25 editions published between 1987 and 1998 in English and held by 1,628 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Psychosemantics explores the relation between commonsense psychological theories and problems that are central to semantics and the philosophy of language. Building on and extending Fodor's earlier work it puts folk psychology on firm theoretical ground and rebuts externalist, holist, and naturalist threats to its position. --From publisher's description
The elm and the expert mentalese and its semantics by Jerry A Fodor ( )
24 editions published between 1994 and 1995 in English and held by 1,545 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
The structure of language : readings in the philosophy of language by Jerry A Fodor ( Book )
37 editions published between 1964 and 1987 in English and held by 1,488 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
The mind doesn't work that way : the scope and limits of computational psychology by Jerry A Fodor ( Book )
17 editions published between 2000 and 2001 in English and held by 1,333 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
"In this engaging book, Jerry Fodor argues against the widely held view that mental processes are largely computations, that the architecture of cognition is massively modular, and that the explanation of our innate mental structure is basically Darwinian. Although Fodor has praised the computational theory of mind as the best theory of cognition that we have got, he considers it to be only a fragment of the truth. In fact, he claims, cognitive scientists do not really know much yet about how the mind works (the book's title refers to Steve Pinker's How the Mind Works)." "Fodor's primary aim is to explore the relationship among nativism, computational and modular theories of mind, and evolutionary psychology. Along the way, he explains how Chomsky's version of nativism differs from that of the widely received New Synthesis approach. He concludes that although we have no grounds to suppose that most of the mind is modular, we have no idea how nonmodular cognition could work. Thus, according to Fodor, cognitive science has hardly gotten started."--BOOK JACKET
What Darwin got wrong by Jerry A Fodor ( Book )
18 editions published between 2010 and 2011 in English and Italian and held by 1,153 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
This book dares to challenge natural selection--not in the name of religion but in the name of good science. Most scientists are so terrified of religious attacks on the theory of evolution that it is never examined critically. There are significant scientific and philosophical problems with the theory of natural selection. Darwin claimed the factors that determine the course of evolution are very largely environmental. Empirical results in biology are increasingly calling this thesis into question. The authors show that Darwinism is committed to inferring, from the premise that a kind of creature with a certain trait was selected, the conclusion that that kind of creature was selected for having that trait. Though such inferences are fallacious, they are nevertheless unavoidable within the Darwinist framework. Ultimately, Jerry Fodor and Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini level a devastating critique against Darwinist orthodoxy and suggest new ways of thinking about evolution.--From publisher description
Concepts : where cognitive science went wrong by Jerry A Fodor ( )
24 editions published between 1998 and 2004 in English and Italian and held by 1,074 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Renowned philosopher Fodor presents an original theory of the basic constituents of thought in this first volume of the Oxford Cognitive Science Series. He argues for an atomistic theory of concepts and demolishes rival theories
The language of thought by Jerry A Fodor ( Book )
49 editions published between 1975 and 1980 in English and Undetermined and held by 1,003 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
The modularity of mind : an essay on faculty psychology by Jerry A Fodor ( Book )
49 editions published between 1983 and 2008 in English and German and held by 942 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
This study synthesizes current information from the various fields of cognitive science in support of a new and exciting theory of mind. Most psychologists study horizontal processes like memory and information flow; Fodor postulates a vertical and modular psychological organization underlying biologically coherent behaviors. This view of mental architecture is consistent with the historical tradition of faculty psychology while integrating a computational approach to mental processes. One of the most notable aspects of Fodor's work is that it articulates features not only of speculative cognitive architectures but also of current research in artificial intelligence. -- Publisher description
Representations : philosophical essays on the foundations of cognitive science by Jerry A Fodor ( Book )
27 editions published between 1980 and 1986 in English and Undetermined and held by 855 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
The psychology of language: an introduction to psycholinguistics and generative grammar by Jerry A Fodor ( Book )
21 editions published between 1974 and 1975 in English and Undetermined and held by 843 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Psychological explanation : an introduction to the philosophy of psychology by Jerry A Fodor ( Book )
11 editions published between 1968 and 1978 in English and held by 757 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
LOT 2 : the language of thought revisited by Jerry A Fodor ( Book )
24 editions published between 2008 and 2010 in English and held by 670 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
This latest book on the language of thought hypothesis, offers a more cogent presentation and a fuller explication of Fodor's distinctive account of the mind, with various intriguing new features. The central role of compositionality in the representational theory of mind is revealed: most of what we know about concepts follows from the compositionality of thoughts. Fodor shows the necessity of a referentialist account of the content of intentional states, and of an atomistic account of the individuation of concepts. Not least among the new developments is Fodor's identification and persecution of pragmatism as the leading source of error in the study of the mind today--Publisher description
Holism : a shopper's guide by Jerry A Fodor ( Book )
17 editions published between 1991 and 2004 in English and Undetermined and held by 579 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Hume variations by Jerry A Fodor ( Book )
21 editions published between 2003 and 2011 in English and Undetermined and held by 493 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
"Hume? Yes, David Hume, that's who Jerry Fodor looks to for help in advancing our understanding of the mind. Fodor claims his Treatise of Human Nature as the foundational document of cognitive science: it launched the project of constructing an empirical psychology on the basis of a representational theory of mind. Going back to this work after more than 250 years we find that Hume is remarkably perceptive about the components and structure that a theory of mind requires. Careful study of the Treatise helps us to see what's amiss with much twentieth-century philosophy of mind, and to get on the right track." "Hume says in the Treatise that his main project is to construct a theory of human nature and, in particular, a theory of the mind. Hume Variations examines his account of cognition and how it is grounded in his 'theory of ideas'. Fodor discusses such key topics as the distinction between 'simple' and 'complex' ideas, the thesis that an idea is some kind of picture, and the roles that 'association' and 'imagination' play in cognitive processes. He argues that the theory of ideas, as Hume develops it, is both historically and ideologically continuous with the representational theory of mind as it is now widely endorsed by cognitive scientists. This view of Hume is explicitly opposed to recent discussions by critics who hold that the theory of ideas is the Achilles heel of his philosophy and that he would surely have abandoned it if only he had read Wittgenstein carefully." "You don't have to know much about Hume to enjoy this inventively argued, provocative, and stimulating defence of the representational theory of mind - which is looking increasingly hard to resist."--Jacket
Acquiring the human language playing the language game ( Visual )
3 editions published between 1995 and 2005 in English and held by 271 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Second of three programs on human language. Explores how children acquire language, and explains that they have an innate, universal knowledge of essential grammar and syntax
The compositionality papers by Jerry A Fodor ( Book )
7 editions published between 2002 and 2003 in English and held by 234 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
La modularité de l'esprit : essai sur la psychologie des facultés by Jerry A Fodor ( Book )
5 editions published in 1986 in French and held by 115 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Jerry A. Fodor soutient que les recherches contemporaines en science cognitive permettent de réhabiliter l'ancienne "psychologie des facultés". Dans la conception qu'il développe, l'esprit humain est constitué en grande partie par des dispositifs cognitifs hautement spécialisés, répondant chacun à des principes propres et destinés à traiter de façon automatique un type très limité d'information en provenance du monde extérieur. Ces systèmes " modulaires" fournissent à la pensée sa matière en transformant des sensations brutes en représentations, mais ils sont relativement autonomes par rapport à la pensée proprement dite, c'est-à-dire par rapport à ce que Fodor appelle les "systèmes centraux" de l'esprit humain. Fodor utilise des exemples tirés de la recherche sur la vision humaine, et il montre que les résultats expérimentaux de la psycholinguistique, convenablement interprétés, militent en faveur d'une conception modulaire de la faculté de langage
Holism : a consumer update by Holism ( Book )
7 editions published in 1993 in English and Undetermined and held by 68 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
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Adaptation (Biology)--Philosophy Causation Children--Language Cognition Cognition in children Cognition--Philosophy Cognitive psychology Cognitive science Cognitive science--Philosophy Communication Computational intelligence Concepts Connectionism Content (Psychology) Damasio, Antonio R Evolution (Biology) Evolution (Biology)--Philosophy Fodor, Jerry A Functionalism (Psychology) Generative grammar Grammar, Comparative and general--Syntax Holism Human behavior Intentionalism Intentionality (Philosophy) Knowledge, Theory of Language acquisition Language and languages Language and languages--Philosophy Linguistics Meaning (Philosophy) Mental representation Mind and body Modularity (Psychology) Nativism (Psychology) Natural selection Perception (Philosophy) Philosophy Philosophy and cognitive science Philosophy of mind Psycholinguistics Psychology Psychology--Philosophy Reductionism Representation (Philosophy) Semantics (Philosophy) Smolensky, Paul, Thought and thinking Thought and thinking--Philosophy Treatise of human nature (Hume, David)
Alternative Names
Fodor, J. A.
Fodor, J. A. (Jerry A.)
Fodor, J. A. (Jerry Alan), 1935-
Fodor, Jerry.
Fodor, Jerry, 1935-
Fodor, Jerry A.
Fodor, Jerry Alan.


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Another great Daytona family vacation at Sierra Suites! Our family always enjoys staying at Sierra Suites - Rick and Ada always go out of there way to make you feel welcome. The rooms and pool area are always very clean and well kept. Rich and Ada are always available to ensure you are comfortable. We always make next summer's reservation before we leave...can't wait to come back to Sierra Suites!!!
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- We are a small, clean, family oriented motel located directly on the ocean in Daytona Beach. We have 1, 2, & 3 bedroom suites with full kitchens or kitchenettes. Enjoy oceanfront comfort with direct beach access. You can walk on the beach to the pier or boardwalk. You can lounge by the pool, catch some rays on the huge sundeck, or play shuffleboard or cornhole on our other deck. There are also grills in our courtyard to grill that perfect steak. Conveniently located near shopping, restaurants and other amenities. ... more less
- Also Known As:
- Sierra Hotel Daytona Beach


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South Johnston rallies, earns berth in JUSA Cup finals with win over Cleveland
South Johnston coach Rami Kuappi may not have liked the start the Trojans had in their semifinal match of the JUSA Boys Soccer Cup against county and Two Rivers 3A Conference rival Cleveland. But he wasn't complaining about the finish. The Trojans...
Archive by category ''Sports
Sports Notes
The Garner Optimist Club will hold its 16th annual golf tournament on Sunday, Oct. 5 at Reedy Creek Golf Course. The four-person super ball event beigns with a 1 p.m. shotgun start. The fee is $65 per player or $260 per team. Proceeds benefit the St. Baldrick's Childood Cancer Foundation. ...
Corinth Holders blanks West Johnston, advances to first JUSA Cup championship match
The Pirates, a squad that returns 10 seniors from a 16-win team a season ago, bested the Wildcats, a team with just four starters back from last year, 4-0 to advance to the championship game of the Johnston United Soccer Association Cup.
UPDATE: Wake County Cup keeps format, flips coin for winner
While Apex picked up a win over Garner in a truncated win, Heritage and Cardinal Gibbons tied due to lightning. With no way to break that tie, the bracket-style format had to be preserved witha coin flip.
Garner wants to be tougher
The Trojans want to be champions again — more so since it seems to be a birthright to be a conference champion in Garner, given the Trojans' rate of success — based on their commitment to be tougher and more fit entering the 2014 season.
Another jumbled race ahead in the Greater Neuse River 4A Conference
The Greater Neuse River 4A Conference looks more like the conference of old than it resembles the 2013 season. That's mainly because defending champion Knightdale is in full transition mode and perennial power Garner appears to be poised to make a return to its role as conference favorite...
Scary thought: Garner's Nyheim Hines wants to be faster in 2014
Garner's star running back Nyheim Hines talked with D. Clay Best about this year's Trojan team and his recruiting plans for the fall.
No more transition mode for West Johnston
Jimmy Williams knew just what he was getting into when he took the job as head football coach at West Johnston. Moving to the helm last season after spending two seasons as defensive coordinator under Randy Ragland, Williams had watched the Wildcat program's journey during most of the 14 ...
Preview: Two Rivers 3A Football
With the unknowns that come along with a new conference alignment gone, the Two Rivers 3A Conference is likely to feature a tightly packed six-pack of teams this fall. "We're in a situation now where we've got a lot of familiarity and close ties with the county schools: Cleveland...
Rams have pieces in place
Cleveland hasn't known anything other than success in its short football history. The Rams have won 31 games in their short three-year varsity history and posted a .667 winning percentage (6-of-9) in the playoffs. Numbers appear to be on the reigning Two Rivers 3A Conference champions'...
Clemson recruit Sterling Johnson likes the brotherhood the Cleveland Rams are developing
Cleveland High School senior Sterling Johnson is one of the most nationally highly touted defensive linemen in the Class of 2015. He has verbally committed to Clemson University so his fall will be a little less hectic than other top college prospects that have yet to announce their college choices...


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Frisco's Sentinel is "a temple dedicated to the art of sandwich making."
Discover the Stage Deli, famous for its incredible gourmet sandwiches.
In New Orleans, Emeril learns the secrets behind the Po Boys at Domilise's.
Spice Kit's classically trained chefs are revamping Asian sandwich faves.
Ashlynn doesn't care what Alex and Josh serve her, as long as it's spicy.
Never had debris on a roll? Then you've never had one of Mother's po' boys.
Kelsey and Spike vie to outdo each other in making BLTs.
Tyler Florence makes a trio of grilled peanut butter sandwiches.
Dave adds red horseradish to give a kick to his cucumber finger sandwiches.
They're cold & hot, and Eden thinks these Venezuelan arepas are just right.
Get Cooking Channel on your TV.


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Whoever built Pimlico Race Course's grandstand did a fine job of securing the roof. If only a few bolts had been left a little suspect, the Herculean roar that accompanied California Chrome as he passed the post first in the 139th running of the Preakness Stakes, would have blown it…
Read More
By Katie Halper
By TBogg
By Roy Greenslade, The Guardian
By The Conversation
Raw Story is a progressive news site that focuses on stories often ignored in the mainstream media. While giving coverage to the big stories of the day, we also bring our readers' attention to policy, politics, legal and human rights stories that get ignored in an infotainment culture driven solely by pageviews.
Founded in 2004, Raw Story reaches 9 million unique readers per month and serves more than 30 million pageviews.
Copyright © 2004-2013 Raw Story Media, Inc. All rights reserved.


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|By Business Wire
Article Rating:
|June 3, 2014 11:05 AM EDT
Sand 9, Inc. today announced the appointment of Karmel Technologies as a sales representative for the South Korean market. Karmel Technologies has strategic customer relationships and strong sales and technical support capabilities that will provide South Korean customers with better access to Sand 9 MEMS timing products, while enabling Sand 9 to better serve a key market.
Sand 9 is a leading provider of piezoelectric MEMS timing products that can be co-packaged with semiconductor ICs to bring a new level of performance, integration, and quality to customers. With 100 times better electromechanical coupling than electrostatic MEMS, and 15 times better stability over temperature, Sand 9 products achieve significantly better performance at the low power and small size required for mobile, GNSS, and IoT applications, while also meeting the high-performance, high-frequency requirements for communications infrastructure applications.
"I am delighted to announce this partnership in one of our strategic markets," said Alan Mond, executive vice president, sales and marketing, Sand 9. "Karmel has a long history of successfully growing North American businesses into this exciting region. They have exceptional customer knowledge and will provide Sand 9 with a local presence, enabling us to better support and grow our South Korean customer base."
"Sand 9 products have the potential to replace quartz in a variety of key markets," said Shawn Kim, CEO, Karmel Technologies. "I am excited to be working side by side with Sand 9 to accelerate their growth in the marketplace."
About Karmel Technologies
Since it was founded in 1999, Karmel Technologies has become one of the leading sales representation and distribution companies in Korea and the United States, serving the needs of many manufacturing customers in the wireless, telecommunications, consumer electronics, industrial equipment, and military electronics industries.
About Sand 9
Founded in 2007 in Cambridge, MA, Sand 9 is the technology leader in precision MEMS timing. Targeting a $4+B market opportunity with its piezoelectric MEMS products—which clock wireless and wired systems in mobile, low-power wireless, communications infrastructure, industrial and military markets—Sand 9 outperforms both legacy quartz timing devices and other MEMS-based solutions. Sand 9's MEMS timing products enhance quality and performance, simplify system design, and promote space and power savings in integrated electronic systems.
Sand 9 is a registered trademark. All other product and company names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.


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"It's hard for me to quite articulate or put into words everything that I've learned from him," said DiCaprio. "These key moments, they're hard to even reflect on because you sort of have to take a breather and look back and realize how much you've actually learned. I've grown tremendously as an actor just to be in those moments with him, where he's giving me the right guidance."
DiCaprio believes that that guidance has culminated in "The Wolf of Wall Street," a film that needed a high level of trust between its director and actors in order to achieve what it was going for. (For anyone unfamiliar with the film's contents, it features the type of sex and drug use usually relegated to soft-core pornos.) Without it, the film would have crumbled. Instead, Scorsese created something cohesive––which is one of the reasons DiCaprio, along with countless other actors, love working with him. He creates a singular, overarching vision, one that may have reached its apex on 'Wolf.'
"I have never seen a group of actors work together so beautifully," Schoonmaker said. "They all loved doing their parts, and they all worked together as a unit, and they were all willing to take on these slightly dubious roles and make the most of them."
For DiCaprio, being able to contribute to Scorsese's vision for the last 12 years has been a dream come true for him, particularly since he grew up with a generation of actors who worshipped films like "Taxi Driver" and "Mean Streets." While the two aren't currently scheduled to make a new film, just give it time: one will likely come along sooner or later. After all, DiCaprio is still 39 years old. He has a long career ahead of him, particularly if he continues to treat it like he's just arrived.
"I always feel like a kid in this industry," DiCaprio said. "I always feel like, OK I got my foot in the door, now I am going to run with this opportunity and do everything I possibly can to make as many movies that I feel like aren't getting made or try to develop roles that are a little outside the studio system."
Aga | February 16, 2014 11:09 AM
Leo is Brilliant in many movies especially the last 5! I loved this movie. it was done with so much passion. I'm not sure who else could have done this role better? I never watch movies twice but this one I've enjoyed too much not to.
Cardof | February 15, 2014 6:05 PM
Sexist trash. Regardless of Martys intetions undeinalably teenage boys will worship Belfort, creating another cycle of sexism.
M | February 14, 2014 5:41 PM
"I have been doing a lot of press for the film and speaking openly about it because I want more films like this to be able to get made."
BULLSHIT, it is the Oscar that you want, obviously. It's okay to campaign hard for it just don't justify it with some bullshit.
Jennifer | February 14, 2014 12:08 PM


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PITTSBURGH Ś The question: ōWhich country was Adolf Hitler the leader of?ö
The answer: ōI think itÆs Amsterdam?ö
With a video camera and a microphone, Rhonda Fink-Whitman, a Bucks County writer and television and radio personality, was at four Pennsylvania university campuses in September to quiz a few dozen students on their knowledge of the Holocaust and World War II.
ōI just grabbed anyone walking by,ö said Mrs. Fink-Whitman, a former radio reporter and QVC shopping network host who is among a chorus of voices pushing for mandatory Holocaust education in Pennsylvania schools. The only screening question she asked the students prior to the impromptu history exam was whether they had gone to public school in Pennsylvania.
Basic queries Ś ōWhat was the Holocaust?ö æÆWhere did it start?ö æÆAbout how many years ago?ö Ś elicited a stream of ōI donÆt knows.ö One student guessed that World War II happened 300 years ago and another stated that Normandy, the French coastal region invaded by the Allies, is ōnear England and Germany and all that jazz.ö
The responses, which she posted in a YouTube video, were ōunfortunateö but not unexpected, said Mrs. Fink-Whitman, who conducted the interviews at Penn State, Drexel, Temple and the University of Pennsylvania, after she found out that the friends of her college-age children couldnÆt identify Winston Churchill.
ōThese kids were embarrassed that they didnÆt know more and they felt bad about it,ö said Mrs. Fink-Whitman, who wrote ō94 Maidens,ö a book about herÆs motherÆs survival of the Holocaust. ōItÆs our fault, because we havenÆt taught them in Pennsylvania.ö
Five states Ś California, Florida, Illinois, New Jersey and New York Ś mandate Holocaust education, and a bill that would encourage, but not require, schools to teach about the mass slaughter of 6 million Jews and others deemed undesirable by the Nazi regime that ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945, is currently in the Pennsylvania Senate.
State Rep. Brendan Boyle, D-Philadelphia, says HB 1424, by Rep. Paul Clymer, R-Bucks, is a ōwatered-downö version of the bill he has been pushing for the past two legislative sessions.
BoyleÆs bill, HB 176, languishes in the House Education Committee and he unsuccessfully attempted to introduce an amendment this summer that would make ClymerÆs measure mandatory. The House deadlocked, 99-99, on BoyleÆs amendment, meaning it failed by a single vote.
ōOne of the things we hear consistently ... is we put a lot of mandates on schools,ö said Clymer, noting that standardized testing, teacher evaluations and required professional training Ś among other state and federal impositions Ś amount to an increasing burden.
Clymer says he ōfeels stronglyö that Holocaust education should happen in every school but said legislators are ōbetween a rock and a hard placeö in weighing new requirements for schools.
ōAfter a few years, if it seems as though school districts are not doing it, I would not object to anyone putting in an amendment to make it mandatory. ... God forbid we ever see another Hitler come on the scene,ö Clymer said. ōIÆm sure there are schools that do not teach this.ö
Boyle rejected that argument, noting that hundreds of mandates already dictate what schools must teach.
ōI think if Arbor Day is important enough to teach in our schools, certainly the Holocaust is important enough to teach as well,ö Boyle said.
Mrs. Fink-Whitman hopes the Senate will amend the bill to give it more teeth, adding that the last Holocaust survivors and soldiers who saw the horrors of the concentration camps firsthand are fading away.
Jim Lucot, who teaches honors U.S. history at Seneca Valley High School, is also a member of the Pennsylvania Holocaust Education Council and won an international award in 2009 from the Jewish Federation for the Righteous in New York City based on the in-depth curriculum he developed on the Holocaust and anti-Semitism.
He said he ōabsolutelyö supports a mandate to correct what he called an educational deficit, noting that teaching the Holocaust can help inform anti-bullying programs that are a major initiative of many school systems.
ōItÆs a shame when you have to say mandatory Holocaust education, because itÆs the history of hate,ö said Lucot, 47. ōIt answers all your questions.ö
A lack of knowledge about the Holocaust could be symptomatic of larger educational shortcomings.
Just 12 percent of high school seniors in 2010 scored at or above ōproficientö in U.S. history, according to the results of the National Assessment of Educational Progress, an initiative of the U.S. Department of Education.
ōBy and large, we see when weÆre in high schools and middle schools that kids are not well-versed in history, civics and geography, among other subjects,ö said Joy Braunstein, director of the Holocaust Center of the Jewish Federation of Greater Pittsburgh, which offers training, direct teaching and other help to school systems in Western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio and northern West Virginia looking to expand their Holocaust education.
When it comes to the Holocaust, ōitÆs fair to say in many places itÆs not being taught,ö she said, noting that the Monessen School District, for example, had ōabsolutely no backgroundö in the Holocaust prior to the centerÆs involvement.
The center is also in talks with Pittsburgh Public Schools, which teaches the Holocaust in 10th grade world history and provides an opportunity for students to go to the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., to improve the depth and scope of instruction on the subject.
Barbara Burstin, who teaches courses on the Holocaust at University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, said her students exhibit a wide range of background knowledge, from those who are passionate about the subject to others who enrolled as a curiosity.
A common thread, however, is what she called an ōappallingö lack of basic historical knowledge.
ōI donÆt know if theyÆre teaching history anymore,ö she said. ōThey donÆt know who fought in World War II.ö
Ms. Burstin worried that bundling history under the banner of ōsocial studiesö and giving it increasingly short shrift could create a generation of ōtechnocratsö with no understanding of the past.
ōHistory can inform and history can teach us and history can help shape us. We need to know what has gone right and what has gone wrong,ö Ms. Burstin said. ōI want students to understand they have responsibilities, to first be informed and to stand up to injustice.ö


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(Source: actuates, via skylinesandstarlights)
People say to you, 'you've changed', or something like that, well, I hope, for the sake of God that you have changed, because I don't want to be the same person all my life. I want to be growing, I want to be expanding. I want to be changing. Because animate things change, inanimate things don't change. Dead things don't change. And the heart should be alive, it should be changing, it should be moving, it should be growing, its knowledge should be expanding."
Shaykh Hamza Yusuf (via sahrana)
(Source: catchmyvibes, via sarahbelle93)
you are allowed to terminate toxic relationships
you are allowed to walk away from people who hurt you
you are allowed to be angry and selfish and unforgiving
you don't owe anyone an explanation for taking care of yourself
(via katiennn)
"If I were really really ridiculously wealthy, I wouldn't buy a mansion, just tiny apartments in every city I love."
Mara Wilson (via raeraenjma)
(Source: du-bonheur-et-rien-d-autre, via teighh)
I hope…
ॐ ☮ ॐ
summer-boho-grunge blog ❁
(Source: wildandvoodoo, via loelizabethluth)
(Source: prettymajorpop, via loelizabethluth)
Original work. A map of Westeros from A Game Of Thrones in the style of Google Maps.
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Professor Mirow will speak in England next month on topics related to the legal history of colonial Spanish Florida. The talk in Oxford, "Translating in Stone: The Monument to the Constitution of Cadiz in St. Augustine, Florida (1813-1814)," will place Florida's unique monument to the constitution into legal, constitutional, and political context. The talk is part of a conference of the University of Oxford's Interdisciplinary Research Network Translations in Transnational Context. Mirow is one of 17 speakers from around the world and only one of two invited from the United States to present at the conference.
The talk in Cambridge, "Law and Constitution in Spanish St. Augustine, 1783-1821," addresses his attempts to reconstruct the legal and constitutional world of the city from primary sources, especially the East Florida Papers held in the Library of Congress. The talk is part of the University of Cambridge Centre of Latin American Studies' Easter Term Research Seminar.
"I'm really happy to share my ideas about Florida's colonial legal history with Latin Americanists in England. We often forget that Florida has been Spanish longer than it has been part of the United States and that East Florida was the fourteenth loyal British colony from 1763 to 1783. This gave the city and region a wonderfully mixed and complex population. I'm interested in how law worked in this environment. Although my focus is legal history, this work engages the scholarly community and all communities seeking to understand legal pluralism in pluralistic societies. There are interesting parallels between St. Augustine two hundred years ago and Miami today," said Mirow.


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About the AuthorJames Wendell
eyeblink Brooklyn, NY 11206
Originally from Huntington, West Virginia James Wendell became interested in photography at the adolescent age of 12 after finding his dad's Polaroid Land camera stuffed in the back of a closet. A few years later in High School he won second place in a university level competition with a photograph documenting his great-grandmothers funeral thus solidifying his love for photography.
Wendell graduated the New England School of Photography in Boston, MA at age 20 in 1998. In 1999 he won 1st place in an A.S.M.P. competition for documenting Boston's Chinese New Year Festival. In 2007 he was included in two juried group exhibitions and launched his website jameswendell.com. He has shown work in Massachusetts, Florida and New York City. His work was recently published in JPG Magazine and he has recently published his first book eyeblink. James started working for Magnum Photos in 2004 and currently lives in Brooklyn, New York.
For print sales visit www.jameswendell.com
Publish Date December 02, 2007
Dimensions Large Format Landscape 60 pgs Premium Paper, matte finish
Category Fine Art Photography
Tags black & white, James Wendell, New York, West Virginia, color, kodachrome, film, digital, street, portrait, zoos, aquarium, eyeblink, James, zoo, urban, country, Boston
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Tylenol /ˈtaɪlənɒl/ is an American brand of drugs advertised for reducing pain, reducing fever, and relieving the symptoms of allergies, cold, cough, and flu. The active ingredient of its original flagship product is acetaminophen, an analgesic and antipyretic; it is commonly known elsewhere in the world by its international nonproprietary name, paracetamol. Like the words "acetaminophen" and "paracetamol", the brand name "Tylenol" is derived from the chemical name for the compound, N-aceTYL-para-aminophENOL (APAP).[1] The brand name "tylenol" is owned by McNeil Consumer Healthcare, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson.[2]
- 1 History
- 2 Products
- 3 Adverse Effects
- 4 Advertising
- 5 Use for Lower Back Pain
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Paracetamol was first synthesized and evaluated as a pain reliever by Bayer in the 1890's. The presence of an impurity in the material prepared by Bayer led to a condition called methaemoglobinaemia, in which a chemical reaction involving the iron in hemoglobin causes darkening of the skin and blue lips. As a result of these studies, further work on acetominophen was not pursued until the 1940s.
The revival of interest in paracetamol as a pain reliever was sparked by 1947 studies of the pain-relieving properties of a related compound, acetanilide. Researchers David Lester and Leon Greenberg identified paracetamol as a major metabolite of acetanalide. Bernard Brodie and Julius Axelrod of the New York University College of Medicine confirmed this result. They published a paper suggesting that the potential of paracetamol as a pain reliever should be revisited.[3]
Around this same time, U.S. gastroenterologist James Roth had been publishing a series of papers expressing concern regarding the safety profile of aspirin, particularly its tendency to promote stomach irriation, gastric bleeding, and inhibit blood clotting. In response to the publication of the Brodie and Axelrod paper, he became an advocate of paracetamol. In 1953, McNeil Laboratories, where Roth served as a consultant, introduced its first acetominophen-containing product.[3] Algoson was a preparation containing paracetamol together with sodium butabarbital, a sedative. Then in 1955, McNeil Laboratories introduced Tylenol Elixir for children, which contained paracetamol as its sole active ingredient. It was originally marketed mainly towards children, but soon came to dominate the North American pain-killer market. Different varieties of Tylenol available today include extra-strength (with 500 milligrams of paracetamol), children's doses, longer-lasting, and sleep aiding (in combination with diphenhydramine). In 2005, Tylenol Ultra was introduced in Canada, with 500 mg of paracetamol and 65 mg of caffeine; caffeine has vasoconstricting effects, for which there is some disputed evidence for additional effectiveness.[4][5]
1982 Chicago Tylenol murders and first recall[edit]
On September 29, 1982, a "Tylenol scare" began when the first of seven individuals died in metropolitan Chicago, after ingesting Extra Strength Tylenol that had been deliberately contaminated with cyanide. Within a week, the company pulled 31 million bottles of tablets back from retailers, making it one of the first major recalls in American history.[6]
As a result of the crisis, all Tylenol capsules were discontinued, as were capsules of other brand names. Retained by McNeil President Joseph Chiesa, new product consultant Martin Calle and management strategist Calle & Company conceived the world's first tamper-proof gelatin-enrobed capsule called "Tylenol Gelcaps," which proved to resuscitate the 92% of capsule-segment sales lost to the recall. The tamper-proof, triple-sealed safety containers were swiftly placed on the shelves of retailers 10 weeks after the withdrawal, and other manufacturers followed suit. The crisis cost the company more than $100 million, but Tylenol regained 100% of the market share it had before the crisis. The Tylenol murderer was never found, and a $100,000 reward offered by Johnson & Johnson remains unclaimed.
Tylenol remains a top seller, controlling about 35% of the pain killer market in North America, according to a study published in 2003.[7]
2010 Tylenol recall[edit]
On January 15, 2010, 20 months after first receiving consumer complaints, Johnson & Johnson announced a voluntary recall of several hundred batches of popular medicines, including Benadryl, Motrin, Rolaids, Simply Sleep, St. Joseph Aspirin and Tylenol.[8] The recall was due to complaints of a musty smell which is suspected to be due to contamination of the packaging with the chemical 2,4,6-tribromoanisole.[9] The full health effects of 2,4,6-tribromoanisole are not known but no serious events have been documented in medical literature.[10] The recall came 20 months after McNeil first began investigating consumer complaints about moldy-smelling bottles of Tylenol Arthritis Relief caplets, according to the United States Food and Drug Administration. The recall included 53 million bottles of over-the-counter products including Tylenol, Motrin and Rolaids, Benadryl and St. Joseph's Aspirin, involving lots in the Americas, the United Arab Emirates and Fiji.[11]
On April 30, 2010, another recall was issued for 40 products including liquid infant and children's pain relievers, Tylenol, and Motrin and allergy medications Zyrtec and Benadryl.[11] A Food and Drug Administration report said its inspectors found thick dust and grime covering certain equipment, a hole in the ceiling and duct tape-covered pipes at the Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, facility that made 40 products recalled.[12]
On Wednesday, May 5, 2010, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirmed[13] that the bacteria found at the Johnson & Johnson plant that made the recalled Children's Tylenol was Burkholderia cepacia, a bacteria often resistant to common antibiotics.[14] The CDC has stated that Burkholderia cepacia is not likely to cause health problems for those with healthy immune systems, but those with weaker ones and those with chronic lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, could be more susceptible to infection.
Tylenol sells products to relieve pain, allergies, and cold- and flu- related symptoms. Allergy and cold products also contain dextromethorphan, antihistamines, and expectorants.[citation needed]
Tylenol is also sold as a class of stronger pain relievers containing codeine, known as co-codamols:
- Tylenol 1 contains 325 mg acetaminophen and 8 mg codeine;
- Tylenol 2 (300 mg/15 mg),
- Tylenol 3 (300 mg/30 mg), and
- Tylenol 4 (300 mg/60 mg).
In Canada, Tylenol 1, 2 and 3 all include 15 mg caffeine, in addition to the above ingredients; furthermore, Tylenol 1 is sold in Canada without a prescription, while all forms of Tylenol with codeine require a prescription in the US.[citation needed]
Acetaminophen is also found in other narcotic-based analgesics such as Percocet which additionally contains oxycodone, and Lortab/Vicodin which both additionally contain hydrocodone.[citation needed]
Tylenol PM[edit]
Tylenol PM is the trademark for a mixture of acetaminophen (paracetamol) and diphenhydramine, distributed by Johnson & Johnson. It is marketed as a combined analgesic and sedative. It is listed as non-habit forming.[15] Diphenhydramine is an anticholinergic used as the active ingredient in Benadryl, for its antihistamine properties, and Benylin, which is used in cough and cold therapy as an antitussive (anti-cough) medication.
Adverse Effects[edit]
In recommended doses and for a limited course of treatment, the side effects of acetominophen are mild to non-existent.[16]
Liver damage[edit]
Acute overdoses of acetominophen can cause potentially fatal liver damage. According to the US Food and Drug Administration, "Acetaminophen can cause serious liver damage if more than directed is used."[17] and in 2011 the FDA required manufacturers to update labels of all prescription combination acetaminophen products to warn of the potential risk for severe liver injury[18] and launched a public education program to help consumers avoid overdose.[19] [20] The risk may be heightened by chronic alcohol abuse. Acetominophen toxicity is the foremost cause of acute liver failure in the Western world, and accounts for most drug overdoses in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.[21][22][23][24] According to the FDA, in the United States there were "56,000 emergency room visits, 26,000 hospitalizations, and 458 deaths per year related to acetaminophen-associated overdoses during the 1990s. Within these estimates, unintentional acetaminophen overdose accounted for nearly 25 percent of the emergency department visits, 10 percent of the hospitalizations, and 25 percent of the deaths."[25]
Acetominophen is metabolised by the liver and is hepatotoxic; side effects are multiplied when combined with alcoholic drinks, and very likely in chronic alcoholics or patients with liver damage.[16][26] Some studies have suggested the possibility of a moderately increased risk of upper gastrointestinal complications such as stomach bleeding when high doses are taken chronically.[27] Kidney damage is seen in rare cases, most commonly in overdose.[28] The Food and Drug Administration has warned doctors against prescribing paracetamol/narcotic combinations whose dosages exceed 325 mg of paracetamol due to hepatoxicity risks of greater magnitude than the therapeutic benefits conferred.[29]
In September 2013 an episode of This American Life entitled "Use Only as Directed"[30] highlighted deaths from acetominophen overdose. This report was followed by two reports by ProPublica[31][32] alleging that the "FDA has long been aware of studies showing the risks of acetaminophen. So has the maker of Tylenol, McNeil Consumer Healthcare, a division of Johnson & Johnson" and "McNeil, the maker of Tylenol, ... has repeatedly opposed safety warnings, dosage restrictions and other measures meant to safeguard users of the drug.".
A report prepared by an internal FDA working group describes a history of FDA initiatives designed to educate consumers about the risk of acetominophen overdose, and notes that one challenge to the Agency has been "identifying the appropriate message about the relative safety of acetaminophen, especially compared to other OTC pain relievers (e.g., aspirin and other NSAIDs)". The report notes that "Chronic use of NSAIDs is also associated with significant morbidity and mortality. NSAID gastrointestinal risk is substantial, with deaths and hospitalization estimated in one publication as 3200 and 32,000 per year respectively. Possible cardiovascular toxicity with chronic NSAID use has been a major discussion recently", finally noting that "The goal of the educational efforts is not to decrease appropriate acetaminophen use or encourage substitution of NSAID use, but rather to educate consumers so that they can avoid unnecessary health risks."[33]
Skin reactions[edit]
On August 2, 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a new warning about acetominophen. It stated that the drug could cause rare, and possibly fatal, skin reactions, such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Prescription-strength products will be required to carry a warning label about skin reactions, and the FDA has urged manufacturers to do the same with over-the-counter products.[34]
There is an association between acetominophen use and asthma but the weight of evidence of the collected studies strongly suggests that the association reflects various forms of bias, the most prominent of which is confounding by indication.[35] The majority of the evidence does not support a causal role.[36]
As of 2014, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) continue to recommend acetominophen for pain and discomfort in children,[37][38][39][40][41][42] but some experts have recommended that paracetamol use by children with asthma, or at risk for asthma, should be avoided.[43][44]
Other factors[edit]
In contrast to aspirin, acetominophen does not prevent blood from clotting (it is not an antithrombotic), and thus may be used in patients where failure of blood coagulation is a concern; and it does not cause gastric irritation.[45] However, paracetamol does not help reduce inflammation, while aspirin does.[46] Compared to ibuprofen—whose side effects may include diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain—paracetamol has fewer adverse gastrointestinal effects.[47]
Unlike aspirin, acetominophen is generally considered safe for children, as it is not associated with a risk of Reye's syndrome in children with viral illnesses.[48]
Untreated overdose can lead to liver failure and death within days. Treatment is aimed at removing the acetominophen from the body and replacing glutathione.[49] Activated charcoal can be used to decrease absorption of acetominophen if the patient presents for treatment soon after the overdose. While the antidote, acetylcysteine, (also called N-acetylcysteine or NAC) acts as a precursor for glutathione, helping the body regenerate enough to prevent or at least decrease the possible damage to the liver, a liver transplant is often required if damage to the liver becomes severe.[21][50] NAC was usually given following a treatment nomogram (one for patients with risk factors, and one for those without) but the use of the nomogram is no longer recommended as evidence to support the use of risk factors was poor and inconsistent, and many of the risk factors are imprecise and difficult to determine with sufficient certainty in clinical practice.[51] NAC also helps in neutralizing the imidoquinone metabolite of paracetamol.[49] Renal failure is also a possible side effect.
In June 2009, a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory committee recommended that new restrictions should be placed on acetominophen usage in the United States to help protect people from the potential toxic effects. The maximum dosage at any given time would be decreased from 1000 mg to 650 mg, while combinations of paracetamol and narcotic analgesics would be prohibited. Committee members were particularly concerned by the fact that the present maximum dosages of acetominophen had been shown to produce alterations in hepatic function.[52]
In January 2011, the FDA asked manufacturers of prescription combination products containing acetominophen to limit the amount of paracetamol to no more than 325 mg per tablet or capsule and began requiring manufacturers to update the labels of all prescription combination acetominophen products to warn of the potential risk of severe liver damage.[53][54][55][56] Manufacturers had three years to limit the amount of acetominophen their prescription drug products to 325 mg per dosage unit.[54][56] In November 2011, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency revised UK dosing of liquid paracetamol for children.[57]
Experimental studies in animals and cohort studies in humans indicate no detectable increase in congenital malformations associated with paracetamol use during pregnancy.[58] Additionally, paracetamol does not affect the closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus as NSAIDs can.[59] However, paracetamol use by mother during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma.[60]
Tylenol has many different advertisement approaches. One of these advertisement campaigns focuses on "getting you back to normal", whereas the other commercials focus on Tylenol's current slogan, "Feel better, Tylenol". In the "Feel better, Tylenol" commercials, Tylenol places emphasis on the importance of sleep; various people are seen sleeping in this commercial while a voiceover describes how sleep can help repair and heal the human body during times of aches and pains.[61] In the "getting you back to normal" commercial, Tylenol places more emphasis on helping its consumers get back to their daily routines; many different people are shown first experiencing headaches and other sorts of body pain, where a voiceover then states that Tylenol Rapid Release can help rid aches and pains; the various people are then showed enjoying their everyday lives, and are seen as "back to normal".[62]
In an older commercial from 1986, Tylenol emphasized that it is the drug that American hospitals trust the most. In this ad, Susan Sullivan told the consumer that Tylenol was a drug that could be trusted by Americans since many doctors also trusted it; she went on to state that doctors prescribed Tylenol four times more often than the other leading pain relieving drugs combined.[63]
Use for Lower Back Pain[edit]
The July 23, 2014, online issue of the British medical journal The Lancet reported that, in spite of its common use to manage lower back pain, a recent study of 1,643 patients found that acetaminophen (also known as paracetemol, with the common trade names of Tylenol and Panadol) had no effect beyond that of placebos controlling lower back pain. "Acetaminophen also did not improve patients' level of disability, sleep quality or quality of life." Experts warn that the results of one study may not be enough to change present prescribing patterns, but it should be emphasized that the recommended maximum daily dose is 4,000 milligrams (mg.).[64][65]
See also[edit]
- ^ West, Nancy. "History of TYLENOL". Nancy West Communications. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
- ^ Euromonitor International. "Acetaminophen benefits from concerns surrounding safety of analgesics". Market Research World. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
- ^ a b "Pain relief: from coal tar to paracetamol". Education in Chemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry. July 2005. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ Diener H, Pfaffenrath V, Pageler L, Peil H, Aicher B (2005). "The fixed combination of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol and caffeine is more effective than single substances and dual combination for the treatment of headache: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, single-dose, placebo-controlled parallel group study". Cephalalgia 25 (10): 776–87. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2005.00948.x. PMID 16162254. - which concludes "the fixed combination of ... caffeine was statistically significantly superior to the combination without caffeine"
- ^ Loder E (2005). "Fixed drug combinations for the acute treatment of migraine : place in therapy". CNS Drugs 19 (9): 769–84. doi:10.2165/00023210-200519090-00004. PMID 16142992. - which notes that "benefits assumed for ... caffeine ... are not clearly confirmed in these trials"
- ^ New York Times article: "Tylenol made a hero of Johnson & Johnson : The recall that started them all."
- ^ Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity, William M. Lee, New England Journal of Medicine, July 31, 2003, 349:474-485.
- ^ In Recall, a Role Model Stumbles, Natasha Singer, New York Times, 17 January 2010
- ^ Tylenol recall expands, WebMD, accessed 1-17-2010.
- ^ McNeil Consumer Healthcare Announces Voluntary Recall of Certain Over-The-Counter (OTC) Products In The Americas, UAE, and Fiji
- ^ a b FACTBOX-Johnson & Johnson's recent product recalls
- ^ Grime, dust, bacteria found at J&J plant: FDA (Reuters, May 4, 2010
- ^ Bacteria Identified in Recall, CNN, First Published: May 5, 2010
- ^ Kavilanz, Parija (6 May 2010). "Bacteria identified in Tylenol recall". CNN. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
- ^ Tylenol PM
- ^ a b Hughes, John (2008). Pain Management: From Basics to Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780443103360.
- ^ US FDA. Page Last Updated: January 16, 2014. Acetaminophen Information Page accessed February 23, 2014
- ^ US FDA. January 13, 2011 FDA limits acetaminophen in prescription combination products; requires liver toxicity warnings Page accessed February 23, 2014
- ^ US FDA. Page updated August 6, 2013 Acetaminophen Toxicity Page accessed February 23, 2014
- ^ US FDA Page updated November 19, 2013 Using Acetaminophen and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Safely Page accessed February 23, 2014
- ^ a b Daly FF, Fountain JS, Murray L, Graudins A, Buckley NA (2008). "Guidelines for the management of paracetamol poisoning in Australia and New Zealand—explanation and elaboration. A consensus statement from clinical toxicologists consulting to the Australasian poisons information centres". Med J Aust 188 (5): 296–301. PMID 18312195.
- ^ Khashab M, Tector AJ, Kwo PY (2007). "Epidemiology of acute liver failure". Curr Gastroenterol Rep 9 (1): 66–73. doi:10.1007/s11894-008-0023-x. PMID 17335680.
- ^ Hawkins LC, Edwards JN, Dargan PI (2007). "Impact of restricting paracetamol pack sizes on paracetamol poisoning in the United Kingdom: a review of the literature". Drug Saf 30 (6): 465–79. doi:10.2165/00002018-200730060-00002. PMID 17536874.
- ^ Larson AM, Polson J, Fontana RJ, et al. (2005). "Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure: results of a United States multicenter, prospective study". Hepatology 42 (6): 1364–72. doi:10.1002/hep.20948. PMID 16317692.
- ^ US FDA Date Posted Jan 14, 2011. Prescription Drug Products Containing Acetaminophen: Actions to Reduce Liver Injury from Unintentional Overdose Page accessed February 23, 2014
- ^ Dukes, MNG; Jeffrey K Aronson (2000). Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs, Vol XIV. Elsevier. ISBN 9780444500939.
- ^ García Rodríguez LA, Hernández-Díaz S (December 15, 2000). "The risk of upper gastrointestinal complications associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, acetaminophen, and combinations of these agents". Arthritis Research & Therapy 3 (2): 98–101. doi:10.1186/ar146. PMC 128885. PMID 11178116.
- ^ "Painkillers 'cause kidney damage'". BBC News. November 23, 2003. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
- ^ "FDA: Acetaminophen doses over 325 mg might lead to liver damage". Cnn.com. January 16, 2014. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
- ^ "Use Only as Directed". This American Life. Episode 505. 20 September 2013. Public Radio International. WBEZ. http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/505/use-only-as-directed. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ Gerth, Jeff; T. Christian Miller (20 September 2013). "Use Only as Directed". ProPublica. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ Miller, T. Christian; Jeff Gerth (20 September 2013). "Dose of Confusion". ProPublica. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ "www.fda.gov".
- ^ "Acetaminophen linked to rare fatal skin reactions, FDA says". Washington Post. August 2, 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
- ^ Henderson, AJ; Shaheen, SO (Mar 2013). "Acetaminophen and asthma.". Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 14 (1): 9–15; quiz 16. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2012.04.004. PMID 23347656.
- ^ Heintze, K; Petersen, KU (Jun 2013). "The case of drug causation of childhood asthma: antibiotics and paracetamol.". European journal of clinical pharmacology 69 (6): 1197–209. doi:10.1007/s00228-012-1463-7. PMC 3651816. PMID 23292157.
- ^ "Feverish illness in children: Assessment and initial management in children younger than 5 years". NICE clinical guidelines (CG160). UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. May 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
- ^ "Common over-the-counter medications". Healthychildren.org. American Academy of Pediatrics. July 10, 2013. Retrieved February 23, 2014.
- ^ Heintze, K; Petersen, KU (Jun 2013). "The case of drug causation of childhood asthma: antibiotics and paracetamol". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 69 (6): 1197–209. doi:10.1007/s00228-012-1463-7. PMC 3651816. PMID 23292157.
- ^ "Link between Calpol and asthma 'not proven'". NHS Choices (UK National Health Service). September 16, 2013. Retrieved February 23, 2014.
- ^ Section on Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics; Committee on Drugs; Sullivan, JE; Farrar, HC (Mar 2011). "Fever and antipyretic use in children". Pediatrics (American Academy of Pediatrics) 127 (3): 580–7. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-3852. PMID 21357332.
- ^ CHMP Pharmacovigilance Working Party (February 24, 2011). Pharmacovigilance Working Party (PhVWP) February 2011 plenary meeting (Report). European Medicines Agency & Heads of Medicines Agencies. pp. 6–7. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Report/2011/02/WC500102322.pdf.
- ^ Martinez-Gimeno, A; García-Marcos, Luis (Apr 2013). "The association between acetaminophen and asthma: should its pediatric use be banned?". Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 7 (2): 113–22. doi:10.1586/ers.13.8. PMID 23547988.
- ^ McBride, JT (Dec 2011). "The association of acetaminophen and asthma prevalence and severity.". Pediatrics 128 (6): 1181–5. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-1106. PMID 22065272.
- ^ Sarg, Michael; Ann D Gross; Roberta Altman (2007). The Cancer Dictionary. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9780816064113.
- ^ Neuss,G (2007). Chemistry: Course Companion. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-915146-2.
- ^ Ebrahimi, Sedigheh; Soheil Ashkani Esfahani; Hamid Reza Ghaffarian; Mahsima Khoshneviszade (2010). "Comparison of efficacy and safety of acetaminophen and ibuprofen administration as single dose to reduce fever in children". Iranian Journal of Pediatrics 20 (4): 500–501.
- ^ Lesko SM, Mitchell AA (1999). "The safety of acetaminophen and ibuprofen among children younger than two years old". Pediatrics 104 (4): e39. doi:10.1542/peds.104.4.e39. PMID 10506264.
- ^ a b Mehta, Sweety (August 25, 2012) Metabolism of Paracetamol (Acetaminophen), Acetanilide and Phenacetin. pharmaxchange.info
- ^ "Highlights of Prescribing Information". Acetadote. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
- ^ "Paracetamol overdose: new guidance on treatment with intravenous acetylcysteine". Drug Safety Update 6 (2): A1. September 2012.
- ^ "FDA May Restrict Acetaminophen". Webmd.com. 2009-07-01. Retrieved 2011-03-19.
- ^ "FDA limits acetaminophen in prescription combination products; requires liver toxicity warnings" (Press release). U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). January 13, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
- ^ a b "FDA Drug Safety Communication: Prescription Acetaminophen Products to be Limited to 325 mg Per Dosage Unit; Boxed Warning Will Highlight Potential for Severe Liver Failure". U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). January 13, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
- ^ Matthew Perrone (January 13, 2011). "FDA orders lowering pain reliever in Vicodin". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
- ^ a b Gardiner Harris (January 13, 2011). "F. D. A. Plans New Limits on Prescription Painkillers". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
- ^ "Liquid paracetamol for children: Revised UK dosing instructions have been introduced". Mhra.gov.uk. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
- ^ Scialli, AR; Ang, R; Breitmeyer, J; Royal, MA (Dec 2010). "A review of the literature on the effects of acetaminophen on pregnancy outcome" (PDF). Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) 30 (4): 495–507. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.07.007. PMID 20659550.
- ^ Rudolph, AM (Feb 23, 1981). "Effects of aspirin and acetaminophen in pregnancy and in the newborn". Archives of Internal Medicine 141 (3): 358–63. doi:10.1001/archinte.141.3.358. PMID 7469626.
- ^ Eyers, S; Weatherall, M; Jefferies, S; Beasley, R (Apr 2011). "Paracetamol in pregnancy and the risk of wheezing in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis" (PDF). Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 41 (4): 482–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03691.x. PMID 21338428.
- ^ Midori's Tylenol Commercial
- ^ Tylenol Rapid Release Commercial
- ^ Tylenol Commercial (1986)
- ^ "Acetaminophen May Not Help Against Back Pain, Study Contends" Web MD
- ^ "Acetaminophen may do little for acute back pain." Harvard Health blog
External links[edit]


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It is frequently said that we are living through the end of politics, the end of social upheavals, the end of utopian folly. Consensual realism is the order of the day. But political realists, remarks Jacques Ranciere, are always several steps behind reality, and the only thing which may come to an end with their dominance is democracy. 'We could', he suggests, 'merely smile at the duplicity of the conclusion/suppression of politics which is simultaneously a suppression/conclusion of philosophy.'
This is precisely the task which Ranciere undertakes in these subtle and perceptive essays. He argues persuasively that since Plato and Aristotle politics has always constructed itself as the art of ending politics, that realism is itself utopian, and that what has succeeded the polemical forms of class struggle is not the wisdom of a new millennium but the return of old fears, criminality and chaos. Whether he is discussing the confrontation between Mitterrand and Chirac, French working-class discourse after the 1830 revolution, or the ideology of recent student mobilizations, his aim is to restore philosophy to politics and give politics back its original and necessary meaning: the organization of dissent.
About the Author
Jacques Rancière is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Paris-VIII. His books include The Politics of Aesthetics, On the Shores of Politics, Short Voyages to the Land of the People, The Nights of Labor, Staging the People, and The Emancipated Spectator.
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DiPaola Leads NAIA in Kills!
October 08, 2012 8:01 PM
To be number one, it takes committment and it takes hours of practice.
"I did sand this summer. I think that really helped. I can do a lot more cut shots, I can see the court, I can see the block and I think that's my main accomplishment this year," said Kristen DiPaola, Dakota State Volleyball.
In only her second year at Dakota State, Kristen DiPaola leads all of NAIA this season in kills with 473 and also kills per set with 5.2, racking up 964 career kills so far as a Trojan.
"You know, she's our big hitter obviously. She's ou go to player and it's really fun because a lot of times she just kind of takes over matches," said Amy Veenhof, Dakota State Volleyball Head Coach.
"It's so surreal to me. I still don't believe it. It's such an accomplishment like I said and I'm just so humbled to be leading. My team keeps me grounded and I honestly don't even think about it. I just go out there and play and have fun and if it happens, it happens," said DiPaola.
Becoming a quick leader on the court, helping bring her team to a new level.
"She's put in the effort and the time and she's getting a huge pay back for it so it's nice to see that," said Veenhof.
The Colorado native who moved to the Midwest to play the game she loves has some advice for young blockers, hitters and setters.
DiPaola said, "Always work hard and to work hard in everything you do. In practice, in workouts, in training."
With that advice, like Dipaola, you'll impress some coaches along the way.
"I mean it's just crazy how good she is. We really lucked out in getting her to come to Dakota State and play," said Veenhof.
Being an inspiration for many and showing that practice does pay off.
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In Mexico atoda madre means: cool, everything is great, nice, excellent, more than expected, awesome.
Roerto: I sold all the parts and now I have lots of money.
Juan:Atoda madre lets buy some beer.
Juan:Atoda madre lets buy some beer.
dari xdzero Rabu, 17 September 2008
Means all is great. Right on!!
Ese car esta atodamadre!
dari VA Corona Kamis, 03 Juni 2004