text:
McNary v. Haitian Refugee Ctr., Inc.Annotate this Case
- Syllabus
- Case
U.S. Supreme Court
McNary v. Haitian Refugee Ctr., Inc., 498 U.S. 479 (1991)
McNary v. Haitian Refugee Center, Inc.
No. 89-1332
Argued Oct. 29, 1990
Decided Feb. 20, 1991
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (Reform Act) amended the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) creating, inter alia, a "Special Agricultural Workers" (SAW) amnesty program for specified alien farmworkers. The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) determined SAW status eligibility based on evidence presented at a personal interview with each applicant. Section 210(e)(1) of the INA barred judicial review "of a determination respecting an application" except in the context of judicial review of a deportation order, a review conducted by the courts of appeals. Respondents, the Haitian Refugee Center and unsuccessful individual SAW applicants, filed a class action in the District Court, alleging that the initial application review process was conducted in an arbitrary manner in violation of the Reform Act and the applicants' due process rights under the Fifth Amendment. While recognizing that individual aliens could not obtain judicial review of denials of their SAW status applications except in deportation proceedings in the courts of appeals, the District Court accepted jurisdiction because the complaint did not challenge any individual determination of any application for SAW status, but rather contained allegations about the manner in which the entire program was being implemented. The court found that a number of INS practices violated the Reform Act and were unconstitutional, and the Court of Appeals affirmed.
Held: The District Court had federal question jurisdiction to hear respondents' constitutional and statutory challenges to the INS procedures. Pp. 498 U. S. 491-499.
(a) There is no clear congressional language mandating preclusion of jurisdiction. Section 210(e)(1)'s language prohibiting judicial review "of a determination respecting an application" refers to the process of direct review of individual denials of SAW status, not to general collateral challenges to unconstitutional practices and policies used by the INS in processing applications. The reference to "a determination" describes a single act, as does the language of § 210(e)(3), which provides for "judicial review of such a denial." Section 210(e)(3)(B), which specifies that judicial review is to be based on the administrative record, and that factual
determinations contained in such a record shall be conclusive absent a showing of an abuse of discretion, supports this reading. A record emerging from the administrative appeals process does not address the kind of procedural and constitutional claims respondents have brought, and the abuse-of-discretion standard does not apply to constitutional or statutory determinations, which are subject to de novo review. Limiting judicial review of general constitutional and statutory challenges to the provisions set forth in § 210(e) therefore is not contemplated. Moreover, had Congress intended the limited review provisions of § 210(e) to encompass challenges to INS procedures and practices, it could easily have used broader statutory language. Pp. 498 U. S. 481-494.
(b) As a practical matter, the individual respondents would be unable to obtain meaningful judicial review of their application denials or of their objections to INS procedures if they were required to avail themselves of the INA's limited judicial review procedures. Under the statutory scheme, review of an individual determination would be limited to the administrative record, which respondents have alleged is inadequate; aliens would have to surrender themselves for deportation in order to receive any judicial review, which is tantamount to a complete denial of such review; and a court of appeals reviewing an individual determination would most likely not have an adequate record as to a pattern of allegedly unconstitutional practices, and would lack a district court's factfinding and record-developing capabilities. Given this Court's well settled presumption favoring interpretations of statutes that allow judicial review of administrative action, the Court cannot conclude that Congress so intended to foreclose all forms of meaningful judicial review of SAW application denials and general collateral challenges to INS procedures. This case is therefore controlled by Bowen v. Michigan Academy of Family Physicians,476 U. S. 667, which interpreted the Medicare statute to permit individuals to challenge a payment regulation's validity even though the statute barred judicial review of individual claims for payment under the regulation. Heckler v. Ringer,466 U. S. 602, distinguished. Pp. 498 U. S. 494-499.
872 F.2d 1555 (CA 11 1989), affirmed.
STEVENS, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which MARSHALL, BLACKMUN, O'CONNOR, KENNEDY, and SOUTER, JJ., joined, and in Parts I, II, III, and IV of which WHITE, J., joined. REHNQUIST, C.J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which SCALIA, J., joined, 498 U. S. 499.
Justice STEVENS delivered the opinion of the Court.
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (Reform Act) [Footnote 1] constituted a major statutory response to the vast tide of illegal immigration that had produced a "shadow population" of literally millions of undocumented aliens in the United States.
On the one hand, Congress sought to stem the tide by making the plight of the undocumented alien even more onerous in the future than it had been in the past; thus, the Reform Act imposed criminal sanctions on employers who hired undocumented workers [Footnote 2] and made a number
of federally funded welfare benefits unavailable to these aliens. [Footnote 3] On the other hand, in recognition that a large segment of the shadow population played a useful and constructive role in the American economy, [Footnote 4] but continued to reside in perpetual fear, [Footnote 5] the Reform Act established two broad
amnesty programs to allow existing undocumented aliens to emerge from the shadows.
The first amnesty program permitted any alien who had resided in the United States continuously and unlawfully since January 1, 1982, to qualify for an adjustment of his or her status to that of a lawful permanent resident. See 100 Stat. 3394, as amended, 8 U.S.C. § 1255a. The second program required the Attorney General to adjust the status of any alien farmworker who could establish that he or she had resided in the United States and performed at least 90 days of qualifying agricultural work during the 12-month period prior to May 1, 1986, provided that the alien could also establish his or her admissibility in the United States as an immigrant. The Reform Act required the Attorney General first to adjust the status of these aliens to "Special Agricultural Workers" (SAW) lawfully admitted for temporary residence, see 100 Stat. 3417, as amended, 8 U.S.C. § 1160(a)(1), and then eventually to aliens lawfully admitted for permanent residence, see § 1160(a)(2).
This case relates only to the SAW amnesty program. Although additional issues were resolved by the District Court and the Court of Appeals, the only question presented to us is whether § 210(e) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), which was added by § 302(a) of the Reform Act and sets forth the administrative and judicial review provisions of the SAW program, see 8 U.S.C. § 1160(e), precludes a federal district court from exercising general federal question jurisdiction over an action alleging a pattern or practice of procedural due process violations by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) in its administration of the SAW program. We hold that, given the absence of clear congressional
language mandating preclusion of federal jurisdiction and the nature of respondents' requested relief, the District Court had jurisdiction to hear respondents' constitutional and statutory challenges to INS procedures. Were we to hold otherwise and instead require respondents to avail themselves of the limited judicial review procedures set forth in § 210(e) of the INA, meaningful judicial review of their statutory and constitutional claims would be foreclosed.
The Reform Act provided three important benefits to an applicant for SAW status. First, the mere filing of a "nonfrivolous application" entitled the alien to a work authorization that would remain valid during the entire period that the application was being processed. See 8 U.S.C. § 1160(d)(2)(B). Second, regardless of the disposition of the application, the Reform Act expressly prohibited the Government from using any information in the application for enforcement purposes. Thus, the application process could not be used as a means of identifying deportable aliens; rather, the initiation of a deportation proceeding had to be based on evidence obtained from an independent source. See § 1160(b)(6). Third, if SAW status was granted, the alien became a lawful temporary resident, see § 1160(a)(1), and, in due course, could obtain the status of a permanent resident, see § 1160(a)(2).
In recognition that the fear of prosecution or deportation would cause many undocumented aliens to be reluctant to come forward and disclose their illegal status, the Reform Act directed the Attorney General to enlist the assistance of a variety of nonfederal organizations to encourage aliens to apply and to provide them with counsel and assistance during the application process. These "Qualified Designated Entities" (QDE), which included private entities such as farm labor organizations and associations of agricultural
employers as well as qualified state, local, and community groups, were not allowed to forward applications for SAW status to the Attorney General unless the applicant consented. See §§ 1160(b)(2), (b)(4).
The Reform Act provided that SAW status applications could be filed with a specially created Legalization Office (LO), or with a QDE, which would forward applications to the appropriate LO, during an 18-month period commencing on June 1, 1987. See § 1160(b)(1)(A). Regulations adopted by the INS to administer the program provided for a personal interview of each applicant at an LO. See 8 CFR § 210.2(c)(2)(iv) (1990). In the application, the alien had to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he or she worked the requisite 90 days of qualifying seasonal agricultural services. See § 210.3(a), (b)(1). To meet the burden of proof, the applicant was required to present evidence of eligibility independent of his or her own testimony. See § 210.3(b)(2). The applicant could meet this burden through production of his or her employer's payroll records, see 8 U.S.C. § 1160(b)(3)(B)(ii), or through submission of affidavits
"by agricultural producers, foremen, farm labor contractors, union officials, fellow employees, or other persons with specific knowledge of the applicant's employment."
See 8 CFR § 210.3(c)(3) (1990). At the conclusion of the interview and of the review of the application materials, the LO could deny the application or make a recommendation to a regional processing facility that the application be either granted or denied. See id. at § 210.1(q). A denial, whether at the regional or local level, could be appealed to the legalization appeals unit, which was authorized to make the final administrative decision in each individual case. See § 103.3(a)(2)(iii).
The Reform Act expressly prohibited judicial review of such a final administrative determination of SAW status except as authorized by § 210(e)(3)(A) of the amended INA.
That subsection permitted "judicial review of such a denial only in the judicial review of an order of exclusion or deportation." [Footnote 6] In view of the fact that the courts of appeals constitute the only fora for judicial review of deportation orders, see 75 Stat. 651, as amended, 8 U.S.C. § 1105a, the statute plainly foreclosed any review in the district courts of individual denials of SAW status applications. Moreover, absent initiation of a deportation proceeding against an unsuccessful applicant, judicial review of such individual determinations was completely foreclosed.
This action was filed in the District Court for the Southern District of Florida by the Haitian Refugee Center, the Migration and Refugee Services of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Palm Beach, [Footnote 7] and 17 unsuccessful individual SAW applicants. The plaintiffs sought relief on behalf of a class of alien farmworkers who either had been or would be injured by unlawful practices and policies adopted by the INS in its administration of the SAW program. The complaint alleged that the interview process was conducted in an arbitrary fashion that deprived applicants of the due process guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. Among other charges, the plaintiffs alleged that INS procedures did not allow SAW applicants to be apprised of or to be given opportunity to challenge adverse evidence on which denials were
predicated, that applicants were denied the opportunity to present witnesses on their own behalf, that non-English speaking Haitian applicants were unable to communicate effectively with LOs because competent interpreters were not provided, and that no verbatim recording of the interview was made, thus inhibiting even any meaningful administrative review of application denials by LOs or regional processing facilities. See App. 44-45; Haitian Refugee Center, Inc. v. Nelson, 694 F.Supp. 864, 867 (SD Fla.1988).
After an evidentiary hearing, the District Court ruled that it had jurisdiction, that the case should proceed as a class action, and that a preliminary injunction should issue. The court recognized that individual aliens could not contest the denial of their SAW applications "unless and until the INS institut[ed] deportation proceedings against them," but accepted jurisdiction because the complaint
"does not challenge any individual determination of any application for SAW status, but rather attacks the manner in which the entire program is being implemented, allegations beyond the scope of administrative review. [Footnote 8]"
On the merits, the District Court
found that a number of INS practices violated the Reform Act and were unconstitutional, [Footnote 9] and entered an injunction requiring the INS to vacate large categories of denials, [Footnote 10] and to modify its practices in certain respects. [Footnote 11]
The Court of Appeals affirmed. On the merits, it upheld all of the findings and conclusions of the District Court, and it
also rejected each of the Government's jurisdictional arguments. Relying on earlier Circuit precedent, it held that the statutory bar to judicial review of individual determinations was inapplicable:
"In Jean v. Nelson, 727 F.2d 957 (11th Cir.1984) (in banc), aff'd,472 U. S. 846 (1985), we reaffirmed that section 106 of the INA (codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1105a) does not deprive district courts of jurisdiction to review allegations of systematic abuses by INS officials. Jean, 727 F.2d at 980. We explained that to postpone"
"judicial resolution of a disputed issue that affects an entire class of aliens until an individual petitioner has an opportunity to litigate it on habeas corpus would foster the very delay and procedural redundancy that Congress sought to eliminate in passing § 1105a."
"Id. In this action, appellees do not challenge the merits of any individual status determination; rather . . . they contend that defendants' policies and practices in processing SAW applications deprive them of their statutory and constitutional rights."
Haitian Refugee Center, Inc. v. Nelson, 872 F.2d 1555, 1560 (CA11 1989).
In their certiorari petition, petitioners did not seek review of the District Court's rulings on the merits or the form of its injunctive relief. Our grant of certiorari is therefore limited to the jurisdictional question.
We preface our analysis of petitioners' position with an identification of matters that are not in issue. First, it is undisputed that SAW status is an important benefit for a previously undocumented alien. This status not only protects the alien from deportation; it also creates job opportunities that are not available to an alien whose application is denied. Indeed, the denial of SAW status places the alien in an even worse position than he or she was in before the Reform Act was passed, because lawful employment opportunities are no
longer available to such persons. Thus, the successful applicant for SAW status acquires a measure of freedom to work and to live openly without fear of deportation or arrest that is markedly different from that of the unsuccessful applicant. Even disregarding the risk of deportation, the impact of a denial on the opportunity to obtain gainful employment is plainly sufficient to mandate constitutionally fair procedures in the application process. At no time in this litigation have petitioners asserted a right to employ arbitrary procedures, or questioned their obligation to afford SAW status applicants due process of law.
Nor, at this stage of the litigation, is there any dispute that the INS routinely and persistently violated the Constitution and statutes in processing SAW applications. Petitioners do not deny that those violations caused injury in fact to the two organizational plaintiffs as well as to the individual members of the plaintiff class. Although it does not do so explicitly, petitioners' argument assumes that the District Court would have federal question jurisdiction over the entire case if Congress had not, through the Reform Act, added § 210(e) to the INA. The narrow issue, therefore, is whether § 210(e), which bars judicial review of individual determinations except in deportation proceedings, also forecloses this general challenge to the INS's unconstitutional practices.
Petitioners' entire jurisdictional argument rests on their view that respondents' constitutional challenge is an action seeking "judicial review of a determination respecting an application for adjustment of status," and that district court jurisdiction over the action is therefore barred by the plain language of § 210(e)(1) of the amended INA. See 8 U.S.C. § 1160(e)(1). [Footnote 12] The critical words in § 210(e)(1),
however, describe the provision as referring only to review "of a determination respecting an application" for SAW status (emphasis added). Significantly, the reference to "a determination" describes a single act, rather than a group of decisions or a practice or procedure employed in making decisions. Moreover, when § 210(e)(3), see 8 U.S.C. § 1160(e)(3), further clarifies that the only judicial review permitted is in the context of a deportation proceeding, it refers to "judicial review of such a denial" -- again referring to a single act, and again making clear that the earlier reference to "a determination respecting an application" describes the denial of an individual application. We therefore agree with the District Court's and the Court of Appeals' reading of this language as describing the process of direct review of individual denials of SAW status, rather than as referring to general collateral challenges to unconstitutional practices and policies used by the agency in processing applications.
This reading of the Reform Act's review provision is supported by the language in § 210(e)(3)(B) of the INA, which provides that judicial review
"shall be based solely upon the administrative record established at the time of the review by the appellate authority and the findings of fact and determinations contained in such record shall be conclusive unless the applicant can establish abuse of discretion or that the findings are directly contrary to clear and convincing facts contained in the record considered as a whole."
8 U.S.C. § 1160(e)(3)(B). This provision incorporates an assumption that the limited review provisions of § 210(e) apply only to claims that have been subjected to administrative consideration and that have resulted in the creation of an adequate administrative record. However, the record created during the SAW administrative review process consists solely of a completed application form, a report of medical examination, any documents or affidavits that evidence an applicant's agricultural employment and residence, and notes, if any, from an LO interview -- all relating to a single SAW applicant. Because the administrative appeals process does not address the kind of procedural and constitutional claims respondents bring in this action, limiting judicial review of these claims to the procedures set forth in § 210(e) is not contemplated by the language of that provision.
Moreover, the "abuse of discretion" standard of judicial review under § 210(e)(3)(B) would make no sense if we were to read the Reform Act as requiring constitutional and statutory challenges to INS procedures to be subject to its specialized review provision. Although the abuse-of-discretion standard is appropriate for judicial review of an administrative adjudication of the facts of an individual application for SAW status, such a standard does not apply to constitutional or statutory claims, which are reviewed de novo by the courts. The language of § 210(e)(3)(B) thus lends substantial credence to the conclusion that the Reform Act's review provision
does not apply to challenges to INS's practices and procedures in administering the SAW program.
Finally, we note that, had Congress intended the limited review provisions of § 210(e) of the INA to encompass challenges to INS procedures and practices, it could easily have used broader statutory language. Congress could, for example, have modeled § 210(e) on the more expansive language in the general grant of district court jurisdiction under Title II of the INA by channeling into the Reform Act's special review procedures "all causes . . . arising under any of the provisions" of the legalization program. 66 Stat. 230, 8 U.S.C. § 1329. It moreover could have modeled § 210(e) on 38 U.S.C. § 211(a), which governs review of veterans' benefits claims, by referring to review "on all questions of law and fact" under the SAW legalization program.
Given Congress' choice of statutory language, we conclude that challenges to the procedures used by INS do not fall within the scope of § 210(e). Rather, we hold that § 210(e) applies only to review of denials of individual SAW applications. Because respondents' action does not seek review on the merits of a denial of a particular application, the District Court's general federal question jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 to hear this action remains unimpaired by § 210(e).
Petitioners place their principal reliance on our decision in Heckler v. Ringer,466 U. S. 602 (1984). The four respondents in Ringer wanted to establish a right to reimbursement under the Medicare Act for a particular form of surgery that three of them had undergone and the fourth allegedly needed. They sought review of the Secretary's policy of refusing reimbursement for that surgery in an original action filed in the District Court, without exhausting the procedures specified in the statute for processing reimbursement claims. The District Court dismissed the case for lack of jurisdiction because the essence of the complaint was a claim of entitlement to payment for the surgical procedure. With respect
to the three respondents who had had the surgery, we concluded that "it makes no sense" to construe their claims "as anything more than, at bottom, a claim that they should be paid for their BCBR [bilateral carotid body resection] surgery," id. at 466 U. S. 614, since success in their challenge of the Secretary's policy denying reimbursement would have the practical effect of also deciding their claims for benefits on the merits. "Indeed," we noted,
"the relief that respondents seek to redress their supposed 'procedural' objections is the invalidation of the Secretary's current policy and a 'substantive' declaration from her that the expenses of BCBR surgery are reimbursable under the Medicare Act."
Ibid. Concluding that respondents' judicial action was not "collateral" to their claims for benefits, we thus required respondents first to pursue their administrative remedies. In so doing, we found it significant that respondents, even if unsuccessful before the agency,
"clearly have an adequate remedy in § 405(g) for challenging [in the courts] all aspects of the Secretary's denial of their claims for payment for the BCBR surgery."
Id. at 466 U. S. 617. [Footnote 13]
Unlike the situation in Heckler, the individual respondents in this action do not seek a substantive declaration that they are entitled to SAW status. Nor would the fact that they prevail on the merits of their purportedly procedural objections have the effect of establishing their entitlement to SAW status. Rather, if allowed to prevail in this action, respondents would only be entitled to have their case files reopened and their applications reconsidered in light of the newly prescribed INS procedures.
Moreover, unlike in Heckler, if not allowed to pursue their claims in the District Court, respondents would not as a practical matter be able to obtain meaningful judicial review of their application denials or of their objections to INS procedures, notwithstanding the review provisions of § 210(e) of the amended INA. It is presumable that Congress legislates with knowledge of our basic rules of statutory construction, and, given our well settled presumption favoring interpretations of statutes that allow judicial review of administrative action, see Bowen v. Michigan Academy of Family Physicians,476 U. S. 667, 476 U. S. 670 (1986), coupled with the limited review provisions of § 210(e), it is most unlikely that Congress intended to foreclose all forms of meaningful judicial review.
Several aspects of this statutory scheme would preclude review of respondents' application denials if we were to hold that the District Court lacked jurisdiction to hear this challenge. Initially, administrative or judicial review of an agency decision is almost always confined to the record made in the proceeding at the initial decisionmaking level, and one of the central attacks on INS procedures in this litigation is based on the claim that such procedures do not allow applicants to assemble adequate records. As the District Court found, because of the lack of recordings or transcripts of LO interviews and the inadequate opportunity for SAW applicants to call witnesses or present other evidence on their behalf, the administrative appeals unit of the INS, in reviewing the decisions of LOs and regional processing facilities, and the courts of appeals, in reviewing SAW denials in the context of deportation proceedings, have no complete or meaningful basis upon which to review application determinations.
Additionally, because there is no provision for direct judicial review of the denial of SAW status unless the alien is later apprehended and deportation proceedings are initiated, most aliens denied SAW status can ensure themselves review in courts of appeals only if they voluntarily surrender themselves for deportation. Quite obviously, that price is tantamount
to a complete denial of judicial review for most undocumented aliens.
Finally, even in the context of a deportation proceeding, it is unlikely that a court of appeals would be in a position to provide meaningful review of the type of claims raised in this litigation. To establish the unfairness of the INS practices, respondents in this case adduced a substantial amount of evidence, most of which would have been irrelevant in the processing of a particular individual application. Not only would a court of appeals reviewing an individual SAW determination therefore most likely not have an adequate record as to the pattern of INS' allegedly unconstitutional practices, but it also would lack the factfinding and record-developing capabilities of a federal district court. As the American Bar Association, as amicus, points out, statutes that provide for only a single level of judicial review in the courts of appeals
"are traditionally viewed as warranted only in circumstances where district court factfinding would unnecessarily duplicate an adequate administrative record -- circumstances that are not present in 'pattern and practice' cases where district court factfinding is essential [given the inadequate administrative record]."
Brief for American Bar Association as Amicus Curiae 7. It therefore seems plain to us, as it did to the District Court and the Court of Appeals, that restricting judicial review to the courts of appeals as a component of the review of an individual deportation order is the practical equivalent of a total denial of judicial review of generic constitutional and statutory claims.
Decision in this case is therefore supported by our unanimous holding [Footnote 14] in Bowen, supra. In that case we rejected the Government's contention that two sections of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 301 et seq. (1982 ed.), barred judicial review of the validity of a regulation governing the payment of Medicare benefits. We recognized that review of
individual determinations of the amount due on particular claims was foreclosed, but upheld the collateral attack on the regulation itself, emphasizing the critical difference between an individual "amount determination" and a challenge to the procedures for making such determinations:
"The reticulated statutory scheme, which carefully details the forum and limits of review of 'any determination . . . of . . . the amount of benefits under part A,' 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(b)(1)(C) (1982 ed., Supp. II), and of the 'amount of . . . payment' of benefits under Part B, 42 U.S.C. § 1395u(b)(3)(C), simply does not speak to challenges mounted against the method by which such amounts are to be determined, rather than the determinations themselves. As the Secretary has made clear, 'the legality, constitutional or otherwise, of any provision of the Act or regulations relevant to the Medicare Program' is not considered in a 'fair hearing' held by a carrier to resolve a grievance related to a determination of the amount of a Part B award. As a result, an attack on the validity of a regulation is not the kind of administrative action that we described in [U.S. v.] Erika [Inc., 456 U.S. 456 U. S. 201] as an 'amount determination' which decides 'the amount of the Medicare payment to be made on a particular claim' and with respect to which the Act impliedly denies judicial review. 456 U.S. at 456 U. S. 208."
476 U.S. at 476 U. S. 675-676 (emphasis in original). Inherent in our analysis was the concern that, absent such a construction of the judicial review provisions of the Medicare statute, there would be
"no review at all of substantial statutory and constitutional challenges to the Secretary's administration of Part B of the Medicare program."
Id. at 476 U. S. 680.
As we read the Reform Act and the findings of the District Court, therefore, this case is controlled by Bowen, rather than by Heckler. The strong presumption in favor of judicial review of administrative action is not overcome either by the
language or the purpose of the relevant provisions of the Reform Act.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals is affirmed.
It is so ordered.
* Justice WHITE joins only Parts I, II, III, and IV of this opinion.
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, Pub.L. 99 603, 100 Stat. 3359.
Prior to November 6, 1986, the enactment date of the Reform Act, the employment of undocumented aliens did not violate federal law. See 66 Stat. 228, as amended, 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a) (1982 ed.) (providing that "for the purposes of this section [criminalizing the bringing in and harboring of aliens not lawfully entitled to enter and reside in the United States] employment (including the usual and normal practices incident to employment) shall not be deemed to constitute harboring"). Section 101 of the Reform Act, however, authorized both civil and criminal penalties against employers who hire unauthorized aliens either knowingly or without complying with specified verification requirements. See 8 U.S.C. § 1324a.
Section 121 of the Reform Act amended several federal programs to deny benefits to aliens who could not verify their lawful status. See Pub.L. 99-603, 100 Stat. 3384-3394.
The House Committee noted the purpose behind the legalization programs in the Reform Act:
"The United States has a large undocumented alien population living and working within its borders. Many of these people have been here for a number of years, and have become a part of their communities. Many have strong family ties here which include U.S. citizens and lawful residents. They have built social networks in this country. They have contributed to the United States in myriad ways, including providing their talents, labor and tax dollars. However, because of their undocumented status, these people live in fear, afraid to seek help when their rights are violated, when they are victimized by criminals, employers or landlords or when they become ill."
"Continuing to ignore this situation is harmful to both the United States and the aliens themselves. However, the alternative of intensifying interior enforcement or attempting mass deportations would be both costly, ineffective, and inconsistent with our immigrant heritage."
"The Committee believes that the solution lies in legalizing the statuts [sic] of aliens who have been present in the United States for several years, recognizing that past failures to enforces [sic] the immigration laws have allowed them to enter and to settle here."
"This step would enable INS to target its enforcement efforts on new flows of undocumented aliens and, in conjunction with the proposed employer sanctions programs, help stem the flow of undocumented people to the United States. It would allow qualified aliens to contribute openly to society, and it would help to prevent the exploitation of this vulnerable population in the workplace."
H.R.Rep. No. 99-682, pt. 1, p. 49 (1986), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1986, pp. 5649, 5653.
Senator Simpson, one of the sponsors of the Reform Act, described the vulnerability of this
"subculture of human beings who are afraid to go to the cops, afraid to go to a hospital, afraid to go to their employer, who says 'One peep out of you, buster, and you are down the road.'"
132 Cong.Rec. 33222 (1986).
The full text of § 210(e) of the INA, as set forth in 8 U.S.C. § 1160(e), reads as follows:
"(e) Administrative and judicial review"
"(1) Administrative and judicial review"
"There shall be no administrative or judicial review of a determination respecting an application for adjustment of status under this section except in accordance with this subsection."
"(2) Administrative review"
"(A) Single level of administrative appellate review"
"The Attorney General shall establish an appellate authority to provide for a single level of administrative appellate review of such a determination."
"(B) Standard for review"
"Such administrative appellate review shall be based solely upon the administrative record established at the time of the determination on the application and upon such additional or newly discovered evidence as may not have been available at the time of determination."
"(3) Judicial review"
"(A) Limitation to review of exclusion or deportation"
"There shall be judicial review of such a denial only in the judicial review of an order of exclusion or deportation under section 1105a of this title."
"(B) Standard for judicial review"
"Such judicial review shall be based solely upon the administrative record established at the time of the review by the appellate authority and the findings of fact and determinations contained in such record shall be conclusive unless the applicant can establish abuse of discretion or that the findings are directly contrary to clear and convincing facts contained in the record considered as a whole."
The complaint alleges that this respondent has the following interest in the litigation:
"Plaintiff MIGRATION AND REFUGEE SERVICES OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC DIOCESE OF PALM BEACH ('RCDPB') is a component of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Palm Beach. Its principle [sic] place of business is West Palm Beach, Florida. Many members of parishes within the diocese of Palm Beach are foreign agricultural workers who worked at least 90 man-days in the 1985 and 1986 season, and are therefore potentially eligible for the SAW program. In addition, Plaintiff MIGRATION AND REFUGEE SERVICES OF THE RCDPB has been designated by Defendant INS as a 'Qualified Designated Entity' (QDE) under IRCA. QDE's are authorized to provide counseling to aliens about the legalization program, to assist them in filing out applications and obtain documentation, and receive applications for adjustment to temporary resident status. Under IRCA, applications filed with a QDE are deemed to have been filed as of the same date with INS to whom the QDE's forward the applications for processing. QDE's are authorized to receive fees from applicants and reimbursement from INS for counseling and filing services. The actions of Defendants complained of in this case discourages otherwise eligible SAW applicants from seeking counseling and filing of their applications by Plaintiffs MIGRATION AND REFUGEE SERVICES OF THE RCDPB, and prevents them from fulfilling its basic mission of assisting aliens to qualify under IRCA."
App. 24.
Haitian Refugee Center, Inc. v. Nelson, 694 F.Supp. 864, 873 (SD Fla. 1988). The District Court also found that both of the organizational plaintiffs had standing. It explained:
"HRC has alleged that the"
"[d]efendants' refusal to recognize that such persons [HRC's members] are eligible under IRCA both directly and indirectly injures HRC. It directly injures the organization because it makes HRC's work of assisting the Haitian refugee community more difficult and results in the diversion of HRC's limited resources away from members and clients having other urgent needs."
"Complaint at
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Yes, Joe, I bet there is a connection, but we don't have enough to go on yet. If you find out anything else about Julia's siblings or parents, please let me know. Meanwhile, if I discover a link to Patrick and Bridget Clasby, I'll let you know.
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Akc saint Bernard pups. Three females available. $800.00. First shots and wormed. Handled everyday by my four kids and raised in my home. Ready to go. If your interested please text 570-317-0507.
Aug 20 -
Allentown :
Bloomsburg - Dogs & puppies
We have a beautiful male St Bernard. He is very sweet, AKC registered, perfect mask, great blood lines. Photo is when he was a puppy… lol I am a photographer and haven't gotten to editing the newer ones yet. I'll try to get some new photos done soon.
Aug 16 -
Northeast Ohio :
Mantua - Animal services
Saint Bernard puppies AKC registered very friendly and playful ready to go to their new homes their shots in wormers are all up to date health guarantee they are 600 with limited registry as a pet only 800 with full registration call or text. 330-231-1233
Aug 16 -
Northeast Ohio :
Sugarcreek - Dogs & puppies
5 males and 4 females born June 30th. Ready on August 25th. Taking deposits now on these NKC registered puppies. Mom and Dad our family pets. Momis 110 and dad is 150. Puppies have been raised with small and older children. They are very social and well loved. Feel free to contact me with any questions.
Aug 6 -
Northeast Ohio :
Wadsworth - Dogs & puppies
Saint Bernard puppies for adoption both smooth and rough coat. Will be ready for new home in 1 week. Vet checked wormed and 2 vaccinations They are all microchipped. Family raised with children and other animsls. Email [email removed] for application. Applications will be reviewed and then visits can be made. 2 references and vet reference needed. Saint experience preferred. Serious Inquiries only. Contract will be signed for pup to be spay or neutered at age of 6 month.
Jul 31 -
Allentown :
Bethlehem - Dogs & puppies
Meet Gertrude (AKA Gertie, Bird, or Birdie). She is a four year old Saint Bernard and Beagle mix. She is petite but solid and weighs approximately 65 lbs. She is spayed and up to date on all vaccines. She is a sweet, sweet girl but curious and ornery and subsequently crate trained. She is very much a pack dog but prefers bigger dogs vs. smaller ones that bite her feet. Her ideal new home would have the following; a large fenced in yard, other dogs (big), an active household with no small children, ...
Jul 15 -
Cleveland :
Lakewood - Dogs & puppies
Saint Bernard St. Bernard - Misty - Large - Adult - Female - Dog
Misty's a real sweetheart who loves being with people. She is large (about 80 pounds) and likes to run and play, or cuddle close to you. Her last owners moved and she was abandoned by the ones before that. In her old life she was tied outside to a box, but she must have lived indoors at one time, because she is reliably housetrained. She gets a real kick out of being able to run in the big exercise yard here. . Please call 301-478-3206 ...
Jan 10 -
Hagerstown-Martinsburg :
Flintstone - Dogs & puppies
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News Flash—it's hot here in Dallas—and just about everywhere around the system right now as we approach the end of the dog days of summer. So, for this week I thought it would be fun to take a look back at some uniforms designed to help beat the heat, as well as showcase our FUN-LUVing Attitudes. In 1986, our FUN FARES campaign debuted, offering Customers fares as... read more
Posts Tagged 'Flashback Fridays'
Flashback Fridays: Over the Hill Gang
While compiling some photos of Rollin King, I came across several mentions of Lamar Muse being hired as our first CEO in early 1971, and his subsequent selection of a Leadership Team composed of several other industry veterans. Lamar himself came from several other airlines, including American and Universal, and had made many connections during his time in the industry. ... read more
Flashback Fridays: Keeping up with the CARdashians
Our desert gold 737s have been a recognizable fixture of the skies over Texas and surrounding areas for over 43 years now. And for a few years in the 1970s, a small fleet of compact cars painted in a similar livery were also seen around the major cities and airports we served. Although more prominent later in the decade, the earliest image of a Southwest Gremlin I've come... read more
Flashback Fridays: Puttin' on the 'Ritz
Earlier this week, we learned about our LUV Seat repurposing efforts, which utilize leather from our Spirit cabin interiors for a variety of items benefiting communities around the world. These materials became available as our fleet was modernized with our new Evolve interior starting in early 2012. While our LUV Seat efforts see former seat covers turning into new... read more
Flashback Fridays: TJ LUV, the Musical
One of our most beloved characters from over the years has been our mascot TJ LUV. His name derives from Thomas J. Volz, a former Southwest Marketing Vice President, who collaborated with Gumwrappers and Goggles author and illustrator Wini Barnum Newman to create the character. But did you know that, in addition to being the protagonist of the children's book, TJ also made... read more
Flashback Fridays: An Exclusive Speed Limit
I have always wondered why the speed limit on our Corporate Campus is 18 miles per hour. My math isn't always that great, and, initially I assumed it had something to do with a possible metric conversion or possibly some obscure city ordinance pertaining to parking lots. While there are many theories circulating, the true intent of this non-standard speed limit is primarily... read more
Flashback Fridays: Old Glory
On June 14 each year we recognize Flag Day, which commemorates the adoption of the flag of the United States as approved by the second Continental Congress in 1777. And today, a standard fixture on the 603 dorsal fins across our fleet is a two-foot, high-speed decal with 50 stars and 13 stripes. Even though we have always been a Company of proud Americans, Southwest's Old... read more
Flashback Fridays: Frontiers of Flight
This week marks the tenth anniversary of our neighbors on the southeast side of Love Field—the Frontiers of Flight Museum—moving into their home on Lemmon Avenue. In addition to being home to "The Heart of our History" exhibit, it is also home to such notable treasures as the Apollo 7 command module and even a Vought V-173 "Flying Pancake." Photo credit... read more
Flashback Fridays: Computer Reservations Systems
For consumers, it's never been easier to view air travel options anywhere in the world via a multitude of different sources. But there was a time when most flyers relied on their local travel agent prior to the ease we all expect today on the Internet. And 20 years ago this month, yet another battle in our Company's history transpired when owners of the major computer... read more
Flashback Fridays: Club Schmitz
About 25 years before our first flight from Love Field, a small burger joint on what was then the far reaches of Dallas opened its doors for the first time. As the area around Love Field grew, so did the restaurant's fan base. And when Southwest Airlines established roots in the community, the restaurant known as Club Schmitz quickly became an Employee favorite. On May... read more


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If you wonder where I've been, I was in Paris. Where I found these lovely flip-flops. The beginning of summer was supercold here in Finland. Not anymore. Temperatures knock on 30 degrees celsius. Even in Lapland. Not complaining though, not too soon the weather will be miserable.
-Thrifty Finn-
P.S. If you are interested, the rest of the interpretations to this week's theme can be found HERE and my second Summer Lovin' photo is HERE.


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The Junior League of Nashville Decorators' Show House 2001 Take one landmark Nashville home, add the city's top decorators, interior designers, landscape architects, and gardeners, and you have this 16th annual fund-raising event. This year's home is Emerald Hill, 231 Ensworth Place, open April 21-May 6. The 6,500-square-foot 1925 Georgian mansion house has been outfitted with all the latest technology. The home also features a fully enclosed glass dome conservatory adjacent to the swimming pool. Decorating highlights include a child's playroom, a master bath with stone floors and walls, and a breakfast room decorated in aged woods and wrought iron. In addition to touring the house, you can shop for gifts and home accessories at an on-site gift store, enjoy a light meal or dessert at the tearoom, and browse the Show House Art Gallery with dozens of works by local and regional artists on display. Tickets are $12.50 in advance, $15 at the door. Proceeds benefit various community projects of the Junior League of Nashville. Parking and a free shuttle to the show house are available at Belle Meade United Methodist Church, 121 Davidson Rd. For information, call 269-9393 or go to www.jrleaguenash.org.
SOUTHERN WOMEN'S SHOW If you're looking for home decorating ideas, makeup techniques, health screenings, business opportunities, fitness advice, or cooking tips, this annual extravaganza at the Nashville Convention Center has all that and more. There are hundreds of booths offering free samples and information, demonstrations, and goods or services for sale, plus an array of special activities each day. This year's show dates are April 5-7. Hours: 10 a.m.-8 p.m. Thurs.-Sat.; noon-6 p.m. Sun. Admission is $6 in advance and $7 at the door. For information, call (800) 849-0248 or go to www.southernshows.com/wna.
TENNESSEE CRAFTS FAIR Almost every home in Nashville has an item or two purchased at this annual juried crafts fair, which is celebrating its 30th year of presenting contemporary and traditional crafts in an open-air festival setting in Centennial Park. The fair, produced by the Tennessee Association of Craft Artists, is the largest Tennessee crafts market you'll find anywhere, with 170 artisans from around the state participating this year. There will also be craft activities for the kids, live music, craft demonstrations, and lots of food vendors. Admission is free. This year's festival is May 4-6. Hours: 10 a.m.-6 p.m. For more details, call 665-0502.
American Artisan Festival Nashville's other great outdoor crafts event returns for its 31st year in Centennial Park, June 15-17, with 160 artisans from 35 states displaying their wares. American Artisan, an upscale crafts gallery on Harding Road, produces the festival, where you'll find pottery, blown glass, photography, metal, textile art, jewelry, and more. Admission is free. For information, call 298-4691.
Cheekwood Wildflower Fair/Daffodil Show Cheekwood takes a walk on the wild side of gardening with this event featuring more than 100 species of wildflowers for sale, Mar. 30- April 1. Tours of Cheekwood's own wildflower garden and sculpture trail are also part of the fun. The annual Daffodil Show, devoted to all the many varieties of these sunny signs of spring, will be under way March 31-April 1. For details, call 356-8000 or go to www.cheekwood.org.
Garden Seminars and Flower Shows If you're really serious about sharpening your gardening and landscaping skills, try Cheekwood's spring seminar series, with classes on everything from herb gardens to how to shop for plants at local nurseries. Cheekwood also salutes popular flowers and plants in a series of spring events geared to enthusiasts of roses, hostas, and other perennial favorites. Events include the Bonsai Show (April 21-22) and Community Flower Show (May 11-12) among others. For information, call 356-8000 or go to www.cheekwood.org.
THURSDAYS IN THE GARDEN Join master gardener Julie Berbiglia in Scarritt-Bennett Center's organic garden during your lunchtime. Come and ask questions, tour the garden, or just enjoy the natural environment every Thursday, May through August. Hours: 11:30 a.m.-1 p.m. For information, call 340-7500, or go to www.scarrittbennett.org.
GARDEN WORKSHOPS Scarritt-Bennett Center's organic garden program offers a series of spring classes for beginning gardeners and anyone who wants to learn more about organic techniques. Classes include Gardening for Beginners (April 28), which covers basic gardening skills needed to start and maintain your own garden, and Organic Secrets (May 19), which will unlock the mysteries of zapping garden pests the organic way. To register, call 340-7471, or email email@example.com.
Are you really begging for a troll to appear?
I thought Obamacare was supposed to bring on the Apocalypse by now. What happened? http://talkingpointsmemo.com/dc/gop-obamac……
Well I'm not sure what exactly you're talking about there, Stacy. Could you please elaborate?
Fox News is bad for America


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Home » Brie Bella » Death
Brie Bella
Real Name
Brianna Garcia
Date of Birth
November 21, 1983
Place of Birth
The relationship between Hulk Hogan and WWE has been further extended, as the former world heavyweight champion is now going to be involved in a movie for the company. WWE Studios is producing Celebrity Death Pool, featuring Ken Jeong from the Hangover series and David Hasselhoff. Hogan has a small role in the movie, but the company is expected to promote him heavily to draw in their fan base.
August 21, 2014
With a lot of fans going on social media and proclaiming the death of his company, MVP has become quite vocal in defense of TNA. The former United States Heavyweight Champion has been telling people that the company will continue to churn through. He is under the belief that a new television deal will be worked out before the end of the year.
August 1, 2014
"Hello, everyone. I will not be on Twitter for a while. My father, Joe Laurer, passed away the other day, and I have to deal with family matters. My dad is in a much better place now, and we will be reunited one day." - Chyna reveals the death of her father on Twitter
May 26, 2014
"Hey, Owen, can't believe it's been fifteen years since you left us. It still hurts the same and not a day goes by that I don't think of you and smile. There are so many things I wish I could tell you, but most of all, I'd just tell you how much I miss you, brother." - Bret Hart commemorating the death of his brother Owen Hart
May 24, 2014
Expect to see Big Show taking some time off from WWE in the near future, as he has been signed to play a role in an upcoming movie called Vendetta, a joint project between WWE Studios and Lionsgate. The film is about a man who commits a crime in order to be sent to prison, so that he can avenge the death of his wife by going after the prisoner who killed her.
May 23, 2014
Today is a sad one for professional wrestling fans. It marks the third year anniversary of the death of Randy Savage, one of the biggest legends in WWE history. The former Intercontinental Champion passed away after suffering a heart attack and crashing into a tree while driving. Much like before his death, fans have been begging WWE to induct him into the hall of fame.
May 20, 2014
When the wrestling world discovered that Lee Marshall passed away, there was not a lot of details floating around. The latest news is that the former WCW announcer died after losing his battle to throat cancer. His son was recently interviewed by the Los Angeles Times about the death, and he revealed a couple of details to the newspaper.
May 8, 2014
A video from Diamond Dallas Page, where the former WCW star paid tribute to Lee Marshall, whose death recently brought his name back into the conscious of professional wrestling fans.
May 6, 2014
"I must tell you that I commented that night when he did come on stage with his two beautiful little girls looking so proud, as he was as well, but when they left and went to the back, I noticed it even more... I felt that he wasn't walking well and I thought that was due to some injuries that caused that. I also noticed that when he came to speak, that he seemed, I don't want to say out of breath, but he was sweating and all that. I didn't think too much of it on the night and thought maybe he was nervous or whatever, but I just didn't feel like there was something wrong with him and I had no idea whatsoever as to what was to follow, that was quite a shock." - Bruno Sammartino discusses Ultimate Warrior condition before death
April 30, 2014
A picture of Chris Masters doing a tribute to the Ultimate Warrior, whose surprising death took place earlier this month, by dressing up as the legendary WWE star.
April 29, 2014
In a very touching display, Chris Masters did a tribute to the Ultimate Warrior, whose death rocked the world of professional wrestling earlier this month. While working an independent wrestling show in England, Masters dressed up as Ultimate Warrior, use his theme song, performed his trademark running entrance and even wrestled the same style.
April 28, 2014
Back in 2000, the world of professional wrestling was saddened by the death of Masakazu Fukuda. While working a tournament match, Fukuda was hit by a flying elbow drop from Katsuyori Shibata. The blow proved to be fatal, as Fukuda had to be taken to the hospital, where he died a couple of days later. New Japan finished the tournament and dedicated the event in his honor.
April 28, 2014
Earlier tonight, Jim Ross posted on Twitter about the death of Lee Marshall, his former colleague in WCW. While his work in professional wrestling will forever be remembered by many, it is his work as the voice of Tony the Tiger, the iconic cereal character, that the world knows him for.
April 27, 2014
Upon finding out about the death of his father, Daniel Bryan was given time off by WWE to mourn with his family. He skipped out on Smackdown and the live events this past week, and rumors had it that WWE was willing to let him stay off the road until Extreme Rules 2014. Reports are surfacing, though, that Bryan is now scheduled for Monday Night Raw and Smackdown this week.
April 27, 2014
"Glad I was able to shake the man's hand and speak for a moment. My thoughts and prayers to your wife and two daughters. Rest in peace, Ultimate Warrior." - Tensai comments on the death of the WWE legend
April 26, 2014
A tribute video of the Ultimate Warrior, whose death stunned WWE fans all over the world, by Diamond Dallas Page.
April 25, 2014
The feeling backstage in WWE is that the segment between Kane and Daniel Bryan on Monday Night Raw was so strong that Bryan could effectively take time off up until Extreme Rules 2014 and the company would be fine. As many already know, Bryan has left WWE temporary to be with his family as they mourn the death of his father.
April 25, 2014
"It was a great opportunity working with you in Barcelona. Time did make a difference, Brian. Rest in peace. Condolences to Dana and her two daughters." - Orlando Jordan on the death of the Ultimate Warrior
April 25, 2014
"My thoughts and prayers go out to the family of the Ultimate Warrior. Rest in peace." - Billy Gunn on the death of the WWE legend
April 25, 2014
A video of Sting talking about the Ultimate Warrior. WWE brought in the former world heavyweight champion to talk about his former tag team partner after his sudden death.
April 23, 2014
At Summerslam 2014, fans witnessed the beginning of the feud between Nikki Bella and Brie Bella when the former turned on her sister and helped Stephanie McMahon win the match. The belief is that the feud was instigated by the producers of Total Divas. They wanted an intriguing story for the upcoming season of the show.
August 21, 2014
While she is not doing a practice match with Brie Bella before Summerslam 2014, Stephanie McMahon is actually putting in a lot of hours training with Triple H. The couple routinely work out together, so it makes sense for him to put in some ring time with his wife. The match is not expected to last very long, and a surprise ending is still being planned.
August 15, 2014
Since she is being featured in one of the biggest matches at Summerslam 2014 and has not worked as an in ring performer in a very long time, many were expecting Stephanie McMahon to work a practice match before stepping into the ring with Brie Bella. Apparently, that will not be the case. Stephanie is doing private workouts and feels confident that the practice is not needed.
August 10, 2014
While the upcoming match between Stephanie McMahon and Brie Bella at Summerslam 2014 is being heavily anticipated by fans online, the numbers for that final hour of Monday Night Raw, where the two gals had their confrontation to close out the episode, managed to lose approximately half a million viewers. That has caused some concerns backstage for WWE because the match is viewed as one of the headliners of the pay per view.
August 4, 2014
In order to help promote her upcoming match at Summerslam 2014 against Stephanie McMahon, Brie Bella is on the road this weekend for WWE. The company is sending her and Nikki Bella to the Wizard World event in San Antonio. Brie is still on a reduced schedule, as management wants to give her time to be with Daniel Bryan while he is still recovering from his neck surgery.
August 2, 2014
To further their story line, WWE has revealed that Stephanie McMahon has invited Brie Bella to make an appearance on the next episode of Monday Night Raw. This should move them closer to the long rumored match at Summerslam 2014. The belief is that this also gives the company an opportunity to showcase Daniel Bryan and capitalize on the fame that he recently picked up by detaining a burglar.
July 28, 2014
A video of the police press conference featuring WWE stars Daniel Bryan, who detained a burglar at his home, and Brie Bella.
July 26, 2014
While he is already revered by WWE fans, Daniel Bryan has now become a real life hero. The former world heavyweight champion and Brie Bella were coming home when they noticed that their front door was open. Upon realizing that they were being burglarized, Bryan immediately pursued one of the thieves and put him into a rear naked choke before police officers arrived on the scene to arrest him.
July 26, 2014
One of the ideas being floated around backstage in WWE is to turn Nikki Bella into a heel. The story would be that Stephanie McMahon finally gets to her by getting Nikki to believe that Brie Bella has left her hanging. Nikki would grow tired of being abused by the Authority, so she ends up doing a heel turn against her sister. The story would more than likely be featured on Total Divas as well.
July 22, 2014
For those that missed Monday Night Raw, WWE did a story where Stephanie McMahon was arrested during the show because she assaulted Brie Bella, who happened to be sitting in the front row as a fan. The segment generated a huge ovation from the audience, and it was a major topic of discussion online. This is designed to lead to a big match between Stephanie and Brie at Summerslam 2014.
July 22, 2014
A lot of fans were hoping to see John Cena next month at the Comic Con event in San Antonio. They're going to be a little bit disappointed because WWE has been forced to pull the heavyweight champion from the event. The belief is that he needs the time to film a new movie. To make things up to the fans, WWE is sending Bray Wyatt, Brie Bella and Nikki Bella.
July 3, 2014
Those that have been following Mick Foley closely over the last year are aware that there is some sort of backstage heat between he and Vince McMahon. WWE has given him the cold shoulders on a couple of occasions. Foley has now revealed a possible source of that friction. He accidentally sent a message to McMahon while trying to send to Brie Bella and Daniel Bryan. The content of that message was Foley complaining about WWE not doing the right thing and putting Bryan over when his popularity was at its peak.
June 27, 2014
While WWE was severely disappointed with the fact that the previous episode lost viewers, management is extremely pleased that Total Divas drew in big numbers. The season finale, which featured the much anticipated wedding of Daniel Bryan and Brie Bella, drew in more than 1.5 million viewers. The third season has already been renewed and will make its debut this upcoming fall.
June 3, 2014
A rather unusual thing took place during Payback 2014 last night, as several WWE fans were under the assumption that Stephanie McMahon had an accident with her bladder during his big segment with Daniel Bryan and Brie Bella. However, the presumed wet spot on the backside of her dress was basically caused by the lighting in the arena. Stephanie continued to wear the dress backstage afterwards.
June 2, 2014
During the Payback 2014 pay per view, WWE did a segment where Stephanie McMahon demanded that Daniel Bryan make a decision about the world heavyweight championship. Instead of him giving up the belt that he chased for so long, Brie Bella told Stephanie that she was quitting WWE. Brie then gave a big slap to Stephanie. The belief is that Brie will be given some time off of television.
June 1, 2014
"I have to say I have like a girl crush on her. She is just an amazing woman. She is so talented and with the way she is with all the charities to represent WWE. Then she can put that all aside, when she gets to that ring. It's just insane to me. I just really admire her, and it has been a lot of fun to work with her and learn from her. I've really enjoyed it. The storyline is insane, and you never know what it holds. I'm excited for Payback because I think it will have a really great twist." - Brie Bella discusses her feelings on Stephanie McMahon
May 30, 2014
Approximately 300,000 fewer people watched Total Divas this week compared to the previous episode. That has caused a little bit of concern within WWE, as many expected viewership to rise as the series inches closer and closer to the big wedding between Daniel Bryan and Brie Bella. Many expected the popularity of Bryan to help increase interest.
May 28, 2014
During an interview with the Mirror in England, Stephanie McMahon was asked about a potential match against Brie Bella. The two have been feuding on screen as part of the program centered around WWE champion Daniel Bryan. Stephanie hinted that the match was a possibility and that she is always training. The feud would be heavily featured on Total Divas if it takes place.
May 20, 2014
For those of you that do no watch Total Divas on a regular basis, Nikki Bella revealed a secret to Natalya Neidhart this week. Nikki stated that she was once married before. She was in her early 20s and married her high school sweetheart at a courthouse. Nikki stated that Brie Bella was the only other person that knows. John Cena is said to be unaware of the previous marriage.
May 19, 2014
For fans of Total Divas, one of the most anticipated events will be the wedding between Daniel Bryan and Brie Bella. E! executives were hoping that this particular episode will generate the highest numbers since the series started. Unfortunately, though, WWE is doing the Payback 2014 pay per view on the same night that the wedding is expected to air.
May 19, 2014


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|Gary Taylor chosen to join VWCF Board
|Thursday, December 19, 2013 9:28 PM
Times Bulletin Editor
VAN WERT — Gary Taylor has been elected as a new trustee of the Van Wert County Foundation. The result of the election was announced Thursday by retiring VWCF Executive Secretary Larry L. Wendel.
Taylor is the owner of Taylor Auto Sales on South Walnut Street in Van Wert. The business was started by his father, Don Taylor, in 1947.
Besides his contributions to the business community, Taylor makes an impact on many area organizations, either in leadership or as a financial supporter. Some of the organizations he has associated himself with are Van Wert Civic Theatre, Community Health Professionals, Brumback Library, Wassenberg Art Center, Starr Commonwealth, Salvation Army, YMCA of Van Wert County, Van Wert Rotary Club and the Van Wert County Hospital, as well as the VWCF.
The election was conducted during the December meeting of the board of trustees. These 15 men and women administer the foundation without compensation.
Since the beginnings of the foundation, nearly 60 men and women have served as trustees. The trustees are selected from people with legal, financial, professional, industrial, business and agricultural background. Eight committees meet as needed in the areas of property, investment, scholarship, bequest, art, endowment, audit and executive.
The Van Wert County Foundation was incorporated in 1925 and received its first funds in 1934. The first grants were made in 1938. Since that time, more than $28 million has been distributed. In 2013, charitable allocations, scholarship and program services will total nearly $1.8 million.


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Real Estate Report: We'd Rather Be in Seadrift For the Holidays
Originally published on California Home + Design
Where: 148 Seadrift Road, Stinson Beach
What: For $6.45M, this simple but grandly scaled beach cottage is the perfect venue for a long food/alcohol/family holiday weekend.
Inside and out, the mid-century cedar and fir has been whitewashed into submission, giving the 4-bed, 4-bath house beach-y, relaxed vibe even when the weather's gloomy. With good bones and huge windows to frame the views, the slightly dated decor is an easy fix.
Escape your guests in this solarium:
Click here to get the full scoop on this enviable Seadrift home!
The Big Drink 2014: 50 Cocktails to Try Before You Die
The Big Eat 2014: 100 Things to Try Before You Die
The 2012 Big To-Do SF: 100 Things To Do Before You Die
The Big Veg 2011: 50 Vegetarian (Or Vegan) Things to Eat Before You Die
The Big Sweet SF: 50 Treats to Eat Before You Die
50 Things to Do in Wine Country Before You Die


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Tale of Kingdoms 1.6.2 Mod now has update to latest Minecraft 1.6.2/1.5.2. This is my favorite popular mod if playing minecraft, i think many fans of minecraft love this mod too. This mod is an adventure RPG mod where you prove your worth as a King, fight evil and eventually raise your own Kingdom. The mod currently includes the starting guild, where you must prove to the Guild Master that you are worthy of ruling your Kingdom, as well as several different NPC, friendly, neutral and aggressive. Ready to install and download Tale of Kingdoms 1.6.2 Mod ?
Tale of Kingdoms 1.6.2 Mod
TyberAlyx the developer of Tale of Kingdoms is still in development and has update to Tale of Kingdoms 1.3.0 Pre 3, but already it has proven itself to many as a fun, enjoyable Minecraft experience, you can go to his forum to support the Tale of Kingdoms 1.6.2 Mod. But this version still for Minecraft 1.6.2. Some people (ARavinMadMonkey) at forums make update this mods and compatible with your latest minecraft 1.6.2, so you can download this mod and playing minecraft with this Tale of Kingdoms 1.6.2 Mod. You cannot play this in an existing world, you have to start a new world.
Tale of Kingdoms 1.6.2 Mod Changelogs
- Gui added for the farmer, quest button not yet working
- fixing kingdom is fixed
- guild master now helps you when reficules attack guild
- foreman are now spawning correctly (wood and cobble guy in kingdom)
- taleofkingdoms gold (shows how much gold you have currently)
- clicking cancel option in start menu is now possible
- added a reset function for your save file (/taleofkingdoms resetsavefile)
- shiftclicking in selling block now works
Tale of Kingdoms 1.6.2 Mod Installations for Minecraft 1.6.2/1.5.2
- Install the latest version of Minecraft Forge 22.214.171.1248+
- Download Tale of Kingdoms 1.6.2 Mod
- IMPORTANT NOTE WHEN UPGRADING FROM 1.2.4 : Delete KingdomMod.props file. Drag your KingdomModSave.dat to your save folder along with level.dat, session.lock, data folder etc.
- Move the entire ZIP Folder into your ".minecraft\mods" folder.
- Play Minecraft!
Or you can follow steps below for Install Tale of Kingdoms 1.6.2 Mod
- start with a fresh .minecraft that is version 1.6.2!!
- Delete META-INF!!!!!
- install Minecraft Forge version 184.108.40.2061+
- Drag TaleOfKingdoms V220.127.116.11 Pre-Release 3 into the mods folder
- test if everything works!! (else start again!)
- have fun
Download Tale of Kingdoms 1.6.2 Mod for Minecraft 1.6.2
Download Tale of Kingdoms 1.5.2 Mod for Minecraft 1.5.2
Download Tale of Kingdoms 1.5.1 Mod for Minecraft 1.5.1
Download Tale of Kingdoms 1.4.7 Mod for Minecraft 1.4.7


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IndyCar Finale Sees Lower Attendance IndyCar Sets New Orleans Race Date WTA Proposing New Team Event America's Cup Wanted 10K Rooms From San Diego Connecticut Open Sees Attendance Increase Boston In Talks For IndyCar Race Heat Mars Otherwise Positive DIS Rallycross Debut Little Caesars Pizza Bowl Canceled LPGA Returning To Mission Hills In '15 NHL Still Without Site For Winter Classic Game In DC
Upcoming Conferences and Events
SBD/June 26, 2012/Events and Attractions
IndyCar Will Not Replace China Race; Schedule To Have 15 Events With Final At ACS
Published June 26, 2012
SWEET 16? Road America President George Bruggenthies yesterday said of the decision to go with 15 events, "I'm not surprised. I'm OK with it. I would agree that in order to pull off an event you need to promote it correctly, and for us to do that, time would have been short -- less than 60 days -- and for someone else to come in on the schedule, they're going to have the same situation." Bruggenthies said that he "made what he considered a 'fair offer' for the race, which he believes to be more than Michael Andretti paid to resurrect the race at the Milwaukee Mile with five months' notice." Bruggenthies: "As far as a sanctioning deal, I think Michael had a hell of a deal. It's easier to promote a race when you've got a favorable sanction." He added, "What's hurting the IndyCar Series is the fee, and there's really no sharing and benefits to the promoter. Most big series you have some other benefits, whether it's TV revenue, hospitality, sponsorship sharing. Those things don't exist in IndyCar racing anymore" (MILWAUKEE JOURNAL SENTINEL, 6/25).


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For the first time since the City of Fort Worth tried to strip a terminally ill police officer of her gun and badge, Police Chief Jeffrey Halstead spoke publically about the situation on Tuesday.
After working for the police department nearly 25 years, D.D. Willingham received a letter last week telling her she was out of leave time and would not reach full retirement.
However, people across North Texas and across the country heard that message loud and clear and stepped in to help.
Chief Halstead retrieved Officer Willingham's gun from the city and personally returned it to her last week. He says he's working to make sure a situation like this doesn't happen again.
"Turning in a gun and badge is what I equate to termination," said Halstead. "It has an extremely negative context."
That's why Halstead says he understood the backlash when word got out that the City of Fort Worth ordered Officer Willingham to relinquish her equipment while she's battling terminal lung cancer.
"I know that hurt every police officer," said Halstead. "Not in just Fort Worth. I received emails from Missouri, Idaho, New York and Florida."
Months away from marking 25 years of service, Officer Willingham is just shy of making a full retirement and receiving her full benefits.
Instead of taking a reduced pension, Willingham borrowed $32,000 to purchase her retirement. When her friends heard what happened, they jumped into action, holding multiple fundraisers to help Willingham pay off the loan.
They held a bake sale, gun raffle, bowl-a-thon and started an online donation site.
In a short time, they exceeded the goal.
"My whole family and I thank everybody out there – national, local police department, companies, everybody for helping my mother out during this difficult time," said Willingham's daughter, Kendra.
Chief Halstead says he has heard many stories about how Officer Willingham helped others during her police career.
"Heartfelt compassion, strong woman of faith, but a dedicated member of the police family," said Halstead.
The chief says Officer Willingham is not the only officer whose health is impacting her career. He says each situation is different and deserves more than a standard human resources response.
"Every city leader is working with me to remedy that," said Halstead. "I don't think that'll happen again."
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These classic waterproof roll-top panniers from the long-trusted Ortlieb family are some of our most popular and loved panniers. Roll-top closure make it easy to access clothing layers and snacks, while the lightweight and waterproof design will keep you comfortable and happy no matter what kind of adventure you find yourself in.
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Mad River Theatre Works to Present 'EVERYBODY'S HERO' at Raue Center For The Arts, 1/31
Raue Center For The Arts has announced that Mad River Theatre Works will present Everybody's Hero: The Jackie Robinson Story on January 31, 2014 at 9:30 am. This production is back by popular demand and just in time to kick off African American History Month.
Watch what happens when Branch Rickey decides to add a black person to the Brooklyn Dodgers - a player strong enough to stand up and turn the other cheek to the teammates who would ridicule him, the pitchers who would throw at him and the fans who would send him threats. Join Raue Center for an inspirational tale of triumph and perseverance.
A 30 minute Q&A session will follow the performance.
Everybody's Hero is part of Mission Imagination, Raue Center's arts education program made by the generous support of the Foglia Family Foundation.
Limited seats are open to the public so purchasing tickets in advance is recommended. Tickets are only $20 for adults and $6 for students and can be purchased online at www.rauecenter.org, or via the Box Office at 26 N. Williams Street in Historic Downtown Crystal Lake or by calling 815.356.9212. This show is sponsored by Advocate Good Shepherd Hospital.
A special thank you to Don E. Lewis Family Foundation, Office Depot Foundation, Walmart Foundation, Chicago Tribune Foundation, George A Bates Memorial Foundation, Noorgard Charitable Trust, ComEd, McHenry County Community Foundation and Willow Springs Foundation for their support of this show and the Mission Imagination program at Raue Center. This engagement is supported by the Arts Midwest Touring Fund, a program of Arts Midwest, which is generously supported by the National Endowment for the Arts with additional contributions from Raue Center For The Arts (logo attached).


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Sign up for Yardbarker's daily Top 10 newsletter, the Morning Bark! Customize to get news on your favorite sports and teams.
Pound the Rock Stars of the Night - Boston Celtics 107, Toronto Raptors 89 - The 'Twenty Dimes' Edition
Found November 18, 2012 on Hip Hoop Junkies:
PLAYERS: John Lucas, Rajon Rondo, Andrea Bargnani, DeMar DeRozan, Amir Johnson, Ed Davis, Magic Johnson
TEAMS: Boston Celtics, Toronto Raptors
TEAMS: Boston Celtics, Toronto Raptors
posted by Romy AquinoPOUND THE ROCK STARS - On a nightly basis, no matter how good or bad the Raps play, no matter if they blow out a team or if they get blown out and no matter if they win or lose, these are the Raptors with the best 'Pound the Rock' status for the night.FINAL SCORE: CELTICS 107, RAPTORS 89 SEASON RECORD: 2W-7LPOUND THE ROCK STAR #1: JOHN LUCAS IIILINE: 15 pts (5-11), 3-7 3 pt, 3 ast, 1 stlSo preseason John Lucas finally showed up. JL3 put up a season high 15 points against the C's, a huge improvement from his season average 2.1 ppg. Lucas and the second unit helped the Raptors close in on the Celtics lead after trailing 30-17 after the first quarter. This is what he was brought in for, to be instant offence off of the bench and he finally showed that on Saturday afternoon, hitting some big baskets....it's just the Raptors slow start was just too much of a hole to get out of. On to the next one.POUND THE ROCK STAR #2: JOSE CALDERONLINE: 1...
Original Story: http://www.hiphoopjunkies.com/2012/11...
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Hi All,
This is a bit of a long shot...
Do any of you currently use some form of online booking/ordering system for the management of Theatre / Performances etc?
Essentially, I am looking for a system that would allow us to create a seating plan and allow visitors to our site reserve/book seats and pay online - much like a cinema type system.
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Now it's hot. The kind of hot that forces you to sit still, preferably under a ceiling fan, sipping a cold drink. You can almost hear the garden growing. Everyone slows down. It's so hot you don't want to cook - not for anybody! But you still have to eat! So turn to these no cook recipes that - I guarantee - do not use one bit of heat. Not from the grill, stovetop, microwave, or oven.
Canned foods, deli ingredients, frozen fully cooked meats, and fresh summer produce all combine to make excellent recipes that let you keep your cool inside and out.
Remember to check out my second collection of No Cook Recipes And enjoy!
No Cook Beverages and Appetizers
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To speed up preparation even more, think about chilling the canned foods, still in their cans, in the fridge the night before you want to make the recipe. Then you don't even have to wait for the recipe to chill; just combine the cold foods right out of the cans and sit down to dinner.
Your grocery store's deli can provide lots of the ingredients for these no cook recipes. I especially love the rotisserie chicken at my deli; it provides about 4 cups of perfectly cooked, tender chicken perfect for use in salads and sandwich spreads. And for sandwiches, nothing beats the Pepper Roast Beef my deli makes; tender medium rare roast beef is coated with cracked black pepper. If a recipe calls for rice, stop by your local Asian restaurant and get some rice to go. It will be perfectly cooked and ready to use!


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Concert raises money for Stars Appeal (From Salisbury Journal)
If you have a story call our newsdesk on 01722 426511 or email us. To advertise call 01722 426500.
Concert raises money for Stars Appeal
3:30pm Thursday 10th January 2013 in News By Corey Ross
TWO local groups have been singing Christmas carols to raise money for the Stars Appeal.
Twenty children from Year 3 at Harnham Junior School entertained patients, visitors and staff at Salisbury District Hospital last month, singing a selection of traditional and modern Christmas carols in the main entrance. They raised more than £130 for the Stars Appeal through a collection.
The Kerala community in Salisbury held their Christmas carol concert on December 20 and also decided to raise money for the hospital's charity as the Salisbury Malayalee Association has adopted the Stars Appeal as its charity.
Association patron Jose Antony presented a cheque for £180, raised during the concert, to Gemma Heath of the Stars Appeal.
Comments are closed on this article.


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// an archive of likes, thoughts, feelings, sights, and sounds //
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The Killers | "When You Were Young"
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Crystal Inn Hotel & Suites Midvalley - Murray
818 E Winchester St - Murray1-877-662-6988
If you are looking for ski hotels in Murray located near skiing, check out Crystal Inn Hotel & Suites Midvalley offering free breakfast to all its guests.
This 3-star Murray hotel offers a roundtrip airport shuttle. If you want low-key dining options, you will be pleased to find a grocery/convenience store and a picnic area. Make the most of your trip to United States of America by taking some time to relax as you will find a spa tub and a fitness center on site. Be sure to leave some room for your swimsuit as this hotel features an indoor pool, a nice way to unwind. Knowledgeable staff are available at the front desk 24 hours-a-day and can provide tour/ticket assistance and express check-out.
Free newspapers, a safe, TV, fireplace and coffee are on offer in the lobby. Guests can make use of the free Wi-Fi. Planning a meeting? This hotel has 2 meeting rooms. Other amenities include an area shuttle, gift shops/newsstands, dry cleaning/laundry services, ATM/banking services, an elevator (lift) and laundry facilities.
I cannot express enough how much we enjoyed our 7 days at Crystal Inn, Midvalley, ...Venere Guest, USA
These reviews have been left by customers who actually stayed at this hotel
Check Availability at Crystal Inn Hotel & Suites Midvalley
Breakfast at Crystal Inn Hotel & Suites Midvalley
A free hot/cold buffet breakfast is served each morning.
Facilities at Crystal Inn Hotel Midvalley
- Laundry service
- Lift/elevator
- Gift shop
- Pets accepted
- Minimarket
- Laundry room
- Personal newspapers
- Newspapers
- Front desk - safety deposit box
- Front desk - 24 hour
- City tour
- Gym
- Indoor swimming pool
- Ski room
- Shuttle service from and/or to the airport
- Ski bus
- Shuttle service
- Free parking
- Internet/Email services
- TV Lounge
- Conference room
- Hydromassage Jacuzzi
Know before you go
- Children 18 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.
- The property allows pets in specific rooms only and has other pet restrictions (surcharges apply and can be found in the Fees section). Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
Check-in: after 3 PM.
Check-out: before noon.
PolicyExtra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
City tax and/or any other fees charged by the hotel
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Pet fee: USD 25 per pet, per stay
- Rollaway bed fee: USD 10.00 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
Crystal Inn Hotel & Suites Midvalley is also known as
Crystal Inn Hotel & Suites Midvalley - Murray
Crystal Inn Hotel And Suites Midvalley - Murray
Crystal Hotel Midvalley
Crystal Hotel Midvalley Murray
Crystal Inn Hotel Midvalley reviews
- July 2011
- Venere Guest
- Mature couple
I cannot express enough how much we enjoyed our 7 days at Crystal Inn, Midvalley, Utah. The room was roomy, breakfast wonderful and unbelievable that we also received a evening meal. Perfect. The folks were all helpful and kind and went the extra mile. Pool and spa were great. Great location for us, so close to malls and stores and wonderful Wheeler Farm. Thanks again, Lynne
- January 2011
- Venere Guest
- Young couple
Exactly what I expected and more. Would (and will) recommend this to a friend and would (and will) gladly stay here again.
- April 2012
- Venere Guest
- Single traveller
Crystal Inn Hotel Midvalley reviews by TripAdvisor
Room Details
Book your pet-friendly accommodation at Crystal Inn Hotel & Suites Midvalley, offering 128 guest rooms with designer toiletries and DVD players. For comfort and convenience, each guest room comes with a separate sitting area. Kitchen amenities include refrigerators and microwaves, making it possible to dine in while you travel. A good night's sleep in pillowtop mattresses with premium bedding and down comforters will have visitors waking up refreshed and well-rested throughout their vacation or business trip.
TVs with premium cable channels offer entertainment at the end of a long day. Corporate travelers will benefit from free wireless high-speed Internet access as well as desks, complimentary newspapers and phones during their Midvale visit. Additional guest comforts include climate control, free local calls and air conditioning.
Private bathrooms are outfitted with shower/tub combinations and hair dryers.
Accommodation Services
- Air conditioning
- Telephone
- Mini fridge
- Extra beds
- Baby cots/cribs available
- Coffee and tea maker
- Hairdryer in each room
- In-room ironing facilities
- Desk
- Individually controlled air conditioning
- DVD player
- Cable TV
- Dial-up Internet access
- Wireless Internet access
Distances from Crystal Inn Hotel MidvalleyJungle Jim's Playland - 1.2 km / 0.7 mi
Fashion Place Mall - 1.6 km / 1 mi
Eagle Gate College - 3.5 km / 2.2 mi
Desert Star Playhouse - 4.1 km / 2.6 mi
Pebblebrook Golf Links - 5 km / 3.1 mi
Gardner Village - 5.2 km / 3.2 mi
Rio Tinto Stadium - 5.6 km / 3.5 mi
Wairhouse Trampoline Park - 7.3 km / 4.6 mi
Dimple Dell Nature Park - 7.8 km / 4.9 mi
South Towne Center - 7.9 km / 4.9 mi
Living Planet Aquarium - 8 km / 5 mi
Golf In the Round - 8.2 km / 5.1 mi
Sri Ganesha Hindu Temple of Utah - 9 km / 5.6 mi
Forest Dale Golf Course - 9.6 km / 6 mi
Hale Center Theater - 10 km / 6.2 mi
The preferred airport for Crystal Inn Hotel & Suites Midvalley is Salt Lake City, UT (SLC-Salt Lake City Intl.) - 19.6 km / 12.2 mi.
Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property's location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance.
Distances are displayed to the nearest 0.1 mile and kilometer.
Transportation services Crystal Inn Hotel & Suites Midvalley
- Shuttle service from and/or to the airport
- Ski bus
- Shuttle service
- Free parking
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