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Garden Pixie Collection - PRINTABLE CUPCAKE WRAPPERS - Sweet Scarlett Events
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Let your princess pixie have her very own pixie wonderland birthday with this gorgeous collection!
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Frozen cooked meatballs become tasty party penguins thanks to carrot "beaks" and "flippers."
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Easy Layered Bean Dip
Italian Meatball Hoagie Braids
Poppin' Fresh® Barbecups
Grands!® Meatball Pops
Mexican Stuffed-Pepper Biscuit Tostadas
Fettuccine with Beef and Peppers

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Stellan Welin
Stellan Welin...
Professor at IMH (Department of Medical and Health Sciences), bioethicist, and one of the organizers of a European research conference in August on 'in vitro meat'.
ESF Exploratory Workshop: In vitro meat: Possibilities and Realities for An Alternative Future Meat Source has been initiated by Chalmers and begins on 31 August.
You are one of the principal researchers. What is your role?
"Obviously my role relates to the ethical issues. How can you get people to accept meat grown in bioreactors? There are many who will perceive it as 'unnatural'."
It sounds pretty unnatural; are there ethical concerns?
"Actually, there are few ethical problems associated with the cultivation of animal muscle cells compared to those problems that industrial farming causes. From an animal welfare aspect, it is positive as well and it will create significant environmental benefits lending itself to future large-scale cultivation of in vitro meat for consumption."Rather, the problem stems from the fact that the researchers find themselves entwined in discussions on the cultivation of stem cells. So far the most stem cells available are derived from humans and mice. Meat for consumption should be of a different kind. In addition, the debate for and against genetic modification is on-going."
"And it will be exciting when issues of meat production have been brought to a concrete political level. Presently, Swedish political parties retain slightly varying stances.
You have invited thirty researchers to a four-day workshop. What's on the program?
"The current research on in vitro meat is on a small scale, fragmented and sparsely funded. Researchers from different disciplines need to meet in order to sum up the situation and discuss the various ways forward. The major issues concern; the technology related to cultivation, various ideas on how to obtain stem cells and how to obtain nutrients from plants to then trigger cells to grow. Rapid growth and profitability is a prerequisite for large-scale cultivation.
Footnote: The concept of in vitro meat gained momentum during the 90s, in conjunction with the emergence of tissue engineering research (tissue culture) for medical purposes. Meat production places great demands geographically and time wise and generates large amounts of greenhouse gases.
The need for meat grows faster than the world's population grows, so the better the financial situation a country has the more meat people tend to eat. Up to this point, no-one has managed to produce meat for public consumption, however recent reports indicate that it may happen in the near future.
welcome events 2014
The students are back and the traditional two-week period of welcome events is well underway.
kalas 2014
More of everything – from a symphony orchestra to Movits!, several local bands and more festivities than ever.
european successes
LiTHe Blås drew resounding applause at the EU Parliament, and was close to winning the Dutch championship in "Dweilmusik" on their 2014 EUtour.
cooking and discussing
In the newly-started mentor group LIKES, international and Swedish teaching students gather to discuss and cook.
making a difference
A year ago she studied political science at LiU. Today she is working with refugee issues at national and international level.
farewell ceremony 2014
Graduates of the international master's programmes at LiU said goodbye to their teachers, classmates and their time as students at the Farewell Ceremony on 11 June.
hidden rooms on campus
Exploring Kåkenhus Building among the water channels of the basement, a new boule pitch and the locked-up tower on the roof.
Last rehearsal with Hasse
Sunday dress rehearsal: 180 people in Kårallen. With his farewell concert Fine on 10 May, Director Musices Hans Lundgren took his last bow after 35 years at LiU.
IDay, seeing the world
IDay took place on 25 April at Linköping University. International students showed everyone the beauties of their countries and celebrated cultural diversity.
celebrating easter in sweden
Easter traditions differ from country to country. All have their own way of celebrating. An exclusive Swedish tradition is birch twigs decorated with coloured feathers.
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Last updated: 2014-08-28


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We love our tees and hoodies so much we could talk about them all day, but that'd be a bit weird. So we'll just say that we're immensely proud of the quality of all our garments and the super futuristic technology that creates our unique t-shirts and hoodie prints. Our t-shirts are long lasting, individual and extremely useful for abiding by public decency laws.
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For faithful soldiers of the Free Kingdom of Men.
gondor, lord of the rings, tree ot gondor, middle earth, tolkien
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Thank you! :)


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VIDEO: Catherine Wells-Burr's parents' reaction to verdict
For the family of Catherine Wells-Burr today's verdict has come as a huge relief. They've been in court for much of the eight weeks of the trial.
We heard a little earlier their reaction outside court, shortly after the jury delivered its verdicts.
Jayne and Phillip Wells-Burr spoke to ITV Westcountry about their daughter.


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The Prudential Center and Legends Hospitality signed a multiyear partnership that'll help the Newark, New Jersey, venue become the first farm-to-table arena in the U.S.
High-frequency firms deploying fast computers made $7.2 billion in trading profits in 2009. After the May 6 10-minute crash, regulators are studying how to put the brakes on.
Orders for U.S. business equipment climbed in May, showing corporate investment is helping revive the economy after a slump at the start of the year.
Blackstone Group LP's credit arm agreed to acquire a group of housing development sites from Hovnanian Enterprises Inc. with plans to sell them back to the homebuilder under a $125 million deal.
A cowboy-hat-wearing robot with "Sell" emblazoned across its chest adorns a wall-length mural in the lounge of RGM Advisors LLC in Austin, Texas. Another robot, with "Buy" on it, wobbles toward a green Wall Street sign as two machines tote spark-emitting high-speed cables.
Hovnanian Enterprises Inc., the worst-performing U.S. homebuilder this year, reported a wider loss for its fiscal first quarter as inclement weather extended construction times and sales demand slowed.


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Thumbprint Imperial Weizen - New Glarus Brewing Company
Displayed for educational use only; do not reuse.
Ratings: 603 | Reviews: 338 | Display Reviews Only:
North Carolina
1/5 rDev -75.3%
11-15-2011 01:39:52 | More by eerbayman
1.5/5 rDev -63%
01-28-2014 07:46:45 | More by NoetheMatt
1.5/5 rDev -63%
01-30-2012 05:00:12 | More by JayTurk
1.75/5 rDev -56.8%
09-25-2013 21:27:14 | More by Fluffmeister
1.88/5 rDev -53.6%
Pours a classic hazy honeyed golden brown with a thick two fingers of head thqt holds its form through the entirety of the beer. Nose has odd ethyl/chemical aroma up front along with rubber and maybe light clove and banana if i trick myself into believing its there. Banana malt character with an upleasing hop bitterness and my rubber smell can now be better described as a burning plastic taste - really not good stuff and im thinking my bottle is just off based on previous reviews. Whats left of the oftputting taste really just destroys any points gained on the mouthfeel - this beer or bottle is just really really bad - if i didnt want to feel the abv this is a drain pour for sure.
06-19-2011 04:38:41 | More by Trilogy31
Rhode Island
2.1/5 rDev -48.1%
12oz from the birthday BIF. Thanks! Poured into allagash tulip.
A- Bright hazy yellow with a nice snowdrift head. Very good pour- can't wait to dive into this one.
S- Overpowering clove and banana. Clove goes too far- it's choking me out. Strong alcohol noticed as well.
T- Ugh. More clove, with clove on top. Banana and bazooka joe bubble gum. Twinge of orange. Soapy/lemony taste in the finish. Hot and boozy to boot.
M- Too much spice added or the yeast went crazy.. I don't like this beer in my mouth. It's abrasive/hot on the tongue.
O- No thanks. Worth a shot, but not for me.
05-22-2011 17:43:49 | More by ShogoKawada
2.25/5 rDev -44.4%
05-29-2013 02:07:31 | More by RonnieRotten
2.25/5 rDev -44.4%
09-12-2013 22:23:05 | More by BradStokley
2.5/5 rDev -38.3%
08-03-2014 18:57:17 | More by tgates
2.5/5 rDev -38.3%
01-14-2012 18:22:44 | More by hilgart1
2.65/5 rDev -34.6%
12 oz'er courtesy of larsenju.
Poured into my Duvel Green tulip
Pours and a very murky golden yellow that is not see-through at all. From an average pour a giant 3 finger head of white foam erupted. Leaves beautiful lacing for a hef.
Smell is very off putting to me. I get a tingle in my nose from the alcohol and then an overwhelming scent of bananas to cover it up.
Taste is exactly like the smell just a little more bearable. Slight alcohol then an explosion of banana that coats my mouth. I actually like the aftertaste quite a bit thats why the score wasn't lower.
Mouthfeel I think is probably how it's suppose to be. First Imperial Weizen so I'm not sure. It did drink relatively smoothly.
Not really impressed by this one at all and I'm a little upset since it was my first New Glarus brew. I look forward to trying the Belgian Red and Raspberry Tart that are in the cellar.
Thanks again Justin!
06-10-2011 06:30:41 | More by DearthVader
2.75/5 rDev -32.1%
04-19-2014 03:39:39 | More by hansenm72
2.83/5 rDev -30.1%
I really like the idea of marrying American hops with a German hefe-weizen. But for whatever reason, when brewers decide to bring this relationship to fruition, they decide to crank the dial to 11 and let the world burn. Huge hops, huge alcohol, esters from the yeast? Well, they can fight for some place in the background, we've got a big beer to brew!
The beer pours looking delicious. A nice cloudy orange-yellow body with a meringue head. I meann that, big, fluffy, white, and ever-lasting. As the volume of the beer decreases, it leaves huge whopping gobs of lace. Just crazy.
That is, unfortunately, the best part of the beer. The hops are huge on the nose. Lots of lime and grapefruit with a strong blast of alcohol.
The taste pretty much follows the nose. The side of the bottle talks about a German wheat yeast, but there are no esters to be found. To compound matters, the beer is paper-thin, so all you are left with is a mouth full of hops and a strong alcoholic burn. I mean, yeah, as the beer warms you start to get some banana, but it is so overwhelmed by the hops that I'm not really sure it should even bother being there.
A huge letdown from NG.
07-27-2008 23:38:46 | More by shbobdb
2.88/5 rDev -28.9%
Bottle cellared for 7 weeks to allow the hops to fade.
Gorgeous. Big, beautiful, creamy head over a glowing murky golden body. Pity it smells so piney and boozy. Some of the banana/bubblegum weizen character comes through but they don't own the show.
Fortunately the hop flavors have faded some so it doesn't taste like a pine tree, though there's still some of it. Unfortunately there's still enough bitterness to detract from weizen flavors that are starting to come through. The flavors that are there remind me that New Glarus knows how to handle wheat beers - some banana and cloves with a dose of bubblegum, all overlaid on a pine tree.
The mouthfeel is amazing - as good as Don de Dieu. Smooth, slightly viscous, creamy. Just incredibly appealing.
Overall, with less hoppiness this would be amazing. As it is, the hops mask the qualities I look for in a weizenbock, or any weizen beer.
11-21-2011 23:39:48 | More by mariposafan
2.95/5 rDev -27.2%
12 ounce bottle acquired in a trade with mikesgroove, thanks again Mike, drinking it right now from my Bull and Bush mug, color is a lighter golden orange, big two inch white fluffy head that has lasted over ten minutes, good retention, some lacing at the top, aroma consists of booze, wheat, candied sugar, clove, ginger, peppermint, grassy accents, lemons, and sweet malt, taste starts off with malty sweetness, spices in the middle and chewy wheat too, finish is strong with a big alcohol kick, becomes even harder to drink as it warms with too much booze shining through mixed with overly sweet malts, need more spice for it to really work, sweet, boozy, and spicy mouthfeel, high level of carbonation, taste lingers a very long time, you can taste every drop of alcohol in this one, not hidden at all, heavy on the stomach, not smooth, cannot say this my favorite from the Unplugged series by any means, a little over the top in my opinion, would not drink again, worth trying
07-30-2009 01:57:03 | More by Floydster
New York
3/5 rDev -25.9%
06-17-2014 00:18:35 | More by BGsWo22
3/5 rDev -25.9%
10-24-2013 01:55:51 | More by inkdemention
3/5 rDev -25.9%
Purchased a four pack. Poured a large foamy head on a cloudy, light amber body. Very "wheaty", with good doses of sweetness, clove and citrus mixed in, as well as banana. Taste was much the same, very heavy, cloves very prominent, but with a big grapefruit finish. Had the thickness one would expect from a wheat.
I had very, very high hopes for this, as it's my favorite style and one of my favorite brewers. And it started off nicely, but about midway through, that grapefruit and alcohol bite became just too much, drowning out the other characteristics. I drank the other three in the pack, and came away with the same impression. Bit disappointing, really.
07-27-2008 15:30:48 | More by ibashmuck
3/5 rDev -25.9%
09-12-2013 18:56:29 | More by CityofBals
3/5 rDev -25.9%
03-29-2014 00:43:29 | More by Zuidman
3/5 rDev -25.9%
11-14-2011 23:44:14 | More by westcoastbeerlvr
3/5 rDev -25.9%
03-14-2014 00:06:01 | More by Kyrojack
3.13/5 rDev -22.7%
Big thanks to BeerFMAndy for getting a box of New Glarus out to me. Served in a New Glarus taster glass.
Pours a fairly-cloudy bright yellow-golden with a short white head and a spot or two of lacing on the way down. The nose has quite a bit of sweetness combined with some banana, clove, and a touch of spice. The flavor is fairly boozy with some spice and residual sweetness. Too much malt sugar remaining here, IMO. Body is a bit thicker than I'd like with some extra alcohol. I prefer NG's lower-abv German wheat offerings.
04-10-2012 10:08:30 | More by Thorpe429
3.13/5 rDev -22.7%
Having just returned from 4 monthsin Germany I thought I would give this one a shot. I guess it isn't a traditional beer but whatever.
First off I grab my Weihenstephaner glass and pour it. Then i realize (or all of Germany). The head definitely is "prettier" than most German wheat beers. I tend to prefer the more rustic, creamy look of the German ones, of course this doesn't apply to all cases.the beer it self is a cloudy light gold. Perhaps a bit light for a weizenbock, but good looking nonetheless.
The smell is the first thing noticeably different here. This is alcoholic and hoppy, not really what the typical German weizenbock is.
The flavor is similar. Too hoppy and orangey/bitter.
I understand this is a bit of an experiment as it is a completely new style of brew, but one of Dan's weaker ones unfortunately. Hops + Weissbier is a hard thing to get right, Dan should try some Schneider for reference.
08-04-2011 20:15:43 | More by crossovert
3.13/5 rDev -22.7%
A - It pours a ridiculously radiant hazed orange hue, and is capped with a large bone-white head that deposits significant lace.
S - The nose is pungently yeasty, wheaty, and hoppy, simultaneously. Notes of banana and (real) watermelon mingle with overripe grapefruit, and the aroma generally suggests a bitter and hoppy edge to the brew. There is a little bit of a negative connotation to the aroma, as it reminds me ever so slightly of fresh latex paint.
T - The taste is equally sweet and bitter, with lots of grapefruit, lemon rind, ripe banana and even karela apparent in the flavor profile. The bitterness definitely takes over toward the finish, and a lingering astringent citrus zest impression hangs on far beyond the quaff. Alcohol is too noticeable here.
M - Medium-bodied with slightly sharp carbonation; enhances the brew.
O - While the brew is solid, I am not crazed over it due to the overly bitter character, noticeable alcohol, and my personal disdain for a particular element of the aroma.
05-17-2011 18:05:22 | More by ktrillionaire
Thumbprint Imperial Weizen from New Glarus Brewing Company
90 out of 100 based on 603 ratings.


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Mckee Place School Virtual Yearbook
Upcoming Class Reunions
- Class of 2004 reunion
(10 year reunion)
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All Mckee Place School Alumni
The names listed below are alumni who have been searched for on this site from Mckee Place School in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. If you see your name among the Mckee Place School graduates, someone is looking for you! Register to let other graduates of Mckee Place School find and contact you. We realize that a Mckee Place School year book may be hard to find so registering to complete your school's Virtual Yearbook may be the next best thing to finding Mckee Place School yearbooks. The list of names is also useful for getting together a Mckee Place School reunion if you don't have a complete list of the students from your graduating class of Mckee Place School.
= Click on this icon to search for this person at Classmates.com®. Registered members appear in bold.
Class of 2000
|Jessica Podolsky
Class of 1985
|Meredith Berg
Class of 1984
|Rosa Colucci
Class of 1982
|Patrick Lalonde
Class of 1981
|Joe Geever
Class of 1978
|Pamela Carter
Class of 1977
|Christy Troy
Other Mckee Place School Alumni
|Max Fink
|Mark Gibson
All Schools listed in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Employee labor market information: comparing direct world of work measures of workers' knowledge to stochastic frontier estimates
AbstractNo abstract is available for this item.
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As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to look for a different version under "Related research" (further below) or search for a different version of it.
Bibliographic InfoArticle provided by Elsevier in its journal Labour Economics.
Volume (Year): 5 (1998)
Issue (Month): 2 (June)
Pages: 231-242
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Cited by:
- John Robst & Kimmarie Mcgoldrick, 1997. "Frontier estimation of changes in Workers' labor market information," Atlantic Economic Journal, International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 25(4), pages 386-402, December.
- Polachek, Solomon & Xiang, Jun, 2005. "The Effects of Incomplete Employee Wage Information: A Cross-Country Analysis," IZA Discussion Papers 1735, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
- Constantin Ogloblin & Gregory Brock, 2006. "Wage Determination in Rural Russia: A Stochastic Frontier Model," Post-Communist Economies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(3), pages 315-326.
- Vera A. Adamchik & Josef C. Brada & Arthur E. King, 2009. "Are Transition Economy Workers Underpaid?," Working Papers 278, Institut für Ost- und Südosteuropaforschung (Institute for East and South-East European Studies).
- Wen-Jen Tsay & Cliff Huang & Tsu-Tan Fu & I.-Lin Ho, 2013. "A simple closed-form approximation for the cumulative distribution function of the composite error of stochastic frontier models," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Springer, vol. 39(3), pages 259-269, June.
- Barros, Carlos P. & Guironnet, Jean-Pascal & Peypoch, Nicolas, 2011.
"Productivity growth and biased technical change in French higher education,"
Economic Modelling,
Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 641-646.
- Barros, Carlos P. & Guironnet, Jean-Pascal & Peypoch, Nicolas, 2011. "Productivity growth and biased technical change in French higher education," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 28(1-2), pages 641-646, January.
- Pema, Elda & Mehay, Stephen, 2012. "Career effects of occupation-related vocational education: Evidence from the military's internal labor market," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(5), pages 680-693.
- Neumann, George & Olitsky, Neal & Robbins, Steve, 2009. "Job congruence, academic achievement, and earnings," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 16(5), pages 503-509, October.
- Carmen García Prieto & Angel Martín Román & Carlos Pérez Domínguez, .
"Actual and potential returns to schooling in Spain,"
Studies on the Spanish Economy
- Carmen Garcia Prieto & Angel Martin Roman & Carlos Perez Dominguez, 2005. "Actual and Potential Returns to Schooling in Spain," Education Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(4), pages 387-407.
- Bishop, John A. & Grodner, Andrew & Liu, Haiyong & Chiou, Jong-Rong, 2007. "Gender earnings differentials in Taiwan: A stochastic frontier approach," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 18(6), pages 934-945, December.
- Harald U. Pfeifer, 2008. "Train to gain – The benefits of employee-financed training in Germany," Economics of Education Working Paper Series 0037, University of Zurich, Institute for Strategy and Business Economics (ISU).
- Othman Joumady & Catherine Ris, 2005. "Diffusion du capital humain et efficience salariale. Une application sur données appariées employé-employeur," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 169(3), pages 127-137.
- Douglas Webber, 2011.
"Firm Market Power and the Earnings Distribution,"
Working Papers
11-41, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
- Webber, Douglas A., 2013. "Firm Market Power and the Earnings Distribution," IZA Discussion Papers 7342, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
- Sheng-Kai Chang & Yi-Yi Chen & Hung-Jen Wang, 2012. "A Bayesian estimator for stochastic frontier models with errors in variables," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Springer, vol. 38(1), pages 1-9, August.
- John Robst & Kimmarie McGOLDRICK, 1999. "The Measurement of Firm Information About Product Demand," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer, vol. 15(2), pages 149-163, September.
- Chen, Yi-Yi & Wang, Hung-Jen, 2004. "A method of moments estimator for a stochastic frontier model with errors in variables," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 85(2), pages 221-228, November.
- Solomon Polachek, 2003.
"Mincer's Overtaking Point and the Life Cycle Earnings Distribution,"
Review of Economics of the Household,
Springer, vol. 1(4), pages 273-304, December.
- Polachek, Solomon, 2003. "Mincer's Overtaking Point and the Lifecycle Earnings Distribution," IZA Discussion Papers 865, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
- Guenter Lang, 2004. "How Different are Wages from Wage Potentials? - Analyzing the earnings disadvantage of immigrants in Germany," Discussion Paper Series 256, Universitaet Augsburg, Institute for Economics.
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The spice is right: how curry and the cloud may improve Alzheimer's testingPosted: July 14, 2014 Filed under: Events, Health and Wellbeing, ICT, Maths, News, Tech-know 1 Comment
By Carrie Bengston, James Davidson and Olivier Salvado
Mmm . . . lovely! A hot Indian curry is simmering away on the stove on a wintry night. The smell of spices fills the kitchen. One of the spices is turmeric, from the ginger family. Its vibrant yellow colour comes from the compound curcumin which is finding a use in clinical tests for Alzheimers disease (AD).
Who knew? Soon everyone will! We're presenting our research this week at a major conference in Copenhagen, AAIC2014.
A clinical trial of the spice-infused eye test is being led by our own Dr Shaun Frost and team, with WA's Edith Cowan University, US company NeuroVision Imaging, and the McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation in Perth. Several hundred volunteers have taken part. They include healthy people, mildly cognitively impaired people and patients with AD. It's all part of the Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle study of Aging (AIBL)
The trial asks volunteers to come along to two visits for retinal fluorescence imaging, ie an eye scan. This is quick and painless. Patients sit in front of a specialised camera and a photo is taken of the retina at the back of their eye.
Between visits, volunteers eat some curcumin which binds to beta-amyloid plaques, the sticky proteins that indicate Alzheimers, and fluoresces. The plaques (if there are any) show up in the eye scans as bright spots which can be counted and measured. The data is then used to calculate a special number for each patient, a retinal amyloid index (RAI), and compared between healthy, mildly cognitively impaired and AD patients.
Encouragingly, as we announced this week, early results show the amount of plaque in the retina closely mirrors the amount in the brain. If confirmed, retinal imaging may be the beginnings of an easy, non-invasive test for early detection of AD. Combined with results of cognitive tests and other markers it could help doctors diagnose AD more confidently.
Eye scans like this also find plaques when they're smaller than the ones in brain scans, potentially finding signs of AD earlier – maybe up to 20 years before cognitive symptoms appear. If diagnosed, AD patients could start treatment sooner and have regular eye scans to see which treatments work best for them.
Brain imaging on the cloud
From curry to the cloud. More research presented this week is about more accurately interpreting brain images sometimes used to diagnose AD.
To get a brain scan, a patient lies on a bed in a large machine like a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Positron Emission tomography (PET) scanner. These machines record a series of images through the brain, which are then visually checked by a radiologist who compiles a report for the patient's doctor.
This visual inspection can be subjective, tedious and time consuming. But recent advances in scientific computing and machine learning allows systems to accurately measure features of the 3D scan, such as brain size or concentration of a tracer molecule, that support a diagnosis.
Using these techniques, a new trend is emerging for improving radiologists' productivity. Scanners and specialised medical software can report quantitative values and compare them to the values expected for normal, healthy patients – just like blood test results from a pathology lab do.
Our researchers, led by health imaging specialist Associate Prof Olivier Salvado, have just released a new cloud computing application, MILXCloud, that automatically delivers standardised radiology reports.
Users will be able to upload a PET scan and within 15 minutes be emailed a one page quantitative report showing a diagram of the brain with colour coded values compared with what's normal. This data will help support diagnosis by the radiologist and enhance delivery of eHealth services.
Whether it's curry or the Cloud, the future of Alzheimer's detection sure looks bright.
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Baking bread by the numbersPosted: April 11, 2014 Filed under: Maths, Meet our Peeps | Tags: genetics, genome, plant, statistics, wheat Leave a comment
Whether it's sourdough, seeded rye, gluten-free or plain old white, there's nothing like tucking into a fresh slice of bread. And it's little wonder this age-old staple tastes so good – experts have been perfecting the art of bread making for thousands of years.
If we had to name who's involved in bread making, most of us would probably identify the baker, the farmer who grows the wheat and maybe even the miller who grinds the wheat into flour. But how many people would think of the humble statistician? Dr Emma Huang would – and she's eager to prove their worth in the process.
Emma is a statistical geneticist working with our Computational Informatics and Food Futures teams. She spends her days searching through thousands of genes for the few that affect yield and disease resistance in wheat.
By understanding the complex genetics of cultivated plants like wheat, Emma is helping farmers select the best crop varieties needed to produce the perfect loaf of bread.
"The impact of statistics in bread making starts well before preheating the oven. Statisticians are crucial in implementing efficient experimental design to compare different varieties of wheat for desirable characteristics," says Emma.
After completing a Bachelor of Science in Mathematics at Caltech and a Doctor of Philosophy in Biostatistics at the University of North Carolina, Emma left the States to join our team in Brisbane.
Here she is using her mathematical expertise to detect regions of the wheat plants genome – or its inheritable traits – that are directly related to enhanced crop performance. This allows breeders to selectively breed specific genes, reducing the amount of time it takes to improve our food supply.
Her goal is to eventually be able to model the entire process of bread making, incorporating the effects of environment and genetics all the way from growing plants in the field, to milling the flour and baking the bread.
When she's not crunching numbers in the name of food, Emma does her own private research into the best cuisine the world has to offer, indulging at world class restaurants like Spain's El Celler de Can Roca. But fitness freaks don't fret, she works off the extra calories playing water polo and going for ocean swims.
"Sometimes I think I was destined to be a statistical geneticist. Both my mother and aunt are qualified statisticians, my siblings all studied mathematics at university, and even my fiancé is a statistician!"
Who better to investigate the impact of genetics on our everyday life?
For more information on careers at CSIRO, follow us on LinkedIn.
The maths behind a zombie apocalypsePosted: July 19, 2013 Filed under: Events, Maths | Tags: Alzheimer's, mathematical model, Mathematics of Planet Earth, zombie Leave a comment
By Carrie Bengston
What would happen if zombies invaded the planet? World War Z tells the story with Brad Pitt and a much bigger film budget than we have.
But it will hearten you to know that a team in Canada has actually crunched the numbers for a zombie apocalypse. They created a mathematical model for zombie infection, suggesting that only quick, aggressive attacks can stave off the doomsday scenario.
The take home message from the maths? Hit 'em hard and hit 'em often.
Maths can help us explore all kinds of real and hypothetical scenarios. You might not think it, but maths is vital in understanding the complex and dynamic planet we call home.
This was made clear last week at Mathematics of Planet Earth Year: The Conference, where over 200 people gathered to hear what maths is telling us about our precious planet.
For our young graduate fellows who are test driving a maths research career, the conference was a chance to see the limitless applications of their chosen field. These include an amazing variety of natural and human-organised aspects of planet Earth discussed during the conference.
From understanding climate and weather patterns to identifying pests that threaten our biosecurity using 3D insect imaging, it was evident how important maths is in understanding the many challenges facing Earth today.
Mathematical modelling has even been used to protect people in earthquake-prone areas, promote sustainable dairy farming and watch a virus spread within a plant.
Maths adds a lot of value to our own research too. For instance, our mathematical scientists have contributed to important discoveries about Alzheimer's disease. Take a look:
2013 is the International year of Mathematics of Planet Earth. Learn more about how maths and stats are helping us understand the challenges of our world.
Going nuts with the Canberra distancePosted: April 22, 2013 Filed under: Maths | Tags: canberra Leave a comment
By Arwen Cross
Love it or hate it, Canberra is our capital city. But it isn't the only thing named Canberra. Hamish Boland-Rudder has found five other things with the same name, which he described in an article in the Canberra Times last week. It looks like most of them post-date our 100 year old capital, and were named after it.
Canberra is an indigenous placename, but sadly we don't know what it means or exactly what location the name originally referred to. Some popular suggestions about the meaning of Canberra are 'meeting place' or, more racily, 'the space between a woman's breasts', referring to the shapes of Mt Ainslie and Black Mountain. Linguist Harold Koch's research shows that neither of these explanations is very believable (see page 153, Chapter 5 of Naming and re-naming the Australian landscape). But it's a rare honour for an Australian capital city to have an indigenous name.
The Canberra distance
One of the things that's named after the city of Canberra is the Canberra distance, a mathematical function used to sort things according to their similarity.
The Canberra distance was invented by CSIRO scientists Bill Williams and Godfrey Lance in the 1960s. They developed it based on the Manhattan distance, which may have inspired them to name it after their own city, Canberra.
The Canberra distance isn't a distance in the everyday sense like how far away ANU is from the nearest pub. Mathematicians recognise lots of different types of distances, for example:
- Euclidian distance – the straight line distance between two points. This is similar to our everyday idea of distance.
- Levenshtein distance – the distance between two words measured by how many single-character edits are needed to change one into the other.
- Canberra distance – a measure of similarity and dissimilarity between groups.
So what can you use the Canberra distance for?
It's often used to sort plants and animals into groups that are more closely or distantly related to each other. Although it can be used outside biology too.
Let's say you want to separate the sheep from the goats in your large herd. You might need to consider several criteria to make your decision:
- Binary data – has a beard/doesn't have a beard
- Ordered categorical data – hair very woolly/ hair moderately woolly/ hair not woolly
- Quantitative data – a measurement like weight in kilograms or height in centimetres
The Canberra distance is a way to use all these criteria together to separate individuals according to how similar or dissimilar they are. In our case, we'll separate the herd according to how sheepy or goaty they are.
If you've got a large herd, you'd start by measuring all the criteria for each animal. Then you'd need some statistics, including the Canberra distance, to cluster the data into groups of animals that were similar across several characteristics.
You might find that your herd was made up of three groups of animals: a large cluster of animals with sheepy characteristics, a small cluster with goaty characteristics, and another cluster of animals that is part sheep and part goat.
Going nuts with peanut research
An actual example of the use of the Canberra distance in biological research comes from peanut breeding. Our chief mathematical scientist Bronwyn Harch worked on this project for her PhD. Instead of separating sheep from goats, she was organising peanut plants into groups.
Peanut plants are an important agricultural crop, and plant breeders are always working on new varieties that will grow better in particular climates, be more resistant to disease, or produce a better quality peanut.
To do this they keep collections of seeds from many different peanut varieties. Some wild peanuts might be very resistant to disease but have a poor yield of nuts, while commercial varieties might be disease sensitive but high yielding. Peanut breeders cross varieties to generate new ones and select the offspring with desirable characteristics.
Bronwyn looked at the characteristics of peanuts in the Australian peanut collection and in the world peanut collection in India. Her analysis helped her advise Australian peanut breeders about what characteristics were missing in their collection that they could find in the world collection. Her work also informed scientists going into the Amazon rainforest to collect new peanut plants from the wild about what characteristics to look out for.
The Canberra distance is a useful mathematical tool. But now I'm going to put my feet up and enjoy some of Hamish Boland-Rudder's other Canberra discoveries – perhaps a glass of Canberra ale.
I would like to thank David Nash and Bob Anderssen for their advice on this article.
From cancer genes to train timetablesPosted: March 6, 2013 Filed under: Maths | Tags: bioinformatics, operations research, vacation scholars 1 Comment
By Arwen Cross
Today is world maths day, and students around the world are playing in the World Education Games. If you can solve fifty maths games in an hour, imagine what you could achieve if you applied your maths to finding cancer genes, or timetabling trains. Three vacation scholars in our Mathematics, Informatics and Statistics division have been working on these problems, although they did have 12 weeks instead of an hour to do it.
Shila has been using bioinformatics to look at the genes that are expressed (turned on) in bowel cancer cells compared to normal cells from the same patient. Her statistics should help lab scientists decide which of two methods they should use to measure gene expression in the tissue samples.
Scientists measure RNA levels to see what genes are turned on in the cancer samples, but they have two ways of measuring it. They can use the poly-A method to measure just the genes that make proteins, or they can measure whole RNA. The advantage of whole RNA is that you can find out about regulatory RNA as well as the RNA that gets made into protein. The disadvantage is that the method is newer, so the scientists can't be sure if it's suited to this application.
Shila's statistical analysis showed that the two methods pick up mostly the same differences between cancer and normal tissue. That's a good thing – it shows both methods are working for genes that make proteins. But her analysis also showed that there are differences between what genes the two methods find. The differences could represent regulatory RNA genes that are involved in the cancer process. Scientists will have to go back to the lab to confirm this.
Shila loves the exploratory aspect of working with large amounts of data, and uncovering patterns in it that you can't pick out without statistics to help you. She's off to do a PhD next year.
Josh and Joe have been using maths for solving problems related to trains, including timetables and infrastructure planning.
Joe worked on the problem of how to timetable trains most efficiently when mining trains have to travel on sections of single track. If there are only a few places to overtake, the number of trips is limited because only one train can travel in one direction at a time. That makes optimal timetabling really important. Since the timetabling problem is too complex for solver software products, Joe worked with other methods to get the best solution.
Joe travelled from Brisbane to Melbourne for his vacation scholarship because he was so keen to do a project in operations research. He chose this area because it combines all the best things he likes about maths, programming and problem solving. Joe will be doing an honours year in his maths and computational science course this year.
Josh worked on a tablet interface for our IFAP software which helps planners design infrastructure. It provides information about questions like whether it would be more useful to build a new train line to a mine, or to upgrade another line that services mines which are increasing their output. Governments use this type of tool so they can plan infrastructure funding to get the best outcome for the money spent. Josh worked on developing an Android application so that IFAP can be used on mobile devices.
Josh enjoyed applying his uni knowledge to a new area, and found it useful to link his experience of different technologies and find out how they work together. He'll be continuing his undergraduate degree this year.
From cancer genes to train timetables, maths can help solve a lot of problems. Students worldwide are participating in World Maths Day today. Maybe some of them will be vacation scholars too in a couple of years.
Goodness, gracious, great balls of firePosted: February 28, 2013 Filed under: Maths | Tags: Astronomy, chelyabinsk, meteor Leave a comment
By Bruce Tabor
On 15 February, the sky over Russia was lit up by a great ball of fire – the Chelyabinsk meteor. NASA's infrasound data can tell us a lot about it. But amazingly, so can amateur sleuths using YouTube, Google Earth, and some trigonometry.
The Chelyabinsk meteor entered the atmosphere, and exploded at high altitude near the Russian city of Chelyabinsk at 9:20 am local time Friday 15 February. Normally we rely on national space-science agencies to reconstruct these events but with some data from the web and some high school physics, you too could try your hand.
Stefan Geens of Ogle Earth was inspired to use maths to find out about the meteor using footage from car dash-board and building security cameras in Russia, which have proliferated as a way of fighting crime.
He made some assumptions about straight lines and constant speeds, and got some videos of the meteor over Revolution Square, Chelyabinsk. Then he used the distance between light posts to do some trigonometry.
To use this method you need some information. The explosion occurred at an elevation of 40 degrees almost due south of Chelyabinsk's Revolution Square. The meteor was travelling a little south of due west.
You can get more information about distances using the gap between the flash of light and the sound of the explosion in the security camera footage. Time-stamped surveillance suggests a delay about 2.5 minutes until the shock wave reached the city. Assuming an average speed of sound of say 300 metres per second, you can calculate a distance.
Using two sides and one angle, you're ready to do some trigonometry. The meteor exploded 45 km away at a height of about 35,000 metres. That's three times higher than commercial airlines fly.
Most meteors start out their lives as asteroids, but when these rocks enter the atmosphere at high speed they change their name to meteor. Asteroids move through space on their own paths, but if they pass very close to us they can be effected by Earth's gravity. Some of them enter our atmosphere and become meteors.
It's friction with the atmosphere that makes them burn up as their kinetic energy gets converted to other forms like heat, light and sound (great balls of fire!).
So how much kinetic energy did the Chelyabinsk meteor have? NASA used infrasound data to find out. They estimate that the meteor had a diameter of 17 metres, a mass of 10 000 tonnes and entered the Earth's atmosphere at nearly 18 kilometres per second.
Kinetic energy increases with the square of speed, so the astronomical velocity of the meteor meant that it had a lot of energy. And within a fraction of a second this energy of about 2 petajoules – that is 2 with 15 zeros – was converted into heat, light, and a blast wave.
There was 50 times more energy released by the Chelyabinsk meteor than would be released by an explosion of the same mass of TNT. That's 30 times the Hiroshima blast and the largest energy release from a meteor since 1908 (when the Tunguska event released the equivalent of 10-15 megatons of TNT). Fortunately this blast occurred high in the atmosphere, which is why the damage on the ground was mostly limited to shattered windows.
All I can say is – goodness, gracious, great balls of fire!
This article celebrates 2013, the year of Maths of Planet Earth. The article was written by Bruce Tabor and edited by Arwen Cross. Thanks to John Sarkissian for proofreading for us.
Science explodes on the red carpet at the OscarsPosted: February 25, 2013 Filed under: Maths, Tech-know Leave a comment
By Carrie Bengston
The 85th Academy Awards will be televised tonight and high-tech visual effects play a big part in the movies nominated for an Oscar. Animation or computer generated imagery is responsible for visual effects in Life of Pi, The Hobbit and other movies. Modelling water, smoke and fire are niche areas of computer generated imagery. This year a 'tech Oscar' was awarded to Swiss university ETH Zurich and Disney studios for animating smoke and explosions.
The winning researchers developed computer simulation techniques to make realistic animated explosions and smoke for movies. The 'Technical Achievement Award' is an Oscar that recognises the nerdy know-how behind what we see on screen and puts science on the red carpet. Lab coats with diamantes anyone?
The award is one of nine scientific and technical achievements honoured this year by the US Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
Here at CSIRO, our fluids modelling team have also dipped their toes in the virtual water of special effects computer modelling. The Melbourne team developed a plug-in for Maya, a popular animation software used by movie makers worldwide. Their computer models use real science to create super realistic fluid special effects. The plugin has been trialled by several studios. While major studios aren't currently using it, it's proved a fantastic tool for modelling natural disasters in the real world.
Our fluids modelling software builds in the maths that governs physical processes like bubbles forming in beer, water rushing down a staircase in the sinking Titanic and a martini glass filling. This means effects are built ground-up from real science rather than just creating an effect that looks cosmetically similar. It also uses less computer power, which makes it faster and cheaper – an important consideration for budget-conscious movie studios.
CSIRO Team Leader Mahesh Prakash says that simulating water and smoke are both very challenging.
"Water and smoke effects in animation are easy to get wrong and movie-goers can tell straight away if something looks fake. Our congratulations to the ETH Zurich-Disney team for their tech award. It shows the contribution science can make to the multi-billion dollar entertainment industry," he said.
Mahesh said that CSIRO and ETH Zurich-Disney are using two quite different mathematical approaches in their models but both are valid. For the tech-heads, his team use smooth particle hydrodynamics while ETH use wavelets.
"Our methods can be used for smoke effects as well," he said.
In a classic example of applying of life imitating art, research done by his team for movie special effects research is now being used to model real natural disasters like floods or tsunamis or storm surges. The models are overlaid on terrain maps of real locations.
For example, 'texturing' in a computer model creates realistic surfaces on landscapes such as trees on a hill, wind-rippled desert dunes, or buildings near a harbour. This is useful for both movie special effects and modelling disasters, such as seeing what would happen if a hypothetical seven metre tsunami wave hit Fremantle in WA.
And a game engine used for exploring different camera angles, zooms and pans for movies can be used by disaster managers to analyse extreme events to help plan for the future.
So – lab coats with bling on the Oscars red carpet? We think so.
Titanic sunk by Smoothed Particle HydrodynamicsPosted: April 12, 2012 Filed under: ICT, Maths, News | Tags: animation, maths, sinking, Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics, Titanic Leave a comment
By Sarah Wood
This week is the 100th anniversary of Titanic's maiden voyage and her sinking.
While there will be endless documentaries on our television, new books (one even written by one of our own CSIRO staff member and best selling Titanic author Daniel Klistorner) and the release of James Cameron's 'Titanic' in 3D, something about Titanic just captures people.
It had me thinking about one of our most successful CSIRO YouTube videos You're on the Titanic when it sinks
At one point this video had over 900,000 views before we moved it over to our official CSIRO channel in 2009. It now has over 486,000 giving it a total of around 1.3 million views, which when you think about it is pretty impressive really.
While the video might seem pretty primitive compared to James Cameron's Hollywood blockbuster (hey we weren't working with the same budget) back in 2005 it demonstrated how we'd taken science out of the lab and placed it in the hands of animators.
The software developed by CSIRO to model the water and the martini, uses chaos theory and other mathematical algorithms in a technique called Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). This method models millions of tiny water particles in a fluid – similar to the way 100s and 1000s seem to flow if you poured them out of a jar.
CSIRO scientists were using the SPH technique to model the fluid and particle processes in big industrial machines when they realised that the software they created could help animators realistically represent fluids in movies.
When animators create water and waves for big budget films like Titanic or Pirates of the Caribbean, the process can take months and hours of meticulous tweaking of wire meshes -the structure over which animators tell the water to flow.
But CSIRO's methods were much faster and extremely accurate enabling animators to easily and economically create special effects such as bubbles, eddies, spray, smoke and even fire!
So CSIRO created a plug-in for MAYA, the software of choice for high-end 3D animators to allow them access to this technology.
To create this Titanic video our fluid modelling scientists worked with production company Complete Post to test out the plug-in. They also had other leading film companies test the software such Animal Logic and Weta Digital in New Zealand who worked on animations for Avatar, Lord of the Rings, Planet of the Apes and TinTin.
While we've moved on from Titanic, we're now modelling other disasters such as tsunamis, dam breaks, floods, mudslides and storm surges and our methods have certainly come a long way!
"In recent years, the huge increase in computer power and speed, along with advances in algorithm development, have allowed mathematical modellers like us to make big strides in our research," says Mahesh Prakash of CSIRO's computational modelling team.
Faster and more powerful supercomputers are making it possible to model millions even billions of particles making our videos look far more cinematic! We also have a full time graphics artist on staff that makes our fluid modelling videos look amazing and we've even gone 3D to display our videos in all their glory!
If you'll be in Sydney for the CeBIT IT trade fair from 22-24 May come see our latest videos in 3D on the CSIRO stand.
Check out some of our more recent videos here:
Modelling Dam breaks and Tsunamis and other geophysical events
Pi Day – eat pies and enjoy the eternal beauty of mathsPosted: March 14, 2012 Filed under: Maths, Random Stuff 3 Comments
You're eating a pie, aren't you? In celebration of Pi Day, and all.
Indeed, today is Pi Day – 3.14 if you write the date that way. It's a day to celebrate the mathematical constant that is 3.1415926… I could go on. I mean really go on. Because Pi has no end.
In fact, on Pi Day 2004, a guy named Daniel Tammet recited Pi to 22,514 decimal places. So much for thinking we'd struck upon genius a few years ago at CSIRO when one of our Newcastle scientists managed to get to 241 decimal places before slipping up. She was eating a pie at the time, so we blamed it.
You've probably got fond memories of Pi and the efforts you went to trying to remember equations like πr2 and 2πr for your maths exams. Stupid circles, you uttered. Well, today's the day to replace those haunted memories with celebration.
According to Wikipedia, there are many ways to celebrate Pi Day: "Some of them include eating pie and discussing the relevance of π." Sounds like a hoot.
So, in the interest of celebration, let me begin my steak and kidney delight (with a generous squirt of tomato sauce) and tell you what I found out when I tried to 'discuss the relevance of Pi' with a few of my colleagues from CSIRO's Mathematics, Informatics and Statistics gang:
"What would we do without Pi? Probably spend most of our time going in circles, because we wouldn't know when they finish."
"I still remember the feeling that came over me when my lecturer proved that Pi equalled Pi. It was quite profound."
"I don't celebrate Pi Day on 3.14 – I celebrate Pi day on 22/7. The date's in the right order for Australia, and it's also a slightly better mathematical approximation of Pi. On 22/7, I team up with a local Canberra maths guy to give a presentation on the wonders of Pi. We usually do it down at the pub, so we can enjoy pies and pints afterwards."
"If mathematics is the music with which the symphony of the universe is written, then the eternity of Pi is the measure of its beauty."
Poetic. A pie to each of them. It'll certainly be an energy (albeit calorie-laden) boost for the more serious work they're doing… find out more at http://www.csiro.au/org/CMIS


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St. Turibius School is committed to spreading the Good News of Jesus Christ and to teaching the traditions of our Catholic Faith.
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The school endeavors to develop each child's full potential spiritually and intellectually; to teach awareness and respect for many cultures of our world; and to respond to the needs of our local and global communities.
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RISKY BUSINESS? Etihad Airways' push into Europe
Etihad is taking a more sanguine approach. When asked if it was worried about Air Berlin's debt pile, the carrier said in an email that the deal has "has highly attractive prospects".
January 6, 2012 8:51 by Reuters
"The Air Berlin deal is very much a one-off. I don't think there are other options available in case the Gulf carriers are looking at similar routes for growth," said Peter Morris, chief economist at British aviation consultancy Ascend.
He said the Gulf carriers are still faced with the question of how they can attract sufficient traffic for their growth.
"Emirates would see this move as something containable. But Etihad's growth is more of a threat to Qatar Airways," he added.
Doha-based Qatar Airways is stuck between the well-established Emirates and the new-kid-on-the-block Etihad, in a heated battle for the No. 2 spot in the Gulf.
The Etihad-Air Berlin deal takes to the next level the race between the three major Gulf carriers to grab traffic in Europe. The three are rapidly boosting route networks globally, on the strength of the Gulf's strategic location between East and West and helpful home governments.
By contrast, most European airlines face a bumpy flight path because of the euro zone debt crisis, which has raised fears of a recession in Europe. Shares in European airlines dropped about 12 percent last year and assets have become cheaper, making them more attractive for Gulf carriers inclined to go on the prowl.
Last May, Qatar Airways bought a 35-percent stake in Luxembourg-based freight carrier Cargolux Airlines International . Etihad is the first Gulf airline to have bought a large stake in a European passenger airline, and its chief executive has said it will continue to look at new investment opportunities.
But Etihad will be challenged by the Air Berlin deal as the German airline struggles with its finances, analysts say.
"It's a useful deal for Etihad…but it won't be a free ride," said Strickland. "Airlines have bought stakes before only to realize the mess they got into later. With Etihad now being a significant shareholder, it may be drawn into the problems of Air Berlin."
Others were not so charitable about Etihad's move on Air Berlin, which last had a full-year profit in 2007 and has been cutting routes and delaying plane orders in an attempt to become profitable in 2012.
"We view this as an irrational move by a very well-funded business, seeking to expand its footprint globally," Royal Bank of Scotland analysts wrote in a Dec. 20 research note.
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"What everyone seems to think has happened is not the case"
He didn't want to say the words, but Max Chilton insists a Marussia kerfuffle in Belgium should not be interpreted as a simple 'pay-driver' in distress.
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World champion Sebastian Vettel has dismissed Niki Lauda's criticism in the wake of the British grand prix.
Having heard his excitable radio calls about Fernando Alonso's driving during their thrilling Silverstone duel, Mercedes chairman Lauda denounced Vettel for "screaming like a small, startled child".
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