text:
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In my earlier post, I summarized the facts of the dispute this way:
The SSHA has informed DUP that it wants to end its long-standing association and look for a different publisher for its flagship journal, Social Science History. The Press, however, asserts that language in their original contract means that the SSHA can stop participating in the journal, but cannot remove it from the control of DUP
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The post About that simian selfie appeared first on Scholarly Communications @ Duke.]]>
There has been so much commentary, including an impassioned defense of the rights of monkey artists, that I am hesitant to wade into the fray. But I think there are some lessons we can learn from both the story and people's reaction to it; there is an opportunity here to remind ourselves of some basic principles about copyright law.
So let my offer two comments about the controversy itself, and two comments about the public reaction to it.
First — cards on the table — I am inclined to believe that these photos do not have any copyright protection because they lack any element of human agency. The fundamental principle of copyright law, stated very early in the U.S. law, is that copyright protects "works of authorship." And although I never really thought the idea would be challenged, I think authorship implies human agency. There must be a spark of creative, a decision to create a work, for something to be a work of authorship, and these photos do not have that. The story has shifted a bit over time, but it does not appear that Mr. Slater gave his cameras to the monkeys deliberately. Even if he did, that could hardly be called a creative decision. He had no control over what they did with the cameras; they were as likely to smash them on the ground as to take pictures.
In the well-known Feist decision about the white pages of phone books, the Supreme Court discussed the idea of a work of authorship, and told us that mere hard work — sweat of the brow, as they said — does not by itself earn copyright protection. A work of authorship must be original in the sense of not copied, but it also must have a spark of human creativity. It need not be much, but some human decision is required.
By the way, the Feist decision is a roadmap to why Mr. Slater's arguments about the money and effort that went into his photo-taking trip to Indonesia do not succeed in convincing me that he should have a copyright in these specific photos. His other argument, that the monkeys stood in the shoes of a hired assistant, such that Mr. Slater should own the copyright in these photos as the "employer," also fails, if it were ever seriously proposed. For one to be an independent contractor, human agency is again required. In U.S. law, there must be an explicit agreement before any copyrighted work created by an contractor could be considered work for hire. And monkeys do not have legal capacity to enter into a contract. This is a legal point; no matter how smart other creatures are or the degree to which humans should recognize animal rights, the law, including copyright and contract, deals with relationships between human beings.
Human relations are the foundation of my other legal point about this situation. We need to remember that copyright has a specific incentive purpose; it is designed to reward creators so that they will continue to create. The law grants a government-enforced monopoly so that authors and other creators can make enough money to support their creative efforts. And this justification completely fails when the creator is not a participant in human society. Granting a copyright in a monkey-taken photograph would be a mockery of the incentive purpose of the law.
Mr. Slater seems to argue the incentive purpose of copyright when he asserts that it takes a lot of hard work and investment to be a photographer, and only a few of the many photos he takes will make any money. All true, I am sure, but not relevant. This is not a photo that he took, and it does not meet the standard of a work of authorship eligible for the peculiar legal structure we humans call copyright. Many reactions to this story have focused on the idea that it is somehow unfair to deny Mr. Slater profit from the photo. But copyright law is not about fairness, nor does it exist to reward industry or protect an investment. Laws are passed for many purposes, and fairness is often well down on the list of reasons. It is silly to expect to be able to use copyright to leverage some result considered "fair" in every situation that involves an (apparently) creative work.
My final observation about the reactions this story has provoked is actually eloquently made by Mike Masnick of TechDirt when he writes about "How that monkey selfie reveals the dangerous belief that every bit of culture must be owned." It is curious to see how uncomfortable many people are with the idea that no one at all owns these photos; that they are therefore the property of everyone. Perhaps it is the unfortunate influence of the big content industries that makes some people uncomfortable with the idea of the public domain. One of the early articles in this new round of media coverage asked its readers to vote on who owned the copyright in the photo. Most voters split between Mr. Slater and the monkey, with less than 17% being willing to assert that no one owned it, it was in the public domain. And apparently Wikipedia has decided to let the public vote on continuing to make the photo available.
Maybe the real lesson we should take from this silliness is that the public domain is real, and it is important. Much of human culture would not have been possible without free access to our shared literary and artistic heritage. The U.S. Constitution builds a public domain in to the very words by which it gives Congress the power to pass copyright laws, by requiring that those rights be "for a limited time." We cannot have copyright without a public domain; to attempt that would be cultural suicide. So we need to learn not just to accept the public domain, but to celebrate it. Perhaps that is why the monkey is smiling,
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The post Signing My Rights Away (a guest post by Jennifer Ahern-Dodson) appeared first on Scholarly Communications @ Duke.]]>
Signing My Rights Away
Jennifer Ahern-Dodson
I stared at my name on the computer screen, listed in an index as a co-author for a chapter in a book that I don't remember writing. How could I be published in a book and not know about it? I had Googled my name on the web (what public digital humanist Jesse Stommel calls the Googlesume), as part of my research developing a personal website through the Domain of One's Own project, which emphasizes student and faculty control of their own web domains and identities. Who am I online? I started this project to find out.
I was taken aback by some of what I found because it felt so personal—my father's obituary, a donation I had made to a non-profit, former home addresses. All of that is public information, so I shouldn't have been surprised, but then about four screens in I found my name listed in the table of contents for a book I'd never heard of. Because the listed co-author and I had collaborated on projects before, including national presentations and a journal publication, I wondered if I had just forgotten something we'd written together.
I emailed her immediately and included a screenshot of the index page. Subject line: "Did we write this?"
She wrote back a few minutes later.
WHAT??!!! We have a book chapter that we didn't even know about???!!!!! How is this possible? Ahahahahahahahaha!!!!!
It's a line for our CV! But, wait, what is this publication? Do we even want to list it? Would we list it as a new publication? Is it even our work? How did this happen?
This indeed was a mystery. At the time this was all unfolding, I was participating in a multidisciplinary faculty writing retreat. Once I shared the story with fellow writers, they enthusiastically joined in the brainstorming and generated a wide range of theories including plagiarism, erroneous attribution, a reprint, and an Internet scam (see Figure below). I mapped the possibilities for this curious little chapter called "Service Learning Increases Science Literacy," listed on page 143 of the book National Service: Opposing Viewpoints (2011)[1].
I needed to do more research and so requested the book through Interlibrary Loan and purchased it online as well.
And then there was the story of the editor. Who was she? Did she really exist? Was she a robot editor—just a name added to the front of a book jacket? I started wondering, now that so much of our work is digitized, are robots reading—and culling through—our work more than people? A quick search on Google revealed she was the editor for over 300 books, mostly for young adults. Follow up searches on LinkedIn and Google+ revealed profiles that seemed authentic.
The book arrives.
About a week later, the book arrived through Inter-library Loan. While still standing at the library service desk, I quickly flipped to page 143.
What I discovered is a reprint (with a new title) of an article my author and I had published in the Journal of College Science Teaching.[2] It was republished with permission through the journal, conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center. The table of contents included a range of authors and works, including an
excerpt from a speech by George W. Bush.
It all looked legitimate. But how could I be published and not know about it?
In an email conversation with Kevin Smith, my university's scholarly communication director and copyright specialist, I learned that typically in publication agreements, authors transfer copyright to the organization that publishes the journal. From then on, the organization has nearly total control. It can do what it wants with the article (like republish it or modify it), and for most other uses I might want to make (like including it on my website), I'd have to ask their permission.
I also learned that republication is not uncommon. Although this book is marketed as "new," it is in fact really just repackaged material from other sources that libraries likely already have. In this case, our article for a
college teaching journal was repackaged for an audience of high school teachers as part of an opposing viewpoints series, essentially marketing the same content to a different audience.
In a slightly different repackaging model, MIT Press has started re-publishing scholarly articles from its journals in a thematically curated eBook series called Batches.
These two models made visible for me the ways that copyright, institutional claims, and the Internet fuel change at a pace so rapid it seems almost impossible for authors to keep up.
Where to go from here
Although the ending to this mystery is not as thrilling as I thought it would be (someone plagiarized our work! Someone recorded and transcribed a talk! The book is a scam!), what I uncovered was this whole phenomenon of book republishing. Our chapter was legitimately repackaged in a mass marketed book with copyright secured, which allowed our work to be shared with a broader audience (which I see as a good thing). Yet, the process distanced me from my work in a way I was not expecting. In my naïve, yet I suspect widely held view of academic authorship, I assumed the contract I had signed was simply a formality, more of a commitment by the journal to publish the article and an agreement by my co-author and me to do so. I only skimmed the contract, distracted perhaps by the satisfaction of getting published and the opportunity to circulate my ideas more broadly.
As I submerged myself into the murky depths of republishing, I started to think about my own responsibility as both a writer and a teacher of undergraduate writers, to educate myself on authors' rights. Could I negotiate publishing agreements to retain copyright? Or, at the very least, could I secure flexibility to re-use my work? As it turns out, yes. The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition has created an Author Addendum to help authors manage their copyright and negotiate with publishers rather than relinquishing intellectual property.
Although it is not uncommon for publishers to ask authors to sign over their legal rights to their work, at least one publisher—Nature Publishing, which includes the journals Scientific American and Nature—goes even farther. It requires authors not only to waive their legal rights but also their "moral rights." Under this agreement, work could conceivably be republished without attribution to the original author. There was a story about this a couple of months ago, see http://chronicle.com/article/Nature-Publishing-Group/145637/.
In my case, I clearly did not do due diligence as an author when I read and signed the agreement for the science literacy article, and neither the journal nor the book editor or publisher was under any legal obligation to notify me that my work was republished or retitled. I wonder, however, what would happen if we applied the concept of academic hospitality to our publishing relationships. Could a simple email notification when/if our work gets republished be a kind of professional courtesy we can expect? Or, should we as authors get more comfortable with less control over our work and choose to share our ideas more liberally in public domains in addition to academic journals, which have limited readership and at times draconian author agreements? Do institutions have any role to play in educating their faculty and graduate students about signing agreements?
In my quest to create a domain of my own, to "reclaim the web" and be an agent in crafting my own author identity online, I discovered that, in fact, I had given up control of some of my own work. Now, I'm aware of the need to balance going public with my work—both online and in print—with a thoughtful and informed understanding of my rights and responsibilities as an academic author.
[1] Gerdes, Louise, Ed. Greenhaven Press.
[2] Reynolds, J. and Ahern-Dodson, J. "Promoting science literacy through Research Service-Learning, an emerging pedagogy with significant benefits for students, faculty, universities, and communities." Journal of College Science Teaching 39.6 (2010).
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The post Planning for musical obsolescence appeared first on Scholarly Communications @ Duke.]]>
When Dudamel and the Los Angeles Philharmonic release a new recording of a live performance of Hector Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique, it should be a significant event, another milestone in the interpretation of that great work. But in this particular case we are entitled to wonder if the recording will really have any impact, or if it will drop into obscurity, almost unnoticed.
Why would such a question arise? Because the Dudamel/LA Philharmonic recording was released only as a digital file and under licensing terms that make it impossible for libraries to purchase, preserve and make the work available. When one goes to the LA Philharmonic site about this recording of Symphonie Fantastique and tries to purchase it, one is directed to the iTunes site, and the licensing terms that accompany the "purchase" — it is really just a license — restrict the user to personal uses. Most librarians believe that this rules out traditional library functions, including lending for personal listening and use in a classroom. Presumably, it would also prevent a library from reformatting the work for preservation purposes in order to help the recording outlive the inevitable obsolescence of the MP3 or MP4 format. Remember that the section 108 authorization for preservation copying by libraries has restrictions on digital preservation and also explicitly allows contractual provisions to override that part of the law.
At a recent consultation to discuss this problem, it was interesting to note that several of the lawyers in the room encouraged the librarians to just download the music anyway and ignore the licensing terms, simply treating this piece of music like any other library acquisition. Their argument was that iTunes and the LA Philharmonic really do not mean to prevent library acquisitions; they are just using a boilerplate license without full awareness of the impact of its terms. But the librarians were unwilling. Librarians as a group are very law-abiding and respectful of the rights of others. And as a practical matter, libraries cannot build a collection by ignoring licensing terms; it would be even more confusing and uncertain than it is to try to comply with the myriad licensing terms we encounter every day!
In the particular case of the Dudamel recording of Berlioz, we know rather more about the situation than is normal, because a couple of intrepid librarians tried valiantly to pursue the issue. Judy Tsou and John Vallier of the University of Washington tracked the rights back from the LA Philharmonic, through Deustche Grammophon to Universal Music Group, and engaged UMG in a negotiation for library-friendly licensing. The response was, as librarians have come to expect, both inconsistent and discouraging. First, Tsou and Vallier were told that an educational license for the download was impossible, but that UMG could license a CD. Later, they dropped the idea of allowing the library to burn a CD from the MP3 and said an educational license for download was possible, but only for up to 25% of the "album." For this 25% there would be a $250 processing fee as well as an unspecified additional charge that would make the total cost "a lot more" than the $250. Even worse, the license would be limited to 2 years, making preservation impossible. The e-mail exchange asserts that UMG is "not able" to license more than 25% of the album for educational use, which suggests that part of the problem is that the rights ownership and licensing through to UMG is tangled. But in any case, this is an impossible proposal. The cost is absurd for one quarter of an album, and what sense does it make for a library to acquire only part of a performance like this for such a limited time? Such a proposal fundamentally misunderstands what libraries do and how important they are to our cultural memory.
Reading over the documents and messages in this exchange, it is not at all clear what role Maestro Dudamel and the LA Philharmonic have in this mess. It is possible that they simply do not know how the recording is being licensed or that it is unavailable for libraries to acquire and preserve. Or they may think that by releasing the recording in digital format only they are being up-to-date and actually encouraging access to music for everyone. In either case, they have a responsibility to know more about the situation, because the state of affairs they have allowed impedes access, in direct contradiction to Maestro Dudamel's express commitment, and it ensures that this recording will not be part of the ongoing canon of interpretation of Berlioz.
As far as access is concerned, the form of its release means that people who cannot afford an MP3 player will not be able to hear this recording. Many of those people depend on libraries, and that option will be closed to them because libraries cannot acquire the album. Also, access will become impossible at that inevitable point in time when this format for digital music becomes obsolete. Maybe UMG and the Philharmonic will pay attention and release the recording on a different format before that happens, but maybe they won't. The most reliable source of preservation is libraries, and they will not be there to help with this one. So access for listeners 20 or 30 years from now is very much in question.
This question of the future should have great consequence for Maestro Dudamel and the orchestra. Without libraries that can collect their recording, how will it be used in classrooms in order to teach future generations of musicians? Those who study Berlioz and examine the performance history of the Symphonie Fantastique simply may not know about this performance by Dudamel and the LA Philharmonic. That performance, regardless of how brilliant it is, may get, at best, a footnote in the history of Berlioz — "In 2013 the Symphonie Fantastique was recorded by the LA Philharmonic under the baton of Gustavo Dudamel; unfortunately, that recording is now lost." These licensing terms matter, and without due attention to the consequences that seemingly harmless boilerplate like "personal use only" can produce, a great work of art may be doomed to obscurity.
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One useful [...]
The post Attention, intention and value appeared first on Scholarly Communications @ Duke.]]>
One useful part of this conversation was a distinction drawn between different types of value that can be assigned to academic publications. There is, for example, the value of risk capital, where a publication is valued because someone has been willing to invest a significant amount of money, or time, in its production. Seeing the value of academic publications in this light really depends on clinging to the scarcity model that was a technological necessity during the age of print, but which is increasingly irrelevant. Nevertheless, some of the irrational opposition we see these days towards open access publications seems to be based on a myopic approach that can only recognize this risk value; because online publication can be done more inexpensively, at both production and consumption, and therefore does not involve the risk of a large capital investment, it cannot be as good. Because the economic barrier to entry has been lowered, there is a kind of "they'll let anyone in here" elitism in this reaction.
Another kind of value that was discussed is the cultural value that is supposedly infused into publications by peer-review. In essence, peer-review is used as a way to create a different, artificial type of scarcity — amongst all the material available in the digital age, peer-review separates and distinguishes some as having a higher cultural value.
Of course, there is another way to approach this kind of winnowing valuable material from the booming, buzzing confusion; one could look at how specific scholarship has been received by readers. That is, one could look at the value created by attention. We are especially familiar with attention value in the age of digital consumerism because we pay attention to Amazon sales figures, we seek recommendations through "purchased together" notes, and we look at consumer reviews before booking a hotel, or a cruise, or a restaurant. Some will argue that these parallels show that we cannot trust attention value; it is only good for inconsequential decisions, the argument goes. But figuring out how to use attention as a means to make sound evaluations of scholarship — better evaluations than we are currently relying on — is the focus of the movement we call "alt-metrics."
Before we discuss attention value in more detail, however, we need to acknowledge another unfortunate reminder that the cultural value created by peer-review may be even more suspect and unreliable. Last week we saw a troubling incident that provokes fundamental doubts about peer-review and how we value scholarly publications when Sage Publishing announced the retraction of sixty articles due to a "peer-review ring." Apparently a named author used fake e-mail identities, and maybe some cronies, in order to review his own articles and to cite them, thus creating an artificial and false sense of the value of these articles. Sage has not made public the details, so it is hard to know exactly what happened, but as this article points out, the academic world needs to know — deserves to know — how this happened. The fundamental problem that this incident raises is the suggestion that an author was able to select his own peer-reviewers and to direct the peer-review requests to e-mails he himself had created, so that the reviewers were all straw men. Although all the articles were from one journal, the real problem here is that the system for peer-review apparently simply is not what we have been told it is, and does not, in fact, justify the value we are encouraged to place on it.
Sage journals are not inexpensive. In fact, the recent study of "big deal" journal pricing by Theodore Bergstrom and colleagues (subscription required), notes that Sage journal prices, when calculated per citation (an effort to get at value instead of just looking at price), are ten times higher than those for journals produced by non-profits, and substantially higher even than Elsevier prices. A colleague recently referred to Sage journals in my hearing as "insanely expensive." So it is a legitimate question to ask if we are getting value for all that money. One way high journal prices are often justified, now that printing and shipping costs are mostly off the table, is based on the expertise required at publishing houses to manage the peer-review system. But this scandal at the Journal of Vibration and Control raises the real possibility that Sage actually uses a kind of DIY system for peer-review that is easily gamed and involves little intervention from the publisher. How else could this have happened? So we are clearly justified is thinking that the value peer-review creates for consumers and readers is suspect, and that attention value is quite likely to be a better measure.
Attention can be measured in many ways. The traditional impact factor is one attempt to analyze attention, although it only looks at the journal level, measures only a very narrow type of attention, and tells us nothing about specific articles. Other kinds of metrics, those we call "alt-metrics" but ought to simply call metrics, are able to give us a more granular, and hence more accurate, way to evaluate the value of academic articles. Of course, the traditional publication system inhibits the use of these metrics, keeping many statistics proprietary and preventing cross-platform measurements. Given the Sage scandal, it is easy to see why such publishers might be afraid of article-level measures of attention. The simple fact is that the ability to evaluate the quality of academic publications in a trustworthy and meaningful way depends on open access, and it relies on various forms of metrics — views, downloads, citations, etc. — that assess attention.
But the most important message, in my opinion, that came out of the SPARC/ACRL forum is that in an open access environment we can do better than just measuring attention. Attention measures are far better than what we have had in the past and what we are still offered by toll publishers. But in an open environment we can strive to measure intention as well as attention. That is, we can look at why an article is getting attention and how it is being used. We can potentially distinguish productive uses and substantive evaluations from negative or empty comments. The goal, in an open access environment, is open and continuous review that comes from both colleagues and peers. This was an exciting prospect when it was raised by Kristen Ratan of PLoS during the forum, where she suggested that we should develop metrics similar to the author-to-author comments possible on PubMed Commons that can map how users think about the scholarly works they encounter. But, after the Sage Publishing debacle last week, it is easier to see that efforts to move towards an environment where such open and continuous review is possible are not just desirable, they are vital and very urgent.
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The post A win, oddly appeared first on Scholarly Communications @ Duke.]]>
This potential for impact on decisions currently being written by other judges is increased by the fact that the Second Circuit, in discussing transformation as a major element in fair use deliberately cited precedents from its own previous cases, but also cases from the Ninth Circuit and two other Circuit Courts of Appeal. The judges seem to be deliberately rejecting the idea that the circuits are split about transformative fair use.
This decision is very good news for libraries, and the ARL Public Policy Notes description of the decision is well worth reading. But for all its positives, it has to be admitted that there are some oddities in this decision.
Basically, the Court did three different things in this decision:
The oddity about this remand is that it does not actually question the conclusion that digitization for preservation can be fair use. Instead, the Court sent this portion of the case back to the lower court to decide if there was any plaintiff remaining in the case, once it was determined that the AG lacked standing, who was at any real risk of having a preservation copy of their book released by HathiTrust while there were still copies commercially available. In short, The Court of Appeals suggested that any ruling about fair use might have been premature because there was no plaintiff in a legally-recognizable position to raise the challenge. It is still entirely possible that, if such a plaintiff is found in the remaining group of named authors, fair use could nevertheless be affirmed. And, because of the rest of the ruling, it would be hard to see what difference even a ruling against fair use for preservation would make to the actual practice of the HathiTrust. So this was really a technicality, and quite strange.
By the way, in regard to the key argument raised by the Authors Guild that the library-specific exception in section 108 precludes libraries from relying on fair use, the court paid almost no attention. It dismissed this silly argument in a footnote (footnote 4 on page 13). This was a losing argument from the start, and the reliance placed on it by the AG shows just how out of touch they are in their approach to copyright.
I think three points are important about the fair use decision favoring HathiTrust in this case (the factor-by-factor analysis is handled well in the ARL post).
First, the Second Circuit accepted the same broad approach to the issue of transformation as has become common in other decisions. It is not just actual changes to the original work that can support a finding of transformation, but a "different purpose… new expression, meaning or message." And, as I said, the Court appealed to a broad consensus across the country in defining transformation this way.
Second, the Second Circuit held that the lower court was wrong to find that digitization for the purpose of facilitating access for persons with visual or print disabilities was transformative, but found that it was fair use nevertheless. This is important, because in the Georgia State appeal the plaintiffs are arguing that because Judge Evans found that copying for electronic reserves was not transformative, she was in error to still find fair use. But in the HathiTrust case the Second Circuit recognizes what is there for all who read Supreme Court opinions to see, that when a use is transformative it is very likely to be fair use, but when it is not transformative, it can still be fair use if a careful analysis of the factors indicates that conclusion. That is what the Second Circuit finds in regard to HathiTrust and its copies for the disabled, and it is what Judge Evans found in GSU. Both were correct decisions in keeping with the clear precedent from the Supreme Court.
Finally, there is the oddity of the Second Circuit panel's treatment of the fourth fair use factor when it is analyzing the indexing function of HathiTrust. First, the appellate panel calls the fourth factor the most important consideration, and cites the case of Harper & Row v. The Nation for that proposition. But the Supreme Court really renounced that position 20 years ago in the "Oh Pretty Woman" case, so this is the first part of the oddity. The Second Circuit then goes on to define the idea of market harm very narrowly, saying that the only harm to a market that is recognized for the purpose of the fourth fair use factor is when "the secondary use serves as a substitute for the original work." This seems to be how the court aligns itself with the ruling in "Pretty Woman," but it is a strange way to get there. The effect of this proposition is to rule out consideration of almost all licensing markets when looking at the fourth factor. This is a conclusion that must be causing serious heartburn in the publishing community. While the Authors Guild continues to make fair use easier and more inclusive with their absurd litigation campaign, they cannot be winning themselves many friends amongst rights holders.
The bottom line is that this decision is very good for libraries and others who depend on fair use. It adds another precedent and some additional bits of analysis to our claims of fair use. But we should recognize that it grows out of what was a very dumb lawsuit to begin with. As is so often the case, we should be emboldened by this ruling, but not too much. The best protection the library community has against aggressive litigation is still, as it always has been, careful and responsible reflection. In that context, fair use is an increasingly safe option for us.
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The post Apology appeared first on Scholarly Communications @ Duke.]]>
I am very sorry this happened. I certainly understand if folks want to unsubscribe from the list, but emphasize again that the production version of the blog did not cause this and was not compromised. The list of subscribers that was inadvertently associated with the development instance is no more.
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The post A MOOC on copyright appeared first on Scholarly Communications @ Duke.]]>
The MOOC will be offered on the Coursera platform and will run for the first time starting July 21. It is available as of today for folks to sign up at https://www.coursera.org/course/cfel.
It has been a great pleasure working with Anne Gilliland from the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill and Lisa Macklin from Emory University to create this course. I hope and believe that the course is much stronger because the three of us worked together than it could possibly have been if any one of us did it alone.
This course will be four weeks in duration and focuses on U.S. copyright law. While we are well aware of all the MOOC participants from other countries — and welcome folks from all over to join us — we also wanted to keep the course short and as focused as possible. We hope perhaps to do other courses over time, and a more in-depth attention to international issues and to how copyright works on the global Internet might be a good future topic. In the meanwhile, this course deals with the U.S. law and the specific situations and issues that arise for librarians and educators at all levels.
We especially hope to attract K-12 teachers, who encounter many of the same issues that arise in higher education, and who often have even fewer resources to appeal to for assistance. That is one reason for the summertime launch.
Another point about the focus in this course — our goal is to provide participants with a practical framework for analyzing copyright issues that they encounter in their professional work. We use a lot of real life examples — some of them quite complex and amusing — to help participants get used to the systematic analysis of copyright problems.
For many in the academic library community, the winding up of the courses offered by the Center for Intellectual Property at the University of Maryland University College has left a real gap. This course is intentionally a first step toward addressing that gap. It is, of course, free, and a statement of accomplishment is available for all participants who complete the course. We hope this can assist our colleagues in education with some professional development, and maybe, depending on local requirements, even continuing education requirements.
We very much hope that this course will be a service to the library and education community, and that it provides a relatively fun and painless way to go deeper into copyright than the average presentation or short workshop allows.
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The post Copyright roundup 3 — Changes in UK law appeared first on Scholarly Communications @ Duke.]]>
Readers may recall that the UK undertook a study of how to reform copyright law in ways that would encourage more innovation and economic competitiveness. The resulting report, called the Hargreaves Report, made a number of recommendations, many of which were focused on creating limitations and exceptions to the exclusive rights in copyright so that the law would work more like it does in the U.S., including the flexibility provided by fair use. The final results of this legislative process do not include an American-like fair use provision, but they do result in a significant expansion of the fair dealing provisions in U.K. law to better accomplish some of the same things fair use has allowed in the U.S.
Fair dealing is found in a couple of provisions of the British law and allows certain specified activities if those activities are done in a "fair" manner, with specified criteria for fairness. Until now the categories have been narrow and few, but Parliament has just expanded them dramatically. A description of this expansion from the Charter Institute of Library and Information Professionals can be found on the CILIP site. A number of activities that are probably permitted by fair use in the U.S. are now also encompassed by fair dealing in Britain, including private copying, copying by libraries in order to provide those copies to individual users, and some significant expansion of the ability to make copies for the purpose of education.
On this last point, I wonder if the two British university presses that are suing a U.S. university over educational copying have noticed that the tide is against them even at home.
There is an explanatory memo about these changes written by the U.K. Intellectual Property Office available here. It is interesting to see how certain goals that have been accomplished by the courts in the U.S. and, importantly, in Canada are now intentionally being supported in this British legislation. As I say, we are seeing a fairly strong international tide pushing towards expanded user rights in the digital environment, lest legacy industries use copyright to suppress economic development in their anxiety to prevent competition.
Several points about this legislative reform seem especially important to me.
First is the emphasis in several of the new provisions on supporting both research with and preservation of sound recordings and film. This is one of several places where the U.K. may reasonable be said to have just leapfrogged over the United States, since the provisions about non-profit use and preservation of music and film remain a mess in our law.
Second, the British are now adopting an exception for text and data mining into their law. This is huge, and reinforces the idea I have expressed before that libraries should be reluctant about agreeing to licensing terms around TDM; the rights are likely already held by users in many cases, so those provisions really would have the effect, despite being promoted as assisting research, of putting constraints (and sometimes added costs) on what scholars can already do. This is probably true in the U.S., where fair use likely gets us further than vendor licenses would, and it has now been made explicit in the U.K.
Another major improvement in the U.K. over U.S. copyright is the fact, explained in the CILIP post, that
[M]any of these core "permitted acts" in copyright law given to us by parliament all not be able to be overridden by contracts that have been signed. This is of vital importance, as without this provision, existing and new exceptions in law could subsequently simply be overridden by a contract. Also many contracts are based in the laws of other countries (often the US). This important provision means that libraries and their users no longer need to worry about what the contract allows or disallows but just apply UK copyright exceptions to the electronic publications they have purchased.
This type of approach is desperately needed in the U.S. If we truly believe that the activities that are supported by core exceptions to the rights under copyright, like education, library services and fair use, are beneficial to society and part of the basic public purpose of copyright, they should remain in place regardless of provisions inserted into private law contracts. Now that the British have made this acknowledgement, it is time for the U.S. to catch up.
Competitiveness is often an important part of the discussion over copyright law. Rights holders argue that terms should be lengthened and enforcement improved in order to enhance competition with other nations. The U.K. began its copyright reform process in order to improve its ability to compete for high-tech business. And this new revision of the British law puts the U.S. back in a situation where we must continue to strengthen not the rights of legacy industries but the rights of users — which is where innovation will come from — because other parts of the world are moving past us in this area. How to we do this, in the two key areas I have identified? In the area of the right to mine text and data for non-profit research purposes, this is something our courts can do, through interpretation of the fair use provision. We can hope that such an opinion might appear in the near future, although I am not aware of what case might prompt it. But contract preemption is something that Congress will have to address. If the U.S. Congress is serious about copyright reform, and really wants to help it to continue to be a tool of economic progress in the U.S., they should put the issue of making user rights exceptions impervious to contract provisions that attempt to limit or eliminate them at the top of the legislative agenda.
The post Copyright roundup 3 — Changes in UK law appeared first on Scholarly Communications @ Duke.]]>
The post Copyright roundup 2 — Orphan Works appeared first on Scholarly Communications @ Duke.]]>
Because the events seem to have so little payoff, I admit that I allowed the pressure of other work to cause me to largely ignore this iteration. In the past I have helped Duke and other organizations prepare comments, but this time I left the heavy lifting to colleagues. Fortunately their is a growing cadre of people able to advance the arguments in favor of fair use and the best ways to deal with the immense problem of orphan works, so my neglect was trivial. But I still want to help my readers find some of the best commentary from this latest round of discussions.
From what I have heard, at least one of these roundtables generated a lot more heat than light, featuring some shouting and at least one direct threat of litigation from a rights holders' representative. But apart from the circus atmosphere, substantive issues were discussed, and a great summary of the more mature parts of the conversation can be found in this post from the ARL Policy Notes blog.
For the library community, the strongest support we get in these events comes from the superb work of the Library Copyright Alliance, which is supported by the ALA, the ARL and the ACRL. The full set of comments prepared by the LCA and submitted on behalf of our profession is a wonderful introduction to the problem, why it matters so much to libraries, and the directions from which a solution might come.
Perhaps the most important result of this discussion, building nicely on the LCA comments, is this great set of comments about myths and misstatements regarding fair use. These events sometimes seem like mere opportunities for lobbyists to tell tall tales to Congressional staffers and bureaucrats, and it is often necessary to try, after the fact, to set straight a very crooked record. On the issue of fair use, Brandon Butler, Peter Jazsi and Mike Carroll, all from American University, do a great job of correcting the erroneous things that were said in these public events. Their comments offer a clear vision of fair use as a coherent and reliable doctrine that has evolved logically over time, continuing to perform its core function even in periods of rapid technological change. This is a great statement and should be required reading for every librarian and academic.
One sentence summary of the comments; fair use is neither unpredictable nor incoherent, as some have argued, but is an evolving doctrine that is relied upon safely by millions of ordinary people and can provide a strong foundation for the careful consideration of even mass programs of digitization.
Finally, as I said above, one of the purposes of these regular events seems to be to try to stumble towards an extended collective licensing scheme that Congress might consider, even though these schemes impose an unnecessary tax on users without benefiting legitimate rights holders and have not worked well in the nations that have tried them. These comments about ECL schemes from the Electronic Frontiers Foundation are also worth reading. They do an excellent job of briefly explaining the broad consensus that ECL is a poor solution to the orphan works problem.
The post Copyright roundup 2 — Orphan Works appeared first on Scholarly Communications @ Duke.]]>


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Singapore's PMI falls to 49.7 in August
DRAGGED down by lower levels in new orders, inventory and stockholdings of finished goods, Singapore's Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) reverted to contraction mode in August, falling 1.8 points to 49.7.
Breaking News
BT's Daily 3 - Full Stories
WITH the economic centre of gravity moving to Asia, more innovation is happening in this part of the world. And as Asian companies and researchers innovate and create more intellectual property (IP), the number of patents being filed has exploded.
IF life were a perennial birthday party, it might look like Match. There's a celebratory air about the place - a sheen of manufactured happiness that coats this glitzy new eatery, looking a bit like a steakhouse which just swallowed a disco ball.
Home & Garden
ERIC Cheng, group CEO of property firm ECG Holdings, has built over 75 homes in Singapore in the last three years, so when it comes to his own home, he knows exactly what he wants.
AFTER four rounds of this year's BT Corporate Golf League, twice-defending champions Team SunMoon have opened up an almost insurmountable lead of 17 points over second-placed Team Emerio and SPH Sultans of Swing.
WITHIN business analytics, a new and fast- growing area of specialisation is what is known as "message intelligence". This focuses on the valuable information that...

subset: commoncrawl


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Dental Care
Dental health is about more than just pretty white teeth. Poor dental healthin particular gum diseaseis linked to a greater risk of heart disease and early labor in pregnancy. The first step to having healthy teeth and gums is to floss and brush your teeth regularly.
Dental Care News
Malnutrition Threatens Many U.S. Seniors Seen at ERs
WEDNESDAY, Aug. 13, 2014 (HealthDay News) — More than half of American seniors seen at emergency departments are either malnourished or at risk for malnutrition, a new study reveals. Among ER patients aged 65 and older, 16 percent were malnourished and 60 percent were either malnourished or at risk for malnutrition. Of those who were malnourished, [...]
There's No Consensus on the Best Way to Brush Your Teeth, Study Says
If you're unsure about the best way to brush your teeth, you're unlikely to get much help from experts.
Acidic Drinks Can Damage Kids' Teeth Permanently, Expert Warns
MONDAY, Aug. 11, 2014 (HealthDay News) — High acidity levels in soft drinks, fruit juice and sports beverages pose a threat to youngsters' teeth, a new study reports. "Our research has shown that permanent damage to the tooth enamel will occur within the first 30 seconds of high acidity coming into contact with the teeth. This [...]
Low-Power Laser May Trigger Tooth Repair
WEDNESDAY, May 28, 2014 (HealthDay News) — A low-power laser can trigger stem cells in the body to repair teeth in mice, researchers report. The laser prompted dental stem cells to form dentin, the hard material that is similar to bone and provides most of a tooth's structure. The findings appear in the May 28 issue of [...]
Placenta Might Have Its Own Helpful Bacteria
By Dennis ThompsonHealthDay Reporter WEDNESDAY, May 21, 2014 (HealthDay News) — How newborns receive the colonies of helpful bacteria that reside in all people and make human life possible has been a mystery. A new study suggests that the placenta — long thought a sterile environment — actually contains a small but diverse bacterial community (a "microbiome") [...]
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Designer Toys Pandas
The devastating earthquake in the Sichuan province of China resulted in unimaginable tragedy and destruction.
Anyone would rather these events didn't happen, but at the same time, they bring together societies with the common aid of charity.
Several toy companies and artists have put together charity projects to lend much needed assistance to the recovery effort.
adFunture has partnered with seven designer brands – DITA Eyewear, Staple Design, Suitman, Revelator, Black Cross, GUE and Puma, on this special 10″ charity panda Yoka (the first ever).
It will be offered on June 12th, 2008 with all proceeds going to the Red Cross Society of China.
Technorati Tags: designer toy scene, designer toys, earthquake, panda, Yoka, Sichuan province of China
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2014-09-03 6:58:54 - Can not save data into file: /home/oneinchp/public_html/tnxcacheoneinch/cache_oneinchpunch_net_4c.txt
2014-09-03 6:58:55 - Can not save data into file: /home/oneinchp/public_html/tnxcacheoneinch/cache_oneinchpunch_net_4c.txt


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I have the 7.0s SDK for the nokia 80 series platform using Visual Studio .Net 2003 (version 7.1.3088). Following the documentation, I run "makmake helloworld vc7" which makes the proper .sln file. The problem lies when I try to compile the program. I get an error that it canot open the include file 'helloworld.rsg'. I did an entire search on my machine and that file does not exist. Reading another post on this board, a member mentioned to make the solution using the command "abld build wins udeb". Hoewever doing is this way produces the following error:
ABLD ERROR: "\Symbian\7.0s\S80_DP2_0_SDK\EPOC32\BUILD\DOCUMENTSPlatform.pm" not
yet created
BEGIN failed--compilation aborted at C:\Symbian\7.0s\S80_DP2_0_SDK\epoc32\tools\
abld.pl line 144.
I'm at at a complete lost as to what to do. II've followed instruction presented here and instructions in the SDK documentation. Any help would be greatly appreaciated. Thanks


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The following is a listing of Volusia County employment opportunity websites that encompass cities to the west of Volusia Florida such as the City of Deltona, and covering the east coast region stretching from the City of Ormond through Daytona Beach and reaching south to Edgewater. Deltona, the most populated city in Volusia, is an inland city that is approximately 25 miles northeast of Orlando. Volusia is a great place to find work in healthcare related fields such as nursing RN positions, Law Enforcement (Police or Sheriff jobs), Teaching jobs in public schools or colleges, and a lot more.
Be sure to scroll-down to Useful Job Directories. Please report link errors or links you would like included. Your help is appreciated and thanks for visiting.
The government jobs section was last reviewed on 04/22/2014.
Volusia County was hiring and had a number of job openings posted on this review date. To view their listings click the link below and then scroll to the bottom of their page. Job openings found included Property Appraiser II, Communications Director (Sheriff's Office), Corrections Officer, Corrections Officer Trainee, Equipment Operator I DeLand Maintenance, Equipment Operator I - Drainage, Equipment Operator I - Holly Hill Maintenance, Equipment Operator I - Tree Crew, Legal Assistant - County Attorney's Office, Library Assistant I - New Smyrna Beach, Lifeguard (PT) Part-Time, Lifeguard (PT) Trainee, Maintenance Worker I - Parks and Recreation, Management Specialist, Medical Billing and Coding Clerk, Medical Examiner Assistant (Forensic Investigator) - Office of the Medical Examiner, Occupational Health Physician, Special Worker - Mosquito Control, Summer Recreation Camp Counselor, Systems Programmer - Sheriff's Office, Telecommunicator, Tradesworker II - Utility Operator, Tradesworker III - Water Plant/Lift, and Treatment Plant Operator. Check their site frequently for updates.
Volusia County Job Openings | Clerk of the Court Jobs | Volusia County Public Schools Jobs | Sheriff's Office
Open position found: Administrative Assistant - Utilities Department.
City of Bunnell Open Positions
The City of Daytona Beach postings on this review date.
City of Daytona Beach Job Listings
The City of Daytona Beach Shores had open positions listed for Firefighter/Paramedic.
City of Daytona Beach Shores Jobs
No jobs found.
City of DeBary
No jobs found.
Job Openings City of DeLand | HR Main
The City of Deltona was hiring with open positions available for Enforcement Services Officer and Parks Maintenance Tech I.
City of Deltona Job Openings
Positions found: Evidence Technician, Distribution System Operator, Police Officer, Wastewater Collections Maintenance Technician, Deputy City Clerk, Water Treatment Plant Operator C, Mechanic, and Administrative Secretary.
City of Edgewater Job Openings
No jobs found.
City of Holly Hill Employment
The City of New Smyrna Beach had open positions available for IT Support Specialist, Parks Supervisor, and Equipment Operator II.
New Smyrna Beach Employment Opportunities
Orange City was taking applications for Police Officer.
City of Orange City Jobs
The City of Ormond Beach had open positions posted for Human Resources Director, Part Time Assistant Gymnastics Instructor, Part Time Custodian, Plant Pump Mechanic, and Summer Camp Counselors.
City of Ormond Beach Jobs
No jobs found.
Town of Ponce Inlet Job Opportunities | HR
Open positions included: Buyer, Maintenance Worker II, Permit Licensing Technician, POG Intern, and Program Leader.
City of Port Orange Employment Opportunities
Open positions: Irrigation Specialist and Lift Station Mechanic.
City of South Daytona Employment | Public Service Recruiting
Listed openings in Accounting, Human resources, Law (Entertainment Counsel/Lawyer) and Sales Marketing. If you are interested in working for NASCAR they have an e-mail notification feature.
View a Listing of NASCAR Jobs
The link below provides current available jobs at the Daytona International Speedway.
Daytona International Speedway Jobs
Daytona Beach International Airport (DAB) employment can be obtained through several sources:
1. Airport jobs are posted on the county website
2. Contact specific vendors at the airport like Delta Airlines Jobs | MSE Branded Foods | Paradies Shops | Alamo Rent A Car | Avis Rental Car | Budget Rent-a-Car | Dollar Rent A Car
3. Also check security jobs with TSA. These can be found on the USAJOBS Website. You are likely to find TSO Transportation Security Officer openings in larger cities. At time of review there were no postings for Volusia.
Daytona Beach International Airport (DAB) Employment
Votran is Volusia County's public transit system. Call 386.756.7496 for Votran job information and press 5 for the Votran Career Hotline. Job openings periodically become available for positions such as Fixed Route Operator, Paratransit Operator, Bus Driver and Mechanic.
Jobs at Votran
|Daytona Beach, Volusia County Florida
|Daytona International Speedway, Volusia Florida.
Please note that the jobs listed in the Healthcare Jobs section represent a sampling of jobs found on a particular review date. You can visit the links provided for the most current opportunities.
This search tool lists all jobs for the facilities of Halifax Health Medical Center, Halifax Health Port Orange, and Hospice Flagler Volusia. During review Job openings ranged from Licensed Practical Nurse - LPN and Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA) to Case Manager and Emergency Technician. About: Halifax Health has over 940 licensed beds, approximately 500 physicians. Halifax Health offers psychiatric services, four cancer treatment centers, the area's largest hospice organization, a health maintenance organization, and a preferred provider organization. This is a great job listing resource to monitor frequently.
Halifax Health Job Openings
Florida Hospital Fish Memorial was hiring for a number of positions including RN ICU, Environmental Services Assistant, Pharmacy Tech, Physical Therapy Assistant, Medical Assistant, Pharmacist, Occupational Therapist, Medical Technologist, Physical Therapy Assistant PTA, Staff Physician, and more. Check their site frequently for updates.
Florida Hospital Fish Memorial Jobs
Bert Fish Medical Center currently employees nearly 800 professionals to work in a variety of positions such as nursing, laboratory, records, accounting, pharmacy, and administration. Jobs available on this review date included Registered Nurse (RN) ED, Registered Nurse (RN) PACU, Echo Tech, Physical Therapist (Acute), Medical Technologist, Med Lab Technician MLT, Environmental Aide, and Nursing Supervisor.
Bert Fish Medical Center Job Openings
Covidien had several job opportunities in DeLand to include Sr. Safety Specialist, R&D Engineer and more. Covidien is a company with over 40,000 employees in more than 60 countries.
Covidien Jobs
Worklooker has a directory of employers that often hire nurses and home health related positions in Volusia.
Nursing Jobs Volusia >>
Please note that the jobs listed in the Public School Jobs section represent a sampling of jobs found on a particular review date. You can visit the links provided for the most current opportunities.
On the Volusia County Public Schools page select a category and "list all" so you don't miss any announcements. There were open positions available for School Custodian, Dining Room Aide, 1st Grade Teacher, Gifted Reading Teacher, Honors Algebra Teacher, Math Teacher, Kindergarten Teacher, School Bus Operator, School Bus Driver, Paraprofessional positions, Interpreter for the Deaf, and more. Check their site frequently for updates.
Volusia County Public Schools Job Listings
Please note that the jobs listed in the Higher Education Jobs section represent a sampling of jobs found on a particular review date. You can visit the links provided for the most current opportunities.
Daytona State College offers more than 100 associate of science degrees and certificates, as well as the Bachelor of Applied Science degree in Supervision and Management and seven Bachelor of Science in Education degrees. There tends to be an ongoing array of faculty, adjunct faculty, professional, and support staff positions available.
Daytona State College Job Listings
Stetson University is located in DeLand, FL. and during review it had several open positions. Openings included: Public Safety Officer, Admissions Counselor, Dean of Admissions, Grounds Maintenance Worker and more. Stetson has many degree programs to include graduate programs in education, counseling, business, law, and English.
Stetson University Employment Opportunities
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University had 24 job advertisements during this review. Embry jobs ranged from Academic Advisor, Assistant Professor and HVAC Specialist and New Student Advisor, English Instructor and a lot more.
Embry-Riddle Job Openings
Bethune-Cookman University had 15 jobs listed. Check this site frequently for updates. Bethune-Cookman University offers fifty percent (50%) tuition remission to full-time employees who have completed at least one year of service at Bethune-Cookman University. Retirement Plan offered is Met Life, B-CU will match a maximum of 7.5% of annual salary.
Bethune Cookman University Job Postings
Volusia County Sheriff's Office has approximately 446 sworn positions (Deputy Sheriff positions) and 438 civilian support staff. The most common assignments are within patrol. However, through advancement, there are opportunities in specialized units like K-9, SWAT, narcotics, auto theft, intelligence, investigations, aviation, marine police, dive team and more. At the time of review Volusia was also hiring Corrections positions, Deputy II and Helicopter Pilot.
Volusia County Sheriff's Office Employment | VCSO Job Openings | Apply to Become a Deputy Sheriff
A Park Ranger job opening was recently listed on dep.state.fl.us for Volusia County - Ormond Beach. Check this site frequently for updates or use the MyFlorida site.
Park Ranger Jobs Ormond Beach
Daytona Beach Police Department Jobs | Daytona Beach Police Employment Information
You must possess a current law enforcement certification in the State of Florida and meet the minimum requirements to be hired as a police officer at the Port Orange Police Department.
Become a Port Orange Police Officer
Police Officer Openings South Daytona Police Department | Open Positions
Daytona Beach Shores previously had a job opening for Public Safety Officers with a Paramedic certification. Monitor their site for new postings.
Daytona Beach Shores Public Safety Officer Position | Applications
DeLand Police Department | Police Officer Jobs DeLand Police Department
Flagler County Sheriff's Office | Flagler Beach Police Department
This is a great jobs resource to monitor frequently.
Work In Florida Jobs
Make sure you are dealing with reputable companies before applying. During review the following were some of the jobs listed: Account Executive, Occupational Therapist, system administrator, Editor/proofreader, Nurse RN LPN, Admin Assistant/Bookkeeping and more.
Craigslist Jobs Daytona - Volusia
Set criteria to list positions for Volusia. Make sure you expand all categories so that you can see all positions at-a-glance. Some positions are listed as "any location in Florida". This does not guarantee an opening in Volusia. This site has a job openings e-mail notification feature that's useful.
Positions Working for the State of Florida


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United States Statutes and the United States Code: Historical Outlines, Notes, Lists, Tables, and Sources
A Federal Statutory Research Guide
Part of LLSDC's Legislative Source Book
Compiled by Richard J. McKinney
The U.S. Statutes at Large is a chronological arrangement of all laws enacted by Congress. The U.S. Code is an updated, subject arrangement of all general and permanent U.S. law so enacted.
Historical Outlines, Explanatory Notes, Lists
Basic Overview on How Federal Laws Are Published, Organized and Cited [PDF]
How to Find U.S. Statutes and U.S. Code Citations [PDF] (Fourth Rev. Ed, 1980; Office of the Federal Register)
Detailed Guide to the United States Code Content and Features [Beta] (Office of the Law Revision Counsel)
United States Code: Historical Outline and Explanatory Notes [PDF]
United States Code: List of Positive Law Titles with Enacting Cites and Location to Revision Notes [PDF]
Unraveling the Mysteries of the U.S. Code (a Q&A) [PDF]
The Authority of Statutes Placed in Section Notes of the United States Code [PDF]
United States Statutes: Historical Outline and Source Notes [PDF]
U.S. Statutes at Large: List of Documents and Information Included [PDF]
Tables from the Law Revision Counsel
United States Code Classification Tables (updates Code by year in public law and code order, including current year)
United States Code: Table I - Revised Titles (former sections to new positive law sections - PDF, Jan. 2010)
United States Code: Table II - Revised Statutes (R.S. sections to U.S.C. sections - PDF, Jan. 2010)
United States Code: Table III - Statutes at Large (statute sections to U.S.C. sections, including amendments - PDF, Jan. 2010)
United States Code: Table IV - Executive Orders (Order No. to location in U.S.C. notes - PDF, Jan. 2010)
United States Code: Table V - Proclamations of the President (Proclamation No. to location in U.S.C. notes - PDF, Jan. 2010)
United States Code: Table VI - Reorganization Plans (Reorg. Plan No. to location in U.S.C. notes - PDF, Jan. 2010)
Acts Cited by Popular Name - Tool (citations to where that popular name title is found in the U.S. Code which is usually at the beginning of a U.S.C. section (or section note) where most of the rest of the text of the Act can be found - PDF, Jan. 2011)
Parallel Table of Authorities and Rules (U.S.C. cites to C.F.R. cites - United States Code sections cited as authority in various CFR citations - Office of the Federal Register on GPO Access - PDF, Jan. 2009)
Electronic Sources for U.S. Statutes and the U.S. Code
BloombergLaw (subscription service) - Has current U.S. Code as well as 2006 & 2000 editions; U.S. Public Laws/Statutes from 1976; many amended laws from 1933; search capability; and popular name table.
Cornell's Legal Information Institute - U.S. Code and Popular Name Table - Has effective date in January within 1 to 2 years of current date (or less). Can search, browse, cite and link to individual sections. Also has a popular name table that links to many U.S. Code cites.
Fastcase.com - U.S. Code (subscription service) - Has current U.S. Code - searchable and browseable.
Findlaw - U.S. Code and Popular Name Table - The effective date is shown on the top right of each page which is in January within 1 to 3 years of current date. Can search, browse, cite and link to individual sections. Also has a popular name table. Beware that the notes area of a USC section may be incomplete.
GPO FDsys - U.S. Code and Public and Private Laws (U.S. Government Printing Office) - 1994 to near current. Can search, browse, and link to individual sections. Also has a searchable and browseable Public and Private Laws database that includes PDF files from 1995 of all U.S. statutes. Also has annual digitized U.S. Statutes at Large in PDF from 1951 to 2002 (large files) and U.S. Statutes at Large material (with indices) available by individual statute from 2003 to current edition.
HeinOnline - U.S. Statutes and Large / Historical Editions of the U.S. Code. A subscription service - has digitized the U.S. Statutes At Large (not word searchable) and all the historical editions the U.S. Code.
Justia.com - U.S. Code, a free service, has a digital U.S. Code, not really current.
Law Revision Counsel, Office of the - U.S. Code (official compilers and publishers of the U.S. Code in the U.S. House of Representatives - The Code is searchable and downloadable in various formats (ASCII, PDF, XHTML, ZIP) and the most current version is effective (usually in January) within 6 months to 2 years depending on the title. The Counsel has a Popular Name Tool, Statute to Code Table, and Other Tables, and tools. There is also a new Beta version of U.S. Code as well as the most current preliminary version of the U.S. Code.
LexisNexis - U.S. Code and U.S. Statutes at Large (subscription or credit card service - Has an updated Code (USCS) and back years from 1992 (files US1992, US1994, etc.). Updates may take a few weeks. Can search or browse. Also has a popular name table (file GENFED;USNAME) from 1789 with cites to amendments and links to Code cites of some of those amendments. Has U.S. Statutes at Large from 1789 (in PDF, not directly searchable) available by citation method and a searchable public law file from 1988.
Library of Congress - U.S. Statutes at Large and Public Laws via THOMAS service - Covers the years 1789-1873; browseable but not directly searchable; part of Library's American Memory Project. Though THOMAS service on Congress has the text of public laws back to 1989 (enrolled bill version) and information about laws back to 1973.
LoisLaw.com - U.S. Code (subscription service) Has current U.S. Code - searchable and browseable.
The Law.net - U.S. Code (subscription service) - Has current U.S. Code - searchable and browseable.
VersusLaw.com - U.S. Code (subscription service)- Has current U.S. Code - searchable and browseable.
Westlaw - U.S. Code and U.S. Statutes at Large (subscription or credit card service)
Compiled and maintained by Richard J. McKinney, Assistant Law Librarian, Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D.C.
Last revised in March 2012.


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Sen. Durbin Meets with UChicago Scientists in Push for Increased Biomedical Research Funding
Durbin is sponsoring the American Cures Act, which seeks $150 billion over 10 years to support research leading to improved treatment of disease.
Making Beautiful Music: Drug Regimen Relieves Parkinson's Symptoms
With her tremor and other debilitating symptoms effectively controlled, Jean Martinez's hands are once again steady enough to play guitar with her husband.
Cancer Team Follows Through for Golf Pro
Golf coach Tim Nelson is breathing easier today, despite a diagnosis of the asbestos-related cancer mesothelioma almost two years ago. "I keep feeling better and better since the surgery," Nelson said.
Living Life to the Fullest
Josie Nordman, who was born with cystic fibrosis, received a bilateral lung transplant at the University of Chicago Medicine. "To have the chance to really live and breathe and do things I always wanted to do has been incredible," she said.
One Cancer, Two Lives at Stake
Amanda Ruiz learned she had head and neck cancer when she was 18 weeks pregnant. Her multidisciplinary medical team successfully treated the cancer and she delivered a healthy baby girl.
Specialties and DepartmentsView all specialties and departments
Community Benefit Report
The University of Chicago Medicine provided 21.7 percent, or $254.1 million, of total operating expenses in community benefits and services to promote health and well-being on the South Side and beyond. Read the 2012 Community Benefit Report and read our latest statement on trauma care.
Science Life
UChicago's "Think Tank" for the Operating Room Uses Technology to Transform Surgery
Alex Langerman, MD, heads UChicago Medicine's Operative Performance Research Institute, where his team is using creative combinations of technology to transform the operating room.
Cancer Conversations
VIDEO: First Study to Explore Link Between Muslim Faith and Cervical Cancer Screening
For most American women, a regular Pap screening for cervical cancer is an essential part of routine health care. But a recent study by Dr. Aasim Padela examines the impact religious beliefs and values have on how Muslim women approach cancer screening.
- UChicago Medicine ALS Clinic Takes the Ice Bucket Challenge
- New grant program gives more than $250,000 to groups working on Chicago's South Side
- Study traces evolutionary origins of migration in New World birds
The Healing Arts
More than 60 pieces by renowned local artists energize and enrich the lives of our patients and visitors at the Center for Care and Discovery. »Learn more about the Healing Arts Program


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Aztec Ocean Resort
No availability found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
Travel Blogs from Seaside Heights
Headed to Philly
We are on the road to Philadelphia, another destination which we have never been. This part of the country is so cool because you can jump around from so many states and big cities all within a two hour time frame. From Philadelphia New York City is about 2 hours, jersey about an hour and a half, Baltimore , DC and Virginia all about an hour and a half. This makes for a great area to explore and travel and see some great ...
Seaside heights
... boardwalk and checked out some shops. The pay for access to beach ended about 4:45 because no one was watching anymore. We were rebels and headed to the water. Gotta take some risks on these road trips. Right ? We had lots of fun. The water was ice cold and before hypothermia set in on Sydney it was time to head to ...
Asbury park
... feel to it.
We drove by the home my in laws rented and made a stop on the ocean grove boardwalk. The area was a Christian based community which oversaw the boardwalk. It was interesting.
We found out they charge to get onto the beach here in the jersey area. That posed a problem for us but we found a way to get to the water and enjoy the surf. The water was much different than you find in the gulf or the Caribbean but it was all about the ...
A family day out in largest theme park in the NE
... it was an amazing experience. Standing up seemed more pleasurable than sitting down, getting a great view of the track ahead. Before leaving the park we were reminded of Andrea's funnel cake days and working park life. A reminiscing photograph was required so taken. After many great adventures enjoyed, all began to feel tired, it was now time to depart. After fitting snugly in the car we drove back to the house then chilled out with a glass of ...
Welcome back to Lakehurst!
We were so very excited for today…Lakehurst is home to a few quality volunteer firemen we met last year when we did advance work here and we hit it off with them so well that we all became Facebook friends and have kept in touch since then. Phil, Michael, and Mark made us feel incredibly welcome, they went above and beyond to provide for anything we could need (including much appreciated real showers at the station), and our day doing publicity with them was full of ...
How has this hotel rated in the past?
- Adjoining Rooms
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Day's dawning
November 24, 2009
Sam Castell submitted this sunrise photo, taken at Grand Bay condominium. Please send your sunset (or sunrise) photos to The Longboat Observer, 5570 Gulf of Mexico Drive, Longboat Key, Fla., 34228, or e-mail them to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Tennis group helps make a boy's wish come true
November 24, 2009
The Longboat Key Public Tennis Center women open their hearts to a 12-year-old boy with a heart defect.
'Letters to Lee'
November 24, 2009
The following is the last installment in a three-part series of excerpts from the book, 'Letters to Lee,' a compilation of letters written by Lt. Gen. James V. Edmundson to his wife, Lee, during World War II.
JFCS dedicates new building
November 22, 2009
Jewish Family and Children's Service, of Sarasota-Manatee, celebrated the successful completion of its capital campaign with a dedication of its newly expanded building at the Harry and Jeannette Weinberg Campus.
BKYC hosts commodore's jubilee celebration
November 21, 2009
Bird Key Yacht Club members celebrate at the Commodore's Golden Jubilee Celebration.
Sanctuary welcomes back residents
November 21, 2009
The Sanctuary at Longboat Key Club and Resort welcomed its residents back with a party.
Arts Center jazzes up Harry's
November 19, 2009
Harry's Continental Kitchens hosted a wine-tasting to benefit the Longboat Key Center for the Arts, a Division of Ringling College of Art and Design, jazz program.
Building permits
November 18, 2009
These are the largest building permits issued by the Longboat Key Planning and Zoning Department for the week of Nov. 6 through Nov. 12, in order of dollar amounts.
COVER: Gourmet gathering
November 18, 2009
The 28th annual St. Jude Gourmet Luncheon took place Saturday, Nov. 14, at the Temple Beth Israel parking lot.
Deal Us In
November 18, 2009
- Oct
2 Florida's Children First 2014 Sarasota Reception
5:30 pm - 7:30 pm
- Oct
16 Pillar of Hope Open House
5:00 pm - 9:00 pm
- Oct
17 Taste of St. Armands
5:30 pm - 8:30 pm
- Oct
17 Night of Fish, Fun & Fright
6:30 pm - 9:00 pm
Goliath grouper lives up to name
Talk about a real big fish.
Mazel tov to Klauber and Mancini
The West Coast Florida Region of AJC (American Jewish Committee) will honor Michael Klauber and Phil Mancini, of Michael's On East, with its Civic Achievement Award in November.
Bob Havel celebrates 90 years with family members
Bob Havel recently celebrated his 90th birthday on Longboat Key with 24 members of his family.


text:
- Moen Banbury 4" 2-Handle High-Arc Bathroom Faucet for $59 (pictured, low by $11)
- Universal Tubs Coral 4.9-Foot Reversible Drain Soaking Tub in Chestnut for $715.96 ($179 off)
Home Depot Build a Better Bath Sale: Up to 50% off bath items
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text:
Fire destroyed a house on Priem Road early Friday morning, officials said.
No one was home at the time and no injuries were reported.
It was the second major house fire in Strongsville last week, following .
Fire Chief Jeff Branic said a neighbor reported a fire in the woods off Priem Road about 12:30 a.m., followed by a call from another resident who said a house was burning.
Firefighters found the home at 9889 Priem Rd., which sits back from the road about 500 feet, fully involved with fire.
Crews laid about 500 feet of line down the driveway and deployed a deck gun, which delivers about 500 gallons of water a minute, to slow the fire's advance.
No vehicles were in the driveway or garage.
"Fortunately no one was in the home; fire conditions would not have been survivable," Branic said.
Five Stongsville fire units were called to the scene, as were units from Berea, Middleburg Heights and Olmsted Falls.
The fire was under control by 1 a.m., Branic said. The house is a total loss, with damage estimated at $275,000.
Cause has not been determined. Branic said Strongsville fire investigators were joined in the probe by the Southwest Emergency Response Team and later by the state fire marshal's office, due to the complexity of the fire scene.
Interviews are still being conducted. Anyone with information about the fire is asked to call the Strongsville Fire Department at 440-580-3210 and ask to speak with the shift commander.
The was determined to be accidental.
That blaze, which started about 3:30 p.m. Wednesday, July 25, originated in the front right side of the garage, Branic said.
The ignition source is still under investigation.
The fire spread quickly from the detached garage to the back of the house. A woman and her daughter were able to escape the home uninjured, but the house was not livable.
Two Strongsville firefighters were treated and released from the hospital after the fire was put out.
One of the family's three cats was rescued from the house and one died, officials said. The third was missing, but a reader reported on Strongsville Patch's Facebook page that the kitty has been found uninjured, hiding under a bed.


text:
Hang out, chat and watch PAX!
You can now filter search results with text. Example: "person: john" will search only person pages for "john".
It's got its share of holdover problems, but Madden NFL 15 at least represents a positive step forward for this series.
They may not make games like this anymore, but maybe they should. Larian's latest CRPG is a deeply satisfying turn-based adventure that rewards players with patience.
Diablo III is a great game that, despite its mouse-and-keyboard roots, adapts to consoles surprisingly well.
Game »
consists of 14 releases.
Released Oct 25, 2005
An achievement that is unlocked for completing a game on a certain difficulty level, sometimes granting the achievements for all lower difficulties, and sometimes not.
A short description about a given difficulty level. "Intended for players new to the genre," "Meant for long time fans," etc.
Sometimes you want a challenge, sometimes you wanna coast.
Digital Distribution is the concept of purchasing digital media via the internet and having it sent to the user directly via the internet. No physical representation of this content is given but the content resides on the users hard drive and is legally owned by them.
Digital distribution method for PC games. Direct2Drive is maintained and owned by Gamefly Digital Inc.
Dolby Digital is an audio compression technology codec first used in movie theaters. It's now commonly used in many modern day audio/video media formats, including video games.
Downloadable Content adds new features and content to already-distributed video games via the Internet. Examples include new maps for FPS games, new songs for rhythm games, and new cars for racing games.
The 2005 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) took place at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles, California on May 18-20.
The 2006 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) took place at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles, California on May 10-12.
It may seem like bottom rung, but its your best friend when you just HAVE to find out if the Princess is in the castle and your date is waiting for you. Go ahead and hit those crosshairs until your shame is backlit by neon text outline, just don't expect any achievements!
When the player's actions cause enemies to say specific lines of dialog, such as "He's here!" or "Who turned out the lights?"
A crosshair which becomes larger when the player shoots or moves which decreases accuracy, discourages shooting on the move and promotes firing in small bursts.
NPCs in many games who serve no purpose but to die, sometimes in vast numbers or sometimes alone in a dramatic fashion. They often lack names and aren't valuable to the story in any way.
A powerful release of energy. This energy is usually expelled in all directions very quickly, typically giving off orange or red flames.
We all know that explosions will get you to buy a game. This is why you want stuff blowing up on your game cover!
Receiving damage or dying as a result of falling.
Quotations displayed on the screen; often from world leaders, famous writers, or the Bible.
Fascism is a controversial totalitarian, nationalistic political ideology. Within video games, various Fascist regimes are often portrayed as the enemy within the Second World War.
First-Person is a vantage point that attempts to simulate looking through a game character's eyes. It is most commonly found in First-Person Shooters and Racing Games, and to a lesser extent in other genres, such as RPGs and 3D Platformers.
A combat maneuver in which one attacks or threatens the side of an enemy unit or formation. Used primarily to negate cover or gain a tactical advantage by attacking from an unexpected direction.
FreeLC is free downloadable content. It is a sub-category of DLC which encompasses only free downloadable content.
In many games that feature team-based competition, "Friendly Fire" is the ability shoot or somehow directly impair ones own teammates.
A Game of the Year Edition is any video game that has been repackaged and advertised as having earned either one or many Game of the Year awards from any number of recognized publications or websites, often times with a discounted price and additional content.
An Xbox 360 and Games for Windows Live feature that lets you purchase and download full Xbox, Xbox 360, and PC games through the Live Marketplace.
Games with covers depicting a character with their mouth open, often used suggest that the character depicted is yelling.
Characters with german accent.
A glitch is an action performed within the bounds of a game engine that was not intended by the game's developers. Glitches are often performed by the player, though they can also occur independently.
Greatest hits is a general term for re-releases of games which have sold a certain number of copies, as part of a program managed by the console manufacturer.
When you purposely hold back on throwing a grenade to take advantage of the 3 to 5 second fuse
A method to clearly show the player live grenades near them. Usually displayed on the HUD.
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At Paramount Tumbling & AcroGymnastics, children bound and tumble across the brightly colored mats, bounce on trampolines, and flip around parallel bars. But kids don't have to be aspiring gold-medal winners to join in on the fun. Here, the coaches focus on helping wee ones to develop motor skills and an appetite for fitness through positive reenforcement, while also teaching them gymnastics techniques. They lead programs for children of all ages, starting with preschoolers, that focus on having fun while learning tumbling skills, bar routines, and acrobatic moves.
In addition to classes, the expansive gym hosts open-gym sessions, which give little ones free reign to caper about all the equipment. They also welcome birthday parties and lead summer camps, which teach children to flip with or without the birthday-cake sugar boost.
Junior Gym's instructors believe that physical activity and self-confidence go hand in hand. That's why they keep all of their gymnastics, tumbling, and fitness programs noncompetitive. Kids aged 6 months to 7 years old can step through the entrance's blue archways and into the 4,600-square-foot fitness facility, where, under the tutelage of seasoned instructors, they might learn to walk a balance beam or partake in social-development activities replete with music, movement, and parachute games. These activities unfold amid a maze of mats, bars, and obstacles, which the instructors rearrange weekly to confuse any infants plotting a mutiny.
As an alternative to regular fitness classes, Junior Gym's instructors also host camps and the Terrific Tots program. During these loosely structured sessions, CPR- and first-aid-certified teachers tell stories, help kids make arts and crafts, and serve healthy snacks.
Kevin Allen earned his personal training certification in 1989, but he didn't stop there. Instead, he layered more expertise and experience onto his resume with every passing year, finally founding Namaste Personal Training to share his wealth of fitness knowledge with as many clients as possible. Now the gym has been named Oakland magazine's best gym in the East Bay in 2012 and 2013, a title Allen and his team of four trainers uphold by addressing patrons' individual fitness goals in one-on-one personal training sessions, or obliterating bucket loads of calories in group fitness classes. They also tailor introductory fitness courses exclusively to beginners, lowering class size, shortening duration, and eliminating exercises that involve flaming jump ropes.
Springy surfaces of red, blue, green, and purple blanket the floors at Accel Gymnastics' two facilities. These soft mats cushion gymnasts of all ages as they somersault, tumble, and eventually back flip throughout a progressing curricula of gymnastics classes, starting at preschool lessons and heading toward the competitive level. Seasonal camps, too, immerse young ones in the sport. But coaches and staffers also make time for pure fun at birthday parties, where kids perform tricks that make their peers say "Ooooh" and "Ahhh" until all the birthday candles are blown out.
In 1976, educator, musician, and kinesiologist Robin Wes longed for a children's gym that prioritized personal growth over competition. Unveiled at a time when physical-education classes pushed students to focus almost exclusively on winning, Robin's program was swiftly adopted and is now used in more than 300 Little Gyms worldwide. Robin still pens original music to accompany lessons, which engage whippersnappers aged 4 months to 12 years with gymnastics, dance, karate, and parent and child activities.
Each of The Little Gym's classes introduces simple movements that sharpen motor skills and set brains whirring, allowing kids to progress at their own pace until they can finally build a computer out of macaroni and glitter. Staff members strive to build a base for lifelong social skills and self-assurance with each exercise, including activities rooted purely in fun, such as summer camps or birthday parties, which helped The Little Gym to earn title of #1 Birthday Chain in Parents Magazine.
Sweat Republic strives to create a strong community where individuals help motivate one another to meet their respective fitness goals in stimulating group classes. Those classes include unique offerings such as Surfset, during which, participants balance on a six-foot long board suspended over three medicine balls?to mimic balancing on water?for a workout that challenges the entire body. TRX suspension systems are incorporated in some classes, while the aptly-named apocalypse training program combines elements of TRX, plyometrics, parkour, and other disciplines to give students the skills they need to survive a major catastrophy, such as a nation-wide squeeze-cheese shortage. In addition to their classes, Sweat Republic also has aromatherapy available on site and superfood drinks available for purchase.


text:
While you were sleeping the Vols landed in Raleigh, N.C., at 2:45 a.m. Check out a Storify of the amazing night through the eyes of #VolNation! STORIFY
Click here for the original story.
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#Storify: Vols Win Thriller To Open NCAAs
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Posted 20 March 2014 - 02:54 AM
Posted 20 March 2014 - 04:55 AM
Listened to the post game interview of Iowa coach. His son had surgery to remove a tumor yesterday morning and coach had to leave and fly in to coach the game last night. Said Cuonzo, his staff, and all of the players came up to him and gave him a hug and let him know they were praying for his son and his family. That's class. Bravo Vols.
Edited by PuddingTime, 20 March 2014 - 04:56 AM.
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Ext2fs Home Page
Release 1.42.11 of e2fsprogs is available!
On July 9, 2014, version 1.42.11 of e2fsprogs was announced.
Ext2fs UtilitiesThe following Ext2fs Utilities are available:
Papers and Documentation of the Ext2 Filesystem
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text:
Hospital CFOs as Quality Leaders
A CFO looking at the bottom line is now not only concerned with costs and revenue growth, but also with poor communication among clinicians, hospital-acquired infections, patient follow-up, and a host of other quality issues. Documentation and measurement will also be front-of-mind, because that will be the basis for reimbursement. An organization with high-quality clinical care will not get paid for it if the documentation is poor.
Beyond Medicare pay-for-performance systems, many private payers are already paying a premium for higher quality, which is becoming a bargaining chip in contract negotiations.
On a practical level, that means CFOs and Chief Medical Officers and clinical improvement leaders will need to start attending more of the same meetings and reading more of the same literature, he says. In addition to financial spreadsheets, CFOs should be able to review case-mix index, acuity reporting, and other major metrics.
Does this mean financial leaders of the future will need a clinical background or will spend an equal amount of time focused on clinical issues? Probably not. But the silos need to be broken down, and communication between the two areas will need to improve.
The entire healthcare system is in the process of transforming based on the notion that money and quality are not only connected, but that one can influence the other. That means hospital CFOs will not only have to take more interest in quality improvement efforts under a new payment system; they will have to lead them.
Elyas Bakhtiari is a freelance editor for HealthLeaders Media.
Comments are moderated. Please be patient.
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- Sharp HealthCare Leaves Pioneer ACO Program
- MA an Insurance Proving Ground for Providers


text:
He's planning a huge bash for his 40th, but once the milestone passes, it's clear Gok is seriously searching for more than just mates to fill his "country green" home
The How to Look Good Naked star's designer clothes sent sales of the firm's Tu label soaring by 17% in the last year
Mellissa Laycy, 24, battled with anorexia and bulimia her whole life until hypnotherapy cured her.
The fashion guru reveals he'd love to meet a partner and become a dad, but for now he's practicing parenting skills on his puppy
How to Look Good Naked star's lingerie collection for Simply Yours
FIRST he created the ultimate wrap dress – and now style guru Gok Wan has added the must-have tux to his new range for retail giant Sainsbury's.
Style guru Gok Wan is rushing out a new fashion collection for Sainsbury's after the massive success of his red wrap dress.
How To Look Good Naked star Gok Wan racked up a £6,000 phone bill as he tried to explain his battle with anorexia to his shocked family.
On telling all in his autobiography...
TELLY fashion guru Gok Wan knows all about changing other people's lives but has now decided he needs the ultimate upheaval himself – by becoming a dad.
We're surprised Nadine Coyle's got time to eat at the moment, because she's so busy spilling her guts to every magazine in the land about how much she just loooooves food.
Channel 4 bosses were stunned yesterday at the news that one of their top executives has died in a suspected suicide.
Channel 4 is to screen a week of shows dubbed OAPs - Old Age Programmes - to celebrate growing old.
TV's top fashion guru, 34, on his secret crushes, being a tart, and Alan Carr
Fancy getting your kit off in public?
Fashionista Gok Wan is in talks to get his own Channel 4 chat show.
The How To Look Good Naked star reveals how as a 21 stone teenager he endured years of misery and bullying..
Generous Brits have dug deep despite the credit crunch and have already raised a record £21 MILLION for the Children In Need appeal.
How To Look Good Naked and Fashion Fix presenter Gok Wan has revealed all about his rise to fame - and his excitement at brushing shoulders now with the likes of Sarah Jessica Parker and fashion queen Vivienne Westwood.
Alexa Chung and Alex Turner can't seem to keep their paws off each other.
Tesco has set its sights on Boots and Specsavers with the launch of an online glasses service.
The makeover king on coping with other people's body issues, his own battle with the bulge and why he's holding out for Mr Right.
"Did you ever meet one of the ladies and think, 'What the f*** am I going to do with that?'"
Credit crunch? What credit crunch? While its rivals are feeling the pinch, one supermarket chain is positively booming.
Gok Wan's new C4 show promised to "rip the label off fashion", but ripped off the viewer on entertainment.
Trinny and Tranny's quest to find out about the Great British Body was a total rip-off.
How To Look Good Naked's Gok Wan convinced a whole orchestra to strip off naked for a photoshoot.
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