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Petzl Breaks Ground on New North American HeadquartersOn Friday, May 10, 2013, Petzl broke ground on their new North American sales, marketing, training, and distribution headquarters, located in West Valley City, Utah.
Petzl America President Nazz Kurth speaking at the ground-breaking ceremony in West Valley City, Utah.
"Fly'n'Roll": a non-motorized trip around the world"Fly'n'Roll" is a non-motorized trip around the world on foot, by bike, and by sailboat hitchhiking. Olivier Peyre left Grenoble in 2008. Joined later on by Nadège Perrot, they will finish their circumnavigation of the globe in 2016, completing the adventure of a lifetime.
Ultra Trail Mt. Fuji®: running the second edition in reverse!A race course run in the opposite direction to keep runners healthy; an earlier date this year to protect local flora; and a gaggle of high-level runners at the starting line for this exceptional race. This year, the second edition of the Ultra Trail Mt. Fuji® (UTMF®) was marked by the presence of well-known runners and once again provided more than a few unforgettable moments.
Petzl launches an in depth study with equipment users: participate and provide your measurements!Petzl is conducting a study in order to better adapt its products to different user body types. If you use harnesses, helmets, or head lamps, we cordially invite you to participate in this study. The results will contribute to new product development.
Sam Beaugey in Antarctica: a "Train kite" expedition!This winter, Sam Beaugey and his friend François traveled to the "white continent" to attempt rock and mixed climbing first ascents on never-before-climbed summits. They completed an entirely self-sufficient 12-day traverse of the Holtanna Range via "train kite." An ingenious combination of skis and sleds propelled by kite!
Sam and François were kind enough to share a trip report of their recent adventure…


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FATE, Texas —
The work was worth the effort. Every family member lost weight, and their combined total of 158 pounds helped them edge out teams from all over the country. Some of the Fishers plan to do another weight loss challenge, and they want to share what they've learned with others.
"It was transformative," Tamara said of the experience. "We really want to be able to help other families do similar things."
Details for this story were provided by the Rockwall Herald Banner in Rockwall, Texas.

subset: commoncrawl


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CREW's Crew
Melanie Sloan, Executive Director
Melanie Sloan serves as CREW's Executive Director and is a nationally recognized expert on congressional ethics. Prior to starting CREW, she served as an Assistant United States Attorney in the District of Columbia where, from 1998-2003, she successfully tried cases before dozens of judges and juries. Learn more about Melanie Sloan.
Anne L. Weismann, Chief Counsel
Anne Weismann serves as CREW's Chief Counsel. Prior to joining CREW, Ms. Weismann served as Deputy Chief of the Enforcement Bureau at the Federal Communications Commission, where she had responsibility for all of the Bureau's telecommunications matters. Before that, she worked in the Civil Division of the Department of Justice, where she served as an Assistant Branch Director with supervisory responsibility over banking litigation, housing litigation, and from 1995 until 2002, all government information litigation. This included litigation under the Freedom of Information Act, the Privacy Act, the Federal Advisory Committee Act and statutes governing federal and presidential records. Prior to that she worked in the Solicitor's Office of the Department of Labor. Ms. Weismann received her B.A. magna cum laude from Brown University and her J.D. from George Washington University's National Law Center.
Matt Corley, Deputy Research Director
Matt Corley is the Deputy Research Director at CREW. Before joining the CREW team, Matt worked as an Assistant Editor at the Center for American Progress, where he wrote for ThinkProgress and The Progress Report. Originally from Newton, MA, Matt received his B.A. from Ithaca College and earned a M.A. in Political Science from George Washington University.
David Crockett, Research Associate
David Crockett is a Research Associate. Prior to joining CREW, David worked as a Research Associate for Governor Roy Barnes. A native of Atlanta, David graduated from Yale University with a B.A. in Economics and Russian and Eastern European Studies.
Derrick Crowe, Communications Director
Derrick Crowe is CREW's Communications Director. Before joining CREW, Derrick was Political Director at Brave New Foundation, working on their Rethink Afghanistan and War Costs projects. Previously he's worked in various communications roles for multiple members of the House of Representatives. Derrick also directed communications for the Center for Public Policy Priorities in Austin, Texas, where he also co-founded a small business. He holds a B.A. from Texas Tech University.
Ben Fortney, New Media Director
Ben Fortney serves as the New Media Director for CREW. Before joining the organization Mr. Fortney worked at the United Nations Association of the USA, and in various positions across the education and non-profit industries. He holds a MA in Globalization, Development and Transition from London's University of Westminster and a Liberal Arts BA from Seton Hall University. A Long Island, NY native Ben has spent the past decade working on the web, continually fascinated by the intersection of technology, sociology, information and design found there.
Carrie Levine, Research Director
Carrie Levine is CREW's Research Director. Before joining CREW, Ms. Levine was an associate editor for The National Law Journal, where she covered lobbying. She has also reported for The Charlotte Observer, The Patriot Ledger of Quincy, Mass., and The Lowell Sun (Lowell, Mass.). She is a graduate of Boston University and the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.
Christina Martin, Development Associate
Christina Martin serves as CREW's Development Associate. Prior to joining CREW, Christina served as Program Coordinator for World Leadership School and as a Research Assistant at Massachusetts General Hospital's Division of Global Health and Human Rights. She previously interned with the Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding, Vital Voices Global Partnership and Women for Women International. Christina holds a MSc in Global Affairs from New York University and a BA in Political Science from Hofstra University. She has also studied at Richmond, The American International School in London.
John Morgan, Research Associate
John Morgan is a research associate at CREW. Prior to joining CREW, John was a member of the due diligence research team at Morgan Stanley in New York. A native of Long Island, NY, John graduated from the University of Michigan with a B.A. in English and received a Masters in Diplomacy through Norwich University.
Jordan Morrisey, Research Associate
Jordan Morrisey is a research associate for CREW. Prior to joining CREW full time, Jordan served as a research intern. A native of Colonia, NJ, Jordan graduated from the George Washington University with a B.A. in International Affairs, focusing on Conflict Resolution, and a minor in Political Science.
Robin Powers, Deputy Director
Robin Powers serves as Deputy Director of CREW. Previously, Ms. Powers served as Director of Research and Special Projects and as a Research Associate. Prior to joining the organization, Ms. Powers served as a Program Associate for Alliance for Justice, a nonprofit, national association of public interest groups that work to advance the cause of justice for all citizens. As Program Associate, she coordinated workshops and tracked legislation affecting the ability of the nonprofit community to engage in the public policy process. Ms. Powers also has interned with Vital Voices Global Partnership, the American Civil Liberties Union of Illinois and various political campaigns. She is a graduate of the University of Iowa and the Université Paul Valéry in Montpellier, France. Robin is a native of Chicago.
Adam Rappaport, Senior Counsel
Adam Rappaport serves as CREW's Senior Counsel. Prior to joining CREW, Mr. Rappaport practiced law at Levine, Sullivan, Koch & Schulz, L.L.P., where he represented members of the news media in seeking access to government records and proceedings and defended them in defamation cases. Before that, Mr. Rappaport served as a law clerk to Judge David G. Trager of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York. Mr. Rappaport covered Congress for National Journal's CongressDaily and the States News Service before attending law school. Mr. Rappaport received his J.D. with honors from the University of Chicago and his B.A. from Wesleyan University.
Stephen Santulli, Digital Content and Media Coordinator
Stephen Santulli is the Digital Content and Media Coordinator for CREW. Before joining the organization, he worked in communications for Homes for the Homeless, a leading social service provider in New York. He has also worked as a copywriter for a political advertising agency and a research associate at National Journal. A New York native, he holds a B.A. from Georgetown University.
Daniel Schuman, Policy Director
Daniel Schuman serves as Policy Director for CREW. He previously worked as Policy Counsel and Director of the Advisory Committee on Transparency for the Sunlight Foundation, where he testified before Congress and was a nationally recognized expert on federal transparency. He also served as Counsel and Communications Director for the Constitution Project and as a Legislative Attorney with the Congressional Research Service. A native of Connecticut, Daniel graduated cum laude from Emory University School of Law.
Amie Young, Staff Assistant
Amie Young serves as CREW's Staff Assistant. Prior to joining CREW, Amie worked as an Education Policy intern for the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions and previously interned for the Chief Whip of the Fine Gael Party in Dublin, Ireland. A Kansas City native, Amie holds B.A.s in Political Science and International Studies from the University of Kansas, where she also minored in Business Studies.


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Rushville Republican
---- — Riggs Farm of Glenwood has entered one head of short horn in the beef division of the 40th annual North American Livestock Exposition (NAILE). The NAILE is recognized as the world's largest purebred livestock show with more than 26,000 entries and nearly $750,000 in prizes and awards. Scheduled for Nov. 9 through 22, the event takes place at the Kentucky Exposition Center in Louisville, Ky..
Purebred farms from nearly every state and Canada bring livestock to compete in one of ten expo divisions: dairy cattle, dairy goats, meat goats, beef cattle, cowboy mounted shooting, quarter horses, draft horses, sheep, swine and llamas & alpacas. More than 200,000 American and International visitors attend the hundreds of individual breed shows, sales and events. In addition to the recognition and prize money that comes with winning the NAILE, the value of the champion breeding stock is significantly enhanced.
Breed association events are not the only NAILE feature. The expo is also home to numerous youth events that are an important part of the livestock industry's traditions, including: Eastern National 4-H Horse Roundup; Youth, Junior College and Senior Collegiate Dairy Judging Contest; 4-H Dairy Quiz Bowl; National Collegiate Livestock Judging Contest; National 4-H Livestock Judging Contest; National 4-H Skill-A-Thon Contest; Junior College Livestock Judging Contest and National 4-H Poultry & Egg Conference.
Additionally, youth exhibitors enter market animals, those targeted for meat production, in the Junior Steer Show, Junior Market Swine Show or Junior Market Lamb Show. These youth shows are sponsored by Farm Credit Services of Mid-America and are nationally recognized for both the quality of the competition and prestige of winning. Champions from these shows are sold at the Sale of Champions at 6 p.m. Nov. 6.
The Professionsl Rodeo Cowbnoys Association (PRCA) Great Lakes Circuit Rodeo Finals takes place nightly at 7:30 p.m., Nov. 14 through 16. Tickets for the invitational finals rodeo are $25 (Thursday), $30 (Friday) and $32 (Saturday). Admission for children under the age of 12 $5 (Thursday and $10 Friday and Saturday with a paid adult admission).
From the 200,000 square foot giant country store and food court tot eh entertaining PRCA Rodeo, NAILE visitors find lots to do and see in addition to attending the livestock competitions.
The NAILE is produced by the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the Kentucky State Fair Board. It is held at the Commonwealth's giant Kentucky Exposition Center, which features more than 1,200,000 square feet of climate controlled exhibition space.
For additional information: contact NAILE at PO Box 36367 Louisville, KY 40233, by calling at (502) 595.3166 or online at www.livestockexpo.org.


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There's no doubt nutrients play a key role in our health, but should you be getting them from a pill? Half of adults in the U.S. take a multivitamin, contributing to a more than $20-billion-a-year industry. So are supplements really worth it?
"I take a daily vitamin everyday -- one of the big horse pills," Morgan told Fox 35.
You pop them in the hopes of getting a healthy boost.
"When I don't take it I feel a little sluggish," Cecilia says.
But are vitamins really doing your body good?
"[It's] not something I do," Steve says. "If you have a well-balanced diet, you should be getting most of the nutrients you need anyways."
Fran Hamilton, owner of The Longwood Herb Shop, says vitamins make up where our diets lack.
"We're eating empty calories," Hamilton explains. "We're taking these things in, but we're taking them in in sort of an altered state."
But the research isn't so black and white. A recent study found women who take a daily vitamin are more likely to die of cardiovascular disease and cancer (Source: Archives of Internal Medicine, October 2011). So we asked Dawn Napoli, a registered dietician at the MD Anderson Cancer Center, for her opinion.
"I personally believe that everybody should take a multivitamin -- a standard multivitamin," Napoli says.
Napoli says stay away from antioxidants and herbal supplements, and remember, more isn't always better.
"The water soluble ones, if you take too much of them, there's not going to be much harm, because you will just urinate them out," she explains. "However, with the fat soluble ones, those are stored in your fat cells so if you take too much you actually can overdose on those."
Vitamins B and C are water soluble, while A, D, E and K are fat soluble.
Also check the label to make sure the registered daily intake (RDI) isn't more than 100 percent. And Napoli says vitamins should never be used as a substitute for good nutrition.
"We always recommend to try to get all your vitamins and minerals first from your diet before you're going to your supplements," Napoli says.
And by choosing the right foods, it's not difficult. Greens like kale and spinach are packed with vitamins C, K and A. Salmon is loaded with Omega 3s, vitamins D and B-12. Chocolate contains antioxidants and vitamins B and E, and that's definitely a sweeter pill to swallow
Since vitamins aren't regulated by the FDA, Napoli says be sure to purchase vitamins from reputable companies. In a recent review of supplements, ConsumerLab.com found 30 percent contained significantly more or less ingredients than what the label claimed. Some even contained lead.
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Tanglewood Coastal Expedition combines all the excitement and fun 6 fast-paced days of team challenges can provide. Conquer distances and elements of team building on a circuit course that includes panoramic views of Penobscot Bay while crossing the peaks of Camden Hills, canoeing on coastal lakes, rock climbing and biking, wrapping up each night with a relaxing campfire. Build self-confidence and new friendships during this meaningful nature-based adventure.
This new trip begins at camp in Lincolnville and follows little-known trails to connect all the way to the main portion of Camden Hills State Park in Camden where we'll team up with Acadia Mountain Guides for a day of rock climbing off Megunticook Lake. A bike trip will take the group around some of the most scenic locations coastal Maine has to offer. The final challenge includes paddling across Megunticook Lake to Norton Pond. Geared for those looking for an action-packed adventure, Coastal Expedition will have a little something for any kind of outdoor adventure lover.
Session dates, fees and availability
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Image Description: Maidens Cliff and Megunticook Lake


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Active Advisories
Jul 10, 2014 until further notice
The Missouri Department of Natural Resources samples water quality at all designated swimming beaches in the state park system on a weekly basis during the recreational season. The samples are analyzed at the Environmental Services Program laboratory in Jefferson City, and results are posted online. To check the status of a beach, visit dnr.mo.gov/beaches.
Apr 15, 2013 until further notice
White-nose syndrome, a fungus that is fatal to bats but does not affect humans, is found throughout the eastern United States and Canada. ...
Jan 28, 2013 until further notice
Missouri's forests are being threatened and you can help protect them. The emerald ash borer (EAB), an exotic beetle that has killed millions of ash trees in the northern, central and eastern United States, has been found in Missouri. The spread of EAB and other destructive forest pests has been .....


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A lichen (/ˈlaɪkən/,[1] sometimes /ˈlɪtʃən/ [2]) is a composite organism consisting of a fungus (the mycobiont) and a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont or phycobiont) growing together in a symbiotic relationship. The photobiont is usually either a green alga (commonly Trebouxia) or cyanobacterium (commonly Nostoc).[3] The morphology, physiology and biochemistry of lichens are very different from those of the isolated fungus and alga in culture. Lichens occur in some of the most extreme environments on Earth—arctic tundra, hot deserts, rocky coasts, and toxic slag heaps. However, they are also abundant as epiphytes on leaves and branches in rain forests and temperate woodland, on bare rock, including walls and gravestones, and on exposed soil surfaces (e.g., Collema) in otherwise mesic habitats. The roofs of many buildings have lichens growing on them.
Lichens are widespread and may be long-lived;[4] however, many are also vulnerable to environmental disturbance, and may be useful to scientists in assessing the effects of air pollution,[5][6][7] ozone depletion, and metal contamination.
Lichens have been used in making dyes and perfumes, as well as in traditional medicines. It is estimated that 6% of Earth's land surface is covered by lichen.[8] In Scotland, the dye-producing lichens are known as crottle.
- 1 Overview
- 2 History
- 3 Symbionts
- 4 Morphology and structure
- 5 Growth form, thallus types
- 6 Reproduction and dispersal
- 7 Growth and longevity
- 8 Ecology
- 9 Evolution and paleontology
- 10 Taxonomy and classification
- 11 Human use
- 12 Antibiotic Properties
- 13 Gallery
- 14 See also
- 15 References
- 16 Further reading
- 17 External links
The body (thallus) of most lichens is different from those of either the fungus or alga growing separately. The fungus surrounds the algal cells, often enclosing them within complex fungal tissues unique to lichen associations. In many species the fungus penetrates the algal cell wall, forming penetration pegs or haustoria similar to those produced by pathogenic fungi.[3][9] Lichens are poikilohydric, capable of surviving extremely low levels of water content.[10] However, the re-configuration of membranes following a period of dehydration requires several minutes at least.
The algal or cyanobacterial cells are photosynthetic, and as in plants they reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic carbon sugars to feed both symbionts. Both partners gain water and mineral nutrients mainly from the atmosphere, through rain and dust. The fungal partner protects the alga by retaining water, serving as a larger capture area for mineral nutrients and, in some cases, provides minerals obtained from the substrate. If a cyanobacterium is present, as a primary partner or another symbiont in addition to green alga as in certain tripartite lichens, they can fix atmospheric nitrogen, complementing the activities of the green alga.
Although strains of cyanobacteria found in various cyanolichens are often closely related to one another, they differ from the most closely related free-living strains.[11] The lichen association is a close symbiosis. It extends the ecological range of both partners but is not always obligatory for their growth and reproduction in natural environments, since many of the algal symbionts can live independently. A prominent example is the alga Trentepohlia which forms orange-coloured populations on tree trunks and suitable rock faces. Lichen propagules (diaspores) typically contain cells from both partners, although the fungal components of so-called "fringe species" rely instead on algal cells dispersed by the "core species."[12]
Lichen associations may be examples of mutualism, commensalism or even parasitism, depending on the species. Cyanobacteria in laboratory settings can grow faster when they are alone rather than when they are part of a lichen.
Recently, on 26 April 2012, scientists reported that lichen survived and showed remarkable results on the adaptation capacity of photosynthetic activity within the simulation time of 34 days under Martian conditions in the Mars Simulation Laboratory (MSL) maintained by the German Aerospace Center (DLR).[13][14]
Although lichens had been recognized as organisms for quite some time, it was not until 1867, when Swiss botanist Simon Schwendener proposed his dual theory of lichens, that the true nature of the lichen association began to emerge.[15] Schwendener's hypothesis, which at the time lacked experimental evidence, arose from his extensive analysis of the anatomy and development in lichens, algae, and fungi using a light microscope. Many of the leading lichenologists at the time, such as James Crombie and Nylander, rejected Schwendener's hypothesis because the common consensus was that all living organisms were autonomous.[15]
Other prominent biologists, such as Heinrich Anton de Bary, Albert Bernhard Frank, Melchior Treub and Hermann Hellriegel were not so quick to reject Schwendener's ideas and the concept soon spread into other areas of study, such as microbial, plant, animal and human pathogens.[15][16] When the complex relationships between pathogenic microorganisms and their hosts were finally identified, Schwendener's hypothesis began to gain popularity. Further experimental proof of the dual nature of lichens was obtained when Eugen Thomas published his results in 1939 on the first successful re-synthesis experiment.[15]
Living as a symbiont in a lichen appears to be a successful way for a fungus to derive essential nutrients, as about 20% of all fungal species have acquired this mode of life. The largest number of lichenized fungi occur in the Ascomycota, with about 40% of species forming such an association.[17] Some of these lichenized fungi occur in orders with nonlichenized fungi that live as saprotrophs or plant parasites (for example, the Leotiales, Dothideales, and Pezizales). Other lichen fungi occur in only five orders in which all members are engaged in this habit (Orders Graphidales, Gyalectales, Peltigerales, Pertusariales, and Teloschistales). Lichenized and nonlichenized fungi can even be found in the same genus or species. Overall, about 98% of lichens have an ascomycetous mycobiont. Next to the Ascomycota, the largest number of lichenized fungi occur in the unassigned fungi imperfecti. Comparatively few Basidiomycetes are lichenized, but these include agarics, such as species of Lichenomphalia, clavarioid fungi, such as species of Multiclavula, and corticioid fungi, such as species of Dictyonema.
The autotrophic symbionts occurring in lichens are a wide variety of simple, photosynthetic organisms commonly and traditionally known as algae. These symbionts include both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Approximately 100 species of photosynthetic partners from 40 genera and five distinct classes (prokaryotic: Cyanophyceae; eukaryotic: Trebouxiophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Chlorophyceae) have been found to associate with the lichen-forming fungi.[18] The prokaryotes belong to the Cyanobacteria, whose representatives are often called bluegreen algae. The bluegreen algae occur as symbionts in about 8% of the known lichens. The most commonly occurring genus is Nostoc.[19] The majority of the lichens contain eukaryotic autotrophs belonging to the Chlorophyta (green algae) or to the Xanthophyta (yellow-green algae). About 90% of all known lichens have a green alga as a symbiont, and among these, Trebouxia is the most common genus, occurring in about 40% of all lichens. The second most commonly represented green alga genus is Trentepohlia. Overall, about 100 species are known to occur as autotrophs in lichens. All the algae are probably able to exist independently in nature as well as in the lichen.[19]
A particular fungus species and algal species are not necessarily always associated together in a lichen. One fungus, for example, can form lichens with a variety of different algae. The thalli produced by a given fungal symbiont with its differing partners will be similar, and the secondary metabolites identical, indicating that the fungus has the dominant role in determining the morphology of the lichen. Further, the same algal species can occur in association with different fungal partners. Lichens are known in which there is one fungus associated with two or even three algal species. Rarely, the reverse can occur, and two or more fungal species can interact to form the same lichen.[19]
Both the lichen and the fungus partner bear the same scientific name, and the lichens are being integrated into the classification schemes for fungi. The alga bears its own scientific name, which bears no relationship to that of the lichen or fungi.[17]
Morphology and structure[edit]
Some lichens have the aspect of leaves (foliose lichens); others cover the substrate like a crust (crustose lichens) (illustration, right), others such as the genus Ramalina adopt shrubby forms (fruticose lichens), and there are gelatinous lichens such as the genus Collema.[20]
A rhizene is the "root"" that anchors the underside of the thallus of a foliose lichens to the substrate.[citation needed]
Although the form of a lichen is determined by the genetic material of the fungal partner, association with a photobiont is required for the development of that form. When grown in the laboratory in the absence of its photobiont, a lichen fungus develops as an undifferentiated mass of hyphae. If combined with its photobiont under appropriate conditions, its characteristic form emerges, in the process called morphogenesis (Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff, 2001). In a few remarkable cases, a single lichen fungus can develop into two very different lichen forms when associating with either a green algal or a cyanobacterial symbiont. Quite naturally, these alternative forms were at first considered to be different species, until they were first found growing in a conjoined manner.
There is evidence to suggest that the lichen symbiosis is parasitic or commensalistic, rather than mutualistic (Ahmadjian 1993). The photosynthetic partner can exist in nature independently of the fungal partner, but not vice versa. Furthermore, photobiont cells are routinely destroyed in the course of nutrient exchange. The association is able to continue because reproduction of the photobiont cells matches the rate at which they are destroyed. (ibid.)
Under magnification, a section through a typical foliose lichen thallus reveals four layers of interlaced fungal filaments. The uppermost layer is formed by densely agglutinated fungal hyphae building a protective outer layer called the cortex, which can reach several hundred μm in thickness.[21] This cortex may be further topped by an epicortex 0.6-1μm thick in some Parmeliaceae, which may be with or without pores, and is secreted by cells—it is not itself cellular.[21] In lichens that include both green algal and cyanobacterial symbionts, the cyanobacteria may be held on the upper or lower surface in small pustules called cephalodia. Beneath the upper cortex is an algal layer composed of algal cells embedded in rather densely interwoven fungal hyphae. Each cell or group of cells of the photobiont is usually individually wrapped by hyphae, and in some cases penetrated by an haustorium. Beneath this algal layer is a third layer of loosely interwoven fungal hyphae without algal cells. This layer is called the medulla. Beneath the medulla, the bottom surface resembles the upper surface and is called the lower cortex, again consisting of densely packed fungal hyphae. The lower cortex often bears rootlike fungal structures known as rhizines, which serve to attach the thallus to the substrate on which it grows. Lichens also sometimes contain structures made from fungal metabolites, for example crustose lichens sometimes have a polysaccharide layer in the cortex. Although each lichen thallus generally appears homogeneous, some evidence seems to suggest that the fungal component may consist of more than one genetic individual of that species. This seems to also be true of the photobiont species involved.
Growth form, thallus types[edit]
The thallus is the part of the body of a lichen that is not involved in sexual reproduction, the "vegetative" part. This includes the fungus (mycobiont) and the algal cells (photobiont), but does not include any sexual fruit bodies. There are a wide range of forms and structures. As with non-floral parts of plants, classifications based on morphology may say more about convergent evolution in a common environment than about having common ancestry, and there are gray areas and borderline cases. But lichenologists commonly classify the thallus forms as 1. forming thin flat crusts (or very slightly convex), 2. having filamentous structures, 3. having multiply branched tufts, 4. having leaf-like structures, 6. as forming crusts so thin that they are better described as powdery layers of tiny granules, 6. having tiny plate-like structures that sometimes overlap, or 8. having barely any visible or distinguishable thallus at all.
In this article, lichens are informally classified by growth form into:
- 1. Crustose (paint-like, flat), e.g., Caloplaca marina - The thallus lies flat and tightly bound at all points to the substrate, like it is painted on.
- 1a. Crustose placodioid (flat and radiating out) - The thallus structure radiates out, with the outer edges peeling up from the substrate at the tips. These may peel up so much as to appear like foliose lichens, but unlike foliose lichens, they lack a cortex under the edges that lift from the substrate.
- 2. Filamentous (hairlike), e.g., Ephebe lanata, Cystocoleus ebeneus - The thallus forms mostly nonbranching hair-like structures that may look overall like matted hair.
- 3. squamulose (scaly or platelet-like), e.g., Normandina pulchella - The thallus is composed of mostly flat laying, overlapping, scale-like plates ("squamules"), which may become leaf-like in form not attached to the substrate, but which do not have a lower cortex on the underside.
- 4. foliose (leafy), e.g., Hypogymnia physodes - The thallus generally forms flat, leaf-like lobes that are not firmly bonded to the substrate, with the underside having its own cortex.
- 5. fruticose (branched), e.g., Cladonia evansii, C. subtenuis, and Usnea australis - The thallus is extended up, or hangs down, from a rhizome, and forms into a branched or tufted structure. The rhizene is the "root"" that anchors the underside of the thallus of a foliose lichens to the substrate.
- 6. leprose (powdery), e.g., Lepraria incana - The thallus is a layer so thin that it is almost like a powder stuck to the substrate.
- 7. Structureless - Lichens may not have a recognizable thallus structure, including gelatinous lichens where the cyanobacteria produce a polysaccharide that absorbs and retains water.
Another way to classify lichens is by the cortex. The cortext is the "skin", or outer layer of thallus tissue that covers the medulla. Fruticose lichens have one cortex encircling the branches, even flattened, leaf-like forms; foliose lichens have a separate upper cortex and lower cortex; crustose, placodioid and squamulose lichens have an upper cortex but do not have a lower cortex; and leprose and gelatinous lichens lack any cortex.
Reproduction and dispersal[edit]
Many lichens reproduce asexually, either by vegetative reproduction or through the dispersal of diaspores containing algal and fungal cells. Soredia (singular soredium) are small groups of algal cells surrounded by fungal filaments that form in structures called soralia, from which the soredia can be dispersed by wind. Another form of diaspore is found in isidia, elongated outgrowths from the thallus that break off for mechanical dispersal. Fruticose lichens in particular can easily fragment. Because of the relative lack of differentiation in the thallus, the line between diaspore formation and vegetative reproduction is often blurred. Many lichens break up into fragments when they dry, dispersing themselves by wind action, to resume growth when moisture returns.[22] [23]
Many lichen fungi reproduce sexually like other fungi, producing spores formed by meiosis and fusion of gametes. Following dispersal, such fungal spores must meet with a compatible algal partner before a functional lichen can form. This may be a common form of reproduction in basidiolichens, which form fruiting bodies resembling their nonlichenized relatives. Among the ascolichens, spores are produced in spore-producing bodies, the three most common spore body types being raised discs called apothecia (singular apothecium), bottle-like cups with a small hole at the top called perithecia (singular perithecium), and pycnidia, shaped like perithecia but without asci.[24]
Most lichens produce abundant sexual structures; many species appear to disperse only by sexual spores.[25] For example, the crustose lichens Graphis scripta and Ochrolechia parella produce no symbiotic vegetative propagules. Instead, the lichen-forming fungi of these species reproduce sexually by self-fertilization (i.e. they are homothallic). This breeding system may enable successful reproduction in harsh environments.[25]
Growth and longevity[edit]
Lichenometry is a technique used to determine the age of exposed rock surfaces based on the size of lichen thalli. Introduced by Beschel in the 1950s,[26] the technique has found many applications.
Lichens must compete with plants for access to sunlight, but because of their small size and slow growth, they thrive in places where higher plants have difficulty growing. Lichens are often the first to settle in places lacking soil, constituting the sole vegetation in some extreme environments such as those found at high mountain elevations and at high latitudes.[27] Some survive in the tough conditions of deserts, and others on frozen soil of the Arctic regions.[28]
A major ecophysiological advantage of lichens is that they are poikilohydric (poikilo- variable, hydric- relating to water), meaning that though they have little control over the status of their hydration, they can tolerate irregular and extended periods of severe desiccation. Like some mosses, liverworts, ferns, and a few "resurrection plants", upon desiccation, lichens enter a metabolic suspension or stasis (known as cryptobiosis) in which the cells of the lichen symbionts are dehydrated to a degree that halts most biochemical activity. In this cryptobiotic state, lichens can survive wider extremes of temperature, radiation and drought in the harsh environments they often inhabit.
Lichens do not have roots and do not need to tap continuous reservoirs of water like most higher plants, thus they can grow in locations impossible for most plants, such as bare rock, sterile soil or sand, and various artificial structures such as walls, roofs and monuments. Many lichens also grow as epiphytes (epi- on the surface, phyte- plant) on plants, particularly on the trunks and branches of trees. When growing on plants, lichens are not parasites; they do not consume any part of the plant nor poison it. Some ground-dwelling lichens, such as members of the subgenus Cladina (reindeer lichens), however, produce allelopathic chemicals which leach into the soil and inhibit the germination of plant seeds and growth of young plants. Stability (that is, longevity) of their substrate is a major factor of lichen habitats. Most lichens grow on stable rock surfaces or the bark of old trees, but many others grow on soil and sand. In these latter cases, lichens are often an important part of soil stabilization; indeed, in some desert ecosystems, vascular (higher) plant seeds cannot become established except in places where lichen crusts stabilize the sand and help retain water.
The European Space Agency has discovered that lichens can survive unprotected in space. In an experiment led by Leopoldo Sancho from the Complutense University of Madrid, two species of lichen—Rhizocarpon geographicum and Xanthoria elegans—were sealed in a capsule and launched on a Russian Soyuz rocket on 31 May 2005. Once in orbit the capsules were opened and the lichens were directly exposed to the vacuum of space with its widely fluctuating temperatures and cosmic radiation. After 15 days the lichens were brought back to earth and were found to be in full health with no discernible damage from their time in orbit.[29][30]
When growing on mineral surfaces, some lichens slowly decompose their substrate by chemically degrading and physically disrupting the minerals, contributing to the process of weathering by which rocks are gradually turned into soil. While this contribution to weathering is usually benign, it can cause problems for artificial stone structures. For example, there is an ongoing lichen growth problem on Mount Rushmore National Memorial that requires the employment of mountain-climbing conservators to clean the monument.
Lichens may be eaten by some animals, such as reindeer, living in arctic regions. The larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species feed exclusively on lichens. These include Common Footman and Marbled Beauty. However, lichens are very low in protein and high in carbohydrates, making them unsuitable for some animals. Lichens are also used by the Northern Flying Squirrel for nesting, food, and a water source during winter.
Air pollution[edit]
If lichens are exposed to air pollutants at all times, without any deciduous parts, they are unable to avoid the accumulation of pollutants. Also lacking stomata and a cuticle, lichens may absorb aerosols and gases over the entire thallus surface from which they may readily diffuse to the photobiont layer.[31] Because lichens do not possess roots, their primary source of most elements is the air, and therefore elemental levels in lichens often reflect the accumulated composition of ambient air. The processes by which atmospheric deposition occurs include fog and dew, gaseous absorption, and dry deposition.[32] Consequently, many environmental studies with lichens emphasize their feasibility as effective biomonitors of atmospheric quality.[31][33][34][35][36]
Not all lichens are equally sensitive to air pollutants, so different lichen species show different levels of sensitivity to specific atmospheric pollutants.[37] The sensitivity of a lichen to air pollution is directly related to the energy needs of the mycobiont, so that the stronger the dependency of the mycobiont on the photobiont, the more sensitive the lichen is to air pollution.[38] Upon exposure to air pollution, the photobiont may use metabolic energy for repair of cellular structures that would otherwise be used for maintenance of photosynthetic activity, therefore leaving less metabolic energy available for the mycobiont. The alteration of the balance between the photobiont and mycobiont can lead to the breakdown of the symbiotic association. Therefore, lichen decline may result not only from the accumulation of toxic substances, but also from altered nutrient supplies that favor one symbiont over the other.[31]
Evolution and paleontology[edit]
The evolution of lichens and the phylum Ascomycota is complex and not well understood, but because there are fifteen different classes of Ascomycetes, scientists generally believe that different lichens have evolved independently from one another through analogous evolution. Lichenized fungi have continued to evolve, developing differently from those that do not form lichens.[citation needed]
Lichenization is an ancient nutritional strategy for fungi. The extreme habitats that lichens inhabit are not ordinarily conducive to producing fossils.[39] The oldest fossil lichens in which both symbiotic partners have been recovered date to the Early Devonian Rhynie chert, about 400 million years old.[40] The slightly older fossil Spongiophyton has also been interpreted as a lichen on morphological[41] and isotopic[42] grounds, although the isotopic basis is decidedly shaky.[43] It has been suggested—although not yet proven—that the even older fossil Nematothallus was a lichen.[44]
It has also been claimed that Ediacaran fossils were lichens,[45] though this claim is controversial.[46] Additional evidence has been marshalled for a lichen interpretation of Dickinsonia.[44] Lichen-like fossils consisting of coccoid cells and thin filaments, preserved in marine phosphorite of the Doushantuo Formation in southern China. These fossils are thought to be 551 to 635 million years old (belonging to the Neoproterozoic era).[47] Discovery of these fossils suggest that fungi developed symbiotic partnerships with photoautotrophs long before the evolution of vascular plants. Winfrenatia, an early zygomycetous lichen symbiosis that may have involved controlled parasitism, is an impression found in Scotland, belonging to the early Devonian times.[48] There are also several examples of fossilized lichens embedded in amber. The fossilized Anzia is found in pieces of amber in northern Europe and dates back approximately 40 million years.[49] Fossilized Lobaria comes from Trinity County in northern California, USA and dates back to the early to middle Miocene.[50]
In 1995, Gargas and colleagues proposed that there were at least five independent origins of lichenization; three in the basidiomycetes and at least two in the Ascomycetes.[51] However, Lutzoni et al. (2000) indicate that lichenization probably evolved earlier and was followed by multiple independent losses. Some non-lichen-forming fungi may have secondarily lost the ability to form a lichen association. As a result, lichenization has been viewed as a highly successful nutritional strategy.[52][53]
Lichens were a component of the early terrestrial ecosystems, and the estimated age of the oldest terrestrial lichen fossil is 400 Ma.[54][55] Recent (2009) studies suggest that the ancestral ecological state of the Ascomycota was saprobism, and that independent lichenization events have occurred multiple times.[56]
Taxonomy and classification[edit]
Lichens are named based on the fungal component, which plays the primary role in determining the lichen's form. The fungus typically comprises the majority of a lichen's bulk, though in filamentous and gelatinous lichens this is not always the case. The lichen fungus is typically a member of the Ascomycota—rarely a member of the Basidiomycota, and then termed basidiolichens to differentiate them from the more common ascolichens. Formerly, some lichen taxonomists placed lichens in their own division, the Mycophycophyta, but this practice is no longer accepted because the components belong to separate lineages. Neither the ascolichens nor the basidiolichens form monophyletic lineages in their respective fungal phyla, but they do form several major solely or primarily lichen-forming groups within each phylum.[57] Even more unusual than basidiolichens is the fungus Geosiphon pyriforme, a member of the Glomeromycota that is unique in that it encloses a cyanobacterial symbiont inside its cells. Geosiphon is not usually considered to be a lichen, and its peculiar symbiosis was not recognized for many years. The genus is more closely allied to endomycorrhizal genera.
The following table lists the orders and families of fungi that include lichen-forming species.
Human use[edit]
Lichens are eaten by many different cultures across the world. Although some lichens are only eaten in times of famine, others are a staple food or even a delicacy. Two obstacles are often encountered when eating lichens: lichen polysaccharides are generally indigestible to humans, and lichens usually contain mildly toxic secondary compounds that should be removed before eating. Very few lichens are poisonous, but those high in vulpinic acid or usnic acid are toxic.[58] Most poisonous lichens are yellow.
In the past Iceland moss (Cetraria islandica) was an important human food in northern Europe, and was cooked as a bread, porridge, pudding, soup, or salad. Wila (Bryoria fremontii) was an important food in parts of North America, where it was usually pitcooked. Northern peoples in North America and Siberia traditionally eat the partially digested reindeer lichen (Cladina spp.) after they remove it from the rumen of caribou or reindeer that have been killed. Rock tripe (Umbilicaria spp. and Lasalia spp.) is a lichen that has frequently been used as an emergency food in North America, and one species, Umbilicaria esculenta, is used in a variety of traditional Korean and Japanese foods.
Lichens have been shown to degrade polyester resins, as can be seen in archaeological sites in the Roman city of Baelo Claudia Spain.[59] Lichens can accumulate several environmental pollutants such as lead, copper, and radionuclides.[60]
Antibiotic Properties[edit]
Lichens produce metabolites proven useful in the medical community.[61] Most metabolites produced by lichens are structurally and functionally similar to broad-spectrum antibiotics while few are associated respectively to antiseptic similarities.[62] These organic acids are the metabolic byproducts of Crassulacean acid metabolism, the means of photosynthesis by lichens.[63]
Usnic acid is the most commonly studied metabolite produced by lichens and has been associated with the suppression of tuberculosis.[64]It has also proven bactericidal against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and is considered an antimicrobial agent. It is still unclear if the antimicrobial processes derived from lichens are strictly due to their metabolites or their symbiotic relationship with the fungi that grows on it.[65]
Other uses[edit]
Many lichens produce secondary compounds, including pigments that reduce harmful amounts of sunlight and powerful toxins that reduce herbivory or kill bacteria. These compounds are very useful for lichen identification, and have had economic importance as dyes such as cudbear or primitive antibiotics.
There are reports dating almost 2000 years old of lichens being used to make purple and red dyes.[66] Of great historical and commercial significance are lichens belonging to the family Roccellaceae, commonly called orchella weed or orchil. Orcein and other lichen dyes have largely been replaced by synthetic versions. The pH indicator litmus is a dye extracted from the lichen Roccella tinctoria by boiling. In the Highlands of Scotland, traditional dyes for Harris tweed and other traditional cloths were made from lichens including the orange Xanthoria parietina and the grey foliaceous Parmelia saxatilis common on rocks known as "Crottle".[67]
Extracts from many Usnea species were used to treat wounds in Russia in the mid-twentieth century.[citation needed] Historically in Europe, Lobaria pulmonaria was collected in large quantities as "Lungwort" and, due to its lung-like appearance, was sold as a cure for lung diseases. Similarly Peltigera leucophlebia was used as a supposed cure for thrush, due to the resemblance of its cephalodia to the appearance of the disease.[3]
The Talmud (Sanhedrin 19b) translates the Hebrew word "vayilafeth" in Ruth 3:8 as referring to Ruth entwining herself around Boaz like lichen.
The substance olivetol is found to be naturally present in certain species[which?] of lichens. This is a property they share with the cannabis plant, which internally produces the related substance olivetolic acid (before using it to biosynthesise tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)).[68]
Lichen is used in model railroading[69] and other modeling hobbies as a material for making trees and shrubs.
An article published in PLoS ONE indicates that a serine protease isolated from certain species of lichen degrades prions.[70][71]
Xanthoparmelia cf. lavicola, a foliose lichen, on basalt.
Map lichen (Rhizocarpon geographicum) on rock
Reindeer moss (Cladonia rangiferina)
Lobaria oregana, commonly called 'Lettuce lichen,' in the Hoh Rainforest, Washington State
Lecanora cf. muralis lichen on the banks of the Bega canal in Timișoara
Caloplaca marina, a marine lichen
Microscopic view of lichen growing on a piece of concrete dust.[72]
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Further reading[edit]
- Ahmadjian V. (1993). The Lichen Symbiosis. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-57885-1.
- Brodo, I.M., S.D. Sharnoff, and S. Sharnoff, 2001. Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven.
- Gilbert, O. 2004. The Lichen Hunters. The Book Guild Ltd. England.
- Haugan, Reidar; Timdal, Einar (1992). "Squamarina scopulorum (Lecanoraceae), a new lichen species from Norway". Nordic Journal of Botany 12 (3): 357–360. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1992.tb01314.x.
- Hawksworth, D.L. and Seaward, M.R.D. 1977. Lichenology in the British Isles 1568 - 1975. The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd., 1977.
- Kershaw, K.A. Physiological Ecology of Lichens, 1985. Cambridge University Press Cambridge.
- Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi. (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
- Knowles M.C. (1929). "Lichens of Ireland". Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 38: 1–32.
- Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L., James, P.W. and Moore, D.M. (Editors) 1992. The Lichen Flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London.
- Sanders W.B. (2001). "Lichens: interface between mycology and plant morphology". BioScience 51 (12): 1025–1035. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[1025:LTIBMA]2.0.CO;2.
- Seaward M.R.D. (1984). "Census Catalogue of Irish Lichens". Glasra 8: 1–32.
- Whelan, P. 2011. Lichens of Ireland. The Collins Press, Cork, Ireland.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lichens.
- LIAS light: an online interactive identification key for the lichen species of the World
- University of Sydney lichen biology
- Memorial University's NL Nature project, focusing primarily on lichens
- ESA article on lichen survivability in low earth orbit
- The British Lichen Society
- Lichens of Ireland
- Lichens of North America
- Pacific Northwest Fungi Online Journal, includes articles on lichens
- Fungi that discovered agriculture
- Pictures of Tropical Lichens
- High Resolution 1.5 Gigapixel Image of a Lichen Covered Rock
- Good example of a Lichen
- How To Grow Lichen
- "Lichens". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
- "Lichens". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.


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Bryce Harper had himself a skillset and a reputation. He came up to the majors at the age of 19, having posted just a .708 OPS over about a month in triple-A. With the Nationals so far, he's batted 8-for-26 with five doubles, five walks, a steal of home, and boundless energy at the plate and in the field. For the Washington Post, James Wagner wonders: is there anything Bryce Harper can't do?
Harper's impact has not only added spark to the Nationals, especially at a time when the offense has been ravaged by injuries, it has shown that his game and style of play make him among the most electrifying and potent players in baseball.
"A lot of times, whether it's coaches or media, you get caught up and you go, 'Wow,' " Porter said. "Is it 'wow' because he's playing the game unlike other people? Or is he playing the game the way it's supposed to be played? You ask me, he plays the way it's supposed to be played. Not many guys have the ability he has."
"He's been good," Werth said earlier this week. "He's focused. I think he's where he needs to be. Minor leagues is tough. Sometimes it's tougher than people realize. I like him here with the right coaches, the right manager, the right teammates. I think that's going to help his development than with him being anywhere else."
And so on. When Harper was first promoted, Nationals officials acknowledged that it was happening before they wanted it to, and there was reason to wonder whether Harper was ready to play at the highest level given his minor-league performances. Since Harper was promoted, he's answered all the questions, and though he doesn't yet have a home run, he's done just about everything else. To address Wagner's question, yes, there are things Bryce Harper can't do. The list of them is shorter than it is for most other baseball players.


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COLLEGE PARK, Md. — North Carolina closed out the 2013 regular season with a dominant 8-1 victory at Maryland on Sunday.
Jenna Kelly and Amber Parrish each tallied two runs on two hits, with a home run apiece to help the Tar Heels take game three of the series.
The Tar Heels finish out the season 38-18 overall and 13-8 in ACC play with Sunday's win.
N.C. state 14, Boston College 3: The Wolfpack's weekend offensive display against the Eagles came to a grand conclusion in Chestnut Hill, Mass., as N.C. State hit four more home runs, including two grand slams, to complete the three-game sweep with a five-inning victory.
Sophomore right-hander Emily Weiman, who had strong run support all weekend in the 10-3, 16-2 and 14-3 victories, got her ninth straight win to set the school single-season win mark at 28, surpassing the total set by former ACC Pitcher of the Year Abbie Sims in 2007.
As a team, the Wolfpack (30-18-1 overall, 13-7 ACC) has won nine straight and 16 of its last 18 contests.
Men's Tennis
Shaw 5, Kutztown 3: The Bears ended their season with an opening-round loss in the NCAA Tournament after bad weather forced them indoors in Bluefield, W.Va.
Shaw, seeded fifth in the region, finishes the season 14-8, while Kutztown, the fourth seed, improves to 14-6 and now faces host Bluefield State for a spot in the Sweet Sixteen.
Short-handed, the Bears opened the match down 2-0 after forfeiting the number three doubles and number six singles matches.
Samuel Padilla and Juan Sanchez trimmed the lead to 2-1 when they downed Kenny Beebe and Matthew Maguire 8-4.


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The North Face Denali Wind Pro Jacket
4-star: 0
3-star: 0
2-star: 0
1-star: 1
25.8 oz / 730 g
Warm, light and comfortable but: sleeves and body…
Price Paid: $198
Warm, light and comfortable but: sleeves and body are too large as on the regular Denali (this one is much lighter though). I usually wear an L for TNF jackets but this one insist on the same mistake of the regular Denali: too much cloth. Why? If I get an M the collar and or chest may be too small... chest and collar are fine.
Maybe they should just shift the size tag and consider the M an L and so on.
It's fine but try two different sizes before decide (don't buy by mail order as I did unless you are certain or you can exchange).
Manufacturer's Description
Visit The North Face's Denali Wind Pro Jacket page.
Retailers' Descriptions
Here's what other sites are saying:
Hiking the dramatic landscape of the Annapurna Circuit in the snow-capped, rugged mountains of Nepal can be an unparalleled, life-changing experience. It can also be a bit windy. Reliable, iconic protection for the world's most extreme environments, The North Face Men's Denali Wind Pro Jacket is here to lend comfort to all of your adventurous wanderings.Featuring Polartec Wind Pro fabric, this protective full zip has four times the wind resistance of traditional fleece yet retains its breathable performance to keep you from overheating from within. The outer surface is composed of tightly woven yarn that sheds rain and snow effortlessly and won't break down over time. The abrasion resistant shoulders make for long-lasting durability and pack carrying comfort while the elastic-bound cuffs and hem keep the elements at bay. Zip in compatibility makes it easy to wear as a mid-layer under your shell while the iconic styling and insulating comfort make it a reliable stand-alone piece. For those that go in search of the highest peaks and the choicest views, The North Face Denali Wind Pro Jacket for men delivers unbeatable performance wherever you go exploring.
- Altrec Outdoors
Dude, this is really odd-your mouth is moving but I can't hear a word you're saying. What's going on? Why did that tree over there just uproot and blow across the river? Hang on it's really windy out here, isn't it. Huh, the Polartec Wind Pro and Power Shield material in this The North Face Denali Wind Pro Jacket really does work. Sweet.
- Backcountry Outlet
The North Face Denali WindPro Jacket for MenThe North Face Denali WindPro Jacket for Men is the perfect jacket for your outdoor adventure. This jacket is up to four times more windproof than the classic Denali jacket. It features the mid-layer whcih is crafted of incredibly breathable Polartec Wind Pro shearling fleece. Water-resistant finish and Polartec Power Shield reinforced shoulders improve durability and overall weather protection when this versatile jacket is worn as an outer layer. Bomber windproof fleece is made from durable Polartec Wind Pro fabric, derived from tightly woven yarn that reduces the effects of wind chill, while maintaining optimal breathability to prevent overheating. Enjoy your time outdoors and feel comfortable with the North Face Denali WindPro Jacket for Men.
- SunnySports
The iconic Denali jackets are known for their extreme warmth, but The North Face really upped the ante with the Denali Men's Wind Pro Fleece Jacket. You get protection from wind and wet weather not only from the chest and shoulder abrasion panels but throughout the body of the jacket thanks to the powers of the Polartec Wind Pro fleece. So go ahead, venture outdoors in raw weather without worrying about wind chill teaming up with cold temps to ruin your day.
- Backcountry.com
The North Face Denali Wind Pro Jacket
The Denali Wind Pro Jacket has been discontinued. It last appeared in The North Face's 2011 product line.MSRP:
The North Face Denali Wind Pro Jacket is not available from the stores we monitor. It was last seen February 17, 2014 at SunnySports.
If you're looking for a new fleece jacket, check out the best reviewed current models.


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David Hammer / Eyewitness News
Email: email@example.com | Twitter: @davidhammerWWL
NEW ORLEANS -- The Philippines ambassador to the United States on Thursday told WWL-TV that he has grave concerns about the death of a Filipino offshore worker off the Louisiana coast this week, questioning the safety practices of American oil field service firms and criticizing the worker's Houma-based employer and his Philippines-based recruiter for their lack of responsiveness.
The federal offshore safety agency, meanwhile, responded by promising to impanel experts to investigate the oil platform accident that claimed the life of Peter Voces, 38, in the Gulf of Mexico this week.
Voces, a welder from the town of Gumaca, Quezon Province south of Manila, plummeted to his death Sunday evening when he was working to dismantle an idle oil platform about 55 miles off the central Louisiana coast.
He was the fourth Filipino to die off the Louisiana coast in the last 12 months.
"This tragedy comes almost a year after a similar incident at another offshore oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico claimed the lives of three Filipino oil workers and seriously injured three others," Ambassador Jose L. Cuisia Jr. said in a written statement Thursday morning. "In light of these events, the Philippine Embassy would like to express its deep concern over the safety of Filipinos working in offshore facilities in the United States."
In an exclusive interview with WWL-TV from Washington, Cuisia complained that the companies that hired Voces, both in the Philippines and in Louisiana, were not cooperating with his embassy.
"We have been trying to get information from both Offshore Specialty Fabricators and 88 Aces Maritime (Services), both of whom are employers, one here in the U.S. one over in the Philippines, (and) they have refused to provide us information that would enable us to contact the family," Cuisia said.
Voces and other platform workers were employed by a derrick barge contractor, Houma-based Offshore Specialty Fabricators LLC, and that company has not responded to any of WWL-TV's requests for comment over the last four days.
The embassy says Voces left behind a wife and three children in the Philippines. Cuisia's staff is trying to work with Offshore Specialty Fabricators to repatriate Voces' remains 88 Aces Maritime Services is the manning company in the Philippines that sent Voces to Offshore Specialty.
"We are lamenting the lack of cooperation of these firms," Cuisia said.
The federal Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, meanwhile, says it will get to the bottom of what caused the accident.
"My sincerest condolences go out to the family of Mr. Voces," BSEE Director Brian Salerno said in a statement. "We are assembling a panel of experts who will conduct a thorough investigation into this tragic incident. We are committed to a complete investigation to identify the cause of the incident and to identify approaches to enhance the safety of future operations."
Three Filipinos died November 16, 2012, in an explosion on a Black Elk Energy platform near the mouth of the Mississippi River, in the West Delta 32 lease block. It also severely injured three other Filipinos. They were cutting a pipe that apparently had not been flushed of flammable liquids, but there are conflicting reports about who gave the experienced welders the go-ahead to use torches to cut the pipe.
WWL-TV's lengthy Eyewitness Investigation uncovered a pipeline of human trafficking, with immigration paperwork allegedly based on lies, and workers holding numerous and fake social security numbers. We found a number of other possible violations, from immigration policies to labor and workplace standards.
BSEE spokeswoman Eileen Angelico said Thursday that another investigative panel has been reviewing the Black Elk incident and is "nearing completion on its report."
One of the workers who was severely injured in that accident, Renato Dominguez, sued Black Elk and its contractors in Galveston County court in Texas this week, alleging they didn't properly supervise or protect the workers and didn't go over proper safety procedures.
That worried Cuisia, who spoke to WWL-TV from Washington.
"We are told of course that BSEE has come up with new requirements" for offshore operators, Cuisia said. "And we are hopeful that these companies also require their contractors to follow the same safety procedures."
BSEE has required only two Gulf oil and gas operators to file Performance Improvement Plans because of their problematic safety records: Black Elk and Energy Resource Technology GOM. Black Elk was put under the special scrutiny after the deadly accident last year. ERT, meanwhile, is the owner of the platform where Voces died, but was already on the special watch plan because of a fatal crane accident in 2011 and a gas leak in July of this year.
"The fact that they are both involved in accidents that have impacted Filipino workers, we are very concerned," Cuisia said.
Details about this week's accident on the ERT platform are still sketchy. ERT's parent company, Houston-based Talos Energy, said through a spokesman earlier this week that an empty storage container also fell off the platform and into the Gulf waters, which are about 100 feet deep around Platform A in the Vermilion 200 lease block.
The spokesman, David Blackmon, added Thursday that Talos and ERT are ready to cooperate fully with the BSEE investigation.
"The safety of people is always our highest priority, and we will be focused on the safety of our employees and our contractors throughout the investigation," he said.