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S. 2113, Taxpayers Right-To-Know ActCost EstimateJuly 31, 2014
Long-Term Budget ProjectionsData or Technical InformationJuly 25, 2014
The Economic Effects of the President's 2015 BudgetReportJuly 22, 2014
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CBO's Long-Term Budget Projections Show a Substantial Imbalance in the Federal BudgetBlog PostJuly 17, 2014
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H.R. 3086, Permanent Internet Tax Freedom ActCost EstimateJune 26, 2014
Coverage Effects of Limiting the Tax Exclusion for Employment-Based Health InsurancePresentationJune 23, 2014
Answers to Questions for the Record Following a Hearing on the Budget and Economic Outlook for 2014 to 2024 Conducted by the House Committee on the BudgetReportJune 19, 2014
Projections of Tax ExpendituresBlog PostJune 19, 2014
Answers to Questions for the Record Following a Hearing on the Budget and Economic Outlook for 2014 to 2024 Conducted by the Senate Committee on the BudgetReportJune 10, 2014
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Wildlife trust needs your vote (From Daily Echo)
When news happens, text SDE and your photos or videos to 80360. Or contact us by email and phone.
Wildlife trust needs your vote
12:50pm Monday 19th November 2012 in News
HAMPSHIRE and Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust has been selected as a finalist in a competition to win £150,000 of business equipment from software company Greentree.
The trust was shortlisted as one of ten finalists in a competition which more than 100 businesses entered.
Winning the competition will mean that the trust can completely upgrade its systems, resulting in staff spending more time in the field and less time in the office.
To vote for the Hampshire and Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust visit greentreegameon.
co.uk Voting is open until Friday.
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A perfect holiday pack for that tea enthusiast in your family without the caffeine. Flavors in this pack are Cinnamon Vanilla and Cranberry Pomegranate.
Warnings: Keep out of reach of children. As with all dietary supplements, consult your healthcare professional before use. See product label for more information.


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What should I know before taking Robaxin oral?
If you are:
Only When Necessary
Precaution: INSUFFICIENT HUMAN DATA AVAILABLE
An adult over 60:
Precaution: (SOM)(BEERS) RISKS: SEDATION, WEAKNESS, COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT.
Giving Robaxin oral to a child under 12:
Warning: SAFETY & EFFICACY NOT ESTABLISHED IN PEDIATRICS LESS THAN 12 YRS


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Souza (14-2), coming off a submission win over Robbie Lawler in January, is making his second title defense. Rockhold (7-1) has won six straight fights under the Strikeforce banner.
The live blog is below.
Round 1: Souza flicks out a kick to start and Rockhold comes forward behind a couple low kicks of his own. Rockhold tries a knee off a Souza takedown attempt, but then gets caught with a hard right that sends him reeling across the cage. Souza follows, looking for the takedown. He struggles to get Rockhold down, but can't do much more than hold him there. Rockhold tries to wall-walk and Souza punishes him with right hands for his trouble. Rockhold finally works to his feet and Souza nails him with a good knee in the clinch before letting him slip free. Rockhold showing some redness around his eyes, and Souza adds to it with another right hand that lands cleanly. Rockhold opens up with one flashy kick after another in the final 30 seconds, catching Souza with the second one. MMA Fighting scores the round 10-9 for Souza.
Round 2: Spinning heel kick to the body by Rockhold to start round two. He opens up with several kicks to the head and legs right afterwards, keeping Souza on the defensive. Huge right hand from Souza wobbles Rockhold. He's in trouble. Souza goes after him and nails him with a couple more rights, but Rockhold hangs on and recovers with remarkable quickness. Another switch kick from Rockhold is mostly blocked. Souza ducks under a Rockhold punch and grabs a clinch. Rockhold works some knees to the thigh in close before Souza reverses the position. Rockhold comes forward with a nice straight left. Souza answers with another of those nasty looking rights. The horn sounds and MMA Fighting scores it 10-9 for Souza.
Round 3: Rockhold comes forward with a couple of kicks and Souza backs up to avoid them before firing off one of his own. Rockhold tosses out a left and then a low kick that nails Souza solidly in the groin. Referee Dan Miragliotta pauses it to give Souza a chance to recover. The fight restarts and Souza ducks under a Rockhold punch in search of a takedown, which he eventually gets. Rockhold scrambles up and Souza thinks about a standing kimura, but it was a little ambitious even for him. Rockhold winds up for a couple more kicks, but Souza can see them all coming and covers up to block. Rockhold stings Souza with a left, but Souza comes right back with another right hand that lands behind Rockhold's ear. Rockhold spins all the way around hoping to surprise Souza with one last kick before the round ends, but no dice. MMA Fighting scores it 10-9 for Souza.
Round 4: Rockhold slams Souza with a kick to the body in the early going of the fourth. 'That hurt him!' Rockhold's corner shouts. Souza fires back with a right hand that shows he's not too badly damaged. Souza dives in with a hook that misses, then settles for a clinch where he can fire off a nice knee before Rockhold reverses and puts his back against the fence. They separate and Rockhold misses with a hook, leaving an opening for Souza to come in behind a big right that grazes Rockhold. Souza shoots for a double-leg, but Rockhold defends well, even though he seems to be slowing down a little. Rockhold tries a spinning back heel kick and Souza grabs his leg, looking for the takedown. Rockhold defends and lands a knee in the clinch in the final seconds of the round. MMA Fighting scores it 10-9 for Rockhold.
Round 5: Rockhold's corner warns him that Souza is going to "come on strong" to start the final round, and they send him out with one word of advice: "Keep your hands up." Souza doesn't start any more aggressively than usual, however, and it's Rockhold who's on offense early. He backs Souza up with those long kicks and lands a nice left on a tired Souza. Souza moves into another clinch behind a right hand, and eventually gets Rockhold down. Rockhold soon works back to his feet without absorbing any damage, then goes on the attack with a couple punch combos that have Souza backing up. Rockhold follows after him and Souza snaps a front kick into his face, sending sweat flying in the final minute. Both men are tired, but Souza presses forward with a looping right and they end the fight leaning on each other in the clinch. MMA Fighting scores the round 10-10.
Luke Rockhold def. Ronaldo Souza via unanimous decision (50-45, 48-47, 48-47)
Well, that's surprising. Just about every round was close, but I'm not sure how you give Rockhold every one of them.
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As part of WNCN Today's newest segment, This Kid Rocks, Phil Sanchez visited Chapel Hill High School where he met a teenager who's making national headlines.
His name is Arjun Raghavan and he moved to North Carolina from New Jersey in 2007.
Now in his senior year at Chapel Hill High, he's a member of the honors society and a physics champ who, for the second year in a row, represented North Carolina in an international science competition.
"They'll have kids from about 90 or a hundred countries at this competition," Raghavan said. "And basically, I'll be presenting my project in front of an international panel of judges."
The project Raghavan is involved in is a study of the inside of stars.
"I found that in more than 75 percent of the stars that I studied, we could see significant changes in the pulsations, which means although external light that we see is the same, there are some internal structural changes that are going on," he said.
"He received a wonderful scholarship, he's a Robertson Scholar, so he'll be splitting his time between UNC and Duke, and he's already spent some time UNC's physics department so he'll continue to grow with the program," said Chapel Hill High guidance counselor Frances Williams.
But Raghavan's talent in the classroom isn't the only reason, we chose him for our "This Kid Rocks" segment.
The other? He really does rock. He plays the drums in an Indian music band.
If you would like to nominate a kid for "This Kid Rocks," email us at email@example.com.
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Most stressful U.S. cities
Published On: Apr 23 2013 02:12:13 PM CDT Updated On: Apr 25 2013 01:00:00 AM CDT
In honor of Stress Awareness Month, here's a look at America's most stressful cities.
The views expressed are not those of this company or its affiliated companies. Please note by clicking on "Post" you acknowledge that you have read the Terms Of Service and the comment you are posting is in compliance with such terms. Due to a technical change, all comments posted before February 26, 2014 no longer appear on News8000.com. Comments posted after February 26 are not impacted.


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Little Riley O'Brien is due to be released from The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia next month following a double lung/heart transplant in early March.
The 5-year-old was born with Heterotaxy Syndrome, a rare heart defect along with Complex Congenital Heart Disease.
His mom Carol is thrilled to see the end of her son's hospital stay, but has no idea where they will go once he gets out.
"There's a lot of anxiety now we have a date coming to go home but we don't have a home to take him too."
She tells FOX29 her Somerdale NJ house is plagued with mold and asbestos. She worries what that will do to his new organs.
"It would destroy his new lungs," she said.
Habitat for Humanity out of Camden County stepped in at first to see if a new addition to the house could give Riley a safe haven to return to, along with mold clean up.
Officials there tell FOX29 they realized the house would have to be demolished and rebuilt since there are other problems, including an unstable beam helping to hold the house up.
The property used to be a business and the family says the only way to rebuild would be to have their mortgage company forgive the loan.
They are working with the bank to do that but will need transitional housing in the meantime, when Riley gets out of the hospital.
If you would like to see how you could help the family, click on the link seen on our Seen on TV tab.
WJBK-TV | Fox 2 16550 West Nine Mile Rd.Southfield, MI 48075Main Station: (248) 557-2000Newsroom: (248) 552-5103


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Thank you for visiting the Division of Politics and Economics (DPE) at Claremont Graduate University (CGU). We are delighted that you are interested in our programs .
The Division of Politics and Economics (DPE) encompasses the Department of Politics and Policy and the Department of Economics at CGU. We have built an integrated political economy program between the two disciplines, while maintaining the distinct field knowledge of political science and economics. The integrated curriculum and research have made possible substantial transdisciplinary work by those faculty and students who wish to examine substantive issues, usually confined to either discipline above, with broader perspectives and a wider range of methodologies.
I invite you to peruse through our main prospective student web page to learn more about CGU and our community. Listen to our Tuesday Talks to learn about our faculty and their research interests. When you are ready to apply, be sure to go to www.cgu.edu/apply for information regarding the application process. We look forward to welcoming you to our Claremont community.
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As thousands of Republicans talk politics in Tampa Bay this week, one group within the party wants to make its presence known.
Black Republicans met Wednesday afternoon at Stetson University's College of Law to discuss how to diversify the GOP.
Over glasses of iced tea, the conversation wasn't sugar-coated.
"You stand out in a crowd of black folks. You're almost like the devil incarnate, if you're a black Republican," Eddie Adams said Wednesday.
But these Republicans say the key to the future of the party is to attract a more diverse crows.
"The survival of the Republican Party depends on the tent being enlarged," Forum speaker Carol Swain said.
While black delegates are far from dominant at this week's convention, some of the party's most prominent faces don't fit a stereotype. Revered Republican Condoleezza Rice was seated right next to Presidential nominee Mitt Romney Tuesday night, and Democrat-turned-Republican Artur Davis has some politicos saying he stole Tuesday night's show.
Still, some at Wednesday's forum say the party has a long way to go in recognizing black Republicans.
"One of the things I hear, oftentimes, is what is going to be our return on our investment? Because there's a perception obviously, that's fairly accurate, that the black community is overly Democratic and supportive of Obama," Forum participant Timothy Johnson said Wednesday.
Leaders say one way to create change is by appealing with conservative policies that are important to the people.
"I really believe that Republican ideas create opportunities that can bring people out of poverty and teach them how to fish, rather than feeding them for a day," Swain said.
Forum participant Kevin Daniels says those ideas need to be driven home by the faces that help make the party tick.
"Where's Colin Powell? Where's Clarence Thomas? There are blacks that were special assistants to Richard Nixon, that helped him capture 21 percent of the black vote. Where are those people?" Daniels asked.
Wednesday's forum was organized by the Ebony Elephant Foundation of Pasco County and the New Century Republicans of Hillsborough County.
205 N. Michigan Avenue
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Good work, I like the composite shotsB&W is great! Look at the first B&W pic. If it were in colour your eye would wander and not stay on the cyclist.
Any chance of posting the other two in color? I don't particularly like B+W for cycling - it's such a colorful sport!
First of all Mick, thanks for posting these in color. I can see rpt's point but find myself exploring the color pictures longer - more details better bring out the story. Besides I like the contrast of the synthetically colored cyclists with the earth-tones and gray overcast of the surrounding landscape


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FORT MYERS: Two teens were taken into custody after deputies say they assaulted several people in a south Fort Myers neighborhood Monday.
Dakota Scannell, 18, and Robert Tokarski, 19, both of Dexter, Michigan, were each charged with two felony counts of Battery on a Person 65 Years of Age or Older and one count of Disturbing the Peace, a misdemeanor.
According to an incident report, the teens threw a table into the pool at the Lucaya Clubhouse, located at 14513 Abaco Lakes Drive, then tried to tip over a portable toilet.
A resident saw what was happening and tried to stop them, the report said.
Deputies say the teens attacked him, punching him in the chest and knocking him to the ground.
The duo also assaulted two other residents who tried to break up the fight, according to the Lee County Sheriff's Office.
The teens reportedly fled to a nearby home, where a deputy found them hiding inside the garage.
They were arrested and taken to the Lee County Jail for booking.
3719 Central Avenue
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Red Sox manager John Farrell congratulated Daniel Nava after the win.
Jim Davis/Globe Staff
Daniel Nava (left) and Jacoby Ellsbury celebrated after the final out of the game.
Daniel Nava reacted after hitting a three-run home run over the Green Monster to break a scoreless tie in the seventh inning.
Nava was greeted by happy teammates and fans after his home run.
Red Sox closer Joel Hanrahan got the save after giving up a run in the ninth inning.
Daid L. Ryan/Globe Staff
Fenway Park was packed for the home opener against the Orioles under blue skies.
Elise Amendola/Associated Press
Steve Pearce struck out in the seventh inning.
Fans cheered Red Sox starting pitcher Clay Buchholz after the seventh inning.
Jared Wickerham/Getty Images
Clay Buchholz threw a pitch to Nate McLouth of the Orioles in the first inning at the Fenway home opener.
Stan Grossfeld/Globe Staff
Jacoby Ellsbury reacted after flying out in the third inning.
Clay Buchholz threw to Mike Napoli at first base as Nate McLouth got back to the bag safely.
Red Sox pitchers John Lackey (left) and Andrew Bailey (center) greeted Jackie Bradley, Jr. during pre-game player introductions.
The Jimmy Fund Chorus sang in the outfield before the game.
Red Sox second baseman Dustin Pedroia chatted with owner John Henry in the dugout before the game.
Clay Buchholz threw a pitch in the first inning as the Red Sox took on the Orioles in the home opener at Fenway.
Jon Lester was all smiles in the dugout before the start of player introductions.
The Red Sox and Orioles lined the field prior to the home opener at Fenway Park.
Jim Rice hugged a smiling Jon Lester following the ceremonial first pitches, as former Red Sox players looked on.
Dina Rudick/Globe Staff
"Big League Brian" Dwyer juggled pins on Yawkey Way.
Matt McClelland of Warwick, R.I. (left), and Keith Couto, of Rumford, R.I., dug into sausage sandwiches.
Lorriane Vallee of Sutton got her face painted before the game.
Blue skies and green grass were in abundance as the Red Sox took batting practice before the home opener against the Orioles.
Fans waited to enter as the doors to Fenway opened on Monday afternoon.
Jared Wickerham/Getty Images
Fans filed into Fenway Park prior to the home opener between the Orioles and Red Sox.
Fans enjoyed the weather on Landsdowne Street before the game.
Orioles general manager (and former Red Sox GM) Dan Duquette talked with former Red Sox rightfielder Dwight Evans.
The Red Sox returned to Fenway Park in first place after a 4-2 season-opening road trip.
Fans Kenny Runge and Nick Freehling watched Orioles batting practice from the Green Monster.
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Physicians & Nurses
P. David Adelson, MD, FACS, FAAP, is the Director of Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital and Chief Pediatric Neurosurgeon at Phoenix Children's Hospital. He is on faculty at Arizona State University and at the University of Arizona-College of Medicine-Phoenix. Dr. Adelson is an internationally recognized expert in the area of pediatric traumatic brain injury, in particular in the acute clinical management of these injured children as well as in the neural recovery and plasticity of the developing brain following injury. Prior to moving to Phoenix in 2008, Dr. Adelson was the A. Leland Albright Professor of Pediatric Neurosurgery and vice chairman for research for the Department of Neurological Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. He continues to run an active basic science laboratory as well as clinical research programs. Dr. Adelson has been the recipient of multiple awards, including The Best Doctors in America, Young Investigator Award, and Congress of Neurological Surgeons Clinical Investigation Award, to name a few. His research has resulted in his authoring more than 140 publications, 36 book chapter and he has edited eight books including the well regarded "Principles and Practice of Pediatric Neurosurgery", the authoritative textbook in the field of pediatric neurosurgery.
Ratan Bhardwaj, MD, PhD, FRCSC, is a pediatric neurosurgeon at Barrow Neurological at Phoenix Children's Hospital. He holds a special focus in minimally invasive endoscopic approaches, brain tumors, hydrocephalus and functional neurosurgery. Dr. Bhardwaj combines his innovative research and clinical expertise in pediatric neuroscience with the Hospital's commitment to compassionately treating and healing children with neurosurgical conditions. He received his medical degree from Queen's University in Kingston, Canada in 2000 and completed his neurosurgical training at the University of Toronto in 2010. Dr. Bhardwaj also completed his PhD in molecular biology at the Nobel Medical Institute at the Korolinska Institute in Stockhold, Sweden in 2007. There, he developed successful projects involving human stem biology in the brain and heart, as well as endogenous regenerative strategies to cure disease states. Dr. Bhardwaj has lectured extensively around the globe and has received numerous prestigious awards throughout his clinical and research training. He has authored book chapters and numerous papers in clinical neurosurgery as well as in basic science. He has published novel research in high impact journals such as Science, Cell, and PNAS, and is a strong advocate for advances through research.
Ruth Bristol, MD, is a pediatric neurosurgeon who made the transition to Phoenix Children's Hospital with the other pediatric specialty practitioners, and is proud to remain part of the Barrow Neurological Institute. She remains a member of the Barrow Children's Cleft and Craniofacial Center, which offes at eam approach to children with craniosyonostosis and other skull anomalies. Dr. Bristol treats all areas of pediatric neurosurgery, including brain and spine tumores, trauma, and developmental anomalies. Her research interests include brain tumors and craniosynostosis. Dr. Bristol believes that a supportive and involved family is very important for healing in children. Many children do not have the ability to understand complex medical problems, so gaining their trust and making them feel safe are essential to providing good care. Originally from New Hampshire, Dr. Bristol attended Medical School at Tulane University in New Orleans. She then completed a Neurological Surgery Residency at the BARROW Neurological Institute in Phoenix. Post-residency subspecialty training included a Pediatric Neurosurgery Fellowship at Children's Hospital of Los Angeles.
David Shafron, MD, a pediatric neurosurgeon and fellow of American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons has been published exxtensively including authoring a book chapter on gene therapy for cerebrovascular disease. He arrived at Phoenix Children's Hospital in 2003. Dr. Shafron earned his medical degree at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland, Ohio, before completing an internship in Genral Surgery and residency in Neurosurgery at University of Florida Coolege of Medicien in gainesville, Florida Dr. Shafron finished his training with fellowships in Pediatric Neurosurgery at University of Pittsburgh and the University of Aizona School of Medicine. He is board certified in Neurological Surgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery. Dr. Shafron practices all aspects of pediatric neurosurgery, such as hydrocephalus, brain tumors, Chiari malformations, and congenital disorders. He has a strong interest in the treatment of patients with cerebral palsy and other movement disorders, utilizing medical managemetn botulinum toxin (Botox®), intrathecal baclofen therapy, and other modalities. He also has a special interest in the treatmetn of craniofacial disorders, and has extensive experience with the use of minimally invasive techniques for forms of craniosynostosis.
Krystal L. Tomei, MD, MPH, joined Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital as this year's Pediatric Neurosurgery Fellow. Dr. Tomei recently completed her residency in Neurological Surgery at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey at New Jersey Medical School after attending the University Of Florida College Of Medicine. Dr. Tomei also received a Master in Public Health from the Harvard School of Public Health. She has a demonstrated passion for improving medical education through her service as the resident member on the American Medical Association's Council on Medical Education and as a recipient of both the Arnold P. Gold Foundation Humanism and Excellence in Teaching Award and the first NJMS Golden Apple Specialty Resident Teaching Award. Dr. Tomei serves as Secretary of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons Young Neurosurgeons Committee, and is a member of the Neurosurgery PAC Board of Directors. She has a particular interest in neurotrauma and injury prevention serving as a member of the ThinkFirst National Injury Prevention Organization Board of Directors. Dr. Tomei has authored several book chapters and peer-reviewed articles.Her research interests include congenital spinal disorders, neurotrauma, and outcomes based quality improvement.
Kathleen Klas, RN, FA, MS, CPNP-AC/PC, received the Margaret P. Curry Silver Medal of Nursing in her Bachelor of Science program at D'Youville College in Buffalo, New York. She then moved to Phoenix Arizona and worked with special needs children as a home health care nurse while pursuing her Master's of Science, specializing as a Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, from Arizona State University. She completed her program Magna Cum Laude in 2002. Katie has a special interest in neonatal neurosurgery of congenital conditions, as well as shunt independence. Katie has lectured in the community to support groups with a focus on neurosurgical conditions, as well as community physicians, resident programs and nursing lectures. Katie holds national certification from the Pediatric Nursing Certification Board in Primary Care since 2002, and accomplished her Acute Care certification in 2007. She is also an active member in the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners as well as being involved in the State Chapter as a previous officer. Katie is also involved with the American Association of Neurologic Surgeons through conferences and their journals.
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Updated Dec 18, 2012 - 5:55 pm
Retiring US Sen. Jon Kyl praised by McCain
By Associated Press
Originally published: Dec 18, 2012 - 4:12 pm
Originally published: Dec 18, 2012 - 4:12 pm
PHOENIX -- Retiring U.S. Sen. Jon Kyl is being praised for serving Arizona for more than a quarter century.
Kyl spent nearly 18 years in the Senate after being a congressman for eight years.
In a speech Tuesday on the Senate floor in Washington, fellow Republican Sen. John McCain praised ``tireless work ethic.''
McCain called Kyl ``a senator's senator'' who ``prefers accomplishments to acclaim.''
McCain also praised Kyl for ``his unflappable patience, his careful attention to detail, his determination to be fair to all parties involved and to achieve results that are in the best interests of Arizona.''
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New Zealand Embassy The Hague, The Netherlands
Working in Denmark
New Zealand - Denmark working holiday scheme
The New Zealand - Denmark Working Holiday Scheme offers an opportunity for young New Zealanders to visit Denmark for a period of up to twelve months with the objective of combining a holiday with work experience.
For comprehensive information about how to apply, please visit the website of the Danish Immigration Service.
The same scheme offers young Danish people the opportunity of a 12 month stay in New Zealand on similar terms. For further information on obtaining a Working Holiday Visa for New Zealand, please click here.
Work permits for Denmark
For information about obtaining work permits for Denmark, and any other general immigration enquiries, please contact:
The Danish Immigration Service
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Of interest
Elections for the United Nations Security Council
New Zealand is a candidate for election to the UNSC for the two-year term 2015-16. Read more
United Nations Handbook
The UN
Handbook is a comprehensive guide to the UN system and how it works. Read more
Registering your overseas travel made easier
New Zealanders travelling or living overseas, registering your travel online now made easier. Read more
The Christchurch Earthquake Appeal
News about how the donations are contributing to the rebuild, ways to donate and more.
New Zealand General Election 2014
The New Zealand General Election will be held on Saturday 20 September 2014. Read more


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(989) 964-4144
(989) 964-2717
Andrew M. Chubb, Ph.D.
Pioneer 236
The College of Science, Egineering & Technology provides opportunities for students to be successful in the classroom and beyong. At SVSU, classroom learning is only part of a student's education. Experiencing real life situations; sharing knowledge, leadership and skills; working in teams and those from different industries; are part of what it means to experience "real world" first-hand.
A program for incoming SVSU freshmen to strengthen math skills.
Students in any major build a car from concept to completion and compete in the Formula SAE Collegiate Competition in May.
Students provide analytical services and technical support to area business and industry in the Indepenent Testing Lab.


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Future Baseball Hall of Famer Chipper Jones spoke at Emory's Annual Class Day on Thursday.Each year, the graduating seniors get to pick a speaker to give them a little pep talk before graduation.Chipper gave some words of wisdom to the seniors that he says could apply to rookie pro athletes and to those headed into the real world. Several student awards were also given out during the event.Emory's commencement will be held next Monday morning.
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Minimally Invasive HysterectomiesEvery year, approximately 600,000 American women undergo hysterectomies. The procedure to remove a woman's uterus is the second most common surgical procedure performed in the United States on women of child-bearing age, and one in three women will have had one by age 60. Hysterectomies can treat a number of medical issues — endometriosis, cancer, excessive uterine bleeding, uterine prolapse, chronic pelvic pain — and can also be performed several different ways. While a traditional abdominal hysterectomy requires a long incision to the abdomen, Doctors Hospital at White Rock Lake also offers a laparoscopic, minimally invasive version of the procedure.Recovery from a hysterectomy will depend on the type of surgery. Most women spend at least one to two days in the hospital. Abdominal surgery recovery takes about four to six weeks, while laparoscopic surgery recovery will last three to four weeks.
For more information on minimally invasive hysterectomies, call 800-887-2525 for a referral to an OB/GYN on the medical staff at Doctors Hospital at White Rock Lake.
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Since 2006, the year Charles Kelley, Dave Haywood and Hillary Scott came together to form Lady Antebellum, the group has dominated the country charts, garnered a trove of recording-industry and fan-favorite awards (including six Grammys) and gained an international following of fans. And while their spirited songwriting and heart-felt harmonies have won them worldwide acclaim, the trio continue to hold fast to their hometown roots. For bandmates Charles and Dave, those roots run deep in their East Georgia boyhood home of Evans, just outside Augusta.Last October, just weeks after the release of their third album, Own the Night, Lady Antebellum returned to Evans for a very special performance, which heralded the opening of the Lady Antebellum Amphitheatre. The 5,000-seat Columbia County venue is the focal point of the new Evans Towne Center Park, and the group donated proceeds from ticket sales to the John W. Kelley, M.D., Cardiovascular Endowment. (Dr. Kelley, a cardiologist and surgeon from Augusta, is Charles's father.)Says Dave, "Twenty years later, I hope people will talk about us and say, 'They were just genuine people who made genuine music based upon their life experiences.'" It's that combination of honesty, humility, talent and heart that endear Lady Antebellum to their fans—and inspire so much pride in the home-state crowd.Guys, you grew up in Columbia County. Were there things you enjoyed doing in the Augusta area that you'd encourage visitors to do?Charles: Well, the Masters. We went every year. There's a lot of great music in this town, too. We grew up playing in cover bands. And we always went downtown and saw different bands that were up-and-coming. For me that was a big thing.Dave: Downtown Augusta is cool. There's a lot of great stuff around the Riverwalk area. I'd encourage people to take a walk down there. There's a lot of history on the Savannah River. It's beautiful.Charles: And we both went to the University of Georgia in Athens. Such a music place. There's just so much culture there.Family vacations, school trips, church trips—are there places you remember visiting?Dave: St. Simons Island! We went to St. Simons a lot.Charles: Definitely St. Simons. We also went to Georgia games every weekend. And we'd go to see concerts in Atlanta.Dave: The North Georgia mountains are beautiful up around the Young Harris area. We'd vacation up there.Charles: I have a picture of my brother and me—my brother Josh, he's a musician himself—on top of Stone Mountain. We used to go there every year with my mom when we'd visit my grandmother in Atlanta.Hillary: That's a good hike.You've hiked Stone Mountain?Hillary: Yes, I have.I know you're a Nashville native—Hillary: Yes, I am, but Atlanta is not far—and honestly has amazing shopping. Nashville, in the past few years, has grown in the shopping department, but it still does not beat Atlanta. And I love Savannah.Charles: Oh yeah! How could I forget Savannah!Hillary: It's beautiful. I remember driving through on a family vacation one year. All of the moss and the beautiful flowersand the trees that line the streets are absolutely gorgeous.


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One of my all-time favorite blog ladies is San Smith. I started following her adventures so many years ago, I actually can't remember how I came across San in the first place, but I do remember being hooked right away. Of course I'm a sucker for a pink-haired gal, which she has been on many occasions. Not only is she stylish and cute as a ridiculously adorable button, she is an amazingly talented artist as well. Anyway, San's birthday was way back in June, and I wanted to send her a gift, so I painted a little watercolor portrait based on her fabulous birthday photos.
San does a lot of self portraits, so it was a fun challenge to try and capture her likeness in my own style. I absolutely love her fashion sense. She looks great in everything she wears, especially her Betsey Johnson party dress.
San put the portrait up on her inspiration board, which is a huge honor! You can even spy it on her Facebook business cards. Yay!
If you haven't had a chance already, make sure to visit San's blog, for all things cute and sparkly. Go go go!


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Donaldson Toussaint L'Ouverture Byrd II (born December 9, 1932) is an American jazz and rhythm and blues trumpeter, born in Detroit, Michigan. He performed with Lionel Hampton before finishing high school. After playing in a military band during a term in the United States Air Force, he obtained a bachelor's degree in music from Wayne State University and a master's degree from Manhattan School of Music.
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Direct Energy Buzz August 30 Edition
Well folks, we made it! It's finally Friday and we've got a three-day weekend ahead. How are you planning on spending Labor Day weekend? We wrapped up the month of August with some fun blog posts to help you prep for fall and keep you up to date on all the latest Direct Energy news. [&hellip


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Houston end J.J. Watt just missed being a unanimous pick for AP's 2012 NFL Defensive Player of the Year.
The final vote tally with 50 voters:
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Watt is the first Texans player to win the award.
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Ginkgo biloba
|Ginkgo biloba
Temporal range: 49.5–0Ma Eocene - recent[1]
|Mature tree
|Conservation status
|Scientific classification
|G. biloba
|Binomial name
|Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba; in Chinese, Korean and Japanese: 銀杏, pinyin romanization: yín xìng, Revised romanization: "eun haeng", Hepburn romanization: ichō or ginnan, Vietnamese: bạch quả), acceptable variant gingko[3] and also known as the maidenhair tree, is a unique species of tree with no living relatives. The ginkgo is a living fossil, recognisably similar to fossils dating back 270 million years. Native to China,[4] the tree is widely cultivated and was introduced early to human history. It has various uses in traditional medicine and as a source of food.
- 1 Description
- 2 Branches
- 3 Leaves
- 4 Reproduction
- 5 Distribution and habitat
- 6 Taxonomy and naming
- 7 Etymology
- 8 Palaeontology
- 9 Cultivation and uses
- 10 Hiroshima
- 11 Culinary use
- 12 Potential medicinal uses
- 13 Side effects
- 14 Allergic precautions and contraindications to use
- 15 Review of chemicals in G. biloba
- 16 See also
- 17 References
- 18 Sources
- 19 External links
Ginkgos are large trees, normally reaching a height of 20–35 m (66–115 feet), with some specimens in China being over 50 m (164 feet). The tree has an angular crown and long, somewhat erratic branches, and is usually deep rooted and resistant to wind and snow damage. Young trees are often tall and slender, and sparsely branched; the crown becomes broader as the tree ages. During autumn, the leaves turn a bright yellow, then fall, sometimes within a short space of time (one to 15 days). A combination of resistance to disease, insect-resistant wood and the ability to form aerial roots and sprouts makes ginkgos long-lived, with some specimens claimed to be more than 2,500 years old.
Ginkgo is a relatively shade-intolerant species that (at least in cultivation) grows best in environments that are well-watered and well-drained. The species shows a preference for disturbed sites; in the "semiwild" stands at Tian Mu Shan, many specimens are found along stream banks, rocky slopes, and cliff edges. Accordingly, ginkgo retains a prodigious capacity for vegetative growth. It is capable of sprouting from embedded buds near the base of the trunk (lignotubers, or basal chi chi) in response to disturbances, such as soil erosion. Old individuals are also capable of producing aerial roots on the undersides of large branches in response to disturbances such as crown damage; these roots can lead to successful clonal reproduction upon contacting the soil. These strategies are evidently important in the persistence of ginkgo; in a survey of the "semiwild" stands remaining in Tianmushan, 40% of the specimens surveyed were multistemmed, and few saplings were present.[5]
Ginkgo branches grow in length by growth of shoots with regularly spaced leaves, as seen on most trees. From the axils of these leaves, "spur shoots" (also known as short shoots) develop on second-year growth. Short shoots have very short internodes (so they may grow only one or two centimeters in several years) and their leaves are usually unlobed. They are short and knobby, and are arranged regularly on the branches except on first-year growth. Because of the short internodes, leaves appear to be clustered at the tips of short shoots, and reproductive structures are formed only on them (see pictures below - seeds and leaves are visible on short shoots). In ginkgos, as in other plants that possess them, short shoots allow the formation of new leaves in the older parts of the crown. After a number of years, a short shoot may change into a long (ordinary) shoot, or vice versa.[citation needed]
The leaves are unique among seed plants, being fan-shaped with veins radiating out into the leaf blade, sometimes bifurcating (splitting), but never anastomosing to form a network.[6] Two veins enter the leaf blade at the base and fork repeatedly in two; this is known as dichotomous venation. The leaves are usually 5–10 cm (2–4 in), but sometimes up to 15 cm (6 in) long. The old popular name "maidenhair tree" is because the leaves resemble some of the pinnae of the maidenhair fern, Adiantum capillus-veneris. Ginkgos are prized for their autumn foliage, which is a deep saffron yellow.
Leaves of long shoots are usually notched or lobed, but only from the outer surface, between the veins. They are borne both on the more rapidly growing branch tips, where they are alternate and spaced out, and also on the short, stubby spur shoots, where they are clustered at the tips.
Ginkgos are dioecious, with separate sexes, some trees being female and others being male. Male plants produce small pollen cones with sporophylls, each bearing two microsporangia spirally arranged around a central axis.
Female plants do not produce cones. Two ovules are formed at the end of a stalk, and after pollination, one or both develop into seeds. The seed is 1.5–2 cm long. Its fleshy outer layer (the sarcotesta) is light yellow-brown, soft, and fruit-like. It is attractive in appearance, but contains butyric acid[7] (also known as butanoic acid) and smells like rancid butter or vomit[8] when fallen. Beneath the sarcotesta is the hard sclerotesta (the "shell" of the seed) and a papery endotesta, with the nucellus surrounding the female gametophyte at the center.[9]
The fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs via motile sperm, as in cycads, ferns, mosses and algae. The sperm are large (about 70–90 micrometres)[10] and are similar to the sperm of cycads, which are slightly larger. Ginkgo sperm were first discovered by the Japanese botanist Sakugoro Hirase in 1896.[11] The sperm have a complex multi-layered structure, which is a continuous belt of basal bodies that form the base of several thousand flagella which actually have a cilia-like motion. The flagella/cilia apparatus pulls the body of the sperm forwards. The sperm have only a tiny distance to travel to the archegonia, of which there are usually two or three. Two sperm are produced, one of which successfully fertilizes the ovule. Although it is widely held that fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs just before or after they fall in early autumn,[6][9] embryos ordinarily occur in seeds just before and after they drop from the tree.[12]
Ginkgo tree in autumn
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Although Ginkgo biloba and other species of the genus were once widespread throughout the world, its range shrank until by two million years ago, it was restricted to a small area of China. For centuries, it was thought to be extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow in at least two small areas in Zhejiang province in eastern China, in the Tianmushan Reserve. However, recent studies indicate high genetic uniformity among ginkgo trees from these areas, arguing against a natural origin of these populations and suggesting the ginkgo trees in these areas may have been planted and preserved by Chinese monks over a period of about 1,000 years.[13] This study demonstrates a greater genetic diversity in Southwestern China populations, supporting glacial refugia in mountains surrounding eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where several old-grow, candidates to wild populations have been reported.[13][14] Whether native ginkgo populations still exist has not been demonstrated unequivocally, but evidence grows favouring these Southwestern populations as wild, from genetic data but also from history of those territories, with bigger Ginkgo biloba trees being older than surrounding human settlements.[13]
Where it occurs in the wild, it is found infrequently in deciduous forests and valleys on acidic loess (i.e. fine, silty soil) with good drainage. The soil it inhabits is typically in the pH range of 5.0 to 5.5.[15]
In many areas of China, it has been long cultivated, and it is common in the southern third of the country.[15] It has also been commonly cultivated in North America for over 200 years and in Europe for close to 300, but during that time, it has never become significantly naturalized.[16]
Taxonomy and naming[edit]
The species was initially described by Linnaeus in 1771, the specific epithet biloba derived from the Latin bis, 'two' and loba, 'lobed', referring to the shape of the leaves.[17] Two names for the species recognise the botanist Richard Salisbury, a placement by Nelson as Pterophyllus salisburiensis and the earlier Salisburia adiantifolia proposed by James Edward Smith. The epithet of the latter may have been intended to denote a characteristic resembling Adiantum, the genus of maidenhair ferns.[18]
The relationship of ginkgo to other plant groups remains uncertain. It has been placed loosely in the divisions Spermatophyta and Pinophyta, but no consensus has been reached. Since its seeds are not protected by an ovary wall, it can morphologically be considered a gymnosperm. The apricot-like structures produced by female ginkgo trees are technically not fruits, but are seeds that have a shell consisting of a soft and fleshy section (the sarcotesta), and a hard section (the sclerotesta).
The ginkgo is classified in its own division, the Ginkgophyta, comprising the single class Ginkgoopsida, order Ginkgoales, family Ginkgoaceae, genus Ginkgo and is the only extant species within this group. It is one of the best-known examples of a living fossil, because Ginkgoales other than G. biloba are not known from the fossil record after the Pliocene.[19][20]
The older Chinese name for this plant is 銀果, meaning "silver fruit", pronounced yínguǒ in Mandarin or Ngan-gwo in Cantonese. The most usual names today are 白果 (bái guǒ), meaning "white fruit", and 銀杏 (yínxìng), meaning "silver apricot". The former name was borrowed directly in Vietnamese as bạch quả. The latter name was borrowed in Japanese ぎんなん (ginnan) and Korean 은행 (eunhaeng), when the tree itself was introduced from China.
The scientific name Ginkgo is the result of a spelling error that occurred three centuries ago. Kanji typically have multiple pronunciations in Japanese, and the characters 銀杏 used for ginnan can also be pronounced ginkyō. Engelbert Kaempfer, the first Westerner to investigate the species in 1690, wrote down this pronunciation in his notes he later used for the Amoenitates Exoticae (1712) with the "awkward" spelling "ginkgo". This appears to be a simple error of Kaempfer, taking his spelling of other Japanese words containing the syllable "kyō" into account, a more precise romanization following his writing habits would have been "ginkio" or "ginkjo".[21] Linné, who relied on Kaempfer when dealing with Japanese plants adopted the spelling given in Kaempfer's "Flora Japanica" (Amoenitates Exoticae, p. 811).
The ginkgo is a living fossil, with fossils recognisably related to modern ginkgo from the Permian, dating back 270 million years. The most plausible ancestral group for the order Ginkgoales is the Pteridospermatophyta, also known as the "seed ferns", specifically the order Peltaspermales. The closest living relatives of the clade are the cycads,[22] which share with the extant G. biloba the characteristic of motile sperm. Fossils attributable to the genus Ginkgo first appeared in the Early Jurassic, and the genus diversified and spread throughout Laurasia during the middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. It declined in diversity as the Cretaceous progressed, and by the Paleocene, Ginkgo adiantoides was the only Ginkgo species left in the Northern Hemisphere, while a markedly different (and poorly documented) form persisted in the Southern Hemisphere. At the end of the Pliocene, Ginkgo fossils disappeared from the fossil record everywhere except in a small area of central China, where the modern species survived. It is doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of Ginkgo can be reliably distinguished. Given the slow pace of evolution and morphological similarity between members of the genus, there may have been only one or two species existing in the Northern Hemisphere through the entirety of the Cenozoic: present-day G. biloba (including G. adiantoides) and G. gardneri from the Paleocene of Scotland.[23]
At least morphologically, G. gardneri and the Southern Hemisphere species are the only known post-Jurassic taxa that can be unequivocally recognised. The remainder may have been ecotypes or subspecies. The implications would be that G. biloba had occurred over an extremely wide range, had remarkable genetic flexibility and, though evolving genetically, never showed much speciation. While it may seem improbable that a species may exist as a contiguous entity for many millions of years, many of the ginkgo's life-history parameters fit. These are: extreme longevity; slow reproduction rate; (in Cenozoic and later times) a wide, apparently contiguous, but steadily contracting distribution coupled with, as far as can be demonstrated from the fossil record, extreme ecological conservatism (restriction to disturbed streamside environments).[24]
Modern-day G. biloba grows best in environments that are well-watered and drained,[25] and the extremely similar fossil Ginkgo favored similar environments: the sediment record at the majority of fossil Ginkgo localities indicates it grew primarily in disturbed environments along streams and levees.[24] Ginkgo, therefore, presents an "ecological paradox" because while it possesses some favorable traits for living in disturbed environments (clonal reproduction) many of its other life-history traits (slow growth, large seed size, late reproductive maturity) are the opposite of those exhibited by modern plants that thrive in disturbed settings.[26]
Given the slow rate of evolution of the genus, Ginkgo possibly represents a preangiosperm strategy for survival in disturbed streamside environments. Ginkgo evolved in an era before flowering plants, when ferns, cycads, and cycadeoids dominated disturbed streamside environments, forming low, open, shrubby canopies. Ginkgo's large seeds and habit of "bolting" - growing to a height of 10 m before elongating its side branches - may be adaptions to such an environment. Because diversity in the genus Ginkgo drops through the Cretaceous (along with that of ferns, cycads, and cycadeoids) at the same time the flowering plants were on the rise, the notion that flowering plants with better adaptations to disturbance displaced Ginkgo and its associates over time is supported.[27]
Ginkgo has been used for classifying plants with leaves that have more than four veins per segment, while Baiera for those with fewer than four veins per segment. Sphenobaiera has been used to classify plants with a broadly wedge-shaped leaf that lacks a distinct leaf stem. Trichopitys is distinguished by having multiple-forked leaves with cylindrical (not flattened), thread-like ultimate divisions; it is one of the earliest fossils ascribed to the Ginkgophyta.[citation needed]
Ginkgo adiantoides or a new taxon from the USA, G. cranei[28]
Extant Ginkgo biloba[28]
Cultivation and uses[edit]
Ginkgo has long been cultivated in China; some planted trees at temples are believed to be over 1,500 years old. The first record of Europeans encountering it is in 1690 in Japanese temple gardens, where the tree was seen by the German botanist Engelbert Kaempfer. Because of its status in Buddhism and Confucianism, the ginkgo is also widely planted in Korea and parts of Japan; in both areas, some naturalization has occurred, with ginkgos seeding into natural forests.
In some areas, most intentionally planted ginkgos are male cultivars grafted onto plants propagated from seed, because the male trees will not produce the malodorous seeds. The popular cultivar "Autumn Gold" is a clone of a male plant.
The disadvantage of male ginkgo biloba trees is that they are highly allergenic. Male ginkgo biloba trees have an OPALS allergy scale rating of 7 (out of 10), while female trees, which can produce no pollen, have an OPALS allergy scale rating of 2.[29]
Female cultivars include "Liberty Splendor", "Santa Cruz", and "Golden Girl", so named because of the striking yellow color of its leaves in the fall.
Ginkgos adapt well to the urban environment, tolerating pollution and confined soil spaces.[30] They rarely suffer disease problems, even in urban conditions, and are attacked by few insects.[31][32] For this reason, and for their general beauty, ginkgos are excellent urban and shade trees, and are widely planted along many streets.
Ginkgos are also popular subjects for growing as penjing and bonsai;[33] they can be kept artificially small and tended over centuries. Furthermore, the trees are easy to propagate from seed.
The ginkgo leaf is the symbol of the Urasenke school of Japanese tea ceremony. The tree is the national tree of China, and is the official tree of the Japanese capital of Tokyo, and the symbol of Tokyo is a ginkgo leaf.
Extreme examples of the ginkgo's tenacity may be seen in Hiroshima, Japan, where six trees growing between 1–2 km from the 1945 atom bomb explosion were among the few living things in the area to survive the blast.[34] While almost all other plants (and animals) in the area were destroyed, the ginkgos, though charred, survived and were soon healthy again. The trees are alive to this day.
Culinary use[edit]
The nut-like gametophytes inside the seeds are particularly esteemed in Asia, and are a traditional Chinese food. Ginkgo nuts are used in congee, and are often served at special occasions such as weddings and the Chinese New Year (as part of the vegetarian dish called Buddha's delight). In Chinese culture, they are believed to have health benefits; some also consider them to have aphrodisiac qualities. Japanese cooks add ginkgo seeds (called ginnan) to dishes such as chawanmushi, and cooked seeds are often eaten along with other dishes.
When eaten in large quantities or over a long period, especially by children[35] the gametophyte (meat) of the seed can cause poisoning by 4'-O-methylpyridoxine (MPN). MPN is heat stable and not destroyed by cooking.[35] Studies have demonstrated the convulsions caused by MPN can be prevented or terminated with pyridoxine.
Some people are sensitive to the chemicals in the sarcotesta, the outer fleshy coating. These people should handle the seeds with care when preparing the seeds for consumption, wearing disposable gloves. The symptoms are allergic contact dermatitis[36][37] or blisters similar to that caused by contact with poison ivy. However, seeds with the fleshy coating removed are mostly[clarification needed][quantify] safe to handle.
Potential medicinal uses[edit]
Extracts of ginkgo leaves contain flavonoid glycosides (myricetin and quercetin)[38] and terpenoids (ginkgolides, bilobalides) and have been used pharmaceutically. These extracts are shown to exhibit reversible, nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibition, as well as inhibition of reuptake at the serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine transporters, with all but the norepinephrine reuptake inhibition fading in chronic exposure.[39] Ginkgo extract has in addition been found to act as a selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist in vivo.[40] Ginkgo supplements are usually taken in the range of 40–200 mg per day. In 2010, a meta-analysis of clinical trials has shown Ginkgo to be moderately effective in improving cognition in dementia patients[41] but not preventing the onset of Alzheimer's disease in people without dementia.[42][43] In research not yet confirmed by clinical or governmental agencies, ginkgo may have some efficacy in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.[44][45][46][47][48][49][50]
As a memory and concentration enhancement[edit]
Ginkgo is believed to have nootropic properties, and is mainly used as memory and concentration enhancer, and antivertigo agent.[51] However, studies differ about its efficacy. The largest and longest independent clinical trial to assess Ginkgo biloba published the finding in 2008 that the supplement does not reduce incidence of all-cause dementia or Alzheimer's disease in adults 75 years or older who had normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment when given a twice-daily dose of 120 mg extract of G. biloba.[52][53] However, a similar trial published in December 2010 concluded the same extract formulation of G. biloba (EGb 761), when given as a single 240-mg daily dose, "was found significantly superior to placebo in the treatment of patients with dementia with neuropsychiatric symptoms" in a trial with 410 out-patients.[54]
According to some studies, Ginkgo can significantly improve attention in healthy individuals.[55][56] In one such study, the effect was almost immediate and reaches its peak 2.5 hours after the intake.[57]
One study suggests ginkgo's purported effect on cognition may be attributable to its inhibitory effect on norepinephrine reuptake.[39]
Nonetheless, a meta-analysis in 2012[58] reported zero effect sizes for the impact of Ginkgo biloba on memory, attention and problem-solving in healthy individuals.
In dementia[edit]
Ginkgo has been studied as a possible treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Preliminary studies were encouraging, but the current understanding is that Ginkgo is not an effective treatment or preventative for Alzheimer's.[41][59] Research began with positive preclinical results in mice,[60] and a 2006 study found 160 mg of ginkgo extract to be as effective as a daily 5-mg dose of the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil in human subjects.[61] A 2008 randomized controlled clinical trial found ginkgo ineffective at treating dementia in humans at a daily dose of 120 mg.[62][63] A similar trial published in 2010, however, found ginkgo effective at treating mild to moderate dementia at the higher single dose of 240 mg daily.[54] Another randomized controlled trial, published in 2009, found no benefit from ginkgo in preventing cognitive decline or dementia when given at a dose of 120 mg twice daily.[43] A similar study reported in 2012 concluded the long-term use of Ginkgo biloba extract does not affect progression to Alzheimer's disease.[64] A recent meta-analysis of 9 studies of ginkgo for use in the treatment of dementia concluded it was more effective than placebo, although, like other dementia drugs, the clinical significance of these moderate effects was difficult to quantify.[41] An editorial in The Lancet concluded ginkgo biloba does not prevent dementia in elderly individuals with or without memory complaints or cognitive impairment and is not effective for prevention of Alzheimer's disease.[59]
In other symptoms[edit]
Of the many conflicting results from basic research, ginkgo extract may have three effects on the human body: improvement in blood flow to most tissues and organs, protection against oxidative cell damage from free radicals, and blockage of many of the effects of platelet-activating factor (platelet aggregation, blood clotting)[65] that have been related to the development of a number of cardiovascular, renal, respiratory and central nervous system disorders. Ginkgolides, especially ginkgolide B, are potent antagonists against platelet-activating factor, and thus may be useful in protection and prevention of thrombus, endotoxic shock, and from myocardial ischemia.[66]
Ginkgo has been studied as a potential treatment for sexual dysfunction related to SSRI use, but failed to show any effectiveness in placebo-controlled trials.[67][68]
The World Health Organization[69] reported possible medicinal uses of Ginkgo biloba shown in preliminary clinical research include treatment of the effects of mild to moderate cerebrovascular insufficiency[70] and of peripheral arterial occlusive diseases.[71] Cerebrovascular insufficiency, i.e. insufficient blood flow to the brain, may manifest itself as memory deficit, disturbed concentration or headaches. Other preliminary studies failed to show any effect of ginkgo on cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerosis.[72]
Side effects[edit]
Ginkgo may have undesirable effects, especially for individuals with blood circulation disorders and those taking anticoagulants such as aspirin or warfarin, although recent studies have found ginkgo has little or no effect on the anticoagulant properties or pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects.[73] Ginkgo inhibits monoamine oxidase,[74] so people who are taking certain types of antidepressants (such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), as well as pregnant women, may experience side effects.[75][76]
Additional side effects include increased risk of bleeding, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, heart palpitations, and restlessness.[76][77]
Ginkgo biloba preparations have shown some carcinogenic effects in animal models, but they are not classified as human carcinogens.[78][79][80] The lowest observed dosages that caused adverse effect in these animal studies were at 100 mg/kg, and thus dosages that are impossible to reach by the consumption of Ginkgo Biloba preparations. Aside from possible complications in combination with anti-coagulant drugs, standardized preparations of Ginkgo biloba are safe, and side effects are rare.
Allergic precautions and contraindications to use[edit]
Some authors claim that Ginkgo biloba extracts, which are co-administered with anticoagulant drugs such as warfarin or coumadin, increase the risk for bleeding due to their assumed antiplatelet activity. Concerns that standardized Ginkgo biloba preparations (GBE) significantly impact haemostasis or adversely affect the safety of anticoagulant drugs are however not supported by current medical literature.[81]
The presence of amentoflavone in G. biloba leaves would indicate a potential for interactions with many medications through the strong inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9; however, no empirical evidence supports this. Further, at recommended doses, studies have shown, "[m]ultiple-dose administration of Ginkgo biloba did not affect cytochrome P-450 2D6 or 3A4 activity in normal volunteers."[82] The concentration of amentoflavone found even in commercial ginkgo extracts possibly is too low to be pharmacologically active.
Ginkgo biloba leaves and sarcotesta also contain ginkgolic acids,[83] which are highly allergenic, long-chain alkylphenols such as bilobol or adipostatin A[84] (bilobol is a substance related to anacardic acid from cashew nut shells and urushiols present in poison ivy and other Toxicodendron spp.)[37] Individuals with a history of strong allergic reactions to poison ivy, mangoes, cashews and other alkylphenol-producing plants are more likely to experience allergic reaction when consuming non-standardized ginkgo-containing preparations, combinations, or extracts thereof. The level of these allergens in standardized pharmaceutical preparations from Ginkgo biloba was restricted to 5 ppm by the Commission E of the former Federal German Health Authority.
Review of chemicals in G. biloba[edit]
The plant also contains biflavones[85] Important constituents present in the medicinally used leaves are the terpene trilactones, i.e., ginkgolides A, B, C, J and bilobalide, many flavonol glycosides, biflavones, proanthocyanidins, alkylphenols, simple phenolic acids, 6-hydroxykynurenic acid, 4-O-methylpyridoxine and polyprenols.[86]
See also[edit]
- André Michaux, introduced the ginkgo to North America
- Ginkgo/Wanapum State Park in central Washington, USA
- Herbalism
- List of edible seeds
- ^ Mustoe, G.E. (2002). "Eocene Ginkgo leaf fossils from the Pacific Northwest". Canadian Journal of Botany 80 (10): 1078–1087. doi:10.1139/b02-097.
- ^ Sun (1998). 'Ginkgo biloba'. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Listed as Endangered (EN B1+2c v2.3)
- ^ "Gingko: Variant of ginkgo." American Heritage Dictionary (3d ed. 1992), p. 767
- ^ ginkgo
- ^ Royer et al., pp. 86-87
- ^ a b Ginkgoales: More on Morphology
- ^ Raven, Peter H.; Ray F. Evert; Susan E. Eichhorn (2005). Biology of Plants (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. pp. 429–430. ISBN 0-7167-1007-2.
- ^ Plotnik, Arthur (2000). The Urban Tree Book: An Uncommon Field Guide for City and Town (1st ed.). New York: Three Rivers Press. p. 202. ISBN 0-8129-3103-3.
- ^ a b Laboratory IX -- Ginkgo, Cordaites, and the Conifers
- ^ Vanbeek A. Vanbeek (2000). Ginkgo Biloba (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Industrial Profiles). CRC Press. p. 37. ISBN 90-5702-488-8.
- ^ History of Discovery of Spermatozoids In Ginkgo biloba and Cycas revoluta
- ^ Holt, B. F.; Rothwell, G. W. (1997). "Is Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) Really an Oviparous Plant?". American Journal of Botany 84 (6): 870–872. doi:10.2307/2445823. JSTOR 2445823.
- ^ a b c Shen, L; Chen, X-Y; Zhang, X; Li, Y-Y; Fu, C-X; Qiu, Y-X (2004). "Genetic variation of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) based on cpDNA PCR-RFLPs: inference of glacial refugia". Heredity 94 (4): 396–401. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800616. PMID 15536482.
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- ^ a b Fu, Liguo; Li, Nan; Mill, Robert R. (1999). "Ginkgo biloba". In Wu, Z. Y.; Raven, P.H.; Hong, D.Y. Flora of China 4. Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. p. 8. Retrieved 31 March 2008.
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- ^ a b Royer et al., p.91
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- ^ Mahadevan, S.; Park, Y. (2007). "Multifaceted Therapeutic Benefits of Ginkgo biloba L.: Chemistry, Efficacy, Safety, and Uses". Journal of Food Science 73 (1): R14–9. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00597.x. PMID 18211362.
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- ^ Rabin, Roni Caryn (November 18, 2008). "Ginkgo biloba Ineffective Against Dementia, Researchers Find". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
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- ^ Markowitz JS, Donovan JL, Lindsay DeVane C, Sipkes L, Chavin KD. Multiple-dose administration of Ginkgo biloba did not affect cytochrome P-450 2D6 or 3A4 activity in normal volunteers. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003 Dec;23(6):576-81. PubMed: 14624188
- ^ Xian-guo et al. (2000), "High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Study of Ginkgolic Acid in the Leaves and Fruits of the Ginkgo Tree (Ginkgo biloba)", Journal of Chromatographic Science 38 (4), pages 169-173. PubMed: 10766484
- ^ Tanaka, A; Arai, Y; Kim, SN; Ham, J; Usuki, T (2011). "Synthesis and biological evaluation of bilobol and adipostatin A". Journal of Asian natural products research 13 (4): 290–6. doi:10.1080/10286020.2011.554828. PMID 21462031.
- ^ Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of biflavones in Ginkgo biloba L. extracts. Pietta P, Mauri P and Rava A, Journal of chromatography, 1988, vol. 437, no 2, pages 453-456, INIST:7067692
- ^ Chemical analysis of Ginkgo biloba leaves and extracts. Teris A van Beek, Journal of Chromatography A, 16 August 2002, Volume 967, Issue 1, Pages 21–55, doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00172-3
- Royer, Dana L.; Hickey, Leo J.; Wing, Scott L. (2003). "Ecological conservatism in the 'living fossil' Ginkgo". Paleobiology 29 (1): 84–104. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0084:ECITLF>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0094-8373.
External links[edit]
|Wikispecies has information related to: Ginkgo biloba
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ginkgo biloba.
- Growing Ginkgoes from seed: by the Ottawa Horticultural Society
- Gymnosperm Database
- University of California Museum of Paleontology
- Ginkgo biloba information (Plants for a Future)
- Ginkgo: MedlinePlus Supplements - U.S. National Library of Medicine
- Ginkgo biloba Overview - University of Maryland Medical Center


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Atrial fibrillation is the most the common type of arrhythmia, affecting more than two million Americans. It occurs when the upper chambers of the heart—the atria—beat quickly and out of sync. This causes blood to collect in the chamber, where it may clot. If those blood clots travel to the brain, the patient will likely suffer a stroke. Over time, atrial fibrillation can also weaken the heart and lead to heart failure.
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If your doctor suspects that you have atrial fibrillation or another type of arrhythmia, you will likely be referred to a specialist who can make a definitive diagnosis. This specialist—an electrophysiologist—will conduct any number of studies to determine your exact type of arrhythmia:
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Treatments for atrial fibrillation are intended to break up blood clots, slow your heartbeat to a normal rate or destroy the tissue causing the problem. The severity of your condition and your age can also help to determine which treatment is most appropriate.
Advocate Christ Medical Center is a proven leader in the diagnosis and treatment of atrial fibrillation and other arrhythmias. We are one of the Midwest's busiest centers when it comes to performing catheter ablations and electrophysiology studies, as well as implanting defibrillator and pacemakers. Patients benefit from state-of-the-art edge minimally invasive technologies, such as Stereotaxis and 3D intracardiac ultrasound, available at only a few Illinois institutions.
Our team is led by some of the most experienced board certified electrophysiologists in the region. Together with cardiologists and cardiovascular surgeons, they meet on a monthly basis to develop individualized treatment plans. Patients are guided through diagnosis, treatment and recovery by our clinical nurse coordinator. Our physicians regularly update referring doctors to ensure continuity of care and ongoing communication.
Whether a patient requires medication, a catheter-based procedure or surgical therapy, the doctors at Advocate Christ Medical Center provide compassionate care on the cutting edge.
What causes atrial fibrillation?Most people who have atrial fibrillation also have some form of heart disease. This can include hypertension, atherosclerosis and other heart conditions. About a third of atrial fibrillation patients do not have heart disease. The cause is not known for sure, but some factors may contribute to a person developing the condition, including:
What are the symptoms?Your doctor may be the first to notice the signs of atrial fibrillation. But, there are symptoms to be aware of, including:
What are the risk factors?Heart disease and age are two main risk factors for developing atrial fibrillation. About 1% of people in their 50s and 10% of people in their 80s have the condition.
If any medical treatments are ordered by my doctor, will my insurance cover them?Depending on the type of coverage, most commercial insurance carriers will pay the major share of the cost. You should always consult your insurance company to determine proper coverage.
Who provides the medical care?The team at Advocate Christ Medical Center is staffed by specialized electrophysiologists, advance practice nurses, nurses, and other specialists who have extensive experiencing treating patients with atrial fibrillation. You will remain under the care of your primary care physician and cardiologist while you are treated by the specialists at Christ Medical Center. To ensure that your physician is kept up-to-date, our team will provide ongoing reports on the progress you have made.


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Most of our work is in and around Austin, a hotbed of green building in a part of the state that is frequently short of water. Green-building point systems — such as LEED — grant credit for collecting rainwater, and in a growing number of municipalities rainwater collection is actually required by law. In Tucson, Ariz., and Santa Fe County, N.M., for example, rainwater collection is mandatory on new commercial buildings and on new homes above a certain size.
My company installs both potable and nonpotable systems. Nonpotable systems (see slideshow) are most often used to supply irrigation water in areas where municipal water is available; potable systems provide drinking-quality domestic water and are typically installed in place of a drilled well. Both contain the same basic components: a collecting surface (usually a roof), gutters, downspouts, inlet filters, first-flush diverters, and one or more storage tanks. Most systems also include a pump of some sort. In addition, potable systems
Rainwater Catchment
Water Conservation
Austin-Round Rock, TX
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