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"Aryan" (/ˈɛəriən, ˈɛərjən, ˈær-/)[1] is an English language loanword derived from the Sanskrit ārya ('noble').[2][3][4]
In present-day academia, the term "Aryan" has been replaced in most cases by the terms "Indo-Iranian" and "Indo-European", and "Aryan" is now mostly limited to its appearance in the term of the "Indo-Aryan languages" in South Asia.[3]
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Usage and adaptation in other languages
- 3 History
- 4 See also
- 5 Notes
- 6 References
- 7 Sources
Scholarly usage[edit]
- Indo-Iranian languages (Indo-Aryan or Indic, Nuristani, and Iranian languages)[3][5][6]
- Proto-Indo-Europeans
Contemporary usage[edit]
- Within the ideology of white supremacy, the "White race", who are native Indo-Europeans of the Western or European branch of the Indo-European peoples, as opposed to the Eastern or Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European peoples. The term Aryan is prominently used in the names of such organizations.
Dated usage[edit]
- The "Aryan race" taken to correspond to the original speakers of Indo-European languages and their present day descendants.[10]
Derivation of the word "Aryan"[edit]
The English word "Aryan" is borrowed from the Sanskrit word ārya meaning 'Noble';[2] but apparently, it was initially used as a national name to designate those who worshipped the Vedic deities (especially Indra) and followed Vedic culture (e.g. performance of sacrifice, Yajna).[2][11] The Zend airya 'venerable' and Old Persian ariya are also thought to be national names.[2][12]
As a translation of Latin Ariānus for Ariāna ("the eastern part of ancient Persia"), Arian(es) has long been in English use. Aryan is of recent introduction in comparative philology.[2]
In colloquial English, the word has been adopted in accordance with Nazi racial theory's appropriation of the term to describe persons corresponding to the "Nordic" physical ideal of Nazi Germany (the "master race" ideology).[n 1]
In Iranian context the original self-identifier lives on in ethnic names like "Alani", "Ir".[14] Similarly, The word Iran is the Persian word for land/place of the Aryans[15](see also Iranian peoples).
Possible derivations from Proto-Indo-European[edit]
According to a 1957 theory by Laroche, Indo-Iranian ar-ya- descends from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *ar-yo-, a yo-adjective to a root *ar "to assemble skillfully", present in Greek harma "chariot", Greek aristos, (as in "aristocracy"), Latin ars "art", etc. Thus, according to this theory, an Aryan is "one who skillfully assembles". Proto-Indo-Iranian arta was a related concept of "properly joined" expressing a religious concept of cosmic order.[16]
Various attempts to find an etymon are as follows:
- Before 1950 – all are reductions of the historical variety to an original unity:[clarification needed]
- Bopp (1830): ar- "to go, to move", read as "one who roams" (like a nomad)
- Müller (1862): ar- "to plough", read as "cultivator of the land"[17]
- Güntert (1924): ar- "to fit", read as "allied, friendly"
- Thieme (1938): ar- "to give, allot, share", read as "hospitable"
- After 1950 – all treat the autonym as distinct from similar-looking words:[clarification needed]
- Laroche (1957): ara- "to fit", read as "fitting, proper"
- Dumézil (1958): ar- "to share", read as a uniting property of "appartenant au monde aryen"
- Bailey (1959): ar- "to beget", read as "born, nurturing"
- Benveniste (1969): ar- "to fit", read as "companionable"
A review of these and numerous other ideas, and the various problems with each is given by Oswald Szemerényi.[18]
Usage and adaptation in other languages[edit]
In Indian/Sanskrit literature[edit]
In Sanskrit and related Indic languages, ārya means "one who does noble deeds; a noble one". Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, "the abode of the āryas") is a common name for northern India in classical Sanskrit literature. Manusmṛti (2.22) gives the name to "the tract between the Himalaya and the Vindhya ranges, from the Eastern Sea to the Western Sea".[19] The title ārya was used with various modifications throughout the Indian Subcontinent. Kharavela, the Emperor of Kalinga of around 1 BCE, is referred to as an ārya in the Hathigumpha inscriptions of the Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The Gurjara Pratihara rulers in the tenth century were titled "Maharajadhiraja of Āryāvarta".[20] Various Indian religions, chiefly Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism, use the term ārya as an epithet of honour; a similar usage is found in the name of Arya Samaj.
In Ramayana and Mahabharata, ārya is used as an honorific for many characters including Hanuman
In Iranian literature[edit]
Unlike the several meanings connected with ārya- in Old Indic, the Old Iranian term has solely an ethnic meaning.[21][22] That is in contrast to Indian usage, in which several secondary meanings evolved, the meaning of ar- as a self-identifier is preserved in Iranian usage, hence the words "Iran"/"Iranian" themselves. Iranian airya meant and means "Iranian", and Iranian anairya [12][14] meant and means "non-Iranian". Arya may also be found as an ethnonym in Iranian languages, e.g., Alan/Persian Iran and Ossetian Ir/Iron[14]
The name Iran, Iranian is itself equivalent to Aryan, where Iran means "land of the Aryans,"[5][12][12][14][22][23][24][25] and has been in use since Sassanid times[23][24]
The Avesta clearly uses airya/airyan as an ethnic name (Vd. 1; Yt. 13.143-44, etc.), where it appears in expressions such as airyāfi; daiŋˊhāvō "Iranian lands, peoples", airyō.šayanəm "land inhabited by Iranians", and airyanəm vaējō vaŋhuyāfi; dāityayāfi; "Iranian stretch of the good Dāityā", the river Oxus, the modern Āmū Daryā.[22] Old Persian sources also use this term for Iranians. Old Persian which is a testament to the antiquity of the Persian language and which is related to most of the languages/dialects spoken in Iran including modern Persian, Kurdish, Gilaki and Baluchi makes it clear that Iranians referred to themselves as Arya.
The term "Airya/Airyan" appears in the royal Old Persian inscriptions in three different contexts:
- As the name of the language of the Old Persian version of the inscription of Darius the Great in Behistun
- As the ethnic background of Darius in inscriptions at Naqsh-e-Rostam and Susa (Dna, Dse) and Xerxes in the inscription from Persepolis (Xph)
- As the definition of the God of Aryan people, Ahuramazda, in the Elamite version of the Behistun inscription.[12][14][22]
For example in the Dna and Dse Darius and Xerxes describe themselves as "An Achaemenian, A Persian son of a Persian and an Aryan, of Aryan stock".[26] Although Darius the Great called his language the Aryan language,[26] modern scholars refer to it as Old Persian[26] because it is the ancestor of modern Persian language.[27]
The Old Persian and Avestan evidence is confirmed by the Greek sources".[22] Herodotus in his Histories remarks about the Iranian Medes that: "These Medes were called anciently by all people Arians; " (7.62).[12][14][22] In Armenian sources, the Parthians, Medes and Persians are collectively referred to as Aryans.[28] Eudemus of Rhodes apud Damascius (Dubitationes et solutiones in Platonis Parmenidem 125 bis) refers to "the Magi and all those of Iranian (áreion) lineage"; Diodorus Siculus (1.94.2) considers Zoroaster (Zathraustēs) as one of the Arianoi.[22]
Strabo, in his "Geography", mentions the unity of Medes, Persians, Bactrians and Sogdians:[5]
The name of Ariana is further extended to a part of Persia and of Media, as also to the Bactrians and Sogdians on the north; for these speak approximately the same language, with but slight variations.
— Geography, 15.8
The trilingual inscription erected by Shapur's command gives us a more clear description. The languages used are Parthian, Middle Persian and Greek. In Greek the inscription says: "ego ... tou Arianon ethnous despotes eimi" which translates to "I am the king of the Aryans". In the Middle Persian Shapour says: "I am the Lord of the EranShahr" and in Parthian he says: "I am the Lord of AryanShahr".[23][29]
The Bactrian language (a Middle Iranian language) inscription of Kanishka the founder of the Kushan empire at Rabatak, which was discovered in 1993 in an unexcavated site in the Afghanistan province of Baghlan clearly refers to this Eastern Iranian language as Arya[30][31] In the post-Islamic era one can still see a clear usage of the term Aryan (Iran) in the work of the 10th-century historian Hamzeh Isfahani. In his famous book "the history of Prophets and Kings" writes: "Aryan which is also called Pars(Persia) is in the middle of these countries and these six countries surround it because the South East is in the hands China, the North of the Turks, the middle South is India, the middle North is Rome, and the South West and the North West is the Sudan and Berber lands".[32] All this evidence shows that the name arya "Iranian" was a collective definition, denoting peoples (Geiger, pp. 167 f.; Schmitt, 1978, p. 31) who were aware of belonging to the one ethnic stock, speaking a common language, and having a religious tradition that centered on the cult of Ahura Mazdā.[22]
In Iranian context the original self-identifier lives on in ethnic names like "Alani", "Ir".[14] Similarly, The word Iran is the Persian word for land/place of the Aryan[15](see also Iranian peoples).
In Latin literature[edit]
The word Arianus was used to designate Ariana, the eastern part of ancient Persia. In 1601, Philemon Holland used 'Arianes' in his translation of the latin Arianus to designate the inhabitants of Ariana. This was the first use of the form Arian verbatim in the English language.[33][34][35] In 1844 James Cowles Prichard first designated both the Indians and the Iranians "Arians" under the false assumption that the Iranians as well as the Indians self-designated themselves Aria. The Iranians did use the form Airya as a designation for the "Aryans," but Prichard had mistook Aria (deriving from OPer. Haravia) as a designation of the "Aryans" and associated the Aria with the place-name Ariana (Av. Airyana), the homeland of the Aryans.[36] The form Aria as a designation of the "Aryans" was, however, only preserved in the language of the Indo-Aryans.
In European languages[edit]
The term "Aryan" came to be used as the term for the Indo-European language group, and by extension, the original speakers of those languages. In the 19th century, "language" was considered a property of "ethnicity", and thus the speakers of the Indo-Persian or Indo-European languages came to be called the "Aryan race", as contradistinguished from what came to be called the "Semitic race". By the late 19th century, among some people, the notions of an "Aryan race" became closely linked to Nordicism, which posited Northern European racial superiority over all other peoples. This "master race" ideal engendered both the "Aryanization" programs of Nazi Germany, in which the classification of people as "Aryan" and "non-Aryan" was most emphatically directed towards the exclusion of Jews.[37][n 2] By the end of World War II, the word 'Aryan' had become associated by many with the racial theories and atrocities committed by the Nazi regime.
Western notions of an "Aryan race" rose to prominence in late-19th- and early-20th-century racialist thought, an idea most notably embraced by Nazi ideology (see master race). The Nazis believed that the "Nordic peoples" (who were also referred to as the "Germanic peoples") represent an ideal and "pure race" that was the purest representation of the original racial stock of those who were then called the Proto-Aryans.[38] The Nazis declared that the Nordics were the true Aryans because they claimed that they were more "pure" (less racially mixed with non-native Indo-European peoples) than other people of what were then called the Aryan people (now called the Indo-European people).[39]
Before the 19th century[edit]
While the original meaning of Indo-Iranian *arya as a self-designator is uncontested, the origin of the word (and thus also its original meaning) remains uncertain.[n 3] Indo-Iranian ar- is a syllable ambiguous in origin, from Indo-European ar-, er-, or or-.[12] No evidence for a Proto-Indo-European (as opposed to Indo-Iranian) ethnic name like "Aryan" has been found.
The meaning of 'Aryan' that was adopted into the English language in the late 18th century was the one associated with the technical term used in comparative philology, which in turn had the same meaning as that evident in the very oldest Old Indic usage, i.e. as a (self-) identifier of "(speakers of) North Indian languages".[35][n 4] This usage was simultaneously influenced by a word that appeared in classical sources (Latin and Greek Ἀριάνης Arianes, e.g. in Pliny 1.133 and Strabo 15.2.1–8), and recognized to be the same as that which appeared in living Iranian languages, where it was a (self-)identifier of the "(speakers of) Iranian languages". Accordingly, 'Aryan' came to refer to the languages of the Indo-Iranian language group, and by extension, native speakers of those languages.[40]
Vedic Sanskrit[edit]
The term Arya is used 36 times in 34 hymns in the Rigveda. According to Talageri (2000, The Rig Veda. A Historical Analysis) "the particular Vedic Aryans of the Rigveda were one section among these Purus, who called themselves Bharatas." Thus it is possible, according to Talageri, that at one point Arya did refer to a specific tribe.
While the word may ultimately derive from a tribal name, already in the Rigveda it appears as a religious distinction, separating those who sacrifice "properly" from those who do not belong to the historical Vedic religion, presaging the usage in later Hinduism where the term comes to denote religious righteousness or piety. In RV 9.63.5, ârya "noble, pious, righteous" is used as contrasting with árāvan "not liberal, envious, hostile":
- índraṃ várdhanto aptúraḥ kṛṇvánto víśvam âryam apaghnánto árāvṇaḥ
- "[the Soma-drops], performing every noble work, active, augmenting Indra's strength, driving away the godless ones." (trans. Griffith)
Sanskrit Epics[edit]
Arya and Anarya are primarily used in the moral sense in the Hindu Epics. People are usually called Arya or Anarya based on their behaviour. Arya is typically one who follows the Dharma.[citation needed] This is historically applicable for any person living anywhere in Bharata Varsha or vast India.[citation needed]
In the Ramayana, the term Arya can also apply to Raksasas or to Ravana. In several instances, the Vanaras and Raksasas called themselves Arya. The vanara's king Sugriva is called an Arya (Ram: 505102712) and he also speaks of his brother Vali as an Arya (Ram: 402402434). In another instance in the Ramayana, Ravana regards himself and his ministers as Aryas (Ram: A logical explanation is that, Ravana and his ministers belonged to the highest varna (Ravana being a Brahmin), and Brahmins were generally considered 'noble' of deed and hence called Arya (noble). Thus, while Ravana was considered Arya (and regarded himself as such), he was not really an Arya because he was not noble of deeds. So, he is widely considered by Hindus as Anarya (non-Arya).
The Ramayana describes Rama as: arya sarva samascaiva sadaiva priyadarsanah, meaning "Arya, who worked for the equality of all and was dear to everyone."
In the Mahabharata, the terms Arya or Anarya are often applied to people according to their behaviour. Dushasana, who tried to disrobe Draupadi in the Kaurava court, is called an "Anarya" (Mbh:0020600253). Vidura, the son of a Dasi born from Vyasa, was the only person in the assembly whose behaviour is called "Arya", because he was the only one who openly protested when Draupadi was being disrobed by Dushasana. The Pandavas called themselves "Anarya" in the Mahabharata (0071670471) when they killed Drona through deception.
According to the Mahabharata, a person's behaviour (not wealth or learning) determines if he can be called an Arya.[41][42] Also the whole Kuru clan was called as Anarya .
Religious use[edit]
The word ārya is often found in Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain texts. In the Indian spiritual context it can be applied to Rishis or to someone who has mastered the four noble truths and entered upon the spiritual path. The religions of India are sometimes called collectively ārya dharma, a term that includes the religions that originated in India (e.g. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism).
"O my Lord, a person who is chanting Your holy name, although born of a low family like that of a Chandala, is situated on the highest platform of self-realization. Such a person must have performed all kinds of penances and sacrifices according to Vedic literatures many, many times after taking bath in all the holy places of pilgrimage. Such a person is considered to be the best of the Arya family" (Bhagavata Purana 3.33.7).
According to Swami Vivekananda, "A child materially born is not an Arya; the child born in spirituality is an Arya." He further elaborated, referring to the Manu Smriti: "Says our great law-giver, Manu, giving the definition of an Arya, 'He is the Arya, who is born through prayer.' Every child not born through prayer is illegitimate, according to the great law-giver: "The child must be prayed for. Those children that come with curses, that slip into the world, just in a moment of inadvertence, because that could not be prevented – what can we expect of such progeny?..."(Swami Vivekananda, Complete Works vol.8)
Swami Dayananda founded a Dharmic organisation Arya Samaj in 1875. Sri Aurobindo published a journal combining nationalism and spiritualism under the title Arya from 1914 to 1921.
The word ārya (Pāli: ariya), in the sense "noble" or "exalted", is very frequently used in Buddhist texts to designate a spiritual warrior or hero, which use this term much more often than Hindu or Jain texts. Buddha's Dharma and Vinaya are the ariyassa dhammavinayo. The Four Noble Truths are called the catvāry āryasatyāni (Sanskrit) or cattāri ariyasaccāni (Pali). The Noble Eightfold Path is called the āryamārga (Sanskrit, also āryāṣṭāṅgikamārga) or ariyamagga (Pāli). Buddhists themselves are called ariyapuggalas (Arya persons). In Buddhist texts, the āryas are those who have the Buddhist śīla (Pāli sīla, meaning "virtue") and follow the Buddhist path. Those who despise Buddhism are often called "anāryas".
The word Arya is also often used in Jainism, in Jain texts such as the Pannavanasutta.
19th century[edit]
In the 19th century, linguists still supposed that the age of a language determined its "superiority" (because it was assumed to have genealogical purity). Then, based on the assumption that Sanskrit was the oldest Indo-European language, and the (now known to be untenable)[43] position that Irish Éire was etymologically related to "Aryan", in 1837 Adolphe Pictet popularized the idea that the term "Aryan" could also be applied to the entire Indo-European language family as well. The groundwork for this had been laid by Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron [44] and in 1819, when Friedrich Schlegel, a German scholar who was an important early Indo-Europeanist, came up with a theory that linked the Indo-Iranian words with the German word Ehre, 'honor', and older Germanic names containing the element ario-, such as the Swiss [sic] warrior Ariovistus who was written about by Julius Caesar. Schlegel, who never used the word "Arier" in his Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier (1808) [45] theorized that far from being just a designation of the Indo-Iranians, the word *arya- had in fact been what the Indo-Europeans called themselves, meaning [according to Schlegel] something like 'the honorable people.' (This theory has since been called into question.)[13] In 1830 Karl Otfried Müller used "Arier" in his publications.[46]
Following this linguistic argument, in the 1850s Arthur de Gobineau supposed that "Aryan" corresponded to the suggested prehistoric Indo-European culture (1853–1855, Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races). Further, de Gobineau believed that there were three basic races – white, yellow and black – and that everything else was caused by race miscegenation, which de Gobineau argued was the cause of chaos. The "master race", according to de Gobineau, were the Northern European "Aryans", who had remained "racially pure". Southern Europeans (to include Spaniards and Southern Frenchmen), Eastern Europeans, North Africans, Middle Easterners, Iranians, Central Asians, Indians, he all considered racially mixed, degenerated through the miscegenation, and thus less than ideal.
By the 1880s a number of linguists and anthropologists argued that the "Aryans" themselves had originated somewhere in northern Europe. A specific region began to crystallize when the linguist Karl Penka (Die Herkunft der Arier. Neue Beiträge zur historischen Anthropologie der europäischen Völker, 1886) popularized the idea that the "Aryans" had emerged in Scandinavia and could be identified by the distinctive Nordic characteristics of blond hair and blue eyes. The distinguished biologist Thomas Henry Huxley agreed with him, coining the term "Xanthochroi" to refer to fair-skinned Europeans (as opposed to darker Mediterranean peoples, who Huxley called "Melanochroi").[48]
This "Nordic race" theory gained traction following the publication of Charles Morris's The Aryan Race (1888), which touches racist Ideology. A similar rationale was followed by Georges Vacher de Lapouge in his book L'Aryen et son rôle social (1899, "The Aryan and his Social Role"). To this idea of "races", Vacher de Lapouge espoused what he termed selectionism, and which had two aims: first, achieving the annihilation of trade unionists, considered "degenerate"; second, the prevention of labour dissatisfaction through the creation of "types" of man, each "designed" for one specific task (See the novel Brave New World for a fictional treatment of this idea).
Meanwhile, in India, the British colonial government had followed de Gobineau's arguments along another line, and had fostered the idea of a superior "Aryan race" that co-opted the Indian caste system in favor of imperial interests.[49][50] In its fully developed form, the British-mediated interpretation foresaw a segregation of Aryan and non-Aryan along the lines of caste, with the upper castes being "Aryan" and the lower ones being "non-Aryan". The European developments not only allowed the British to identify themselves as high-caste, but also allowed the Brahmans to view themselves as on-par with the British. Further, it provoked the reinterpretation of Indian history in racialist and, in opposition, Indian Nationalist terms,[49][50] and – in following a special interpretation of Max Müller's identification of "Aryan" as a national name – this gave rise recently among Hindu nationalists (the "Saffron Brigade") to the "indigenous Aryans" or so-called "Out of India" theory, disputed by many scholars in academia, which seeks an Indian origin of the Indo-European "Aryans".
In The Secret Doctrine (1888), Helena Petrovna Blavatsky described the "Aryan root race" as the fifth of seven "Root races", dating their souls as having begun to incarnate about a million years ago in Atlantis. The Semites were a subdivision of the Aryan root race. "The occult doctrine admits of no such divisions as the Aryan and the Semite, ... The Semites, especially the Arabs, are later Aryans — degenerate in spirituality and perfected in materiality. To these belong all the Jews and the Arabs." The Jews, according to Blavatsky, were a "tribe descended from the Tchandalas of India," as they were born of Abraham, which she believed to be a corruption of a word meaning "No Brahmin".[51] Other sources suggest the origin Avram or Aavram.
The name for the Sassanian Empire in Middle Persian is Eran Shahr which means Aryan Empire.[52] In the aftermath of the Islamic conquest in Iran, racialist rhetoric became a literary idiom during the 7th century, i.e., when the Arabs became the primary "Other" – the anaryas – and the antithesis of everything Iranian (i.e. Aryan) and Zoroastrian. But "the antecedents of [present-day] Iranian ultra-nationalism can be traced back to the writings of late nineteenth-century figures such as Mirza Fatali Akhundov and Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani. Demonstrating affinity with Orientalist views of the supremacy of the Aryan peoples and the mediocrity of the Semitic peoples, Iranian nationalist discourse idealized pre-Islamic [Achaemenid and Sassanid] empires, whilst negating the 'Islamization' of Persia by Muslim forces."[53] In the 20th century, different aspects of this idealization of a distant past would be instrumentalized by both the Pahlavi monarchy (In 1967, Iran's Pahlavi dynasty [overthrown in the 1979 Iranian Revolution] added the title Āryāmehr Light of the Aryans to the other styles of the Iranian monarch, the Shah of Iran being already known at that time as the Shahanshah (King of Kings)), and by the Islamic republic that followed it; the Pahlavis used it as a foundation for anticlerical monarchism, and the clerics used it to exalt Iranian values vis-á-vis westernization.[54]
20th century[edit]
In the United States, the best-selling 1907 book Race Life of the Aryan Peoples by Joseph Pomeroy Widney consolidated in the popular mind the idea that the word "Aryan" is the proper identification for "all Indo-Europeans", and that "Aryan Americans" of the "Aryan race" are destined to fulfill America's manifest destiny to form an American Empire.[55]
Gordon Childe would later regret it, but the depiction of Aryans as possessors of a "superior language" became a matter of national pride in learned circles of Germany (portrayed against the background that World War I was lost because Germany had been betrayed from within by miscegenation and the "corruption" of socialist trade unionists and other "degenerates").
Alfred Rosenberg – one of the principal architects of Nazi ideological creed – argued for a new "religion of the blood", based on the supposed innate promptings of the Nordic soul to defend its "noble" character against racial and cultural degeneration. Under Rosenberg, the theories of Arthur de Gobineau, Georges Vacher de Lapouge, Blavatsky, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Madison Grant, and those of Hitler Mein Kampf, tr. in The Times, 25 July 1933, p. 15/6-->) all culminated in Nazi Germany's race policies and the "Aryanization" decrees of the 1920s, 1930s, and early 1940s. In its "apalling medical model", the annihilation of the "racially inferior" Untermenschen was sanctified as the excision of a diseased organ in an otherwise healthy body,[56] which led to the Holocaust.
By the end of World War II, the word "Aryan" among a number of people had lost its Romantic or idealist connotations and was associated by many with Nazi racism instead.
By then, the term "Indo-Iranian" and "Indo-European" had made most uses of the term "Aryan" superfluous in the eyes of a number of scholars, and "Aryan" now survives in most scholarly usage only in the term "Indo-Aryan" to indicate (speakers of) North Indian languages. It has been asserted by one scholar that Indo-Aryan and Aryan may not be equated and that such an equation is not supported by the historical evidence,[57] though this extreme viewpoint is not widespread.
The use of the term to designate speakers of all Indo-European languages in scholarly usage is now regarded by some scholars as an "aberration to be avoided."[58] However, some authors writing for popular consumption have continued using the word "Aryan" for "all Indo-Europeans" in the tradition of H. G. Wells,[59][60] such as the science fiction author Poul Anderson,[61] and scientists writing for the popular media, such as Colin Renfrew.[62] Notions of the "Aryan race" as an elite group that is regarded as being superior to other races survive in some far-right European groups, such as Neo-Nazi parties, as well as in certain Iranian nationalist groups.
Echoes of "the 19th century prejudice about 'northern' Aryans who were confronted on Indian soil with black barbarians [...] can still be heard in some modern studies."[57] In a socio-political context, the claim of a white, European Aryan race that includes only people of the Western and not the Eastern branch of the Indo-European peoples is entertained by certain circles, usually representing white nationalists[63] who call for the halting of non-white immigration into Europe and limiting illegal immigration into the United States. They argue that a large intrusion of immigrants can lead to ethnic conflicts such as the 2005 Cronulla riots in Australia and the 2005 civil unrest in France.
See also[edit]
- Graeco-Aryan
- Arya samaj, Aryan society
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language states at the beginning of its definition, "[it] is one of the ironies of history that Aryan, a word nowadays referring to the blond-haired, blue-eyed physical ideal of Nazi Germany, originally referred to a people who looked vastly different. Its history starts with the ancient Indo-Iranians, peoples who inhabited parts of what are now Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. "[13]
- ^ Under the 1933 Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, a non-Aryan was defined as "an individual descended from a non-Aryan (in particular Jewish parents or grandparents)" (Campt 2004, p. 143).
- ^ There is no shortage of ideas, even in the present-day. For a summary of the etymological problems involved, see Siegert 1941–1942.
- ^ The context being religious, Max Müller understood this to especially mean "the worshipers of the gods of the Brahmans". If this is seen from the point of view of the religious poets of the RigVedic hymns, an 'Aryan' was then a person who held the same religious convictions as the poet himself. This idea can then also be found in Iranian texts.
- ^ "Aryan". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
- ^ a b c d e Oxford English Dictionary: "Aryan from Sanskrit Arya 'Noble'"
- ^ a b c Encyclopædia Britannica: " ...the Sanskrit term arya ("noble" or "distinguished"), the linguistic root of the word (Aryan)..." "It is now used in linguistics only in the sense of the term Indo-Aryan languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family" [1]
- ^ Thomas R. Trautman (2004): "Aryan is from Arya a Sanskrit word"; page xxxii of Aryans And British India
- ^ a b c The "Aryan" Language, Gherardo Gnoli, Instituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, Roma, 2002.
- ^ Schmitt, "Aryans" in Encyclopædia Iranica: Excerpt:"The name "Aryan" (OInd. āˊrya-, Ir. *arya- [with short a-], in Old Pers. ariya-, Av. airiia-, etc.) is the self designation of the peoples of Ancient India and Ancient Iran who spoke Aryan languages, in contrast to the "non-Aryan" peoples of those "Aryan" countries (cf. OInd. an-āˊrya-, Av. an-airiia-, etc.), and lives on in ethnic names like Alan (Lat. Alani, NPers. Īrān, Oss. Ir and Iron.). Also accessed online: [2] in May,2010
- ^ Aryans and British India by Thomas R. Trautman: "Hindus were (...) the only true Aryans.", page 220 [3]
- ^ Alternative Indias: writing, nation and communalism By Peter Morey, Alex Tickell: "... privileged the inhabitants of Aryvarta, as true Aryans", "Dayananda rejected this for his view that only the inhabitants of Aryavarta (India) could be so designated (Aryan)", page 38 [4]
- ^ Imagining hinduism: a postcolonial perspective By Sharada Sugirtharajah: "... to define Indian identity in Hindu terms – Aryan referring to Hindu... and all Hindus are seen as indegenous -as Aryans-...", page 53 [5]
- ^ Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief Webster's Tenth New Collegiate Dictionary Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.: 1994, Merriam-Webster. See original definition (definition #1) of "Aryan" in English—Page 66.
- ^ Encyclopaedic dictionary of Vedic terms, Volume 1 By Swami Parmeshwaranand, pages 120 to 128 [6]
- ^ a b c d e f g H.W. Bailey, "Arya" in Encyclopædia Iranica. Excerpt: "ARYA an ethnic epithet in the Achaemenid inscriptions and in the Zoroastrian Avestan tradition. [7] Also accessed online in May, 2010.
- ^ a b Watkins, Calvert (2000), "Aryan", American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.), New York: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-82517-2.
- ^ a b c d e f g Schmitt, Rüdiger (1989), "Aryan", Encyclopædia Iranica 2, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- ^ a b Wiesehofer, Joseph Ancient Persia New York:1996 I.B. Tauris
- ^ E. Laroche, Hommages à G. Dumézil, Brussels, 1960
- ^ Pictet, Adolphe "Iren und Arier" Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der arischen, celtischen und slawischen Sprachen 1858 Pages 81–99 Note: Müller saw a relationship to Old Irish aire, airon, airech etc, from which Pictet had concluded that a word like _r-/eir- etc was then the name of the Indo-European "Urvolk" (p. 93, 99). In his theory, Pictet assimilated Spiegel's idea that Germanic ehre "honor" is related to _rya-, and supposed that aire and _rya- meant "noble(man)". In contrast, Müller (correctly) recognized aire as "freeman, freeholder". This is also the basis of Müller's derivation from ar- "to plough" giving "cultivator of the land". Müller explained ar- "to plough" as a specialized form of ar- "to go". For dismissal of Pictet's "noble(man)" and of the "Celtic connection" generally, see Szemerényi, Oswald (1977), "Studies in the Kinship Terminology of the Indo-European Languages", Acta Iranica III.16, Leiden: Brill pp 126–129 Note: While one variant of Indic arya did eventually (from about the 5th century BCE) acquire "noble" as a meaning (especially in Buddhist literature), this development is post-Vedic. It also has no parallel in an Iranian context, where Old Iranian arya is always an ethno-linguistic term for the arya (Iranian) language and speakers of it.
- ^ Szemerényi, Oswald (1977), "Studies in the Kinship Terminology of the Indo-European Languages", Acta Iranica III.16, Leiden: Brill pp 125–146
- ^ The sacred books of the East, Volume 14, p. 2
- ^ André Wink (2002). Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th–11th centuries. BRILL. p. 284. ISBN 0391041738, ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8.
- ^ G. Gnoli,"Iranic Identity as a Historical Problem: the Beginnings of a National Awareness under the Achaemenians", in The East and the Meaning of History. International Conference (23–27 November 1992), Roma, 1994, pp. 147–67. [8]
- ^ a b c d e f g h G. Gnoli, "IRANIAN IDENTITY ii. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD" in Encyclopædia Iranica. Online accessed in 2010 at [9]
- ^ a b c D.N. Mackenzie, "ĒRĀN, ĒRĀNŠAHR" in Encyclopædia Iranica. Accessed here in 2010: [10]
- ^ a b Dalby, Andrew (2004), Dictionary of Languages, Bloomsbury, ISBN 0-7475-7683-1
- ^ G.Gnoli, "ĒR, ĒR MAZDĒSN" in Encyclopædia Iranica
- ^ a b c R.G. Kent. Old Persian. Grammar, texts, lexicon. 2nd ed., New Haven, Conn.
- ^ Professor Gilbert Lazard: "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Parsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran" in Lazard, Gilbert 1975, "The Rise of the New Persian Language" in Frye, R. N., The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4, pp. 595–632, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ R.W. Thomson. History of Armenians by Moses Khorenat'si. Harvard University Press, 1978. Pg 118, pg 166
- ^ MacKenzie D.N. Corpus inscriptionum Iranicarum Part. 2., inscription of the Seleucid and Parthian periods of Eastern Iran and Central Asia. Vol. 2. Parthian, London, P. Lund, Humphries 1976–2001
- ^ N. Sims-Williams, "Further notes on the Bactrian inscription of Rabatak, with the Appendix on the name of Kujula Kadphises and VimTatku in Chinese". Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies (Cambridge, September 1995). Part 1: Old and Middle Iranian Studies, N. Sims-Williams, ed. Wiesbaden, pp 79–92
- ^ The "Aryan" Language, Gherardo Gnoli, Instituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, Roma, 2002
- ^ Hamza Isfahani, Tarikh Payaambaraan o Shaahaan, translated by Jaf'ar Shu'ar,Tehran: Intishaaraat Amir Kabir, 1988.
- ^ Online Etymology Dictionary
- ^ Robert K. Barnhart, Chambers Dictionary of Etymology pg. 54
- ^ a b Simpson, John Andrew; Weiner, Edmund S. C., eds. (1989), "Aryan, Arian", Oxford English Dictionary I (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 672, ISBN 0-19-861213-3.
- ^ James Cowles Prichard, Researches Into the Physical History of Mankid, Vol. 4 pg. 33
- ^ Campt, Tina (2004), Other Germans: Black Germans and the Politics of Race, Gender, and Memory in the Third Reich, University of Michigan Press, p. 143.
- ^ Widney, Joseph P. Race Life of the Aryan Peoples New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 1907 In Two Volumes: Volume One--The Old World Volume Two--The New World ISBN B000859S6O See Chapter II—"Original Homeland of the Aryan Peoples" Pages 9–25—the term "Proto-Aryan" is used to describe the people today called Proto-Indo-Europeans
- ^ Hitler, Adolf Mein Kampf 1925
- ^ Siegert, Hans (1941–1942), "Zur Geschichte der Begriffe 'Arier' und 'Arisch'", Wörter und Sachen, New Series 4: 84–99.
- ^ (Mbh: tasyam samsadi sarvasyam ksatttaram pujayamy aham/ vrttena hi bhavaty aryo na dhanena na vidyaya. 0050880521)
- ^ Deshpande/ Gomez in Bronkhorst & Deshpande 1999
- ^ Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship by Hans Henrich Hock, Brian D. Joseph, 2009: "Aryan was extended to designate all Indo Europeans, under the false assumption that the Irish word Eire is cognate with ārya; and ill-founded theories about the racial identity of these Aryans... ", page 57 [11]
- ^ Zwischen Barbarenklischee und Germanenmythos: eine Analyse österreichischer ... by Elisabeth Monyk (2006), p. 31. [12]
- ^ http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/search/ddc/search?q=Arier&book=schlegel_indier_1808
- ^ http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/search/ddc/search?ctx=8&q=Arier%20%23has%5Bcorpus%2C%2F%5Cbcore%5Cb%2F%5D%20%23less_by_date;start=1;limit=10;fmt=html
- ^ cf. Gershevitch, Ilya (1968), "Old Iranian Literature", Handbuch der Orientalistik, Literatur I, Leiden: Brill, pp. 1–31, p. 2.
- ^ Huxley, Thomas (1890), "The Aryan Question and Pre-Historic Man", Nineteenth Century (XI/1890).
- ^ a b Thapar, Romila (January 1, 1996), "The Theory of Aryan Race and India: History and Politics", Social Scientist (Social Scientist) 24 (1/3): 3–29, doi:10.2307/3520116, ISSN 0970-0293, JSTOR 3520116.
- ^ a b Leopold, Joan (1974), "British Applications of the Aryan Theory of Race to India, 1850–1870", The English Historical Review 89 (352): 578–603, doi:10.1093/ehr/LXXXIX.CCCLII.578.
- ^ Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna (1947) [1888], The Secret Doctrine, the Synthesis of Science, Religion and Philosophy, II: Anthropogenesis (Fascimile of original ed.), Los Angeles: The Theosophy Company, p. 200, OCLC 8129381, retrieved 2011-06-14.
- ^ Wiesehofer, Joseph Ancient Persia New York:1996 I.B. Tauris
- ^ Adib-Moghaddam, Arshin (2006), "Reflections on Arab and Iranian Ultra-Nationalism", Monthly Review Magazine, 11/06.
- ^ Keddie, Nikki R.; Richard, Yann (2006), Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution, Yale University Press, pp. 178f., ISBN 0-300-12105-9.
- ^ Widney, Joseph P Race Life of the Aryan Peoples New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 1907 In Two Volumes: Volume One--The Old World, Volume Two--The New World ISBN B000859S6O: Race Life of the Aryan Peoples Vol.1--"The Old World": Race Life of the Aryan Peoples Vol.2--"The New World":
- ^ Glover, Jonathan (1998), "Eugenics: Some Lessons from the Nazi Experience", in Harris, John; Holm, Soren, The Future of Human Reproduction: Ethics, Choice, and Regulation, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 57–65.
- ^ a b Kuiper, B.F.J. (1991), Aryans in the Rigveda, Leiden Studies in Indo-European, Amsterdam: Rodopi, ISBN 90-5183-307-5
- ^ Witzel, Michael (2001), "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts", Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 7 (3): 1–115
- ^ Wells, H.G. The Outline of History New York:1920 Doubleday & Co. Chapter 19 The Aryan Speaking Peoples in Pre-Historic Times [Meaning the Proto-Indo-Europeans] Pages 271–285
- ^ H.G. Wells describes the origin of the Aryans (Proto-Indo Europeans):
- ^ See the Poul Anderson short stories in the 1964 collection Time and Stars and the Polesotechnic League stories featuring Nicholas van Rijn
- ^ Renfrew, Colin. (1989). The Origins of Indo-European Languages. /Scientific American/, 261(4), 82–90. In explaining the Anatolian hypothesis, the term "Aryan" is used to denote "all Indo-Europeans"
- ^ The Aryan Alternative:--online and print newspaper published by Alex Linder
- Ivanov, Vyacheslav V.; Gamkrelidze, Thomas (1990), "The Early History of Indo-European Languages", Scientific American 262 (3): 110–116, doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0390-110.
- Arvidsson, Stefan; Wichmann, Sonia (2006), Aryan Idols: Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science, University of Chicago Press.
- Poliakov, Leon (1996), The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalistic Ideas in Europe, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, ISBN 0-7607-0034-6.
- Poliakov, Leon (1996), The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalistic Ideas in Europe, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, ISBN 0-7607-0034-6.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
NBCNEWS.COM - A bear broke into a Tennessee zoo earlier this week.
neighbor called the Knoxville Zoo late Monday night and alerted a
ranger, saying there was a bear in a nearby park, according to Tina
Rolen, assistant director of marketing at the zoo.
A short while later, the ranger saw what he presumed to be the same bear climbing over a fence and into the zoo.
But it was unclear where, exactly, the ursine interloper wound up.
The ranger had to wake up the zoo's four resident bears on Monday to conduct a "nose count."
weren't too happy with us," said Rolen.
After multiple sweeps the next
morning, zoo employees once again counted only the four bears that are
supposed to be there.
Rolen said the bear was probably a black bear, based on what is native to Knoxville.
"He must have left as quickly as he came," said Rolen.
the zoo has encountered dogs, cats and other small animals trying to
break in, Rolen said a bear visit was "a first for us."
However, she wasn't surprised since numerous bear sightings have been reported in the area recently.
Rolen said because it is breeding season and because the bears are in
the process of "fattening up" to get ready to hibernate, they are more
likely to "roam around the area" looking for food and mates.
can sneak up on you" but usually "they really don't want any part of
us, they're afraid of us," said Rolen, adding that their diets consist
mostly of berries, acorns and insects.
A chairman of the Bear
Specialist Group and expert on human-bear relations, John Beecham, said
in an email, "bears moving through urban areas do not pose much of a
threat to people."
From what the ranger could see, the bear was
about 150 to 200 pounds, leading him to believe he or she was quite
young, Rolen said.
Beecham explained, "In some cases, you will
find young bears and females living in close proximity to urban areas
because it provides [them] with a level of security that they don't have
when competing with large males in wilder environments."
Rolen had come up with her own, slightly less-scientific reasoning. "We
do have one of the best bear habitats in the country. Word is out in the
bear community that our bears are spoiled," she said.


text:
We've all lost something that is important to us like our keys or wallet, and most times those items are long gone.
However, there are times we're surprised.
That happened to an Evansville man who says something important he lost more than five months again suddenly appeared at his doorstep.
A man's wallet is like his lifeline. Between an I.D., credit cards, and of course cash, all inside it. If you've ever lost one before, you know that feeling. You have to cancel your cards, wait in line at the DMV, and you never think you'll see it again, unless of course, you've got someone looking out for you.
Logan Dame hasn't seen his ratty old wallet since June when he was on his way home from a concert in Colorado.
"I guess I took the wallet out and put it on top of the car and we drove off and so did the wallet," said Logan.
A package arrived this week addressed to Logan.
"I had no clue cause I hadn't ordered anything," said Logan. "I had no clue what it could have been."
Inside, Logan found a note: "We found your wallet on the side of the road on mile marker 65 along I-64 south at 6:20 p.m. on 9/8/2013 and we wanted to return it to its rightful owner."
"Under the note was a plastic bag with my wallet in it, still wet and had plants growing out of it, stuff it had been sitting on the side of the road so long," said Logan.
Inside, Logan found his I.D., credit cards, $62 in cash and some gift cards. Nothing had been touched or taken.
Who was the mystery sender?
She lives in Paducah, Kentucky and tells us when she and her husband came across the wallet, they knew exactly what to do.
"It didn't even cross out mind to think twice about it," said Cortnee Peters.
She says she hopes this serves as a reminder to people; that being honest is easy and kindness could just come back around one day.
"If you were in their shoes, how would you feel if someone didn't return it to you? So, that's just kind of the golden rule," said Cortnee. "Do onto others as you want to be treated. That's just how I live."
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PALM HARBOR, Fla. (AP) -- Retief Goosen's back hurt so badly that he pulled out of next week's tournament to get treatment. Then he shot a 6-under 65 on Saturday for a chance to win this week.
Goosen ran off three straight birdies late in his round and finished atop the leaderboard with Jim Furyk, setting up a shootout at The Transitions Championship between a pair of past champions -- and several others.
Furyk three-putted up a ridge for double on the 18th hole for a 66 to fall into a tie. He and Goosen were at 11-under 202, one shot ahead of Jason Dufner and Sang-moon Bae, who was leading until a triple bogey on the 16th hole.
Goosen still is not eligible for the Masters. Sunday will be his last chance to qualify.


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Clean Air Halves Health Costs in Chinese CitySep. 2, 2014 Air pollution regulations over the last decade in Taiyuan, China, have substantially improved the health of people living there, accounting for a greater than 50 percent reduction in costs associated ... full story
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Exporting U.S. Coal to Asia Could Drop Emissions 21 PercentAug. 19, 2014 Under the right scenario, exporting U.S. coal to power plants in South Korea could lead to a 21 percent drop in greenhouse gas emissions compared to burning it at less energy-efficient U.S. plants. ... full story
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Olmecip (Olmesarta Medoxomil) contains olmesartan and is in a class of drugs called angiotensin II receptor antagonists. This drug prevents the constriction (narrowing) of blood vessels (veins and arteries).
Brand Name:Olmecip
Active Ingredients: Olmesartan Medoxomil
Manufacturer: Cipla
Country of Origin: India
Intended Patient: Unisex
Olmecip (Olmesarta Medoxomil) is in a class of drugs called angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Olmecip (Olmesarta Medoxomil) prevents the constriction (narrowing) of blood vessels (veins and arteries). It is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure).
Olmecip (Olmesarta Medoxomil) may also be used for purposes other than those listed in this medication guide.
Take Olmecip (Olmesarta Medoxomil) exactly as directed by your doctor. If you do not understand these directions, ask your pharmacist, nurse, or doctor to explain them to you. Take each dose with a full glass (8 ounces) of water. Olmecip (Olmesarta Medoxomil) can be taken with or without food.
Do not stop taking Olmecip (Olmesarta Medoxomil) without first talking to your doctor. If you stop taking the medication, your condition could become worse.
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and take only the next regularly scheduled dose. Do not take a double dose of this medication.
If you experience any of the following serious side effects, stop taking Olmecip (Olmesarta Medoxomil) and contact your doctor immediately or seek emergency medical treatment:
Before taking Olmecip (Olmesarta Medoxomil), tell your doctor if you
Use caution when driving, operating machinery, or performing other hazardous activities. Olmecip (Olmesarta Medoxomil) may cause dizziness or drowsiness. If you experience dizziness or drowsiness, avoid these activities. Also use caution when rising from a sitting or lying position. Use alcohol cautiously. Alcohol may further lower blood pressure and increase drowsiness and dizziness while taking Olmecip (Olmesarta Medoxomil). Do not use salt substitutes or take potassium supplements without first talking to your doctor. Olmecip (Olmesarta Medoxomil) can affect potassium levels in the body.
Store Olmecip (Olmesarta Medoxomil) at room temperature away from moisture and heat.
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quote Sigmaactually that is a good point. he's gonna be the noob set. Zorua would be nice to see as a starter. possibly Lilipup, cos i've never ever used him on B/W and you get Skitty, so why not Lilipup. also, some flying starters, like Pidgey, Hoothoot, Tailow, Starly and Pidove whould be nice.As much as I love Axew, am I the only person here who thinks that in a way, Axew will be kind of like an easy way out in the game?
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CATEGORIES MoviesWithout spoiling too much of its plot, "The Cabin in the Woods," arriving in theaters this weekend, has all the makings of a slasher movie classic: a hunky jock, a hot blonde, make-out sessions by the fireplace and getting frisky in the woods. And just like all the grisliest horror movies of the '70s and '80s, these burning-hot love scenes get punctuated by a freakishly evil killer, who enjoys wracking up a (young and fit) body count.
Slasher movies have always loved mixing up hormonal overdrive with sheer terror, but for far too long, all discussions of sexiness revolve around tight T-shirt-wearing co-stars like Jamie Lee Curtis, PJ Soles and Neve Campbell. What about Freddy, Jason or Michael Myers? They always get overlooked on "Sexy countdown" lists.
With it being Friday the 13th and with "Cabin in the Woods" shaping up to be a new classic, it's time to turn the tables on those babysitters, cheerleaders and showering bad girls. There's already 3,498 lists on the Internet dissecting every other real and fictional creature like they're a piece of meat... so it's time to do the same to some unique film icons. Moviefone presents a very special countdown: The Sexiest Slasher Killers Ever.
And because beauty is in the eye of the beholder, vote for your top pick and tell us why!


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In a major victory for the Obama administration, the US Supreme Court on Thursday ruled that the entirety of President Barack Obama's health care law is constitutional.
In a 5-4 vote, the justices ruled the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's individual mandate G which requires citizens to buy health insurance by 2014 or else pay a penalty G was constitutional under the taxing power of the government.
Chief Justice John Roberts sided with the four more liberal members of the court while Justices Scalia, Thomas, Alito and Kennedy dissented.
Roberts, writing for the majority, noted that while the individual mandate fell afoul of the Constitution's Commerce clause, it should be upheld under the government's power to tax its people.
"Our precedent demonstrates that Congress had the power to impose the exaction in Section 5000A under the taxing power, and that Section 5000A need not be read to do more than impose a tax," Roberts wrote. "This is sufficient to sustain it."
Kennedy, writing for the minority, said, "In our view, the entire Act before us is invalid in its entirety."
President Obama addresses the ruling at 11:15 a.m. from the White House.
He said the Supreme Court's decision to uphold his health care law was a victory for the American people.
"Whatever the politics, today's decision was a victory for people all over the country whose lives will be more secure because of this law," the president said from the East Room of the White House.
The president acknowledged that debate over the law had been "divisive" and said that he respected the view of its opponents.
"It should be pretty clear by now that I didn't do this because it was good politics," he said. "I did it because it was good for the country."
"The highest court in the land has now spoken. We will continue to implement this law," he added. "With today's announcement, it's time to move forward."
The Supreme Court has settled the legal argument. Now Americans will find out if President Barack Obama's health care overhaul will work as advertised to give coverage to millions of uninsured people while keeping costs in check, too.
Under the law, states play a key role in delivering new health insurance coverage to millions of lower-income and middle-class people.
But Republican-led states have resisted, and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners expects only about half the states to be ready to set up new health insurance markets, slated to open for business in 2014.
The high court upheld the remaining sections of the 2,700 page law, and further held that the health care law's requirement that states increase Medicaid eligibility or else lose all federal Medicaid funding is not unconstitutionally coercive.
The suit to block the law was brought by 26 states and the National Federation of Independent Business.
Pam Robbins, Campaign for Better Health Care board member and consumer advocacy representative, calls the US Supreme Court decision on the president's healthcare plan a "wonderful victory."
"The ability to have the Affordable Care Act to be upheld even though they're questioning the ability of what we call the individual mandate, it's going to allow people to be able to purchase insurance in the state of Illinois and in the country," Robbins said.
The Affordable Care Act has determined that in 2014, nearly 2 million residents in Illinois will be able to purchase healthcare insurance through the state.
"Our state back in 2010 decided in the general assembly that they were going to go forward with the insurance exchange in Illinois," Robbins said. "Our Department of Insurance has continued to work on the infrastructure to build this insurance exchange which is through the Affordable Care Act. So that is an important piece to request Governor Quinn to sign that executive order so we can move this insurance exchange forward and get that federal match with the government which is through the Affordable Care Act."
In terms of funding for Illinois healthcare, Robbins said the Department of Insurance is currently and has been building the infrastructure of communication.
"There are navigators that need to help assist people to find the right kind of coverage and what kind of coverage they want to purchase, making sure their ability to purchase that insurance is very transparent and that they can be identified and notified if they're going to have the opportunity to purchase a different kind of set of insurance through different rates," Robbins said. "The ability to have everybody in the pool, a larger risk pool, brings down the healthcare insurance costs and it decreases the insurance rates too."
Opponents to the Obama care plan say the act is too broad, hurts business and questions if it really brings down costs. However, Robbins rejects that line of thinking entirely.
"Because of preventative care the country is able to purchase insurance that prevents their illness, that prevents their chronic illness getting to a point where you have irreparable damage," Robbins said. "It is better to take care of diabetes in the early stages and help educate patients to manage their care then it is to have them wind up coming to the emergency room in kidney failure. And then all of the added costs in trying to recover that when you could've had preventative care and that's what Obama Care, the Affordable Care Act, affords us."
The Health Care Mandate requires that people must have health care and if you don't you will face a tax penalty.
"I think there're a lot of wonderful things that Obama care has done," Robbins said. "I think people because of what's been going on, they don't even think the affordable care act is in existence yet."
Through the affordable care act, young adults will have the ability to purchase insurance through their parents up to the age of 26. Small businesses also get tax credits because the affordable care act in Illinois and 159,000 businesses have been eligible for that tax credit.
"I think probably the best part is the 80/20," Robbins said. "The Affordable Care Act demands that 80 cents of the dollar of insurance fees that are collected by those that pay for insurance has to go back into treating and taking care of the insured and 20 percent can go to marketing and profits."
The Affordable Care Act will be fully implemented by 2014.
The law was vigorously opposed by each of the major Republican presidential candidates during the 2012 primary season, including presumptive nominee Mitt Romney.
Romney said Thursday that although the Supreme Court ruled that President Barack Obama's health care law was constitutional, it was a "bad law" that raised taxes on the American people.
"As you might imagine, I disagree with the Supreme Court's decision," Romney said on a rooftop overlooking the US Capitol. "What the court did not do on its last day in session, I will do on my first day if elected president of the United States."
"What the court did today was say that Obamacare does not violate the Constitution. What they did not do is say that Obamacare is good law or that it was good policy," he added.
Romney said that he would move to repeal Obamacare if elected, calling it "bad law" and "bad policy" that would raise taxes on the American people by over $500 billion and add trillions to the national debt.
"This is a time of choice for the American people," Romney said. "Our mission is clear: if we want to get rid of Obamacare, we're going to have to replace President Obama. My mission is to make sure we do exactly that."
Illinois Republican Party Chairman Pat Brady of Bloomington said Thursday's ruling will "lead to the implosion of our health care system."
Republican State Sen. Bill Brady says the ruling will have "tragic consequences" and increase health care costs.
Republican U.S. Rep. Judy Biggert from suburban Chicago says she's disappointed the ruling "did not put a stop to the government overreach."
Democratic U.S. Rep. Luis Gutierrez of Chicago praised the ruling, saying it will be "life changing and tremendously helpful" for families, young adults and those who can't afford health care.
Cook County Board President Toni Preckwinkle said she applauds the ruling.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.
WJBK-TV | Fox 2 16550 West Nine Mile Rd.Southfield, MI 48075Main Station: (248) 557-2000Newsroom: (248) 552-5103


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- 6" Waterproof nubuck leather upper
- 200-gram Thinsulate™ insulation
- Dri-lex® lining
- Permanent direct-attach construction
- Removable double density footbed
- Polyurethane midsole
- Fiberglass shank
- Steel toe rated ASTM F2413-05 M I/75 C/75 EH
Keep your feet warm, comfortable, and safe with these 6" DuraShocks® work boots by Wolverine. These boots are made from waterproof Nubuck leather and they feature 200-gram Thinsulate™ Insulation. Efficient Thinsulate™ offers low bulk insulation and dries quickly. Made up of thousands of tiny microfibers that trap insulating air, Thinsulate™ Insulation provides increased protection from the cold and reatains its insulating characteristics even when wet. The long-lasting Dri-Lex® lining wicks away sweat while the permanent direct-attach molding seals out water. The fiberglass shank stabilizes foot, weights 75% less than steel and reduces fatigue.
Style(s): W03294
Product Reviews for Wolverine Men's DuraShocks® Steel Toe Waterproof Insulated EH Work Boots
Reviewed by 1 customer
- Comfortable
Best Uses
Comments about Wolverine Men's DuraShocks® Steel Toe Waterproof Insulated EH Work Boots:
I got my boots today from UPS. I couldn't wait to put them on. I have been a Wolverine believer since 2006. Wolverine's are hard to beat.
- Sizing:
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About Me
Hi and welcome to my blog! My name's David Bryant, CPA. To read about how I passed the CPA exam, as well as find out who I am, please visit my CPA exam blog at http://www.passthecpaexam.org.
*UPDATE* – I've organized the information I had gathered during my research of the most popular CPA Review Courses and posted them to my new site, CPAReviewCourse.org. Hopefully my site will help you to choose a course that will work best for you.


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10-10-2008, 08:17 PM #1Jersey Retired
- Join Date
- Dec 1969
- Posts
- 7,005
Def Leppard doesn't know which way is up...
The Detroit Red Wings may be feeling a twinge of embarrassment after their 3-2 home-opening loss to the Toronto Maple Leafs on Thursday night, in which the Stanley Cup champions passed the puck like a remedial-level pee-wee team.
That is, until Def Leppard's Joe Elliott redefined the concept of embarrassment during one of their NHL Face-Off Rocks segments at the Fox Theater in Detroit. This is what you get for booking a band from England: Drive on the wrong side of the road, place the holiest of holy hockey grails on a pedestal upside down....
(With photos and video)Kentucky Vikes Fan
When you require nothing, you get nothing; when you expect nothing, you will find nothing; when you embrace nothing, all you will have is nothing.


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"According to the big bang theory the universe is only 13 billion years old. ... We made some observations a year ago which we are still trying to explain but the simplest explanation seems to be that there stars that are 20 billion years old." (Jayant Narlikar). Does the universe have a beginning? Was life on earth seeded from outer space? Dr. Jayant Narlikar visited NCBS recently and the Centre's news team was there to ask his opinions on questions that humans have pondered since time immemorial.
* Deccan Herald covers NCBS PI Krushnamegh Kunte's work on Bangalore's butterfly populations * "A man of science": Obituary of K.S. Krishnan by K. VijayRaghavan in the Indian Express * NCBS student among discoverers of a new species of gecko in Western Ghats* K. VijayRaghavan elected to the US National Academy of Sciences: The Hindu* Diverse gene pool critical for tiger survival, says NCBS and Stanford-led study* "Will tigers march ahead?" NCBS's Uma Ramakrishnan's research covered by MongaBay* ScienceCareers talks to NCBS's Axel Brockmann and the Mercers about careers and life in India * NCBS finds no human DNA in faeces of captured tiger* The Hindu covers NCBS researchers-led ten year ecological study on savannah-grasslands * NCBS to receive man-eater tiger's fecal samples for DNA tests * Uma Ramakrishnan gives INK Talk* The New Indian Express covers students' meet SCCS co-organized by NCBS, quotes Dean Bhalla* NCBS-Srishti collaboration encouraging science-art interactions highlighted by The Indian Express * PI Yamuna Krishnan chosen for Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award 2013 in Chemical Sciences category* The Economic Times covers NCBS research on endemic bird at ongoing SCCS meet* International conservation meet co-organized by NCBS begins on 25th September * The New Indian Express: "NCBS to work with foreign varsities"* NCBS among partners of MIT's new $25 million Center for Brains, Minds and Machines * NCBS-Cambridge and NCBS-RIKEN bio-pacts featured in The Telegraph * NCBS-RIKEN launch of joint research center featured in The Hindu* NCBS-RIKEN collaboration covered by Economic Times * NCBS-Cambridge launch of new Centre for Chemical Biology covered by Hindustan Times * Hindu Businessline covers DBT-RIKEN pact and its NCBS connection* Professor Obaid Siddiqi passes away * Nature paper co-authored by NCBS PI Venkadesan in BBC News* Anil Ananthaswamy wins Best Investigative Journalism Award* Associate Director of CBDR Siddharthan Chandran on TED* NCBS research on mosquito OBPs featured in The Hindu * BBC News covers Cardiff University-NCBS collaboration on tiger diversity* The Hindu mentions Vrinda Grover's talk at NCBS * 15th May: Deadline for applying for the NCBS Science Journalism course * Chattarji and team's study linking stress to forgetfulness covered in The Telegraph* Women in Science: Yamuna Krishnan and Vatsala Thirumalai feature in The Times of India* Satyajit Mayor talks about biological research in India in EMBO Reports* K. VijayRaghavan and Sumantra Chattarji quoted in Forbes India magazine* The New Indian Express quotes Sumantra Chattarji on autism and CBDR * Bert Holldobler talks at NCBS on 26th March at 6.30 pm* NCBS's Krushnamegh Kunte quoted on butterfly migration in The Hindu* NCBS affiliate Anil Ananthaswamy wins inaugural Physics Journalism award* Bangalore Bio-Cluster featured in Science Careers* Centre for Brain Development and Repair launched at InStem * The Hindu covers Dan Lieberman's NCBS talk * Padma Shri for K. VijayRaghavan * NCBS's Krushnamegh Kunte helps identify butterfly last sighted in 1903* NCBS among stakeholders of 'Science Gallery': Times of India* "This Mayor loves wearing different hats": Times of India* Infosys Prize 2012: Mayor quoted in The Hindu* NCBS's Satyajit Mayor wins 2012 Infosys prize*"India Inc's new bogey": Srinivasan writes in Down To Earth* PhD student Umesh Srinivasan and team write about the National Investment Board * NCBS Citizen Science programs featured in The Hindu* Earth Hero Award for research associate Nandini Velho * "Four leopards killed every week": Times of India article on wildlife student's thesis * The Hindu writes about the Nobel Prize winners' Bangalore connection with InStem* Cambrige-InStem tie-up draws huge DBT funds* NCBS adjunct faculty, affilates win prestigious Lasker Prize* NCBS, CNRS and Institut Curie sign joint agreement


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Herbalife realises that men and women have different nutritional requirements which is why they have designed products especially for each.
Women of all ages and life stages have unique nutritional requirements and these Herbalife products can help you feel your best.
QuickSpark® provides natural energy at a cellular level. Active ingredient CoEnzyme 1 is a primary energy-producing coenzyme the body needs to function at its best. It helps to fuel the ATP* energy cycle and release ATP energy at cellular level.
Key Benefits:
I was over weight before starting on the Herbalife Weight Management Programme and I have now achieved my weight target, I have gained 2 hours in my day with a huge increase in my energy levels!*
Energy & Fitness
Energy Drinks
Protein Shakes
Protein Snacks
Sport Supplements
*All weight loss claims refer to the Herbalife Weight Management Programme which includes, amongst other things, a balanced diet, regular exercise, an adequate daily fluid intake and appropriate rest. The Herbalife products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
These materials were prepared by and are the responsibility of independent Herbalife distributors:
B.I.G. Entrepreneurs UK Ltd, 44 Dover Rd, Walmer, Deal, Kent, CT14 7JW. E-mail: email@example.com
Independent Herbalife Distributor: Karen Hobday, 57 Crookham Road, Fleet, , GU51 5DT 01252 678392, email@example.com


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Funding opportunities
Dissecting the molecular and cellular mechanisms of Alagille Syndrome
Funding Type:
Basic Biology IV
Grant Number:
Funds requested:
$1 264 248
Funding Recommendations:
Not recommended
Grant approved:
Public Abstract:
Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is caused by mutations in the so-called Notch pathway. The defects seen in ALGS patients, including abnormal bile ducts in the liver, and the known role of Notch in stem cells suggest that ALGS arises from defective interactions between different cell types, including liver progenitors, during development. However, this idea has not been directly tested, in part because of the inherent difficulty of studying human development. A major recent scientific advance has been the possibility to generate and culture induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells). iPS cells can propagate indefinitely in culture and be induced to generate all the mature cell types in the body, including liver cells. Compared to embryonic stem cells, which comes from early embryos, iPS cells are generated from a small number of any mature cell type by expression of reprogramming factors. We propose here to generate iPS cells from ALGS patients, starting from small numbers of skin cells from these patients. We will use these cells to investigate the molecular and cellular basis of the liver defects observed in ALGS. These experiments include the development of assays to recapitulate human liver development in culture. We hope that these experiments will allow us to better understand the basis of ALGS and the role of Notch in stem cells. A better understanding of liver development may also help identify novel regenerative strategies for patients with a wide range of liver diseases.
Statement of Benefit to California:
Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is a rare disease (1 in ~70,000 births – less than 10 new cases in California every year) but the signaling pathway that is mutated in ALGS patients, the Notch pathway, is important for many developmental processes and its alteration contributes to the development of many diseases, including cancer, hereditary stroke, and multiple sclerosis. In addition, liver disease affects a wide range of patients, including from alcohol abuse, viral infection, or genetic defects. Irreversible liver dysfunction, such as what is found in some ALGS patients, requires liver transplantation. Strikingly, ~3,500 people are on the waiting list for a liver in California. While the number of people waiting for a liver transplant increases every year, the supply of available donor organs does not. This leads to longer waiting times, sicker patients, and decreased transplant success. Our work on the role cell-cell interactions and Notch signaling in liver development may ultimately identify novel ways to regenerate liver tissue and benefit these patients. Thus, our experiments focusing on the role of Notch signaling in liver development may benefit a large number of patients in California beyond ALGS patients.
Review Summary:
This project proposes to investigate the role of Notch signaling in liver development in the context of Alagille syndrome (ALGS), a rare autosomal dominant disorder most often caused by mutations in the Notch pathway. The defects seen in ALGS patients suggest that ALGS arises from defective interactions between different cell types, including liver progenitors, during development. The PI proposes to focus on defects in the development of bile ducts in the liver of ALGS patients, which they hypothesize, arise from abnormal Notch signaling in liver progenitors during development. To investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which decreased Notch signaling results in liver disease in ALGS, the PI proposes 2 aims: The first aim will be to generate induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell lines from ALGS patients, as well as isogenic gene corrected cell lines from each ALGS iPS cell line, followed by examination of Notch signaling in each of the generated line. The second specific aim examines the cellular and molecular basis of ALGS development in the liver by differentiating both ALGS and gene-corrected cell lines into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes (bile duct cells). The PI will also utilize tissue-engineering approaches to develop 3-D hepatic cultures that may more closely mimic human liver development. Significance and Innovation - Although reviewers agreed that it would be interesting to study to role of Notch signaling in liver development and function, they were discouraged by the lack of sufficient details and were not convinced that the proposal would lead to a greater mechanistic understanding or novel therapeutic approaches. - Reviewers generally believed that the choice of ALGS to model liver development is not well defined and expressed further concerns that the mixed patterns of organ dysfunction associated with this syndrome make it extremely difficult to understand liver development. - Some reviewers were unclear of the focus of this proposal, Notch signaling, liver development or ALGS pathology, and considered this a weakness. Feasibility and Experimental Design - The preliminary data for differentiation of iPS cells to specific hepatic lineages was poor. - The research plan lacked appropriate functional readouts for the differentiation of mature, functional hepatocytes or cholangiocytes, the latter cell type being critical to their disease choice for study. - Experimental design and alternative approaches were viewed as superficial and lacking sufficient experimental details. - Some reviewers were not convinced of the rationale for the 3-D hepatic cultures and argued that this system is too complex for an effective in vitro study. Principal Investigator (PI) and Research Team - Reviewers generally agreed that the PI is an excellent researcher, but were concerned with the lack of expertise and sufficient publication on the differentiation of iPS cells to hepatic lineages and overall understanding on hepatic and cholangiocyte biology. Responsiveness to the RFA - The proposed research was viewed as responsive to the RFA.
- James Ellis


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Casana, E. Capitol Hill's Best Kept Secret in Seattle
- bedrooms 3
- baths 2½
- sleeps 6
- pool no
- hot tub no
- pets allowed no
- type Townhome
- community Capitol Hill
rates (USD)
/ night
$ 1,216 - $ 1,666 / week
$ 2,700 - $ 2,900 / month
vacation rental description
Casana is located in the charming and vibrant neighborhood of East Capitol Hill and Madison Valley.
You will be close to everything at your Seattle abode. 15-20 minutes to any place, really! Downtown, UW, Microsoft, the Seattle Center etc.
Within walking distance you have many wonderful cafes and restaurants, bakery, a yoga studio, dry cleaners, antique and clothing consignment shops.
If you do not see your dates available, please contact me about our adjoining unit
vacation rental location
property availability
- dates with deals
- unavailable dates
Last modified on 08-27-2014 at 11:52 AM.
email owner view full calendar
Ana Woodmansee
townhome rental amenities
Casana offers you a Fully Equipped Kitchen, Cozy Gas Fireplace, Cable TV, Free WiFi, BBQ and more.
activities and attractions in Seattle Washington
Because you are so centrally located, you can choose to take your car or hop on the Metro bus to all kinds of interesting local "must see" spots.... the Downtown Malls, Pike Place Market, the Waterfront, the Seattle Center, the Ballard Locks etc. etc.
vacation rental rates
Fall & Winter September 1 - April 30 2-night minimum
1-4 guests Sun-Thu $199/nt Fri & Sat $210/nt (+ holidays)
$25/nt for per guest in excess of 4
Spring & Summer May 1- Aug 31 3-night minimum
1-4 guests Sun-Thu $199 nt Fri & Sat $225/nt (+ holidays)
$25/nt for per guest in excess of 4
*Holidays are High Season weekend rate
Cleaning fees: $140
Security Deposit: $200
If you do not see your dates available, please contact me about my adjoining unit
Spring and Summer, no monthly rate
Ana Woodmansee
accepted payment methods
Prior to paying a reservation deposit, always verify payment instructions by calling the phone number displayed on this listing page. By contacting the owner directly and paying by an approved method - credit card, paypal, check or bank transfer - your reservation payment will be protected up to $1,000.Learn more in our Security Center
Top things to do in Seattle
- Visit Pike Place Market for Fresh FIsh, Fruit, & Flowers
- Watch the Boats & Migrating Salmon at the Ballard Locks
- Take a Ferry to Bainbridge Island and Back.
- Check out clubs & restaurants in Belltown
- Enjoy Happy Hour at Ivar's on Lake Union
Top things to do on a budget
- Wander around the Lovely Washington Park Arboretum
- Catch the Gorgeous Views from Queen Anne
- Play Tennis at Volunteer Park
- Spend the Afternoon at Alki Beach
- Walk Barefoot in the Sand at Golden Gardens
Top things to do with a family
- Visit the Pacific Science Center
- Say "Hello" to the Animals at the Woodland Park Zoo
- Walk around Green Lake Park (or skate or boat)
- See an Incredible Imax Movie
- Have Dinner at the Spaghetti Factory
Ana Woodmansee , owner


text:
14 U.S. Code § 513 - Retroactive payment of pay and allowances delayed by administrative error or oversight
Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, the Coast Guard may authorize retroactive payment of pay and allowances, including selective reenlistment bonuses, to enlisted members if entitlement to the pay and allowances was delayed in vesting solely because of an administrative error or oversight.
Source(Added Pub. L. 100–448, § 13(a),Sept. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 1844.)
The table below lists the classification updates, since Jan. 3, 2012, for this section. Updates to a broader range of sections may be found at the update page for containing chapter, title, etc.
The most recent Classification Table update that we have noticed was Tuesday, August 13, 2013
An empty table indicates that we see no relevant changes listed in the classification tables. If you suspect that our system may be missing something, please double-check with the Office of the Law Revision Counsel.
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