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Comments (4)
Posted 02.20.12 |
Essay: Lawrence Vale
Housing Chicago: Cabrini-Green to Parkside of Old Town
Old Town Village West townhomes, a new mixed-income development, ca. 2009; looming in the background is the William Green Homes high-rise, part of Cabrini-Green, demolished 2011. [Photo: Lawrence J. Vale]
In 1929 a treatise by sociologist Harvey Zorbaugh famously depicted the Near North Side of Chicago as divided into
The Gold Coast and the Slum
. [1] Within a generation the public housing development Cabrini-Green, built in stages from the early 1940s to the early 1960s, would replace that slum — all too literally, as it turned out. For while in its early years the Cabrini project, which consisted of low-rise and high-rise housing, served as a clean and modern alternative to the horrific conditions of the neighborhood known as "Little Hell," Cabrini-Green itself would suffer a protracted decline — to the point where it became the slum it had been meant to cure. By the early 1990s Cabrini-Green had come to symbolize the systemic failures of postwar public housing, and it was then that city officials and local developers initiated a second cycle of renewal.
As a result, over the past two decades, gentrification processes have finally began to erase the harsh distinction between "Slum" and "Gold Coast," even as low-income residents have struggled to find a place for themselves in a transforming urban order. Instead of crime-ridden slums and squalid housing projects, this latest round of housing has featured Starbucks-fringed mixed-income communities with vaguely pastoral names like North Town Village, Mohawk North and Parkside of Old Town. For the redevelopment phases completed before 2008, all boded well for developers; more recently the great recession has turned their pro formas into a form of wishful thinking.
Looking across a century of the housing that occupied this same benighted acreage, we can see striking parallels between Cabrini-Green's slum-clearance origins in the 1930s and '40s and the more recent fate of this site under the Chicago Housing Authority's ongoing
Plan for Transformation
. The successive efforts to reform the Near North Side, and to do so via the mechanism of public housing, reveal much about our national attitudes toward housing — and about our attitudes toward which people should be housed.
Chicago Can Build
, 1950, report from the Chicago Housing Authority.
In the first phase of the public housing experiment, the planners of Cabrini-Green promised a modern and modernist alternative to the slum (because
Chicago Can Build
, in the words of a 1950 Chicago Housing Authority report); in the second phase, the CHA promised a New Urbanist-style alternative to public housing (because Chicago can also destroy). Introduced in 2000, the Housing Authority's Plan for Transformation (which has been aided considerably by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's
HOPE VI redevelopment agenda
) resembles the earlier slum-clearance program in the crucial component of tenant selection: in the early '40s and more recently the housing programs have entailed intensive screening of prospective residents.
In between these two dramatic phases of demolition/construction, the CHA charted a different course. Encouraged by federal policies, the Authority permitted public housing truly to become welfare housing — the last chance for the city's poorest residents. In this middle period, from the mid 1960s until the early 1990s, the Authority dramatically reduced tenant screening. By the mid-1990s, however, the reform impulse kicked in again. In this most recent round of clearance and building, as was the case decades earlier, city leaders aimed to replace the existing population with a less distressed and fragile community: in effect, to replace the poor with the less-poor — and to purge the very poorest. It has been the role of design (and designers) to signal that this large-scale social engineering has been accomplished.
Chicago's leaders praised first the development of Cabrini-Green and then its redevelopment for changing the image of one of the city's most notorious districts — for creating, at least early on, what seemed a successful instance of a modern public housing project, and then, decades later, for remediating the first failure with what seems a successful example of post-public housing neighborhood reclamation. That said, it is worth asking:
How have such successes have been measured, and by whom?
And given that each transformation has required significant public funding, it seems also worth asking:
How have these development and redevelopment agendas treated low-income tenants?
In each era, public housing officials and their private sector partners have used the mandate to create better housing not only to serve a less-impoverished constituency but also to assert that the wholesale clearance of substandard housing and dangerous neighborhoods is, in itself, a benefit to those who are freed from having to live in such conditions — that is, to those whose homes and neighborhoods are being destroyed.
Dedication of Frances Cabrini Homes, 1942. [Photo via the Chicago Housing Authority]
Little Hell
Between 1910 and 1930, Chicagoans referred to the heart of the Little Hell slum as "Death Corner," a wholly understandable moniker given that the intersection of West Oak Street and Milton Avenue was the scene of well over 100 unsolved murders. For two decades, Chicago police remained "hampered at every turn by the silence of the Italian colony" — a reference to the large Italian-American population in the neighborhood. Typically, as one newspaper story put it, victims would be "murdered before an audience that vanished with the last pistol flash, much as a loon dives beneath the sheltering water just at the moment the hunter's gun spits out its flame and shot." [2] Death Corner, as the district's "central gathering place," had gained the "international reputation of being the site of more murders than any other territory of equal area in the world." [3] By the early 1920s, murders in Little Hell continued at the rate of more than 30 per year — more than one-third of the city's total, although Italians made up only five percent of the population. By this point, many Death Corner victims were casualties of the Prohibition-era "alcohol rivalries" between the bootlegging gangs of Giuseppe "Joe" Aiello and the infamous "Scarface" Al Capone, leader of Chicago's most powerful mob. [4] As notorious as Cabrini-Green would become, the violence of Little Hell may well have been worse.
The saga of Cabrini-Green begins not with the Chicago Housing Authority, which was founded in 1937, but with the Metropolitan Housing Council, which had commenced operations three years earlier, under the leadership of Elizabeth Wood (who would become the CHA's first executive secretary). Soon after starting up, the MHC dramatically set out the challenges that confronted Chicago in the Great Depression, in a campaign that used both text and graphics. With "bricklayers, plumbers, carpenters and building material men" all "out of work," vast areas of the city stood ready for massive transformation. Caught between the "soot, noise, and dirt" of the downtown Loop and the "dead subdivisions" of the outer suburbs, the MHC called for rebuilding "36 square miles" of a city marred by "hobo land" and "auto junk yards." The audacity of the proposed venture —
36 square miles
was a substantial percentage of the entire built-up city — underscored the urgency. [5]
Chicago officials couldn't clear all 36 square miles but, in the early 1940s, they razed the core of Little Hell to build the Frances Cabrini Homes, and made plans to take control of the surrounding area as well, including Death Corner. Meanwhile, in the late 1930s, the CHA established the elaborate screening processes that would be so integral to its activities, with the goal of ensuring that only those judged to be
the most worthy
among low-income applicants would be selected for occupancy. Its 1940
Manual of Operations
laid out the requirements, making clear that the Authority wanted tenants who were U.S. citizens living in a "natural family unit," with children under age 17. The CHA would reject those who showed "credit irresponsibility" or "evident criminal or anti-social tendencies." Application screening entailed a home visit, as well as verification of information from employers, creditors, social agencies and the police department; the coding of applications also permitted outright rejection for what the Authority termed "Insufficient or Unstable Income." Ultimately, the CHA sought assurance that "the family will be able to carry the rent in the project." [6]
Chicago Can Build
, the Chicago Housing Authority report.
The agency's vetting policies were only reinforced when, in December 1941, just before Cabrini-Green began construction, the United States declared war on Japan and Germany, at which point the Cabrini-Green project was repurposed to provide 586 housing units for war workers and the families of servicemen. Such a policy shift, while justified by the war effort, set in motion a lingering pattern of exclusion, as the CHA sought to attract and retain tenants who were low-income — but not too low-income. To the consternation of the surrounding neighborhood, no one from the cleared slum received apartments in the new project, which consisted of row houses, and the CHA's rents were more than double the rates that had been proposed in 1940. Cabrini's neighbors and their lawyers complained but got nowhere. Over the years the CHA often claimed that nobody was too poor to get into public housing, but right from the start, with the creation of Cabrini Homes, this was demonstrably not the case (even when one evaluates data on the housing that was explicitly low-rent, not the units commandeered for war workers). In a letter to federal officials in 1945, Elizabeth Wood admitted that fully one-third of those living in the substandard housing that had been demolished had incomes too low to be considered for public housing, since they could not credibly be expected to be financially responsible tenants. [7]
During the 1940s and 1950s, proponents could plausibly praise the new public housing for its lower rates of crime, delinquency and disease. It did not seem to matter that the re-planning of the neighborhood had also coincided with the careful vetting of what would be an entirely new population of upwardly mobile new residents. Public housing advocates frequently compared delinquency rates between the old slums and the new public housing, but the comparison was problematic; for it was the successive forces of displacement and replacement that occasioned the transformation. Public housing did not reform delinquents; it replaced them.
Cabrini-Green, 1942-1962, demolished 1996-2011. [Image via the
Historic American Engineering Record
In the postwar era the Chicago Housing Authority continued to develop the Cabrini project; but instead of the low-rise townhomes it had earlier favored, it executed a series of mid-rise and high-rise structures set amid expansive open spaces and accommodating 1,900 more units. (This decision was ostensibly justified for reasons of economy, though it is likely that the CHA could have achieved nearly the same costs and densities by continuing to build low-rise developments.) By 1962, with the addition of 1,000 units in the adjacent high-rise William Green Homes, the project became known as Cabrini-Green; it was now substantially complete, and contained in total 3,600 apartments. [8]
To some extent, this new pattern followed the template of what became known as postwar urban renewal, turning dense networks of neighborhood streets into modernist superblocks. More often, though, such "renewal" entailed replacing "slums" and "blighted areas" with uses far more upscale than public housing. Chicago had not yet parceled out the Little Hell acreage to private developers; that would come later. At this point the CHA's public housing served upwardly mobile poor families while displacing less reputable households; into the 1960s Cabrini-Green housed tenants whose rising wages provided them with incomes that were nearly half the median for the area. They were certainly poor, but hardly the "extremely-low-income" families that would inhabit Cabrini-Green during its most notorious years.
Any full assessment of the decline at Cabrini-Green after 1965 would require far more space than is available here, but it is possible to identify some key dimensions. One is the difference between the low-rise and high-rise housing; the row houses enjoyed relative and prolonged success, while the high-rises were challenged almost from the start. But no matter the housing type, the deeper troubles accelerated after the riots in the spring of 1968 that followed the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., and were further intensified by the sniper killings of two white Chicago policemen in the project in the summer of 1970. And if Cabrini-Green's violence could sometimes be racialized in black-white terms, it was more often expressed in black-on-black crime, usually gang related. By the 1980s every building had gained a nickname and each had gang associations — e.g., "the rock," "the castle," "bank roll," "scamplife," etc. — with the top gangs of "the reds" and "the whites" often divided (ironically) by Division Street. In 1982 Mayor Jane Byrne famously (and temporarily) moved into one of the "red" high-rises, which led to some security improvements; but these proved fleeting, and management and maintenance continued inexorably to decline. [9] Despite the violence, however,
many residents continued to value their community
, with its dense networks of family, friends and informal support systems. To them, Cabrini-Green was a community with problems, but not a "problem community" or a "slum."
Cabrini-Green, showing building identities, from the
Rap Dictionary
The failures of Cabrini-Green (which was only the most notorious of the city's public housing projects) were widely understood to be attributable to the systemic management malfunctions of the Chicago Housing Authority. In the late '80s and early '90s, the CHA enjoyed a brief revival during the early part of the tenure of executive director Vince Lane, epitomized by the cover of
Chicago Tribune Magazine
in July 1990, with its headline:
Can This Man Save the CHA?
. Lane famously introduced a series of "sweeps" intended to rid the high-rises of drug-related crime; but the gains were short lived, and the costs of patrols diverted funds from other needed investments.
Then, most dramatically, in the fall of 1992, Cabrini-Green residents experienced the tragic killing of 7-year-old Dantrell Davis, shot by a stray bullet while walking hand-in-hand with his mother from his Cabrini apartment to the school across the street. When I mapped the site of Dantrell's murder, I found that it was only about 200 feet from the erstwhile Death Corner. The killing of Dantrell Davis coincided almost exactly with the birth of HUD's HOPE VI program, which aimed to redress the failures of postwar public housing. Not surprisingly, the CHA selected Cabrini-Green as the focus of its first HOPE VI application, specifically targeting the funds to Cabrini Extension North — exactly where the murder had happened. Although the CHA was awarded a HOPE VI grant as early as 1993, the agency has faced persistent challenges in implementing the federal funding; nearly two decades later, this first phase of redevelopment on the Cabrini site has still not been completed.
The delays have come from many sources. Internal upheaval at the troubled authority caused HUD officials to oust Vince Lane in 1995 and seize control of the CHA. Cabrini residents (and their lawyers) have become increasingly organized and activist. Although residents had participated in the first HOPE VI proposal, they were marginalized in a later version of the plan prepared by the now HUD-managed authority. Announced in 1996, this updated plan provided only 325 replacement housing units targeted to extremely-low-income households; at the same time the city proposed a broader Near North Redevelopment Initiative (underwritten by tax increment financing) which aimed to remake the larger neighborhood, with public housing scattered throughout smaller-scaled mixed-income developments. In response the Cabrini-Green tenant association sued; litigation delayed the redevelopment process for years, until a consent decree was signed in 2000. (This judgment resulted in real gains for public housing residents, with the number of units reserved for very low-income households increased from 325 to 700; it also enabled the Cabrini tenants organization to become a significant partner in the HOPE VI portion of the redevelopment. [10])
Dantrell Davis Way, named to commemorate a seven-year-old boy shot by a stray bullet while walking to school. [Photo by Lawrence J. Vale]
At the same time, in the late '90s — even as the legal issues were being wrangled — private developers commenced and completed several mixed-income communities on the fringes of the Cabrini site. Most of these reserved a few units for ex-Cabrini residents, typically about 10 to 15 percent of the total — but these experimental developments clearly mirrored the new course that HOPE VI was also charting. Old Town Village West, for instance, offered up a dramatic contrast between its aspirational brick-clad row houses and the looming, lingering presence of the Green Homes to the north (since demolished). North Town Village, initiated in 1998 and occupied during 2001-2002, was the first serious attempt at a fuller-scale mixed-income development. Located adjacent to the Cabrini-Green, where demolition of the high-rises had just begun, North Town consists of 50 percent market rate units (both rental and ownership), with 20 percent "affordable" units subsidized by Low Income Housing Tax Credits, and 30 percent of the units reserved for ex-Cabrini residents. The developer of North Town's affordable housing component, Peter Holsten, insisted that the income mix be fine-grained and genuine.
New Near North
By the turn of the new century Chicago's real estate market had become super-heated, and these new mixed-income communities had a spectacular start. In June 2000 — on the very first day the sales trailer for North Town Village opened for business and three months before construction began — 47 homes had sold in the first seven hours. By the end of the week, that number had almost doubled, with some units selling for as much as $475,000. One young white couple, Mark and Amanda Tomlinson, interviewed on
60 Minutes
, described the scene in the trailer: "It was just a feeding frenzy in there. I mean, everyone was screaming and yelling. One lady yelled at her husband, 'Just buy whatever's left! It doesn't matter what it looks like!'" In August, real estate analyst Tracy Cross rated North Town Village as "the hottest-selling location in Chicago, surpassing other new residential developments by 50 percent." By January 2001, before a single unit had opened, the development had achieved national visibility. [11]
Demolition of Cabrini-Green. [Photo by
Jeremy M. Farmer
, via Flickr]
At the same time, Holsten's team struggled to find ex-Cabrini residents who were both eager and eligible, and who would enable them to fill their quota of 30 percent — in this case 79 units. As Holsten acknowledges, "We were given a whole bunch of names to look at by the Housing Authority, and we picked and chose the best." He estimates that it's only about "one out of five that work out OK." Sometimes potential tenants resisted the company-wide policy of requiring annual drug testing (a rule that applies to market-rate as well as subsidized residents, which is partly why it hasn't yet been legally challenged), while others worried about credit checks, criminal records of family members, landlord references — precisely the same sort of criteria that kept many households out of public housing in the 1940s. Others were now well settled and simply did not want to make another move — hardly surprising given that in many cases it had been several years since their displacement from Cabrini-Green, where the demolitions were proceeding. [12] At heart Holsten's struggle to find suitable low-income tenants underscores the central question facing all developers who choose to work at the margins of empathy: How do you protect the property — financially, socially, physically — without excluding the low-income tenants who are the intended constituency?
Meanwhile — after the three years of haggling over the HOPE VI proposal and the four years of litigating to reach a consent decree — the process of redeveloping the Cabrini-Green site had stalled again. The impasse centered on disputes between residents and developers (led again by Peter Holsten) over the control of management and social services. At the same time the developer team was fraught with internal discord about how to spatially distribute the mix of incomes — for example, should public housing residents be eligible for the most desirable types of townhomes? It took until 2005 to get a contract signed. All the while, with many of the buildings already demolished, the site was emptying out — it had become a wasteland, albeit with great views of downtown. But eventually, in 2008, on the grounds of what had been Cabrini-Green, Phase One of the experimental community called Parkside of Old Town was opened — just as the real estate market was about to collapse.
North Town Village mixed-income housing, on the left, with the last of the Cabrini-Green high-rises on the right; the high-rise was demolished in 2011. [Photo: Lawrence J. Vale]
Undaunted, the developer's marketing brochures and websites emphasized the advantages and amenities of the new development, hoping to make Cabrini-Green no more than a distant memory or, even better, an unknown irrelevancy. Yet the real estate crash has dramatically affected who actually came to live in Parkside. The Holsten team had intended the development to have the same 50-30-20 mix of incomes as in North Town Village — yet so many would-be condo-purchasers canceled their deposits after the crash that the market-rate share long remained half-empty, while some market-rate residents who bought in early on have felt trapped, frustrated and angry. Further complicating the situation is the fact that the public housing residents quickly moved into their full share of the units. This resulted in community tensions, where many market-rate residents felt misled about the intended mix, and where many ex-Cabrini residents chafed at the rule strictures of the private management company. [13]
Even beyond the pressures of the recessionary real estate market, the former site of Cabrini-Green —
the last of the old high-rises was demolished in the spring of 2011
— still bears the traces of past conflicts. A street sign marking the honorary Dantrell Davis Way flanks a lot that remains empty, awaiting the next phase of Parkside. On one recent visit, I simply could not bring myself to show Peter Holsten the map indicating the Death Corner murders that had once taken place on his carefully manicured site — especially since the new community, too, has seen its first murder. Still, there seems little doubt, given the momentum of the city, that in the coming years the former site of Cabrini-Green will fill up with new housing; and there is equally little doubt that not much of this housing will serve the residents who once lived in the vanished projects. The cycle has continued.
The parallels across the decades are striking. In both the mid-century slum clearance era and the late 20th-century HOPE VI era, powerful downtown interests sponsored redevelopment initiatives that functioned to remove many of the lowest-income households from proximity to the central business district and to replace them with more upwardly mobile households. In both eras, private sector players partnered with city leaders to take creative advantage of new federal housing programs. In both eras, these new programs — the public housing enabled by federal legislation in the 1940s, the neighborhood redevelopment sponsored by HOPE VI starting in the 1990s — empowered local officials to recast a neighborhood plagued by crime and poverty as an intractable problem that could be solved through site clearance and rebuilding. In the early 1940s, Elizabeth Wood and her associates at the CHA insisted that Little Hell was a "slum" that could — and should — be removed, much as Mayor Richard M. Daley and HUD would later characterize Cabrini-Green. In the early 1940s, the exigency of the world war and fears about a suburbanizing middle class prompted urgent implementation of plans; in the 1990s the persistent violence of the projects and the prospect of capitalizing on the rapidly gentrifying surrounding neighborhoods inspired equally concerted action.
And in both eras, the existing residents of the district initially thought the new housing would be for them, but, with HOPE VI as with slum "rehousing," they ultimately learned that the brand-new dwellings were meant chiefly for others with higher incomes or greater capacity to survive the socio-economic scrutiny of the managers. And finally, then as now, the city's housing officials told the displaced residents that their removal from distressed housing was chiefly for their own good. Today we know almost nothing about the fate of those who were displaced from Little Hell in the late '30s and early '40s, except for the fact that none of them ended up in the Cabrini Homes or any other public housing, and that no other forms of assistance or subsidy were offered to them. In the more recent clearance, however, the situation is more complex.
One key distinction now is that many displaced residents have the option of moving — of using Housing Choice Vouchers that will subsidize their rent in privately owned dwellings elsewhere in the city, or else moving to other non-redeveloped public housing. Moreover, due to years of activism and litigation, Cabrini-Green residents have gained more control — and a more secure foothold in the Cabrini replacement housing — than many of their counterparts at other public projects that are part of the Chicago Housing Authority's broad Plan for Transformation.
The new Near North: Parkside of Old Town. [Photos by Lawrence J. Vale]
And yet, nearly 20 years into the redevelopment, there exist fewer than 400 replacement public housing units, counting both the Cabrini site itself and the mixed-income communities in the broader neighborhood. With nearly 3,000 deeply subsidized apartments already torn down, the 586 Cabrini row houses — the low-rise housing that has so far survived the clearance — seem likely to fall next. The CHA assures ex-Cabrini residents forced from vacated and demolished buildings that they can enter the lottery for replacement units on site and in the neighborhood; but all the existing apartments reserved for public housing residents are already occupied, and the prospect of achieving the 700 units mandated in the consent decree depends upon the completion of the glacially implemented new construction on the Cabrini Extension North site — still unfinished from the HOPE VI grant of 1993. And even if new units do materialize, the screening processes — even under the more liberal terms negotiated though the consent decree — ensure that most ex-Cabrini households will not be welcomed. [14]
Cabrini residents continue to fight for maximum inclusion in the new Near North Side, even as their leaders age and their numbers dwindle. If the CHA's goal is to eliminate at least two-thirds of the neighborhood's public housing apartments, and if fewer than one in three housing units in the mixed-income developments is targeted to public housing residents, and if only one in five Cabrini households can pass the scrutiny of even well-intentioned developers like Peter Holsten, then there is ample evidence to see Cabrini's transformation as a second purging of the poorest — a new chapter that is at least as dramatic as the replacement of Little Hell by Cabrini Homes. And as in the earlier chapter, little effort is being made to record or assess the fates of those who have left Cabrini for other options. For the moment, with its vacant land and uncertain future, Cabrini cannot really conceal the traces of the difficult decades. The heady marketing of Parkside of Old Town cannot fully expunge the dark memories of an older town
The saga of Cabrini-Green compels us to engage some hard and fundamental questions. It is not enough to ask: w
ho benefits from public housing redevelopment?
We must also ask:
how we measure such benefits and who gets to do that measuring?
Once again, and not for the last time, a predominantly low-income community is being sacrificed to build a higher-income one. While no one should doubt the horrific violence of either Little Hell or Cabrini-Green at their gangland nadirs, is it fair that so few of those who suffered through the worst conditions should be invited back to enjoy the improvements? As in other cities across the nation, Chicago's public housing has been the instigator, simultaneously, of emplacement, replacement, and displacement. Developers succeed in placing upscale new uses; a haunted housing authority succeeds in replacing deteriorated housing on a perpetually haunted site; and residents get displaced from their homes and communities.
Editors' Note
Lawrence J. Vale is completing a book about the history and design politics of public housing development and redevelopment in Chicago and Atlanta, forthcoming in spring 2013 from the University of Chicago Press.
"Housing Chicago" is part of our ongoing exploration of
the dynamic of public and private in contemporary politics and culture
, and how this dynamic influences the design and production of buildings, cities and landscapes. See also
Housing and the 99 Percent
Hospitality Begins at Home
, both published earlier this year.
1. Harvey William Zorbaugh,
The Gold Coast and the Slum: A Sociological Study of Chicago's Near North Side
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983 [1929]).
2. "'Death Corner,' Scene of New Murders,"
Chicago Tribune
, March 15, 1911; "Uses Deadly Slug to Shoot Italian: Another Brought Down By Assassin Within Half Block of 'Death Corner,'"
Chicago Tribun
e, March 17, 1911; "See Italian Die; Secrete Slayer," Chicago Tribune, April 3, 1911; "Two Murders by Mafia at Death Corner,"
Chicago Tribune
, November 23, 1916.
3. Zorbaugh, 170-171. "Lookout!,"
Chicago Tribune
, 23 February 1908, E3; Gordon Seagrove, "Chicago and its City of Mysterious Death,"
Chicago Tribune
, October 3, 1915, D1.
4. "Italian Murder Totals Top List, Detective Says,"
Chicago Tribune
, February 10, 1923; "'Death Corner' Murders Laid to Alcohol Rivalry: Capone or Aiello Gangs Blamed by Police,"
Chicago Tribune
, June 21, 1928. After the 1920s, however, the term "Death Corner" became associated with dangerous traffic intersections, associated more with wayward cars than with gangland slayings.
5. Metropolitan Housing Council (Chicago: Metropolitan Housing Council, n.d. [1935?], cover; Metropolitan Housing Council,
Staff News Letter
No. 6 (June 7, 1934).
6. Chicago Housing Authority,
Manual of Operation
, 1940, Section 304.1, and Appendices A and B.
7. Elizabeth Wood, "Letter to Philip Klutznick, Commissioner, Federal Public Housing Authority," February 7, 1945; Warren Vinton Papers, Cornell University 2946, Box 1.
8. Chicago Housing Authority, "Cabrini Extension Area: Portrait of a Chicago Slum" (CHA, 1951); D. Bradford Hunt,
Blueprint for Disaster: The Unraveling of Chicago Public Housing
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).
9. David Whitaker,
Cabrini-Green in Words and Pictures
(Chicago: W3 Chicago, 2000).
10. Patricia A. Wright, with Richard M. Wheelock and Carol Steele, "The Case of Cabrini-Green." In Larry Bennett, Janet L. Smith, and Patricia A. Wright, eds.,
Where Are Poor People to Live? Transforming Public Housing Communities
(Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2006), 168-184.
11. Quoted in
60 Minutes
broadcast, available on the Holsten Development website, December 2002.
12. Interview with Peter Holsten, September 2009.
13. Interview with Holsten.
14. Thomas A. Corfman, "Daley's CHA Dream Deferred,"
Crain's Chicago Business
, February 9, 2009.
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Comments (4) |
This is a great story to keep alive. HOPE VI has been a terrible scandal and a sham. It is also one of the New Urbanists' proudest achievements. The crux of the latter chapters of this tragedy was the federal government's ending of the one-for-one replacement rule for public housing demolition, which dovetailed with the CNU's wooing of the HUD Secretary Henry Cisneros with their brilliant ideas about city building. Embedded in this has been a shameful patronizing of poor people, how they live, and how they wish to live.
Federal rules were changed to count Section 8 vouchers as equivalent to one-for-one replacement. This engineered a massive dispersal of the most poor, least powerful residents to the wiles of the private market, which is seldom kind to them. The best reports show that nationwide, as few as 11 percent of the poorest families were rehoused by PHA's after their neighborhoods were torn down--this also coincided with Clinton-era welfare reform. Of course, the activists for the poor who could detect the rot in the program were basically treated as if they were crazy.
CNU's brainiacs took hold of this program not least through their vilifying of contemporary architecture and planning, though they had no real solutions themselves--they just cooked up new problems. It is about time that people concerned with design ethics take a good look at this recent history and use it to teach students that some grand programs don't deserve their participation, and, indeed, should incite their fiercest protest.
Brad McKee
02.20.12 at 03:21
Frankly speaking, the residents of Cabrini Green never owned or had interest in the neighborhood. None of the residents were actual property tax paying citizens or paying renters, furthermore, the living arrangement was never meant to be permanent. By allowing multiple generations of people to live in a former industrial area where there were no longer any low skilled manufacturing labor jobs, the government forced people into hopeless poverty. Only mobility to find work could have helped these people, mobility to which their HUD tether denied them. The new mixed income neighborhood design will also fail since as I write this, market rate buyers simply refuse to purchase $400,000 units to live next to public housing residents no matter how screened they are. So now we have vast acres sitting empty producing little tax revenue, underwater suckers who bought pre-crash not realizing they where buying cabrini-light, and the residents who are still like fish out of water. Is it fair to force a 18 year old mother of 2 to live in a see of affluent yuppies working at fortune 500 companies? No. The government should have sold all the land for market rate and exited the housing business. They have lessened the tax rolls, prevented in migration to a city that lost 200,000 people, chased out business, created a dangerous crime problem and artificially inflated the low end rental market further hurting poor people. The government, while a market participant, is not a logical participant who stands to lose, therefore the government is over all a distorting influence to the proper functioning of the housing markets in Chicago - which goes a long way in explaining that 200,000 person exodus from the city.
02.20.12 at 04:06
nico, two corrections:
1. Most Cabrini-Green residents do pay rent and most work. They certainly pay taxes, not the least of which is sales tax.
2. You misunderstand the 200,000 decline number. In fact, much of the 200,000 person population decline is due to declining residential units because multi-unit buildings are being transformed into single-unit buildings. Additionally, as these parts of the city get richer, the total population declines due to the fact that wealthier people have fewer children.
You have some other problems in your post, but those the biggest actual mistakes.
02.27.12 at 12:07
At this point in time (January 2012) whatever the "Plan For Transformation was (pre 2008) cannot be that today. The past 4 years have provided everyone the opportunity to see what is working and what is not (under the old plan). Now we can only move forward, and I find that I must agree with previous poster (nico).
Public housing highrises were never ment to be perm housing. The residents had no vested interest in maintaining the buildings as they did not own them. They paid little to nothing to live there and contributed little if any taxes to the city. So the whole attitude these people have that we (the taxpayers) owe them a brand new 400,000 townhome for free is unacceptable.
In fact I don't support the Section 8 voucher program either. An apartment complex owner near my parents home suddenly started excepting Section 8 vouchers. Now the neighborhood has seen a dramatic increase in crimes of every type. The city and neighborhood association is doing everything they can to convince this property owner that it is in his best interest to stop accepting section 8 and to evict those already there once their leases have expired.
The cold hard truth is the same today as it was 50 years ago. Working middle class people (of any race) do not want to live side by side with public housing tenants. I think the best option would be for the city to keep its promise to rehab the rest of the Cabrini Row Houses and move in all of the acceptable public housing tenants there. Offer these units to those living in the mixed income buildings which (have seen nothing but problems) and then keep all of the new construction townhomes and apartments market rate. If additional public housing is needed there are plenty of burnt out blocks all over the city that could be raised and small scale, townhomes or apartments can be built for public housing tenants.
Developers and taxpayers should not be paying for those who can not afford it to live in luxury apartment buildings, this is liberalism gone completely off the rails, and I'm a Gay Dem saying this. I did not come from money or the best area in town, I busted my butt and made a life for myself and many public housing project residents have done the same thing. The time has come to put the city and its financial health first, complete the project and settle everyone where they will be comfortable and safe.
01.23.13 at 06:18
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MORE ON Chicago
A Method of Living
On Places, photos by David Schalliol show the dramatic transformation of public housing in Chicago — the demolition of the city's infamous projects and their replacement with mixed-income, new-urbanist-style communities.
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, editor and photographer Alan Thomas explores the city's large multistory parking structures, which "give the viewer inside a particular way of framing the cityscape beyond."
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Growing Water
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Bill Grimes Daily News
Effingham Daily News
---- — Effingham County officials are considering an ordinance to regulate video gaming.
At Monday's Legislative Committee of the Whole meeting, County Board Chairman Jim Niemann said the proposed ordinance would give county agents authority to investigate alleged video gaming-related issues.
"It would give us some legal authority until the state hires more investigators," Niemann said, adding the Illinois Gaming Board seems to be short on investigative power, particularly downstate.
Niemann said the ordinance would affect every video gaming licensee in the county, unlike other county ordinances that only affect those in unincorporated parts of the county. Investigations, he said, would be financed by a surcharge on each machine used for video gaming within the county.
Niemann added that he wasn't looking upon the ordinance as a moneymaker for the county.
"All I am interested in is covering enforcement costs," he said.
Niemann said no problems with video gaming have been reported. But he's concerned about the possibility of underage patrons using the machines.
"That (underage use) is my big one," Niemann said. "This way, we would be able to pull a gaming license for a period of time."
Effingham County State's Attorney Bryan Kibler said the proposed ordinance is at least a month away from consideration by the full board.
"I want to play around with some of the provisions before this goes to the full board," Kibler said.
The Illinois General Assembly allowed video gaming in 2009, but the law wasn't implemented until last fall because of a lawsuit that challenged portions of the law.
Bill Grimes can be reached at 217-347-7151, ext. 132, or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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You will be blindfolded, led to an unknown location and remain in the dark for the next two hours, unable to speak or move.
No you haven't been kidnapped by terrorists, your 'captors' will in fact be Cambridge University students who will be taking you to a highly unusual theatrical experience.
In what could be a world first, students from the university will be performing playwright Samuel Beckett's radio play Rough for Radio I and II to an entirely blindfolded audience.
And, mirroring some of the interactive theatre productions from the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, audience members will be literally in the dark about their theatre location, having been blindfolded and led to the show's performance beforehand.
Directing this unusual production will be Cambridge student and published poet, Tristram Fane-Saunders, who chose to respect Beckett's preference for pure sound by creating the blacked-out theatrical experience.
Speaking to the News, the English student and Beckett lover said: "We wanted to create a sense of excitement and spontaneity like something coming out of the darkness towards you.
"I wanted people to experience these strange, beautiful plays in their intended medium – sound".
With a cast from both the Heywood Society – the theatrical society of Peterhouse – and the Lady Margaret Players, performers hope to submerge audiences in the dreamlike, abstract "skullscape" of the Roughs plays.
Having gained permission to perform the plays from the Beckett Estate's representative, Curtis Brown, the players' research revealed that the performance of Rough for Radio I will be a world first.
A production of the play was broadcast on Irish radio-station RTE for Beckett's centenary in 2006, and has been recorded live in America, but has never been produced before a stage audience.
Rough for Radio II has been staged in Europe, but never before in Britain
Tristram said: "I'm nervous now it's about to go on stage, but excited at the same time."
He added: "I do feel a great responsibility directing this though as this will be the first time most people will have ever heard the play."
Roughs I & II will be performed at 11pm, Tuesday 25 February until Saturday 1 March at an undisclosed central Cambridge location.
For tickets, visit adcticketing.com/whats-on/drama.


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A financial dispute between Buckeye Cable System and
Sinclair Broadcast Group, the owner of Toledo's NBC affiliate, is resulting in
Buckeye being barred from airing WNWO's signal.
The agreement
which allowed Buckeye to transmit that signal expired December 15, and for now,
people can't watch the station by way of the cable provider.
While the head of Buckeye Cable is not commenting, on its
website the company claims Sinclair is demanding 10 times more money than what
they were previously receiving. Sinclair Executive Vice President and General
Counsel Barry Faber denies that claim.
"That is not a true statement. What we're asking for is
consistent with what we're paid by other cable and satellite providers similar
to Buckeye," Faber said.
According to BJ Fischer with the Thread Marketing Group,
the dispute amounts to a public relations stalemate.
"The problem is from a PR standpoint it's very difficult
for the public to gain any sympathy for either side," he said. "All they want
to do is watch their television program."
Block Communications owns both Buckeye Cable and the
Blade, and ads in the paper and electronic billboards aimed at putting pressure
on Sinclair are being called childish.
"I've never seen another cable company do something like that,"
Faber said. "It's the most irresponsible manner I've seen a cable company
What both sides do agree on: There are plenty of options
to view the station's programming other than Buckeye, including using an
Mobile users, click on the
"Video" button in the app to watch this story. Download our app here.
Copyright 2013 Toledo News Now. All rights reserved.


text:
Latest Articles for WALL.E
UK Video Game Chart: Wii Fit is No.1
Increased supply at retail is enough to ensure Wii Fit holds on to the top spot.
UK Video Game Chart: LEGO Indy back on top
Wii Fit slips from the top and opens the door for Activision's multi-format adventure.
WALL.E game coming summer 08
THQ's partnership with Disney Pixar continues with new title coming to all formats.


text:
The Roots & Shoots Book is a wonderful compilation of five families' journey, discovery, and growing concern for our environment. We looked at the life of a bee, fish, recycling, and trees. We planted trees locally for a global cause, raising money and awarness along the way. All profit from this book will be donated to The Roots & Shoots campaign to Rebirth The Earth, a tree planting initiative to restore the rain forests of Tanzania as well as our local landscapes.
Edited by Hillary Smith & Yeda Arscott for the Roots & Shoots of Christchurch, New Zealand.
Photography by Yeda Arscott and Lawrence Smith.


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Baseball sets annual alumni weekend for Nov. 4-5
The JU baseball program is pleased to announce its annual alumni weekend for Nov. 4-5 at John Sessions Stadium.
The annual event, which continues to grow each year, will feature a batting practice gathering on Nov. 4 at 7 p.m. The group can get the rust out of their swings and enjoy a dinner under the lights.
The game will take place the next day at 11 a.m. and run six innings against the current squad to determine this year's winner. The Alumni will scrimmage against one another for the remainder of the afternoon. Like the BP gathering, there will be a lunch provided at the game as well.
All friends, family and spectators will be allowed in free for the event to get your first glimpse of the 2012 squad.
For more information or to RSVP, contact the baseball office at 904-256-7425 or sports information contact Brian DeLettre at 904-256-7478. You can also email DeLettre at firstname.lastname@example.com or coach Brian Snyder at email@example.com.


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Featured Audio
Testing at New Hampshire and Charlotte
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PLUS....Denny hamlin, Matt Kenseth and Greg Biffle on momentum heading into The Chase
Tags: Podtrax By MRN, NASCAR, NASCAR Sprint Cupshare
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Testing at New Hampshire and CharlottePLUS....Denny hamlin, Matt Kenseth and Greg Biffle on momentum heading into The Chase
Kahne makes ChasePLUS....Crew Chief Kenny Francis describes how they did it and what's next
Tony Stewart's statementPLUS....Mike Helton explains why Stewart will be in The Chase if he can win
Stenhouse is finded the improvements he has been looking forPLUS....shakey ground at Turner Scott Motorsports
Fast Food - AtlantaDavid Ragan joins the show and Steve and Woody talk about their eating picks for this weekend on ...
The Inside Line - AtlantaMRN's fantasy experts Rich Culbreth and Robbie Mays review their picks for the Oral-B USA 500 from ...
Changes to the Sprint Cup schedulePLUS....testing is in full swing
Testing Today - New Schedule Tonight.Top teams test in preparation for the Chase. PLUS: NASCAR releases the 2015 race schedules.
Bubble drivers have 2 more chances to make ChaseGreg Biffle and Kyle Larson talk about the next two races with the Chase for the Sprint Cup looming
Time Is Running Out For Chase HopefulsSaturday's Bristol Night Race signals just three more races - three more opportunities for drivers ...
Keselowski wins at BristolBrad Keselowski becomes the 25th driver to win in all three NASCAR national touring series
The Inside Line - BristolMRN's fantasy experts Rich Culbreth and Robbie Mays review their picks for the Irwin Tools Night ...
Fast Food - BristolJay Pfeifer of NASCAR Illustrated and Carlos Gill of Bon Bon Boom Lollipops join Steve Post this ...
Truck racing tonight at Bristol!Timothy Peters, Matt Crafton and Johnny Sauter talk about the night race in Thunder Valley. Hear it ...
Joe Gibbs Racing Welcomes Carl EdwardsCarl Edwards makes official his plan to become Joe Gibbs Racing's fourth Sprint Cup Series driver. ...
Kahne and Menard on Michigan 2015 testPLUS: Johnny Sauter's not quite ready to talk championship after taking the Camping World Truck ...


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- Fits iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S for all major carriers
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22 States Honor Illinois' Concealed Carry Permit
By The Associated Press
Officials say more states are recognizing Illinois' concealed carry permit. They include surrounding states, most of the Midwest and parts of the West and South.
By The Associated Press
Officials say more states are recognizing Illinois' concealed carry permit. They include surrounding states, most of the Midwest and parts of the West and South.
By The Associated Press
Illinois' public colleges are going smoke-free - indoors and out - starting next summer.
By Elise Hu
Missouri Gov. Jay Nixon is sending the National Guard to Ferguson to help restore order. He signed the executive order after another night of violence. In a statement, Nixon said the guard's help is needed to "restore peace and order and to protect the citizens of Ferguson."
By The Associated Press
Opponents of a planned coal mine in eastern Illinois are beginning their push for public hearings now that the company has submitted a permit application.
By The Associated Press
Missouri Gov. Jay Nixon has declared a state of emergency and is implementing a curfew in the St. Louis suburb where a black teenager was shot to death by a white police officer a week ago.
By Scott Neuman
Texas Gov. Rick Perry, considered a possible GOP presidential candidate in 2016, was indicted on felony abuse-of-power charges late Friday in connection with his veto of funding for state public corruption prosecutors. The case, which has been bubbling for months, is complicated.
By Jim Meadows
The latest shooting incident in Champaign happened in the pre-dawn hours Friday morning in the northwest part of the city.
By The Associated Press with Additional Reporting From Jim Meadows
Stores in east-central Illinois are not included on a list of grocery and liquor stores owned or franchised by Supervalu Inc. and AB Acquisition LLC, that were victims of a data breach.
By The Associated Press
Medical marijuana in Illinois will be encased in vaults, monitored by security guards and protected by fingerprint-recognition biometrics.
By Bill Chappell
Ferguson Police Chief Thomas Jackson says the officer who shot and killed unarmed black teenager Michael Brown last Saturday is Darren Wilson, a six-year veteran of the force who has no disciplinary actions on his record with the department.


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WOWE - Women of Wind Energy
- About WoWE
- Support WoWE
- Celebrate Women in Wind
- Explore Wind Energy
- Get Involved
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WoWE Leadership Forum Speaker List
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Westwood Professional Services
Please consider staying in Colorado Springs and registering to attend the AWEA Fall Symposium just after the WoWE Leadership Forum.
What did last year's WoWE Leadership Forum Attendees have to say?
It was amazing seeing so many talented women in wind energy in one place.
I felt so empowered when I left. It was an incredible experience to hear the stories of the successful women around me and I learned some tools to help push me further in my career.
Validating to see all the different avenues there are to becoming a leader in the industry
Meeting high profile and successful women in the wind industry and hearing their encouragement.
Great event. Can't wait for next year!
WoWE Leadership Forum:
Expanding Your Toolkit. Powering Our Future.
Wednesday November 6, 2013
Keynote Speaker
Heidi VanGenderen, Director of Public Engagement for the US Department of Energy
Appointed to her post by the President, Heidi VanGenderen is the Director of the Office of Public Engagement at the U.S. Department of Energy. As such, Ms. VanGenderen oversees efforts to effectively build the narrative supporting a clean energy economy, convey the Administration's considerable energy accomplishments and plans going forward; reinforce the "all of the above" strategy and strategic message framework; and help create the space for a robust clean energy policy discussion and agenda going forward through coordinated engagement. Prior to her current post, she served as Director of National and Regional Outreach for the American Council on Renewable Energy (ACORE) where she was part of the policy team. Prior to ACORE, she served as a Senior Energy Advisor for the Worldwatch Institute.
A Colorado native, Heidi previously served as Colorado's first gubernatorial climate advisor where she oversaw creation of the state's first Climate Action Plan. She was a core team member in passage of Amendment 37, Colorado's citizen initiated renewable energy standard.
Heidi directed the work of the Wirth Chair in Environmental and Community Development Policy at the Graduate School of Public Affairs of the University of Colorado where she focused prominently on energy and climate change. She also served as Deputy Director of the Presidential Climate Action Project.
She has worked on energy and climate issues in the non-profit, public, academic and private sectors as an organizer, writer, researcher, and public speaker for the whole of her professional career. She completed a Chevening Fellowship on Finance and Investment in a Low-Carbon Economy in Edinburgh and London in 2009 and is a graduate of Carleton College.
Hilary Blair
Betsy Engelking
Stephen Beuning
Mr. Beuning works for Xcel Energy on regional energy market design and regulatory policy for wholesale energy markets. He is also responsible for procurement of transmission services and new resource interconnections for Xcel Energy.
Steve is active in industry efforts to improve grid operating practices and the integration of renewable resources. He serves as Board President for UVIG - the Utility Variable-generation Integration Group. He has recent publications on renewable integration with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, the IEEE and NERC.
He has a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering from the University of Minnesota and a master's degree in Business Administration from Colorado State University.
Beth Soholt
Jayshree Desai
As Executive Vice President-Commercial and Operations of Clean Line Energy, Jayshree Desai oversees the day-to-day operations of the company. In addition, Jayshree leads Clean Line's commercial arrangements with suppliers; through these agreements, Clean Line is developing a supply chain that allows for timely execution and local job benefits.
Jayshree draws from an accomplished background in the wind energy industry to provide leadership at Clean Line. Before joining Clean Line, Jayshree was CFO of Horizon Wind Energy where she was responsible for corporate and project finance, accounting, tax, and information technology. As CFO, she led Horizon Wind Energy through its sale to Goldman Sachs in 2005, the subsequent sale to Energias de Portugal in mid-2007, and the IPO of the renewables subsidiary in 2008.
Jayshree received a Bachelor's degree from the University of Texas at Austin and an MBA from Wharton Business School, and serves on the Executive Board of KIPP Houston.
Gregory Jenner
Gregory F. Jenner is a senior tax partner at Stoel Rives LLP, and is chair of the firm's Energy Initiative. Greg handles all varieties of tax issues, with particular focus on alternative energy and fuels.
Before joining Stoel Rives, Greg served as Acting Assistant and Deputy Assistant Secretary for Tax Policy (2002-2004). In addition, Greg began his tenure in Washington as Tax Counsel for the U.S. Senate Finance Committee (1985-1989), where he helped write the Tax Reform Act of 1986, among other legislation.
Greg is an adjunct professor at the University of Minnesota Law School, where he teaches tax policy. Greg frequently speaks on renewable energy tax planning, and tax and budget policy.
Greg is a Fellow of the American College of Tax Counsel. Greg received his J.D. cum laude from New York University School of Law.
Jerry Vaninetti
Mr. Vaninetti joined RES Americas in 2010 after 11 years of experience in transmission development in the Western and Midwestern US. He is responsible for RES Americas' Transmission Development business unit as well transmission support for RES Americas' renewable energy projects, including commercial, technical, strategic, and public policy issues. He represents the company in two transmission advocacy organizations: WIRES and AWEA's Transmission Committee.
Prior to joining RES Americas, Mr. Vaninetti was responsible for Western Transmission Development for NextEra, Trans-Elect, AES, and LS Power in varying contract and employment capacities. He was a member of the senior management team and partner in Trans-Elect, the nation's first independent transmission company. In recent years, he served as project manager for the Wyoming-Colorado Intertie and the High Plains Express transmission projects - both of which involved partnerships with utilities.
Mr. Vaninetti holds a BSc and a MSc in geology from Washington State University and the University of Utah, respectively.
Nancy Floyd
Nancy Floyd is Founder and Managing Director of Nth Power, based in San Francisco. Nth Power has $420M under management, having invested in 57 companies - market leaders in renewable energy, efficiency, smart grid, clean transportation and green buildings.
Ms. Floyd has led investments in Silicon Energy (NASDAQ: ITRI), Smartsynch (NASDAQ: ITRI), Serveron (BPL Global), SpectraSensors, Propel Biofuels and Thetus. She advised the National Renewable Energy Lab, and served as Board member to the American Council on Renewable Energy, the Center for Resource Solutions, Sustainable Asset Management (Zurich), and the Portland Family of Funds. She joined the Board of WGL Holdings (NYSE: WGL) in 2011, and was a Commissioner of the Economic Development Commission in the State of Oregon from 2008-2010. From 1998-2008, she served as a Trustee at Franklin & Marshall College.
Ms. Floyd completed a Master's degree in political science at Rutgers University (1977), where she was an Eagleton Fellow.
Susan Innis
Cynthia Crooks
Cindy worked in the wind business for FPLE between 2000 and 2007, in various roles in construction, wind operations, and wind energy development. She was a manager in the Construction group, ensuring certainty of cost, quality, and delivery of wind turbines, towers and other major equipment for more than 1,500 MW of wind projects from 2000-2003. These successful projects included Stateline in the northwest, Woodward Mountain and King Mountain in Texas, Gray County in Kansas, and Montfort in Wisconsin.
She's held roles with FPLE in wind operations and led the effort to resolve turbine warranty issues with various turbine suppliers. Until November 2007, Cindy worked in Business Development for FPLE, using her broad wind energy industry knowledge to develop wind projects in Canada and New York.
Cindy has a BS in Civil Engineering from the University of Pittsburgh, and an MBA from the University of Denver. Cindy and family reside in Florida; she enjoys running marathons as a hobby.
Zeina El-Azzi
She served as the President of the Wind Coalition in 2012, a regional industry trade organization. Previously, she led the Clipper Windpower team responsible for the purchase and sale of wind projects, the negotiation of joint ventures for wind power project development in Eastern Europe, Turkey and Mexico as well as the acquisition of power purchase agreements.
Ms. El-Azzi graduated with honors from the University of Texas, Austin with a MA in Energy and Mineral Resources and BA in both Economics and Middle Eastern Studies. She speaks English, French and Arabic fluently.
|Mit Buchanan
Mit Buchanan is one of 21 professionals who originate, structure and execute energy investments at JPMorgan Capital Corporation. Since 2003 that team has been responsible for approximately $10.3 billion of tax equity for over 10,500 megawatts of wind power in 94 wind farms in 20 different states, numerous solar projects (including PV-commercial, PV-residential projects and one 64 megawatt CSP facility) and 12 geothermal projects for 253 megawatts. With respect to solar, Ms. Buchanan has led transactions which included the commercial distributed generation and utility scale solar segments. She has been with JPMorgan and its predecessor companies since 1987.
Mit is a frequent panelist and speaker for a variety of organizations in the renewable energy industry. Ms. Buchanan completed her MBA from the University of Chicago Booth Graduate School of Business and has an AB in Economics from Duke University.
Elizabeth Salerno
Emily Williams
Lauren Glickman


text:
Kurt Warner to auction Paradise Valley home
It looks like someone is frustrated with the down real estate market.
According to TMZ, former Arizona Cardinals quarterback Kurt Warner is putting his Paradise Valley, Ariz. home up for auction.
Warner listed the 11,300 sq. ft. Paradise, AZ home for $5 million in 2011, but it hasn't sold.
The home will be auctioned off by Concierge Auctions on Feb. 27.
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Assets for Independence: Prospective Grantee Webinar 1 - Planning an AFI Project
January 29, 2013 | 2:00 PM
Register Now!
This webinar introduces asset building, Individual Development Accounts (IDAs), and the Assets for Independence program. It explains how an agency can assess its capacity to operate an AFI project, and reviews considerations for designing a successful project, including target population, allowable uses of funds, match rates, and network projects.
This event is from 2:00 PM to 2:45 PM Eastern


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Workers at Darton Sate College are busy setting up for a national soccer tournament that will have a big economic impact on Albany.
The top 12 men's junior college teams in the country, including the Darton Cavaliers, will play for a national championship here in Albany starting Monday.
With people traveling here from all over the country, the Convention and Visitors Bureau says the tournament will pump $830,000 dollars into the local economy.
"We encourage everybody to go out and support the soccer teams, making sure that they feel welcome. With restaurants, when the teams come in, we really want you to give them the southern hospitality that we're always talking about and they're always hearing about," said Albany Convention and Visitors Bureau Manger.
The first game is Monday at four o'clock. The championship game is Saturday.
You can buy daily tickets or one ticket that will get you into all the games the whole week.
The Darton women's team will also play in their national tournament next week in Melbourne, Florida.
Copyright 2012 WALB. All rights reserved.
P.O. Box 3130
Albany, GA 31706
(229) 446-1010
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EEO Report
Closed Captioning


text: KHQ.COM - On Friday a house fire in the 2700 block of E. Colbert Rd. was reported just after 2pm and when fire crews arrived the was significant fire damage in one room. Crews were able to contain the fire to that room and kept it from spreading to the rest of the house. Two adults were home at the time of the fire but there were no injuries. The cause of the fire is still under investigation.


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Extra-stiff nylon bristles gets bores clean fast. Steel ferrule and threaded for 8-32 threads per...


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I know of no use for the backslash in English. That is computerese, IMO.Originally Posted by japanjapan
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Dear teachers,
How should I call these two signs:
"/" "\"
which one is "slash"? Which one is "forward slash"?
Maybe their names have nothing to do with the word "slash", then what are they?
I know of no use for the backslash in English. That is computerese, IMO.Originally Posted by japanjapan
Pope of the Dictionary.com Forum
Your advice is very helpful, I looked up the word" backslash" and figured out the question.Originally Posted by MikeNewYork
"/" is called forward slash
"\" is called backslash.
If someone just says 'slash', I'd take they meant /.
BTW What is '|' called?
nice question!Originally Posted by tdol
I wanna know it too.
In web design, I believe it is called 'pipe'.
From www.info.borland.com :
Use the pipe character, '|', to denote the caret position in the expanded template.
Does '¬' have a name?
That I do not know. ;)Originally Posted by tdol
I don't its name or its use. ;-(


text:
The man accused of kidnapping and stabbing his ex-girlfriend earlier this week appeared in court Friday morning.
Aaron Compton, 49, of Granite Falls, is charged with murder, first degree kidnapping and first degree burglary.
Compton was given no bond for the murder charge and was given a court appointed attorney.
Compton is accused of killing his ex-girlfriend, Tabatha Heavner, of Catawba County.
MORE: Woman fatally struck by semi after being kidnapped, stabbed by ex-boyfriend
Investigators say he used a hunting knife to stab and force Heavner into his car.
When she tried to escape while driving down US 321 in Gaston County, Compton got out of the car and stabbed her several times before Heavner was fatally hit by a passing semi, deputies say.
In court on Friday, the family of Tabatha Heavner held up her photo as Compton was brought in.
The judge ordered them to put it down and take a seat.
"We don't know why these things happen. We can ask why all day long," Heavner's pastor Geary Walton said. "She had suffered with illness and stuff, but today she is in Heaven with our Lord. She has a full head of hair and a brand new body."
Compton is due back in court on Sept. 4.
Copyright 2013 WBTV. All rights reserved.
1 Julian Price Place
Charlotte, NC 28208
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The second fight on the ION broadcast featured an interesting light heavyweight bout on the UFC 127: Penn vs. Fitch between Alexander Gustafsson and James Te Huna. The Swede, Gustafsson, has amassed hardcore media and fan interest with his skill and poise. Te Huna, the New Zealander, was known for his savage attacks and physical strength. Gustafsson has more ways to win, but would need to use his serious skill to complete the task.
ROUND 1 - The referee is Marc Goddard.
Gustafsson looks very large compared to Te Huna and stuffs one takedown only to be finally taken down by a lateral drop. Te Huna passes to side. He attempts to get a mounted crucifix, but is rebuffed. Gustufsson recaptures half and then full guard. Te Huna landing savage ground and pound on top, but Gustafsson is able to stand. Now the fighters clinch against the fence. Te Huna worked for a single leg, doesn't get it and Gustafsson pummels inside. Using length, Gustafsson lifts Te Huna and drives him to the mat. In going for a kimura Te Huna is able to stand. Off a botched sacrifice throw, Gustafsson takes Te Huna's back and attempts a rear naked choke. And after a slight exchange is able to land it.
UFC 127 results: Alexander Gustafsson defeated James Te Huna by submission (rear naked choke) at 4:27 of round 1.


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Ready-to-use general purpose contact and systemic insecticide. For use on all ornamental plants. Particularly useful as a houseplant/conservatory or green house insecticide. Effectively controls even difficult pests such as spider mite, mealy bug and scale insects.
*Free delivery over £50 refers to home delivery orders placed on diy.com only. Charges refer to the value of goods being delivered and excludes delivery from stores or services. Excludes bulk delivery.
B&Q accepts the above cards and also offers a range of in-store financial services. Learn more
Buy online, return in store. Terms and conditions apply
Have a question or a problem, chat to our support team now.contact B&Q
© B&Q 2014 - Terms & Conditions


text:
It's no secret that black hair is often naturally dry, which explains the huge selection of moisturizing products marketed toward thirsty curls. With MIZANI's Supreme Oil collection, brittle hair may now be a thing of the past. I was able to review four products in the line. How many did I love? All four.
Sulfate-Free Moisturizing Shampoo: First up is this ultra-moisturizing cleanser. It's a rich, creamy concoction that's free of sulfates and harsh detergents. Instead, it delivers a smoothing treatment with a touch of argan and sesame oils. Plus, it smells delicious and is now one of my favorite shampoos from a major brand.
Ultra-Light Moisturizing Conditioner: Follow up a great shampoo with a decadent conditioner like this one. As with all conditioners I prefer, it's thick enough to easily coat each hair strand. I used it after the shampoo and on its own as a co-wash treatment. It works great for both uses and is definitely a conditioner I could use every day.


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Our hearts go out to the Parker family. William Parker died following a pit bull attack near his home Tuesday. His daughter fought the dogs valiantly in an attempt to save his life.
This tragic story brought to my mind a famous quote from the American writer, Pearl S. Buck: "Every great mistake has a halfway moment, a split second when it can be recalled and perhaps remedied."
Memphis Police had been called to the scene two days earlier, apparently in response to an attack on another neighbor. So, some people there are blaming the police. Additionally, some people were quoted the day of the attacks as saying they had been living in fear of these dogs for as long as a month.
By all accounts, the man who owned the dogs was not a responsible pet owner. Yet with all of these warning signs, nobody did what had to be done in order to prevent this terrible attack.
We all face these halfway moments that Pearl Buck mentioned from time to time. When you come face to face with yours, remember William Parker.That's my turn. Now it's your turn. To comment on this segment or anything else, email firstname.lastname@example.com or call 800-465-1210.
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text:
Vaughan SmithFooling the Military in the Gulf War
Highway Robbery
In the early 1990s, former British soldier Vaughan Smith helps set up Frontline Television, a company of free-lance TV photographers. He covers the Persian Gulf War and gets some of the only combat video of U.S. forces advancing into Iraq. While working in Kosovo, Smith survives a sniper's bullet when it lodges in the cell phone he's carrying.


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Information contained on this page is provided by an independent third-party content provider. WorldNow and this Station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. If you have any questions or comments about this page please contact email@example.com.
SOURCE Udemy
Partnership brings courses focused on cutting-edge social media marketing practices to Udemy for Organizations
SAN FRANCISCO, June 30, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Udemy, the leading global marketplace for learning and teaching online, announced today that it has partnered with Hootsuite, the world's most widely used social relationship platform, to expand its social media marketing course offerings on its corporate learning platform, Udemy for Organizations (UFO), which is also available in the general marketplace.
UFO now offers more than 80 marketing courses, including social media marketing, search marketing, email marketing, data and optimization and many others. The additions come as marketers are under increasing pressure to perform within their organizations. A recent Deloitte survey notes that 53 percent of digital marketers have reported greater revenue growth responsibility within their organizations.
"It's essential for workers in every profession to stay current on the latest trends, technologies and best practices in order to remain competitive. This is especially true for marketers, whose field is constantly evolving, and online learning is the most accessible and affordable way for them to stay ahead of the curve," said Dennis Yang, CEO of Udemy. "Hootsuite is among the most important social media tools available and this partnership grants our corporate customers access to an even deeper wealth of knowledge and expertise."
Udemy launched UFO last year as a comprehensive and highly customizable corporate learning suite. Through UFO, organizations can purchase subscriptions to a suite of over 700 of Udemy's best courses for their entire teams. Companies can also create their own proprietary training courses with Udemy's course-building technology. Thousands of companies worldwide now use UFO for their corporate training needs, including 1-800-Flowers, Oracle and Ampush.
"Hootsuite is the innovation leader in social media education," said Jeanette Gibson, Vice President of Community and Customer Experience, Hootsuite. "To accelerate our global leadership in this space, it's key that we connect with business users where they are learning. Our partnership with Udemy helps us to do just that."
The Hootsuite courses are available on UFO now.
About Udemy
Udemy is the leading marketplace for online learning, democratizing education by making top-quality content from the world's experts available to anyone, anywhere. Its corporate learning platform, Udemy for Organizations, provides companies with a comprehensive corporate learning suite, including a content subscription offering, an easy-to-use online course creation platform and volume purchasing options. Founded in 2010, privately-owned Udemy is funded by Norwest Venture Partners, Insight Venture Partners, Lightbank, MHS Capital and 500 Startups, among others. Udemy is headquartered in San Francisco. Web: www.udemy.com | Twitter: @udemy | Facebook: www.facebook.com/udemy.
About Education at Hootsuite
As the world's most widely adopted social-relationship platform and leader in social media education, Hootsuite accelerates business success through leading education programs for individuals, small businesses and large organizations. Over 11,000 professionals have earned their Hootsuite Certification, and Hootsuite has educated more than 60,000 professionals and businesses through Hootsuite University and the Newhouse-Hootsuite Advanced Social Media Strategy Certification. Hootsuite has also worked with over 300 global higher education institutions, empowering students with digital skills for today's workforce.
©2012 PR Newswire. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Longtime South Knoxville deli closes
After 14 years of serving up sandwiches on homemade baked breads, Frussies Deli & Sandwich Shoppe has closed its doors in South Knoxville.
The eatery at 133 E. Moody Ave. had been closed for a month as part of the owner's annual vacation but it never reopened.
Owner James Dicks told Metro Pulse that he is selling the business because he has cancer.
"It's been closed about 30 days and didn't open back up about a week ago," Bill Keck of Real Estate Associates said. "We're all going to miss him there."
The 1,300-square-foot business which seats about 40 and all its fixtures are for sale. Keck said the eatery could reopen under the same name.
"We've had several inquiries, some very good prospects to reopen it," Keck said.


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New Recreation Center Opens
Let the workouts begin! Old Dominion University's much-anticipated new Recreation Center opens Friday, Feb. 27, for tours and clinics, and Monday, March 2, for usage of the facility.
Tours of the center and how-to clinics on equipment usage will be held from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. Friday, and noon to 4 p.m. Saturday and Sunday, Feb. 2-March 1. Registration is not necessary.
On Monday, March 2, the Recreation Center officially opens for use by ODU students, faculty and staff.
Located in the heart of campus next to the new residence quad, the state-of-the-art Recreation Center is the hub of all sport, wellness and fitness activities at Old Dominion. The facility features:
- 15,000-square-foot workout space
- indoor running track
- 2-story climbing wall
- 4 fitness studios
- 3 racquetball courts
- hardwood gym
- multipurpose courts
- indoor swimming pool
- locker rooms.
Additionally, the building offers WiFi access and an Einstein's Bagels will open this fall.
Because of construction on the nearby new residence halls, the temporary entrance to the Recreation Center is located on 48th Street, one block east of Powhatan Avenue.
For more information, call the Office of Recreational Sports at 683-3384.
This article was posted on: February 27, 2009
Old Dominion University
Office of University Relations
Room 100 Koch Hall Norfolk, Virginia 23529-0018
Telephone: 757-683-3114
Old Dominion University is an equal opportunity, affirmative action institution.


text:
Expired Property Listing
This property is disabled.
The Bear Paw Cabin in Ohiopyle
- bedrooms 3
- baths 1
- sleeps 6
- pool no
- hot tub no
- pets allowed yes
- type Cabin
- community
rates (USD)
/ night
vacation rental description
Renovated in 2006, the 3 bedroom cabin in Confluence, PA, is located on over 8 acres of land with a large screened in porch on the back overlooking a stream. Perfect for a family or couple getaway.
cabin rental amenities
- - Satellite T.V./DVD player
- - Phone - Unlimited Long Distance
- - Wireless Internet Available
- - Gas barbecue
- - (1) King bed
- - (1) Full bed
- - (2) Twin beds
- - Ceiling fan's in every room
- - Fully equipped kitchen
- - Gas Fireplace
- - Swing Set
- - Large shed for bikes, ect.
- - Screened in rear porch
- - Covered front porch
activities and attractions in Ohiopyle Other Pennsylvania Areas
The Bear Paw Cabin is conveniently located to many of the activities
and attractions in the area. Whether your interests include boating,
golfing, skiing, white water rafting, hiking, biking, hunting or
sight seeing your only minutes away from your destination to include;
the Yough Lake Marina, Nemacolin Woodlands Resort, Seven Springs,
Wisp, Hidden Valley, Ohiopyle State Park, Laurel Caverns, Woodlands
Zoo, Allegheny Highlands Trail, Great Allegheny Passage and so much
more. Also nearby for your convenience are restaurants, gas stations
and grocery stores.
The Lady Luck Casino located minutes away at the Nemacolin Resort is now open.
vacation rental rates
- Daily rates start at $135.00.
- Rate is for party of 4. A fee of $15 a night for every extra person. (children under 5 excluded)
- Pet fee: $10 a night. ;Minimum age requirement of 25 to rent cabin. Proof of age required upon request.
- Check-in: 3pm (Early check-in's will be allowed if cabin is ready)
- Check-out: 11am


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Refocusing Undergraduate Education on "Effective Practice": Curricular Change at Clark University
By all appearances, Clark University already has a comprehensive program to advance liberal education outcomes for all students in place. Students must complete an eight-course Program of Liberal Studies (PLS) that includes classes in several outcome areas, including verbal expression, formal analysis, historical perspectives, values perspectives, and others. Both an international studies option within the PLS and the Active Learning and Research program—which focuses on real-world problems—provide opportunities for exploration and learning outside the traditional classroom.
But Clark Dean of the College Walter Wright wants students to do more—to be more intentional in their learning, to draw connections, to go deeper. "It's been almost thirty years since we really looked critically at undergraduate education, and we hear that many of our students don't understand the conceptual point of the Program of Liberal Studies," Wright explains. "They look at it as a series of boxes to check off, and we think that's a problem." For that reason, Wright and his colleagues, Provost David Angel and Associate Provost Nancy Budwig, have been leading a curriculum review task force for the past year. Their goal is to reform Clark's curriculum to make it more thoughtful and more effective. "There are a lot of national dialogues about liberal education and effectiveness right now," Budwig says. "What our task force is trying to do is approach curricular reform from a developmental, whole-student angle. It'll be a balance between refining and making explicit what we already have, and looking at the outcomes we want and asking 'How do we get there?'"
To help answer that question, Clark is cosponsoring with AAC&U a March 12-13 conference called Liberal Education and Effective Practice. Part of AAC&U's ongoing series of public forums sponsored by Liberal Education and America's Promise (LEAP), the conference's goal is to explore how undergraduates can become both sophisticated thinkers and well-informed doers. Conference papers commissioned for the forum are available online, and Clark will publicize the results of the discussions after the conference, as well as incorporate its outcomes into a final report. The papers will also be featured in the fall 2009 issue of Liberal Education.
Understanding the Connective Threads
Clark's Task Force on Undergraduate Education started its conversations in fall 2008 by discussing two "big questions": What does it mean to be an educated person at the beginning of the twenty-first century? And how can Clark University best deploy its resources to help its students become "educated" people? Drawing on AAC&U's work in the LEAP initiative and the curricular review processes happening at several other universities, task force members determined that a Clark education should focus on purposeful engagement in learning; integration between subjects and topics; and effective practice—the ability to apply knowledge to new settings and problems. Rather than focusing on different disciplinary areas, like science or the humanities, task force members have divided into subgroups to study three phases of university learning: the transition from high school to college; the pathways students take between entering and leaving Clark; and culminating experiences and their characteristics. "We're trying to think outside of departmental, disciplinary boxes, and have students understand the threads that connect them," Wright says.
The task force's goal is to have a final report by April 2009 suggesting curricular changes to the Program of Liberal Studies that can be implemented in coming years. "I'm imagining that some of the things we have in place will stay, but they will be made more explicit," Budwig says. "But I expect we may have one or two bold, different initiatives."
Lessons from the Stickleback Lab
One of the most promising "bold, different" initiatives the task force is considering is the complementary curricular network (CCN), a concept that's already in use at Clark. A CCN is a series of courses and research opportunities that build from introductory level up through advanced, self-directed research. Clark professors Susan Foster and John Baker have developed the method in their biology lab, which studies the evolution and adaptation of the three-spined stickleback fish. "Our stickleback lab is the model for this idea," Foster explains. "We want students to see how research is really done, and build it into existing courses in a natural way. In a CCN, you can start with one unit, and you don't have to have the whole network planned out right away—you can add new links as you add new faculty, or as new connections are made and interest develops."
In the first level of the stickleback CCN, introductory biology students use existing data sets from the lab to learn about hypothesis testing, data analysis, and interpretation of results. In level 2, students in a sophomore-year class called Evolution develop their own hypotheses, analyze data, and present their results. In level 3, students spend up to a full semester conducting self-designed research and collecting original data, and in level 4, they extend their original research into more complex areas like genetics, continuing to develop and test hypotheses and collect data. Some students will not continue beyond the first part of the network, Foster explains, while others will become interested and continue working in the network throughout their Clark education. Students who don't follow the stickleback lab's network might become interested in other CCNs that are developing. Clark has grants from the Sherman Fairchild and W. M. Keck foundations to take themes from biology and extend them to the environmental sciences, chemistry, and more. One stickleback lab student, for example, became interested in writing about science for lay audiences, so she started a "Stickleblog" to explain the lab's research. "The shape the network takes is determined by the students," Foster says.
The CCN concept isn't specific to STEM fields—it can be used in any discipline, and is expressly made for examining connections between areas, Foster says. "This could certainly work in the humanities, too. In an introductory survey course, plant some themes, select texts accordingly, and build on that. If a student starts learning about, say, the Middle Ages, you can connect liberal studies courses on history, art, and medicine."
Communities of Effective Practice
Budwig and her colleagues on the task force have also noticed that students seem to have the most transformative educational experiences when they work in heterogeneous communities with both novices and experts in a particular topic area. "We call these groups 'communities of effective practice,'" she explains. "They break the frame of the transfer model of teaching, with the professor transferring knowledge to the students. The traditional classroom is a turnoff to some people, but we find students thrive and find purpose in these communities." Clark's music department has already experimented with the concept of effective practice communities, preparing recitals with diverse groups of musicians. The stickleback lab students, too, benefit from this sense of community. "We've got about twenty undergraduates in the lab, and they're attracted by what the older students are doing, not by what we tell them," Foster says. "It's not us, and it's not the fish—it's looking at the other students and saying 'I can do that,' and bringing their own ideas and skills to the lab." This kind of connected, collaborative learning is among the "high-impact" practices that research has determined are especially important for student success. These practices are described in AAC&U's newest LEAP report, High-Impact Practices: What They Are, Who Has Access to Them, and Why They Matter. The task now, Budwig says, is to build these environments more widely into the Clark curriculum.
Before the task force's final report in April, members will incorporate the insights from the Liberal Education and Effective Practice conference and refine their overarching vision for undergraduate curricular change. "We think it's important that students be agents of their own learning," Wright says. "You can't look at 'liberal' or 'general' education as something to 'get done' in the first few years before moving on to the serious business of a major. We need students to understand it as a process."


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A judge has ruled in favor of the State of Alabama in a case regarding seized electronic game machines and currency from the Houston County entertainment complex known as Center Stage.
In his ruling Thursday, Houston County Circuit Judge J. Michael Conaway ruled that "the machines identified in this case are gambling devices or slot machines and are consequently illegal under the law of the State of Alabama."
Judge Conaway added "the seized United States currency was utilized in connection with Center Stages' gambling operation and supported the illegal gambling activities at that facility."
The seizure on July 26, 2012 included 691 machines and $288,668 in currency.
Under the Code of Alabama § 13-A-12-30(a) the gaming devices "shall by Court orderbe destroyed or otherwise deposed of as the Court directs."
[DOCUMENT: Judge rules against Center Stage (.pdf)]
[DOCUMENT: Attorney General's response to Center Stage ruling (.pdf)]
The law also provides that all money is forfeited and is to be transmitted to the General Fund of the State.
WSFA 12 News is working to gather reaction from both sides. We'll add more information to this report as it becomes available.
Copyright 2013 WSFA 12 News. All rights reserved.
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text:
GRAND RAPIDS, Mich., Jan. 11, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Spartan Stores and Speedway LLC (Speedway) announced today they are expanding their highly successful Fuel Rewards program statewide to provide fuel discounts to Michigan consumers who are eager to leverage their food and fuel budgets. Additional supermarkets will be able to offer Fuel Rewards to their consumers because of the expanded Speedway partnership effective January 8, 2012. With this expansion, Fuel Rewards are offered statewide at over 90 D&W Fresh Market, Family Fare, Glen's Markets and VG's locations, owned by Spartan Stores, through the yes Rewards program. Participating supermarkets with a Quick Stop Fuel Center in close proximity will issue Fuel Rewards for the Quick Stop center. Those without a Quick Stop Fuel Center in close proximity will issue a Speedway Fuel Reward. The Speedway partnership also allows Spartan Stores to extend a Fuel Rewards program to over 375 Spartan supplied independent grocers.
About Spartan Stores
Grand Rapids, Michigan-based Spartan Stores, Inc., (Nasdaq: SPTN) is the nation's eleventh largest grocery distributor with 1.4 million square feet of warehouse, distribution, and office space located in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Company distributes more than 40,000 corporate and national brand products to approximately 375 independent grocer locations in Michigan, Indiana and Ohio, and to our 97 corporate owned stores located in Michigan, including D&W Fresh Markets, Family Fare Supermarkets, Glen's Markets and VG's Food and Pharmacy.
About Speedway LLC
Speedway LLC, headquartered in Enon, Ohio, is the fourth largest company-owned and operated gasoline and convenience store chain with approximately 1,375 stores located in seven states in the Midwest. Speedway is a wholly owned subsidiary of Marathon Petroleum Corporation (NYSE: MPC). For further information about Speedway, visit the Company's web site at http://www.speedway.com.
SOURCE Spartan Stores