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|Classification and external resources
|Classification and external resources
Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder caused by the brain's inability to regulate sleep-wake cycles normally. It often begins mildly and progresses over a period of time until it reaches full manifestation.[1] People with narcolepsy often experience disturbed nocturnal sleep and an abnormal daytime sleep pattern, which often is confused with insomnia. Narcoleptics, when falling asleep, generally experience the REM stage of sleep within 5 minutes, while most people do not experience REM sleep until an hour or so later.[2] REM sleep is where most dreams occur.
One of the many problems that some narcoleptics experience is cataplexy, a sudden muscular weakness brought on by strong emotions (though many people experience cataplexy without having an emotional trigger).[3] It often manifests as muscular weaknesses ranging from a barely perceptible slackening of the facial muscles to the dropping of the jaw or head, weakness at the knees (often referred to as "knee buckling[4]"), or a total collapse. Usually speech is slurred and vision is impaired (double vision, inability to focus), but hearing and awareness remain normal. In some rare cases, an individual's body becomes paralyzed and muscles become limp (loss of muscle tone). Cataplexy also has a severe emotional impact on narcoleptics, as it can cause extreme anxiety, fear, and avoidance of people or situations that might elicit an attack. Some narcolepsy affected persons also experience heightened senses of taste and smell.
Narcolepsy is a neurological sleep disorder. It is not caused by mental illness or psychological problems. It is most likely affected by a number of genetic mutations and abnormalities that affect specific biologic factors in the brain, combined with an environmental trigger during the brain's development, such as a virus.[5]
The term narcolepsy derives from the French word narcolepsie created by the French physician Jean-Baptiste-Édouard Gélineau by combining the Greek νάρκη (narkē, "numbness" or "stupor"),[6][7] and λῆψις (lepsis), "attack" or "seizure".[8]
The 2001 International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) divided primary hypersomnia syndromes primarily between narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia and the recurrent hypersomnias (like Klein-Levin syndrome), and it further divided narcolepsy into that with cataplexy and that without cataplexy.[9] This ICSD version defined narcolepsy as "a disorder of unknown etiology that is characterized by excessive sleepiness that typically is associated with cataplexy and other REM-sleep phenomena, such as sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations," and it also laid out specific diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy, with 2 different sets of minimal criteria, as shown below. [10]
Minimal diagnostic criteria set #1:
Minimal diagnostic criteria set #2:
In the absence of clear cataplexy (as per the second set of diagnostic criteria), it becomes much more difficult to make a firm diagnosis of narcolepsy. "Various terms, such as essential hypersomnia, primary hypersomnia, ambiguous narcolepsy, atypical narcolepsy, etc., have been used to classify these patients, who may be in the developing phase of narcolepsy." [10]
Since the 2001 ICSD, the classification of primary hypersomnias has been steadily evolving, as further research has shown more overlap between narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia.[11] The 3rd edition of the ICSD is currently being finalized, and its new classification will label narcolepsy caused by hypocretin deficiency as "type 1 narcolepsy," which is almost always associated with cataplexy. The other primary hypersomnias will remain subdivided based on the presence of SOREMPs. They will be labeled: "type 2 narcolepsy," with 2 or more SOREMPs on MSLT; and "idiopathic hypersomnia," with less than 2 SOREMPS.[12]
However, "there is no evidence that the pathophysiology or therapeutic response is substantially different for hypersomnia with or without SOREMPs on the MSLT."[12] Given this currently understood overlap of idiopathic hypersomnia and narcolepsy, the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) is also updating its classification of the primary hypersomnias. It reclassifies narcolepsy without cataplexy as major somnolence disorder (MSD). Additionally, MSD will encompass all syndromes of hypersomnolence not explained by low hypocretin, including idiopathic hypersomnia (with and without long sleep time) and long sleepers (patients requiring >10 hours sleep/day).[12] [13] [14]
Further complicating these updated classification schemes, overlap between narcolepsy with cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia has also been reported. A subgroup of narcoleptics with long sleep time, comprising 18% of narcoleptics in one study, had symptoms of both narcolepsy with cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia (long sleep time and unrefreshing naps). It is felt that this subgroup might have dysfunction in multiple arousal systems, including hypocretin and GABA (see idiopathic hypersomnia causes).[15]
The main characteristic of narcolepsy is Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS), even after adequate night time sleep. A person with narcolepsy is likely to become drowsy or fall asleep or just be very tired throughout the day, often at inappropriate times and places. Narcoleptics are not able to experience the amount of restorative deep sleep that healthy people experience- they are not "over-sleeping". In fact, narcoleptics live their entire lives in a constant state of extreme sleep deprivation. Daytime naps may occur with little warning and may be physically irresistible. These naps can occur several times a day. They are typically refreshing, but only for a few hours or less. Vivid dreams may be experienced on a constant or regular basis, even during very brief naps. Drowsiness may persist for prolonged periods of time or simply never cease. In addition, night-time sleep may be fragmented with frequent awakenings.
Anyone experiencing unusual tiredness during the day (especially if accompanied by a difficult or unusual sleep cycle) should consult a sleep specialist, as EDS often begins very mildly. A loss of energy that impacts daily life should be examined seriously. Many narcoleptics become so used to their lack of sleep that they do not realize how unusual their tiredness is.
The classic symptoms of the disorder, often referred to as the "tetrad of narcolepsy," are cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, and excessive daytime sleepiness.[16] Other symptoms include automatic behaviors.[17][18] These symptoms may not occur in all patients. Cataplexy is an episodic condition featuring loss of muscle function, ranging from slight weakness (such as limpness at the neck or knees, sagging facial muscles, or inability to speak clearly) to complete body collapse. Episodes may be triggered by sudden emotional reactions such as laughter, anger, surprise, or fear, and may last from a few seconds to several minutes. The person remains conscious throughout the episode. In some cases, cataplexy may resemble epileptic seizures.[19] Sleep paralysis is the temporary inability to talk or move when waking (or less often, when falling asleep). It may last a few seconds to minutes. This is often frightening but is not dangerous. Hypnagogic hallucinations are vivid, often frightening, dreamlike experiences that occur while dozing, falling asleep. Hypnopompic hallucinations refer to the same sensations while awakening from sleep.
Automatic behavior means that a person continues to function (talking, putting things away, etc.) during sleep episodes, but awakens with no memory of performing such activities. It is estimated that up to 40 percent of people with narcolepsy experience automatic behavior during sleep episodes. Sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations also occur in people who do not have narcolepsy, but more frequently in people who are suffering from extreme lack of sleep. Cataplexy is generally considered to be unique to narcolepsy and is analogous to sleep paralysis in that the usually protective paralysis mechanism occurring during sleep is inappropriately activated. The opposite of this situation (failure to activate this protective paralysis) occurs in rapid eye movement behavior disorder.
In most cases, the first symptom of narcolepsy to appear is excessive and overwhelming daytime sleepiness. The other symptoms may begin alone or in combination months or years after the onset of the daytime naps. There are wide variations in the development, severity, and order of appearance of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations in individuals. Only about 20 to 25 percent of people with narcolepsy experience all four symptoms. The excessive daytime sleepiness generally persists throughout life, but sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations may not. A rare subset of narcoleptics also experience heightened senses of taste and smell supertaster, phenomenon.[20]
Although these are the common symptoms of narcolepsy, many people with narcolepsy also suffer from insomnia for extended periods of time. The symptoms of narcolepsy, especially the excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, often become severe enough to cause serious problems in a person's social, personal, and professional life. Normally, when an individual is awake, brain waves show a regular rhythm. When a person first falls asleep, the brain waves become slower and less regular. This sleep state is called non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. After about an hour and a half of NREM sleep, the brain waves begin to show a more active pattern again. This sleep state, called REM sleep (rapid eye movement sleep), is when most remembered dreaming occurs. Associated with the EEG-observed waves during REM sleep, muscle atonia is present (called REM atonia).
In narcolepsy, the order and length of NREM and REM sleep periods are disturbed, with REM sleep occurring at sleep onset instead of after a period of NREM sleep. Thus, narcolepsy is a disorder in which REM sleep appears at an abnormal time. Also, some of the aspects of REM sleep that normally occur only during sleep—lack of muscular control, sleep paralysis, and vivid dreams—occur at other times in people with narcolepsy. For example, the lack of muscular control can occur during wakefulness in a cataplexy episode; it is said that there is intrusion of REM atonia during wakefulness. Sleep paralysis and vivid dreams can occur while falling asleep or waking up. Simply put, the brain does not pass through the normal stages of dozing and deep sleep but goes directly into (and out of) rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
This has several consequences. Night time sleep does not include as much deep sleep, so the brain tries to "catch up" during the day, hence EDS. People with narcolepsy may visibly fall asleep at unpredicted moments (such motions as head bobbing are common). People with narcolepsy fall quickly into what appears to be very deep sleep, and they wake up suddenly and can be disoriented when they do (dizziness is a common occurrence). They have very vivid dreams, which they often remember in great detail. People with narcolepsy may dream even when they only fall asleep for a few seconds.
Although the cause of narcolepsy was not determined for many years after its discovery, scientists had discovered conditions that seemed to be associated with an increase in an individual's risk of having the disorder. Specifically, there appeared to be a strong link between narcoleptic individuals and certain genetic conditions. One factor that seemed to predispose an individual to narcolepsy involved an area of Chromosome 6 known as the HLA complex.[21] There appeared to be a correlation between narcoleptic individuals and certain variations in HLA genes, although it was not required for the condition to occur. Certain variations in the HLA complex were thought to increase the risk of an auto-immune response to protein-producing neurons in the brain. The protein produced, called hypocretin or orexin, is responsible for controlling appetite and sleep patterns.[22] Individuals with narcolepsy often have reduced numbers of these protein-producing neurons in their brains.[22] In 2009 the autoimmune hypothesis was supported by research carried out at Stanford University School of Medicine.[23][24]
The neural control of normal sleep states and the relationship to narcolepsy are only partially understood. In humans, narcoleptic sleep is characterized by a tendency to go abruptly from a waking state to REM sleep with little or no intervening non-REM sleep. The changes in the motor and proprioceptive systems during REM sleep have been studied in both human and animal models. During normal REM sleep, spinal and brainstem alpha motor neuron depolarization produces almost complete atonia of skeletal muscles via an inhibitory descending reticulospinal pathway. Acetylcholine may be one of the neurotransmitters involved in this pathway. In narcolepsy, the reflex inhibition of the motor system seen in cataplexy has features normally seen only in normal REM sleep.[2]
In 2004 researchers in Australia induced narcolepsy-like symptoms in mice by injecting them with antibodies from narcoleptic humans. The research has been published in the Lancet providing strong evidence suggesting that some cases of narcolepsy might be caused by autoimmune disease.[25] Narcolepsy is strongly associated with HLA-DQB1*0602 genotype.[26] There is also an association with HLA-DR2 and HLA-DQ1. This may represent linkage disequilibrium. Despite the experimental evidence in human narcolepsy that there may be an inherited basis for at least some forms of narcolepsy, the mode of inheritance remains unknown. Some cases are associated with genetic diseases such as Niemann-Pick disease[27] or Prader-Willi syndrome.[28]
Currently a weak link between GlaxoSmithKline's flu vaccine Pandemrix and childhood narcolepsy is being investigated due to increased prevalence of narcolepsy in Irish, Finnish and Swedish children after vaccinations. Finland's National Institute of Health and Welfare is recommending that Pandemrix vaccinations be suspended pending further investigation into 15 reported cases of children developing narcolepsy.[29][30] In Finland in mid-November 2010, 37 cases of children's narcolepsy had been reported by doctors. This can be compared to the normal average of 3 cases of children's narcolepsy per year.[31] In Sweden, Läkemedelsverket (Medical Products Agency of Sweden) conducted a case inventory study during 2009‐2010. They found that "the incidence of narcolepsy with cataplexy in children/adolescents in the Swedish population increased during the pandemic and vaccination period, with a rapid decline in incidence during the post pandemic period." Their conclusion is that these results "provide strengthened evidence that vaccination with Pandemrix during the pandemic period could be associated with an increase in the risk for narcolepsy with cataplexy in predisposed children/adolescents 19 years and younger."[32]
More recently, studies done in China and published in Nature Reviews: Neurology have indicated that the influenza infection itself, and H1N1 in particular, can trigger narcolepsy onset.[33]
Diagnosis is relatively easy when all the symptoms of narcolepsy are present, but if the sleep attacks are isolated and cataplexy is mild or absent, diagnosis is more difficult. It is also possible for cataplexy to occur in isolation.[34] Three tests that are commonly used in diagnosing narcolepsy are the polysomnogram, the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), and administration of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. These tests are usually performed by a sleep specialist. The polysomnogram involves continuous recording of sleep brain waves and a number of nerve and muscle functions during nighttime sleep. When tested, people with narcolepsy fall asleep rapidly, enter REM sleep early, and may awaken often during the night. The polysomnogram also helps to detect other possible sleep disorders that could cause daytime sleepiness.
The Epworth Sleepiness Scale is a brief questionnaire that is administered to determine the likelihood of the presence of a sleep disorder, including narcolepsy. For the multiple sleep latency test, a person is given a chance to sleep every 2 hours during normal wake times. The patient is taken in usually for an overnight sleep study. The following day the patient will have multiple tests where they will be told to nap after a full nights sleep (usually eight hours). Observations are made of the time taken to reach various stages of sleep (sleep onset latency). This test measures the degree of daytime sleepiness and also detects how soon REM sleep begins. Again, people with narcolepsy fall asleep rapidly and enter REM sleep early. Occasionally, a multiple sleep latency test can result in a false-negative for a narcoleptic.[35]
Recent research has also revealed the possibility of measuring hypocretin levels in a patient's cerebrospinal fluid to diagnose narcolepsy,[36] with abnormally low levels serving as a strong indicator of the disorder. This test can be useful when MSLT results are inconclusive or difficult to interpret.[37] However, the test requires patients to undergo a spinal tap to actually extract the cerebrospinal fluid.
Patients with narcolepsy can be substantially helped, but not cured.[38] Treatment is tailored to the individual, based on symptoms and therapeutic response. The time required to achieve optimal control of symptoms is highly variable, and may take several months or longer. Medication adjustments are frequently necessary, and complete control of symptoms is seldom possible. While oral medications are the mainstay of formal narcolepsy treatment, lifestyle changes are also important.
The main treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy is central nervous system stimulants such as methylphenidate, amphetamine, methamphetamine, modafinil (Provigil), a new stimulant with a different pharmacologic mechanism, and/or armodafinil (Nuvigil). In Fall 2007 an alert for severe adverse skin reactions to modafinil was issued by the FDA.[39] Other medications used are codeine[40] and selegiline.[41] Another drug that is used is atomoxetine[42] (Strattera), a non-stimulant and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI), that has little or no abuse potential. In many cases, planned regular short naps can reduce the need for pharmacological treatment of the EDS but only improve symptoms for a short duration. A 120 minute nap provided benefit for 3 hours in patient alertness where as a 15 minute provided no benefit.[43]
Cataplexy and other REM-sleep symptoms are frequently treated with tricyclic antidepressants such as clomipramine, imipramine, or protriptyline, as well as other drugs that suppress REM sleep. Venlafaxine (branded as Effexor XR by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals), an antidepressant which blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, has shown usefulness in managing symptoms of cataplexy,[44] however, it has notable side-effects including sleep disruption.[citation needed]
Another treatment option for narcolepsy is Xyrem (sodium oxybate) oral solution. Xyrem is a prescription medication manufactured by Jazz Pharmaceuticals, and is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of cataplexy associated with narcolepsy[45] and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) associated with narcolepsy.[46] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) recently recognized Xyrem as a standard of care for the treatment of cataplexy, daytime sleepiness, and disrupted sleep due to narcolepsy in its Practice Parameters for the Treatment of Narcolepsy and other Hypersomnias of Central Origin.[47]
Using stimulants to mask daytime sleepiness does not address the actual cause of the problem. Stimulants may provide some assistance with daytime activity, but the underlying cause will remain and potentially worsen over time due to the stimulant itself becoming an obstruction to delta wave sleep periods. Lifestyle changes involving reduced stress, more exercise (especially for overweight persons experiencing EDS caused by sleep apnea and snoring) and less stimulant intake (such as coffee and nicotine) are likely to be ideal forms of assistive treatment. Some people with narcolepsy have a nocturnal body clock and are helped by selecting an occupation that properly coincides with their body's natural sleep cycle (such as sleeping in the day and working at night). This allows sufferers to avoid the need to force themselves into the more common 9 to 5 schedule that their body is unable to maintain, and avoids the need to take stimulants to remain active during the times when their bodies are inclined to rest.
In addition to drug therapy, an important part of treatment is scheduling short naps (10 to 15 minutes) two to three times per day to help control excessive daytime sleepiness and help the person stay as alert as possible.[citation needed] Daytime naps are not a replacement for nighttime sleep, especially if a person's body is natively inclined towards a nocturnal life cycle. Ongoing communication between the health care provider, patient, and the patient's family members is important for optimal management of narcolepsy.
Finally, a recent study reported that transplantation of hypocretin neurons into the pontine reticular formation in rats is feasible, indicating the development of alternative therapeutic strategies in addition to pharmacological interventions.[48]
Narcolepsy may represent an evolutionary atavism. According to Tsoukalas (2012) REM sleep is an evolutionary transformation of a well-known defensive mechanism, the tonic immobility reflex. This reflex, also known as animal hypnosis or death feigning, functions as the last line of defense against an attacking predator and consists of the total immobilization of the animal: the animal appears dead (cf. "playing possum"). The neurophysiology and phenomenology of this reaction shows striking similarities to REM sleep, a fact which betrays a deep evolutionary kinship. For example, both reactions exhibit brainstem control, paralysis, sympathetic activation, and thermoregulatory changes. This theory, which integrates many research findings into a unified and evolutionary well informed framework, also sheds light on the phenomenon of narcolepsy.[49]
In the United States, it is estimated that this condition afflicts as many as 200,000 Americans,[50] but fewer than 50,000 are diagnosed. It is as widespread as Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis and more prevalent than cystic fibrosis, but it is less well known. Narcolepsy is often mistaken for depression, epilepsy, or the side effects of medications. It can also be mistaken for poor sleeping habits, recreational drug use, or laziness. Narcolepsy can occur in both men and women at any age, although its symptoms are usually first noticed in teenagers or young adults. There is strong evidence that narcolepsy may run in families; around 10 percent of people diagnosed with narcolepsy with cataplexy have a close relative with this neurological disorder.[2]
Narcolepsy has its typical onset in adolescence and young adulthood. There is an average 15-year delay between onset and correct diagnosis which may contribute substantially to the disabling features of the disorder. Cognitive, educational, occupational, and psychosocial problems associated with the excessive daytime sleepiness of narcolepsy have been documented. For these to occur in the crucial teen years when education, development of self-image, and development of occupational choice are taking place is especially devastating. While cognitive impairment does occur, it may only be a reflection of the excessive daytime somnolence.[citation needed]
The prevalence of narcolepsy is about 1 per 2,000 persons.[50] It is a reason for patient visits to sleep disorder centers, and with its onset in adolescence, it is also a major cause of learning difficulty and absenteeism from school. Normal teenagers often already experience excessive daytime sleepiness because of a maturational increase in physiological sleep tendency accentuated by multiple educational and social pressures; this may be disabling with the addition of narcolepsy symptoms in susceptible teenagers. In clinical practice, the differentiation between narcolepsy and other conditions characterized by excessive somnolence may be difficult. Treatment options are currently limited. There is a paucity in the literature of controlled double-blind studies of possible effective drugs or other forms of therapy. Mechanisms of action of some of the few available therapeutic agents have been explored but detailed studies of mechanisms of action are needed before new classes of therapeutic agents can be developed. Narcolepsy is an underdiagnosed condition in the general population. This is partly because its severity varies, so it can be mistaken for other illnesses very easily. Some people with narcolepsy do not suffer from loss of muscle control.
The Little Sleep, a detective novel by Paul Tremblay, portrayed the main character, Mark G., as having narcolepsy. The character deals with daily, even hourly frustrations due to the general cognitive fog, not being able to trust his own memory and even not being able to drive. Mark shares the frustration felt by many with narcolepsy, that his disease is not taken seriously and that he is "the punch line in a joke".
In Classic Peanuts, Marcy convinces Peppermint Patty that she has narcolepsy. When she is tested, however, it turns out that she just stays up too late and hence is why she falls asleep in school.
In the Mysterious Benedict Society series by Trenton Lee Stewart, two characters, Mr. Benedict and Mr. Curtain, both suffer from narcolepsy.
My Own Private Idaho helped educate the public about narcolepsy through the character of Mike Waters, played by River Phoenix, who has cataplexic hallucinations.


text:
hi All,
how to create separate target in scratchbox and install Qt 4.7 there?
hi All,
how to create separate target in scratchbox and install Qt 4.7 there?
Creation of new target was discussed in this thread:
Installation of Qt 4.7 is trivial, and you did it already once.
Switching between targets is done with
or withCode:sb-conf select TARGET_NAME
hi Daniil,
When I'm trying to create a new target http://discussion.forum.nokia.com/fo...464-Upgrade-Qt
it will pass message as follows
[wishwa@localhost maemo]$ ./newTargetForSbox.py arm
sb-conf: No such devkit: cputransp
sb-conf: No such target: arm-F-25-4
sb-conf: No such target: arm-F-25-4
[wishwa@localhost maemo]$
after I tried to change the target
[sbox-FREMANTLE_ARMEL: ~] > sb-conf select arm-F-25-4
sb-conf: No such target: arm-F-25-4
[sbox-FREMANTLE_ARMEL: ~] > sb-conf select arm
sb-conf: No such target: arm
[sbox-FREMANTLE_ARMEL: ~] >
Last edited by wishwaa; 2010-06-24 at 11:31.
It's shell, not a python script. Do you have scratchbox-devkit-cputransp installed on your desktop?
P.S. I actually noticed that these days qemu devkit is used instead of cputransp. Try to replace occurrences of cputransp to qemu in the script.
Last edited by divanov; 2010-06-24 at 13:15.
no its not installed...
hi Daniil,
When im tried to install libqt4-experimental-dev its give the following Error, but /etc/apt/sources.list file contains
deb http://repository.maemo.org/ fremantle/XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX nokia-binaries
thing is its telling Couldn't find package libqt4-experimental-dev
[sbox-arm-F-25-4: ~] > fakeroot apt-get install libqt4-experimental-dev
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
E: Couldn't find package libqt4-experimental-dev
[sbox-arm-F-25-4: ~] >
also when I run ur script again in my new target it will show as follows.
./newTargetForSbox.sh arm
bash: ./newTargetForSbox.sh: Permission denied
[wishwa@localhost maemo]$ ./newTargetForSbox.sh arm
sb-conf: Target already exists: arm-F-25-4
--18:14:45-- http://repository.maemo.org/stable/5..._5.0_armel.tgz
=> `/tmp/sb-config-wishwa/maemo-sdk-rootstrap_5.0_armel.tgz'
Resolving repository.maemo.org... 22.214.171.124, 22.214.171.124
Connecting to repository.maemo.org[188.8.131.52]:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 38,283,578 [application/x-gzip]
100%[===================================================================================================>] 38,283,578 197.77K/s ETA 00:00
18:17:55 (196.77 KB/s) - `/tmp/sb-config-wishwa/maemo-sdk-rootstrap_5.0_armel.tgz' saved [38283578/38283578]
Unpacking rootstrap...
SBOX_DPKG_INST_ARCH not set.
SBOX_DPKG_INST_ARCH not set.
im stuck with this issue...
Last edited by divanov; 2010-06-24 at 14:37. Reason: removing private key
It's not wise to run script twice the same day without modifying target name.
libqt4-experimental-dev is located in extras-devel repository, which is not enabled by default.
i have add following entries to /etc/apt/sources.list
# Repository for Nokia Binaries, added by Maemo 5.0 SDK Installer
deb http://repository.maemo.org/ fremantle/XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX nokia-binaries
deb http://repository.maemo.org/extras-devel/ fremantle free non-free
but its not working
Last edited by divanov; 2010-06-24 at 14:37. Reason: removing private key
As I said libqt4-experimental-dev is in extras-devel repository
yes those are there in /etc/apt/sources.list
hi Daniil,
I'm using ScratchBox on Fedora...
hi Danill,
thing is i had compile my application on qt 4.6.2 i need to recompile it in qt 4.7.0
pls help me to resolve this out.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Man charged with death of mother-of-three (From Evesham Journal)
Get involved! Send your photos, video, news & views by texting EJ NEWS to 80360 or e-mail us
Driver accused of killing Evesham motorcyclist Diana Burgess
Updated 6:14pm Thursday 7th February 2013 in News By Sarah Taylor
A MAN has been charged with causing the death of an Evesham motorcyclist who was killed in a collision on the A46 in October last year.
Diana Burgess, aged 40, of Pershore Road, Evesham, died on Tuesday, October 16, when her motorbike was involved in a collision with a car on the A46 between the Worcestershire villages of Beckford and Ashton.
The mother of three was declared dead at the scene by a doctor from the Air Ambulance.
The driver of the car, a man in his 40s from Bristol, was arrested following the collision and was charged on Tuesday with causing death by dangerous driving.
He is due to appear at Worcester Magistrates' Court on Tuesday, February 19, and has been released on bail until then.
Comments are closed on this article.


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text:
April is rapidly becoming the month of uncomfortable questions. The grotesque media feeding frenzy of angst that ensued over Don Imus says some mighty disquieting things about a society that for even one minute has to debate whether or not what he said was way past any reasonable standard of what is right and whether or not the right to free speech necessitates corporate sponsorship of such misogynist and racist diatribes.
And now the Virginia Tech killings will no doubt open another long-winded debate about the right to own guns. Before anyone even opens their mouths on this one, it might be instructive to actually revisit the wording of the Second Amendment to the Constitution, which specifically states that, "A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed." It would seem an obvious point that organizing militias and bearing arms for the purpose of carrying out individual vendettas are hardly equivalent.
As a publication from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) (http://www.csgv.org/document.cfm?documentID=203) documents,
"The Second Amendment does not grant an individual the right to unrestricted gun ownership. No gun control law brought before the Supreme Court or other federal court ever has been overturned on Second Amendment grounds, including several local statutes outlawing handguns. The Supreme Court decided in the 1939 case, U.S.v.Miller, 307 U.S.174,that possession of a firearm is not protected by the Second Amendment unless it has "some reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia." The Supreme Court has stated that today's militia is the National Guard. Lower federal courts consistently follow the Miller decision .In U.S.v.Toner, 728 F.2d 115, 128 (2d Cir.1984), the court states that gun possession is "clearly not a fundamental right." In U.S.v.Swinton, u521 F.2d 1255,1259,cert.denied, 424 U.S.918 (1976), the court states there is "no absolute constitutional right to possess a firearm.""
Yet in the immediate aftermath of the shootings, Presidential candidate John McCain (http://www.mywesttexas.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=18219792&BRD=2288&PAG=461&dept_id=475626&rfi=6), while expressing sympathy for the families of the victims proclaimed, "I do believe in the constitutional right that everyone has, in the Second Amendment to the Constitution, to carry a weapon." Not one of the major candidates have offered an opinion about whether we need to revisit the issue of gun ownership in this country.
These contenders for the leadership of this country might do well to visit the NCHS website where they would find some staggering statistics that bring the issue sharply into indisputable focus:
–In the year 2000 alone, there were more than 10,000 homicides involving firearms in this country. (In sharp contrast, the AP reports (http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070417/ap_on_re_eu/virgina_tech_world_view) that in Britain where handguns are illegal, there were only 46 homicides last year.)
–Americans own some 65 million handguns, that is more than one for every adult in this country.
–3365 people under the age of 19, in other words, children, were killed by gunfire in the year 2000. The number of children under 15 who are killed by guns every year is 12 times higher than the other 25 industrial nations combined.
–The annual economic cost of gun violence in this country is approximately $100 billion dollars.
As Jane Smiley (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jane-smiley/what-i-think-about-guns_b_46037.html) has elegantly and succinctly pointed out,
"(G)uns have no other purpose than killing someone or something. All the other murder weapons Americans use, from automobiles to blunt objects, exist for another purpose and sometimes are used to kill. But guns are manufactured and bought to kill."
All this comes in the midst of an illegal, immoral and horribly damaging war where state sponsored torture and killing is committed with impunity, a war that we as Americans have not had the integrity or moral will to stop.
As in the Imus case, there should never even have to be a debate that these things are wrong. But unless truly pushed to the wall, we dole out moral get-out-of-jail-free cards and instead confine our conscience litmus test to idiotically impassioned spew about flag-burning, gay marriage, abstinence and the like. Clearly, this country is way overdue for a reality check of our moral compass.
Lucinda Marshall is a feminist artist, writer and activist. She is the Founder of the Feminist Peace Network, www.feministpeacenetwork.org. Her work has been published in numerous publications in the U.S. and abroad including, Counterpunch, Alternet, Dissident Voice, Off Our Backs, The Progressive, Countercurrents, Z Magazine , Common Dreams, In These Times and Information Clearinghouse. She also blogs at WIMN Online and writes a monthly column for the Louisville Eccentric Observer.


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|Monday, February 27, 2012 11:25 AM
The couple will exchange vows on May 26 at Immaculate Conception Catholic Church in Ottoville.
The bride is a 2007 graduate of Ottoville High School and a 2010 graduate of the University of Toledo College of Nursing. She is employed as a Registered Nurse at the University of Toledo Medical Center.
Her fiance is a 2005 graduate of Ottawa Glandorf High School and is enlisted in the United States Air Force as a crew chief at 180th Fighter Wing in Swanton.


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Dream Gran Castillo Resort 5*
Senior Suite
Decorated with a whole raft of luxury details to create an elegant environment in which to relax and enjoy your holiday. Our Senior Suites feature a bedroom, dressing room and fully equipped bathroom that includes a separate jet massage shower and Jacuzzi. There is also a large terrace where you can enjoy the long sunny days and views over the Ocean and the surrounding area. All rooms come with WiFi, safe deposit box, minibar, satellite TV and complementary toiletries.


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An Easy and Impressive Subtle Bow Hairstyle
10 Hip Baby Looks for Under $50
Going Natural With Realistic Expectations
Shakira Makes a Thrilling Baby Announcement!
12 Tips to Keep Your Beach Wedding Easy
Tiny V-8 Nitro Engine Looks and Sounds Amazing
How to Choose the Perfect Wedding Venue
You've Never Seen A Dog So Teensy and Tiny
Why You Should NOT Buy Kick-Ass 2
Fit and Fun: Banana Coconut Chia Pudding
Kid Approved Easy Lasagna Cupcakes
Is NeNe Leakes Leaving RHWOA?
Jennifer Lawrence Spotted On Date With Gwyneth Paltrow's Ex-Husband!
How to Make Your Own Card Holder!
The Best Way to Camp
Nobody Bombs Quite Like This Bartender
How to Update Your Kitchen On a Budget
Make a Statement This Fall: Black and White Outfits
Great Rejection Lines to Use on Annoying Guys
Standalone Expansion and Prequel to inFAMOUS is here
Drake Rebounds from Rihanna with New Girlfriend
Taye Diggs Brings Reality of Single Fatherhood to Television
10 Curly Life Hacks That Make Life Easier
Free To Play Under Scrutiny
Yandy Addresses Rumors That Mendeecees 'Snitched' To Get Out Of Jail
Cute, Short Hairstyles for Round Faces
Top 10 Curly Hair Myths
A Bright New Twist on Summer Cocktails
Why Did DJ Mustard Hang Up On Jay Z?
Hulk Hogan: I Broke Up My Daughter's Engagement


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LANCASTER -- The Red Cross has set up several shelters in the metroplex. One shelter is in Dallas, the other is in Lancaster. A shelter is also open in Arlington.
About 150 tornado survivors showed up to get out of harm's way and they got a mental break from the reality check they will face once the sun rises.
Many of survivors will be able to return to their devastated neighborhoods Wednesday morning to comb through the debris and figure out what is next.
Anita Foster with the American Red Cross said the agency will provide families with clean up supplies, including work gloves and trash bags.
Red Cross volunteers will fan across the metroplex to start assessing damage, to figure out how to best help people who may have lost everything. They will also help with diapers or formula for their children.
The shelters will reportedly stay open until no longer needed.
Mental health experts will be available to help people deal with the emotional piece of recovery. The level of assistance will depend on damage.
To help storm victims via text message. Text the words "REDCROSS" to 90999 to make a $10 donation towards disaster relief. Donors will see the $10 charge on their monthly statement. For those who want to give more, go to www.redcross.org.
Shelter Location
Lancaster Recreation Center
1700 S. Veteras Memorial Parkway
Lancaster, TX 75134


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Outdoor Ice Skating
Skating on Park
District property listed below is allowed only when a
GREEN flag is flying at the rink or pond.
If there is no flag, no skating
is permitted. Please note that there are no restroom or warming
facilities at the lakes and ponds.
During the winter, the
Parks department regularly tests the depth of ice. Testing is not done on
weekends, holidays, or during times of storm clean up. Snow removal from
paths and parking lots is the District's first
priority during storm clean up.
Before you head out to
skate, please heed these SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
Ice skating locations:
Evergreen Lake
at Deerpath Park, adjacent to the softball field
Willow Lake
at Deerpath Park, north of the Cherokee Road entrance
Grosse Pointe Pond,
at Grosse Pointe Boulevard and Hunter Court in Grosse Pointe Park
Century Park North, on the basketball court near the sled hill in Century Park. This ice rink will be lighted until 9:00 pm daily.
Skating IS NOT permitted on
Big Bear or Little Bear Lakes.
Current News and Highlights
Weather Hotline
for skating conditions 847.996.6616
Please note that the Park District does not clear the snow from the lakes or ponds.
The Pavilion at Century Park North will be open on weekends from 1pm-9pm when either the ice rink or sled hill is open. It will be staffed and offer ice skate rentals and concessions.


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East Beach Villas on the Beach by Shipwatch! in St Simon's Island
- bedrooms 3
- baths 2
- sleeps 7
- pool no
- hot tub no
- pets allowed no
- type Townhome
- community East Beach
rates (USD)
/ night
$ 875 - $ 1,230 / week
$ 1,595 - $ 2,995 / month
vacation rental description
East Beach Villas Unit 212, is located on the beach right by Shipwatch condominiums. Walk a few yards down our private beach trail, and your toes will be in the sand. Our unique East Beach Villa provides a large townhouse with lots of rustic beach charm and plenty of room for your family to spread out and relax. Sleeps 7 with 2 1/2 bedrooms, (one small bedroom with bunk beds), and a queen fold out couch in the den. King bed in Master, and Queen bed in guest bedroom. Two full bathrooms, shower and tub in guest bathroom, walk in shower with two shower heads in the master bedroom, and one private outdoor shower with hot and cold water, perfect for coming in from the beach and showering off! Two decks: One on the front and one in back of unit. Back deck has been enlarged for entertaining, and has a crowsnest to climb up to a third story deck for a glimpse of the ocean or for some private sunbathing! Get away from it all. Tired of small condos? Sick of being cramped? Frustrated with trying to find a parking space on busy summer weekends? This is your place, with a spacious den and dining area, and two numbered parking spaces right out your front door. Absolutely the best way to experience St. Simons Island. Must be over 25 years old to rent.
vacation rental location
property availability
- dates with deals
- unavailable dates
Last modified on 08-25-2014 at 6:20 PM.
email owner view full calendar
Bob Kicklighter 912 682 4415
townhome rental amenities
• On the best beach area of St. Simons.
• Townhouse upstairs/downstairs unit
• Sleeps 7 with 2 1/2 bedrooms (small bedroom with bunk beds) and fold out couch in the den. King bed in Master, and Queen bed in guest bedroom.
• Bedding, towels, linens provided.
• 2 Bathrooms. One outside shower with hot water.
• Partial Ocean View from outside deck and a crowsnest to climb even higher!
• Recently Renovated Unit.
• New 40" LCD TV. DVD / VCR / CD Stereo.
• Cable TV / 4 televisions.
• Fully furnished, fully appointed kitchen.
• Full size new Washer/dryer.
activities and attractions in St Simon's Island Georgia
- Golf
- Tennis
- Shopping
- Sightseeing
- Restaurants
- Kayaking
- Sailing
- Boating
- Waterskiing
- Parasailing
- Jet Skiing
- Shelling
- Swimming
- Snorkeling/Diving
- Surfing
- Windsurfing
- Biking
- Wildlife Viewing
- Hiking
- Fishing
- Basketball Court
- Antiquing
- Cinemas/Movie Theaters
- Live Theatre
- Museums
- Miniature golf
- Shuffleboard
vacation rental rates
Mar 1, 2012 -May 26, 2012
Week $1050.00
Individual Nights $175.00 (3 minimum, cleanup fee applies)
Monthly $1950.00
May 27, 2012 - Aug 6, 2012
Week $1,230.00
Individual nights $195.00 (3 minimum, cleanup fee applies)
Monthly: Inquire
Mid-Summer Aug 7, 2012 - Sep 5, 2012
Week $1,074.00
Individual nights $189.00 (3 minimum, cleanup fee applies)
Monthly (after September 19th) $1525.00
Winter Rates as low as $179.00 per night.
Weekly rates as low as $875.00
Winter Monthly Snowbird Specials!
We are a Non Smoking Pet free Unit
Cleanup Fee is $65.00 for less than a six night stay.
Bob Kicklighter 912 682 4415
accepted payment methods
Prior to paying a reservation deposit, always verify payment instructions by calling the phone number displayed on this listing page. By contacting the owner directly and paying by an approved method - credit card, paypal, check or bank transfer - your reservation payment will be protected up to $1,000.Learn more in our Security Center
Top things to do in St Simon's Island
- Swim
- Golf
- Relax
- Tan
- Puttputt
Bob Kicklighter , owner


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This Tim Lincecum situation is interesting. And it's interesting because it's interesting even though it really shouldn't be interesting. Tim Lincecum is going to pitch for the Giants in 2012. He's going to pitch for the Giants in 2013. This has long been set in stone, barring an injury. All we're dealing with is a matter of salary. Salary is kind of dry. But it's Tim Lincecum, and people love talking and reading about Tim Lincecum, so, here we are. Tim Lincecum's arbitration situation is interesting.
As you've probably heard, Tuesday, Lincecum requested $21.5 million in arbitration, while the Giants offered $17 million. Both represent records for players with less than six years of service time. Over at FanGraphs, our own and their own Wendy Thurm examines how Lincecum might fare were this to advance all the way to a hearing:
The arbitrators must choose a number. There's no compromise. If it gets that far, my bet is on the Giants' $17 million offer. It's more in line with Lincecum's service-time peers who have outperformed him over the last two seasons. Yes, he won the Cy Young in 2008 and 2009, but he has not kept pace with Halladay, Lee and Sabathia, and shouldn't be compensated at their level.
That's the conclusion. Click the link to read everything before the conclusion. Odds are this won't get as far as a hearing in the first place, but if it does, well, Wendy's got you (it?) covered.


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Indigenous knowledge at the Planet Under Pressure 2012 international science conference
Indigenous knowledge and sustainable futures: community-based evaluations of climate change vulnerability, adaptation and innovations
A panel at Planet Under Pressure 2012
Wednesday 28 March 2012 - Challenges to progress, 14:00, Room 11
Convenors: Douglas Nakashima, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); John Scott, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (SCBD)
Chair: Hans Thulstrup, UNESCO
When addressing global environmental change, the knowledge and priorities of indigenous peoples and local communities are seldom considered in decision-making. Yet indigenous peoples and local communities are acute observers of local environmental shifts and trends, and they have developed strategies to cope and to adapt. Local and indigenous knowledge thus offers numerous insights into environmental change and complements broader-scale scientific research with local precision and nuance. Recognizing that climate change adaptation must be rooted in local priorities, UNESCO and the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity co-convene a panel on "Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Futures" at the international science conference Planet Under Pressure, 26-29 March 2012 in London. Within the framework of their joint project Climate Frontlines, the panel brings together indigenous experts and researchers to discuss the contributions of community-based knowledge in assessing environmental change, adapting livelihoods and shaping national goals and global priorities, with case studies from the Sahel, the South Pacific, North America and the Himalayas. The moderated discussion session will seek to advance global sustainability by building synergies among knowledge systems so as to enhance equity and effectiveness of environmental governance.
Panel Case Studies
Linking African pastoralist and scientific knowledge: Mbororo in Chad by Ms. Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim, Association des Femmes Peules Autochtones du Tchad
Local knowledge and environmental fluctuations in the Western Pacific: new approaches to sustainability and climate adaptation in Vanuatu by Dr. Carlos Mondragón, El Colegio de México
The observations of Navajo elders and the refining of our understanding of conventional scientific records by Dr. M.H. Redsteer, US Geological Survey; Dr. K.B. Kelley, Navajo Nation & H. Francis, Navajo Nation
Supporting and Mainstreaming Transhumance-agropastoralism in Policy and Development: an Option for Climate Change Adaptation by Mr. Lila Nath Sharma, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
For more information on the presenters, please click here.
For more information on Planet Under Pressure, please go to: http://www.planetunderpressure2012.net. For the conference notification on this session, please go to http://www.planetunderpressure2012.net/pup_session.asp?19173.


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bugaboo parasol
provides shade where needed
The parasol is designed to be easily attached to your Bugaboo stroller and keep your child protected on sunny days. The three pivot points make sure there's shade no matter where the sun is in the sky.
- three pivot points for an easy reposition to offer optimal protection
- the silver lining provides a UPF of 50+
- compatible with all Bugaboo strollers
features & specs
- three pivot points attachment
- delivered with 2 connectors
Available in off-white, sand, dark khaki, yellow, orange, red, pink, soft pink, ice blue, royal blue, petrol blue, navy blue, dark grey, black.


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« will.i.am Drinks and Tweets with 'Alan Carr: Chatty Man'
New Music: Robin Thicke – 'Top of the World' »
New Music: Chris Brown – 'One More Time'
It's 1:30 a.m. and Chris Brown is feeling freaky. The R&B lothario breaks his girl off with his Rolex on and some 2 Chainz playing in the background. "Girl, you know you the shit tonight/ You gon' get this d**k tonight," sings Breezy on the sex-drenched record, produced by Drumma Boy.
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Women's Infiniti Track Jacket
$80.00 $52.00
Style #220345
Product Actions
Additional Information
Sporty feminine style meets top-of-the-line performance in a track jacket with a touch of attitude. Cozy stretch is comfortable on a run, while the windproof, waterproof "LSD Lite" panels on the front will keep you warm and dry. The new Spring 2012 colors feature a pretty wildflower print that's eye-catching and coordinates with lots of other Spring pieces.
• Fit: Semi-fitted
• Soft, wicking tricot track jacket fabric with translucent windproof, waterproof lightweight ripstop LSD fabric panels
• Two stash handwarmer pockets
• Totally windproof for blustery days
• Hidden invisible zip pocket for ID & keys
• Waterproof media pocket
- Climate: 40 to 65 F
- Fit: Semi-Fitted


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Police in St. Joseph County have found a suspect in a murder from nearly 25 years ago. In September of 1988 Mark Murphy was shot and killed in the street outside the former Iceberg Lounge at Prairie and Indiana Avenue in South Bend.
Police were unable to find a suspect at the time, but thanks to several witness providing new information, they believe they have found one now.
Larry Guiden (also known as Larry Washington) has been charged with Murder. The charges were issued April 25, but sealed until Guiden was taken into custody. Guiden was arrested Friday and is currently being held in the St. Joseph County Jail.
WSJV-TV FOX 2858096 County Road 7, SouthElkhart, IN 46517
Switchboard: 574.679.9758News Phone: 574.679.4545Station Fax: 574.294.1267Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
8th Annual King of the Kill 5K Challenge
Davie, FL
Save with
Running [1K, 5K, 8K, 10K, 15K, 1 Mile, 5 Mile, Half marathon, Marathon, Ultra]
Price goes up in about 11 hours!
Find fun things to do and upcoming local events in Miami, FL. Search and register for classes, running & cycling races, leagues, tournaments, camps, and more in Miami, Florida.


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The Life And Music Of Robert Schumann
Robert Schumann was a German composer and critic born in Zwickau on June 8, 1810. A quirky, problematic genius, he wrote some of the greatest music of the Romantic era, and also some of the weakest. Severely affected by what was most likely bipolar disorder, he achieved almost superhuman productivity during his manic periods. His life ended early and miserably with a descent into insanity brought on by syphilis. He did his best work when younger, in small forms: piano pieces and songs.
Early Years Of Study
Schumann's bookseller father was also a novelist and translator of Walter Scott and Byron; highly nervous, he married a violently passionate woman, and Schumann was brought up in an environment both literary and unstable. He began piano lessons at seven, and studied Latin and Greek in school in Zwickau, developing a keen interest in literature and in writing as he entered his teens. He continued to develop as a pianist and wrote novels. When he was 16 his father died and in the same month his sister committed suicide. His father had stipulated that for Robert to receive his inheritance he had to take a three-year course of study at the university level, and the next year Schumann enrolled as a law student at the University of Leipzig. He spent his time reading Jean Paul Richter and soon became a piano student of (and border with) Friedrich Wieck, whose daughter Clara, then nine, he would eventually marry. He developed a consuming interest in the music of Schubert, which opened a window on his own creative yearnings.
In 1830, Schumann opted out of law and resumed his studies with Wieck. Despite incessant practice, he never became the virtuoso pianist he hoped to be, owing to a "numbness" in the middle finger of his right hand. The problem may have resulted from his use, over Wieck's objection, of a splint contraption to strengthen the hand, or from mercury poisoning related to the treatment of syphilis, which he probably contracted in his teens. Fortunately, he would not need to be a virtuoso — because he married one.
Music — And Trouble — In The 1830s
The 1830s were turbulent for Schumann. He fought with Wieck over his training and his relationship with Clara, which Wieck opposed. Under stress, he drank and smoked heavily and suffered his first bouts of depression. Gradually, Schumann let go of the dream of keyboard virtuosity and became active as a critic, for which he was, during his lifetime, as well known as he was for his music. Simultaneously, he developed into quite a capable composer.
In 1834 he founded the Neue Zeitschrift f�r Musik, turning it into a platform for his philosophizing on the music of the past and present and for notices and analyses of new works. Among his own important works of the decade were the majority of the pieces that established his reputation as a composer for the piano: Carnaval, the Davidsb�ndler T�nze, the Symphonic Etudes, the Fantasy in C, Kinderszenen (Scenes from Childhood), Kreisleriana, and others. During this time, he befriended Chopin and Mendelssohn.
Marriage, Music, And Mania
By 1840, Clara Wieck, 20, was a distinguished pianist and had been in the public eye for more than a decade. Schumann's marriage to her — which took place a year after he prevailed in a lawsuit against her father — resulted in an enormous creative outpouring. First came the "year of song." Anticipating marriage in a decidedly lyrical state of mind, Schumann focused his pent-up emotion on vocal music, composing nearly 140 songs in 1840, most of them in the anxious months before August, when the marriage permission suit he and Clara had filed against her father was decided in their favor. The following year, in a mood of celebration, he turned to the orchestra. His works included two symphonies — No. 1 in B-flat and No. 4 in D minor — as well as Overture, Scherzo and Finale, and a Fantasie in A minor for piano and orchestra. In 1842 Schumann focused on chamber music, composing three string quartets, the often heard Piano Quintet in E-flat, and the wonderful Piano Quartet in E-flat.
Such feverish concentration on a single genre at a time can be seen as typical manic behavior. The other side of the coin — phobias and terrifying slides into depression — turned up as the 1840s wore on, leaving the composer incapacitated. At the end of 1844 Schumann and Clara moved to Dresden, at one of the lowest of his low points. During his next few years, he completed the Piano Concerto in A minor, his Symphony No. 2 in C, his one opera, Genoveva, and an extraordinary dramatic poem based on Byron's Manfred.
D�sseldorf And Downhill
In 1850, Schumann accepted a position as municipal music director in D�sseldorf. One of the first works he composed after his arrival was the Symphony No. 3 in E-flat, the Rhenish, inspired by the majestic Cologne Cathedral. During the three seasons he held the job, Schumann experienced difficulties with city administrators and ultimately, owing to his increasingly erratic behavior on the podium, lost the respect of the orchestra and chorus. He was fired in the fall of 1853. A bright spot during that sad season was the time the Schumanns spent with the renowned violinist Joseph Joaquim and the 20-year-old Johannes Brahms, whose budding genius Schumann immediately recognized.
During the winter of 1854, Schumann's insanity manifested itself dramatically: He heard "angelic" voices that quickly morphed into a bestial noise of "tigers and hyenas." On a February morning he walked to a bridge over the Rhine and threw himself in; he was rescued by fishermen. Insisting that for Clara's protection he be institutionalized, he was placed in a sanatorium. His doctors prevented Clara from seeing him for more than two years, until days before his death.
The Music Of Poetic Personalities
Schumann's literary sensitivity and introspective nature led him to imbue nearly everything he wrote with personality — in the case of his best songs and piano pieces, often the multiple sides of his own personality. Nearly all of his piano music is referential, attempting to embody emotions aroused by literature or to characterize actors' interactions in some ongoing novel or lyric poem of the mind. One of Schumann's favorite conceits was the "Davidsbund" ("Tribe of David"), peopled by imaginary characters who, like the biblical David, were willing to stand up to the artistic Philistines of the day. The members of this society included Meister Raro, probably an idealization of his teacher and father-in-law, as well as Schumann's two major personae: the impetuous extrovert Florestan and the pale, studious, introverted Eusebius. The Davidsb�ndler T�nze (Dances of the Tribe of David) specifically chronicles an emotional and musical journey with these two alter egos at the wheel — but so do most of Schumann's works, especially those for piano.
Schumann's lyrical, intense musicality produced some of the most beautiful and moving lieder in the repertoire. His Dichterliebe (Poet's Love), a setting of 16 poems by Heinrich Heine, is his best-known song cycle and a supreme achievement in German lied. Other cycles include Frauenliebe und Leben (Women's Love and Life) and two sets titled Liederkreis (one to poems of Heine, one to poems of Joseph von Eichendorf). There is a substantial amount of chamber music; the best pieces are the Piano Quintet (the first piece ever written for that complement), the Piano Quartet, and the Three Romances for oboe and piano.
As a symphonic composer Schumann sports a long rap sheet: awkwardness in larger forms, muddy scoring, excessive doublings that always sound a little out of tune. But he was capable of achieving splendid orchestral effects, and his Third and Fourth Symphonies also reveal original and innovative approaches to form. In an effort to reinforce a feeling of unity in the Fourth Symphony, he specified that its four movements be played without a break, with the aim that the entire work would form a large, cyclical structure. The underlying unity of the piece asserts itself in the treatment of the key and in the thematic linking of the last movement to the first, and of parts of the third movement to the second. The material is so closely knit that musicologists have come to regard it as a landmark in the history of the genre. Of the concerted works, the Piano Concerto is Schumann at his best. The Cello Concerto is a solid piece but the Violin Concerto, a late work of troubled delicacy, requires very sympathetic treatment to be effective. None of Schumann's efforts for the stage has found a place in the repertoire.
There is little doubt that Schumann will remain a canonic figure, though if quality of work is the only gauge, his importance has long been overrated. His abilities, at times, fell short of his ambitions, but he brought enthusiasm and a rare poetic genius to everything he attempted. As a critic he was remarkably astute in some judgments, wildly off the mark in others, and in all cases generous. He never became a great pianist, was a failure as a conductor, and at times was not even a very good composer. But his entire being was music, informed by dream and fantasy. He was music's quintessential Romantic, always ardent, always striving for the ideal.
(Ted Libbey is the author of "The NPR Listener's Encyclopedia of Classical Music")
The Life And Music Of Samuel Barber
Barber, Samuel (b. West Chester, Penn., March 9, 1910; d. New York, Jan. 23, 1981)
American composer Samuel Barber was a nephew of the celebrated contralto Louise Homer and a protege of the composer Sidney Homer, who caught on to young Samuel's gifts when, at the age of 9, he began work on his first opera. In 1924, Barber enrolled in the newly opened Curtis Institute in Philadelphia, where he studied piano with Isabelle Vengerova, composition with Rosario Scalero and conducting with Fritz Reiner. It was at Curtis that he met another young composer, Gian-Carlo Menotti, who was to become his lifelong companion and professional collaborator. Early works from Barber's student days still hold a place in the repertoire, including Dover Beach — a setting of a Matthew Arnold poem for voice and string quartet; Barber, who had become quite a capable baritone, sang the world premiere — and his graduation exercise, the Overture to The School for Scandal. These works established him as "the one to watch" in his generation of American composers, a status confirmed by his receipt of the Prix de Rome and a Pulitzer traveling grant in 1935, when he was 25.
His music caught the ear of Arturo Toscanini, who led the premieres of two works: the Essay for Orchestra (later retitled First Essay for Orchestra) and the Adagio for Strings, one of the best-known works of the 20th century. The essay form — Barber's own creation, something of a musical "argument" in which one "thought" or melody is the seed from which an entire single movement springs — would be something the composer would return to at subsequent points in his life, composing a Second Essay in 1942 and a Third Essay in 1978. His beautifully lyric Violin Concerto (1940) is one of the finest string concertos of the 20th century, with a razzle-dazzle finale and a richly expressive opening movement. He also wrote a piano concerto (which won him a Pulitzer Prize) and a cello concerto. For Vladimir Horowitz, he composed the Piano Sonata in E-flat minor (1949), making it as challenging as possible. Barber's other works for the piano include the Nocturne (Homage to John Field) of 1959 and the beautiful Excursions, Op. 20 (1942-44).
Barber's most exquisite achievements were in the realm of vocal music, particularly the songs of Op. 10 and 13 and his 1947 setting of James Agee's Knoxville: Summer of 1915 for soprano and orchestra, commissioned by soprano Eleanor Steber. He also wrote a song cycle called Hermit Songs (1953), in which he set old anonymous Irish texts taken from the walls of monasteries.
In recognition of his preeminent place in American music, the Metropolitan Opera commissioned Barber to compose an opera, Antony and Cleopatra (based on Shakespeare), for the opening of its new home at Lincoln Center in 1966. While not a success in its original production, the opera, which featured Leontyne Price in the role of Cleopatra, manifested yet again Barber's unique mastery of line and color, and his extraordinarily imaginative way of setting a text.
(Ted Libbey is the author of "The NPR Listener's Encyclopedia of Classical Music")
Barber SpeaksOn a 1949 CBS radio program, Samuel Barber talks about the Italian premiere of his first symphony, and writing his second symphony while serving in the army. Hear Barber's Music
The Life And Music Of Frederic Chopin
Chopin, Frederic Francois (b. Zelazowa Wola, March 1, 1810; d. Paris, October 17, 1849)
Frederic Chopin was a Polish-born pianist and composer of matchless genius in the realm of keyboard music. As a pianist, his talents were beyond emulation and had an impact on other musicians entirely out of proportion to the number of concerts he gave — only 30 public performances in 30 years of concertizing. No one before or since has contributed as many significant works to the piano's repertoire, or come closer to capturing its soul.
Early Years
Chopin's mother was Polish, his father a Frenchman who had come to Poland as a young man and held jobs as a bookkeeper and tutor before marrying and settling in Warsaw. Young Frederic studied piano with Wojciech Zywny and harmony and counterpoint with Jozef Elsner, gave his first concert when he was 8, and rather quickly outdistanced his teachers. His name became known outside of Poland when his Variations, Op. 2, for piano and orchestra on Mozart's "La ci darem la mano" — written when he was 17 — were published in 1830, prompting Robert Schumann's famous accolade in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung: "Hats off, gentlemen! A genius!" In the spring and autumn of 1830, Chopin treated the Warsaw audience to a pair of newly composed, marvelously poetic piano concertos. Seeking to expand his horizons, he left Poland for Vienna in November 1830, and after eight months there, headed for Paris. He would never again return to his native country, but Poland's loss would be Paris' gain.
Off To Paris
By the 1830s, Paris had become the undisputed center of European culture — a hotbed of new thinking in the arts and letters and the focal point of Romanticism in music. After a sensational debut at the Salle Pleyel on Feb. 26, 1832, with Franz Liszt, Felix Mendelssohn and Luigi Cherubini among those in the audience, Chopin, three days shy of his 22nd birthday, took his place as one of the celebrities of the French capital. He found himself in such demand as a teacher that he was able to make a comfortable living, and he hobnobbed with the great artists of the day, forming particularly close friendships with Eugene Delacroix, who would paint a splendid portrait of him in 1838, and Liszt. Chopin's works from his first years in Paris include the Nocturnes of Opp. 9 and 15 (1830-32), the 12 Etudes, Op. 25 (1835-37), dedicated to Liszt's mistress, the Comtesse Marie d'Agoult, the Scherzo in B-flat minor, Op. 31 (1837), the Sonata in B-flat minor, Op. 35 (1837), and the G minor Ballade, Op. 23. In 1836, Chopin became engaged to Maria Wodzinski, but the engagement was broken off by her family the following year.
Reaching New Heights
Chopin's art reached a new plateau in the late 1830s as a result of his involvement with the writer Aurore Dudevant, six years his senior, who in 1832 had taken to calling herself George Sand. Some of his greatest works emerged as a result of the emotional contentment he felt in the early days of their nine-year liaison. They spent the winter of 1838-39 together on Majorca, living in adjacent rooms in an abandoned Carthusian monastery. Chopin endured his first major bout of tuberculosis, but though seriously ill managed to complete the 24 Preludes, Op. 28 (1838-39). During the 1840s, in spite of emotional ups and downs and recurrent illness, he produced a remarkable body of compositions that included the Ballades in A-flat, Op. 47, and F minor, Op. 52, the Mazurkas of Opp. 50, 56, 59, 63 and 67, the A-flat major Polonaise, Op. 53, the Nocturnes of Opp. 48, 55 and 62, and the Sonata in B minor, Op. 58 (1844). The best of these works — the B minor Sonata, the Op. 55 Nocturnes and the Op. 56 Mazurkas — are characterized by remarkable refinement and complexity, along with a newly rich sense of ambivalence. The opening movement of the sonata finds Chopin at the summit of inspiration, weaving turbulence and romantic yearning into a beautifully seamless expression.
The situation with George Sand began to deteriorate in 1843, and in 1847 the break came. By then, Chopin was gravely ill; seeking escape, he left Paris in April 1848 for an extended sojourn in England and Scotland, from which he returned, exhausted, in November. He composed virtually nothing in the final year of his life.
The Composer And His Piano
Chopin was the first composer of genius to devote himself uniquely to the piano — every one of his works was written for it either as solo instrument or in combination with other instruments. The majority of his solo pieces are in shorter forms, and improvisatory by nature. These include 20 nocturnes, 25 preludes, 17 waltzes, 15 polonaises, 58 mazurkas and 27 etudes. In these works, especially the nocturnes, preludes and mazurkas, the emotions are fleeting, and precious because of that. Chopin also achieved success in larger forms, including the scherzo, a form he reinvented; the ballade, a genre he invented; and the sonata. The four Ballades and the Sonatas in B-flat minor and B minor are among his greatest creations, combining passionate drama and lyrical tenderness in a memorable way.
In his remarkably advanced treatment of harmony and rhythm, Chopin banished the ordinary from his music and opened the door to an emotional ambiguity that continues to intrigue listeners — one whose communication requires subtleties of execution that generations of pianists have labored devotedly to achieve. The luminous textures and haunting melodies he used to express his thoughts added to the piano's sound and range of color shadings that no one before him had imagined were there, but that all who have followed recognize as his. The same is true of the harmonic question marks one finds throughout his music — the equivalent of a look of gentle longing. He created a slimmer oeuvre than his important contemporaries, but every piece he produced was a pearl.
(Ted Libbey is the author of "The NPR Listener's Encyclopedia of Classical Music")
Barber SpeaksOn a 1949 CBS radio program, Samuel Barber talks about the Italian premiere of his first symphony, and writing his second symphony while serving in the army. Hear Barber's Music
More About ChopinChopin At 200 Rubinstein, The Chopin Poet Full Chopin Archive
Steve Reich's 'Maximum' Minimalism
I guess it's still impossible not to think of minimalism when you think of Steve Reich, but his music has been increasingly "maximal" since the 1970s.
More and more, he's brought in elements of harmonic structure, lavish scoring and long-range symphonic-like structure that one doesn't associate with minimalism at all. It really represents a kind of departure from minimalism, but always with an undercurrent of what's so invigorating about it, which is that strong sense of a rhythmic pulse.
Reich is a circular musician who has gone back and picked up elements from earlier in musical history. He's adopted these elements from all around the globe — from Indonesia to Africa — and he draws on all sorts of things when he writes music. That's very much the case with what I consider the landmark piece in his career, Music for 18 Musicians, completed in 1976.
Reich Breakthrough
Even though Reich dislikes the term "minimalism," Music for 18 Musicians was a breakthrough work in the history of minimalism and a watershed moment in Reich's career. The piece, scored for an ensemble of two clarinets, four pianos, three marimbas, two xylophones, vibraphone, violin, cello and four female voices, is a progression of 11 "chords" in which each chord is explored individually, with textures developing and morphing according to minimalist techniques (i.e, constantly changing, but almost imperceptibly). With its lush texture, which has been described as "tropical,"and its expansion of a static harmonic situation into something dynamic, Music for 18 Musicians brings elements of "maximalism" to minimalism.
Barber SpeaksOn a 1949 CBS radio program, Samuel Barber talks about the Italian premiere of his first symphony, and writing his second symphony while serving in the army. Hear Barber's Music
More About ChopinChopin At 200 Rubinstein, The Chopin Poet Full Chopin Archive
John Dowland's Art Of Melancholy
John Dowland (1563-1626) was an important instrumental composer at a time when the most serious music was vocal, and he was a popular composer at a time when there was no dichotomy between popular and classical music. Much of Dowland's music is sad and melancholy, but that's not to say that he was a self-pitying person. In his time, melancholy was the sign of a superior individual, of someone who was mature and capable of deep feeling. Dowland was a fine artist capable of giving voice to what was considered an appropriate emotion.
Dowland's works are divided about evenly between songs and solo compositions for lute. As a songwriter and performer on a "gentleman's instrument," Dowland was, in effect, a pop musician. But the expressive content of his music is serious, and in most of his songs, darker sentiments dominate. His early songs were strophic, patterned on dance types, and influenced by the madrigal styles of Marenzio and others. In his later works, of which fewer are strophic, he gradually moved away from madrigalistic word-painting toward a freer and subtler style, closely attuned to the rhythms of speech and marked by a keen, often biting expressiveness. There is real character in Dowland's music, a sense of someone communicating with you, and it goes right through those 400 years that separate us from Dowland and his time. He was a contemporary of Shakespeare and, as with Shakespeare, his music speaks to us.
Dowland That Rocks
Paul O'Dette stands well above anyone else who has played Dowland's music on the lute. He is, technically, in a league of his own. He gets the notes to speak and achieves different tones with the nails or flesh on the fingertips. He has a sense of rhythm that I find extraordinary, perhaps going back to his early days as a rock musician. O'Dette is an ideal interpreter for Dowland, because, in one person, he joins the streams of popular and classical music. In both the composer and the performer, there's an understanding that these two streams are really one.


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Editor's Note, by bwoodsxyz: This is the first installment in what I expect to be an occasional series on NBA team construction. This column takes a look back at the Big 3 concept that was used in...
Last week, we featured some of Brendan Haywood's very impressive defensive numbers, and also mentioned some of those posted by Andray Blatche. But what about the team's very young big-man...
Editor's Note: This is bwoodsxyz's latest. We had to delay it due to Arenas mania, and he had computer issues so he asked me to post it. -Mike It has taken years, but Brendan Haywood has started...
Editor's Note: Welcome back, bwoodsxyz! When following a 7-15 team, there is always the risk that what seem like legitimate reasons for hope--that the season can and will be salvaged and that all...
NBA stats have some definite, huge holes, particularly on the defensive end. It has always been that way. But does it have to be? I say no.
A look at how NBA teams might used advanced stats based on BF's interviews with Ernie Grunfeld and Flip Saunders.
Rethinking fantasy basketball some more.
Here is the Part II to last week's post looking at the relationship between Gilbert Arenas's shooting volume and percentages. First, some general thoughts. Second, some responses to questions...
Why Andray Blatche needs to stop shooting so many jumpers.
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Hello, he's Johnny Cash. Well, he's the next best thing, in any case. Shawn Baker provides the full Cash experience when he stars in "Man in Black: A Tribute to Johnny Cash" at 8 p.m. Friday at the Mohegan Sun Wolf Den.
Barker, who looks and sounds like Cash, plays the younger version of Johnny in the concert but performs songs from throughout the star's long-running and storied career.
The Wolf Den is the spot for another "sounds like ..." show on Saturday. A band will recreate Pink Floyd's "Dark Side of the Moon" as part of the "Classic Albums Live" series.
"Man in Black:
A Tribute to Johnny Cash," 8 p.m. Friday, Mohegan Sun Wolf Den; free; mohegansun.com.
"Classic Albums Live: Pink Floyd's 'Dark Side of the Moon,'" 8 p.m. Saturday, Mohegan Sun Wolf Den; free; mohegansun.com.
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A business just about 2 blocks away put their flag up side down. And this business is own by someone else, The flag was taken down by the time I got off work and could be because the really owner may of made them remove it. They did not put the flag back the way it was to be put up so it is not up at all
Flag upside down (Townsend's tire
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says ... on Saturday, Oct 17 at 8:53 PM
if you are going to report news, make sure you can spell and use correct grammar... you are a disgrace to the people of decatur


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The St. Louis Rams have allowed at least 30 points in each of the last three weeks and lost three straight by a combined 55 points, yet are still 12.5-point favorites against the Jacksonville Jaguars, according to OddsShark.
While the Rams have certainly been bad as of late, the Jaguars have undoubtedly been worse. A 10-point loss to the Oakland Raiders in Week 2 was the closest they've come to victory and the team lost by a combined 88 points in the other three matchups.
With the fewest points scored and the third most points allowed, the Jaguars haven't come close to winning a game or even cover a spread.
Still, the Rams have been pretty bad themselves, ranking in the bottom 10 in both offense and defense. With the return of Justin Blackmon to the lineup for the Jaguars after a four-game suspension, it will only take a halfway mediocre performance from the Jaguars offense to cover such a large spread.
For more betting analysis of this matchup, visit OddsShark.
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With the 12th anniversary of September 11th, 2001 next week, many Americans will pause to reflect on the terrorist attacks on our country.
A Bay County man lost his brother, when the twin towers collapsed in New York City.
Don Arias is a native New Yorker who retired as an Air Force Officer from Tyndall Air Force Base, he has worked to keep his brother Adam's memory alive and fight for justice for all the victims.
Arias says he has not been back to New York to see the new memorial in honor of the September 11th victims, but is glad to know it is there.
A scholarship in his brother Adam's name was started a few years ago at FSU-PC


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Police issued an alert Sunday to residents of the Grand Boulevard neighborhood, warning them of a recent string of burglaries.
The suspect enters a residence during the day and burglarizes it, according to the alert issued by Area Central detectives.
The burglaries have occurred in the 500 block of East 42nd Street, the 500 block of East Bowen Avenue, and the 500 block of East Oakwood Boulevard, the alert said.
Police advise residents to keep the perimeter of properties well-lighted, repair broken windows and locks, and to report suspicious activity immediately.
Anyone with information regarding the burglaries should contact detectives at (312) 747-8384.
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Police are investigating the murder of a homeless man who was beaten to death in an alley in Logan Square.
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