text:
Magdalene asylum
Magdalene asylums, also known as Magdalene institutions and Magdalene laundries, were institutions from the 18th to the late 20th centuries ostensibly to house "fallen women", a term used to imply female sexual promiscuity or work in prostitution. Asylums operated throughout Europe and North America for much of the nineteenth and well into the twentieth century.
The first Magdalen institution, Magdalen Hospital for the Reception of Penitent Prostitutes, was founded in late 1758 in London and was active to 1966. The institutions were named after Mary Magdalene, in earlier centuries characterised as a converted prostitute in the Bible.
The first asylum in Ireland opened on Leeson Street in Dublin in 1765, founded by Lady Arabella Denny. The original idea of the rescue movement was to provide alternative work for prostitutes who could not find regular employment because of their background. In Belfast the Church of Ireland-run Ulster Magdalene Asylum was founded in 1839, while parallel institutions were run by Catholics and Presbyterians. The last such institution in Ireland closed in 1996.[1][2]
While the number of young women who lived in Magdalen Laundries is unclear, an Irish government report found that approximately 10,000 women are known to have entered a Magdalen Laundry from 1922 until the closure of the last Laundry in 1996.[3]
- 1 Inception
- 2 Irish laundries
- 3 Australia
- 4 United States
- 5 Media representations
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
- 9 External links
The first Magdalen institution was founded in late 1758 in Whitechapel, England.[4] It was so successful, it led to "the establishment of a similar institution in Ireland" by 1767.[4] Magdalen asylums were not unique to the United Kingdom, however. In the United States, for example, the first such institution, the Magdalen Society of Philadelphia, was founded in 1800; many other North American cities, including New York, Boston, Chicago, and Toronto, quickly followed Philadelphia's example and opened their own Magdalen facilities for "fallen" women.[5][6] In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Magdalen asylums were common all around the world.[5] By 1900, there were more than 300 institutions for "fallen" women in England, and more than 20 north of the border in Scotland.[4][7]
Irish laundries[edit]
|It has been suggested that this section be split into a new article titled Magdalene laundries in Ireland. (Discuss) Proposed since August 2014.
The Dublin Magdalen Asylum in Lower Leeson Street was the first such institution in Ireland. Founded in 1765 by Lady Arabella Denny,[8] Ireland's Magdalen asylums, or laundries, survived the longest. The last Magdalen asylum didn't close until 1996. Ireland's Magdalen laundries were quietly supported by the state, and operated by religious communities for more than two hundred years.
There isn't anything exclusively "Irish" or "Catholic" about these institutions, but Smith asserts that the "Irish variety took on a distinct character".[9] The stigma attached to illegitimacy and promiscuity was so severe that the woman was often thrown out of her home, driven from her community, disowned by her family. And for many, the laundries were the only things that stood between them and the street.[6] Though they were not criminals, they were systematically sent to the Magdalen laundries. Penitents were required to work, primarily in laundries, since the facilities were self-supporting and not funded by the state or religious denominations. Parrot and Cummings wrote that "The cost of violence, oppression and brutalization of women is enormous" and in their struggle to survive, these Magdalens suffered not only physically, but spiritually and emotionally.[10]
As the Magdalene movement became increasingly distant from the original idea of the rescue movement—finding alternative work for prostitutes who could not find regular employment because of their background—the asylums became increasingly prison-like. Supervising sisters were instructed to encourage the women into penance, rather than merely berating them and blocking their escape attempts.[citation needed]
The Congregation of the Sisters of Misericorde is described by the Catholic Encyclopedia: "In receiving patients no discrimination is made in regard to religion, colour, or nationality. After their convalescence, those who desire to remain in the home are placed under a special sister and are known as 'Daughters of St. Margaret'. They follow a certain rule of life but contract no religious obligations. Should they desire to remain in the convent, after a period of probation, they are allowed to become Magdalens and eventually make the vows of the Magdalen institute. The congregation celebrated its fiftieth anniversary 16 January 1898."[11]
In Belfast the Church of Ireland-run Ulster Magdalene Asylum was founded in 1839 on Donegall Pass, while parallel institutions were run by Catholics on Ormeau Road and by Presbyterians on Whitehall Parade.[12]
When the last laundries finally closed, most of the resident women had nowhere to go. Many of them now reside in group homes and convents around the country.[6]
Fallen women[edit]
In the late 18th century, the term "fallen women" primarily referred to prostitutes, but by the end of the 19th century, Magdalen laundries were filled with many different kinds of women, including girls who were "not prostitutes at all", but either "seduced women" or women who had yet to engage in sexual activity.[13][not in citation given] According to Francis Finnegan, author of Do Penance or Perish: A Study of Magdalen Asylums in Ireland, "Missionaries were required to approach prostitutes and distribute religious tracts, designed to be read in 'sober' moments and divert women from their vicious lives".[14] Furthermore, "the consignment even of genuine prostitutes" to these laundries "seldom reduced their numbers on the streets, any more than did an individuals prostitute's death", because, according to Finnegan, "so long as poverty continued, and the demand for public women remained, such losses were easily replaced".[14] Raftery wrote that the institutions were failing to achieve their supposed objective; "the institutions had little impact on prostitution over the period", and yet they were continuing to multiply, expand and, most importantly, profit from the free labor. Since they were not paid, Raftery asserted, "it seems clear that these girls were used as a ready source of free labour for these laundry businesses".[15] Additionally, the state of Ireland and its government was heavily intertwined with religion. Finnegan wrote:
The issue of continued demand for prostitutes was barely confronted, so absorbed were moralists with the disgraceful and more visible evidence of supply. And while acknowledging that poverty, overcrowded slum housing and lack of employment opportunities fuelled the activity…they shirked the wider issues, insisting on individual moral (rather than social) reform.[16]
Finnegan wrote that based on historical records,[which?] the religious institutes had motivations other than simply wanting to curtail prostitution; these multiple motivations led to the multiplication of these facilities.[17] According to Finnegan, as the motivations started to range from a need to maintain social and moral order within the bounds of patriarchal structure, to a desire to continue profiting from a free workforce, Magdalen laundries became a part of a large structure of suppression.[17] With the multiplication of these institutions and the subsequent and "dramatic rise" in the number of beds available within them, Finnegan wrote that the need to staff the laundries "became increasingly urgent".[17] This urgency, Finnegan claims, resulted in a new definition of "fallen" women, one that was much less precise and was expanding to include any women who appeared to challenge traditional notions of Irish morality. He further asserted that this new definition resulted in even more suffering, "especially among those increasing numbers who were not prostitutes but unmarried mothers – forced to give up their babies as well as their lives".[18][19] And as this concept of "fallen" expanded, so did the facilities, in both physical size and role in society.
Several religious institutes established even more Irish laundries, reformatories and industrial schools, sometimes all together on the same plot of land, with the aim to "save the souls primarily of women and children".[20] These "large complexes" became a "massive interlocking system…carefully and painstakingly built up…over a number of decades"; and consequently, Magdalen laundries became part of Ireland's "larger system for the control of children and women" (Raftery 18). Women and "bastard" children were both "incarcerated for transgressing the narrow moral code of the time" and the same religious congregations managed the orphanages, reformatory schools and laundries.[20][21] Thus, these facilities "all helped sustain each other – girls from the reformatory and industrial schools often ended up working their entire lives in the Magdalen laundries".[20] Almost all the institutions were run by female religious congregations," i.e. sisters, and were scattered throughout the country "in prominent locations in towns and cities".[21] In this way, according to Raftery, they were powerful and pervasive, able to effectively control the lives of women and children from "all classes".[22] This second incarnation of Magdalen laundries vastly differed from the first incarnation, due to their "longevity" and "their diverse community of female inmates, including hopeless cases, mental defectives…[and] transfers from industrial and reformatory schools".[23] These particular institutions intentionally shared "overriding characteristics, including a regime of prayer, silence, work in a laundry, and a preference for permanent inmates", which, as Smith notes, "contradicts the religious congregations' stated mission to protect, reform, and rehabilitate".[23] As this expansion was taking place and these laundries were becoming a part of a large network of institutions, the treatment of the girls was becoming increasingly violent and abusive. According to Finnegan and Smith, the asylums became "particularly cruel", "more secretive" in nature and "emphatically more punitive".[18][19] Though these women had committed no crime and had never been put on trial, their indefinite incarceration was enforced by locked doors, iron gates and prison guards in the form of apathetic sisters.[citation needed] By 1920, according to Smith, Magdalen laundries had almost entirely abandoned claims of rehabilitation and instead, were "seamlessly incorporated into the state's architecture of containment".[19]
According to historian Frances Finnegan, in the beginning of these asylums' existence, because many of the women had a background as prostitutes, the women (who were called "children") were regarded as "in need of penitence", and until the 1970s were required to address all staff members as "mother" regardless of age. To enforce order and maintain a monastic atmosphere, the inmates were required to observe strict silence for much of the day.
As the phenomenon became more widespread, it extended beyond prostitution to petty criminals, orphans, mentally disabled women and abused girls. A 2013 report made by an inter-departmental committee chaired by Senator Martin McAleese found no evidence of unmarried women giving birth in the asylum.[24] Even young girls who were considered too promiscuous and flirtatious, or too beautiful, were sent to an asylum by their families.[citation needed] This paralleled the practice in state-run lunatic asylums in Britain and Ireland in the same period, where many people with alleged "social dysfunction" were committed to asylums.[citation needed] Without a family member on the outside who could vouch for them, many incarcerated individuals stayed in the asylums for the rest of their lives, many taking religious vows.[citation needed]
Given Ireland's historically conservative sexual values, Magdalen asylums were a generally accepted social institution until well into the second half of the twentieth century.[citation needed] They disappeared with changes in sexual mores[citation needed]—or, as Finnegan suggests, as they ceased to be profitable: "Possibly the advent of the washing machine has been as instrumental in closing these laundries as have changing attitudes."[25]
Numbers of inmates[edit]
An estimated 30,000 women were confined in these institutions in the 19th and 20th centuries,[26] about 10,000 of whom were admitted since Ireland's independence in 1922.[27] Smith asserts that "we do not know how many women resided in the Magdalen institutions" after 1900.[19] Vital information about the women's circumstances, the number of women, and the consequences of their incarceration is unknown. "We have no official history for the Magdalen asylum in twentieth-century Ireland", Smith wrote.[28] Due to the religious institutes' "policy of secrecy", their penitent registers and convent annals remain closed to this day, despite repeated requests for information.[29][30] As a direct result of these missing records and the religious institutes' commitment to secrecy, Magdalen laundries can only exist "at the level of story rather than history".[28] Though Ireland's last Magdalen asylum imprisoned women until 1996, there are no records to account for "almost a full century" of women who now "constitute the nation's disappeared", who were "excluded, silenced, or punished", and who Smith says "did not matter or matter enough" to a society that "sought to negate and render invisible their challenges" to conceived notions of moral order.[19]
Discovery of a mass grave[edit]
In 1993 an institute of sisters, the Sisters of Our Lady of Charity, in Dublin, sold part of their convent to a property developer.[31] This led to the discovery of a mass grave on the site,[32] where the corpses of 133 "penitents" were uncovered.[33] The Sisters arranged to have the remains cremated and reburied in another mass grave at Glasnevin Cemetery, splitting the cost of the reburial with the developer who had bought the land.[34] However, it transpired that there were 22 more bodies buried than the sisters had applied for permission to exhume.[34] In all, 155 corpses were exhumed and cremated.[32][34]
Though not initially reported, this eventually triggered a public scandal and became national news, bringing unprecedented attention to the intensely secretive institutions. In 1999, Mary Norris, Josephine McCarthy and Mary-Jo McDonagh, all asylum inmates, gave accounts of their treatment. The 1997 Channel 4 documentary Sex in a Cold Climate interviewed former inmates of Magdalene Asylums who testified to continued sexual,[citation needed] psychological and physical abuse while being isolated from the outside world for an indefinite amount of time. Allegations about the conditions in the convents and the treatment of the inmates were made into an award-winning 2002 film The Magdalene Sisters, written and directed by Peter Mullan.[35]
In June 2011, Mary Raftery wrote in the The Irish Times that in the early 1940s, some Irish state institutions, such as the army, switched from commercial laundries to "institutional laundries" (Magdalene laundries).[36] At the time, there was concern in the Dáil that workers in commercial laundries were losing jobs because of the switch to institutional laundries.[36] Oscar Traynor, Minister for Defence, said the contracts with the Magdalene laundries "contain a fair wages clause", though the women in those laundries did not receive wages.[36]
The Irish Times revealed that a ledger listed Áras an Uachtaráin, Guinness, Clerys, the Gaiety Theatre, Dr Steevens' Hospital, the Bank of Ireland, the Department of Defence, the Departments of Agriculture and Fisheries, CIÉ, Portmarnock Golf Club, Clontarf Golf Club and several leading hotels amongst those who used a Magdalene laundry.[37] This was unearthed by Steven O' Riordan, a young Irish film-maker who directed and produced a documentary, The Forgotten Maggies.[38] It is the only Irish-made documentary on the subject and was launched at The Galway Film Fleadh 2009.[38] It was screened on the Irish television station TG4 in 2011, attracting over 360,000 viewers. The documentary's website notes that a group called Magdalene Survivors Together was set up after the release of the documentary, because so many Magdalene women came forward after its airing. The women who appeared in the documentary were the first Magdalene women to meet with Irish government officials. They brought national and international attention to the subject.[citation needed]
Inquiry into child abuse[edit]
In May 2009, the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse released a 2,000-page report recording claims from hundreds of Irish residents that they were physically, sexually, or emotionally abused as children between the 1930s and the 1990s in a network of state-administered and church-run residential schools meant to care for the poor, the vulnerable and the unwanted.[39] The alleged abuse was by sisters, priests and non-clerical staff and helpers.[40] The allegations of abuse cover many Catholic (Magdalene), Protestant (Bethany) and State-run Irish Industrial schools.
The commission stated:
There were two types of inquiry, one drawing on contested evidence (Investigation Committee) and the other on uncontested evidence (Confidential Committee), which reported to the commission. The commission received evidence from more than 1,500 witnesses who attended or were residents as children in schools and care facilities in the state, particularly industrial and reformatory schools.[41]
Since 2001, the Irish government has acknowledged that women in the Magdalene laundries were victims of abuse. However, the Irish government has resisted calls for investigation and proposals for compensation; it maintains the laundries were privately run and abuses at the laundries are outside the government's remit.[31] In contrast to these claims, evidence exists that Irish courts routinely sent women convicted of petty crimes to the laundries, the government awarded lucrative contracts to the laundries without any insistence on protection and fair treatment of their workers, and Irish state employees helped keep laundry facilities stocked with workers by bringing women to work there and returning escaped workers.[31]
Notwithstanding the investigations instigated by the government in the Republic of Ireland, similar investigations have yet to be instigated in Northern Ireland and worldwide.
2013 publication of inquiry report[edit]
Having lobbied the government of Ireland for two years to investigate the history of the Magdalene laundries, advocacy group Justice for Magdalenes presented its case to the United Nations Committee Against Torture,[31] alleging that the conditions within the Magdalene laundries and the exploitation of their labourers amounted to human-rights violations.[31] On 6 June 2011, the panel urged Ireland to "investigate allegations that for decades women and girls sent to work in Catholic laundries were tortured."[42][43] In response the Irish government set up a committee chaired by Senator Martin McAleese, to establish the facts of the Irish state's involvement with the Magdalene laundries.[44]
Following the 18-month inquiry, the committee published[45][46][47] its report on 5 February 2013, finding "significant" state collusion in the admission of thousands of women into the institutions.[48][49][50][51] The report found over 11,000 women had entered laundries since 1922.[24] Significant levels of verbal abuse to women inside was reported but there were no suggestions of regular physical or sexual abuse.[24] Elderly survivors said they would go on hunger strike over the failure of successive Irish governments to set up a financial redress scheme for the thousands of women enslaved there.[52] Taoiseach Enda Kenny, while professing sorrow at the abuses revealed, did not issue an immediate apology, prompting criticism from other members of Dáil Éireann. Kenny promised "there would be a full Dáil debate on the report in two weeks' time when people had an opportunity to read the report". Survivors were critical that an apology had not been immediately forthcoming.[53]
Official state apology and compensation package[edit]
On 19 February 2013, Kenny officially issued a full state apology to the women of the Magdalene Laundries.[54] He described the laundries as "the nation's shame" and said, "Therefore, I, as Taoiseach, on behalf of the State, the government and our citizens deeply regret and apologise unreservedly to all those women for the hurt that was done to them, and for any stigma they suffered, as a result of the time they spent in a Magdalene Laundry."[55][56]
The Taoiseach also outlined part of the compensation package to be offered to victims of the Magdalene Laundries. He stated: "That's why the Government has today asked the President of the Law Reform Commission Judge John Quirke to undertake a three month review and to make recommendations as to the criteria that should be applied in assessing the help that the government can provide in the areas of payments and other supports, including medical card, psychological and counselling services and other welfare needs."[57]
Catholic perspective[edit]
In February 2013, a few days after the publication of the McAleese Report, two sisters gave an interview for RTÉ Radio 1 under conditions of complete anonymity for themselves and their institute. They described the Irish media coverage of the abuse at the laundries (which they claimed not to have participated in), as a "one-sided anti-Catholic forum". They displayed no remorse for the institutes' past: "Apologize for what? Apologize for providing a service? We provided a free service for the country". They complained that "All the shame of the era is being dumped on the religious orders . . . the sins of society are being placed on us". On hearing the interview, a survivors' group later announced to the press that they were "shocked, horrified and enormously upset" by the sisters' portrayal of events.[58]
In a detailed commentary by the president of the Catholic League, a U.S. advocacy group, published in July 2013, it is claimed that "No one was imprisoned, nor forced against her will to stay. There was no slave labor ... It's all a lie." The inmates are described as "prostitutes, and women seen as likely candidates for the 'world's oldest profession'. Unmarried women, especially those who gave birth out-of-wedlock, were likely candidates. Contrary to what has been reported, the laundries were not imposed on these women: they were a realistic response to a growing social problem [prostitution]."[59]
Historically, there has been a culture of secrecy surrounding the institutions. In 1955, while the abuse of inmates was still occurring, the acclaimed English writer Halliday Sutherland was touring Ireland to collect material for his book Irish Journey. When he applied for permission to visit the Galway asylum, the local bishop reluctantly granted him access only on condition that he allow his account to be censored by the Mother Superior.[60][61][62]
To date, the religious congregations that ran the establishments have refused requests to release their records.[29][30] To the shock and outrage of survivors, all four religious institutes, the Sisters of Mercy, Sisters of Our Lady of Charity, the Good Shepherd Sisters, and the Sisters of Charity, have also refused repeated requests from the Irish government and survivors' campaigners to contribute to the compensation fund for victims, an estimated 600 of whom were still alive in March 2014.[63][64]
There are no precise figures for the number of girls who worked in the eight Magdalene laundries, run by the Good Shepherd Sisters, in twentieth-century Australia because Good Shepherd has not released their records. As a result of the 2004 Senate report "Forgotten Australians"[65] it is known that the Good Shepherd laundries in Australia acted as prisons for the girls who were forced to labor in workhouses laundering linen for local hospitals or commercial premises. The report also described the conditions as characterized by inedible food, unhygienic living conditions and little or no education. In 2008, Senator Andrew Murray likened the Convent of the Good Shepherd 'The Pines', Adelaide to a prisoner-of-war camp.[66]
United States[edit]
Asylum records show that in the early history of the Magdalene movement, many women entered and left the institutions of their own accord, sometimes repeatedly. Lu Ann De Cunzo wrote in her book, Reform, Respite, Ritual: An Archaeology of Institutions; The Magdalene Society of Philadelphia, 1800-1850,[67] that the women in Philadelphia's asylum "sought a refuge and a respite from disease, the prison or almshouse, unhappy family situations, abusive men and dire economic circumstances."
In its early years, the Magdalen Society Asylum functioned as a refuge for prostitutes. Most of these stayed only a few days or a few weeks, just long enough to get reclothed and recuperated. Attempts at rehabilitation met with little success. In 1877, the asylum was changed into a home for wayward girls, with a rule requiring a stay for twelve months. As the Magdalen Society Asylum became more selective, relaxed its emphasis on personal guilt and salvation, and standardized in some respects the treatment of the inmates, its rate of failure diminished.[68]
The Female Penitent's Refuge Society of Boston was incorporated in 1823.[69]
Manhattan's Magdalen Society was established in 1830 with the purpose of rescuing women from lives of prostitution and vice— sometimes kidnapping them from brothels. In 1907 a new home in the Inwood section of the Bronx. This was the second time the Society found it necessary to move to a larger facility. Many of the young women who passed through the doors of the Inwood institution had worked the taverns, brothels and alleyways of lower Manhattan before being "rescued" by the Society. Girls were generally committed for a period of three years. Through the years several girls were killed or injured climbing out of windows in failed escape attempts. In 1917 the Magdalen Benevolent Society changed its name to Inwood House. In the early 1920s bichloride of mercury was commonly used to treat new arrivals for venereal disease, resulting in a number of cases of mercury poisoning. The property was later sold and the agency relocated. Inwood House continues to operate, with its main focus on teen pregnancy. The administrative office is in Manhattan.[70]
Media representations[edit]
The Magdalene Sisters[edit]
The Magdalene Sisters, a 2002 film by Peter Mullan, is a work of fiction, based on historical facts. James Smith wrote that "Mullan offsets the long historical silence" that allowed the laundries and the violations of the religious institutes to "maintain their secrecy and invisibility".[71] The Magdalene Sisters' narrative is centered on four young women incarcerated in a Dublin Magdalen Laundry from 1964 to 1968. The film is loosely based on and "largely inspired" by the 1998 documentary Sex in a Cold Climate, which documents four survivors' accounts of their experiences in Ireland's Magdalen institutions.[72] One survivor who saw Mullan's film claimed that the reality of Magdalen asylums was "a thousand times worse".[73][74] The film is a product of a collective, including the four survivors (Martha Cooney, Christina Mulcahy, Phyllis Valentine, Brigid Young) who told their story in Sex in a Cold Climate, the historical consultant and researchers of the documentary who contributed historical information (Miriam Akhtar, Beverely Hopwood and Frances Finnegan), the directors of both movies (Steve Humphries and Peter Mullan, respectively), the screenwriter of The Magdalene Sisters who created a narrative (Peter Mullan again) and the actors in the film.
Other film and stage[edit]
- Sex in a Cold Climate - a 1998 documentary directed by Steve Humphries (historical consultant: Frances Finnegan) presenting interviews of four women interred in various Magdalene asylums and orphanages because of out-of-wedlock pregnancies, being sexually assaulted, or just being "too pretty".
- Les Blanchisseuses de Magdalene - a France 3/Sunset Presse documentary 1998.[citation needed] (historical consultant: Frances Finnegan)
- The Magdalen Whitewash, a play about the laundries, was written by Valerie Goodwin and performed by the Coolmine Drama group at the Draíocht Arts Centre in Dublin, in 2002.[75]
- Eclipsed, a play about the Magdalene Laundries, was written[citation needed] by Patricia Burke-Brogan in the 1980s. Burke-Brogan had worked in the laundries in the 1960s. Eclipsed was first performed in 1992.
- The Quane's Laundry, a play about the Magdalene laundries, set in Dublin in 1900 was written by Imelda Murphy 2007.[citation needed]
- Sinners (2002), TV movie. Director Aisling Walsh, Writer Lizzie Mickery, Editor Scott Howard Thomas
Literature and reportage[edit]
- Do Penance or Perish: Magdalen Asylums in Ireland by historian Frances Finnegan published (hardback) Congrave Press Ireland, 2001; and (paperback) Oxford University Press, 2004. The first book to be published on the topic and still the definitive study, it is based on 21 years' research. Using a wide range of sources including the Annals and Penitents' Registers of the Good Shepherd archives, the book examines the history, purpose and inmates of the institutions. ISBN 0-9540921-0-4.
- James M. Smith's Ireland's Magdalene Laundries and the Nation's Architecture of Containment won the 2007 Donald Murphy Prize for a Distinguished First Book from the American Conference for Irish Studies. ISBN 978-0-268-04127-4
- Rachel Dilworth's The Wild Rose Asylum: Poems of the Magdalen Laundries of Ireland, the 2008 winner of the Akron Poetry Prize, is a collection of poems based on the Magdalene Laundries.[76]
- In the Shadow of Eden is an award-winning[77] short memoir by Rachael Romero.[78] Using vintage footage and photos of what led up to her incarceration in the Convent of the Good Shepherd (Magdalene) Laundries in South Australia, Romero outlines her experience there.
- For The Love of My Mother by J.P. Rodgers tells the story of his Irish mother, born into a life of poverty and detained at the age of two for begging in the streets. Bridget Rodgers spent the next 30 years of her life locked away in one institution or another, including the Magdalen Laundries.
- The Magadalen Martyrs is a 2003 crime novel written by Ken Bruen. In the third episode of Bruen's Jack Taylor series, Jack Taylor is given a mission: "Find the Angel of the Magdalene", actually a devil incarnate nicknamed Lucifer, a woman who "helped" the unfortunate martyrs incarcerated in the infamous laundry.
- Kathy's Story: The True Story of a Childhood Hell Inside Ireland's Magdalen Laundries (ISBN 978-1553651680) by Kathy O'Beirne alleges that she suffered physical and sexual abuse in a Magdalene laundry in Ireland.
- Kathy's Real Story: A Culture of False Allegations Exposed (ISBN 978-1906351007) by journalist Hermann Kelly, published by Prefect Press in 2007, alleges that O'Beirne's allegations are false.[79]
- "Magdalene Laundry Survivor. The Irish government admits it played a major role in forcing women into work camps." CBC radio interview, February 5, 2013.[80]
- Irish Journey by Halliday Sutherland. Dr Sutherland visited the Magdalene Laundry in Galway in April 1955 and wrote of the visit in the book. Sutherland met the Bishop of Galway to seek permission for the visit. Permission was granted on condition that anything he wrote about the Laundry be approved by the Mother Superior of the Sisters of Mercy. Accordingly, Sutherland's account in "Irish Journey" was censored.[81] Following discovery of the publisher's manuscript in a cellar in 2013, the uncensored version was published on hallidaysutherland.com in an article "The Suitcase in the Cellar".
- Irish singer-songwriter Sinéad O'Connor spent time in a Magdalene Asylum as a teenager.[82]
- The Mars Volta has a track titled "Asilos Magdalena" on their 2006 album Amputechture.
- Frances Black has a song titled "Magdalen Laundry" on her 2003 album How High The Moon.
- A song called "Magdalene Laundry" written by J. Mulhern appears on the 1992 album Sentimental Killer by Mary Coughlan with the chorus line "Ooh Lord, won't you let me wash away the stain."
- Joni Mitchell recorded "The Magdalene Laundries", a song about the atrocities for her 1994 album Turbulent Indigo. She re-recorded it with The Chieftains on their 1999 album Tears of Stone. Emmylou Harris covers the song on the multi-artist album A Tribute to Joni Mitchell.
See also[edit]
- Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home
- Duplessis Orphans
- Magdalene Society of Philadelphia
- Tranquility Bay
- Unfree labour
- Workhouse
- Philomena, a 2013 movie about a former resident of Sean Ross Abbey, which is sometimes incorrectly characterized as a Magdalene laundry.[83]
- ^ Alison Roberts (2003). "The Magdalene Laundry".
- ^ Garth Toyntanen (2008). Institutionalised. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-9558501-0-3.
- ^ McDonald, H. (5 February 2013). "Ireland finally admits state collusion in Magdalene Laundry system". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ a b c ^ Finnegan 8
- ^ a b ^ Smith xv
- ^ a b c Feng, Violet. "The Magdalene Laundry", Sixty Minutes, CBS, August 8, 2003
- ^ "Magdalen Hospital for the Reception of Penitent Prostitutes". Retrieved 18 February 2013.
- ^ McCarthy, Rebecca Lea (2010). Origins of the Magdalene laundries: an analytical history. McFarland. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-7864-4446-5. Retrieved 2011-09-25.
- ^ Smith xiv
- ^ Parrot, Cummings 50
- ^ "Congregation of the Sisters of Misericorde". Catholic Encyclopedia.
- ^ Government, politics and institutions in Belfast in the early twentieth century - National Archives of Ireland
- ^ Greene, Amy. "Fallen Women". cai.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
- ^ a b ^ Finnegan 15
- ^ Raftery 162.
- ^ Finnegan 17
- ^ a b c ^ Finnegan 10-11
- ^ a b ^ Finnegan 28
- ^ a b c d e ^ Smith 42
- ^ a b c ^ Raftery 18.
- ^ a b ^ Raftery 19.
- ^ Raftery 284
- ^ a b ^ Smith xv, xvi
- ^ a b c "Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee to establish the facts of State involvement with the Magdalen Laundries". Department of Justice and Equality. Retrieved 29 June 2013. Page citations needed.
- ^ Finnegan.
- ^ Fintan O'Toole (16 February 2003). "The sisters of no mercy". The Observer. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
- ^ Bruno Waterfield (5 Feb 2013). "Ireland apologises for Magdalene laundries". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
- ^ a b ^ Smith 138
- ^ a b Raftery 9
- ^ a b Smith xvi
- ^ a b c d e Ryan, Carol. "Irish Church's Forgotten Victims Take Case to U.N." The New York Times, 25 May 2011.
- ^ a b Anna Carey (17 July 2013). "Depressing but not surprising: how the Magdalene Laundries got away with it". New Statesman. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
- ^ Violet Feng (8 August 2003). CBS http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-magdalene-laundry/. Retrieved 25 July 2014. Missing or empty
- ^ a b c Mary Raftery (8 June 2011). "Ireland's Magdalene laundries scandal must be laid to rest". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
- ^ "Controversial film 'Sisters' hits DVD". The Michigan Daily. 2004-04-15. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
- ^ a b c Raftery, Mary (20 June 2011). "State apology is only way to express wrong done to Magdalenes". The Irish Times. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
- ^ McGarry, Patsy (22 June 2011). "Áras an Uachtaráin among users of Magdalene laundry". The Irish Times. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
- ^ a b McGarry, Patsy (20 July 2011). "Magdalene premiere: Irish-made documentary airs tonight". Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ^ Childabusecommission.com
- ^ "Child Abuse Commission Report Vol III, Chapters 7 and 9".
- ^ Childabusecommission.com
- ^ "UN panel urges Ireland to probe Catholic torture". The Philippine Star. 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ Committee against Torture (3 June 2011). "Concluding observations of the Committee against Torture". Retrieved 2011-06-11.
- ^ BBC: Irish PM: Magdalene laundries product of harsh Ireland, 5 February 2013
- ^ Magdalen Final Report, February 2013
- ^ "State had 'significant' role in Magdalene laundry referrals". The Irish Times. 5 February 2013.
- ^ "Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee to establish the facts of State involvement with the Magdalen Laundries". Department of Justice and Equality. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
- ^ Carbery, Genevieve (5 February 2013). "State had 'significant' role in Magdalene laundry referrals". The Irish Times. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
- ^ McDonald, Henry (5 February 2013). "Magdalene laundries: Ireland accepts state guilt in scandal: McAleese report finds police also bore responsibility in 'enslavement' of more than 30,000 women in institutions". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
- ^ "Irish PM says 'sorry' to laundries victims: Apology follows release of report blaming state for sending women and girls to work like "slaves at Magdalene Laundries". Al Jazeera. 5 February 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
- ^ Harrison, Shane (5 February 2013). "Irish PM: Magdalene laundries product of harsh Ireland". BBC News. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
- ^ McDonald, Henry (5 February 2013). "Magdalene laundries survivors threaten hunger strike: Women seeking redress from Irish state after being ordered to work unpaid in institutions run by Catholic church from 1920s". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
- ^ Brennan, Michael (5 February 2013). "Magdalene: Kenny declines to apologise for state role". Irish Independent. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
- ^ "Tearful Kenny says sorry to the Magdalene women". Irish Independent. 20 February 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
- ^ Kenny, Enda (19 February 2013). "Magdalene Laundries: Irish PM Issues Apology". Sky News. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
- ^ Text of Taoiseach's apology in the Dáil Oireachtas Éireann, 2013-02-19.
- ^ Kenny, Enda (19 February 2013). "Kenny "deeply regrets and apologises unreservedly" to Magdalene women in emotional speech". The Journal. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
- ^ Claire Mc Cormack (May 30, 2013). "Nuns Claim No Role in Irish Laundry Scandal". WeNews. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ Bill Donohue (July 15, 2013). "Myths of the Magdelene Laundries". Catholic League For Religious And Civil Rights. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
- ^ Halliday Sutherland, Irish Journey, G. Bles, 1956 ISBN 7470000100, 9787470000105
- ^ Mark Sutherland (8 June 2014). "The Suitcase in the Cellar". Retrieved 31 July 2014.
- ^ Jerome Reilly (08/06/2014). "Author battled clergy to gain first-hand experience of mother-and-baby homes - See more at: http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/author-battled-clergy-to-gain-firsthand-experience-of-motherandbaby-homes-30337249.html#sthash.pjCvLHnh.dpuf". Independent.Ie. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
- ^ Niall O Sullivan (August 2, 2013). "Magdalene compensation snub is 'rejection of Laundry women'". The Irish Post. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
- ^ Cahir O'Doherty (March 19, 2014). "Irish religious orders confirm they will not pay Magdalene Laundry victims". Irish Central. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
- ^ "Forgotten Australians". Australian Senate. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ Good Shepherd Sisters denying history - On Line Opinion - 19/6/2013 by Adele Chynoweth
- ^ published in Historical Archeology, the journal of the Society for Historical Archaeology
- ^ Ruggles, Stephen. "Fallen Women: The Inmates Of The Magdalens Society Asylum Of Philadelphia, 1836-1908", Journal of Social History
- ^ The Penitent Females'Refuge and Bethesda Societies ... Embracing Their Object, Act of Incorporation, Constitution, and Rules and Regulations; with Extracts from Reports,&c, Boston, 1859
- ^ Thompson, Cole. "Inwood's Old Magdalen Asylum", My Inwood
- ^ Smith, James. Ireland's Magdalen Laundries and the Nation's Architecture of Containment. South Bend, IN: The University of Notre Dame Press, 2007 138-140
- ^ Smith, James. Ireland's Magdalen Laundries and the Nation's Architecture of Containment. South Bend, IN: The University of Notre Dame Press, 2007 139
- ^ Sex in a Cold Climate. Dir. Steve Humphries. Prod. Steve Humphries. Testimony Films, 1998
- ^ "A very Irish sort of hell". The Age. 2003-04-05. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
- ^ "Magdalen Whitewash". Taste Productions. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ Uakron.edu
- ^ Official Selection: Full Frame Documentary Shorts Collections: Vol. 4
- ^ Film Fest New Haven documentary short award, 2003; Spirit of Moondance Award, Moon Dance Film Festival 2003;
- ^ Prefectpress.com, 2007 ISBN 978-1-906351-00-7
- ^ As It Happens, CBC radio, February 5, 2013 (beginning around 0:1:48).
- ^ Irish Journey by Halliday Sutherland, Geoffrey Bles, 1956 ISBN 7470000100, 9787470000105
- ^ "To Sinead O'Connor, the pope's apology for sex abuse in Ireland seems hollow". The Washington Post. 2010-03-28.
- ^ Sawyer, Sidonie (30 December 2013). "The True Scandal of the Magdalene Laundries". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
Further reading[edit]
- Ferriter, Diarmaid (2005). The transformation of Ireland, 1900–2000. Profile Books. p. 538. ISBN 978-1-86197-443-3.
- Finnegan, Frances (2001). Do Penance or Perish: A Study of Magdalene Asylums in Ireland. Piltown, Co. Kilkenny: Congrave Press. ISBN 0-9540921-0-4.
- Raftery, Mary; Eoin O'Sullivan (1999). Suffer the Little Children: The Inside Story of Ireland's Industrial Schools. Dublin: New Island. ISBN 1-874597-83-9.
- Sixsmith, Martin (2009). The Lost Child of Philomena Lee: A Mother, Her Son and a Fifty-Year Search. London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780230744271. OCLC 373479096. The Lost Child of Philomena Lee at Google Books (another edition).
- Smith, James M (2007). Ireland's Magdalen Laundries and the Nation's Architecture of Containment. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-7888-0.
- Parrot, Andrea; Nina Cummings (2006). Forsaken Females: The Global Brutalization of Women. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0742545786.
External links[edit]
- Report of the Child Abuse Commission PDF
- Justice for Magdalenes, advocacy group for survivors of Magdalene Laundries (Ireland)
- The Magdalene Laundry. CBS News, August 3, 2003.
- Review of Academic study of prostitution reform
- Page for survivors of the Magdalene Laundries Survivors artwork, Australian laundries
- 'A House of Mercy', English Woman's Journal, I March 1858 Highgate Penitentiary laundry
- Interview with Sinead O'Connor, a Magdalene Laundry survivor
- Article submitted by Frances Finnegan to The Irish Times in 1998 in support of Channel 4's Documentary Sex in a Cold Climate.


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ON THIS PAGE: You will find a list of the common tests, procedures, and scans that doctors can use to find out what's wrong and identify the cause of the problem. To see other pages, use the menu on the side of your screen.
Doctors use many tests to diagnose cancer and find out if it has metastasized. Some tests may also find out which treatments may be the most effective. For most types of cancer, a biopsy (the removal of a small amount of tissue for examination under a microscope) is the only way to make a definitive diagnosis of cancer. If a biopsy is not possible, the doctor may suggest other tests that will help make a diagnosis. Imaging tests may be used to find out whether the cancer has metastasized. Your doctor may consider these factors when choosing a diagnostic test:
- Age and medical condition
- The type of cancer suspected
- Severity of symptoms
- Previous test results
In addition to a physical examination, the following tests may be used to diagnose breast cancer in men:
Clinical breast examination. During this procedure, the doctor will methodically feel for lumps in the breast tissue and under the arm.
Diagnostic mammography. If a lump or suspicious area is found, the doctor will order a diagnostic mammogram. Diagnostic mammography is similar to screening mammography except that more views (pictures) of the breast are taken.
Ultrasound. An ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the breast tissue. An ultrasound may distinguish between a solid mass, which may be cancer, and a fluid-filled cyst, which is not usually cancer.
Nipple discharge examination. Fluid from the nipple can be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells.
Biopsy. A biopsy is the removal of a small amount of tissue for examination under a microscope. Other tests can suggest that cancer is present, but only a biopsy can make a definite diagnosis. The sample removed from the biopsy is analyzed by a pathologist (a doctor who specializes in interpreting laboratory tests and evaluating cells, tissues, and organs to diagnose disease). A biopsy is specified by the technique and/or size of needle used to collect the tissue sample.
- A fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) uses a small needle to remove a small sample of cells.
- A core needle biopsy uses a larger needle to remove a larger sample of tissue. This is usually the preferred biopsy technique for determining whether a physical exam or imaging finding is cancer. A vacuum-assisted biopsy removes multiple large cores of tissue.
- A surgical biopsy removes the largest amount of tissue. This biopsy may be incisional (removal of part of the lump) or excisional (removal of the entire lump). Because definitive surgery is optimally done after a cancer diagnosis has been made, a surgical biopsy is usually not the recommended approach to determining whether an abnormality is cancerous. If a surgical biopsy confirms cancer, then further surgery is usually required to remove remaining cancer in the breast and evaluate the lymph nodes. Therefore, in order to keep surgery to one operation, it's best when a patient receives a core biopsy to diagnose the cancer, followed by the type of cancer surgery with the best chance at removing all of the disease, as determined by the doctor.
- Image-guided biopsy is used when a distinct lump can't be felt, but an abnormality is seen on a radiologic image, such as a mammogram. During this procedure, a needle is guided to the area of concern with the help of mammography, ultrasound, or MRI. A stereotactic biopsy is performed with mammography guidance. A small metal clip may be put into the breast to mark the site of biopsy, in case the sample tissue proves cancerous and additional surgery is required. An image-guided biopsy can be done using a fine needle, core, or vacuum-assisted biopsy, depending on the amount of tissue being removed.
If cancer is diagnosed, surgery is needed to remove the cancer in the breast and evaluate the lymph nodes for the presence of cancer (discussed in Treatment). The goal is to achieve clear surgical margins (no cancer cells at the edge of the tissue removed during surgery). If lymph nodes show evidence of cancer, the cancer is called lymph node-positive breast cancer (or node-positive, for short); if the lymph nodes do not show evidence of cancer, the cancer is called lymph node-negative breast cancer (or node-negative, for short). Additional information about lymph node evaluation can be found in Staging.
Testing the tissue
The pathologist tests the tissue from the biopsy and the surgery for the following to help guide treatment decisions:
Tumor features. Examination of the tumor under the microscope determines if it is invasive or in situ; ductal or lobular; grade (how different the cancer cells look from healthy cells); and whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes. The margins (edges) of the tumor are also examined.
Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) tests. Breast cancer cells with these receptors depend on the hormones estrogen and progesterone to grow. The presence of these receptors helps determine both the patient's prognosis (chance of recovery) and whether the cells are likely to respond to hormone therapy. Generally, ER-positive or PR-positive tumors respond to hormone therapy. Read ASCO's recommendations for ER and PR testing.
HER2 tests. There is too much of the protein HER2 in about 25% of breast cancers. The HER2 status helps determine whether a drug targeting HER2, such as trastuzumab (Herceptin), might be useful for treating breast cancer. Read ASCO's recommendations for HER2 testing for breast cancer.
Testing a tumor's genes
Tests that look at the biology of the tumor are becoming more common to understand more about a person's breast cancer. The tests below look at the expression of genes in a tumor sample to predict the risk of cancer recurrence. A person with a higher risk of recurrence will likely receive additional treatment, while a person with a lower risk of recurrence can avoid extra treatment and its possible side effects. For more information about these tests, what they mean, and how it might affect your treatment plan, talk with your doctor.
- Oncotype Dx is a test that evaluates 21 genes to estimate the risk of distant recurrence (return of the cancer in a place other than the breast) at 10 years for people with stage I or stage II (see Staging) node-negative, ER-positive breast cancer treated with hormone therapy alone. It is mainly used to help make decisions about whether chemotherapy should be added to a person's treatment.
- Mammaprint is another, similar test using about 70 genes to predict the risk of the cancer coming back. It is approved in early-stage, low-risk breast cancer. Although it is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for estimating the risk of recurrence in early-stage breast cancer, it requires a frozen sample of tumor, which is not how cancer samples are generally collected and stored in the United States, thereby limiting its use.
Blood tests
The doctor may also need to do blood tests to learn more about the cancer.
A serum chemistry panel is frequently done to evaluate blood electrolytes (minerals in your body, such as potassium and calcium) and enzymes (specialized proteins) that can be abnormal if cancer has spread. However, it is important to note that many noncancerous conditions can cause variations in these tests, and they are not specific to cancer.
- Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme that can be associated with disease that has spread to the liver, bone, or bile ducts.
- Blood calcium levels can be elevated (called hypercalcemia) if cancer has spread to the bone.
- Total bilirubin count and the enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) evaluate liver function. High levels of any of these substances can indicate liver damage, a signal of possible spread to that organ.
Blood tumor marker tests
A serum tumor marker (also called a biomarker) is a substance found in a person's blood that can be associated with the presence of cancer. An elevated serum tumor marker may indicate an abnormal process in the body, which could be due to cancer or a noncancerous condition. Tumor marker testing is not usually recommended in early-stage breast cancer, but these markers may be useful in the follow-up care of recurrent (disease that comes back after treatment) or metastatic disease. Common tumor markers in breast cancer include CA27.29, CA15-3, and CEA. Learn more about tumor markers for breast cancer.
Additional tests
The doctor may order additional tests (depending on the individual's medical history and results of the physical examination) to evaluate the stage of the cancer. Read Staging for more information. These tests are generally only recommended for patients with more advanced stage disease.
- A chest x-ray may be used to look for cancer that has spread from the breast to the lung.
- A bone scan may be used to look for spread to the bones. A bone scan uses a radioactive tracer to look at the inside of the bones. The tracer is injected into a patient's vein. It collects in areas of the bone and is detected by a special camera. Healthy bone appears gray to the camera, and areas of injury, such as those caused by cancer, appear dark.
- A computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan may be used to look for distant tumors. A CT scan creates a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body with an x-ray machine. A computer combines these images into a detailed, cross-sectional view that shows any abnormalities or tumors. Sometimes, a contrast medium is injected into a patient's vein to provide better detail.
- A positron emission tomography (PET) scan may be used to determine whether the cancer has spread. A PET scan is a way to create pictures of organs and tissues inside the body. A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a patient's body. This substance is absorbed mainly by organs and tissues that produce the most energy. Because cancer tends to use energy actively, it absorbs more of the radioactive substance. A scanner then detects this substance to produce images of the inside of the body.
Learn more about what to expect when having common tests, procedures, and scans.
The next section helps explain the different stages for this type of cancer. Use the menu on the side of your screen to select Stages, or you can select another section, to continue reading this guide.

subset: commoncrawl


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Save to My Recipes
Maple and Chocolate Chip Shortbread
Published: October 2010 Servings: Makes 16 prep: 25 minutes total: 2 hours
- 3/4 cup (1 1/2 sticks) unsalted butter, room temperature, plus additional for pan
- 7 tablespoons finely ground maple sugar, divided
- 1/4 teaspoon coarse kosher salt
- 1 1/2 cups all purpose flour
- 1/4 cup (about) bittersweet chocolate chips
- 2 teaspoons pure maple syrup (preferably Grade B)
Nutritional Information
One shortbread contains:
- Calories (kcal) 141.2
- %Calories from Fat 57.6
- Fat (g) 9.0
- Saturated Fat (g) 5.7
- Cholesterol (mg) 22.5
- Carbohydrates (g) 14.1
- Dietary Fiber (g) 0.3
- Total Sugars (g) 5.6
- Net Carbs (g) 13.7
- Protein (g) 1.2
- Sodium (mg) 19.0
PREPARATIONView Step-by-Step Directions
Preheat oven to 300°F. Butter 9-inch-diameter tart pan with removable bottom. Using electric mixer, beat room-temperature butter, 6 tablespoons maple sugar, and coarse salt in large bowl until light and fluffy and sugar is dissolved. Add flour and beat just until blended. Pat dough evenly onto bottom of prepared pan. Press chocolate chips into dough in random pattern, spacing chips 1/2 inch apart (chips should show). Brush dough with maple syrup and sprinkle evenly with remaining 1 tablespoon maple sugar.
Bake shortbread until golden brown and firm to touch, about 55 minutes. Transfer pan to rack and cool shortbread 10 minutes. Gently push tart pan bottom up, releasing shortbread. Cut warm shortbread into 16 wedges. Cool shortbread wedges completely and serve.
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text:
Gas prices at some southern Ohio stations were more than 12 cents cheaper than in the Huntington area.
Drivers stopped at Murphy's in Burlington to fill up with prices at $3.33 per gallon of regular on New Year's Eve.
Other stations in the area had their prices just a few cents more.
Some stations near US Route 52 were crowded as travelers made last-minute stops.


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Hi, i am making s40 app. and made my build in asha sdk 1.0 basically to catch push notification functionality but when i run my program on asha 310 it is giving me following error :
No class Def Found Error Java/lang/No classDefFoundError
I used one class in my project for using push notification(named Notification).
Why i m getting this error..plz help


text:
The BlueTube DP is a two-channel microphone and instrument preamplifier with Dual Path technology enabling the ability to switch between a transparent solid state preamplifier and a rich warm vacuum tube preamplifier on each channel.
These are my comments.
Happy Birthday, Alex Lifeson
Prince to Release Two New Albums Simultaneously
Pop Evil Bassist Matt DiRito Picks His 5 Favorite Bass Gods
Redesigned Ampeg BA-112 and BA-115 Bass Combos Now Shipping
Billy Joel's touring keyboard rig 2014 - exclusive videos!
Gospel Musicians Pure Synth Platinum now available
Sam Irlander's Fascination with The Beatles Has Led to a Collection of 30 Fab Guitars
Fender Releases Limited American Standard Guitars, Plus New Classic Player and Special Edition Blacktop Models
Asking Alexandria Premiere New Music Video, "Moving On"
Mushroomhead Premiere New Music Video, "Out of My Mind"
Hughes & Kettner Announces 30th Anniversary NOS Limited Edition Tubemeister Amps
Epic and Legacy Announce 'Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble: The Complete Epic Recordings Collection' Box Set
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SPRINGFIELD Mass., January 21, 2006 – In their first action since winter break, the Springfield College track and field teams faired well today at the Coast Guard Invitational in New London, Conn. The women's team placed first out of five teams, finishing with 194.5 points. The men's squad also did well, finishing second, while scoring 124 points.
The final team scores for the men were as follows: Coast Guard 190, Springfield College 124, Eastern Connecticut State 123, Connecticut College 55, and King's Point 31. The women's final scores were: Springfield 194.5, Coast Guard 136.5, Southern Maine 110, Connecticut College 79, and Eastern Connecticut State 18.
The women's 4x200 meter relay team ran their fastest time of the year, winning the race at a speedy 1:49.66. The team featured freshman Eva Gibson-Mueller (Ipswich, Mass.) as well as double winners senior Yasmin Goris (Worcester Mass.), who won the 55 meter dash(7.53 seconds), junior Jen McBride (Mechanicville, N.Y.), crossing the line first in the 400 meter dash (1:02.34), and freshman Silvienne Krosendijk (Seroe Biento, Aruba), in the long jump (16'-05 ¼").
Other first place finishes for the Pride included sophomore Alyssa Brigham (Penacook, N.H.) in the mile (5:24.04), junior Rachel DiSaia (Waterford, Conn.) with a personal best in the shot put (35'-11 ¼"), freshman Vanessa Ricketts (Greenfield, Mass.) in the triple jump (32'-5"), and junior Natasha Landon (Hudson Falls, N.Y) in the pole vault (9'-6 ¼").
The men's team had a number of strong performances as well -- among them were strong throws from sophomore Dominic Uguccioni (Colrain, Mass.) in the weight throw and shot put. His throw of 51'7 ¾" in the 35-lb. weight throw gave him a second place finish and allowed him to qualify for Division III Nationals, and his toss of 46'-10 ¼" in the shot put was good enough for fourth place at the meet. Head Coach Ken Klatka stated that never in his 36 years of coaching has he seen an athlete improve by 4 ½' from one meet to the next in the throwing events. Alex Kampersal (Natick, Mass) also did well in the throwing events, where he dominated the field in the shot put, with a throw of 53'-01". SC sophomore Nick DeCelle (Mechanicville, N.Y.) had a good day in the jumping events. His bound of 43'-06" gave him a first place in the triple jump, and he took second in the long jump, leaping 20'-05 ¼".
Pride freshman Greg Drobot (Wallkill, N.Y), placed first in the 55-meter hurdles (8.20 seconds) and was followed closely behind by sophomore Joe Dubuc (South Hadley, Mass.), who finished second with a time of 8.36 seconds. Freshman Eric Nacsin (East Longmeadow, Mass.), ran a 2:03.8 to finish second in the 800-meter race, while in the 200-meter dash senior Chris Keyser (West Newbury, Mass.) also placed second with a time of 23.9 seconds.
The women's track and field team will head to West Point on Saturday January 28th for their next competition. The men's team will compete next at Bowdoin on the same day.


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text:
Coronary artery disease, heart attacks, angina, angioplasty and stents
- Angioplasty & stents (35)
- Bypass Surgery (4)
- Chest pain & angina (15)
- Heart Attack (39)
- Links on CAD (3)
- Other treatments for CAD (11)
- Quick Primer on CAD (3)
Cardiac Rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitation plays a very important role in getting you back to health after a heart attack
Heart Attack Risk Factors
Several risk factors, some controllable and some not controllable, increase the risk of heart attack.
Congenital Coronary Artery Abnormalities - Exercise Recommendations
Exercise recommendations for people who have congenital coronary artery abnormalities
The Complicated Choices In Treating CAD
A patient with newly diagnosed coronary artery disease has many decisions to make about lifestyle choices, surgery, stenting or medical therapy
Acute Coronary Syndrome - ACS
Acute coronary syndrome - ACS - occurs when a plaque in a coronary artery ruptures, causing a blood clot to form within the artery, and blocking blood flow to the heart muscle.
Preventing Acute Coronary Syndrome - ACS
Preventing acute coronary syndrome - ACS - is an important goal in treating heart disease.
Diagnosing Coronary Artery Disease
How tests are used to diagnose coronary artery disease
Overview of Heart Disease Treatments
An overview of the options for treating coronary artery disease.
Medical Treatment for Angina
The medical treatment for angina and ischemia include lifestyle changes and medication.
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) generally refers to atherosclerosis affecting arteries other than the those of the heart and brain.
Learn the definition of claudication.
What is Atherosclerosis?
What you should know about atherosclerosis.
Ranexa for Treating Angina
Ranexa - ranolazine - is the first of a new class of drugs used for treating angina.
Calcium Channel Blockers for Treating Angina
Calcium channel blockers dilate blood vessels, reduce the force of heart muscle contraction, and slow the heart rate, thus reducing the risk of angina in patients with coronary artery disease.
Beta Blockers for Angina
Beta blockers block the effect of adrenaline on the heart, and reduce the risk of developing angina during periods of stress and exercise.
A stenosis is an abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel.
An artery is a blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, and to the tissues of the body.
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Acute coronary syndrome - ACS - is a spectrum of clinical disorders produced by the formation of blood clots within the coronary arteries.
Coronary Arteries
The coronary arteries supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle.
Plaques are deposits in the walls of arteries which consist of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and large cells called macrophages.
of or pertaining to the heart muscle
Atherosclerosis is a disease of the arteries which results in the formation of characteristic plaques in the walls of the arteries. Atherosclerotic plaques consist of deposits of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and large cells called macrophages.
Stable Angina
Stable angina occurs when there is a partial blockage in a coronary artery that prevents adequate blood flow to the heart muscle during periods of stress or exercise.
Angina is the name given to the symptoms, usually chest pain or chest discomfort, produced when the heart muscle is not getting enough oxygen.
The New Way of Thinking About Coronary Artery Disease
Our thinking about Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) has changed over the past decade. This new thinking is important if you have or wish to avoid coronary artery disease.
Common Symptoms of Heart Disease
Key symptoms associated with heart disease.
Living With Coronary Artery Disease
Articles about the treatment of coronary artery disease
What is Heart Disease?
An overview of heart disease.
Ranexa (Ranolazine) for Angina and Heart Disease
Ranolazine appears to be safe in the treatment of angina
AHA Finally Endorses Calcium Scores
The American Heart Association finally recommends coronary artery calcium scores by CT scans for some
Noninvasive Testing for CAD
Should you have noninvasive screening for CAD?
Clopidogrel (Plavix) Not Helpful in Stable Coronary Disease
Clopidogrel (Plavix) was ineffective in stable coronary artery patients.
News From the American College of Cardiology Meetings
News from the 2006 ACC Scientific Sessions
Women and Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary artery disease in women is often "atypical."
EECP for angina
EECP for angina
Coronary Artery Disease - An Overview
An overview of coronary artery disease, its diagnosis and treatment
heart atttacks and chronic renal disease
A brief discussion of the relationship between heart attacks and kidney disease.
Ultrasound screening for heart disease
Ultrasound imaging of heart disease
The importance of EMS during a heart attack
Why it is important to call EMS if you think you might be having a heart attack
How I've changed after my heart attack
One man's story of changing after a heart attack.
Syndrome x in women
Cardiac syndrome x
Stem cell treatment after heart attack
Status of stemm cell therapy for heart attacks
Traveling and heart attacks
Traveling and heart attacks
Diagnosing microvascular angina
Diagnosing microvascular angina
Microvascular angina
Microvascular angina
David Letterman's heart disease
David Letterman's heart disease
Bill Clinton's heart disease
Bill Clinton's heart disease
Larry King's heart disease
Larry King's heart disease
Drew Carey's Heart Disease
Drew Carey's Heart Disease
Tim Russert's Heart Disease
Tim Russert's Heart Disease
What You Need To Know About Coronary Artery Disease
Sooner or later most of us will be affected by coronary artery disease (CAD), either in ourselves or in our loved ones. While CAD remains the number one killer in the developed world, getting good medical care can make all the difference. And getting good medical care means you need to know a lot about CAD. These articles will help you understand what CAD is, what kinds of problems it causes, how…
Endothelial Dysfunction
Endothelial dysfunction is the condition in which the endothelium (inner lining) of blood vessels does not function normally.
Cardiac Complications of Kawasaki Disease
Kawasaki disease can produce both acute and chronic cardiac complications.
Understanding Prinzmetal's Angina
Prinzemetal's angina is chest pain caused by coronary artery spasm.
What Is The Best Diet After A Heart Attack?
Evidence suggests that if you have coronary artery disease, you should strongly consider following the Mediterranean diet.
Kidney Disease and the Heart
Kidney disease is associated with high cardiac risk. Here's what to do about it.
Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer and the Heart
Following radiation therapy for breast cancer, the incidence of heart disease can increase
Rheumatoid Arthritis and Coronary Artery Disease
Rheumatoid arthritis increases the risk of coronary artery disease; but that risk can be reduced.
FAQ: What Is Hibernating Heart Muscle?
Can You Exercise "Too Much" After A Heart Attack?
Is it possible to be too dedicated to exercise after a heart attack?


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British tabloid The Sun on Friday became the first mainstream British newspaper to publish photographs of a vacationing Prince Harry in the nude.
CNN's Wolf Blitzer talks to Max Foster about Princes William and Harry opening up in rare interviews.
I was standing just a few meters from Prince Harry as he got to his feet. His older brother Prince William was there too. But this was Harry's show -- a charity mission to Maseru, the capital of the poverty-stricken African Kingdom of Lesotho where the prince had established a charity Sentebale, to aid the country's vulnerable children. It was a mission, back in June 2010, and one of which the younger prince is rightly proud.
From movie stars and business moguls to politicians and pop stars, the British press has never shied away from picturing famous figures in compromising positions.
The identity of the person who took nude photos of Prince Harry remains in question.
CNN's Max Foster reports on the UK's Prince Philip who returned to the hospital for a recurring bladder infection.
Known as much for his gaffes, brusque manner and eccentricities as for his charity and campaigning work, Prince Philip seems to have lived a life permanently in the shadow of his wife, Queen Elizabeth II.
Prince Charles visits Royal Air Force station Valley, the base where Prince William is a search-and-rescue pilot.
It's been a busy year for the British royal family. The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall alone covered almost 48,000 miles to undertake 804 official engagements between April 2011 and the end of March this year. So who pays the bills?
Her outfits don't send royal fashion watchers into a frenzy like those of the Duchess of Cambridge or Princess Diana before her, but Queen Elizabeth II has developed a signature style that has withstood the test of time.
Prince Philip was released from a British hospital Saturday after treatment for a bladder infection that forced him to miss part of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee celebration.
Prince Philip is released from hospital after treatment for a bladder infection.
Queen Elizabeth II arrives at the Thames river getting ready to board the royal barge.
CNN's Dan Rivers reports on the health of Britain's Prince Philip, who was hospitalized with a bladder infection.
Queen Elizabeth II visited her husband, Prince Philip, on Wednesday in the London hospital where he is receiving treatment for a bladder infection.
CNN's Max Foster takes a look back at the 60-year reign of Britain's Queen Elizabeth II.
Some of Queen Elizabeth II's acquaintances describe their view points of her to CNN's Max Foster.
Singers Tom Jones and Annie Lennox were just two in a line-up of impressive guests rocking out for the queen's jubilee.
Some controversial monarchs are on the guest list for Queen Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee Lunch.
Thousands of members of the British Armed Forces took part in a parade and flypast at Windsor Castle Saturday as part of celebrations to mark Queen Elizabeth II's 60 years on the throne.
Britain's Prince Charles has produced a "personal tribute" to his mother, Queen Elizabeth II, that will air Friday to kick off celebrations of her 60th anniversary on the throne, his office announced Thursday.
On Sunday June 3rd, thousands of boats from across the Commonwealth will parade down a 7 mile stretch of the Thames
CNN looks at how businesses are looking to utilize their connection with the British royal family to improve business.
Nick Glass previews an auction of royal portraits including early photos of Queen Elizabeth months after she became queen.
Rights groups have slammed a lunch hosted by Britain's Queen Elizabeth II on Friday for including monarchs criticized for their countries' human rights records.
CNN's Max Foster takes a look at the Duchess of Cambridge after one year of marriage into the British royal family.
Have the Prince William and Kate Middleton got the baby bug? The pair put in parental practice at an event in London.
While honoring a group of servicemen last night, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge met a very special little guest.
Former British Prime Minister John Major reveals his admiration for Britain's young royals.
The former British Prime Minister, Sir John Major, has credited the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, William and Catherine, with reinvigorating interest in the British monarchy.
A look at how Pippa Middleton became one of the most photographed women in the world and the burden it places on her.
A friend of Pippa Middleton's, the sister-in-law of Britain's Prince William, apologized Wednesday for an incident in which a friend of his brandished a toy gun at press photographers in Paris.
Spain's King Juan Carlos made a rare public apology Wednesday for his recent hunting trip to Africa that has caused an outcry in Spain and abroad for its expense during the nation's economic crisis and for hunting elephants.
A storm of outrage provoked by photos of Pippa Middleton showing her in a car with a man wielding what appears to be a gun in France should act as a wake-up call, royal watchers have warned Prince William's sister-in-law.
Britain's Prince Harry has moved into the same west London residence that his brother William set up home in with new wife Kate last year. CNN's Max Foster reports.
Queen Elizabeth II pledged to rededicate herself to the service of her people Tuesday, as she addressed both houses of Parliament as part of celebrations of her Diamond Jubilee, or 60 years on the throne.
A speedboat carrying Britain's Prince Harry broke down in the Bahamas, but that didn't slow the royal down during his Caribbean tour.
CNN's Max Foster reports on Prince Harry's whirlwind visit of Belize and the Bahamas.
The son-in-law of Spain's King Juan Carlos arrived in court to testify before a magistrate Saturday as a suspect in a fraud scandal that has created unprecedented problems for the popular royal family.
One member of Spain's royal family is under investigation as a suspect in a fraud scandal. CNN's Al Goodman reports.
The son-in-law of Spain's King Juan Carlos has been summoned to testify before a magistrate Saturday as a suspect in a fraud scandal that has created unprecedented problems for the popular royal family.
Britain's Prince Harry is now qualified to fly an Apache Attack helicopter in combat, after 18 months of intensive training that included a stint flying above the deserts of California and Arizona, palace and defense officials said.
The Diamond Jubilee begins in England to honor Queen Elizabeth II's 60 years on the throne.
Sixty years ago Monday, a 25-year-old woman visiting a remote part of Kenya got a message that her father had died.
Duchess of York, Sarah Ferguson, faces suit over Turkey children's home film. CNN's Max Forster reports.
The Duchess of York, who faces charges in Turkey for going undercover and secretly filming children at a state-run home for a 2008 documentary, canceled a recent trip to the United States because of the case, a source and her spokesman said.
The Duchess of York faces charges in Turkey for going undercover and secretly filming children at a state-run home for a documentary, according to the semiofficial Anatolian news agency.
The duke and duchess of Cambridge are to join some 600 former and serving members of the British military on the red carpet Sunday for the London premiere of the Steven Spielberg movie "War Horse."
Police launch a murder investigation after a woman's body was found on Queen Elizabeth II's estate in Sandringham.
The identity of a young woman whose remains were found on the estate of Queen Elizabeth II this week remains a mystery -- and police appealed to the public Friday for help to name her.
A body found on Queen Elizabeth II's estate in Sandringham is that of a young white woman aged 15 to 23, investigators working on a murder probe said Wednesday.
Police launched a murder investigation Tuesday after a woman's body was found on Queen Elizabeth II's estate in Sandringham, in the English county of Norfolk.
CNN's Max Foster reports on rumors that Britain's Prince William and his wife are expecting a child.
A year ago on Wednesday, November 16, 2010, Kate Middleton's life changed forever.
A judge subpoenaed the Spanish king's son-in-law Thursday in a corruption case that has drawn increased scrutiny to the royal family.
Britain's Prince Philip left Papworth Hospital on Tuesday morning where he was treated for a blocked coronary artery.
Britain's Prince Philip is in good spirits after having heart surgery. CNN's Erin McLaughlin reports.
Britain's Prince Philip is in good spirits after having heart surgery, but there is no word yet on when he will be discharged, a Buckingham Palace spokeswoman said Saturday.
Britain's Prince Philip was treated successfully for a blocked coronary artery on Friday and will remain at the hospital for observation, the Press Association reported, citing a statement from Buckingham Palace.
Prince Harry has returned to England from military training in the United States, the British defense ministry said Tuesday.
Prince William and Kate Middleton have never been the stay-at-home types. A traveler could plan a royal (and royally expensive) getaway just following in their footsteps. The couple has journeyed to some of the world's most luxurious spots. Here are five places to catch the flavor of a royal vacation.
A historic change in royal succession law could make the first born, regardless of sex, the automatic monarch.
Sons and daughters of British monarchs will have an equal right to the throne under changes to the United Kingdom's succession laws agreed to Friday, British Prime Minister David Cameron said.
Prince William's glittering wedding to Catherine Middleton captivated a global audience earlier this year.
Britain's Queen Elizabeth II arrived in Canberra Wednesday for her 16th -- and possibly last -- official visit to Australia.
In the 26-year-old footage, the princes spend family time with their mother, the late Princess Diana
Soon he arrives in the U.S. for 12 weeks of helicopter training
Prince William's fascinator-loving cousin sports and black cap and gown at her college graduation
It's standing room only at the Palace.
Britain's Prince Harry will be coming to America in October to train on Apache helicopter gunships in his role as a serving army officer, U.S. and British military officials reported Wednesday.
The world knows him as Prince Harry -- son of Charles, Prince of Wales, and the late Diana, Princess of Wales; and grandson of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. But when he comes to the United States this fall to fly Apache attack helicopters, make that Capt. Harry Wales.
The Duchess of Cornwall makes room at the palace for a lucky Jack Russell terrier named Beth
Kate Middleton's former stylist teaches you how to dress like a princess.
It will be grand, it will be glitzy and there will be plenty of pomp and circumstance. When Prince William and fiancee Kate Middleton finally tie the knot on April 29, all of London will be on show.
Before luxury yachting was the preserve of Russian tycoons and Silicon Valley moguls, it was only the world's wealthiest royals who built palaces on the sea.
He's focused on the army and intent of going back to the war zone, a source tells PEOPLE
He might spend all of next summer fighting in Afghanistan after qualifying to fly Apache helicopters
William's grandfather, 90, reportedly even suggested how to remodel the kitchen
"I don't think you can repeat her 'performance' at the wedding," says the actress
The Queen's granddaughter weds rugby star Mike Tindall in Scotland
Queen Elizabeth's granddaughter, Zara Phillips, marries rugby star Mike Tindall in Scotland. ITN's Debi Edward reports.
A comic book chronicling the life of Prince Harry of Wales will be released in late August, publishers announced Thursday.
A new report suggests the Duchess of Cambridge and the Middleton family may have had voicemails intercepted
"In the future, we'll look back and think she looked wild," the designer says
"The Guardian" and others report the scandal that hit "News Of The World" may hit more of Rupert Murdoch's media empire.
The scandal that brought down Britain's biggest Sunday newspaper widened Monday with allegations that journalists from other News International papers improperly obtained personal information about former Prime Minister Gordon Brown.
The prince chats up F1 driver Jenson Button, who dated Florence Brudenell-Bruce for two years
The Duchess of Cambridge pays a final tribute to her North American hosts in a red coatdress and maple leaf brooch
The couple met with newlyweds and reached out to cancer patients at the ceremony
On June 20, CNN's Jim Bittermann spoke to Prince Albert of Monaco and his fiancee about their upcoming marriage.
Fans flock to her home, while biographer Andrew Morton speculates on if she had lived
Britain's Prince William and his wife, Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, arrived Thursday in Canada on their first official foreign trip since their wedding in April.
Prince William and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, arrive in Canada on their first official foreign trip.
The new royal standard with its personalized insignia will fly during his visit
Their bare-bones list includes a press secretary, advisor and a hairdresser
"She is very pleasant and funny - and a lot taller than me!" a Guardsman tells PEOPLE
The couple set up the fund as an alternative for people who wished to send wedding gifts
It's the third marriage for Charles Spencer, who tied the knot with philanthropist Karen Gordon
The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge join the royal family to celebrate his grandfather
The newlyweds participate in their first "Trooping the Colour" ceremony
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The University of Tulsa Head Football Coach Bill Blankenship has announced spring practice dates for the Golden Hurricane football team. Tulsa, which finished the 2011 campaign with an overall 8-5 record and a 7-1 Conference USA mark, returns 13 starters in 2012, including seven on defense and six on offense.
Tulsa will begin 2012 spring drills with seven practice sessions before spring break and eight of the allowed 15 days of spring practice following the week break. The Hurricane will take the field on Tuesday, March 6 for the first time this spring. Tulsa's practice sessions will normally take place Tuesdays, Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays during the spring, but one Wednesday practice is scheduled before spring break. Tulsa's final practice before spring break will be on Thursday, March 15.
After spring break, Tulsa returns to the practice field on Tuesday, March 27 for the first of the final eight practice sessions of the spring season. Practices are closed.
The Hurricane will look to replace some key areas on offense, including at quarterback with the graduation of G.J. Kinne, offensive line with the loss of three senior starters and tight end. Tulsa returns six starters to the offensive unit.
Defensively, Tulsa returns seven starters to the lineup. The key areas that Tulsa will need to replace is at linebacker with the loss of leading tackler Curnelius Arnick and Tyrunn Walker's slot at defensive end.
The spring will culminate with the Annual Spring Game on Saturday, April 7 at H.A. Chapman Stadium. Game time for the spring game is TBA.
6th (Tuesday)
8th (Thursday)
9th (Friday)
10th (Saturday)
13th (Tuesday)
14th (Wednesday)
15th (Thursday)
27th (Tuesday)
29th (Thursday)
30th (Friday)
31st (Saturday)
3rd (Tuesday)
5th (Thursday)
6th (Friday)
7th (Saturday) SPRING GAME


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Nice Job Jax!
The only bad news about the new Jax opening is that the Terminal Bar is finally, completely, erased. R.I.P. juke box with Johnny Cash, and welcome to LoDo beautiful, shiny, delicious Jax! Pete, my sister Mariah, and I went to the grand opening and had really really good food, interesting food, well priced food in a happy setting. The bar now runs the length of the room, and the dishes are bigger than a starter but smaller than a dinner, so you can eat more things. More things like this:
Sturgeon with creamed turnips, maitake mushrooms, and pinot noir fumet. Order a small or large serving.
The scallop serviche was also amazing. Soft scallops in a bath of grass green fruity olive oil. No picture, too busy eating.


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Tania Dall / Eyewitness News
Email: email@example.com | Twitter: @taniadall
NEW ORLEANS -- Floats, cabbages and the ever so prominent green transformed Magazine Street into everything Irish on Saturday.
"The people, the families, the beautiful weather," said Sue Guidry. "The fun catching cabbages getting flowers."
The parade, organized by the Irish Channel St Patrick's Day Club, marked its 66th anniversary.
Revelers like Guidry can't get enough.
"It's a diverse group. Old people, young people, everybody just having a good time, enjoying each other, enjoying the parade," she said.
The St. Patrick Day's tradition also coaxed Aminata Brown and her daughter into being part of the festivities.
"It's really a great family day. It's fun for the kids. The throws are really different and interesting," Brown said.
They joined thousands of people lined up along the parade route to celebrate the luck of the Irish.
"It's just really nice to be out here with the community."


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WICOMICO CO., Md. - Officials say they are celebrating one of its recent programs, saying 297 pounds of prescription drugs have been collected in Wicomico County since September 2012.
The Prescription Medication Disposal Program was launched on Aug. 30, 2012 and has been a big success. There are currently four disposal sites around the county. Those sites and times are at Wicomico County Sheriff's Office (M-F, 8:00-5:00); Fruitland Police (M-F, 8:00-4:00); Delmar Police (M-F, 8:00-5:00); and Salisbury Police (M-Su., 24 hours).
"We've collected hundreds of ponds of old medication and expired meds in the several months we've had in operation in Wicomico County," said Wicomico County Sheriff Mike Lewis. "This is going to be an indefinite process. It will likely last from here on out."For more information and to get involved in the effort to reduce prescription drug abuse, call the health department at 410-219-7544.