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JAMES LINDSAY:� Thank you very much.� I'd like to welcome everybody to this call.� My name is Jim Lindsay.� I am director of studies at the Council on Foreign Relations.� I am joined here by Robert Danin, who is the Eni Enrico Mattei senior fellow of Middle East and African studies here at the Council on Foreign Relations, as well as by Dan Serwer, who is professorial lecturer and senior fellow at the John Hopkin's School of Advanced International Studies.� Dan recently wrote and published a Contingency Planning Memo on "Post-Qaddafi Instability in Libya," which I believe is currently posted on the CFR.org home page.
We're going to begin with a brief discussion with both Dan and Robert, and then we will open up for questions.
If I may, I'm going to begin with Dan.� And my question to you, Dan, is if you could give us a sense of, from your perspective, where things stand in Libya right now and what are the policy choices that the Obama administration should be considering.
DANIEL SERWER:� I think things stand in celabratory mode in one sense, but I think we have to be very serious about limiting the celebrations at this point, because with Gadhafi not formally turning over power or surrendering himself, he's essentially encouraging a continuing resistance by his loyalists, and that's a very dangerous thing to do that could lead to continuing fighting for a long time.� We saw this kind of thing with Saddam Hussein in Iraq, and it would be most unfortunate if it continues in Libya.
So far as the policy choices are concerned, my own view is that the administration is correct that American interests are not vitally at risk here in Libya, but we need to try to tilt things so that they come out right.� And I think the first way to do that is a U.N. Security Council resolution that lays out the goals of what we're trying to achieve in Libya for the next few years.� Those should be goals the Libyans as well as the international community can sign on to.� I think that would help to shape the whole effort.
But I see a real need for the Europeans and the Arab League to step up as quickly as possible and in much greater volume, let us say, than the Americans.� Their interests are more directly at risk.� They have more to gain from this coming out right.
LINDSAY:� Thank you, Dan.
Let me ask you, Robert, just to sort of anchor the other end of the spectrum.� As we think about the events that are happening right now in Libya and whether they go well or badly in the future, taking Dan's points to heart, how significant is what's happening in the streets of Libya or Tripoli today for the broader picture of the Middle East?� Is what's happening in Libya going to be significant for what we're seeing elsewhere with the Arab Spring or what is renamed the Arab Summer?
ROBERT DANIN:� Right.� Well, I think clearly what is happening in Libya will give new inspiration to other forces in the region.� I think particularly in places where there is unrest, such as Syria, nothing succeeds like success.� So the fact that Gadhafi will have been removed after this prolonged intervention will breathe new life into -- and hope for those who believe that Assad can go.� So, clearly people will be watching, have been watching.
And I think they've also been watching because this is the first major intervention in the Arab world, post-Arab-uprisings, of the international community, and so how the international community behaves and performs, if you will, is also going to be scrutinized very closely.
LINDSAY:� Fair enough.
With that, Operator, I'd like to open up the conversation, any questions we have from the people who are on the call.
OPERATOR:� (Gives queuing instructions.)� Our first question comes from Josh Rogin with Foreign Policy.
QUESTIONER:� Good afternoon, gentlemen.� Thanks so much for doing the call.� I'm wondering if you could speak to the issue of the release of the billions of dollars in frozen Gadhafi funds.� This is something that President Obama alluded to today and that the Libyan TNC representatives have been calling for for months.� What do you see as the holdup?� What exactly are the legal hurdles?� And you know, what can or should be done, in your view, to get this money to the TNC as fast as possible?� Thank you.
LINDSAY:� Dan, you want to take a crack at that?
SERWER:� I'm not sure that I know all the legal hurdles.� What I know is that the lawyers will throw up hurdles galore when it comes to this kind of thing.� I do think that there's a requirement for not only a decision by the president, but I've heard recently that the Americans feel they have to go through the U.N. Sanctions Committee, and that can be a tedious procedure as well.
In my view, it's not so important to free up all 34 billion (dollars), or however many dollars it is.� What's important is to begin a steady flow and to have mechanisms in place that can ensure the accountability and transparency of that flow, and that's not easy.� And that's where the TNC has to take on some responsibility.� I don't think giant amounts of money -- I've never seen a post-war situation that wouldn't have been improved by reducing the amounts of money flowing into the situation.� Money can be poisonous in this kind of thing.� The TNC does need a flow of funds; it shouldn't be a giant flow.� It should be a reasonable and adequate flow.
QUESTIONER:� Dan, just to continue on that theme, what is your assessment of how soon it will be before substantial oil revenues begin to flow into Libyan coffers?
SERWER:� Well, I think we're talking some months to get things back up to anything like the previous levels of production.� And the initial production may be going more into domestic requirements than into exports.� It's the gas that really counts a great deal, and there, you know, I just haven't seen a reliable expert estimate for how long it's going to take.� A great deal depends on how much destruction there's been, but a lot depends also on where the personnel are; are they available.� I think the -- both the regime and the rebels seem to have taken some care not to destroy too much.
DANIN:� I'd just like to add, I think we shouldn't get ahead of ourselves here.� Oil companies are notoriously conservative, and Gadhafi has not yet fallen; a new government has not yet taken control.� And it -- we will not see oil companies go back into Libya, let alone operate, until there is a new government in place that exercises a monopoly of force on the ground.� And I think that is something that is -- that has yet to be assured.
We're ending one chapter, but we're about to open a new chapter that we have no idea what it's going to look like.� We have no idea if we're heading for a unified government in Tripoli or if, indeed, we're going toward something very, very different -- a factionalized tribalesque situation.� And if indeed we do see the TNC fail to exercise authority rapidly and Libya break down into factionalism, then I don't think we'll be talking about a functioning oil industry in Libya for some time to come.
SERWER:� I agree entirely with that.
LINDSAY:� Could I push you on that, Robert, and then get Dan to jump in here?� When you talk about a factionalized Libya, are you worried about regional divisions or tribal clan divisions?� What do you see as sort of the overriding fault lines in Libya that are likely to be exploited?
DANIN:� I'm worried about all of the above.� I mean, here is a country in which the grand leader, Gadhafi, by design gutted all institutions of governance and civil society.� He was the state.� He -- when he leaves, so, too, does the state in many ways.
Now, we've had six months in which the TNC has had some time to try to build up some nascent institutions, but that's hardly very much time.� This is a very tribalized society.� It is a factionalized society.� The idea of "Libyan-ness" is something that you don't hear many Libyans talking about, and yet -- and let alone, the notion that they will exercise such an identity has to be demonstrated.
So I'm very worried about a Libya that could be divided along tribal lines, along geographic lines.� And they've been united in what they opposed, but they are not clearly united about what they stand for.
LINDSAY:� Dan?
SERWER:� I'm mostly concerned about the regional division.� I think that has real potential for factionalizing Libya.� The -- as I understand it, a good part of the oil and gas resources are in the east.� The east has felt disadvantaged under the Gadhafi regime.� That's one of the reasons the rebellion occurred in Benghazi.� And I think there's some real danger there.
I'm -- you know, the tribal thing, you know, if you talk to Libyans about it, they'll tell you there's no way, no how, that's going to cause as much difficulty as the foreigners claim.� But I can tell you that that's always the view in tribal societies, or societies in which tribes are important.� And yet, over and over, it's been demonstrated that people do factionalize along tribal lines, because when it comes to questions of personal security and protection, you look to family first.
LINDSAY:� Operator, next question.
OPERATOR:� Our next question comes from Shaun Waterman with the Washington Times.
QUESTIONER:� Yes, hello.� Thanks very much for doing this, gentlemen.� I wonder if I could ask what you think the lessons that the leadership of NATO are going to draw from this -- you know, from what is beginning to look like, at least for the time being, a successful operation?
LINDSAY:� Robert, do you want to go first?
DANIN:� Well, I think it's probably -- as in any conflict, the military that participated will study what happened and look for lessons learned and problems to be avoided.� This was an extraordinary coalition that was put together, that encompassed not only NATO but also countries from far afield, out elsewhere in Europe, and even from the Arab world.
The fact that the United States did not play the -- its traditional role in this coalition of really leading in the forefront, and in fact the way in which it withdrew its primary military assets early on, really forced other NATO members to play a greater role; and indeed, it brought some strains into the alliance.
But again, I think it's premature to declare victory here.� Gadhafi's departure will be one very critical milestone in this, but if Libya turns out to be a unified, semi-representative government, then we can start to uncork the champagne and talk about the success of this mission.� If on the other hand it turns out that having removed Gadhafi through military force with a very strong outside intervention leads to a failed state -- to overstate the case -- then I don't think we will be looking at this as a -- as a great success.
LINDSAY:� Daniel?
SERWER:� I agree with that.� And I think the -- on the military side, the lesson is one we had already learned, which is that air power combined with indigenous forces on the ground can be a very powerful combination.� It was a powerful combination in Bosnia, in Kosovo, in Afghanistan.� It works, given enough time and enough firepower behind it.� The problem, as Robert suggests, is that it does nothing to build the state that comes after the conflict, and you don't even have the boots on the ground to begin to provide the assistance.
So it'll be interesting to see whether in this case we are able to overcome that disadvantage, in particular because the Transitional National Council is, frankly, a little bit more of a government-in-waiting and has prepared a little bit better, I think, than you've seen in some other cases.� So I have -- I have some hopes that they'll get this situation under control, but it's only hope at the moment.
QUESTIONER:� If I could just -- if I could just ask you to follow up on that, you know, looking at the downside, looking at the possibility that the NTC is not able to establish or maintain security, can you talk a little bit about the pressure there's likely to be on NATO to -- you know, to step up its intervention, to try and, you know, provide that security?
SERWER:� There could -- there could be enormous pressure.� I mean, it could -- you know, you could get a humanitarian catastrophe that would lead to serious pressures, especially in Europe, which fears immigration from Libya.
DANIN:� Look, you already have American military officials talking on background saying that they believe that there is going to need to be boots on the ground of some form here.� Now, clearly the president has made clear that the United States doesn't want to have its boots on the ground, and so I think we have the potential for a real behind-the-scenes tug of war within NATO to determine how we're going to stabilize this situation.
We've seen a lot of reports, over the last few months, about how poor the rebels are, you know, as a -- as a unified force.� You know, you had weak rebels defeat a(n) even weaker army that was decimated by a lot of air power.� Now they're -- you know, now they have to translate that into a force that can stabilize the situation on the ground.
And it seems that many military planners are quietly saying they believe it's going to take outside forces to help stabilize that, yet it's going to -- there's going to be reluctance to do so.� I think that's why President Obama just an hour ago said that he will be looking to NATO and the United Nations to play a critical role.� I think that's code -- I think that's code for having those various forces forged together, a peacekeeping operation in the most-Gadhafi era.
QUESTIONER:� Thank you.� And that -- and that was Mr. Danin just now?
DANIN:� Yes, yes.
QUESTIONER:� All right.� Thank you both very much.
LINDSAY:� Operator, next question.
OPERATOR:� Our next question comes from Steve Tomo (ph) with McClatchy.
QUESTIONER:� Hi.� Hi, thanks for doing this.� Could either or both of you talk a little bit about how President Obama has handled this from the beginning and how he's handled the U.S. role on this?
SERWER:� Well, I think he's handled it rather well, to tell you the truth.� This is not an easy situation.� It's a situation where I don't -- I believe that American interests -- vital interests were not really at stake and -- but where the risk of allowing Gadhafi to do as he liked was a serious one from a humanitarian point of view.� So he's so far, so good.
The real challenge, though, comes in the post-war period.� I mean, that you can win a war having surrogates on the ground and using air power, I'm convinced that that's true.� What you can't do is build a state.� And I'm not convinced that the U.N. and the EU are going to step up to that even as well as they stepped up to the military action, and particularly the Europeans.� They're completely preoccupied with their own financial problems at the moment, and I don't see any move to put -- (inaudible) -- on the ground in Libya.
LINDSAY:� Robert?
DANIN:� Well, I would say, I mean, the United States has done, you know, all right as far as it goes.� I think what we've seen is the ambivalence that the president feels about this operation projected throughout -- on the one hand, wanting to do something ultimately backing into a humanitarian intervention and then getting a U.N. Security Council resolution that provides all necessary means, but then allowing that resolution to expand.
I fear the consequences of that, in that I think some of the parties that now -- who have subscribed to U.N. Security Council Resolution 1973, particularly countries like Russia, China, maybe some middle-weight countries as well, are going to be very reluctant to sign up to such a resolution in the future, because they believe that there was a bait-and-switch here, that they were brought in for humanitarian intervention and it turned into regime change.
And the problem is that, as Daniel has pointed out, if Libya's not really a key vital interest, what happens when we have to address what I would consider a greater U.S. interest in the region, which is Syria?� We have put a lot of diplomatic horsepower into the Libyan Contact Group, which I think has been actually quite effective.� But at the same time that means that the opportunity cost here is that there is no Syrian contact group right now.� And so therefore. if we go to the U.N. and try to put together such a contact group and ultimately try to get the kind of intervention mandated as was done in Libya, it's going to be difficult if not impossible.� And part of the problem will have been because of the way we behaved in Libya in this so-called peacekeeping or humanitarian intervention.
LINDSAY:� Is it your sense, Robert, that what happened on U.N. Security Council Resolution 1973 is one of the reasons why the Russians and the Chinese have been reluctant to endorse statements or resolutions on Syria?
DANIN:� Well, I think they were there anyway.� I think this has given them the pretext that they want and only fortifies their reluctance.� I think the Russians don't -- you know, traditionally had vital interests, or what they believe vital interests, and had a longtime alliance with Syria and are reluctant to see that go.� They've used the port in Latakia for their -- for their navy.� So there's a traditional Russian-Syrian alliance there.� But if they had any doubts before, I think the -- what has happened with 1973 has quashed those doubts.
SERWER:� One thing I think that's worth pointing out as we talk about how Obama's strategy is viewed, whether it succeeded or failed on Libya, is to keep in -- I think for -- at least for those elements in the United States who wanted the president to do more and to do it sooner, the fall of Gadhafi, in their view, doesn't justify the president's strategy.� It justifies their argument that if he had acted sooner and more decisively, Gadhafi would have been gone much sooner at a lower cost.
Now, that's a plausible claim.� It's also an unprovable claim.� But I don't think that it is an argument that is going to go away, and I would suspect in the weeks to come there will be arguments as to whether or not the president's strategy of "lead from behind" has been vindicated by Libya.� And of course, as Robert points out, if Libya goes badly, I don't think anything is going to validate the strategy.
DANIN:� If I can just take one more bite at the same apple, I mean, I think ultimately that this was a strategy that was designed by the White House to suit, really, domestic political needs.� The intervention was not something that's very popular.� We are already involved in two Muslim countries.� The American people don't want to see the United States get involved, especially on the ground, elsewhere.� And so the administration found a way to address what is perceived as a potential humanitarian catastrophe and square the circle with a minimal intervention.� And as the president noted just now, there was not a single American casualty in this operation so far, and that really allowed him to proceed.
But even then, the polling did not suggest a great deal of support for this -- for this exercise.� People don't really care as much.� I mean, there's a certain fatigue.� There's a sense that the United States cannot topple every bad guy that's out there, and Gadhafi's just another one of those bad guys.� People want the economy improved.� They have other priorities rather than slaying these dragons.
LINDSAY:� Operator?
OPERATOR:� Our next question comes from Bill Varner with Bloomberg.
QUESTIONER:� Thank you.� Do you gentlemen -- either of you gentlemen see any figures in the -- on the Libyan scene who might emerge as leaders?� Not necessarily within the TNC; is there anybody out there that the people can rally around who has any stature?
LINDSAY:� Robert?
DANIN:� Well, not in the immediate future.� I mean, ultimately a figure will have to emerge, and often these figures do emerge in such contexts.� But that's where the killing about a month ago of the former chief of staff had been such a blow because he had been seen as such a potential charismatic leader.� But I -- you know, I defer to Daniel on this, but I think in the short term there is not a single figure that has emerged.
LINDSAY:� Daniel?
SERWER:� No, I don't see a single figure.� And I actually think that's a very good thing.� I think at this point the most positive thing I've seen happening in Libya is the organization of the local councils, which are generating a kind of grass-roots leadership that no doubt will have to compete in elections eventually.� And I think that's a much better pattern for generating good democratic leadership than having a general step in at this point.� I think it would actually be a failure if we ended up with a new autocrat in Libya.
LINDSAY:� Operator?
OPERATOR:� Our next question comes from Luis Martinez with ABC News.
QUESTIONER:� Gentlemen, if I could ask you, what do you think happened on the ground in Libya to lead to this quick turn of events?� And do you think that the administration may have been caught flat-footed in how they react to something -- to the events there, given how quickly this unfolded over the last 36 hours?
LINDSAY:� Robert?
DANIN:� No, I don't think the administration's been caught flat-footed at all.� My contacts with some both in the administration and in the White House, I think they've been very much involved.� I mean, we realize that it's been the sustained air coverage that has allowed the rebels to be effective.� It's not just, well, strikes; it's battlefield intelligence; it's the fact that you have Predators that are, you know, giving 24/7 coverage of the battlefield that's allowed them to move.
Now, the tipping point might have come a little quicker, but don't forget, you know, we still have to secure Tripoli.� So, I mean, I don't think anyone is expecting Gadhafi to hold out here, but it still could be -- there still could be some considerable bloodshed before this is over.
LINDSAY:� Daniel?
SERWER:� Nothing, really, to add.
LINDSAY:� Operator?
OPERATOR:� Our next question comes from Susanna Kim with ABCNews.com.
QUESTIONER:� Hi.� Excuse me if you've already touched upon this, but I was wondering if you could describe what will happen to the assets within the country, in particular those that have been supposedly hidden by Moammar Gadhafi and his family within the country and possibly even outside.
LINDSAY:� Dan, do you want to take a crack at that?
SERWER:� This is one of the big issues that the Libyans face, the TNC faces, is to reassemble the state assets.� I can guarantee you that right now in Tripoli somebody is trying to privatize whatever assets are sitting in the Libyan central bank.� I can promise you that they're privatizing land, they're privatizing offices, they're stealing computers.� This is what goes on.� And it can be a very difficult process of regaining control over state assets.
But it's just part of a game.� And it's one of the reasons why some law and order is needed very quickly, because it's not just a question of petty criminality, it's a matter of dismantling the state, which in the case of Iraq was done intentionally by a stay-behind operation that was planned by Saddam Hussein.� We can't be sure that that doesn't exist also in Libya.� But even if it doesn't, the dismantling of the state, what little state exists in Libya, would be -- would be a great tragedy.
LINDSAY:� Dan, could I draw you out on that, because in the memo you wrote for CFR on what comes after Gadhafi -- which, again, is posted online at CFR.org -- you talked about a number of these issues.� What are the sorts of things that outside observers should be paying attention to to get a sense as to whether things are going well or ill on that front?� What are the sort of clear warning indicators to pay attention to?
SERWER:� Well, I mean, Libyans are going to know right away whether they can walk down the street and not fear large-scale violence.� That's extremely important.� They're going to know right away whether revenge killings are occurring, because bodies start showing up on the street without heads, arms and legs.
The price of commodities is important, and whether things are really available in the markets are a good indication, if things are available in the markets, that there's relative safety or at least the return of a minimum of safety.� There are a whole series of indicators of this sort.
And people on the ground there are going to know right away.� It's much harder for us to know from here exactly what conditions are.
But if we start hearing about, you know, a dozen bodies found here or there, I start worrying about revenge killings.� If we start hearing about ministries being torched, I start worrying about the possibility of a stay-behind operation that's trying to dismantle whatever is left of the state.� There are good indicators out there for all of these problems.
LINDSAY:� Thank you, Dan.
OPERATOR:� Our next question comes from Katherine Chumiac (ph) with NBC News.
QUESTIONER:� Hi, there.� Thanks for doing the call.� And I know you touched on this briefly at the top, but could you go into a little bit more about how this impacts the larger region and how this fits into the larger arc of the Arab Spring that we've been seeing?� Thank you.
LINDSAY:� Would you touch on that, Robert, and particularly on what it means for Egypt, which is much larger in terms of population than Libya which is about, what, 6 or 7 -- 6 and a half million?
DANIN:� Six and a half million.� Yeah.
Well, I think there are two fundamental ways in which what happens in Libya is important for broader regional development.� I mean, one is the demonstration effect that it has and the inspiration effect it has for people elsewhere in the region.� They will see the images of Gadhafi's forces being routed and will take inspiration from that.� That's been the hallmark of this -- of these uprisings throughout the Arab world over the last nine months, has been the fact that people have been reacting to local grievances but being -- taking inspiration from broader movements elsewhere in the region.
But Libya is also important for a second fundamental reason, which is this is the first place and the only place so far where the international community has interjected itself militarily.� And there -- I think the region is looking to see how -- what kind of role the international community takes in the -- in the post-Gadhafi period.� And it will send an important message about commitment to democratic institutions, peaceful transitions and that this wasn't just an effort to rid Libya of Gadhafi, but actually an effort to promote something positive in Libya and not just secure as well a Western oil interest in that country.
SERWER:� I would add that I think we have to be very careful about what is taken as inspirational.� If the inspiration is towards military action and violence, I would regard that as a very negative thing.
And I think in Syria in particular, the Syrians seem to have taken it in precisely the opposite direction; that is, it's a warning against violence.� And they have redoubled their nonviolent (discipline ?), and I think that's exactly the right reaction both to Libya and to Yemen where violence has been very much a part of the scene.� Admittedly, on the -- in the Syria case, the government uses violence, but the protesters, for the most part, do not.� And I think that's very important.
On the question of military action, military intervention by the international community, frankly, I don't see any possibility of that in Syria.� And I think it's been ruled out right from the first.� And I just don't think it's going to happen.� I don't think that it would be permitted by the Russians and others for the reasons Robert mentioned.
But I also don't think -- the local people don't want it.� And that's important to appreciate, that the Syrians are -- seem quite determined to keep on a nonviolent path.
LINDSAY:� Do you want to add some more, Robert?
DANIN:� Well, I would just add -- I mean, we don't want to get too far afield on Syria -- only that there are arms being poured into Syria to anti-Assad forces, to Sunni forces.�� And so just as these episodes, these -- each story, the Libyan story is now -- we're moving from one chapter to another.
But these are long stories.� I'd say Syria as well still has a long way to go.� And what kind of peaceful denouement is in store is way beyond the horizon.� And while I don't foresee a civil war, the longer this goes on, the longer it could break down into sectarian conflict.� And at a certain point, if there is a real all-out civil war in Syria, then the regional reaction to it will change dramatically, I would expect.
LINDSAY:� Operator, next question?
OPERATOR:� (Gives queueing instructions.)� Our next question comes from Nasser Wedaddy with the American Islamic Congress.
QUESTIONER:� Hello, good afternoon.� Thank you for doing this conference.� I just wanted quickly to invite you to reconsider or recontextualize Libya's -- Muammar Gadhafi's full impact and putting it rather into the Sahel context, looking south rather than east.� And I invite you a little bit to consider that given AFRICOM's level of involvement in fighting AQIM and ultimately stabilizing that area of the world, that from that perspective, the peace and stability and the post-Gadhafi Libya is not a marginal U.S. interest.� As a matter of fact, it would be a central, vital U.S. interest.� Otherwise one of the risks is the multiplication of failed states or even the expansion of the AQIM threat to marginalized and fragile countries.� Thank you.
SERWER:� Well, I agree entirely that it could become a vital U.S. interest, but any country that harbors al-Qaida could become a vital American interest.� And you know, there are a lot of countries in the world that are candidates for that.� So I -- you know, I don't see any will on the part of the TNC to even remotely be inviting al-Qaida in.� They're very much pointed in a different direction, and I think we have to reinforce that tendency.
QUESTIONER:� I'm sorry, there was a misunderstanding there.� It wasn't so much that AQIM will set shop in Libya, but the impact of the flow of arms that already has been a problem complained about by the Malians, the Algerians, Moroccans, Mauritanians is -- that perspective in interfering with existing stated AFRICOM operations and objectives in that area of the world.� Thank you, though.
SERWER:� Yeah, maybe that goes a bit beyond my competence.
DANIN:� No, it goes slightly beyond mine as well, although I think that the caller highlights one very important point that will be a real challenge for the TNC, which is that in the course of the fighting that's taken place, we have had Libyan army arsenals that have been raided by the rebels, and we now have a lot of very sophisticated weaponry that is floating about Libya:� SA-7 rockets, their ground-to-air missiles.� And one of the challenges for whatever authority exerts itself will be not only to pacify the situation, but then to reconstitute a monopoly of arms.� And we want to avoid what we had back -- on a much grander scale, but in Afghanistan, where a civil war, you know, led itself to a -- to a failed state that allowed for groups to flourish quite well in the post-war aftermath.
LINDSAY:� Operator, next question?
OPERATOR:� Our next question comes from William Murray (sp) with EIG (ph).
QUESTIONER:� Yeah, hi.� Some of the questions have already been largely answered, but I guess I was interested in knowing -- there's a before and after question now in terms of U.S. Middle East policy.� And I was just wondering if either of you could add a bit more in terms of kind of the big-picture issues.� Moving forward obviously Syria's important, and so is the oil price.� But the Obama administration now can't seem to -- I don't want to say they can't catch a break, but these problems don't get any easier.� They get, as you were saying, even harder.
DANIN:� Shall I go ahead?
LINDSAY:� Robert?
DANIN:� You know, I think you're absolutely right.� I think the first challenge obviously is going to -- for the United States is going to be to see a peaceful transition take place in Libya that does not suck the administration in deeper than it already is.� I think that's going to be the first challenge.
Clearly, the president doesn't want to put boots on the ground, and has held to that to now.� But a situation that unfolds that is detrimental to the -- to such an outcome, you know, could pose a real policy dilemma.� So in the first tier, you have what happened in Libya.� And I think it's going to be difficult for the administration to internationalize this conflict.
We talk about the rebuilding of Libya and the vast oil resources.� As I said earlier, I think it's going to take some time for those -- for that oil -- for the oil resources to be tapped in a way that allows for this to be paid for, which then raises the question:� Who's going to be able to pay for all of this?� Again, I think the president hopes to internationalize this, bring it to the U.N., have NATO take care of it, but that's the best-case scenario.� I fear the worst-case scenario.
So the larger consequence is that Libya, as I suggested earlier, takes up a disproportionate amount of time and effort of the administration and distracts it from other key issues in the region that it also needs to be paying attention to, such as Syria, such as Yemen, such as the situation between Israel and the Palestinians -- the situation that's unfolding in Sinai today.
SERWER:� I share that concern that the administration would focus too much on Libya.� But anybody who told the president of the United States that he could initiate military action in Libya and then walk away from it quickly was making a serious mistake.� It just doesn't work that way.� And I think there's going to be some hard choices to be made.
QUESTIONER:� Thank you.
LINDSAY:� Operator, next question?
OPERATOR:� Our next questions come from Matthew Lee with Inner City Press.
QUESTIONER:� Yeah, hello, thanks.� I just wanted to ask -- and I hope it hasn't been asked; I'm sorry, I got on late -- whether you think that these two U.N. envoys, al-Khatib and Ian Martin -- it was announced at the U.N. today that they are heading to Doha -- whether the U.N. and they have any role in this -- you know, they call it post-conflict Libya.
And also, Obama had said that he's asking the General Assembly to somehow support, you know, the new -- a new government there.� And do you think that's concrete, or it's just sort of "rah, rah" at the -- for the general debate in September?
LINDSAY:� Daniel, could I ask you to --
SERWER:� I think the U.N. is the key player here, and it's the key player on the political side in avoiding fragmentation inside Libya.� This is the kind of thing that the U.N. does, and I think it's really important that they do it.
I would underline also that "post-conflict" is a misnomer.� Conflicts continue after war ends.� This is maybe a post-Gadhafi, post-war situation that we're headed for.� It's not post-war yet; it's not even quite post-Gadhafi yet.� But it's definitely not going to be post-conflict.� Conflicts will continue by political means.� And the U.N. is the organization most of us think should be responsible for, you know, trying to avoid those conflicts becoming too marked and Libya too factionalized.� Arab League will also have a role; the African Union may have a role; but the U.N. is really on the hook here, it seems to me.
LINDSAY:� Daniel, can I draw you out on that?� Because in the memorandum you wrote for CFR -- which, again, is available online at cfr.org -- you talked about the possible choices the administration could make once Gadhafi fell.� And one of the options you spoke about was having an international peacekeeping force go in.� What is your sense right now as to what the state of play is on that idea?� Are we seeing any enthusiasm for it in Europe?� Because, again, the moment of decision has arrived and, given everything you've said so far, which I agree with, that the next several weeks could be critical, in part because of the need to prevent violence from escalating, and the White House and the Europeans have had six months to sort of work through this issue -- what is the state of play?
SERWER:� My sense is that it is not happening.� I think the reasons have almost nothing to do with Libya, and almost everything to do with the European financial crisis and things -- and European ineptitude generally, frankly.� But I see no sign that they're moving in that direction.� And I think that's unfortunate.� I think they should have by now assembled at least a hypothetical force that could be called upon if need be.
This all happened rather more quickly than people had anticipated, but I have no reason to believe that if it had been delayed for a month or two, that the Europeans would have been ready.� This is one of the failings of our allies that they have a habit of not being ready when the time comes.
LINDSAY:� But we're not seeing talk either of sending in troops or -- one of the possibilities you raised was paramilitary police, who are used to keeping order.
SERWER:� I see no sign that they're taking that as a serious proposition, despite the fact that they've done it many times before.� They've done it in Somalia.� They've done it in Kosovo.� They've done it in many places.� And the need -- you know, it would only be done if the Libyans requested it, obviously, and, you know, we're not at that point yet.� But to be prepared for such a request strikes me as the responsible behavior, and to be unprepared for it is irresponsible.
LINDSAY:� Robert.
DANIN:� My understanding is that the British have been quietly preparing very intensively for the day after.� The British Foreign Ministry has devoted something -- you know, a large proportion of its resources toward preparing for day-after scenario planning.� We believe that -- there are reports that you have both French and British paramilitary forces on the ground now that help advise and guide the rebels into Tripoli.� So a lot of this takes place behind the scenes.
Obviously, there's always the need for more planning.� But I believe that there has been some -- a great deal of planning taking place in certain capitals.� That not enough has been taking place at U.N. headquarters is most likely, because the U.N., you know, has to be driven by some strong force to take action.
LINDSAY:� Robert, do you see the Obama administration reversing its reticence thus far to put American boots on the ground?
DANIN:� No, not at all.� I think that the president is going to do everything he can to avoid putting American troops on the ground.� I think especially as we near 2012, having said that he won't put boots on the ground, this would become a great political liability, but it's also because -- so there's a credibility issue that he will want to uphold, but also, again, we are extended in many other theaters of war and I think he's going to find any way he can to avoid putting boots on the ground.
LINDSAY:� Different question.� Would other Arab countries be willing to put peacekeepers on the ground in Libya?
DANIN:� That's going to be a key question.� I mean, we -- the key question, I think, is to what degree are the Arab states that have committed military forces to ousting Gadhafi done so because of their distaste for Gadhafi, and how committed now are they to the -- will they be to Libya once Gadhafi is gone?� So now that Gadhafi is gone, will they feel that their objective has been reached and sort of what happens will become of lesser consequence, or will they feel vested in what has happened because of their involvement in the military -- the military option?
I think this is why the Libyan contact group, again, will be so important, and then the action -- it is quite fortuitous, actually, that we are in late August and we are heading to the U.N., because President Obama did identify in his remarks just at 2:00 this afternoon that he envisaged the upcoming General Assembly being devoted in large part to Libya.� And so I think this provides a real opportunity here.
LINDSAY:� Dan, did you want to jump in?
SERWER:� Well, I would only say that the kinds of paramilitaries that I was talking about are uniformed paramilitaries.� I've seen some of the British preparations, which are entirely civilian-side and not security-related preparations.� Now, there may be thing that I haven't seen and that Robert has.� But I think the political reluctance of the Europeans to put boots on the ground is just as palpable as the American reluctance to do so.
LINDSAY:� Daniel, do you have any sense of anything that might happen in Libya that would persuade the Europeans to change their minds, since -- (as you had pointed out ?) before?
SERWER:� Well, we talked at the beginning about this factionalization of Libya, delays in getting oil and gas production going because of tribal conflicts or regional conflicts.� And I think the real chaos in Tripoli or those kinds of factionalizations that directly affect European interests in oil and gas might incentivize them.� I can't be sure, but I would certainly hope so.
DANIN:� If I could just jump in there, I mean, I think we have to just put this in its most broad context.� I mean, while many believe that Libya is not a vital American interest, one of the key reasons we are involved there now is because Libya is a key European interest.� And we are supporting our European partners here.
And one of the -- you know, there are two fundamental reasons, at least, that the Europeans are concerned about Libya.� I mean, one is because of their energy resources and because of the dependency of key countries like Italy and France and Germany on Italian (sic) oil, but also the fear that this is Europe's southern border and that instability in Libya could lead to a northern migration across the Mediterranean, something that the European countries want to prevent.
So this is a very important country, and I've seen on some of the tweeting that's -- I did not mean to imply in any way that Libya is neither unimportant or what's happening there is unimportant.� It's just many in the United States believe this is not a key vital interest.� But one of the, you know, reasons that we are so heavily involved is because of our alliance with the European countries for whom what happens in Libya is central.
LINDSAY:� Operator, we have time for one final question.
OPERATOR:� Our last question comes from Jung No (sp) with Radio Free Asia.
QUESTIONER:� Hi, thanks for your conference.� I think many other dictatorship countries are looking at this Libya situation, to (collapse?) of Gadhafi's (regime ?).� I think this is -- could be the -- some message to the another dictatorship country such as North Korea.� So what's the message it could be?
And one more thing:� The Libya and other dictatorship countries that have that relationship and the cooperation in many ways, so what's going to be the impact on their relationship?� Their relationship and the cooperation could be keep going on?� Thank you.
LINDSAY:� Daniel?
SERWER:� Well, I think any dictator watching what's going on in Libya will probably react in two ways:� clamp down even harder, but try to avoid provoking NATO.� I don't think this is going to weaken Bashar al-Assad's desire to hold onto power or anyone else's.� I think they're going to hold on even tighter and become even more problematic, but always trying to avoid provoking the military intervention.� That's what they really fear.
DANIN:� I think Daniel's absolutely right.� I mean, I think the real hardcore dictators that still exist in the world today are going to look what happened first in Egypt and now in Libya and also in Syria, and the lesson they're going to draw in is -- from it is you show any conciliation toward your demonstrator and -- demonstrations and you open the door to potential ousting.� And so the right thing to do is to be -- to be tough.
And I think in the Libyan case, there's also a sense of -- as there is in the Egyptian case, a sense of some degree of betrayal, that there was cooperation with the West, cooperation along -- on the nuclear deal when it came to Libya, a highly imperfect resolution to the Pan Am 103 case, but nonetheless a reconciliation was achieved.� And yet in the end we wound up in the war with Gadhafi in which yet another one of his children was killed by a Western airstrike.� And so I think, you know, Gadhafi today is probably saying to himself, why did I even bother trying to ever reconcile with the West?� They were going to get me no matter what in the end anyway.
LINDSAY:� That brings us to a close.� I want to thank all of the people who were on the line.� I want to thank Daniel Serwer and Robert Danin for their lucid, incisive analysis.� You can get more of their thinking on cfr.org -- encourage you to check out the website.� Everyone have a great day.
QUESTIONER:� Thank you.


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Three North Dakota Army National Guard Soldiers with 1919th Contingency Contracting Team are back in the U.S., returning today from a mission in Afghanistan and Qatar.
Sergeant 1st Class Heidi Sigl, Staff Sergeant Cody Martin and Staff Sergeant Curtis Richter arrived in Camp Shelby, Mississippi, to begin their demobilization process before they return home next week.
The commander of the unit, Major Mike Lowe of Bismarck, arrived home in North Dakota last month.
Evangelist Franklin Graham prayed on a sidewalk outside the Pentagon Thursday after his invitation to a prayer service inside was withdrawn because of comments that insulted people of other religions. More>>

subset: commoncrawl


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For better or worse, for richer and poorer. Those were the vows one West Fargo couple took 70 years ago. Today they're still living the same philosophy.
Hadley and Eileen Haugen are celebrating their Platinum Wedding Anniversary Saturday, that's seven decades together.
They're one of the few in North Dakota to be married for so long. Hadley will be turning 99 in a few months, and Eileen will be 91.
They've lived through two world wars, and sixteen presidencies.
The couple shared their wisdom from the years saying marriage is a give and take relationship.


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I never heard of Cyber Monday 2 but it does exist. Because Ebates.com, my all-time favorite website is hosting it today (Monday, Dec. 10) and some of the cash back percentages are even better than the real Cyber Monday or Black Friday!
Click here to go to Ebates.com to sign up for Ebates.com to start earning cash back for most of your online purchases.


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Town Square
Santa Claus comes to town in Main Street parade at 5:30 tonight
Original post made on Dec 7, 2008
Read the full story here Web Link posted Friday, December 5, 2008, 10:06 AM
Comments (4)
on Dec 7, 2008 at 8:37 am
Is there some reason why the mayor's head is on McGovern's body? I was trying to figure out why the picture looked so odd when I looked at the pictures I took last night and realized that the mayor was sitting next to Cook-Kallio and Sullivan and Thorne was sitting next to McGovern!
on Dec 7, 2008 at 10:23 am
Maybe they switched seats. When I saw the carriage go by (further down the street), McGovern was indeed sitting where Hosterman is in the photo, but wasn't she wearing a white or cream-colored scarf and a bulkier red coat?
on Dec 7, 2008 at 11:28 am
If you look at the caption it is last year's picture. It was published prior to last night's parade.
on Dec 13, 2008 at 9:38 am
And of course everyone loved the bikers doing there tricks, and don't forget they jumped over someone!
If you were a member and logged in you could track comments from this story.
Understanding Early Decision in College Admissions
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By Tim Hunt | 29 comments | 1,347 views
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Earthquake Insurance
By Roz Rogoff | 2 comments | 754 views


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Joe Nocera
Fred R. Conrad/The New York Times
Joe Nocera is an Op-Ed columnist. Before joining The Opinion Pages in April 2011, he wrote the Talking Business column for The New York Times each Saturday and was a staff writer for The New York Times Magazine. In addition to his work at The Times, he serves as a regular business commentator for NPR's Weekend Edition with Scott Simon.
Before joining The Times in 2005, Mr. Nocera spent 10 years at Fortune Magazine, where he held a variety of positions, including contributing writer, editor-at-large and executive editor. His last position at Fortune was editorial director. He was the Profit Motive columnist at GQ until May 1995, and he wrote the same column for Esquire from 1988 until 1990. In the 1980's, he served as a contributing editor at Newsweek, as executive editor of New England Monthly and as senior editor at Texas Monthly. From 1978 until 1980, he was an editor at The Washington Monthly.
Mr. Nocera's column ranges widely over the world of business and finance, with a particular focus on the intersection of business and public policy. Slate magazine wrote that his Talking Business column, which ran in The Times for six years, "demystifies the world of business with original thinking, brainy reporting and the ability to see around corners."
Mr. Nocera has won three Gerald Loeb awards, including the 2008 award for commentary, and three John Hancock awards for excellence in business journalism. A 2007 Pulitzer finalist, he is the author of three books. "A Piece of the Action: How the Middle Class Joined the Money Class," (Touchstone, 1995) won the New York Public Library's 1995 Helen Bernstein Award as the best non-fiction book of the year. He has also written "Good Guys and Bad Guys: Behind The Scenes With The Saints and Scoundrels of American Business (and Everything In Between)" (Portfolio, 2008), and, most recently, "All the Devils Are Here: The Hidden History of the Financial Crisis (Portfolio 2010), which he co-authored with Bethany McLean.
Mr. Nocera earned a B.S. in journalism from Boston University in 1974. He was born in Providence, Rhode Island on May 6, 1952, and lives in New York City.
The Human Toll of Offshoring
What should we be doing to make globalization work for us instead of against us?
September 2, 2014, Tuesday
Imagining Successful Schools
One of the grand old men of education policy says test-based accountability has got to go.
August 30, 2014, Saturday
Lessons Not Learned
The S.&L. crisis could have helped us avoid the financial crisis.
August 23, 2014, Saturday
The Man Who Blew the Whistle
When the S.E.C. announced it was awarding $400,000 to a whistle-blower, it didn't name the recipient per the Dodd-Frank law. His name is Bill Lloyd, and this is his story.
August 19, 2014, Tuesday
From Sneakers to O'Bannon
How a sports marketer came to take on the N.C.A.A.
August 12, 2014, Tuesday
This Is Reform?
The real reformer is Judge Claudia Wilken, not the college sports establishment.
August 10, 2014, Sunday
Sympathy for the Devil
Should we care if a big corporation that did an awful thing is being hosed?
August 2, 2014, Saturday
Teaching Teaching
Teachers shouldn't be learning on the job as they go.
July 29, 2014, Tuesday
Chamber of Commerce Lost Its Way in Right Turn
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is regretting its one-sided support of Republicans.
July 26, 2014, Saturday
Did Dodd-Frank Work?
We really have no way of knowing whether "too big to fail" is still with us until we have another crisis.
July 22, 2014, Tuesday
Joe Nocera on the Daily Show (January 18, 2012)
A discussion about how Republican infighting has brought attention to private equity taxation issues.
Joe Nocera and Bethany McLean on the Charlie Rose Show (November 17, 2010)
The authors discussed their new book, "All the Devils Are Here: The Hidden History of the Financial Crisis."
Joe Nocera and Bethany McLean on The Daily Show (November 16, 2010)
A discussion of what they would have done differently to prevent the financial collapse.
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Knowing where to go with your data management strategy, and how to do it, can be difficult to determine with today's many alternatives. Getting through the acronym's and nomenclature, let's start with a simple view of the "layers" of I/T for the discrete manufacturing company today:
|Top Layer for managing financials, material requirements and manufacturing planning
|Middle layer for managing product data staged for manufacturing
|Middle layer for managing product data in development stages up to final release
|Bottom layer for creating product design and engineering data and documents
Most will agree that the gap between CAD and ERP is too great to ignore the value proposition of the two "middle layers". But, which should be selected and in what order: PDM or PLM? Additionally, can a typical manufacturer select just one or the other? Here is my viewpoint of the answers to these two questions.
The summary to both is to always implement bottom – up, not top-down. When you do so, you will maximize the rate of a return from your investment, minimize the risk of a failed or stalled implementation, and improve your visibility to real enterprise requirements that may be difficult to confirm otherwise assess. The discussion below explains.
The first question deals with the order in which to implement: PDM or PLM. The PDM solutions marketed today offer near-perfect CAD integrations, because they are typically developed by the CAD vendors themselves and come with a guarantee that new releases of CAD will be supported by them. Additionally, the many complex features of a 3D parametric CAD system are supported by the PDM system available from the same developer. As an example, SolidWorks Enterprise PDM offers simply the very best CAD integration to SolidWorks available on the market. However, many of the PDM solutions, including EPDM, do not provide some of the application support that a full PLM system offers. So, if the company decides that some of these applications are needed, a PLM solution is necessary to compliment the PDM.
Conversely, PLM systems today provide application support for managing product data and it's metadata. Applications like engineering BOM management, configuration management, portfolio management, quality management, project management and supply chain management are available and native functions of a PLM solution today. However, because of the many 3D parametric CAD brands on the market, the PLM software developers and resulting systems do not normally have robust CAD data management capabilities that are always in step with current releases and design features, as noted above. There are too many brands, release cycles and features in today's CAD market for any developer to do all this in-house. Therefore, most are outsourcing the CAD integrations to 3rd parties. So, at the end of the day, your PLM system will usually consist of software developed by two different developers: one for the PLM and one for the PDM. You end up with the same situation as above. Only, in this case, with a lower quality of PDM solution.
If a company elects the "bottom-up" approach, they can optimize on both. If they elect to implement "top-down" they will optimize on one and forfeit important functionality in a very critical area: managing multiple versions and releases of parts, assemblies and drawings. Getting the product definition right, and to those who need it promptly, is the first and foremost responsibility of a solution in either area. With the pressures of the global manufacturing community, there can be no tolerance for an error in release levels and the correct product documents behind them.
Advancing our discussion to the second question: can one or the other, PDM or PLM, be omitted from a final implementation for the typical discrete manufacturer? If you have a 3D parametric CAD solution in place, you should never avoid the PDM layer. So, can the PLM layer be omitted? That will depend on three factors: the complexity of your product structure, the level of vertical integration available in your manufacturing resource, and the capabilities of your ERP system. Many products have a simple enough product structure that PLM is not needed. Some of the ERP solutions on the market have modules for PLM that are included or available.
Finally, a PDM implementation is usually considerably less complex than PLM. That results in lower implementation costs, faster project times and lower implementation risks than PLM. With the benefits of PDM being realized early in the total project cycle of an implementation of both, the total risk is thereby reduced, yielding a better ROI back to your company.
In summary, I recommend all companies start with a good quality PDM solution, and advance, if necessary, to a full PLM solution when the PDM layer is complete. The "bottom-up" approach is best.


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Minimizing the loss of life and the property damage that could result from a disaster unfolding in the Erie area is a challenge that has spawned a collaborative initiative between Mercyhurst College and the Erie County Emergency Management Agency.
Each spring, the college's Honors program meets the challenge of hosting an Academic Celebration – four days of lectures, presentations, movies, artwork and more, all focusing on a single theme and organized by students. The events are all free and open to the public, and, in fact, geared toward drawing the community into the open forum that defines an institution of higher learning.
The Cummings Gallery at Mercyhurst College is currently organizing the second annual juried photography show in memory of the Rev. Sylvester Jaworski, a Divine Word priest, principal at the Divine Word Seminary, noted English teacher and photographer.
If you were tuned into WQLN radio earlier this week, you could hear the voice of Kathy Kelly, the founder of Voices in the Wilderness, traveling through the airwaves from Baghdad, where she continues to live – even during the ongoing war – as part of her crusade to inform the world about the impact of economic sanctions on the civilians of Iraq.
When the Mercyhurst D'Angelo Music Department concert choir performs what is arguably the most sublime religious music ever written – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's "Requiem" – they're hoping the audience will be moved by what promises to be a deeply reverent experience.
Even as the cold tightens its grip on Erie, Mercyhurst College students have turned their thoughts to spring break – sand, surf, looking good in a bikini.
The art therapy students who recently painted a mural on the entry wall of the Erie Office of Children and Family Services just wanted to bring a smile to a child's face.
The 2002-2003 Mercyhurst Student Government Speaker Series will continue on Tuesday, Feb. 18, when Dr. Jawanza Kunjufu visits the campus and speaks on urban education during a special lecture scheduled as part of Black History Month.
The quick and thorough work of the Mercyhurst College maintenance and housekeeping staff allowed classes to meet as usual in the Audrey Hirt Academic Center despite a water pipe break that flooded all three floors of the building early on Thursday, Feb. 13.
When Governor-elect Ed Rendell decided to showcase restaurants from five regions of Pennsylvania, the call went out for representatives from those areas.


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I had read several reviews after booking on the Century. This was our first Celebrity experience. The price was great and we half expected to be disappointed..We were not.
The Ship was very clean and beautiful. The food was excellent. The Staff was very friendly and accommodating.
We never felt crowded. Never waited long for anything, including the elevators.
There were plenty of activities to enjoy.
We are not huge fans of entertainment..such as shows, singing comedy etc. so we did not attend any shows.
We did spend some time in the casino and did not win anything...not unusual for a cruise ship...but won enough to keep us playing on budget for 5 days.
We thought the food and dining choices was excellent. The dining room staff, wine steward, waiter and bus man, were great. Jimmy was our waiter and made sure we enjoyed everything we ordered or insisted on bringing us another choice.
The rooms were spacious and well organized compared to other ships. We took the lowest category, as don't spend much time in the room. The only extra we had was a window. I am claustrophobic.
We hope to go on another Celebrity cruise soon..It is now our top choice
The ports were as expected and we had been to Cozumel before, so knew what to expect.


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Clarion University is an institutional member of the National Intramural Recreational Sports Association (NIRSA). NIRSA is recognized internationally as the leader for recreation in higher education and an advocate for the advancement of recreation, sport, and wellness. The organization provides educational and developmental opportunities, generates and shares knowledge, and promotes networking and growth for its member.
The state branch of NIRSA is the Pennsylvania Intramural Recreational Sports Association (PIRSA). PIRSA's purpose is to promote and enhance the quality of recreational sports programs in various settings throughout the state by means of professional meetings, publications, dissemination of ideas, and maintenance of policies consistent with the philosophy of NIRSA.
Clarion University's Recreation Staff
Clarion University's recreation professionals are members of NIRSA and PIRSA. Lori Sabatose, Manager of the Student Recreation Center, has been very involved in both the national and state organizations. She has attended conferences and workshops, hosted state workshops, served on committees, and made professional presentations. Lori has won the NIRSA and USTA Tennis Award in 2008 for outstanding commitment to tennis and growth on campus. She currently serves as the PIRSA president.
In addition to the professional staff, formers student workers from the Student Recreation Center have won service awards and the PIRSA Bill Swan award which is given annually to a Pennsylvania student dedicated to recreational sports.


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Sub-Zero 36" Built In All Refrigerator With Glass Door: Stainless Steel
Model: BI36RGS
- Four design options: framed, overlay, flush inset and stainless steel.
- Electronic microprocessor constantly monitors entire unit to ensure proper food storage environment.
- Air purification system reduces odors, bacteria, viruses and ethylene gas.
- Triple-pane, UV-resistant glass door— high altitude glass available.
- Illuminated touch control panel.
- Bright interior lighting throughout, including storage drawer area.
- Adjustable spill-proof glass shelves.
- Crisper and deli drawers form a lowertemperature zone ideal for produce and meats.
- Soft-close glide system on refrigerator storage drawers.
- Easy-access flip-up grille.
- Informational freshness cards.
- 4 Adjustable glass shelves
- 1 Stationary glass shelf
- 1 High-humidity drawer with dividers
- 2 Storage drawers with dividers
- Refrigerator 23.4 cu ft
- Supply 115 VAC, 60 Hz
- Service 15 amp circuit
Product Dimensions
- 36"W x 84"H x 24"D
Product Documentation
Click here to download Product Specifications for this item.
Click here to download the Energy Guide for this item.
Click here to download Care and Use Guide for this item.
Click here to download Installation Instructions for this item.
Product Reviews
Current Rebates
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| Internet Customer Service
|Order Information


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A professional wrestler is joining in the fight of a local athlete's battle with cancer.
Nathan Wood, 17, of Saranac, is undergoing chemotherapy at Fletcher Allen Health Care in Burlington for Ewing's sarcoma, a rare bone cancer. The teen is also a star on his high school's wrestling team.
Professional wrestler Matt Morgan-- at 7-feet tall and 330 lbs.-- of TNA Impact Wrestling is lending his size and fame to help Nathan.
"You can tell already by the way he handles himself that this isn't something that's going to beat him; it's going to be one of those really cool stories at the end all be all, and I'm looking forward to being a big part of that for him," Morgan said.
Matt Morgan is holding a meet-and-greet Thursday night at the Old Navy in Plattsburgh from 6-8 p.m. where he'll be signing autographs as a benefit for Nathan. All of the proceeds will go to help Nathan's family pay for transportation and treatment.
PO Box 4508
Burlington, VT 05406-4508
Primary Phone: 802-652-6300
Primary email: email@example.com


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Great recipes and tips for the whole family
1 tbsp. oil
1 medium onion, chopped
1 1/2 lbs. lean ground beef
1 cup barbecue sauce or ketchup
1/2 cup FRENCH'S® Classic Yellow® Mustard
1/4 cup FRENCH'S® Classic Worcestershire Sauce
Hamburger rolls
HEAT oil in large nonstick skillet. Saute onion 3 min. until tender.
ADD beef to skillet. Cook until browned, stirring to separate meat. Drain well.
STIR in barbecue sauce, mustard and Worcestershire. Simmer about 5 min. until flavors are blended. Serve over hamburger rolls.
Nutrition Facts:
|Serving Size
|1 ea
|Saturated Fat
Tips from French's
Tip: Top Sloppy Joes with FRENCH'S French Fried Onions.
Variation: Add 1/2 cup chopped green or red bell pepper.
Log in to Frenchs.com Log in to Frenchs.com
reviewed by: generic0x1 | Sep, 14, 2010
It's simple and sloppy joe's are always a big hit at the dinner table for lunch and/or dinner!
reviewed by: klauselkhorn | Sep, 13, 2010
fast easy and delicious!!!!!!!!
reviewed by: jennifer.nichols | Sep, 10, 2010
Easy Weeknight Sloppy Joes is wonderful for my family. My husband works in Brazil and is gone 32 days at a time, so weeknight dinners for me and my 3-year old daughter are always quick and easy, but still delicious. Sloppy Joes are an excellent choice because we can brown the hamburger meet any time during the week and with the recipe use condiments always kept in the house to make Sloppy Joes. It's quick and easy to make dinner for two when the recipe is revised. The remaining cooked beef that we did not add the ingredients too can be used the next night for additional quick fixes... speghetti, dirty rice, etc. It's a quick and easy weeknight meal that is loved by adults and children.
reviewed by: davidreed1234 | Sep, 09, 2010
french's mustard taste so good on ground beef.this is one of best sloppy joe recipe's i've come across.my family and i love all of french's products and recipes french's keep up the good work i love all your products thank you so much!!!!!!
reviewed by: jocquelene | Sep, 06, 2010
It is easy to make and fast to get on the table for the hungry children and hubby!
reviewed by: esexton3 | Sep, 06, 2010
Having a busy life this is a simple tasty recipe they will love.
reviewed by: yajayy | Sep, 06, 2010
It is easy to prep. and tasty to boot
reviewed by: kerfuggle | Sep, 05, 2010
i love how the taste of French's yellow mustard compliments the ketchup for a bold tasting sloppy joe! I use soy crumbles instead of beef, and it's delicious.
reviewed by: nana_7rugrats | Aug, 31, 2010
a TASTY & TANGY SLOPPY JOE IS EASY TO MAKE AND EAT, TASTE GOOD AND EASY TO LOVE.


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Program for 2011 End User Summit Announced
The 2011 End User Summit program was announced by the Linux Foundation. The End User Summit which is sponsored by IBM and Softlayer, is invitation only and designed to bring together enterprise Linux end users and kernel developers. Find who should be attending and how individuals can request an invitation.
"The Linux Foundation End User Summit is really about bridging collaborative opportunities between the world's leading Linux users, vendors and the kernel community," said Jim Zemlin, executive director at The Linux Foundation. "This is the only event that can catapult Linux into the future in just a day and a half. Everyone who is anyone in enterprise Linux will be in this room in March."
When will the 2011 End User Summit be held?
Date: March 1-2, 2011
Where: Hyatt Regency in Jersey City, New Jersey"
What exactly is the 2011 End User Summit?
The End User Summit is a unique, invitation-only opportunity for the most advanced enterprise users to collaborate with leaders from within the Linux community, including the highest-level maintainers and developers. By bringing together sophisticated end users and senior Linux developers, The Linux Foundation hopes to accelerate innovation and adoption of Linux in the most cutting-edge environments. Companies from financial services, healthcare, energy and government, among other industries, will be attending."
Can individuals request and invitation?
Yes, individuals can go to the The Linux Foundation 2011 End User Summit Event page and click on the request invitation link."
Who are the keynote speakers?
Jim Zemlin, Executive Director for The Linux Foundation will give the opening remarks and the keynote speaker lineup includes: Jens Axboe, kernel developer at Fusion I-O; Evan Bauer, an architect at DealerTrack; Linux Weekly News (LWN.net) Editor Jonathan Corbet; David Ferrucci, Principal Investigator of the IBM Watson Supercomputer; Steve Rostedt, a kernel developer at Red Hat and Red Hat's Chief Technology Officer Brian Stevens."
Who should attend?
CTOs, Chief Architects and their top technical teams including architects and senior IT representatives, kernel developers and Linux community leaders."
What other sessions are on the schedule?
More information on 2011 End User Summit can be found on the 2011 End User Summit Event page."
More information about the 2011 End User Summit can be found in 2011 End User Summit Program announcement and the 2011 End User Summit event pages.
Issue 166/2014
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Tag Cloud
Knoppix 7.4 Released
Klaus Knopper announces the latest version of his iconic Live Linux system.
PHP Attack Puts WordPress and Drupal at Risk
All websites that use these popular CMS tools could be vulnerable to denial of service attacks if users don't install the updates.
Heartbleed Bleeds On
According to a report, many potential victims of the Heartbleed attack have patched their systems, but few have cleaned up the crime scene to protect themselves from the effects of a previous intrusion.
Drone Brain Goes Open Source
DARPA and NICTA release the code for the ultra-secure microkernel system used in aerial drones.
Password Management Services Vulnerable to Attack
Should you trust an online service to store your online passwords?
New Raspberry Pi Adds Two USB Ports
New B+ board lets you build cool things without the complication of a powered USB hub.
Microsoft Grabs No-IP.com Domains
Redmond rushes in to root out alleged malware haven.
Firefox Steps into 3D
New initiative will bring futuristic virtual reality effects to the web surfing experience.
New Trojan Targets Online Banking
Dyreza malware launches a man-in-the-middle attack that compromises SSL.
HP Rolls Out Massive Cloud Network
New cloud combines worldwide access with local attention to data security.


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June 15, 2010
Future Shock
Draft Wrap: NL Central
Day One Selections
Inside the Pick:Seen by most as a supplemental first-round selection, Jenkins had to wait until the final pick of Monday to hear his name called.
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What's the big risk, Kevin, in drafting Austin Wilson in the 12th round? You never get a good player with a 12th round pick (the 13th round is different, you can get a HOFer there).
Jun 15, 2010 07:30 AM
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SPOKANE, Wash – Tony Callihan, 38, has been in the Spokane County Jail since mid-January charged in the death of his ex-girlfriend, Michelle Koenen – but now, court records obtained by KHQ show he wrote letters to two witnesses asking them to make new statements.
Callihan was arrested a week after Koenen's murder – in her car – on the run in California.
Investigators intercepted two letters they say Callihan wrote while in state prison in Shelton, Washington before he was brought back to Spokane.
In them, he writes to one witness: "What I need to happen is for you to go to the prosecutor's office and explain to them that what you told the cops was what you thought might have happened… but now that you have thought it over… you will testify saying that now that you've settled down I gave no evidence verbally or any other way that I was guilty of anything."
He goes on to ask the witness to "sign and notarize a sworn affidavit" to that effect, and that once that happens "the charges will be reduced almost for certain. I'll still be in serious trouble but I don't think I'll be facing murder."
Back in January, Callihan spoke to KHQ in an exclusive jailhouse interview, and maintained his innocence.
In these letters, he writes Koenen's death "is a suicide," but also says "proving I didn't do it is going to be next to impossible without some help."
In another letter asking a second witness to make a similar statement, Callihan writes, "Let me know without really saying anything because the incoming mail may be censored and the calls are recorded."
Prior to his stay in Shelton, Washington, court documents also show a cell inspection in the Lake County Jail near Lakeport, California, turned up tightly wrapped piece of plastic. Inside, the jail report shows, deputies found a screw that "appeared to be fashioned into a handcuff key," and noted in his criminal history, Callihan has a record of escape.
It is possible Callihan may now also face charges of tampering with a witness and conspiracy to commit perjury, on top of the second-degree murder charge he is already facing.
His trial is scheduled to begin at the Spokane County Courthouse in late August.
SPOKANE, Wash. - Pig Out In The Park brings in thousands to delve into their favorite fair-like foods and put diets on the back burner. But this year is a little bit different, because organizers are calling it the largest pig out yet.


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The World : Asia : Russia : Novosibirsk region : Novosibirsk
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Novosibirsk region is a part of Siberian federal district of Russian Federation. It's located in south-west Siberia and adjacent to the Republic of Kazakhstan and Russia's Altai region. Its administrative and economic center is the city of Novosibirsk.


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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: June 10, 2009
City suspends liquor license of Star Discount Smoke and Convenience Store for two days
The City of Kansas City, Mo., Regulated Industries Division of the Neighborhood and Community Services Department and the management of the Star Discount Smoke and Convenience Store have agreed to a two-day suspension of the establishment's liquor license. Star Discount Smoke and Convenience Store is located at 2518 N.E. Vivion Road
The suspension will begin June 13 at 6 a.m. and end on June 14 at midnight. This suspension is the result of due to ordinance violations, including employees selling alcoholic beverages to minors.
As a condition of the suspension, the management of Star Discount Smoke and Convenience Store has agreed to provide education, training and instruction to their employees about City ordinances.
Media inquiries about this issue should be directed to Jim Ready, assistant manager, Regulated Industries Division, (816) 784-9018.


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The Dolphins got off to what seemed to be an auspicious start when rookie returner Nolan Carroll took the opening kickoff to the Bears' 47. Miami added another first down with a quick out route throw to Brandon Marshall and a run up the gut by Ronnie Brown.
From there, things began to unravel. On the following first down from the Bears' 35, the Dolphins attempted an end around run with receiver Brian Hartline, but Hartline collided with quarterback Tyler Thigpen and the handoff was fumbled. Hartline fell on it, but Miami suffered an eight yard loss on the play.
With the new starting QB forced into an obvious passing down, the drive stalled. Defensive end Henry Melton sacked Thigpen on third down to push Miami out of field goal range.


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Attention Teachers and Principals! How would you like your school and class to be featured on the Eyewitness News "Morning Pledge!" We'll come to your school and film the class saying our country's Pledge of Allegiance, which will be featured on our "Eyewitness News This Morning" 6am and 7am shows on WCHS-FOX11, as well as on wchstv.com and on our facebook page. Please give us some info below so we can follow up and feature your school class!
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Wheel tax! The straw that broke the back for many. Note the number who have been forced to file for bankruptcy and the number in foreclosure on homes. Just what they need — a tax on their transportation. Couldn't you have waited another couple of years until things pick up?
If I read right, Indiana has allotted $3.1 million for road repair to Madison County. I realize this is just a drop in the bucket. Be thrifty. No new salary/wage increases and a lot of research on costs, to make the money go as far as possible.
Everyone has lost income in the marketplace. Many in Madison County are retirees, and they received no increases in income. Many are unemployed or underemployed. Everything you need has gone up in price while what you get for your money has shrunk.
Think of the many in Madison County who are unemployed. Now, you want to tax their transportation! Some must maintain two old cars in order to get to their two or three low-wage jobs. Even $25/$50 can seem like a fortune when you don't have it. Come on! Another tax!
Betty Mehling


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Breezy Morning Tea - Sassafras Select Tea 100% Pure & Natural Herb Tea - 20 Tea Bags (1.5 oz)
Breezy Morning Sassafras Select 100% Pure and Natural Herb Tea is Premium Quality and caffeine free. The healing power of herbs is a matter of controversy. There are many who regard herbal medicine as quaint and ineffective. On the other side are just as many people with empirical evidence of herbal "cures" and "remedies." Certainly, it is an established fact that many doctor-prescribed medications are wholly or partially derived from naturally grown herbs or are synthesized from herbal models. Breezy Morning takes no sides in this controversy nor do they make any claims concerning the efficacy of any herb.
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For Hot Tea:Pour boiling water over tea bag. Brew 4-6 minutes or to taste. The longer the brew, the stronger the taste.
For Iced Tea:Use 3 tea bags for every two glasses, brew slightly stronger than for hot tea. Pour into ice-filled glasses.
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California Heights Market
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Ratings: 30 | Reviews: 23 | Display Reviews Only:
4.25/5 rDev -4.7%
08-14-2014 14:05:25 | More by Justinsosmart
4/5 rDev -10.3%
07-22-2014 19:15:21 | More by EJosesA
4/5 rDev -10.3%
06-12-2014 18:58:10 | More by katonk
4.5/5 rDev +0.9%
05-09-2014 21:51:19 | More by Bwagner1122
4.25/5 rDev -4.7%
05-02-2014 19:36:25 | More by SoCalBeerIdiot
4.25/5 rDev -4.7%
03-30-2014 04:01:48 | More by antonyliu
4.75/5 rDev +6.5%
03-15-2014 18:28:35 | More by dwagner003
4.83/5 rDev +8.3%
This place has really picked its game up in the last 2 years. Beer selection has more than tripled. Lots of bombers, belgians and some rare stuff.
Wish there were a few more 6 packs and a mix a 6 option but oh well. Raj keeps prices very competitive and cheaper than Stearns. Abut half of his selection is refridgerated. Occasional discounts so its best to come often and ask if there is anything in the back. Not much parking but its ok for a liquor store.
02-14-2013 03:25:59 | More by USMCretired
4.81/5 rDev +7.8%
California Heights Market easily has the best selection of beer and wine in the Bixby Knolls/California Heights area. Granted the prices are slightly more than you would pay at BevMo! or Total Wine, why not pay $1-$2 more per bottle to support a small independent local business.
The building is old but it has its charm.
Both Caesar and Raj are very knowledgeable about their brews and will make excellent recommendations if asked. Also, it pays to make nice with them because they keep the good stuff in the back for their regulars.
02-13-2013 06:08:10 | More by RockMayock
4.65/5 rDev +4.3%
Came across CA Heights Market on recommendation of a co-worker. I love this place! I stop in about once a week to browse and look for some new tasty brews. I would stop in more often if it was closer to my house... or work, it is closer to work than home, but I do make that effort to stop in... it's worth it!
They have the best selection, by far, of craft and import beers I have seen in one place. I can not stress enough to go in and talk to the cashier, which is usually the Owner... and he knows his beers. And he is proud of what he carries. I told him about some brews I enjoy and he gave out some excellent recommendations.
05-25-2012 03:36:37 | More by Diesel76
California Heights Market in Long Beach, CA
97 out of 100 based on 30 ratings.


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The puzzle that is the MAC Championship Game is coming more and more into focus every day. After last night's huge dose of #MACtion known as the Ball St. Cardinals versus the Northern Illinois Huskies, we're here with a clear picture of who can still end up in Detroit in three weeks.
Scenario #1: Northern Illinois wins the MAC West.
This one is the easiest. If Northern Illinois wins in Toledo next Wednesday, they are the champions of the MAC's Western Division. NIU can also win the division, even if they lose to Toledo. If they lose next week, they would need to beat Western Michigan during the final week, and Toledo would have to lose to Akron.
Scenario #2: Toledo wins the MAC West.
This one is pretty simple, too. Toledo must beat Northern Illinois next week, but that is NOT a winner-take-all game on Toledo's side. The Rockets must also beat Akron in two weeks, and even then, they still need help. If they win their final two games, the Rockets must also have either a Northern Illinois win versus Western Michigan or a Ball State loss against Miami in order to win the West. It would seem like a foregone conclusion that both UT and NIU would win their final games -- but you never know. It's not guaranteed.
Scenario #3: Ball State wins the MAC West.
Amazingly enough, Ball State can still win the division, but they need the most help. That help does not seem likely to occur. First, they need Northern Illinois to lose at Toledo. That's reasonable enough, but then they also need NIU to lose against Western Michigan, too. That is very unlikely. Finally, Ball State must take care of their own business against Miami. It's a long shot, but the Cardinals are still alive.
To recap, here are the clinching scenarios for all three West teams...
Win at Toledo OR
Loss at Toledo + Win vs Western Michigan + Toledo loss at Akron
Win vs Northern Illinois + Win at Akron + Northern Illinois win vs Western Michigan OR
Win vs Northern Illinois + Win at Akron + Ball State loss vs Miami
Win vs Miami + Northern Illinois loss at Toledo + Northern Illinois loss vs Western Michigan
Scenario for Eastern Division: Winner-Take-All
There is only one scenario for the Eastern Division -- whomever wins when the Bowling Green Falcons at Buffalo on Friday, Nov. 29th will win the division. The game will be played at Ralph Wilson Stadium, home of the NFL's Buffalo Bills. A win by the Buffalo Bulls would place them in the MAC title game for only the second time ever and the first time in five years (2008). Bowling Green would also play in their second MAC title game with a win, but it would be their first trip to a MAC Championship Game in Detroit. In their last title game appearance ten years ago (2003), the Falcons hosted the championship game in its last year of on-campus play.
Update for MAC Bowl Projections:
Now that we have the key MAC games for this week, I'm going to update my projections in terms of the pecking order for the MAC teams anticipated to earn a bowl invitation.
Little Caesars Bowl: Toledo (vs. Boston College*)
GoDaddy.com Bowl: Northern Illinois (vs. Western Kentucky)
Famous Idaho Potato Bowl: Buffalo (vs. Colorado State)
Poinsettia Bowl: Ball State (vs. Boise State)
* - Replacement for Big Ten team
Eligible teams with no bowl:
Bowling Green, Central Michigan, Ohio
As you can see, I've moved the MAC West teams around. Provided NIU isn't going to be in the BCS, I now have them going to Mobile. Why? Because now, I believe that Toledo might be a more attractive option for the final Little Caesars Bowl because A) they're closer to Detroit than NIU and B) they might not play in the MAC Championship game, which is also in Detroit. In other words, Toledo might bring a bigger gate.
This would leave Ball State with either a trip to Boise or one to San Diego, and I think the MAC would love to still have Ball State in a showcase such as a game against Boise State. This is why I keep Buffalo in Boise for now.
And sorry, Bowling Green fans -- unless another bowl spot opens up, the Falcons are still likely on the outside looking in. Only way this changes is if the Falcons beat Buffalo in two weeks. As for Ohio, they have virtually no shot at a bowl game now -- not after their last two performances. They're clearly going to be below the other five teams and, quite frankly, who would want a team that just lost in back-to-back weeks by a combined 79-3?
We'll have another update after the weekend games.


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Peter Jackson's King Kong: The Official Game of the Movie (PSP)
Manufacturer: Ubisoft Entertainment Part number: 33281
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- Delve deeper into the film experience through alternative viewpoints designed to put the player at the center of the cinematic action. Featuring detailed likenesses and original voice performances of film cast members. Survive as Jack in a world crawling with predators and live the legend as Kong. Use weapons, traps, and your team wisely to survive in first-person as Jack. ... Read more
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If an allegedly untouched piece of woodland is "virgin forest," what does that make a forest that's been logged or burnt or otherwise used by humans over the years?
Today's activists need to get more involved in protesting the environmental profiteering that is destroying our planet.
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HATTIESBURG, Miss. -- FIU coach Ron Turner insisted earlier this week that he's excited about the Panthers' future. Saturday, three true freshmen showed why.
Running back Silas Spearman ground out 136 yards on 29 carries, with 55 yards on 11 carries coming in the fourth quarter as FIU drove to two field-goal attempts. The successful one, from 27 yards, put the Panthers up 24-23. The unsuccessful one, from 44 yards, came at the end of a 57-yard drive that took the clock from 5:33 to 1:00 and saw Spearman run for 38 yards.
"Today, he stepped up big time," sophomore quarterback E.J. Hilliard said. "It's very rare, it's very hard for a freshman to handle that load. They knew we were running to run the clock out. And he knew he was getting the ball every play.
"For him to go out there, 6 yards, 8 yards, first down, play after play, keep pounding … showed no fear. He didn't play like a true freshman today."
Tight end Jonnu Smith caught a team-high four passes for 43 yards despite missing much of the second quarter after hobbling off the field in the first.
On the drive to the eventual game-winning field goal, it was Smith who Hilliard looked for over the middle on fourth and 2 from the Southern Miss 34. Smith broke a tackle and rumbled for 17 yards.
"He's a very good player," said Turner, who has been high on Smith since the first week of training camp. "The last couple of weeks, he hasn't played as well as he did early. And that was on [the coaching staff]. Because he's such a good player ... you have a tendency to want to keep using him.
"We had him doing way too much. He started slowing down physically because he was thinking too much mentally. We took some things off his plate this week and let him focus on the things he did today."
Linebacker Treyvon Williams gained notice during training camp for his instincts, especially in the run game. He came into the game after fifth-year senior Markeith Russell left with an injury in the third quarter and, on his first play, cracked running back Kendrick Hardy in the backfield. Giovani Francois cleaned up the play for no gain.
Vann gets a shot
Fifth-year senior wide receiver Rocky Vann got open up the left sideline for a 24-yard catch in the second quarter, fueling FIU's first scoring drive of the day. It was Vann's first reception since Nov. 7, 2009, when he made two catches for 16 yards against Middle Tennessee.
Vann missed all of 2010 with an injury, then sustained a season-ending injury in the 2011 season opener. He got into three games last season on special teams. This year, he has come back from a training camp injury.
Key returners
In his first game back after hurting a knee in the opener at Maryland, safety DeMarkus Perkins led FIU in solo tackles with seven and threw in a pass breakup that was not credited in the official statistics.
Also back for the first game since a knee injury in the opener was sophomore outside linebacker Davison Colimon. Colimon's one tackle held a bubble screen to 1 yard as part of the three-and-out FIU's defense came up with after a 49-yard kickoff return let Southern Miss start a fourth-quarter drive on the FIU 43.
Showing support
FIU wore pink socks during the game in support of breast cancer research.


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Student ProgramsPlease stay tuned….additional programs designed with your needs in mind are in the works. Check out the Law Library News section of our website for announcements on upcoming programs.
Tour of the H. Douglas Barclay Law Library
Although created for 1Ls at the Syracuse University College of Law, some of the research tips and pointers included in the tour may be of interest to other students.
Introduction to International Legal Research at the Barclay Law Library [Powerpoint as PDF file]
This program developed in 2005 and updated in 2006 for the new members of the International Law Journal, may be of interest to anyone beginning international legal research. [This is a large file; depending on youur computer, it may take more than several seconds to open.]


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Screenplay by Riddlesden student John Thornton to feature at premiere (From Bradford Telegraph and Argus)
Get involved: send your pictures, video, news and views by texting TANEWS to 80360, or email
Screenplay by Riddlesden student John Thornton to feature at premiere
7:00am Monday 10th February 2014 in News
An aspiring young scriptwriter will have one of his creations featured in the world's first crowd sourced narrative feature film.
Twenty-year-old John Thornton, of Riddlesden, wrote a short screenplay called Getting Ahead of Yourself which is now part of a full-length film called 50 Kisses.
The whole film is being premiered on Thursday at the Genesis Cinema, in London, but simultaneous screenings will take place round the world.
John is studying scriptwriting for film and television.