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Fells Bike & Hike
August 27, 2014
· Gabe Joseph · Comments Closed
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This Season's Ice from Ian MacLellan
If you've got that summertime sadness and yearn for the better days of driving snow and screaming barfies, reminisce with TMC alum Ian MacLellan's photos of this season's ice climbing in New England, and get stoked for even more trips next year (plus a lot of brand-new gear)!
June 27, 2014
· Gabe Joseph · Comments Closed
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Around Tufts this summer and plan on venturing into the wild wild outside of your home/cubicle/van? TMC is still here, but works a little differently:
- We email each other over the summer elist
- The Loj has no official caretakers, thus no food. Contact the Loj Director if you're a caretaker and want to open the Loj.
- Vans may be used for TMC purposes, but you pay for gas. Reserve them as usual, then email the summer elist to invite others / coordinate getting the keys.
- MetroRock and CRG discounts apply for the summer as well!
June 3, 2014
· Gabe Joseph · Comments Closed
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Mountain Day
Hey you, listen here!
Now approaches the best day of the year.
Mountain Day, as some call it,
is no time to sit.
With the air smelling like spring,
staying inside is not an easy thing.
It's time to celebrate being outside.
Maybe there will even be a slip 'n slide.
So get ready for sleeping bag races
and smiles on your faces.
Human bouldering and food art
are only the start.
Ziplining with Zephyr
is going to be the coolest adventure ever.
Iris will teach you all to tie-dye,
making April 18th a great Fri-dye.
Look for us on the Prez Lawn from 11 to 2.
This day would not be complete without you there, too.
April 14, 2014
· Midge Cross · Comments Closed
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It's that wonderful wintry time of the year again and TMC has decided that we should celebrate it right!! Winterfest will take place from 2PM-5PM on the academic quad on February 28th, 2014. A schedule of Olympic Events will be posted soon. Events include: human dog sledding race, snowshoe race, Cross Country Skii race, human bouldering, and perhaps a game of football if there is interest. There will also be an arts and crafts booth, temporary tats, and a gear swap tent! Lastly there WILL be food and hot chocolate and perhaps a guest appearance by a mystery performing group. Prizes will be awarded to the event winners. So bundle up, get psyched and head over to the academic quad on the 28th between 2 and 5!
February 19, 2014
· Midge Cross · Comments Closed
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Winter Survival
Orli's mom has conscripted an undead army, and is vying for control of TMC! Come learn to survive both winter and zombies with Dustin Hines and Zephyr Feryok.
Pre-Meeting at 8PM on February 12 in Barnum 104.
January 31, 2014
· zephyrferyok · Comments Closed
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World-famous alpinist Jason Kruk is presenting at Tufts! Jason is best known for the first fair-means ascent of Cerro Torre in Patagonia (and subsequent global controversy after removing the 125 bolts that scarred the route). He's also a paraglider-flying ski-mountaineering dog-loving stunt-rigging Canadian vegan, and generally rad guy.
And one time, he pooped his pants while climbing.
Come hear him talk about all of it:
Tues, 1/28 at 8pm
Cabot Auditorium
Free with Tufts ID, $5 other students, $10 general
January 24, 2014
· Gabe Joseph · Comments Closed
Posted in: Events, Uncategorized
Elections and December Meeting, 12/5 at 9PM in Braker 01!
- Who will the future leaders of TMC be?
- What is Pass the Torch Weekend, and how do I sign up?
- How does the Loj work over Winter Break?
- Where has the TMC Gavel been all this time?
- Who will win Prom King and Queen?
Find out the answers to these burning questions and MORE at the December meeting on 12/5!
December 5, 2013
· jouimet · Comments Closed
Posted in: Uncategorized
Autumnfest on October 25th!
Due to impending bad weather on October 17th, Autumnfest will now take place on Friday, October 25th, from 12-4 on the Academic Quad!
Come celebrate fall with TMC!
There will be a giant pile of fresh fall foliage (LEAVES), a costume contest, food, pumpkins-a-carvin', face painting, an obstacle course and plenty o' shenanigans!
Guest appearances by B.E.A.T.s and President Monaco (?!?!!?!)
October 17, 2013
· jouimet · Comments Closed
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RSVP for TMC 75th Anniversary Party on Nov 15th!This academic year marks TMC's 75th anniversary! We're throwing a party for all TMC members and alumni on November 15th, featuring New Hampshire contra dance legends Dudley and Jacqueline Laufman. The Loj will be open the weekend of November 15-17 for alumni and their families to reconnect, hang out, and enjoy the Whites. What: TMC 75th Anniversary Celebration: come for snacks, dancing, and an opportunity to catch up with TMC! When: Friday November 15th, 5-8 PM (followed by open Loj Nov 15-17) Where: 51 Winthrop Street Function Hall, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155 Due to limited space, we're asking everyone to RSVP using this form:
October 9, 2013
· jouimet · Comments Closed
Posted in: Uncategorized


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Settling into your long weekend having already read all you want about Sarah Palin? Still need something to read? The New York Times Magazine offers the latest long, long political piece, with an in depth look at the California gubernatorial candidates. Not a whole lot of new ground broken—mostly just Gavin Newsom adoration with some anecdotes about how much Gov. Schwarzenegger loves things are big thrown in—but a good introduction to the candidates.
And otherwise it seems like most political writers have already trucked out for the long weekend. The same old stories are on loop: Republicans in South Carolina are still (and increasingly) calling on Mark Sanford to resign; Sarah Palin is still a lightning rod (though maybe now we'll start sympathizing with her). And we're still wondering just who can lead the Republican Party. Consider what went wrong for candidates in 2008 and whether Huckabee can actually run for first place this time around.
Some interesting polling: Wilson Research Strategies has looked into Peter Schiff's potential Senate bid in Connecticut (which I wrote about here) and find that he performs comparably to former Rep. Rob Simmons against Dodd, despite his lower name recognition. No numbers on the Republican primary, though.
Be the first to comment on this article!

subset: commoncrawl


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It's not easy being a Gleek. At least, it wasn't earlier this season. Aside from the sudden and tragic death of star Cory Monteith, and the subsequent sudden and tragic death of his character Finn Hudson, the Fox musical comedy (Tuesdays, 8/7c, Fox) felt a bit, well, off-key in the first part of Season 5. The story lines started to feel either predictable or haphazard, the music was bland and most of the theme episodes like The Beatles two-part tribute or "Previously Unaired Christmas," lacked a real purpose or message.
Thankfully, the show returned from its extended hiatus re-energized and looking — and more importantly sounding — like its old self. After weeks of letting Season 5 collect virtual dust on the DVR, here are eight reasons why it's time to ...read more
Tuesday's episode marks the 100th episode of Glee (8/7c, Fox), but some of the show's cast members are emotional for a very different reason. "It's the end of an era," Matthew Morrison says.
Glee is back with new episodes Tuesday (8/7c, Fox), and after two months off the air, New Directioners both old and new have a lot of ground to cover.
In addition to teaching important whiteboard lessons on frenemies and trios, the next batch of episodes will bid adieu to another group of...read more
Johnny Depp and Amber Heard made a Broadway date on Thursday when they dropped by the opening night of Cabaret on the Great White Way. The couple held hands before entering the theater alongside other stars like Kristen Chenoweth, Cynthia Nixon, and Jane Krakowski. The musical revival stars Alan Cumming and Michelle Williams and Alan even got in some quality time with Johnny backstage.
The Broadway community is abuzz with the announcement of nominees for the 66th annual Tony Awards. Broadway vets Kristen Chenoweth and Jim Parsons spread the good news. Leading the pack are 'Once' with 11 nominations, 'Porgy and Bess' with 10 and the play 'Peter and the Starcatcher' with nine nods. Five of the nominations for 'Porgy and Bess' are in the acting categories, with four-time Tony winner Audra McDonald, Norm Lewis, Phillip Boykin and David Alan Grier all being recognized.
For more than two decades, Joshua Bell has enchanted audiences worldwide with his breathtaking virtuosity and tone of rare beauty. In this SundayArts profile, we learn about his musical upbringing, his enjoyment of playing music in an intimate environment, and his time working with Sting, Kristen Chenoweth, pianist Frankie Moreno, other stars for his new album 'At Home With Friends.'
A few celebrities share some thoughts about the world coming to an end.
Featuring: Britney Spears, Kristen Stewart, Anna Faris, Mister Grinch, Kristen Chenoweth, Annie, Sarah Silverman, Wanda Sykes, Sarah Palin, and Adele!
More Clips & Interviews
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Santana, is that you?!
Naya Rivera shared a very revealing photo from the set of Glee's upcoming 100th episode and we're not talking about spoilers.
In the Instagram photo, Rivera is pictured in a sparkly red bra, red bottoms and ...
read more
Impressionist Christina Bianco is taking karaoke to a whole new level.
In a video posted Sunday on YouTube, the longtime diva impressionist sings Bonnie Tyler's iconic hit as if she were Barbra Streisand, Julie Andrews, Britney Spears and...
read more
This week, Kristen Chenoweth weighed in on the Anthony Weiner scandal through song, Chelsea Handler wondered whether she should be insulted by her guest-starring role on Lisa Kudrow's Web Therapy, and a disabled puppy achieved the impossible. Elsewhere, The Lumineers and other artists covered classic songs for the Grammy Hall of Fame, and a children's choir recorded a stunning take on Crystal Castles' "Untrust Us" at London's famed Abbey Road Studios. Check out those clips and more in our weekly roundup of the best online videos:
The Good Wife is getting a big blast from her past.
The CBS procedural has cast Private Practice alum Audra McDonald as Alicia's nemesis from...
read more
There's a new top dog on Glee, and for once it has nothing to do with one of Coach Sue's nefarious schemes to take down the New Directions. This Tuesday (8/7c, Fox), when Mr. Schue (Matthew Morrison) goes to Washington, former glee club star Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith) temporarily fills his dancing shoes. Finn may have logged three years crooning Journey and Queen, but he's still got a lot to learn about how to truly lead the glee club, especially with sectionals right around the corner. So to help him out, we compiled some of the most important lessons from Will's bumpy, but fun tenure thus far...
read more
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How Social Media Feeds Became The New Soap Operas
With television on the wane and binge watching changing our episodic relationship to programming, where are we to get our daily doses of other people's lives? Look no further than your status feed.
For those of us not returning to school this fall, let's pretend like we are. Here's some ways to set the mood.


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John Stuart Mill
From Wikiquote
(Redirected from J s mill)
John Stuart Mill (May 20 1806 – May 8 1873), also known as J.S. Mill, was an English political philosopher and economist who was an advocate of utilitarianism.
- 1 Quotes
- 1.1 System of Logic (1843)
- 1.2 On Liberty (1859)
- 1.3 On Representative Government (1861)
- 1.4 Utilitarianism (1861)
- 1.5 The Subjection of Women (1869)
- 1.6 Autobiography (1873)
- 1.7 On Nature (1874)
- 2 Quotes about Mill
- 3 Misattributed
- 4 External links
- Whatever we may think or affect to think of the present age, we cannot get out of it; we must suffer with its sufferings, and enjoy with its enjoyments; we must share in its lot, and, to be either useful or at ease, we must even partake its character.
- "The Spirit of the Age, I", Examiner (9 January 1831), p. 20 Full text online
- The principle itself of dogmatic religion, dogmatic morality, dogmatic philosophy, is what requires to be rooted out; not any particular manifestation of that principle. ¶ The very corner-stone of an education intended to form great minds, must be the recognition of the principle, that the object is to call forth the greatest possible quantity of intellectual power, and to inspire the intensest love of truth: and this without a particle of regard to the results to which the exercise of that power may lead, even though it should conduct the pupil to opinions diametrically opposite to those of his teachers. We say this, not because we think opinions unimportant, but because of the immense importance which we attach to them; for in proportion to the degree of intellectual power and love of truth which we succeed in creating, is the certainty that (whatever may happen in any one particular instance) in the aggregate of instances true opinions will be the result; and intellectual power and practical love of truth are alike impossible where the reasoner is shown his conclusions, and informed beforehand that he is expected to arrive at them.
- "Civilization," London and Westminster Review (April 1836)
- We are not so absurd as to propose that the teacher should not set forth his own opinions as the true ones and exert his utmost powers to exhibit their truth in the strongest light. To abstain from this would be to nourish the worst intellectual habit of all, that of not finding, and not looking for, certainty in any teacher. But the teacher himself should not be held to any creed; nor should the question be whether his own opinions are the true ones, but whether he is well instructed in those of other people, and, in enforcing his own, states the arguments for all conflicting opinions fairly.
- "Civilization," London and Westminster Review (April 1836)
- The best state for human nature is that in which, while no one is poor, no one desires to be richer, nor has any reason to fear being thrust back by the efforts of others to push themselves forward.
- Principles of Political Economy (1848), Book IV, Chapter VI, §2.
- There is room in the world, no doubt, and even in old countries, for a great increase of population, supposing the arts of life to go on improving, and capital to increase. But even if innocuous, I confess I see very little reason for desiring it. The density of population necessary to enable mankind to obtain, in the greatest degree, all the advantages both of co-operation and of social intercourse, has, in all the most populous countries, been attained. If the earth must lose that great portion of its pleasantness which it owes to things that the unlimited increase of wealth and population would extirpate from it, for the mere purpose of enabling it to support a larger but not a better or a happier population, I sincerely hope, for the sake of posterity, that they will be content to be stationary, long before necessity compels them to it..
- Principles of Political Economy (1848), Book IV, Chapter VI, §3, p.516.
- Both in England and on the Continent a graduated property tax (l'impôt progressif) has been advocated, on the avowed ground that the state should use the instrument of taxation as a means of mitigating the inequalities of wealth. I am as desirous as any one that means should be taken to diminish those inequalities, but not so as to relieve the prodigal at the expense of the prudent.To tax the larger incomes at a higher percentage than the smaller is to lay a tax on industry and economy; to impose a penalty on people for having worked harder and saved more than their neighbours. It is not the fortunes which are earned, but those which are unearned, that it is for the public good to place under limitation.
- Principles of Political Economy (1848), Book V, Chapter II
- Since the state must necessarily provide subsistence for the criminal poor while undergoing punishment, not to do the same for the poor who have not offended is to give a premium on crime.
- Principles of Political Economy (1848), Book V, Chapter XI, §13.
- War is an ugly thing, but not the ugliest of things: the decayed and degraded state of moral and patriotic feeling which thinks that nothing is worth a war, is much worse. When a people are used as mere human instruments for firing cannon or thrusting bayonets, in the service and for the selfish purposes of a master, such war degrades a people. A war to protect other human beings against tyrannical injustice; a war to give victory to their own ideas of right and good, and which is their own war, carried on for an honest purpose by their free choice, — is often the means of their regeneration. A man who has nothing which he is willing to fight for, nothing which he cares more about than he does about his personal safety, is a miserable creature who has no chance of being free, unless made and kept so by the exertions of better men than himself. As long as justice and injustice have not terminated their ever-renewing fight for ascendancy in the affairs of mankind, human beings must be willing, when need is, to do battle for the one against the other.
- "The Contest in America," Fraser's Magazine (February 1862); later published in Dissertations and Discussions (1868), vol.1 p. 26
- What is called the Law of Nations is not properly law, but a part of ethics: a set of moral rules, accepted as authoritative by civilized states. It is true that these rules neither are nor ought to be of eternal obligation, but do and must vary more or less from age to age, as the consciences of nations become more enlightened, and the exigences of political society undergo change. But the rules mostly were at their origin, and still are, an application of the maxims of honesty and humanity to the intercourse of states. They were introduced by the moral sentiments of mankind, or by their sense of the general interest, to mitigate the crimes and sufferings of a state of war, and to restrain governments and nations from unjust or dishonest conduct towards one another in time of peace. Since every country stands in numerous and various relations with the other countries of the world, and many, our own among the number, exercise actual authority over some of these, a knowledge of the established rules of international morality is essential to the duty of every nation, and therefore of every person in it who helps to make up the nation, and whose voice and feeling form a part of what is called public opinion. Let not any one pacify his conscience by the delusion that he can do no harm if he takes no part, and forms no opinion. Bad men need nothing more to compass their ends, than that good men should look on and do nothing. He is not a good man who, without a protest, allows wrong to be committed in his name, and with the means which he helps to supply, because he will not trouble himself to use his mind on the subject. It depends on the habit of attending to and looking into public transactions, and on the degree of information and solid judgment respecting them that exists in the community, whether the conduct of the nation as a nation, both within itself and towards others, shall be selfish, corrupt, and tyrannical, or rational and enlightened, just and noble.
- I did not mean that Conservatives are generally stupid; I meant, that stupid persons are generally Conservative. I believe that to be so obvious and undeniable a fact that I hardly think any hon. Gentleman will question it.
- John Stuart Mill, in a Parliamentary debate with the Conservative MP, John Pakington (May 31, 1866). Hansard, vol 183, col 1592. Pakington was referring to Footnote 3 to Chapter 7 of Mill's "Considerations on Representative Government".
- Misquoted as "I never meant to say that the Conservatives are generally stupid. I meant to say that stupid people are generally Conservative. I believe that is so obviously and universally admitted a principle that I hardly think any gentleman will deny it." in "Life of John Stuart Mill" (1889) by W. L. Courtney, p. 147.
- This seems to have become paraphrased as "Conservatives are not necessarily stupid, but most stupid people are conservatives." which was a variant published in Quotations for Our Time (1978), edited by Laurence J. Peter.
- The tendency has always been strong to believe that whatever received a name must be an entity or thing, having an independent existence of its own; and if no real entity answering to the name could be found, men did not for that reason suppose that none existed, but imagined that it was something peculiarly abstruse and mysterious, too high to be an object of sense. The meaning of all general, and especially of all abstract terms, became in this way enveloped in a mystical base...
- note to Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind (1829) by James Mill, edited with additional notes by John Stuart Mill (1869)
- How can great minds be produced in a country where the test of a great mind is agreeing in the opinions of small minds?
- Cited in James Huneker, Egoists: A Book of Supermen (New York: 1909), p. 367
- It might be plausibly maintained, that in almost every one of the leading controversies, past or present, in social philosophy, both sides were in the right in what they affirmed, though wrong in what they denied.
- J. S. Mill, Dissertations and discussions: political, philosophical, and historical, Volume 2, H. Holt, 1864, p. 11.
System of Logic (1843)[edit]
- J.S. Mill (1843), A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive: Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence and the Methods of Scientific Investigation
- Whatever is known to us by consciousness, is known beyond possibility of question. What one sees or feels, whether bodily or mentally, one cannot but be sure that one sees or feels. No science is required for the purpose of establishing such truths; no rules of art can render our knowledge of them more certain than it is in itself. There is no logic for this portion of our knowledge.
- p.4
- [W]e may fancy that we see or feel what we in reality infer. Newton saw the truth of many propositions of geometry without reading the demonstrations, but not, we may be sure, without their flashing through his mind. A truth, or supposed truth, which is really the result of a very rapid inference, may seem to be apprehended intuitively. It has long been agreed by thinkers of the most opposite schools, that this mistake is actually made in so familiar an instance as that of the eyesight. There is nothing of which we appear to ourselves to be more directly conscious, than the distance of an object from us. Yet it has long been ascertained, that what is perceived by the eye, is at most nothing more than a variously coloured surface; that when we fancy we see distance, all we really see is certain variations of apparent size, and degrees of faintness of colour; and that our estimate of the object's distance from us is the result of a comparison (made with so much rapidity that we are unconscious of making it) between the size and colour of the object as they appear at the time, and the size and colour of the same or of similar objects as they appeared when close at hand, or when their degree of remoteness was known by other evidence. The perception of distance by the eye, which seems so like intuition, is thus, in reality, an inference grounded on experience; an inference, too, which we learn to make; and which we make with more and more correctness as our experience increases; though in familiar cases it takes place, so rapidly as to appear exactly on a par with those perceptions of sight which are really intuitive, our perceptions of colour.
- p.4
- Since reasoning, or inference, the principal subject of logic, is an operation which usually takes place by means of words, and in complicated cases can take place in no other way: those who have not a thorough insight into both the signification and purpose of words, will be under chances, amounting almost to certainty, of reasoning or inferring incorrectly.
- p.11: Cited in Gaines (1976) "Foundations of fuzzy reasoning" in: International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 8(6), p. 623
On Liberty (1859)[edit]
- Three Essays: On Liberty; Representative Government; The Subjection of Women. Oxford University Press, 1975, ISBN 0-19-283013-9
Ch. I: Introductory[edit]
- The subject of this Essay is not the so-called Liberty of the Will, so unfortunately opposed to the misnamed doctrine of Philosophical Necessity; but Civil, or Social Liberty: the nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual. A question seldom stated, and hardly ever discussed, in general terms, but which profoundly influences the practical controversies of the age by its latent presence, and is likely soon to make itself recognized as the vital question of the future. It is so far from being new, that, in a certain sense, it has divided mankind, almost from the remotest ages; but in the stage of progress into which the more civilized portions of the species have now entered, it presents itself under new conditions, and requires a different and more fundamental treatment. (p. 5)
- Society can and does execute its own mandates: and if it issues wrong mandates instead of right, or any mandates at all in things with which it ought not to meddle, it practises a social tyranny more formidable than many kinds of political oppression, since, though not usually upheld by such extreme penalties, it leaves fewer means of escape, penetrating much more deeply into the details of life, and enslaving the soul itself. Protection, therefore, against the tyranny of the magistrate is not enough: there needs protection also against the tyranny of the prevailing opinion and feeling; against the tendency of society to impose, by other means than civil penalties, its own ideas and practices as rules of conduct on those who dissent from them; to fetter the development, and, if possible, prevent the formation, of any individuality not in harmony with its ways, and compel all characters to fashion themselves upon the model of its own. There is a limit to the legitimate interference of collective opinion with individual independence: and to find that limit, and maintain it against encroachment, is as indispensable to a good condition of human affairs, as protection against political despotism. (p. 9)
- All that makes existence valuable to any one, depends on the enforcement of restraints upon the actions of other people. Some rules of conduct, therefore, must be imposed, by law in the first place, and by opinion on many things which are not fit subjects for the operation of law. What these rules should be, is the principal question in human affairs; but if we except a few of the most obvious cases, it is one of those which least progress has been made in resolving. No two ages, and scarcely any two countries, have decided it alike; and the decision of one age or country is a wonder to another. (p. 10)
- The rules that obtain among themselves [a people] appear to them self-evident and self-justifying. This all but universal illusion is one of the examples of the magical influence of custom, which is not only, as the proverb says, a second nature, but is continually mistaken for the first. The effect of custom, in preventing any misgiving respecting the rules of conduct which mankind impose on one another, is all the more complete because the subject is one on which it is not generally considered necessary that reasons should be given, either by one person to others, or by each to himself. (p. 10)
- The likings and dislikings of society, or of some powerful portion of it, are thus the main thing which has practically determined the rules laid down for general observance, under the penalties of law or opinion. And in general, those who have been in advance of society in thought and feeling, have left this condition of things unassailed in principle, however they may have come into conflict with it in some of its details. They have occupied themselves rather in inquiring what things society ought to like or dislike, than in questioning whether its likings or dislikings should be a law to individuals. They preferred endeavouring to alter the feelings of mankind on the particular points on which they were themselves heretical, rather than make common cause in defence of freedom, with heretics generally. (p. 12)
- The great writers to whom the world owes what religious liberty it possesses, have mostly asserted freedom of conscience as an indefeasible right, and denied absolutely that a human being is accountable to others for his religious belief. Yet so natural to mankind is intolerance in whatever they really care about, that religious freedom has hardly anywhere been practically realised, except where religious indifference, which dislikes to have its peace disturbed by theological quarrels, has added its weight to the scale. (p. 13)
- Wherever the sentiment of the majority is still genuine and intense, it is found to have abated little of its claim to be obeyed. (p. 13)
- The object of this essay is to assert one very simple principle, as entitled to govern absolutely the dealings of society with the individual in the way of compulsion and control, whether the means used be physical force in the form of legal penalties, or the moral coercion of public opinion. That principle is, that the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection. That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant. He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinions of others, to do so would be wise, or even right These are good reasons for remonstrating with him, or reasoning with him, or persuading him or entreating him, but not for compelling him, or visiting him with any evil, in case he do otherwise. To justify that, the conduct from which it is desired to deter him must be calculated to produce evil to some one else. The only part of the conduct of any one, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the part which merely concerns himself, his independence is, of right, absolute. Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign. (p. 14-15)
- A person may cause evil to others not only by his actions but by his inaction, and in either case he is justly accountable to them for the injury. The latter case, it is true, requires a much more cautious exercise of compulsion than the former. To make any one answerable for doing evil to others, is the rule; to make him answerable for not preventing evil is, comparatively speaking, the exception. Yet there are many cases clear enough and grave enough to justify that exception. (p. 17)
- The only freedom which deserves the name, is that of pursuing our own good in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to deprive others of theirs, or impede their efforts to obtain it. Each is the proper guardian of his own health, whether bodily, or mental and spiritual. Mankind are greater gainers by suffering each other to live as seems good to themselves, than by compelling each to live as seems good to the rest. (p. 18)
- Some of those modern reformers who have placed themselves in strongest opposition to the religions of the past, have been noway behind either churches or sects in their assertion of the right of spiritual domination. (p. 19)
- The disposition of mankind, whether as rulers or as fellow-citizens, to impose their own opinions and inclinations as a rule of conduct on others, is so energetically supported by some of the best and by some of the worst feelings incident to human nature, that it is hardly ever kept under restraint by anything but want of power; and as the power is not declining, but growing, unless a strong barrier of moral conviction can be raised against the mischief, we must expect, in the present circumstances of the world, to see it increase. (p. 20)
Ch. II: Of the Liberty of Thought and Discussion[edit]
- If all mankind minus one, were of one opinion, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind. (p. 23)
- The peculiar evil of silencing the expression of an opinion is, that it is robbing the human race; posterity as well as the existing generation; those who dissent from the opinion, still more than those who hold it. If the opinion is right, they are deprived of the opportunity of exchanging error for truth: if wrong, they lose, what is almost as great a benefit, the clearer perception and livelier impression of truth, produced by its collision with error. (p. 24)
- We can never be sure that the opinion we are endeavouring to stifle is a false opinion; and if we were sure, stifling it would be an evil still. (p. 24)
- To refuse a hearing to an opinion, because they are sure that it is false, is to assume that their certainty is the same thing as absolute certainty. All silencing of discussion is an assumption of infallibility. Its condemnation may be allowed to rest on this common argument, not the worse for being common. (p. 24)
- While every one well knows himself to be fallible, few think it necessary to take any precautions against their own fallibility, or admit the supposition that any opinion, of which they feel very certain, may be one of the examples of the error to which they acknowledge themselves to be liable. (p. 24)
- In proportion to a man's want of confidence in his own solitary judgment, does he usually repose, with implicit trust, on the infallibility of "the world" in general. And the world, to each individual, means the part of it with which he comes in contact; his party, his sect, his church, his class of society; the man may be called, by comparison, almost liberal and large-minded to whom it means anything so comprehensive as his own country or his own age. Nor is his faith in this collective authority at all shaken by his being aware that other ages, countries, sects, churches, classes, and parties have thought, and even now think, the exact reverse. (p. 25)
- Ages are no more infallible than individuals; every age having held many opinions which subsequent ages have deemed not only false but absurd; and it is as certain that many opinions, now general, will be rejected by future ages, as it is that many, once general, are rejected by the present. (p. 25)
- There is the greatest difference between presuming an opinion to be true, because, with every opportunity for contesting it, it has not been refuted, and assuming its truth for the purpose of not permitting its refutation. Complete liberty of contradicting and disproving our opinion is the very condition which justifies us in assuming its truth for purposes of action; and on no other terms can a being with human faculties have any rational assurance of being right. (pp. 26-27)
- In the case of any person whose judgment is really deserving of confidence, how has it become so? Because he has kept his mind open to criticism of his opinions and conduct. Because it has been his practice to listen to all that could be said against him; to profit by as much of it as was just, and expound to himself, and upon occasion to others, the fallacy of what was fallacious. Because he has felt, that the only way in which a human being can make some approach to knowing the whole of a subject, is by hearing what can be said about it by persons of every variety of opinion, and studying all modes in which it can be looked at by every character of mind. No wise man ever acquired his wisdom in any mode but this; nor is it in the nature of human intellect to become wise in any other manner. (pp. 27-28)
- Strange it is, that men should admit the validity of the arguments for free discussion, but object to their being "pushed to an extreme"; not seeing that unless the reasons are good for an extreme case, they are not good for any case. Strange that they should imagine that they are not assuming infallibility, when they acknowledge that there should be free discussion on all subjects which can possibly be doubtful, but think that some particular principle or doctrine should be forbidden to be questioned because it is so certain, that is, because they are certain that it is certain. To call any proposition certain, while there is any one who would deny its certainty if permitted, but who is not permitted, is to assume that we ourselves, and those who agree with us, are the judges of certainty, and judges without hearing the other side. (p. 29)
- The usefulness of an opinion is itself matter of opinion. (p. 30)
- Mankind can hardly be too often reminded, that there was once a man named Socrates, between whom and the legal authorities and public opinion of his time, there took place a memorable collision. Born in an age and country abounding in individual greatness, this man has been handed down to us by those who best knew both him and the age, as the most virtuous man in it; while we know him as the head and prototype of all subsequent teachers of virtue... This acknowledged master of all the eminent thinkers who have since lived — whose fame, still growing after more than two thousand years, all but outweighs the whole remainder of the names which make his native city illustrious — was put to death by his countrymen, after a judicial conviction, for impiety and immorality. (p. 32)
- The only other instance of judicial iniquity, the mention of which, after the condemnation of Socrates, would not be an anti-climax: the event which took place on Calvary rather more than eighteen hundred years ago. The man who left on the memory of those who witnessed his life and conversation, such an impression of his moral grandeur, that eighteen subsequent centuries have done homage to him as the Almighty in person, was ignominiously put to death, as what? As a blasphemer. Men did not merely mistake their benefactor; they mistook him for the exact contrary of what he was, and treated him as that prodigy of impiety, which they themselves are now held to be, for their treatment of him. (p. 33)
- It is a bitter thought, how different a thing the Christianity of the world might have been, if the Christian faith had been adopted as the religion of the empire under the auspices of Marcus Aurelius instead of those of Constantine. (p. 35)
- No Christian more firmly believes that Atheism is false, and tends to the dissolution of society, than Marcus Aurelius believed the same things of Christianity; he who, of all men then living, might have been thought the most capable of appreciating it. Unless any one who approves of punishment for the promulgation of opinions, flatters himself that he is a wiser and better man than Marcus Aurelius — more deeply versed in the wisdom of his time, more elevated in his intellect above it — more earnest in his search for truth, or more single-minded in his devotion to it when found; let him abstain from that assumption of the joint infallibility of himself and the multitude, which the great Antoninus made with so unfortunate a result. (p. 35)
- To discover to the world something which deeply concerns it, and of which it was previously ignorant; to prove to it that it had been mistaken on some vital point of temporal or spiritual interest, is as important a service as a human being can render to his fellow creatures. (p. 36)
- The dictum that truth always triumphs over persecution, is one of those pleasant falsehoods which men repeat after one another till they pass into commonplaces, but which all experience refutes. History teems with instances of truth put down by persecution. If not suppressed for ever, it may be thrown back for centuries. (pp. 36-37)
- It is a piece of idle sentimentality that truth, merely as truth, has any inherent power denied to error, of prevailing against the dungeon and the stake. Men are not more zealous for truth than they often are for error, and a sufficient application of legal or even of social penalties will generally succeed in stopping the propagation of either. The real advantage which truth has, consists in this, that when an opinion is true, it may be extinguished once, twice, or many times, but in the course of ages there will generally be found persons to rediscover it, until some one of its reappearances falls on a time when from favourable circumstances it escapes persecution until it has made such head as to withstand all subsequent attempts to suppress it. (p. 37)
- Penalties for opinion, or at least for its expression, still exist by law; and their enforcement is not, even in these times, so unexampled as to make it at all incredible that they may some day be revived in full force. (p. 38)
- No one can be a great thinker who does not recognise, that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly, to form great thinkers, that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is as much and even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. (p. 43)
- However unwillingly a person who has a strong opinion may admit the possibility that his opinion may be false, he ought to be moved by the consideration that, however true it may be, if it is not fully, frequently, and fearlessly discussed, it will be held as a dead dogma, not a living truth. (p. 44)
- All languages and literatures are full of general observations on life, both as to what it is, and how to conduct oneself in it; observations which everybody knows, which everybody repeats, or hears with acquiescence, which are received as truisms, yet of which most people first truly learn the meaning when experience, generally of a painful kind, has made it a reality to them. How often, when smarting under some unforeseen misfortune or disappointment, does a person call to mind some proverb or common saying, familiar to him all his life, the meaning of which, if he had ever before felt it as he does now, would have saved him from the calamity. There are indeed reasons for this, other than the absence of discussion; there are many truths of which the full meaning cannot be realised until personal experience has brought it home. But much more of the meaning even of these would have been understood, and what was understood would have been far more deeply impressed on the mind, if the man had been accustomed to hear it argued pro and con by people who did understand it. The fatal tendency of mankind to leave off thinking about a thing when it is no longer doubtful, is the cause of half their errors. (pp. 53-54)
Ch. III: Of Individuality, As One of the Elements of Well-Being[edit]
- It really is of importance, not only what men do, but also what manner of men they are that do it. Among the works of man, which human life is rightly employed in perfecting and beautifying, the first in importance surely is man himself. (p. 73)
- It will probably be conceded that it is desirable people should exercise their understandings, and that an intelligent following of custom, or even occasionally an intelligent deviation from custom, is better than a blind and simply mechanical adhesion to it. (pp. 73-74)
- Originality is the one thing which unoriginal minds cannot feel the use of.
- In sober truth, whatever homage may be professed, or even paid, to real or supposed mental superiority, the general tendency of things throughout the world is to render mediocrity the ascendant power among mankind. ... At present individuals are lost in the crowd. In politics it is almost a triviality to say that public opinion now rules the world. The only power deserving the name is that of masses, and of governments while they make themselves the organ of the tendencies and instincts of masses. ... I am not complaining of all this. I do not assert that anything better is compatible, as a general rule, with the present low state of the human mind. But that does not hinder the government of mediocrity from being mediocre government. No government by a democracy or a numerous aristocracy, either in its political acts or in the opinions, qualities, and tone of mind which it fosters, ever did or could rise above mediocrity, except in so far as the sovereign Many have let themselves be guided (which in their best times they always have done) by the counsels and influence of a more highly gifted and instructed One or Few. The initiation of all wise or noble things, comes and must come from individuals; generally at first from some one individual.
- Genius can only breathe freely in an atmosphere of freedom.[1]
- In this age, the mere example of non-conformity, the mere refusal to bend the knee to custom, is itself a service. Precisely because the tyranny of opinion is such as to make eccentricity a reproach, it is desirable, in order to break through that tyranny, that people should be eccentric. Eccentricity has always abounded when and where strength of character has abounded; and the amount of eccentricity in a society has generally been proportional to the amount of genius, mental vigor, and moral courage which it contained. That so few now dare to be eccentric, marks the chief danger of the time. (p. 83)
Ch. IV: Of the Limits to the Authority of Society over the Individual[edit]
- Though doing no wrong to any one, a person may so act as to compel us to judge him, and feel to him, as a fool, or as a being of an inferior order: and since this judgment and feeling are a fact which he would prefer to avoid, it is doing him a service to warn him of it beforehand, as of any other disagreeable consequence to which he exposes himself. It would be well, indeed, if this good office were much more freely rendered than the common notions of politeness at present permit, and if one person could honestly point out to another that he thinks him in fault, without being considered unmannerly or presuming. (p. 95)
- We have a right, also, in various ways, to act upon our unfavourable opinion of any one, not to the oppression of his individuality, but in the exercise of ours. We are not bound, for example, to seek his society; we have a right to avoid it (though not to parade the avoidance), for we have a right to choose the society most acceptable to us. We have a right, and it may be our duty, to caution others against him, if we think his example or conversation likely to have a pernicious effect on those with whom he associates. We may give others a preference over him in optional good offices, except those which tend to his improvement. In these various modes a person may suffer very severe penalties at the hands of others for faults which directly concern only himself; but he suffers these penalties only in so far as they are the natural and, as it were, the spontaneous consequences of the faults themselves, not because they are purposely inflicted on him for the sake of punishment. A person who shows rashness, obstinacy, self-conceit — who cannot live within moderate means — who cannot restrain himself from hurtful indulgences — who pursues animal pleasures at the expense of those of feeling and intellect — must expect to be lowered in the opinion of others, and to have a less share of their favourable sentiments; but of this he has no right to complain, unless he has merited their favour by special excellence in his social relations, and has thus established a title to their good offices, which is not affected by his demerits towards himself. (pp. 95-96)
- If civilisation has got the better of barbarism when barbarism had the world to itself, it is too much to profess to be afraid lest barbarism, after having been fairly got under, should revive and conquer civilisation. A civilisation that can thus succumb to its vanquished enemy, must first have become so degenerate, that neither its appointed priests and teachers, nor anybody else, has the capacity, or will take the trouble, to stand up for it. If this be so, the sooner such a civilisation receives notice to quit the better. It can only go on from bad to worse, until destroyed and regenerated (like the Western Empire) by energetic barbarians. (p. 114)
Ch. V: Applications[edit]
- That the whole or any large part of the education of the people should be in State hands, I go as far as any one in deprecating. All that has been said of the importance of individuality of character, and diversity in opinions and modes of conduct, involves, as of the same unspeakable importance, diversity of education. A general State education is a mere contrivance for moulding people to be exactly like one another: and as the mould in which it casts them is that which pleases the predominant power in the government, whether this be a monarch, a priesthood, an aristocracy, or the majority of the existing generation, in proportion as it is efficient and successful, it establishes a despotism over the mind, leading by natural tendency to one over the body.
- If the arguments of the present chapter are of any validity, there ought to exist the fullest liberty of professing and discussing, as a matter of ethical conviction, any doctrine, however immoral it may be considered. It would, therefore, be irrelevant and out of place to examine here, whether the doctrine of Tyrannicide deserves that title.
On Representative Government (1861)[edit]
- Three Essays: On Liberty; Representative Government; The Subjection of Women. Oxford University Press, 1975, ISBN 0-19-283013-9
- To think that because those who wield power in society wield in the end that of government, therefore it is of no use to attempt to influence the constitution of the government by acting on opinion, is to forget that opinion is itself one of the greatest active social forces. One person with a belief is a social power equal to ninety-nine who have only interests.
- Ch. I: To What Extent Forms of Government Are a Matter of Choice (p. 155)
- Whenever the general disposition of the people is such, that each individual regards those only of his interests which are selfish, and does not dwell on, or concern himself for, his share of the general interest, in such a state of things, good government is impossible.
- Ch. II: The Criterion of a Good Form of Government (p. 167)
- We need not suppose that when power resides in an exclusive class, that class will knowingly and deliberately sacrifice the other classes to themselves: it suffices that, in the absence of its natural defenders, the interest of the excluded is always in danger of being overlooked: and, when looked at, is seen with very different eyes from those of the persons whom it directly concerns.
- Ch. III: The Ideally Best Polity
- A bureaucracy always tends to become a pedantocracy.
- Ch. VI: Of the Infirmities and Dangers to Which Representative Government Is Liable (p. 234)
- Two very different ideas are usually confounded under the name democracy. The pure idea of democracy, according to its definition, is the government of the whole people by the whole people, equally represented. Democracy, as commonly conceived and hitherto practiced, is the government of the whole people by a mere majority of the people exclusively represented. The former is synonymous with the equality of all citizens; the latter, strangely confounded with it, is a government of privilege in favor of the numerical majority, who alone possess practically any voice in the state. This is the inevitable consequence of the manner in which the votes are now taken, to the complete disfranchisement of minorities.
- Ch. VII: Of True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and Representation of the Majority only (p. 247)
- In a really equal democracy, every or any section would be represented, not disproportionately, but proportionately. ... Unless they are, there is not equal government, but a government of inequality and privilege: one part of the people rule over the rest: there is a part whose fair and equal share of influence in the representation is withheld from them, contrary to all just government, but, above all, contrary to the principle of democracy, which professes equality as its very root and foundation.
- Ch. VII: Of True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and Representation of the Majority only (p. 248)
- Among a people without fellow-feeling, especially if they read and speak different languages, the united public opinion, necessary to the working of the representative government, cannot exist.
- Ch. XVI: Of Nationality, As Connected with Representative Government (p. 382)
Utilitarianism (1861)[edit]
- I shall, without further discussion of the other theories, attempt to contribute something towards the understanding and appreciation of the Utilitarian or Happiness theory, and towards such proof as it is susceptible of. It is evident that this cannot be proof in the ordinary and popular meaning of the term. Questions of ultimate ends are not amenable to direct proof. Whatever can be proved to be good, must be so by being shown to be a means to something admitted to be good without proof.
- Ch. 1
- The art of music is good, for the reason, among others, that it produces pleasure; but what proof is it possible to give that pleasure is good? If, then, it is asserted that there is a comprehensive formula, including all things which are in themselves good, and that whatever else is good, is not so as an end, but as a mean, the formula may be accepted or rejected, but is not a subject of what is commonly understood by proof.
- Ch. 1
- Human beings have faculties more elevated than the animal appetites, and when once made conscious of them, do not regard anything as happiness which does not include their gratification. I do not, indeed, consider the Epicureans to have been by any means faultless in drawing out their scheme of consequences from the utilitarian principle. To do this in any sufficient manner, many Stoic, as well as Christian elements require to be included. But there is no known Epicurean theory of life which does not assign to the pleasures of the intellect, of the feelings and imagination, and of the moral sentiments, a much higher value as pleasures than to those of mere sensation.
- Ch. 2
- Few human creatures would consent to be changed into any of the lower animals for a promise of the fullest allowance of a beast's pleasures; no intelligent human being would consent to be a fool, no instructed person would be an ignoramus, no person of feeling and conscience would be selfish and base, even though they should be persuaded that the fool, the dunce, or the rascal is better satisfied with his lot than they are with theirs.
- Ch. 2
- Capacity for [higher] nobler feelings is in most natures a very tender plant, easily killed, not only by hostile influences, but my mere want of sustenance; and in the majority of young persons it speedily dies away if the occupations to which their position in life has devoted them, and the society into which it has thrown them, are not favorable to keeping that higher capacity in exercise. Men lose their high aspirations as they lose their intellectual tastes, because they have not time or opportunity for indulging them; and they addict themselves to inferior pleasures, not because they deliberately prefer them, but because they are either the only ones to which they have access or the only ones which they are any longer capable of enjoying.
- Ch. 2
- It is better to be a human dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, are of a different opinion, it is because they only know their own side of the question. The other party to the comparison knows both sides.
- Ch. 2
- In the golden rule of Jesus of Nazareth, we read the complete spirit of the ethics of utility. To do as one would be done by, and to love one's neighbour as oneself, constitute the ideal perfection of utilitarian morality.
- Ch. 2
The Subjection of Women (1869)[edit]
- The object of this Essay is to explain as clearly as I am able grounds of an opinion which I have held from the very earliest period when I had formed any opinions at all on social political matters, and which, instead of being weakened or modified, has been constantly growing stronger by the progress reflection and the experience of life. That the principle which regulates the existing social relations between the two sexes — the legal subordination of one sex to the other — is wrong itself, and now one of the chief hindrances to human improvement; and that it ought to be replaced by a principle of perfect equality, admitting no power or privilege on the one side, nor disability on the other.
- Ch. 1
- In early times, the great majority of the male sex were slaves, as well as the whole of the female. And many ages elapsed, some of them ages of high cultivation, before any thinker was bold enough to question the rightfulness, and the absolute social necessity, either of the one slavery or of the other.
- Ch. 1
- People are not aware how entirely, in former ages, the law of superior strength was the rule of life; how publicly and openly it was avowed, I do not say cynically or shamelessly — for these words imply a feeling that there was something in it to be ashamed of, and no such notion could find a place in the faculties of any person in those ages, except a philosopher or a saint.
- Ch. 1
- Stupidity is much the same all the world over. A stupid person's notions and feelings may confidently be inferred from those which prevail in the circle by which the person is surrounded. Not so with those whose opinions and feelings are an emanation from their own nature and faculties.
- Ch. 1
- I deny that anyone knows, or can know, the nature of the two sexes, as long as they have only been seen in their present relation to one another. If men had ever been found in society without women, or women without men, or if there had been a society of men and women in which the women were not under the control of the men, something might have been positively known about the mental and moral differences which may be inherent in the nature of each. What is now called the nature of women is an eminently artificial thing — the result of forced repression in some directions, unnatural stimulation in others.
- Ch. 1
- What, in unenlightened societies, colour, race, religion, or in the case of a conquered country, nationality, are to some men, sex is to all women; a peremptory exclusion from almost all honourable occupations, but either such as cannot be fulfilled by others, or such as those others do not think worthy of their acceptance.
- Ch. 4
- When we consider the positive evil caused to the disqualified half of the human race by their disqualification — first in the loss of the most inspiriting and elevating kind of personal enjoyment, and next in the weariness, disappointment, and profound dissatisfaction with life, which are so often the substitute for it; one feels that among all the lessons which men require for carrying on the struggle against the inevitable imperfections of their lot on earth, there is no lesson which they more need, than not to add to the evils which nature inflicts, by their jealous and prejudiced restrictions on one another. Their vain fears only substitute other and worse evils for those which they are idly apprehensive of: while every restraint on the freedom of conduct of any of their human fellow-creatures (otherwise than by making them responsible for any evil actually caused by it), dries up pro tanto the principal fountain of human happiness, and leaves the species less rich, to an inappreciable degree, in all that makes life valuable to the individual human being.
- Ch. 4
Autobiography (1873)[edit]
- Full text online; page numbers provided from the edition of Columbia University Press (1960) ISBN 0-231-08506-0
- The first intellectual operation in which I arrived at any proficiency, was dissecting a bad argument, and finding in what part the fallacy lay; and though whatever capacity of this sort I attained was due to the fact that it was an intellectual exercise in which I was most perseveringly drilled by my father, yet it is also true that the school logic, and the mental habits acquired in studying it, were among the principal instruments of this drilling. I am persuaded that nothing, in modern education, tends so much, when properly used, to form exact thinkers, who attach a precise meaning to words and propositions, and are not imposed on by vague, loose, or ambiguous terms. The boasted influence of mathematical studies is nothing to it; for in mathematical processes, none of the real difficulties of correct ratiocination occur.
- Ch. 1: Childhood and Early Education (pp. 13-14)
- A pupil from whom nothing is ever demanded which he cannot do never does all he can.
- Ch. 1: Childhood and Early Education (p. 32)
- If I have accomplished anything, I owe it, among other fortunate circumstances, to the fact that through the early training bestowed on me by my father, I started, I may fairly say, with an advantage of a quarter of a century over my contemporaries.
- Ch. 1: Childhood and Early Education
- Most boys or youths who have had much knowledge drilled into them, have their mental capacities not strengthened, but overlaid by it. They are crammed with mere facts, and with the opinions and phrases of other people, and these are accepted as a substitute for the power to form opinions of their own. And thus, the sons of eminent fathers, who have spared no pains in their education, so often grow up mere parroters of what they have learnt, incapable of using their minds except in the furrows traced for them.
- Ch. 1: Childhood and Early Education (pp. 21-22)
- [My father] impressed upon me from the first, that the manner in which the world came into existence was a subject on which nothing was known: that the question, "Who made me?" cannot be answered, because we have no experience or authentic information from which to answer it; and that any answer only throws the difficulty a step further back, since the question immediately presents itself, "Who made God?"
- Ch. 2: Moral Influences in Early Youth. My Father's Character and Opinions.
- The world would be astonished if it knew how great a proportion of its brightest ornaments—of those most distinguished even in popular estimation for wisdom and virtue—are complete sceptics in religion.
- Ch. 2: Moral Influences in Early Youth. My Father's Character and Opinions.
- The Benthamic standard of "the greatest happiness" was that which I had always been taught to apply; I was even familiar with an abstract discussion of it, forming an episode in an unpublished dialogue on Government, written by my father on the Platonic model. Yet in the first pages of Bentham it burst upon me with all the force of novelty. What thus impressed me was the chapter in which Bentham passed judgment on the common modes of reasoning in morals and legislation, deduced from phrases like "the law of nature," "right reason," "the moral sense," "natural rectitude," and the like, and characterized them as dogmatism in disguise, imposing its sentiments upon others under cover of sounding expressions which convey no reason for the sentiment, but set up the sentiment as its own reason. It had not struck me before, that Bentham's principle put an end to all this. The feeling rushed upon me, that all previous moralists were superseded, and that here indeed was the commencement of a new era in thought.
- Ch. 3: Last Stage of Education and First of Self-Education (pp. 45-46)
- Those only are happy (I thought) who have their minds fixed on some object other than their own happiness.
- Ch. 5: A Crisis in My Mental History (p. 100)
- Ask yourself whether you are happy, and you cease to be so.
- Ch. 5: A Crisis in My Mental History (p. 100)
- The question was, whether, if the reformers of society and government could succeed in their objects, and every person in the community were free and in a state of physical comfort, the pleasures of life, being no longer kept up by struggle and privation, would cease to be pleasures.
- Ch. 5: A Crisis in My Mental History (p. 102)
- The notion that truths external to the mind may be known by intuition or consciousness, independently of observation and experience, is, I am persuaded, in these times, the great intellectual support of false doctrines and bad institutions. By the aid of this theory, every inveterate belief and every intense feeling, of which the origin is not remembered, is enabled to dispense with the obligation of justifying itself by reason, and is erected into its own all-sufficient voucher and justification. There never was such an instrument devised for consecrating all deep-seated prejudices.
- Ch. 7: General View of the Remainder of My Life (p. 158)
- I had learnt from experience that many false opinions may be exchanged for true ones, without in the least altering the habits of mind of which false opinions are made.
- Ch. 7: General View of the Remainder of My Life (p. 167)
- Experience has taught me that those who give their time to the absorbing claims of what is called society, not having leisure to keep up a large acquaintance with the organs of opinion, remain much more ignorant of the general state either of the public mind, or of the active and instructed part of it, than a recluse who reads the newspapers need be.
- Ch. 7: General View of the Remainder of My Life (p. 184)
- The practical reformer has continually to demand that changes be made in things which are supported by powerful and widely-spread feelings, or to question the apparent necessity and indefeasibleness of established facts; and it is often an indispensable part of his argument to show, how these powerful feelings had their origin, and how those facts came to seem necessary and indefeasible. There is therefore a natural hostility between him and a philosophy which discourages the explanation of feelings and moral facts by circumstances and association, and prefers to treat them as ultimate elements of human nature; a philosophy which is addicted to holding up favorite doctrines as intuitive truths, and deems intuition to be the voice of Nature and of God, speaking with an authority higher than that of our reason. In particular, I have long felt that the prevailing tendency to regard all the marked distinctions of human character as innate, and in the main indelible, and to ignore the irresistible proofs that by far the greater part of those differences, whether between individuals, races, or sexes, are such as not only might but naturally would be produced by differences in circumstances, is one of the chief hindrances to the rational treatment of great social questions, and one of the greatest stumbling blocks to human improvement.
- Ch. 7: General View of the Remainder of My Life (p. 192)
- I well knew that to propose something which would be called extreme, was the true way not to impede but to facilitate a more moderate experiment.
- Ch. 7: General View of the Remainder of My Life (p. 206)
On Nature (1874)[edit]
- Three Essays On Religion. Broadview Press, 2009, ISBN 1551117681
- Conformity to nature has no connection whatever with right and wrong. The idea can never be fitly introduced into ethical discussions at all, except, occasionally and partially, into the question of degrees of culpability. To illustrate this point, let us consider the phrase by which the greatest intensity of condemnatory feeling is conveyed in connection with the idea of nature - the word "unnatural." That a thing is unnatural, in any precise meaning which can be attached to the word, is no argument for its being blamable; since the most criminal actions are to a being like man not more unnatural than most of the virtues. (p102)
Quotes about Mill[edit]
- As increased industrial efficiency makes it possible to procure the means of livelihood with less labor, the energies of the industrious members of the community are bent to the compassing of a higher result in conspicuous expenditure, rather than slackened to a more comfortable pace. ...this want ...is indefinitely expansible, after the manner commonly imputed in economic theory to higher or spiritual wants. It is owing chiefly to the presence of this element in the standard of living that J. S. Mill was able to say that "hitherto it is questionable if all the mechanical inventions yet made have lightened the day's toil of any human being."
- Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions (1899).
- Well John Stuart Mill, he was a friend of my parents, and I didn't know him through that because my parents died when I was quite tiny; but nevertheless it made me know he existed, and so I read his books. And, well, they were the sort of books that would appeal to me. They were empiricist and liberal and humane. And I liked him very much.
- Bertrand Russell, in an interview with David Susskind (10 June 1962).
- No one has ever been so right about so many things so much of the time as John Stuart Mill.
- Adam Gopnik, The New Yorker. Oct. 2008. [2]
- A society that will trade a little liberty for a little order will lose both, and deserve neither.
- Also attributed to Thomas Jefferson, this is a modern paraphrase of a statement of Benjamin Franklin: "Those who would give up Essential Liberty to purchase a little Temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety."
External links[edit]
- John Stuart Mill in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- John Stuart Mill in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- John Stuart Mill at the Concise Encyclopedia of Economics on Econlib
- Works by John Stuart Mill at Project Gutenberg
- On Liberty by John Stuart Mill
- Mill On Liberty, by C.L. Ten (1980)
- Principles of Political Economy by John Stuart Mill
- Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy by John Stuart Mill
- Works of John Stuart Mill in The Online Library of Liberty
- Extensive collection of links to writings by and about J.S. Mill.
- PDFs of On Liberty, Utilitarianism, and Three Essays on Religion
- Autobiography of John Stuart Mill
- "Organic Conservatism, Administrative Realism, and the Imperialist Ethos in the 'Indian Career' of John Stuart Mill, by Vinay Lal


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Can't take the heat.....
Peckham Pulse is a fun, sociable gym, which fantastic classes and inspiring instructors...... However, the general state and maintenance of this gym is letting it down. With holes in the ceiling, poorly equiped classes and a spin room and exercise room with a temperature more suited to Bikram yoga than weights and cardio. Which in turn leads to new (but poorly maintained) equipment turning to rust through sweaty condensation, and people leaving the room feeling ill! Please sign this petition if you want a spin-bike that works, equipment suited to the classes on offer and fantastic instructors to have a viable environment to work in!
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Master Ou Wen Wei is a Qigong Master and the originator of the unique Pan Gu Shen Gong system through which he has successfully healed patients suffering from cancer, heart disease, and other chronic conditions. He is the author of seven books including The Path of Life and Pan Gu Mystical Qigong.http://www.pangushengong.org
As a boy in India, Amarananda Bhairavan® was initiated into Kali worship, and trained by his teachers in related mystic practices. Part of this training was on preparation and specific uses of herbal energy oils, which he uses in his Yoga and healing practices (details at ambikabotanicalsinc.com). Amarananda Bhairavan travels internationally conducting lectures and seminars on Yoga and healing, and uses his in-depth training and insight to assist serious yoga practitioners to move beyond karmic limitations and into deep sadhana. He has authored two books, Kali's Odiyya, and Medicine of Light. A specialist in Yoga sadhana from his family tradition, Bhairavan's upcoming book is a workbook for students of Yoga.http://www.amaranandabhairavan.org
Swami Sitaramananda is Director of the Sivananda Ashram Yoga Farm in Grass Valley, California, an acharya (spiritual teacher) of the International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centers, and a direct disciple of Swami Vishnudevananda. She is an experienced teacher of meditation and yoga philosophy and psychology.http://www.sivanandayogafarm.org
Grandfather Duncan Sings-Alone is a Cherokee healer, spiritual teacher and a practicing ceremonialist for nearly 40 years. He is also a fully ordained Zen Buddhist Priest and Sensei within the Zen Garland Order where he leads the Red (Native American) Zen Path. He combines both spiritual heritages in his approach to healing, wholeness and Oneness. He is enrolled in the Georgia Tribe of Eastern Cherokee. Sings-Alone offers workshops in Pathways to Deep Spirituality for a variety of churches and growth centers. He has authored two books: The Fractured Mirror and Sprinting Backwards to God.http://www.freecherokee.org
Priscilla Cogan, Ph.D. is an award-winning novelist, screenwriter, storyteller, clinical psychologist and sacred pipe carrier in Native American ceremonies. Along with her husband, Grandfather Duncan Sings-Alone, she offers workshops and story-telling programs about the spiritual journey.
Rick Hanson, Ph.D., is a neuropsychologist and the co-founder of the Wellspring Institute for Neuroscience and Contemplative Wisdom. He has practiced mediation for over 35 years. His latest book, Buddha's Brain: The Practical Neuroscience of Happiness, Love and Wisdom shows readers many effective ways to light up the brain circuits that relieve worry and stress, and promote positive relationships and inner peace. http://www.rickhanson.net
Amy Weintraub is a registered yoga therapist and director of the LifeForce Yoga Healing Institute. The author of the best-selling Yoga for Depression and Yoga Skills for Therapists, she has been a pioneering teacher and researcher in the field of yoga and mental health for 20 years. The LifeForce Yoga protocol is being used in residential treatment centers, hospitals, and by health-care providers worldwide and Amy trains health and yoga professionals internationally.
Marilyn Rossner, PhD, is the co-founder of the International Institute of Integral Human Sciences, and founder-president of The Spiritual Science Fellowship of Canada. She is a retired professor of special care counseling, a children's behavior therapist, and one of the world's most gifted intuitives.http://www.iiihs.org
Komilla Sutton is the co- founder and Chair of the British Association for Vedic Astrology. She is an internationally renowned consultant, teacher and lecturer. She is on the faculty of American College of Vedic Astrology. Indian born, Komilla Sutton is one of the pioneers in making this subject more accessible for the western readers. She is the author of Personal Panchanga, The Essentials of Vedic Astrology, Lunar Nodes- Crisis and Redemption, Vedic Love Signs and Vedic Astrology. http://www.komilla.com


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NYU School of Law offers to a select number of students the possibility to take part in the Vis Arbitral Moot, a moot created in 1994 with the goal of fostering the study of international commercial law and international commercial arbitration, two of the areas on which the Center focuses, through their application to a concrete problem relating to an international import/export contract. For further information about the moot click here. Selection of the students participating in the Vis Arbitral Moot will take place during the month of September. Come back to this website for more specific information in September. If you want to know what fellow students think of the Vis Arbitral Moot, click on the link that leads you to a blog.
NYU School of Law, through the Center for Transnational Litigation, Arbitration and Commercial Law, is cooperating with the Institute of International Commercial Law at Pace Law School to provide translations of arbitral awards issued by the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC) involving the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods (CISG). Students who are fluent in Chinese and English translate the arbitral awards, and their translations are posted on the CISG Database of the Institute. The student receives compensation as a research assistant and is identified as the translator on the website. Interested students should contact Professor Franco Ferrari or Professor Clayton Gillette.


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Anyone been up this week, specifically around the N/S Arapaho area? I'm curious how this weather system has affected the snowpack.
Skywalker is slush, with knee deep postholing and great potential for slides and rockfall...The heat is on.
Yes...the heat is on. Weird snow conditions this year due to the significant late season snow. The couloirs and snow gullies have the typical amount of snow in them for this time of year, but the valleys still have significant accumulation. Of course its melting rather quickly now, but expect some good ol' postholing upon your exit.
crap...well there goes that idea, unless I'm coming down by 8am. Thanks all for not letting me waste my Saturday. :o(
Anyone have a further update after the week of sunshine, specifically regarding the Crooked Couloir on Mt Audobon?
Sorry to drift this fine thread, but how about the trail conditions up to Chasm Lake? Anyone been up recently?
If you're looking to do some nice hiking on a rest day or whatnot, check out Devil's Lake area. I went up around Lost Lakes last weekend for some backpacking and it was beautiful! Only rained one night, and during the day the temps were perfect. There is a LOT of run-off though, so some parts of the trails are flooded. The 'streams' also are almost purely white, they're raging so hard -- uber cool tho
Just incase it wasn't painfully obvious, Skywalker only has snow in the middle. Not that that is suprising, but I was up in the saddle on Saturday. When's it gonna snow again!?!?!


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The stakes could not have been higher in the regular season matchup between the Utah Jazz and Phoenix Suns on Tuesday. A patchwork Phoenix squad played for its playoff life in a must-win game, but Utah ultimately punched the final ticket for the 2012 NBA Playoffs with a 100-88 win in Salt Lake City. The Suns played without Channing Frye (shoulder) and Grant Hill -- who left after just 2:43 due to his lingering knee injury -- so once again the load heaped onto Steve Nash, Jared Dudley, Marcin Gortat and a cast of lesser role players. They fought hard to stay within striking distance and even grabbed a one-point lead with 10 minutes to play, but Utah's massive lineup of Devin Harris, Gordon Hayward, Paul Millsap, Derrick Favors and Al Jefferson engineered a decisive 18-5 run over the next eight minutes and earned an ovation from the home crowd delighted by the playoff berth.
Before Jazz fans felt any jubilation, the Suns made them sweat it out for most of the night. Grant Hill gave it a go, but after an 0-3 start from the field and a clear lack of burst, he moved to the bench for good and watched Nash, Shannon Brown, Dudley and Michael Redd go to work. While Gortat stumbled out to a 1-7 start against Utah's seemingly endless supply of big man in the first 36 minutes, Nash, Brown, Dudley and Redd combined for 45 points on 54.8 percent accuracy over that same span. Unfortunately for Phoenix, Gortat went scoreless in the fourth period and the noted quartet only managed 11 points on 4-14 shooting down the stretch. Jazz bigs seized control of the game from there, and that's why the Suns have now missed the playoffs in consecutive seasons for the first time since 1988.
That lack of progress and general failure to accomplish a playoff push is exactly why Steve Nash is keeping his options open heading into the offseason. Phoenix technically controlled its own destiny going into Tuesday night's game, but it didn't really look that way. Will Cantrell of SB Nation's Bright Side of the Sun captured the mood well in his recap:
Marcin Gortat missed all three of the shots he took in the lane, with two getting blocked by Derrick Favors. Things got uglier as Gortat was blocked two more times before the end of the half and given a reported "talking to" by Suns GM Lance Blanks who met him as he entered the locker room.
At the half the Suns were down seven, giving away nine turnovers, which led to 20 Jazz points while getting swatted by eight Jazz blocks. All that kept the Suns in the game were the three's by Shannon Brown and Michael Redd, along with Utah's 40 percent shooting.
...Gortat and Nash returned with six minutes left. But Gortat was as useless as he was in the first three quarters and was pulled with three minutes left after missing a layup and letting Al Jefferson spin by for an easy dunk. The Jazz went on a 10-2 run and the game was effectively over, even with the Suns finding themselves within [two].
Nash finished with 14 points and 11 assists while Dudley (15), Redd (15) and Brown (12) carried the scoring load, yet the veteran point guard simply needs more substantial help if he's to reach any meaningful goals in the near future. The Suns spent the second half of the season overachieving against modest expectations, but will Steve Nash sign up for another few years of playing under a glass ceiling? If not, Wednesday's meeting against the San Antonio Spurs would then mark his final home game as a member of the Suns.
As for the Jazz, things are looking up for now. They likely have no less than four matchups with the Spurs to look forward to now that San Antonio has clinched the top spot in the Western Conference. Utah's size is a serious asset heading into the post-season, too. On Tuesday, Al Jefferson (18 points, 16 rebounds), Paul Millsap (26 points, 15 rebounds) and Derrick Favors (13 points, 11 rebounds) all posted efficient and effective double-doubles that underpinned a 56-42 advantage on the glass and a 50-40 edge on points in the paint. Favors also matched his career-high with five blocks and Gordon Hayward tied his career-best with eight assists in the win.
The moment the playoff berth became official, it turned into an emotional scene for Al Jefferson, who hugged his coaches and teammates after finally making it back to the playoffs after missing out for the past six seasons :
"Seven long years, seven long years since I've been in the playoffs," Jefferson said. "It's a great opportunity. A lot of people counted us out. It's a great group of guys and everyone on our team deserves it."
"It's good to make people eat their words," Jefferson said of doubters who thought Utah was too young and inexperienced to reach postseason. "That's what we did. Now it's time to go and shock the world."
For more on the Suns, be sure to visit Bright Side of the Sun. To get news and views from a Jazz perspective, check out SLC Dunk.
For all of Tuesday's NBA box scores, check out SI.com's NBA scoreboard.


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Mathieson faces Peavy in Game 2
San Diego (43-40) at Philadelphia (38-44), 7:05 p.m. ET
Scott Mathieson will get his first look at a National League opponent when the Phillies take on the Padres on Wednesday night at Citizens Bank Park.The rookie is 0-2 with a 6.75 ERA in three Interleague appearances, suffering losses in both of his starts. Mathieson, who was called up from Double-A Reading, will be making his first home start since his debut against Boston. The Phillies started the second half of the 162-game schedule with a win Tuesday, but with a 10 1/2-game deficit in the NL East and seven teams to pass for the NL Wild Card, there is a lot of work to be done. "It all depends on pitching and catching the ball," manager Charlie Manuel said. "This is the time of the season that our hitting should pick up." Philadelphia batters will try to pick it up against San Diego right-hander Jake Peavy, who is a far cry from the pitcher who led the National League in strikeouts last season. The 25-year-old has battled through shoulder tendinitis, going 1-5 in his last eight starts. In his last two outings -- both no-decisions -- he has shown signs of improvement, avoiding the big inning, which had been his downfall. The Phils are going for their first three-game winning streak since a four-game sweep in Arizona on June 4-7. Pitching matchup
SD: RHP Jake Peavy (4-8, 4.50 ERA)
He has struck out 109 and walked 23 this season. PHI: RHP Scott Mathieson (0-2, 6.75 ERA)
He allowed five runs to Baltimore in 2 2/3 innings in his last start. Player to watch
Bobby Abreu, shooting for the Final Vote spot on the NL All-Star team for the second time in three years, is 3-for-7 in his career against Peavy. On the Internet
Gameday Audio
Official game notes On television
On radio
Up next
Thursday: Padres (RHP Chan Ho Park, 5-4, 4.32) at Phillies (RHP Ryan Madson, 8-5, 5.71), 7:05 p.m. ET
Friday: Pirates (RHP Ian Snell, 7-6, 5.00) at Phillies (RHP Jon Lieber, 3-5, 5.79), 7:05 p.m. ET
Saturday: Pirates (LHP Paul Maholm, 3-7, 4.76) at Phillies (RHP Cory Lidle, 4-7, 5.07), 7:05 p.m. ET
Zachary Levine is an associate reporter for MLB.com. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


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Ed Martin, Music Theory, Electronic Music and Composition
(920) 424-7027
Ed Martin, D.M.A., Associate Professor of Music, teaches composition, music theory, and aural skills. His compositions have been performed throughout the world at events such as the ISCM World New Music Days in Sydney, the World Saxophone Congress in Bangkok, the Seoul International Computer Music Festival, Confluences – Art and Technology at the Edge of the Millennium in Spain, the International Electroacoustic Music Festival Santiago de Chile, and International Computer Music Conferences. In the U.S., his works have been performed at numerous regional and national music festivals and by ensembles such as the Minnesota Symphony Orchestra, the Synchromy Ensemble, Ear Play, and the Empyrean Ensemble. His music is recorded on the Mark, Centaur, Parma, innova, and SEAMUS labels, and has received first prize awards from the Percussive Arts Society, the Electro-Acoustic Miniatures International Contest, the Craig and Janet Swan Composer Prize for orchestral music, and the Tampa Bay Composers' Forum Prize. His work in music theory includes publications on harmonic progression in the music of contemporary composer Magnus Lindberg and the development of a method for timpani tuning drawing upon techniques for aural skills acquisition in collaboration with his colleague Dr. Alison Shaw.
Martin holds degrees from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (D.M.A.), University of Texas at Austin (M.M.), and the University of Florida (B.M.). Prior to joining the UW Oshkosh faculty in 2007, he taught at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Illinois Wesleyan University. Please visit www.edmartincomposer.com for more information.


text: Signs of the Seasons is expanding its reach beyond the state of Maine. The program has begun training volunteers in New Hampshire and changing its focus to New England as a whole. "The program has attracted interest outside the state of Maine and we want to invite interested volunteers to join us in observing the detailed turns of phenology," said program director Ezperanza Stancioff, a Climate Change Educator at University of Maine Cooperative Extension and Maine Sea Grant. She said the program is open to further expansion in the New England region. Please contact us for additional information.


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Medical Registry System (MRS)
Submitting Electronic Orders for Inpatient and Outpatient Records Stored at NPRC that are Indexed on MRS
ATTENTION: The VA Austin Information Technology Center (VA-AITC), which currently hosts the National Archives and Records Administration/National Personnel Records Center's (NARA/NPRC) legacy Medical Registry System (MRS) will soon be discontinuing all web services for the MRS application. As such, NARA/NPRC will no longer add new users to the MRS Web application. Existing MRS Web users will continue to have access until the VA discontinues the application. NARA/NPRC is working with the Defense Health Information Management System Office (DHIMS) to implement a replacement for the legacy MRS application, however, it will be some time before the new system and process is in place.
In the interim, MTFs and other authorized requestors can continue to submit DD Form 877 (Request for Medical/Dental Records or Information) paper requests for medical records.
Note: The discontinuation of the MRS Web applications does not affect the portions of MRS used by the MTFs to retire inactive medical records to NARA/NPRC. The MRS functions used for records retirement are currently available. NARA/NPRC is also working with DHIMS on the migration/replacement of this functionality and will provide further updates as they become available.
The Medical Registry System (MRS) is an electronic system at the National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis that facilitates the retirement and retrieval of Inpatient (to include fetal monitor strips and extended ambulatory records) and Outpatient records.
Record orders for Inpatient and Outpatient records may now be submitted electronically for those records retired since 2003 to the National Personnel Records Center's Medical Registry System (MRS). The steps to register for and to use the MRS are summarized below:
Registration. Authorized Medical Treatment Facility (MTF) users may query MRS to see if desired records have been retired to NPRC and/or submit record orders to retrieve them. If you are tasked with record query or record ordering duties, you must register for access to the MRS. Print, complete and mail VA Form 9957,
ACRS Time Sharing Request Form, in accordance with the instructions.
(Important Note: You must re-register if your initial registration was sent before May 2004 because security measures have deactivated dormant accounts.)
Customer ID.
Registered users will receive a Customer ID by return mail. Users will create a unique password during the first MRS logon session. See step 3. Your password must be changed every 90 days to keep your account active. Accounts are suspended after 120 days of non-use and inactive accounts are deleted after 180 days. Logon periodically to keep Customer IDs updated and active.
Logon Sessions.
Log on to you Web browser. Access the MRS website by typing:
(Note: The "http" is followed by an "s" - https)
If the system acknowledges that your access is from a .mil or .gov domain, the blue Medical Records Registry System logon screen appears. Type your Customer ID into the blank labeled "Customer ID." Press the Tab key. If this is your initial logon, you will need to establish a password. Detailed instructions for creating a password are included in the User Guide referenced in step 4.
If the system is unable to approve your access attempt and denies entry to the MRS application, you will correctly receive an "access denied" message. When you receive this message, the system then uses a special routine to determine if you are an authorized user. If you are, the system sets up access for you. Log out after the error message and wait at least 30 minutes before accessing the system for the second logon. Establish your password during the MRS logon. Detailed instructions are included in the User Guide specified in step 4.
User Guide.
Complete instructions for logging on, submitting queries and ordering records are provided in Chapter 5 of the Medical Record Tracking, Retirement and Retrieval (MRTR2) User Guide. That User Guide may be found at the websites listed below:
Army: http://pad.amedd.army.mil
Air Force: https://kx.afms.mil/pad/mrtr2
Navy: http://bumed.med.navy.mil/pad/ Click on the Medical Record Tracking, Retirement and Retrieval Training link.
Records Available for Electronic Record Ordering. Only Inpatient (to include Fetal Monitoring Strips and Extended Ambulatory Records) and Outpatient records retired since 2003 that are indexed on the MRS may be ordered electronically. [Inpatient and Outpatient records retired via manually prepared Standard Forms 135, Records Transmittal and Receipt, are not eligible for electronic ordering. Prior methods of requesting records from manually indexed (non-MRS) collections remain in effect.]
Help Desk. Contact the Help Desk if you have problems accessing the MRS. The Help Desk is located at the VA's Austin Automation Center and may be reached at 512-326-6780, TDD: 512-326-6638, or by e-mail at email@example.com.
"NARA ensures, for the Citizen and the Public Servant, for the President and the Congress and the Courts, ready access to essential evidence."
Military Personnel Records Main Page
PDF files require the free Adobe Reader.
More information on Adobe Acrobat PDF files is available on our Accessibility page.


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LINEUP : Lee Ritenour (guitar),Sonny Emory on drums, Melvin Davis on bass & Dave Grusin on piano. We are proud to present a true guitar legend with a career that has earned him 19 GRAMMY® nominations, a GRAMMY Award, numerous #1 spots on guitar polls, a Lifetime Achievement Award... find out more Tap to see more
Top Canadian trumpeter leads his fiery swingin' quartet for his regular weekly session which has already built up a large and dedicated following ! Click The Video Below For A Taster Of The Late Late Show "We haven't had anything like this in New York for over twenty... find out more Tap to see more
CIRCA 45 - Live Funk, Soul, R&B. Doors open 6pm, Free before 7pm, £6 from 7pm, £8 after 9pm Formed back in 2010 by some of London's finest musicians, CIRCA 45 have been wowing audiences upstairs at Ronnie's Bar, Ronnie Scotts since 2011. Their monthly... find out more Tap to see more


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Derry, NH — Claire I. Santore, 88, of Derry, N.H., died Friday, August 9, 2013, in Pleasant Valley Nursing Center in Derry surrounded by her loving daughters and caregivers. She was born in Lawrence, Mass., on November 18, 1924, a daughter of the late Herbert and Clara (Marchant) Demers. She had been a resident of Derry for the past six years, formerly living in Londonderry. She was a graduate of Haverhill High School in Haverhill, Mass. Claire ("Mama") will be remembered as a warm and wonderful person and a kind and caring mother who loved life, laughter and family.
She is survived by three daughters, Marjorie Besson of Santa Monica, Calif., Virginia Roosevelt of Newport, R.I., and Melanie Cull of Monroe, Conn.; eleven grandchildren; three great-grandchildren; one brother, Robert Demers of Seabrook, N.H.; two sisters, Virginia McCarthy of Milton, Mass., and Nancy Potvin of New Britain, Conn.; as well as several nieces and nephews. She was predeceased by her husband, Gerald D. Santore in 2008.
ARRANGEMENTS: Calling hours were held on Sunday, August 11, from 4 to 6 p.m. in the Peabody Funeral Homes and Crematorium, 15 Birch St., Derry. Funeral services were held on Monday at 10 a.m. in the funeral home. The burial was in the High Street Cemetery in Hampton, N.H. To send a condolence or for more information, please visit www.peabodyfuneralhome.com.