text:
[Spelling Progress Bulletin, Spring 1982 pp13-18]
[See dyslexia reports and extracts from books about dyslexia.]
SSS Conference 3: Teaching and Learning Spelling continued.
"The Spelling of Nasal Clusters by Dyslexic and Normal Children,"
by Dr. Margaret J. Snowling.**The National Hospitals College of Speech Sciences, London, England.
Abstract.The spelling of nonwords containing nasal clusters either in final position (hent) or preceding syllabic 'l' (wemble) was explored. Subjects from 6 to 14 years old heard the word, repeated it, and then spelled it in a word completion task. A tendency to reduce clusters when writing but not when speaking was evident in less skilled spellers. The nasal consonants 'n' and 'm' were often omitted when occuring in clusters with other consonants.
Acknowledgements.Thanks are due to Dr. Uta Frith and Dr. Dolores Perin for assistance and helpful discussions. Also to the dyslexic children who participated in the experiment and for the co-operation of the staff and pupils of Bromley High School, Kent, and Surrey Square School, Forest Hill, London.
Corpus.In recent years it has become popular to carry out qualitative analysis of spelling errors in order to throw some light upon spelling difficulties (Peters 1975, Cromer 1980). It is customary to distinguish between a phonetic error which correctly preserves the sound sequence of a word (e.g. speshull for special, trafick for traffic) and a nonphonetic error in which the sound sequence is not preserved (e.g. deter for doubt, heyou for hay). This distinction is an important one which has been shown by many investigators to be of diagnostic significance. (Boder, 1971, Nelson & Warrington, 1974, Frith, 1979).
Phonetic errors are usually assumed to be less serious than nonphonetic errors because they are easily deciphered. A more liberal approach to spelling would regard these versions as acceptable. Furthermore, an individual who makes primarily phonetic errors shows evidence off the ability to segment the target words into appropriate speech units (phonemes) and of being able to translate these units into letters using phoneme-grapheme rules (Frith, 1980). In contrast, an individual whose errors are primarily nonphonetic may have difficulties at either or both of these initial stages. However, the available evidence suggests that these children have difficulty in organizing the speech sounds comprising words even before they begin to apply phoneme-grapheme translation rules to them. (Bradley & Bryant, 1978, Stringer & McKenzie, 1981). Thus, it is important to distinguish these two basic error types because they might point to the need for different sorts of remedial intervention. Whereas individuals who make primarily phonetic errors may require only a systematic introduction to conventional spelling patterns and spelling rules, individuals whose errors are primarily nonphonetic may require more specialized auditory skills training.
However, the ability to spell by ear is still a little understood process and before any definite remedial recommendations can be made upon the basis of spelling errors, it is necessary to know how well any individual of a given age and intelligence could be expected to spell 'by ear.' Even the first step in phonetic spelling - the ability to analyse the speech sounds in the target word, depends upon a variety of perceptual, linguistic and cognitive factors (Golinkoff, 1978). It would be unrealistic to expect these to be available in equal measure to young children just starting school and to school leavers. Moreover there is growing evidence that the individual's ability to segment words into phonemes is partly dependent upon their orthographic knowledge (Read, 1975, Marcel, 1980, Perin, 1982).
The importance of orthographic knowledge was first reported by Read (1971) following a study of the writings of pre-school children who had received no conventional instruction. Their spellings could be regarded as phonetically acceptable although they represented speech sounds in a far less conventional manner than that used by older children who were familiar with the orthography. For instance, they wrote 'trouble' as chrubl, 'train' as chran. Evidently, in analysing these words for spelling, they regarded the consonant cluster [tr] as similar to the acoustically-similar [tʃ]. As children learn to read, they presumably realize that words beginning with [tr] and [tʃ] are marked differently in the orthography and this influences their subsequent perceptual analysis of words containing these sounds. Indeed Read (1973) showed that whereas five and six year olds said that words beginning with [tr] sounded more like words beginning with ['t] than others beginning with [tʃ], seven and eight year olds: who were better readers, classified the words beginning with ['tr]' with those beginning with ['t]. Thus, it is undoubtedly important to take account of an individual's spelling knowledge when making a qualitative assessment of errors. Errors which at first glance may appear to be due to perceptual difficulties may in truth only arise because the individual is unfamiliar with the spelling convention being tested.
Read (1975) also reported the tendency for pre-school children to omit nasals from their spellings of nasal clusters, e.g. they spelled bent as bet, camping as capin. While this type of error could well be classified as 'nonphonetic', its occurence in the early stages of spelling development may well be acceptable. Read argued that, although the young children did not mark the nasals in their spellings, they were nonetheless aware of their presence. They could distinguish between minimal pairs such as camp-cap, bent-bet and could provide rhymes for words like 'trunk' without difficulty. Therefore it was suggested that while the children were aware of the nasal, they regarded it as a feature of the vowel. Thus, in spelling, as long as they had printed the vowel, they believed that they had represented the nasal characteristic. It would be only after sufficient exposure to the written word that children would realize that the nasal sounds [m] and [n] have always to be represented by graphemes in the standard Orthography.
Marcel (1980) observed the same tendency to reduce nasal clusters in the spelling of children who were poor spellers, in adult literacy students and in certain neurological patients. He argued from the nature of their errors that they were analysing speech in a manner similar to that used by young children. As they had not yet acquired spelling knowledge or, in the case of neurological patients, as they had lost this knowledge, they were making use of intuitions about the phonetic characteristics of words, uninfluenced by spelling conventions. The aim of the present study was to extend the findings of Marcel (1980) by investigating the ability of normal and dyslexic children of different ages to spell nasal clusters and to examine the contribution of spelling knowledge to this process. Furthermore the importance of perceptual factors was to be investigated. Both Read (1975) and Marcel (1980) reported that nasals were omitted more frequently from clusters in which they were paired with unvoiced consonants (e.g. tent, bank, bump) than from clusters in which they were paired with voiced consonants (e.g. tend, fence). They argued that this fits with the phonetic facts. In American English, nasals do not constitute true phonetic segments prior to unvoiced stops (Malécote, 1961). In standard English, a final unvoiced obstruent has the effect of shortening all preceding continuants. Thus, in most English accents, nasals are experienced as less perceptible in clusters where they preceded unvoiced stops and this may well be why they are omitted more frequently in these contexts. In the present study, by examining subjects' ability to spell all possible nasal clusters (nasals paired with voiced and unvoiced segments) the aim was to examine the role of perceptual factors in more detail.
The method chosen was a completion-spelling task. Following auditory presentation of a target word containing a nasal ending, the subject was required to repeat the word and then to add the appropriate ending to an incomplete version of the target word. All possible nasal endings were tested. In addition, stimuli endings in the sounds [m], [n] and [ŋ] were included to ensure that the graphemic responses for nasal sounds were available. Each of the nasal endings was tested in the context of a nonsense word to minimize the effect of knowledge of specific word spellings.
Two groups of subjects were tested and within each group, subjects of lower and higher spelling ability were included. There were three levels of task difficulty, the spelling of nasals (e.g. blem), final nasal clusters (e.g. clest), and medial nasal clusters followed by syllabic [l] (e.g. stemple). The number of spelling errors made by each subject under each level of difficulty was calculated.
Thus, there were two between subjects variables, Group (dyslexic and normal), Spelling Ability (High versus low), and one within subjects variable, Task Difficulty (nasal alone, nasal cluster, nasal cluster preceding [l]). The dependent variable was percentage spelling errors.
For the purpose of this study, an objective definition of dyslexia was adopted. Dyslexia is an impairment of the ability to read and to spell.
The children were all of at least average intelligence with reading and spelling ages which were significantly below the level to be expected given their age and intellectual ability. All had been referred for psychological assessment because of significant under-achievement at school. 23 dyslexic children were tested. They ranged in age from 7 years 8 months to 15 years. Reading ages (as measured by the Schonell Graded Word Reading Test) ranged between 7 years 2 months and 10 years 7 months and Schonell Spelling Ages ranged between 6 years 8 months and 9 years 7 months.
The normal subjects were selected from two schools in the London area to match the dyslexic children as closely as possible for reading and spelling achievement. They were selected by their teachers as being average for their age in reading and spelling. 19 children aged between 6 years 5 months and 9 years 6 months were tested. Schonell Reading Ages ranged between 6 years 3 months and 10 years 2 months, with Spelling Ages ranging between 6 years 8 months and 9 years 10 months.
Within each group of subjects (dyslexic and normal), subjects of high and low spelling ability were separated. Amongst dyslexics there were 15 children of lower and 8 children of higher spelling ability. Amongst the controls there were 12 children of lower and 7 children of higher spelling ability. The lower ability groups had Spelling Ages ranging from 6 years 8 months to 8 years. The dyslexics had a mean chronological age of 9 years 10 months. They were on average 18 months older than the normal controls whose mean chronological age was 8 years 4 months.
The higher ability groups had Spelling Ages from 8 years to 10 years. The dyslexics had a mean chronological age of 12 years 2 months, some three years older than their controls with a mean chronological age of 9 years 1 month.
There was no significant difference between the Reading Ages or the Spelling Ages of the dyslexic subjects and the normal controls. Normal children of Spelling Ages greater than 10 years were also tested but as they made no errors in the experimental task, they were not included in the analyses.
A list of all possible nasal endings was compiled using Rockey's Phonetic Lexicon (1973). A phonetic classification of the exhaustive list is presented in Table 1. A list of nonsense words, each composed of a CV or CCV structure followed by a target nasal ending was devised. Each nasal ending was tested three times in the context of three different nonsense words (e.g. plankle, nunkle. minkle). Thus, there were 48 stimuli altogether. The experiment was carried out in three parts, each nasal spelling being tested once during each part. The testing order of the various nasal endings was randomized once but then presented in that order for all subjects. This allowed each subject to be given the same three page booklet with 16 incomplete spellings on each page. The order of presentation of the three parts of the experiment (pages of the booklet) was randomized across subjects.
The experimental procedure was explained to the children and sufficient practice was given to ensure that they were familiar with the task. First of all, the experimenter pronounced the target stimulus in a clear voice. The subject was then required to repeat the stimulus. Only very occasionally was the stimulus mispronounced and in these cases further repetition was elicited before proceeding. Having pronounced the stimulus satisfactorily, the subject completed the partially spelled version on the page in front of him.
Each subject's protocol was scored for phonetic accuracy. Provided that the subject's response was phonetically acceptable it was regarded as correct.
No account was taken of illegal spelling patterns (e.g. nj for [ndʒ]) and b/d reversal errors were ignored. Furthermore, no account of order of errors was made. So, if the subjects included both elements of a target cluster in their spelling, but the order was wrong (e.g. one subject added 'ten' to 'he-' for "hent"), their version was still marked correct. This type of error occurred only very occasionally.
Given the nature of the completion task, a maximum number of three errors per stimulus could occur. Errors could occur with respect to the nasal itself (e.g. blen for blem), with respect to the other consonant in a nasal cluster (e.g. hend for hent), or with respect to the syllabic [l] ending (e.g. stemper for stemple). In each case the target element could either be omitted or replaced. (The above gave examples of substitution errors - examples of corresponding omissions might be: twage for twange, hen for hent and stemp for stemple).
Examination of the total corpus of errors indicated that the nasal elements of the spellings provided the greatest source of difficulty (c.f. Marcel, 1980). Over all subjects 85.2% of errors were made with respect to the nasal segments. A much smaller proportion of errors, some 11.9%, occurred on the other consonants and a negligible 2.88% of errors were made on the syllabic [l] endings. Hence, a decision was made to concentrate primarily upon nasal errors in subsequent analyses. Furthermore, 87.4% of the nasal errors were found to be nasal omissions, i.e. reduction of nasal clusters. Nasal substitutions occurred in only 12.6% of cases. Nasal substitutions were made primarily by children with Spelling Ages of less than 9 years who tended to represent [ŋ] by 'n' instead of 'ng.' The phoneme [m] was never confused with [n]. Thus, since the main purpose of including nasal-alone spellings was to ensure that the graphemic responses 'm' and 'n' were available, it seemed justified to spend no further time in discussing the error category of nasal "substitutions."
Hence, the number of nasal omissions made by each subject at each of the three levels of difficulty was calculated. (Nasal alone, nasal cluster, and nasal cluster +[l]). These scores were divided by the total number of errors possible at each level of difficulty (9, 12, and 18 errors respectively) and the results were expressed as percentage errors.
The data describing each subject's performance under each level of difficulty of the experimental task was transformed using a (log + 1) transformation. These data were then subjected to an ANOVA with two between and one within subjects variable (see Table 2).
The results of the ANOVA indicated that there was a significant difference between the various levels of difficulty of the task F (2,76)=48.1, p<0.001. For all subjects significantly fewer nasals were omitted from nasal-alone endings than from nasal-cluster items. Furthermore, significantly fewer nasals were omitted from final nasal clusters than from medial nasal clusters followed by syllabic [l] (F 0.5: 2,80=83-008, p<0.001).
There was a significant effect of Spelling Ability, F (1,38) =5.925, p<0.05 which confirmed that subjects of higher spelling ability made fewer nasal omission errors than subjects of lower spelling ability. However, the Groups effect did not reach significance, which indicated that dyslexic subjects omitted no more nasals during the experiment than their Spelling Age controls. None of the interactions were significant.
Qualitative Analysis of Errors.
Having confirmed that the Task Difficulty Effect was significant, it was of interest to establish the hierachy of difficulty of the various nasal cluster spellings within each level. (Nasal alone, Nasal + voiced stop, Nasal + unvoiced stop, Nasal + fricative, Nasal + affricate, Nasal + voiced stop + [l], Nasal + unvoiced stop +[l]. Thus, the percentage of error rate for each subject on each ending-type was tabulated (see Table 3 for subject means). A Friedman two-way analysis of variance by ranks indicated there was a significant difference in error rate across the various nasal cluster endings (χ2= 13.26, df =6, p< 0.025). However, the variability of the data was such that none of the more detailed comparisons (e.g. nasal + voiced vs nasal + unvoiced stop) reached significance. Therefore it was only possible to discuss the apparent trends tentatively.
Thus, amongst nasal cluster endings, the endings, nasal + affricate caused most difficulty (nch, nge). The remaining endings, nasal + voiced stop (nd), nasal + unvoiced stop (nt, nk, mp), and nasal + fricative (ns), appeared to be of equivalent difficulty. Amongst nasal cluster and [l] endings, those in which the nasal was followed by an unvoiced stop (-nkle, -ntle, -mple) appeared to cause more difficulty than those in which it was followed by a voiced stop (-ngle, -ndle, -mble).
The results of the experiment confirmed that there was a significant improvement in the ability to consistently represent nasals in spelling with an increase in spelling ability. The absence of a dyslexic-normal group difference suggested that this improvement was due primarily to increased spelling knowledge and was not dependent upon chronological age. Moreover the improvement could not be attributed to perceptual development because all of the subjects were able to repeat the stimuli accurately in all conditions.
The Task Difficulty Effect is of interest because it points to an important factor determining spelling accuracy, namely the number of phonetic segments in the target word. For all subjects, accuracy was greatest when only one phonetic segment had to be identified and transcribed as in the nasal alone endings. Performance in this condition also confirmed that graphemic responses for [m] and [n] were available for all subjects. Accuracy was less when two separate phonetic segments had to be identified and transcribed as in the final nasal clusters and least when it was necessary to deal with more than two segments as in the nasal cluster preceding syllabic [l] endings.
The observed order of difficulty cannot be attributed to a deterioration of phoneme-grapheme translation over time. This explanation would predict that the majority of errors on the nasal cluster + syllabic [l] spellings (e.g. stemple) would occur on the syllabic endings. However, the data shows that relatively few errors were made in these positions and the majority of errors were reductions of the medial nasal clusters. The Task Difficulty Effect also rules out the possibility that the accuracy with which a nasal is represented is entirely dependent upon its perceptual salience. If this were so, then nasals should be omitted as frequently from the final nasal clusters as from the same nasal clusters in medial position preceding syllabic [l]. The data show clearly that this is not the case, for many more reductions of medial clusters were made than of the same clusters in final position. A further argument against the perceptual salience explanation is that, although there was a tendency for nasals to be omitted more than when they were less "perceptible", i.e. prior to unvoiced stops (tantle) than when they were more "perceptible", i.e. prior to voiced stops (dundle), this tendency did not reach significance (F (1,36) = 3.76). Thus, while perceptual factors undoubtedly have a part to play in determining spelling proficiency, their role may be less important than previously suggested (Read, 1975; Marcel, 1980).
In order to provide a parsimonious explanation of these results, it is necessary to consider the various stages in the process of "spelling-by-ear." There are at least two possible ways in which this process could proceed. The target word could first be segmented into phonemes. Following this, each of the segments could be encoded and held in short term store for transcription in a left to right sequence. However, introspection suggests that it is more likely that the transcription process begins as soon as the phoneme has been segmented. In this case, the content of the "working store" is the unanalysed target word. A detailed examination of the time course of phonetic spelling could possibly shed light upon these two alternatives. For present purposes, the important consideration is that the processing demands presented by the nasal cluster + syllabic [l] spellings are greater than those presented by the final nasal clusters. More phonemes have to be segmented and also more 'bits' of information have to be held in short term store. As already argued, medial clusters cannot of themselves be more difficult to segment than similar final clusters but they may be more difficult to analyse when an additional segment, (e.g. [l] has to be stored simultaneously. In such cases, less attention can be devoted to their analysis and subsequent transcription. Hence, the nasal clusters are analysed in a superficial phonetic manner guided by perceptual factors instead of drawing upon knowledge of conventional spelling patterns. As spelling knowledge becomes more automatic, these spelling patterns are utilized more easily.
If this theory were to be accepted, it could also explain a discrepancy between the present results and those of Marcel (1980). Marcel reported a strong tendency for nasals to be omitted from final clusters in which they preceded unvoiced stops. This effect was absent from the present results. A possible explanation lies in the difference between the two experimental tasks. Marcel required his subjects to spell complete nonsense words while in the present study, subjects had only to add the target spelling patterns to incomplete versions. Thus, Marcel's subjects had to deal with a greater number of phonetic segments than the subjects in the present study. It is interesting that a similar tendency to that reported by Marcel, i.e. the reduction of more nasal clusters preceding unvoiced than voiced stops arose in the present study when the clusters were followed by syllabic [l]. In these cases, processing demands were higher just as they were in Marcel's free-spelling situation.
If the theory is a plausible one, then nasal reductions should occur in other instances when information processing demands are high. For instance, nasals should frequently be omitted if other phonemes with which they occur are difficult to analyse or transcribe. There is at least preliminary evidence that this is true in that nasals were frequently omitted when they were paired with affricates, ([ntʃ], [ndʒ]). Affricates pose difficulty for several reasons. First, they are more complex sounds and each appears to be composed of features common to more than one other phoneme. Thus, /dʒ/ starts like the phoneme /d/ but is released with affrication common to /ʒ/. Similarly, /tʃ/ starts like the phoneme /t/ but is released with the friction associated with /ʃ/ Secondly, the affricates /dʒ/ and /tʃ/ are not only similar to other phonemes but they also sound very similar to one another particularly in unfamiliar contexts (e.g. nonsense words). Thus, they are often confused by children (Ingram, 1976). In the present experiment, a significant number of substitution errors occurred in the nasal + affricate spellings (9%). These did not occur at any significant rate for any of the other final nasal clusters. The most common substitutions were [tʃ] for [dʒ] or vice versa, confirming their confusability. However, the substitution of [d] for [dʒ] and [t] for [tʃ] was noticed, which lends credence to the previous argument.
Finally, the affricates [dʒ] and [tʃ] also cause more problems for the speller than the phonemes like stop consonants because their orthographic representation is less straight forward. Whilst the phoneme /d/ can only be represented as d or dd, the phoneme /dʃ/ can be represented as j, ge, gi, gy. Similarly, while the phoneme /t/ can be represented by a single grapheme t or by tt, the phoneme /tʃ/ is represented by a consonant digraph ch. Children usually learn digraphs later than single letters (Perfetti & Hogaboam, 1975) and may confuse them with other digraphs e.g. sh for some time. Therefore there are several reasons why the nasal + affricate endings place heavy demands upon processing capacity. The difficulty posed by their analysis and transcription means that most of the speller's attentional resources are directed towards the affricate. This causes only superficial processing of the nasal and consequently it is frequently omitted.
Hence, it is proposed that children reduce nasal clusters whenever they have to deal with novel materials which place heavy demands upon their processing capacity. The simplifications which they make are systematic and rule governed and can be likened to 'phonological rules.' In the present experiment, the children were found to omit nasals from their spelling when a large number of phonetic segments had to be transcribed. However, it is interesting that a similar phenomenon is noticed at an earlier stage in child speech.
In the same way that pre-school children can distinguish minimal pairs such as 'cap' and 'camp' but spell 'camp' as cap (Read, 1975), young children have been shown to perceive certain phonemic distinctions but not to produce them (Smith, 1973, Dodd, 1975). For instance a child may recognize that 'pay' and 'play' are different but may produce [pei] for both. Another analogy between spelling and speech can be drawn in that in the present study, nasal clusters would be spelled correctly in certain contexts but not in others. In child speech development, it is often the case that a given sound may be produced in one context but not in another (Ingram, 1976). For instance, a child may produce a correct rendering of the cluster [st] in star [sta]. However, the same child may resort to a less mature pronunciation when learning a new word, e.g. stable [steibl].
Thus, the explanation proposed may be a general one. Basically, each individual is assumed to possess a system of phonological rules. The status of an individual's phonological system is dependent upon several factors, including age, language experience and, as argued in the present paper, orthographic knowledge. When an individual has to process familiar verbal materials, either for speech or for spelling, automatic motor programmes are available so there is no reason to call upon the phonological system. However, when unfamiliar materials have to be processed, phonological rules are brought to bear. These are basically just simplification devices which allow the individual to handle processing demands which exceed their processing capacity. Examples would be [nt] → [t], [mp] → [p], and so on. While this hypothesis could offer an attractive explanation, it must await further evidence and remain highly speculative at the present time.
The present study has shown that the ability to consistently represent nasals in the spelling of nasal clusters is primarily dependent upon spelling knowledge.
The perceptual salience of the nasal has a part to play but its role is minor in comparision to that played by the overall phonological complexity of the target spelling. The study highlights the importance of taking Spelling Age into account when assessing the quality of spelling errors. For instance, had comparison been made between the spelling of the dyslexic subjects and normal spellers of the same chronological age, a preponderance of nasal omissions would have been observed in the dyslexics' spelling. These spellings would have been classified as 'nonphonetic' under some schemes or as arising because of perceptual difficulties under others. In turn, this classification may have led to the prescription of auditory skills training for the dyslexic children and such training may, in many cases, have been misdirected. First, there is evidence that children could already 'perceive' the nasal segments and secondly, perceptual salience has itself been shown to be of minor importance. The present study suggests that a more appropriate course of action might be initially to familiarize the children with the nasal spelling patterns visually (by analytic reading) or kinaesthetically (by copying or tracing). It may only then be reasonable to expect them to be able to organize spoken versions of words containing nasal clusters into the form required for accurate spelling.
Hence, the purpose of the present paper is not to suggest that a distinction between phonetic and nonphonetic spelling categories should be abandoned. Rather, it is meant to suggest that much more information is required about the development of the ability to spell-by-ear before this potentially fruitful approach to remediation can be pursued.
Boder, E. (1971), "Developmental dyslexia: Prevailing diagnostic concepts and a new diagnostic approach." In Myklebust, H.R. (Ed.), Progress in Learning Disabilities, 2, N. Y.: Grune & Stratton.
Bradley, L. & Bryant, P.E. (1978), "Difficulties in auditory organization as a possible cause of reading backwardness." Nature, 271, 746-747.
Cromer, R.F. (1980), "Spontaneous spelling by language-disordered children." In Frith, U. (Ed.), Cognitive Processes in Spelling. London: Academic Press, 1980.
Dodd, B. (1975), "Children's understanding of their own phonological forms." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27.
Frith, U. (1979), "Reading by eye and writing by ear." In Kolers, P.A., Wrolstad, M. & Bouma, H. (Eds.), Processing of Visible Language, 1, N.Y.: Plenum Press.
Frith, U. (1980), "Unexpected spelling problems." In Frith, U. (Ed.) Cognitive Processes in Spelling, London: Academic Press.
Golinkoff, R.M. (1978), "Phonemic awareness skills and reading achievement," In Murray, F.B. & Pikulski, J.J. (Eds.) The acquisition of reading: cognitive, linguistic and perceptual prerequisites. Baltimore: Univ. Park Press.
Ingram, D. (1976), Phonological Disability in Children. London: Edward Arnold.
Malécote, A. (1960), "Vowel nasality as a distinctive feature in American English." Language, 36, 222-229.
Marcel, T. (1980), "Phonological awareness and phonological representation: Investigation of a specific spelling problem." In Frith, U. (Ed.) Cognitive Processes in Spelling. London: Academic Press.
Nelson, H.E. & Warrington, E.K. (1974), "Developmental spelling retardation and its relation to other cognitive abilities." British Journal of Psychology, 65, 265-274.
Perfetti, C.A. & Hogaboam, T. (1975), "Relationship between single word decoding and reading comprehension skill." Journal of Educational Psychology, 67, 461-469.
Perin. D. (1982), Phonemic segmentation and spelling. In British journal of Psychology (In prr ss)
Peters, M.L. (1975), Diagnostic and Remedial Spelling Manual. London: MacMillan.
Read, C. (1971), "Preschool children's knowledge of English Phonology," Harvard Educational Review, 41, 1-34.
Read, C. (1973), "Children's judgements of phonetic similarities in relation to English spelling. "Language Learning, 23, 17-38.
Read, C. (1975), "Lessons to be learned from the preschool orthographer." In Lennenberg, E. (Ed.). Foundations of Language Development - a multidisciplinary approach, Vol 2. UNESCO, Paris.
Rockey, D. (1973), Phonetic Lexicon. London: Heyden & Son, Ltd.
Smith, N.V. (1973), The Acquisition of Phonology: a Case Study. London: Cambridge University Press.
Stringer, J.A. & McKenzie, B.E. (1981), "Phonological analysis of monosyllabic words by backward spellers." Unpublished manuscript, La Trobe University, Australia.
|Final nasal [n], [m], [ŋ]
Nasal + unvoiced stop [nt], [nk], [mp]
Nasal + voiced stop [nd]
Nasal + fricative [ns]
Nasal + affricate [ntʃ], [ndʒ]
Nasal + unvoiced stop + [l*] [ntl], [nkl], [mpl]
Nasal + voiced stop + [l**] [ndl], [ngl], [mbl]
|-n, -m, -ng
-nt, -nk, -mp
-ns -nse -nce
-nch, -nge
-ntle, -nkle, -mple
-ndle, -ngle, -mble
** This character should have a comma below it.
TABLE 2.Log percentage error rate of dyslexic and normal subjects of high and low spelling ability under three levels of task difficulty.
|Nasal alone
|Nasal cluster
|Nasal cluster
+ /l/, (wemble)
|Low Spelling Ability
|High Spelling Ability
TABLE 3.Spelling of nasal endings by normal and dyslexic children.
Qualitative assessment: Mean percentage of nasal reductions errors.
|Type of Ending
|Nasal alone
|Nasal + voiced stop or fricative
|Nasal + unvoiced stop
|Nasal + affricate
|Nasal + voiced stop + [L*]
|Nasal + unvoiced stop + [L**]
** This character should have a comma below it.
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text:
Independent review could phase out end-of-life regime
An independent review of a controversial end-of-life regime is likely to recommend that it is phased out, it has emerged.
The review of the the Liverpool Care Pathway (LCP), chaired by crossbench peer Baroness Julia Neuberger, has been hearing evidence from patients, families and the health industry.
The LCP - which recommends that in some circumstances doctors withdraw treatment, food and water from sedated patients in their final days - has come under intense scrutiny.
Reports have suggested that doctors have been establishing "death lists" of patients to be put on the pathway. Articles have also claimed hospitals might be employing the method to cut costs and save bed spaces.
The independent review into end of life care system the Liverpool Care Pathway, commissioned last year by Care and Support Minister Norman Lamb and backed by Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt, is likely to recommend that the LCP is phased out over the next 6 to 12 months.
The review panel, set up by ministers following reports from families concerned about the care of their loved ones, is due to report back on Monday.
– Department of Health spokeswoman
It is expected to say that when used properly the LCP can give people a dignified and peaceful death, but that they found numerous examples of poor implementation and worrying standards in care which mean it needs to be replaced.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The holidays are here and with them brings a chill to the air. These beverages are sure to keep you warm as you celebrate this holiday season.
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text: Time To Tilt-UpThe possibilities of tilt-up concrete walls for use in new homes have only begun to be explored—but the field is ripe for innovation.By Matthew Power IN COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION, THE USE OF SITE-POURED, TILT-UP concrete walls is growing at record speed. But residential builders, for the most part, haven't joined the tilt-up revolution. It's still primarily a commercial construction tool.Why? According to Ed Sauter, executive director of the Tilt-Up Concrete Association (TCA) in Mount Vernon, Iowa, builders are daunted by a few aspects of tilt-up construction."It's their mind-set," says Sauter. "First of all, you need a crane on the site to raise the panels, and that can run $500 bucks an hour. To make it work, they have to be doing a very large—10,000-square-foot or larger—house or a subdivision. And they have to have room for the forms, which need a flat surface because they are poured on site."However, Sauter says, it doesn't have to be that way. The trouble is that no residential builders have yet spent the time and energy necessary to develop a fast, low-cost, alternative method for using tilt-up. He thinks it's just a matter of time before somebody figures out the problem, cleans up the process, and creates a residential revolution."All of the concepts are there for residential," Sauter says. "You can do insulated sandwich walls or lay conduit for electrical—that's not a problem. What's missing is the logistics of doing smaller projects. And foundation contractors—the crews most likely to do the work—don't have a prescriptive guide to follow."That guide, if it's ever written, could open a new world for builders. In the meantime, here's a primer on the key principles of tilt-up construction, extracted from the "Tilt-Up Construction and Engineering Manual," available from the TCAWeb site. Maybe your firm will be the one to tweak this guidance and create a manual for residential tilt-up.Planning the layout for form construction of tilt-up walls is a critical early step in the erection process (see illustration above). The latest techniques call for the tilt-up walls to rest on plastic shims on continuous concrete footing. The shims are about 1 ½ inches thick and a foot or so long. They sit under the panel seams so that grout can be pressed into the gap all the way along the bottom of the panels (see illustration below). The floor slab typically is poured after the walls are erected, forming a monolithic link with the walls.1. PLAN AND PREPARE FOOTERSPlanning the layout for form construction of tilt-up walls is a critical early step in the erection process (see illustration above). The latest techniques call for the tilt-up walls to rest on plastic shims on continuous concrete footing. The shims are about 1 ½ inches thick and a foot or so long. They sit under the panel seams so that grout can be pressed into the gap all the way along the bottom of the panels (see illustration below). The floor slab typically is poured after the walls are erected, forming a monolithic link with the walls.2. MAKE THE FORMSCreating the tilt-up form is a fairly low-tech process. You can build one using wood forms braced with wood cleats on the exterior at proper intervals. For window and door openings, the cleats go on the inside. Rebar is specified in much the same way as any slab on grade. Most residential walls also will include chamfered indentations for electrical wires or for architectural variety. These can be created with pieces of lumber or other material pushed into the top of the wet concrete.3. ADD BOND BREAKERAfter the forms are all built, it's important to apply "bond breaker" to all areas that will come in contact with wet concrete. This product creates a nonstick surface and comes in brand names such as Form-Aid. The TCA suggests applying bond breaker to the outer perimeter and tops of the forms so that excess concrete will fall away—and the forms can be used again.4. PUMP AWAYTilt-up panel concrete must have a compressive strength of at least 3,000 pounds per square inch, with maximum aggregate size of 1 inch, and a slump of 4 to 5 inches. One major time-saver is the use of pumps and conveyers instead of manpower to place the concrete in the forms. The TCA estimates that this equipment costs an additional $2,000 per day to rent, although that amount is often recouped on commercial sites by time saved.5. TILT AND BRACEThis is where your handiwork is finally put to the test. Once the forms are removed, the walls are ready to be tilted into place. Before lifting, however, the experts go through a checklist that includes specifying the pick-up points where the crane will be attached; ensuring an adequate supply of temporary bracing (see illustration at right); getting access to the site for the crane; and making sure you have all necessary crew standing by to set braces, shim, and apply grout. Many crew managers hold safety meetings on the day of a big lift to remind everyone of potential risks.BEST FACE FORWARDOne of the objections to tilt-up concrete walls has been the lack of a range of finishes. But in recent years, several types of finishes have come into wide use, from colored stucco to a 2-inch-thick, embedded concrete block system called Chameleon Cast Wall Systems, from a company by the same name based in Brookline, Mass. And builders won't have any trouble seeing the uses for traditional-looking embedded thin brick (shown here). The industry reports that the growth of thin brick averages 30 percent to 50 percent every year over the previous few years.TO LEARN MORE ABOUT TILT-UP CONCRETE WALLS, VISIT OUR WEB SITE AT WWW.BUILDERONLINE.COM, CLICK ON "THE MAGAZINES" TAB, AND THEN CLICK ON "BUILDER ARTICLE LINKS." Advertisement Keywords: SubjectWalls Panels Flooring Projects Concrete Construction View more keywords SubjectWalls Panels Flooring Projects Concrete Construction Design Business Construction Tilt-Up Residential Projects Concrete LumberyardsSection / SubsectionHow ToBylineMatthew Power View fewer keywords


text:
J.J Abrams is Star Wars-ing it now as well............
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Location: East Kilbride, Glasgow, UK
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Originally Posted by
And here I am waiting on hearing from the more hard core's who'll say:
"Yeah, now JJ is where he belongs because the last Trek movie might as well have been Star Wars Episode VII"
Gee, I'm glad I don't constrain myself to one take or view or dogma on Trek/Wars/Galactica, etc.
There will be elements of that depending on what internet forums and news sites you check out! There always will be when it comes to Abrams depending on your views of both past Trek and his Trek.
But I'm just not all that excited about these new SW films. I gotta say I just can't muster much up just now about them. And even this news doesn't really sway things more in any particular direction since I'm more interested in the implications for Trek.
Basically, the SW films now appear to be films where I'm not sure really if Abrams has a level of input that he usually seems to enjoy. Like or loathe his way of making Trek he at least came in and made some choices and had input into the creative side of it. And that seems to have been continued with the Trek sequel. And Abrams seems to like being involved quite a bit in what he does. Certainly so far on film.
The SW films look really more like anybody at this point could turn up and say 'action' and everything else is done for the director. The script is being done by someone else, there's already rumoured to be pre-production underway...........basically this juggernaut already seems to be moving along without him. So............what DO they want him to bring to it beyond his name?
Although I can see that maybe it was simply one of those moments in life we all get when an offer or an opportunity is given to you and despite your other commitments you just cannot say 'no' to it. But I'm also sure he will get asked a lot of questions if this becomes definitive and the announcement gets made.
'If the Apocalypse starts, beep me!' - Buffy Summers
'The sky's the limit.....' Jean-Luc Picard, 'All Good Things'
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text:
It's clear neither manager in the College World Series matchup between the Virginia Cavaliers and South Carolina Gamecocks wants to burn his bullpen. So when the closers were called into pitch the worst-case scenario was a game that stretched deep into extra innings. Yet here we are in the top of the 13th inning, and the closers are still pitching.
Virginia's Branden Kline has thrown 107 pitches while South Carolina's Matt Price has thrown 87. Both have thrown well, though, and have stayed out of trouble. Neither has given up a run as the Gamecocks and Cavaliers battle back-and-forth in extras. The game's been knotted at two since the eighth inning, when Virginia scored a run to make it a ballgame and stave-off elimination.
Virginia must win on Friday night to stay alive while South Carolina can afford to lose. If the Gamecocks do win, they'll head to the College World Series finals. At this point, coming back for Saturday's game could be a nightmare for both teams after the lengthy affair on Friday night.
In the top of the 13th, South Carolina and Virginia are all tied up at two.
For the latest on the tournament, head to the 2011 College World Series hub. You can find recaps of the opening round matchups, as well as previews of each team in the tournament there.


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One of my earliest and most favorite activities as a child was going through my aunt's box of pictures and pressing the adults for more information about the people in the pictures. I wasn't looking for a great landscape or a beautiful sunset. I was looking for those clues to my past and who I was. It was the people in the pictures experiencing the moment that drew me in. Yes ... "people pictures" as my wife so often told me I should be taking.
As I began working on a book on my family history, I fully realized the importance of family photos to future generations. I discovered that everyday life is what needed to be reflected in my photos. Sure, I still love a beautiful landscape or a glowing sunset, but how much more it is enhanced by the presence of a family member who may be simply enjoying the moment, or who may be participating in some activity that further defines the time and place.
And so it came to be that I developed a new love in photography. I am called upon from time to time to take a portrait of some or all of the family. And that is fine. What I truly enjoy, however, is capturing the family members being themselves in whatever time or place we happen to be. I mostly try to capture candid shots of them. I think by now they have all gotten used to the ever-present camera. Camera shyness is no longer an issue.
So, here are 723 photos from family moments in 2009.


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Marc made a video for it that features one of the original mash-ups that will be featured: Here's the Facebook page with the info, where you can also RSVP to let us know you're coming.…
Read More
By Roy Greenslade, The Guardian
By Katie Halper
By The Conversation
By TBogg
Raw Story is a progressive news site that focuses on stories often ignored in the mainstream media. While giving coverage to the big stories of the day, we also bring our readers' attention to policy, politics, legal and human rights stories that get ignored in an infotainment culture driven solely by pageviews.
Founded in 2004, Raw Story reaches 9 million unique readers per month and serves more than 30 million pageviews.
Copyright © 2004-2013 Raw Story Media, Inc. All rights reserved.


text:
Local detectives are hoping the blurry video image of an armed robber holding up a Castaic hotel last month will help identify him.
The Santa Clarita Valley Sheriff's Station will hold a DUI checkpoint from 6 p.m. tonight through 2 a.m. Saturday morning.
Hart High graduate Trevor Bauer was named the 2011 Golden Spikes Award winner on Friday.
Here are the results of The-Signal.com's latest Reader Meter poll.
The College of the Canyons Career Technical Education division will host an information session for students who want to learn about the community college's new lineup of solar and alternative energy courses debuting this fall.
California has joined other states in recognizing July 23 as "National Day of the Cowboy."
The Upstart Crows will present a new production of "The "Fantasticks," the world's longest running musical, beginning Friday, July 15, at the SCV Space Theatre, 27600 Bouquet Canyon Road, Saugus, CA 91350. This love story features music by Harvey Schmidt and book and lyrics by Tom Jones. The direction for this performance is by Tamarah Ashton-Coombs.
Universal Studios Hollywood invites aspiring filmmakers to compete in its annual Halloween Horror Nights short film competition, offering budding directors an opportunity to have their most disturbing horror short films judged by a panel of industry insiders, including horror film auteur Eli Roth, Daily Variety senior writer Marc Graser and Halloween Horror Nights Creative Director John Murdy. The winning film will be awarded a premiere showing on Chiller, a posting on Syfy.com, a cash prize of $1,000 and a trip for two to Halloween Horror Nights' opening night Eyegore Awards at Universal Studios Hollywood.
If a music enthusiast ventures to Vincenzo's on Lyons Avenue in Newhall on a casual Sunday night, expecting to see three washed-up artists belting chords in mid-life crisis, they would be wrong.
"Jewtopia," written by Bryan Fogel and Sam Wolfson, is a comedy where stereotypes collide, cultures
Newhall's The Coffee House is anything but your average cup of Joe, and there's proof in the pudding, or should I say batter.
The Santa Clarita Shakespeare Festival continues in its second weekend with Shakespeare's "As You Like It," set in 1960s California. Adapted by directors Kelly and Mark Petrie, their vision of the play brings characters inspired by Allen Ginsburg, Hunter S. Thompson and the hippie generation. Come sing along and celebrate one of Shakespeare's most popular comedies.
MOMS Club meeting
Running one mile averages out to about 1,500 repetitions of bouncing on one leg.
The public has until Tuesday to submit comments on a grant proposal providing $36,780 to the Sheriff's Crime Prevention Unit.
This summer, the Santa Clarita Valley Chamber of Commerce will host the third annual Patriot Luncheon on July 11 at the Hyatt Regency Valencia.
Supervisor Michael D. Antonovich will address the Santa Clarita Valley business and community leaders on May 1 at the fifth annual State of the County Luncheon.
We all know that perception often influences our decisions, yet we catch ourselves and become reminded that what we perceive isn't always what's really going on. With the constant barrage of information available in today's 24/7 world, it's important to not get caught up in the day-to-day market volatility and news headlines. That daily hype doesn't always dovetail with what Wells Fargo Advisors top strategists are observing in the financial marketplace.
Bayless is…
With everything from nationally ranked academic programs to effective career education opportunities and college placement services, Hart district students are afforded every opportunity to excel in an increasingly competitive academic environment.
Whether priorities are schools, recreation or convenience and friendly neighborhoods, home buyers are finding that Fair Oaks Ranch by Pardee Homes fills the bill.


text:
Redirection plug in help please
Hi all
Found this excellent and useful plugin for redirecting to profile after login:
function oci_login_redirect($redirect_to, $set_for, $user){
$redirect_to = "http://IP_address/account/members/$user/profile";
return $redirect_to;
add_filter('login_redirect', 'oci_login_redirect', 10, 3);
However, trying to change redirect_to at the moment to the profile in a not-so-standard way due to the fact I have no domain name attached to the account. Can someone take a look at the code above and see if there is anyway of getting '$user' in there so that it recognises the user on login and directs to their profile page?
Unfortunately no domain name is being applied for a while so it has to be like this temporarily!
Thanks in advance.
You must be logged in to reply to this topic.


text:
Zur Zeit wird gefiltert nach: In Focus
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Studying in Germany vs. Studying in India
Because I am originally from India but am studying in Germany, one might wonder what the biggest differences between studying in my home country and in Germany are. Here are the biggest differences from my perspective:
Firstly, all the professors at EBS are actively involved with companies in various projects and hence their lectures are up-to-date with lot of real life examples. There is no language problem in the university, as most people speak English. However, outside campus it is difficult to meet people if you dont know German. As for working in Germany, most of the companies ask for a working knowledge of business German.
In Germany, we dont strictly follow any textbook, which is very different from India. In India, professors start at chapter one and often go on until the last chapter in the textbook, and that marks that the course is over. It is good in a way that we learn a topic from its very basics; but at the same time, there is lot of theory with little real life examples. Also, the texts are frequently out of date.
From a cultural point of view, Germans are very organized and have rules and regulations for almost everything. This is sometimes very strange for someone like me coming from India, but somehow I like Germans and their very organized nature.
Lastly, Living conditions in Germany are good. I am currently living about five kilometers away from EBS. When I started my course, I decided to bike to EBS every day and hence bought a bike for myself. But later on I got lazy and these days, I commute up and down from EBS using the public transport. Transportation is quite expensive in Germany, though.
Views: 8477
Scholarship Applications
One of the most daunting obstacles when studying is being unfinanced. One of the most stressful processes can be associated with the process of trying to get funding. Scholarships are definitely the first port of call, but they require a lot of effort. Alongside the effort required to put a potentially successful scholarship application together is the growing self-doubt of whether or not you are good enough to apply for the scholarship. One must put all doubts aside and take on the challenge of putting a competitive scholarship application together.
First word of advice: read the scholarship application criteria and requirements carefully. Sorry, I know that sounds like obvious advice and also the kind that you find in every Exam Tips booklet, but it really is true. Next tick off all the requirements and criteria that you meet, provided you meet the main leading criteria and the majority of the other sub-criteria, then put your application together. For as the famous saying goes Nothing ventured, nothing gained.
Now do not begin at this stage trying to rationalize yourself out of doing all the work of putting a scholarship application together by thinking up common excuses like, Thousands of people are going to apply for this scholarship that are better than me, or I am afraid of interviews, or I am no beggar. As at the end of the day many people are not going to apply for precisely the same thought-up excuses. Also, scholarships are not given to undeserving people, hence you will not fall into the last category of excuse mentioned. To be honest once you have put one scholarship application together the other applications that follow are easier.
My second and last word of advice: pay particular attention to detail in your application, as even small errors will immediately put your application at a disadvantage. And lastly on a similar note, include all relevant documents that could assist your application. In other words, additional documents and certificates that are relevant in supporting your application should be included. The key word here is relevant, as applications with inappropriate supporting documentation are weakened considerably.
In 2009 I put together five scholarship applications, which was an extremely time consuming and taxing process, but turned out to be worthwhile. After a few grueling interviews I was successful with two of the five scholarships applications, namely the eXebs Citi Foundation Scholarship and eXebs Friedrich J. Schoening International Scholarship supported by DAAD. In addition I managed to obtain admittance to the eXebs Fellowship which allowed me to apply for the eXebs Bildungsfonds where my application was also successful.
So apply, apply and keep on applying is the advice I can give. Yes it is an effort, but if you meet the criteria of the scholarship or come extremely close to the criteria for the scholarship, then apply. Leave taking a bank loan as your last resort to funding your studies.
Views: 7383
Life in Germany vs. Life in South Africa
As a South African living in Germany, I am often asked what the differences are between life in Germany and life in South Africa. To be honest, though there are many answers, the small differences between South Africa and Germany are more entertaining to write about, so here goes.
Autobahn. The first time I was in Germany back in 2002 I was irritated by the huge walls next to the Autobahn every time I passed a town, and I wondered What are they there for? As a tourist I wanted to see the little villages and towns as we drove from Frankfurt to Eisenach. And then it came to me, the barrier was obviously to keep people from crossing the Autobahn and also to keep wild animals off the road. You can imagine what an anti-climax it was when I found out that the walls were there merely as sound buffers or barriers. As in South Africa we have a lot of pedestrians involved in accidents on the highways, primarily due to them crossing the road, which is not allowed-- for obvious reasons. In some rural areas broken fences raise the risk of livestock or wild animals being on the highways too.
Breakfast. I must admit that my first breakfast in Germany was a miniature culture shock: salami, ham, cheese, liver pâté, and what appeared to be raw mincemeat. I had to check my watch as I thought I had woken up at lunch time. The breakfast egg, coffee and toast on the table kept me calm and I ended up having coffee and toast. In South Africa I was used to usually having breakfast cereal and on Sundays we had a cooked breakfast consisting of bacon, eggs, toast, sausage and fried onion and tomatoes.
Gardens. It took me a long time to understand who exactly lived in the small fenced off gardens with tiny houses on them. Initially I thought to myself that there were in fact a lot of poor people in Germany, as on the edge of every city I went to there were these small fenced off Gardens with tiny little wooden huts on them, some nicer than others. As I came to Germany during winter the first time, I really wondered how anyone could survive in such a hut in minus temperatures; I thought to myself that generalization Germans are tough must be true. Subsequently I found out that these spaces were just gardens and only used in summer. Well, that was also strange to me-- having a garden that was not on the same property as your home.
Public Transport. Lastly, the public transport system here is really great in comparison to the one in South Africa. The South African authorities have been working relentlessly to upgrade the countrys public transport system, and I truly hope that it serves the needs of the World Cup visitor as well as being sustainable after the World Cup has ended.
After five visits to Germany between 2002 and 2005 I have grown used to and do not always notice the small differences that initially were so apparent for me between South Africa and Germany. These days it is only when I go back to South Africa that I notice the differences between Germany and South Africa, which is a little ironic!
Views: 9576
A Practical Display of Ethics
Today in my strategy class we did an interesting in class exercise, whereby our group of eight students was split into four teams of two, where one student played the role of the decision maker and one student played the role of an advisor. Each team was given the mutual objective of gaining points (shown below in the table). Each team was given two cards, a red card and a yellow card, and was able to gain or lose points based upon the decision that the team was to make. After having some time to strategize, the teams were supposed to pick a card and then all four teams revealed their choice of card simultaneously. Points were then given based upon the choices of the cards, and this was then repeated for about five rounds. There were five scenarios which could have been observed.
Card Choices Points given
Scenario 1: 4 yellow cards +25 for all teams
Scenario 2: 3 yellow cards -25
1 red card +75
Scenario 3: 2 yellow cards -50
2 red cards +50
Scenario 4: 1 yellow card -75
3 red cards +25
Scenario 5: 4 red cards -25 for all teams
The optimal situation, of course, would be for all teams to work together to ensure that everyone would get points (ie. 4 yellow cards means +25 points for all teams). I was chosen during the class to be one of the decision makers of the team. The time was coming to make my first selection and the result was not quite what I had expected. We witnessed scenario four with me staring at three red cards with a yellow card in my hand. Hmm, I thought, I guess there are many lessons to be learned here. After a couple rounds, my first realization was that everyone in the teams was willing to cheat. Therefore, I dont think the outcomes of the next rounds were too much of a surprise; all the teams chose red cards so that no teams were able to gain points anymore but actually lost points. It might be easy to say that ideally everyone should work together so that everyone would have the opportunity to earn points, but in practice this notion is much more challenging than at first glance. The competitiveness of human nature often times leads us to want our competitors to lose; however, in this case, their loss meant my teams loss as well. I believe the class walked out of this exercise with a valuable lesson that day, a lesson not in theory but in ethics. In my opinion this exercise was an illustration of the opportunities and also the dangers of ethical choices that business people make everyday, and this is a topic which merits much deliberation.
Views: 7704
Thoughts on my Future Career Plans
Career planning has become a buzz term in industry and is currently one that is occupying a fair bit of my sub-conscious thought processes. For example, does the first company you start working for really impact your entire career? Well, if you think about ityes-- and so does every decision, meeting, chance meeting, the way you walk around university, the people you decide to or not to talk to. These things impact your career in lost and found opportunities!
I am currently looking for sustainable opportunities and am in search mode. My own personal definition of search mode means actively looking for and informing myself about companies and possibilities out there in the working world. When a possibility looks like it could be viable, I read up and look into it in more detail; if it gets through that screening, then I have identified an optional opportunity. Currently I am trying to build up a number of suitable companies that I would like to work for (and that I think would hire me) and am putting them into my optional opportunities folder.
In the next couple of months I am going to have to decide where I would like to apply, and hopefully someone will want to speak to me. I am of the opinion that you should apply to work at companies that you want to work for and not ones that you in your field of specialization are expected to apply to. So I will be applying to companies that I am satisfied will offer me a complete package of career advancement opportunities, work-life balance, fair pay, enjoyable and interesting working environment and a company that will bring out the passion in me.
Geographically I have restricted myself to Europe for the beginning of my career (i.e. the first 5 years) so if an offer in Ireland, Spain, Britain, Scotland or Germany comes up that I think fits me and my family best, then I will take it and jump on a train or plane.
Once I have got started in the working world, I hope to pursue an entrepreneurial venture-- be it within a company or outside of a company, on my own or with a number or associates and partners. But nonetheless I will be ambitiously striving to achieve a high level of autonomy in my future career.
You may note I have not mentioned an industry and that is due to the fact that I have a broad generalist degree and think that I am not restricted by industry. As I see it, after all this studying, I should have learnt how to think, and hence should be able to continue to learn and adapt wherever I choose to go!
Views: 9635
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The story going into tonight's game was former Senators goalie and current Vezina Trophy candidate Ben Bishop's return to Kanata. Unfortunately, that narrative would be short-lived. The game...
Stephane Da Costa scored a pair of goals as the Ottawa Senators prevailed 3-2 in Columbus.
A crucial loss falls at the feet of an unexpected culprit.
You have questions. Here are some answers.
The Senators arrived in Washington having lost consecutive games, but there was some good news for Ottawa: Washington captain Alex Ovechkin would miss the game with injury. Responsible for almost...
Just when a wild card position was within reach
Tonight's contest against the Montreal Canadiens was supposed to mark Senators veteran Chris Neil's return to the line-up after missing the last six games. Instead, Matt Kassian was slotted into...
The Ottawa Senators defeated the Minnesota Wild in the longest regular season game in NHL history
It wasn't a great game, but it was a great result.
The Senators scored first and never trailed as they beat the Winnipeg Jets 4-3.
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text:
The Southern Gentleman
In a Mixing Glass, muddle Blackberries and mint with Simple Syrup.
Add Bourbon and Lemon Juice.
Fill with ice and shake.
Strain into an Old Fashioned glass containing fresh Ice.
Garnish with blackberries and a Lemon Twist.
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It's that time of the year again, the time to see who has the most sincere pumpkin patch in hopes that the Great Pumpkin will visit. While you may not have your own sincere patch, plenty of King County farms have patches filled with bright orange squashes.
Here is a by-no-means-complete list (although Patch tried to search out all pumpkin patches out there) of pumpkin patches in King County:
- Camp Korey at Carnation Farm - Pumpkin patch, fall festival every weekend in October, 28901 NE Carnation Farm Road, Carnation. Open Saturday and Sunday through October 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
- Carpinito Brothers Farm - U-Pick pumpkin patch and corn maze, tractor-pulled hay rides, 1148 Central Ave. N, Kent. Open daily 9 a.m. to dusk. U-Pick Pumpkin Patch & Corn Maze is open Sept. 29 through Oct. 31. This year's maze shows the logo of both WSU and UW!
- Dr. Maze's Corn Maze and Pumpkin Farm - Pumpkin patch-pick in the field, corn maze, tractor-pulled hay rides, farm market, food, restrooms, picnic area, farm animals, 15410 NE 124th St., Redmond. October hours are Friday and Saturday, from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.
- Enciso Family Farms - Pumpkin patch-pick in the field, food, picnic area,19417 196th Ave. SE, Renton.
- Fall City Farms- Pumpkins, pumpkin patch-pick in the field, 3636 Neal Road, Fall City, October hours, Monday through Saturday 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., Sundays 11 a.m. to 5 p.m.
- Jubilee Farm - Pumpkins, horse-drawn covered-wagon rides, hay rides, hay-bale maze, 229 W. Snoqualmie River Rd. NE, Carnation.
- Mosby Farm- Farm Stand and CSA – The farm's corn maze this year is a rooster. In addition to the pumpkin patch-pick in the field, corn maze, there is a flashlight maze tour on Oct. 29, 12747-b South East Green Valley Road, Auburn.
- Remlinger Farms – Tickets for the Fall Festival are on sale, 32610 NE 32nd St., Carnation.
- Thomasson Family Farm - Pumpkins, a harvest festival and more, 38223 236th Ave. SE, Enumclaw.
- A Pumpkin Patch at Trinity Tree Farm - Pumpkins for sale in the shop or farm stand, pumpkin patch-pick in the field, 14237 228th Ave. SE, Issaquah.
- V2Farm - Corn maze, pumpkin patch, 20613 SE 436th St., Enumclaw.


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Do you have trouble walking, bending, or sitting?
At the Ortman Chiropractic Clinic, we help you live a happy, healthier, pain free life. Our specialty is no secret. Internationally known for over 95 years, the Ortman Technique has aided in the restoration of health of over 1 million patients from every state in the U.S. and worldwide.
Many of our patients are from families who have entrusted their treatment to the Ortman Chiropractic Clinic, some spanning 6 generations. The greatest testimonial that the Ortman Chiropractic Clinic can receive is the trust that's handed down from parents to their children, generation after generation. As always Ortman looks forward to serving you, your children, and your grandchildren.
The Ortman Technique uses a hands-on approach to stimulate the healing and relieving of pain. This technique is far from your typical forceful chiropractic treatment. Say goodbye to popping, twisting, and cracking, and let Ortman Chiropractic Clinic welcome their gentle, relieving Ortman Technique into your life.
Ortman Chiropractic Clinic provides relief using gentle manipulation of muscles, tendons, and nerves to increase motion in joints, as well as treating the surrounding soft tissue. This allows muscles, nerves, joints, and vertebrae to realign themselves naturally. This exceptional chiropractic form uses deep thumb pressure to the patients' problem areas without any force.
The Ortman Technique increases joint mobility, relaxes soft tissue and muscles, increases circulation, and enhances nerve function, giving you the whole body treatment necessary for efficient pain relief and realignment of your spine column and joints.
Millions of patients can't be wrong. The Ortman Technique is your answer to lower back pain, arm and leg discomfort, headaches, and stiffness. Discover the difference Ortman Chiropractic Clinic can make in your life. Schedule your appointment today at (605) 296-3431.
Remember, Ortman Chiropractic Clinic accepts Medicare, Blue Cross Blue Shield, and most other insurances. No insurance, no problem. Ortman Chiropractic treatments are so reasonable anyone can afford them.
Just a short drive to Canistota, South Dakota and you too can experience the Ortman Technique.
Isn't it time for you to be able to do all the things that you enjoy?
This technique is a form of manipulation which has been passed down through the Ortman lineage for over 90 years. It is a hands on approach, administered to the patient in a sitting position. It involves a method that utilizes deep thumb pressure to the patient's problem area.
Your nervous system consists of your brain, spinal cord, and millions of nerves. Your brain is protected by the skull, and your spinal cord by the 24 moving bones of the spine. Many everyday activities can cause these spinal bones to lose their normal position or motion. This can result in nervous system dysfunction and ultimately ill health.
To make an appointment, please call (605) 296-3431. Walk-ins welcome.
Monday – Wednesday 8:00 AM – 4:00 PM
Thursday 8:00 AM – 6:30 PM
Friday 8:00 AM – 3:00 PM
Closed Saturday and Sunday


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The Illinois State Senate District 26 seat will continue to be held by freshman senator Dan Duffy.
Duffy beat opponent Amanda Howland by clinching 144,163 votes to Howland's 24,558.
Duffy tells Patch reporters he had volunteers working on his campaign all year, and had 35 interns helping spread the word about his campaign platforms. He enjoyed campaigning, but is looking forward to getting back to work as a state senator.
"I can't wait to get back to Springfield to attack this pension problem. We're adding $12.6 million of new pension liability every day. We need to come up with a bipartisan solution. Until we solve this pension problem there is no money for anything else," he said.
Duffy, a Lake Barrington resident and small business owner, is also the Republican spokesperson on the pension committee. His opponent Amanda Howland is a lawyer and resident of unincorporated Lake Zurich.
Illinois State Senate District 26 Results Page


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CATEGORIES MoviesThe holiday hit "Mission: Impossible - Ghost Protocol" finally arrives on DVD and Blu-ray this week, and we've got an exclusive look at the making of Tom Cruise's jaw-dropping stunt on top of the world's tallest building. If you're more into cute animals than espionage and explosions, then you'll be interested in a special look at Warner Bros.' crowd-pleasing nature doc "Born to Be Wild."
Whether you're DVD or Blu-ray, streaming or rental, Moviefone has the full breakdown on all the home entertainment releases this week.
MOVIEFONE'S PICK OF THE WEEK "Mission: Impossible - Ghost Protocol" What's It About? Ethan Hunt and his IMF team are framed for a crime they didn't commit, plotted by a Russian madman with nuclear capabilities. But really, it's just a set-up to some exhilarating, inventive action sequences -- including that heart-stopper on the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. See It Because: At this point in the series, are you still on the fence about "Mission: Impossible"? It's one of the few continuously satisfying blockbuster franchises in Hollywood.
Also Available on Redbox DVD & Blu-ray | Amazon Instant Video
NEW ON DVD & BLU-RAY "Born to Be Wild" What's It About?After you've done your part this Earth Day weekend, kick back with a heartwarming nature documentary concerning humanitarian efforts to raise orphaned orangutans and elephants. See It or Skip It: See it.
"Shame" What's It About?You're only renting it because Michael Fassbender gets naked, but you'll be surprised to see a heavy and revealing drama about a man enslaved to his sex addiction. See It or Skip It: See it. Also Available on Amazon Instant Video
"7 Below" What's It About?Val Kilmer's got to stop doing these kinds of movies. See It or Skip It: Skip it. Also Available on Redbox
"The Divide" What's It About?This low-rent sci-fi thriller makes us long for the days of "Skyline" and "The Darkest Hour." See It or Skip It: Skip it. Also Available on Redbox
"The Last Rites of Joe May" What's It About?The "old hustler going for one last job" story has been done to death, but if you've got a soft spot for "Law and Order" mainstay/venerable character actor Dennis Farina like we do, you'll enjoy what he does with the classic story. See It or Skip It: See it. Also Available on Amazon Instant Video
NEW ON REDBOX "The Sitter" (DVD & Blu-ray)
"Hop" (DVD & Blu-ray )
NEW ON AMAZON INSTANT VIDEO Tribeca Film Fest Previews: "Death of a Superhero"
"The Flaw"
"The Giant Mechanical Man"
Also New on AIV: "Charlotte Rampling: The Look"
"Confessions of an Eco-Terrorist"
"Crew 2 Crew"
"Nobody's Perfect"
NEW TO BLU-RAY "Alambrista!" (Criterion Collection)
"Late Spring" (Criterion Collection)
Abbott & Costello's "Buck Privates"
"Halloween: Resurrection"
"High Road to China"
"In Too Deep"
"The Man Nobody Knew: In Search of My Father, CIA Spymaster William Colby"
"Operation Condor 2"
Robert Rodriguez's "Road Racers" (Director's Cut)


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PLATTSBURGH — Leonard and Irene Read had just sat down to enjoy their evening dinner when life as they knew it changed in an instant.
"The next thing I knew (following that Oct. 7 meal), I woke up in the hospital weeks later," Leonard said of the day he suffered cardiac arrest and was perched on the edge of mortality.
"He has complete amnesia (of the event and his subsequent recovery)," Irene added. "He had died; they literally brought him back to life. They were terrific, absolutely every one of them."
Irene was referring to the Morrisonville Emergency Medical Services staff that responded to the 911 call she had placed when her husband collapsed and lay unresponsive on the dining-room floor.
"He was not breathing when we arrived," said Renee Anderson, one of the first-responders on the scene. "His wife was doing CPR, but we took over the compressions."
In fact, a New York State trooper was first on the scene and initiated CPR but then asked Irene if she could take over while he went out to his vehicle to retrieve an automated external defibrillator he could use to help revive Leonard, 76.
That is when the emergency-medical personnel arrived and brought with them a piece of medical equipment they had on loan from a vendor that would ultimately play a key role in saving Leonard's life.
"This LUCAS device is an automated CPR compression machine that hooks around the patient and does compressions, freeing the emergency personnel to do other things they need to do," said Kent Faus, captain for Morrisonville EMS.
"This particular device was on loan; we (were) hoping against hope that we'd never have to use it, but it's available when this gentleman collapses, and it provides a valuable service for the responders."


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Key West Sunset Ale - Florida Beer Company
Displayed for educational use only; do not reuse.
Ratings: 323 | Reviews: 120 | Display Reviews Only:
Reviews by a0lbudman:
3/5 rDev -0.7%
06-14-2014 01:46:45 | More by a0lbudman
More User Reviews:
2.7/5 rDev -10.6%
I live in florida and only a few minutes from this brewer so I decided to give this beer a try.
Not impressed. It looks and smells pretty good , however, there is no flavor. I was disappointed at least. It seems like florida brewers only produce wheat or amber ales and their not succeeding at it. I would like to see a dark beer for once. Their 'Florida Lager' is pretty good though. Had it on tap at a local bar.
04-10-2014 14:50:05 | More by NicMurray
2.73/5 rDev -9.6%
Had this beer at Chili's in the Ft. Lauderdale airport. This beer was quite average, nothing spectacular. The taste was crisp with a hint of citrus, with little to no aftertaste.
It's better than a Bud or other common beers but not by much. Next time I'll go with hard liquor.
12-11-2010 03:03:44 | More by ExtraStout
2.5/5 rDev -17.2%
03-12-2013 23:33:11 | More by Bitzer
2.58/5 rDev -14.6%
We were visiting Florida and my mother in law picked up a 6 pack of this beer for me, because she knew I like to sample local beers. At least her heart was in the right place.
The beer was an amber color with just a film of head.
Not much aroma. Mostly grain, maybe a little caramel.
Not much taste either. A hint of caramel and a hint of hops.
Light-bodied. It did quench my thirst, but then again, so does water.
02-08-2012 12:23:03 | More by lordofthewiens
2.75/5 rDev -8.9%
02-16-2014 02:53:57 | More by Lazaro
2.5/5 rDev -17.2%
01-08-2013 03:07:42 | More by iemailjack
2.8/5 rDev -7.3%
12oz brown bottle with no freshness date.
LOOK: Orange amber, sudsy topping
SMELL: Grainy, toasted, faint caramel, herbal, buttery, peppery
TASTE: Dry, grainy, slightly acrid, husk, herbal, yeast, light broth, absent aftertaste, bone dry finish
This beer probably has potential but seems to be stripped down, cleansed too much or just not brewed well. Lacks any real character and mimics industrial-like mass produced beers. This sunset has no soul.
01-03-2012 03:10:12 | More by Jason
New York
3.25/5 rDev +7.6%
04-21-2014 22:51:24 | More by dogfishandi
3.5/5 rDev +15.9%
04-29-2013 20:12:45 | More by jminch
3.3/5 rDev +9.3%
This beer pours a golden yellow, with a thin off white head. It I look hard, I can see slight orange tints in the head. It fades very quick, leaving no laces.
This beer has a malty sweet aroma. Not much aroma really. Sort of plain. I can detect a very slight biscuit aroma. No hop aroma is present.
This beer has a bready flavor. As with the aroma, though, there is a bit lacking in the flavor. There is just not much to it. I can not taste any hops.
This beer goes down smooth, leaving a week grainy aftertaste. It is carbonated well.
This beer would probably make a great session beer. It is low in alcohol, and in flavor. I could probably drink this stuff like it was water.
03-11-2006 02:46:31 | More by OStrungT
3.08/5 rDev +2%
On-tap at a seafood place near St. Augustine, FL.
Pours a clear amber color with a half-finger white head. The head recedes into a wispy layer on top leaving light lacing.
Smells of slightly sweet and grainy malts and not much else. As it warms very light amounts of indistinct fruit aromas waft out.
Tastes very similar to how it smells. Sweet malt flavors kick things off with hints of graininess. Midway through the sip an almost vegetal flavor kicks in and carries through to a mildly bitter finish.
Mouthfeel is alright. It's got a decent thickness with active carbonation.
Drinkability is not so great. I finished my glass but didn't enjoy the last few sips very much.
Overall I wasn't expecting a whole lot from this beer and that's exactly what I got. Not the worst beer in the world but it's not too far up the ladder.
03-23-2010 22:36:10 | More by glid02
2.5/5 rDev -17.2%
01-19-2012 23:53:21 | More by dsauter
2.68/5 rDev -11.3%
(Served in an American pint glass)
A- This beer pours a deep orange body that is crystal clear showing off a big carbonation of big bubbles. There is a thin wisp of head that fades to a ring around the edge.
S- The smell is very light with a hint of pale malt and a green noble hop note. The smell is very dry with a light sulfur note.
T- This beer has a thin taste with a bitter noble hop with a bitter grapefruit hint to it. There is a carbonic acid bite in the finish. There is very little malt in this beer. There is a light almost sulfur note in the finish also.
M- This beer has a light crisp mouthfeel with a tight fizz finish.
D- This beer has really little depth to the hops and no malt flavors to balance it or support it. This has more qualities of a light adjunct lager than an APA.
08-23-2006 23:34:06 | More by rhoadsrage
1/5 rDev -66.9%
12-01-2012 05:59:56 | More by psykad
New Jersey
2/5 rDev -33.8%
03-21-2013 20:16:54 | More by acurtis
3.25/5 rDev +7.6%
03-15-2014 01:16:12 | More by RDW
3.25/5 rDev +7.6%
09-14-2013 02:58:53 | More by En29356
3.75/5 rDev +24.2%
05-22-2014 16:18:47 | More by Melissaluke101
3.13/5 rDev +3.6%
12 ounces poured at 53º displaying a clear, dark, tan (amber) color with a nice head of foam which quickly dissipated. Bubbles were non existent after a few minutes.
Slight malt bouquet to start which opened up as the beer was exposed to air. Hops were not noticeable.
Nice, slight malt taste with no discernable hop presence. Not overpowering but well rounded and pleasant.
Acidity in the beer leads to a good after-taste and confirms the malt flavors requiring another swallow.
Overall this beer is good and could have been a little cooler to enjoy with a warm, summer sunset.
07-15-2007 21:11:01 | More by SMark
Ontario (Canada)
2.48/5 rDev -17.9%
Bottle sampled at the brewery. Some lace, nothing else to look at or smell. Aggressive carbonation. Malt job, macro beer, or as we would call it back here buck-a-beer basic. Boring, hard to beleve they brew Abbey brews here, but that's what quality control can do.
02-22-2009 03:00:31 | More by Sammy
3/5 rDev -0.7%
08-27-2014 22:56:30 | More by ward2600
3.08/5 rDev +2%
Golden/orange in color, this beer has an average level of foaminess and a nose that isn't very pronounced, emphasizing sweet malt. The body of the beer has a slight amount of haze, giving it the appearance of a sunset.
This beer has a medium body and a mouthfeel that is creamy and a tad oily. The taste is mostly malty and sweet up- front, like a beer usually is, with just a touch of smokiness and caramel. Some biscuit- like notes could also be detected, and the beer finishes with a nice dosage of hops. The hops cannot mask the overall sweetness, but they make for a nice balance and an aftertaste that is a little bit citrus- like and a little bit bitter.
05-30-2011 02:21:04 | More by Rootdog316
3.4/5 rDev +12.6%
12oz single, from BIF across america and BRoss42
appearance: pours a pale orange-amber, quite a clear body, small beige head with no retention and very little in the way of lacing
smell: a big whiff of sweet malt, bready, apple, syrupy, not a whole lot of hop aroma, caramel
taste: as has been mentioned, this is not much of a pale ale, certainly a lot closer to an amber ale...that said, sweet malty flavour, caramel covered apple, bready...a little syrupy, pretty decent
mouthfeel: syrupy, medium body
drinkability: pretty drinkable
04-15-2006 00:15:42 | More by dirtylou
2/5 rDev -33.8%
Whoa!!!! Maybe I got a bad bottle or something....but Key West Sunset Ale is not very good....at least in my opinion. The color is a cloudy amber with no head and no lacing. There may be a hint of honey in the nose....but really nothing. The taste is very metallic and acidic. I really dont know how to describe this beer. The poor taste ruins the mouthfeel of this beer and I would chose Miller Lite over this one.
05-05-2011 00:33:54 | More by WoodBrew
Key West Sunset Ale from Florida Beer Company
70 out of 100 based on 323 ratings.


text:
A man out celebrating his birthday Saturday night is now charged with causing a crash that killed a Kansas City Police Department employee.
Crime scene technician Ying-An (Michael) Chou, 29, died while leaving work. He was on his way home from work when a speeding vehicle collided with his.
The crash happened about 3 a.m. at 65th Street and Troost Avenue.
Police said an officer on patrol saw a car speeding northbound on Troost. The officer started following the car, then came upon the crash that had just happened near the department's crime lab.
"It appears he (the employee) was leaving work in that area. He was a department member of ours," said Capt. Tye Grant.
Police Chief Darryl Forte tweeted from his account that Chou's vehicle was split into two pieces.
Chou was pronounced dead at the scene. He had worked at the crime lab for two years.
Crime lab director Linda Netzel said they are still trying to make sense of it all.
"Part of the irony of the situation is that Michael had been working days for the last couple of years. He really wanted to move to nights. This was about his third shift working nights when he finally had been transferred to nights. Just trying to make sense of a very senseless tragedy is what (we) are all trying to cope with right now," Netzel said.
Police said the driver and a passenger in the car heading down Troost both fled the scene after the crash.
The driver in the speeding car ran off, but police arrested him near the scene. He has been identified as 28-year-old Larneal Davis.
Davis has been charged with one count of involuntary manslaughter. He told police he was drinking at a nightclub on Troost before the crash.
Copyright 2013 KCTV (Meredith Corp.) All rights reserved.


text:
BuddyPress Security
Had our first Hacker attack…
It was a friend's acquaintance trying to prove a point
so kinda silly – and taken care of.
But it did bring Security issues to mind.
Thankfully the Group-Notifications plug-in has some anti-spam measures.
Any ideas on how to Baton Down the Hatches for BuddyPress?
We need to keep it open to registration and activity.
But how do we squash and ban certain unruly users quickly and effectively?
I now have WP plug-ins installed: Ban Hammer and WP-Ban
which are good for banning IPs, hostnames, etc.
But what about on the BP side?
How do we moderate Activity feeds especially?
Let us know some thoughts and ideas.
- Avatar -
You must be logged in to reply to this topic.


text:
1 posts tagged "Emanuel de Bayer"
Stella McCartney Likes Candy, Gerhard Richter-------
With its verdant landscape and green viewpoint, Berlin is a natural fit for Stella McCartney's eco-friendly clothes. It's why Josef Voelk and Emanuel de Bayer, the visionary co-directors of The Corner (Berlin's answer to Colette), decided to stock her line four years ago, before anywhere else in Germany. For last night's party to commemorate the pioneering buy, they spelled McCartney's name in balloons and invited Berlin's leading fashion folk. The jolly fête at the high-end boutique was followed by an intimate dinner for McCartney hosted by German Vogue editor in chief Christiane Arp, where she was joined by guests like Veruschka and Olafur Eliasson. At The Corner, the menu consisted entirely of dessert in the form of mini candy bars, served by ladies in "I Heart Stella" T-shirts holding cigarette-girl trays. (For the record, they also offered cigarettes as well as flavored condoms and little samples of Stella perfume.) McCartney seemed overjoyed to see Michael Michalsky, the delightfully decadent Berlin designer. "You can't talk to Stella without wearing gold alien ears," he instructed me with German sternness. Of course, I obeyed. But even without the antennae, McCartney was willing to chat. "I would love to see the art galleries here," she said. "I like Gerhard Richter. He came to one of my shows. Someday, if I sell a lot of dresses, I hope to own one of his paintings, but in the meantime, I have three children and need to hurry home."


text:
In the fall of 1970, a chemistry professor in upstate New York reached into his pantry, grabbed a can of tuna and, on a hunch, tested it for mercury.
What he found stunned him: levels of the toxic metal far above U.S. safety limits. Embarrassed regulators immediately did their own testing, which confirmed the professor's results.
Johnny Carson jokes to the lyrics of a Marvin Gaye hit: "Fish full of mercury/Oh mercy, mercy me."
Government officials characterized the high mercury levels as an anomaly. After recalling 12 million cans, they pronounced tuna safe to eat again.
But three decades later, canned tuna still contains mercury--sometimes in amounts as high as those found by the professor.
A Tribune investigation shows the tuna industry has failed to adequately warn consumers about the risks of eating canned tuna, while federal regulators have been reluctant to include the fish in their mercury advisories--at times amid heavy lobbying by industry.
When the Food and Drug Administration updated its mercury warning last year, it arbitrarily classified canned light tuna as low in mercury to "keep market share at a reasonable level," one agency official told an FDA advisory panel, according to transcripts of the meeting.
The government has recommended that children and pregnant women eat canned light tuna because it generally contains less mercury than canned albacore does. Yet industry officials acknowledged in interviews that tens of millions of cans of light tuna sold each year are made with a species that on average contains just as much mercury as albacore.
Some of these cans carry special labels marketing them as a "gourmet" product, but others are sold as regular light tuna. That means shoppers have no way of knowing whether the can of light tuna they buy at the store tonight is potentially risky.
Making choices about canned tuna based on mercury risk is complicated because not all tuna species contain the same amount of the toxic metal, which can harm children's developing brains and cause neurological problems in adults.
Albacore tuna is a big fish and therefore tends to have higher mercury levels. The government has warned young children and pregnant women to limit how much albacore they eat.
There are no warnings for light tuna, because most of it is made with skipjack, a relatively small species with lower levels of mercury.
But some canned light tuna comes from another species: yellowfin. While the mercury content of yellowfin varies, industry testing found the average to be equal to that of albacore.
About 15 percent of canned light tuna is made with yellowfin, the industry acknowledged. Each year, roughly 180 million cans of yellowfin are sold in the U.S.
All of these cans are sold as "light tuna," and only about half are labeled as "yellowfin," "gourmet" or other wording that might signal to shoppers that the fish inside is likely high in mercury.
The other half, or about 90 million cans sold each year, have labels identical to those on other cans of light tuna. These cans contain three times more mercury on average than cans containing skipjack, the industry said.
Industry officials acknowledged their boats catch more yellowfin tuna than they can sell as a gourmet product. So instead of discarding the fish, they sell it as regular light tuna.
A top official with the Food and Drug Administration, which is responsible for the safety of commercial seafood, said in an interview that the agency did not know the industry is putting high-mercury yellowfin into a product the government has explicitly recommended to groups at risk for mercury exposure.
"We do not have information on what is put in canned light tuna," said David Acheson, the FDA's chief medical officer.


text:
"Nu-metal" band Disturbed filmed concert segments for a video of its song "Remember" at Los Angeles' Grand Olympic Auditorium on September 17, the release date of Believe, the follow-up to the band's multi-platinum debut album, The Sickness. Lighting was designed, programmed, and operated by The House of Blue Lights, a company recently formed by LDs Sonny Satterfield and Thom Roberts.
Equipment was supplied by LSD/Fourth Phase LA, and included LSD Icon luminaires, High End Systems Studio Color 575s, Diversitronics strobes, and LSD Molefays with Wybron Coloram II color changers, all controlled from the LSD Icon Console. Crew from LSD/Fourth Phase included Marty Langley, Amber Winner, Dave Pulver, and Jim Keegan. Disturbed is about to join Korn's Pop Sux tour as special guest and is planning a headline tour for next year.