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Organ trade
Organ trade is the trade involving inner human organs (heart, liver, kidneys, etc.) for organ transplantation. There is a worldwide shortage of organs available for transplantation,[1] yet commercial trade in human organs is illegal in all countries except Iran. The problem of illegal organ trafficking is widespread, although data on the exact scale of the organ market is difficult to obtain. Whether or not to legalize the organ trade, and the appropriate way to combat illegal trafficking, is a subject of much debate.
Legal organ trade[edit]
In the 1970s pharmaceuticals that prevent organ rejection were introduced. This along with a lack of medical regulation helped foster the organ market. Living donor procedures include kidney, liver, cornea and lung transplants. Most organ trade involves kidney or liver transplants.
Despite numerous past failures in organ trades due to lack of contractual and/or safety regulation, Robert Truog of Harvard Medical School Department of Social Medicine addresses the lowered safety risks in transplant procedures with available modern medical technology, along with increased regulation in contracting of organ transplantation for individuals with more government interventions.[2]
Attempts to legalize[edit]
In China, organs are often procured from executed prisoners. Nicholas Bequelin, a researcher for Human Rights Watch, estimated that 90 percent of organs from China are from deceased prisoners.[3] Despite the legality of the process in the country, there is evidence that the government attempted to downplay the scope of organ harvesting through confidentiality agreements[4] and laws such as the Temporary Rules Concerning the Utilization of Corpses or Organs from the Corpses of Executed Prisoners.[5] Even with this lax regulation, China still suffered a shortage of organs for transplant.
The Chinese government, after receiving severe scrutiny from the rest of the world,[6] has passed legislation ending the legal sale of organs. No legislation currently prohibits the collection of organs from deceased inmates who sign agreements before execution. Recently, China has introduced new legislation in order to standardize its organ collection process. This legislation includes regulations stating which hospitals can perform operations and what the legal definition of brain-death is. Foreign transplant patients are no longer accepted. Since China has ceased the legal sale of organs, global prices are estimated to have risen 40%.[7]
Before the passage of the Transplantation of Human Organs Act in 1994, India had a successful legal market in organ trading. Low cost and availability brought in business from around the globe and transformed India into one of the largest kidney transplant centers in the world.[8] Several problems began surfacing during the period of legal organ trade in India. In some cases patients were unaware a kidney transplant procedure even took place.[9] Other problems included patients being promised an amount much higher than what was actually paid out.[10] Ethical issues surrounding contribution donating pushed the Indian government to pass legislation banning the sale of organs.[11] Despite these steps, loopholes still exist in current laws that allow non-related donors to give organs if they are emotionally close to the recipient. In many cases, the donor may not be from the same country as the patient, or even speak the same language.[5]
In Iran the practice of selling one's kidney for profit is legal. Iran currently has no wait lists for kidney transplantation.[12] Kidney sales are legal and regulated. The Charity Association for the Support of Kidney Patients (CASKP) and the Charity Foundation for Special Diseases (CFSD) control the trade of organs with the support of the government. The organizations match donors to recipients, setting up tests to ensure compatibility. The amounts paid to the donor vary in Iran but the average figures are $1200 for kidney donation.[13] Employment opportunities are also offered in some cases. It has been argued that the Iranian system is in some ways coercive, as over 70% of donors are considered poor by Iranian standards.[14] There is also evidence of highly negative outcomes both in health and emotional wellbeing for Iranian donors.[15] Dr. Sigrid Fry-Revere has conducted ethnographic research in Iran, studying the medical ethics of compensating organ donors. Her book, "The Kidney Sellers: A Journey of Discovery in Iran", is the only first-hand research ever done of the Iranian kidney market by a Westerner.[16]
The sale of organs was legal in the Philippines until a ban took effect in March 2008.[17] Prior to this, the Philippines was a popular destination for transplant tourists. The Philippine Information Agency, a branch of the government, promoted "all-inclusive" kidney transplant packages that retailed for roughly $25,000.[18] Since instating the ban on organ selling, transplants have dropped from 1,046 in 2007, to 511 in 2010.[19]
Current restrictions[edit]
At present, Iran is the only nation that allows the legal buying and selling of organs. The market is contained within the country; that is, foreigners are not allowed to buy organs of Iranian citizens. In an attempt to further limit transplant tourism, organs can only be transplanted between people of the same nationality, that is to say an Iranian cannot purchase a kidney from a refugee from another country.[13] The system is largely charity and volunteer-based, and those tasked with matching donors and patients are not paid for their work.[14] The Iranian system has been put up as an example of an effective and safe organ trading model by proponents of legalized donation.
All other nations have some form of legislation meant to prevent the illegal trading of organs, whether by an outright ban or through legislation that limits how and by whom donations can be made. Many countries, including Brazil, Belgium, and France, use a system of presumed consent to increase the amount of legal organs available for transplant.[20] In the United States, federal law prohibits the sale of organs, however the government has created initiatives to encourage organ gifting and to compensate those who freely donate their organs. In 2004, the state of Wisconsin began providing tax deductions to living donors.[21] Worldwide, the trend has been to move towards increased regulation of organ trading. This is seen in the tightening of policies after countries like China and India came under scrutiny for human rights violations related to their organ procurement process.
Illegal organ trade[edit]
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), illegal organ trade occurs when organs are removed from the body for the purpose of commercial transactions.[22] The WHO justifies these actions by stating that, "Payment for...organs is likely to take unfair advantage of the poorest and most vulnerable groups, undermines altruistic donation and leads to profiteering and human trafficking."[23] Despite these ordinances, it was estimated that 5% of all organ recipients engaged in commercial organ transplant in 2005.[24] Research indicates that illegal organ trade is on the rise, with a recent report by Global Financial Integrity estimating that the illegal organ trade generates profits between $600 million and $1.2 billion per year with a span over many countries, including but not limited to
- Pakistan
- India
- South Africa
- the Philippines
- Israel
- Colombia
- the Balkan Region
- Turkey
- Eastern Europe
- United States of America
- United Kingdom
- Macedonia
- Canada[23]
Poverty and loopholes in legislation contribute to the illegal trade of organs.[25] Poverty is seen in all countries with a large black market for organs. This, however, is not the only factor affecting illegal organ markets — some of the poorest countries in the world do not engage in organ trade. Legislation is another contributing factor in the illegal organ trade, especially legislation with loopholes. For example, India's Transplantation of Human Organs Act (THOA) requires that an organ donor must be a relative, spouse, or an individual donating for reasons of "affection." Often, claims of "affection" are unfounded and the organ donor has no connection to the recipient.[26] Monetary transactions for organs are illegal in India currently, but there are no laws concerning funds given to a spouse. The spousal inclusion provides a loophole for illegal trade; in some cases organ donors marry the recipient to avoid legal penalty.[27]
The international community and national governments have been trying to find stable, ethical systems to deal with the high demand for organ transplants. In 1968, the United States implemented the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act of 1968, which gave individuals the right to donate their organs after their death. Following, the U.S. enacted the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984, which established a national online registry for organ donors and prohibited the buying or selling of organs in the U.S. The most recent efforts of the United States to combat high organ demand include the revision of the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act in 2006 and the 2007 Charlie W. Norwood Living Organ Donation Act.[22]
Numerous other countries have passed laws aimed at ending illegal organ trade. In 1994, India passed the Transplantation of Human Organs Act, which banned both the sale of human organs and organ transplants between non-relatives. South Africa adopted the Human Tissue Act of 1983, which outlaws the transfer of tissue (including flesh), bone, organ, or bodily fluid in exchange for payment.[26] In May 2007, China adopted the Human Transplantation Act banning organ commercialism.[28]
Prosecuted cases[edit]
Though claims of organ trafficking are hard to substantiate due to lack of evidence and reliable data, cases of illegal organ trade have been tried and prosecuted in the past. 42% of organs are from illegal human trafficking[29]
In 1993, Bombay police exposed a kidney sale and transplantation operation run by a man known as Santosh Raut. Eleven people, including Raut and two nephrologists, were arrested, but Raut managed to escape capture. Authorities believe that Raut went on to establish similar illegal kidney centers across many Indian cities. In February 2008, another kidney transplant center, run by a man called Amit Kumar, was discovered by police in Delhi and nearby Gurgaon. Due to technological advances in fingerprinting, Kumar and Raut are now believed to be the same perpetrator, who has gone by many aliases throughout years of illegal activity. In addition to the two instances mentioned above, Kumar alias Raut is facing charges for his decades of involvement in illegal organ trade, which includes over 600 kidney transplants and the involvement of at least two hospitals.[15]
In November 2010, the South African National Direct of Public Prosecution found St. Augustine's Hospital, owned and operated by the private company Netcare Kwa-Zulu (Pty) Limited guilty of 102 counts of activity relating to illegal kidney transplant operations. Convicted along with the private company were four transplant doctors, a nephrologist, two transplant administrative coordinates, and a translator. The charges against the parent company, Netcare, and its CEO Richard Friedland were dropped in order to obtain an admission of guilt from the hospital. The private company pleaded guilty to 109 illegal kidney operations performed on Israeli, Romanian, and Brazilian citizens between June 2001 and November 2003, including five minors. These citizens received cash following their surgeries, while the private company was paid up-front for its involvement in the operation.[30]
In 2007 a man in the United Kingdom became the first person convicted under the Human Tissue Act 2004 by trying to sell his kidney online for £24,000 in order to pay off his gambling debts.[31]
Levy Izhak Rosenbaum of Brooklyn was arrested in July 2009 for conspiring to arrange the sale of an Israeli citizen's kidney for $160,000 to an undercover FBI officer.[citation needed] According to the complaint, Rosenbaum had said that he had been involved in the illegal sale of kidneys for 10 years. Acting US Attorney Ralph Marra said "His business was to entice vulnerable people to give up a kidney for $10,000 which he would turn around and sell for $160,000". Anthropologist and organ trade expert Nancy Scheper-Hughes stated that she had informed the FBI that Rosenbaum was "a major figure" in international organ smuggling 7 years ago, and that many of Rosenbaum's donors had come from Eastern Europe. She also heard reports that Rosenbaum held donors at gunpoint to ensure they donated their organs.[32] Rosenbaum was arrested and pled guilty to organ trafficking in 2011.
In April 2010, six Israelis were charged with suspicion of running an international organ trafficking ring and breaking promises to donors to pay for their removed kidneys.[33] According to police, one of the arrested suspects is a retired Israeli army general. The traffickers offered up to $100,000 per kidney, but in at least two cases didn't pay the donors after the organs were surgically removed, police said.[33]
In November and December 2010, Israelis and a Turkish national were reported to be involved in organ trafficking in Kosovo.[34][35]
In 2013 "an international panel of judges from the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo"[36] convicted 5 people for illegal organ trade.
Media portrayal[edit]
Illegal organ trade and organ trafficking have been depicted throughout the years in the media. The 1977 fictional novel Coma by Robin Cook, made into a movie by Michael Crichton, tells of unsuspecting medical patients who are put into a coma in order for their organs to be removed. Similarly, the 1993 book The Baby Train by Jan Brunvand reveals the mythical story of a man who wakes up in his hotel room with a missing kidney the night after flirting with a woman at a bar.[29] In addition to books and films, the stories of organ trafficking are often depicted through television, tabloid magazines, emails, and the Internet.[37] Moreover, many of the organ trafficking tales depicted in the media report unsubstantiated claims. An example is the 1993 British/Canadian TV program "The Body Parts Business", a series of episodes investigating alleged organ and tissue trafficking in Guatemala, Honduras,Argentina, and Russia. The series made many claims about organ trafficking that later proved to be false. One such claim includes the story about Pedro Reggi, in which "The Body Parts Business" reported that his corneas had been removed without consent during his stay in a mental facility. Pedro Reggi later came forward and dispelled this claim by saying that his corneas were still intact, and he was just suffering from an acute eye infection.[37]
Critics[who?] argue that this sensationalized view of organ trafficking, often depicted as an urban myth, delegitimizes the illegal organ trade. They call for increased scientific research for illegal organ trade, so that organ trafficking legends can be replaced by scientific fact. Silke Meyer argues, "Only then will [organ trafficking] be taken seriously by all governments affected and will the results constitute a solid ground for the field of policy-making."[29]
The Red Market[edit]
In 2011, Scott Carney coined the term "Red Market" to describe a broad category of economic transactions around the human body. Drawing on the concepts black markets, white markets and gray markets he suggests that commerce in body parts is separate because bodies are not commodities in a strict sense. Instead commerce in human bodies needs to account for the ineffable quality of life and creates a lifelong debt between the provider and receiver of the flesh. Straight commerce in human bodies disguises the supply chain and reduces a human life to its meat value. Carney calls for "radical transparency" in the red market supply chain in order to protect its humanness.
His book The Red Market: On the Trail of the World's Organ Brokers, Bone Thieves, Blood Farmers and Child Traffickers traces the rise, fall, and resurgence of this multibillion-dollar underground trade through history, from early medical study and modern universities to poverty-ravaged Eurasian villages and high-tech Western labs; from body snatchers and surrogate mothers to skeleton dealers and the poor who sell body parts to survive. While local and international law enforcement have cracked down on the market, advances in science have increased the demand for human tissue—ligaments, kidneys, even rented space in women's wombs—leaving little room to consider the ethical dilemmas inherent in the flesh-and-blood trade.
Current state[edit]
According to the most recent Bulletin of the World Health Organization on the state of the international organ trade, 66,000 kidney transplants, 21,000 liver transplants, and 6000 heart transplants were performed globally in 2005.[24] Another article reports that in 2008 the median waiting time for the U.S. transplant list was greater than 3 years (with projections to increase in the next few years), while the United Kingdom reported a lack of organs for 8000 patients, with the rate increasing at 8%.[22] In response to the high demands and long waiting times, the illegal organ trade has been expanding. Currently, it is estimated that about 10% of all transplants occur illegally, with the Internet acting as a facilitator.[38] For 2006, it was estimated that at least 4000 prisoners were executed to supply approximately 8000 kidneys and 3000 livers for foreign buyers.[38] In 2007, 2500 kidney transplants were bought in Pakistan, with foreign recipients making up two-thirds of the purchases.[22] As of 2007, the Voluntary Health Association of India estimates that approximately 2000 Indians sell a kidney every year. And in Canada and the United Kingdom, experts estimate that about 30 to 50 patients illegally purchased organs abroad.[24]
Transplant tourism[edit]
The United Network for Organ Sharing defines transplant tourism as "the purchase of a transplant organ abroad that includes access to an organ while bypassing laws, rules, or processes of any or all countries involved."[28] The term transplant tourism describes the commercialism that drives illegal organ trade, but not all medical tourism for organs is illegal. Examples include when both the donor and recipient of the organ travel to a country with adequate facilities to perform a legal surgery or a recipient travels to receive the organ of an abroad relative.[28] Transplant tourism raises concerns because it involves the transfer of healthy organs in one direction, depleting the regions where organs are bought. This transfer typically occurs from South to North, developing to developed nations, females to males, and from people of color to whites, a trend that experts say "has exacerbated old...divisions."[15]
The kidney is the most sought after organ in transplant tourism, with prices for the organ ranging from as little as $1300[15] to as much as $150,000.[28] In fact, reports estimate that 75% of all illegal organ trading involves kidneys.[39] The liver trade is also prominent in transplant tourism, with prices ranging from $4000[40] to $157,000.[41] Though livers are regenerative and thus not fatal to remove from donors, liver donations are much less common due to an excruciating recovery period that deters donations. Other high-priced bodily organs commonly sold in the organ trade include corneas ($24,400) and unfertilized eggs ($12,400), while lower-priced bodily commodities include blood ($25–$337 ), skin ($10 per square inch) and bones/ligaments ($5,465). While there is a high demand, and correspondingly a very high price, for vital organs such as hearts or lungs, transplant tourism and organ trafficking of these parts is very rare due to the sophisticated nature and the state-of-the-art facilities required for such transplants.[41]
Global reaction[edit]
In view of the increasing activity of the illegal organ trade and transplant tourism, the international community has issued many ordinances and declarations against the selling of organs. Examples include the 1985 denouncement of organs for commercial use by the World Medical Authority, the Council of Europe's Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine of 1997 and its 2002 Optional Protocol Concerning Transplantation of Organs and Tissues of Human Origin, and the Declaration of Istanbul on organ trafficking and transplant tourism.[26] The World Health Organization has played a prominent role in condemning the illegal organ trade. The WHO first declared organ trade illegal in 1987, stating that such a trade violates the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[23] In 1991, it approved nine guiding principles for human organ transplant at the 44th World Health Assembly, clearly stating among the guidelines that organs cannot be the subject of financial transactions. On May 22, 2004, these guidelines were slightly amended at the 57th World Health Assembly and are intended for governments.[22] These global initiatives have served as a helpful resource for establishing medical professional codes and a legal framework for the issue, but have not provided or declared necessary sanctions to enforce their decrees.[28]
Declaration of Istanbul[edit]
The Declaration of Istanbul on organ trafficking and transplant tourism, drafted by the international transplant community, defines transplant commercialism, organ trafficking, and transplant tourism[23] and denounces the practices based on violations to equity, justice and human dignity.[38] The declaration aims to invoke and promote ethical practices in organ transplantation and donation on an international level.[23] The declaration is nonbinding, but over 100 transplant organizations support its principles, including countries such as China, Israel, the Philippines, and Pakistan, who have strengthened their laws against illegal organ trading after release of the declaration.[23]
Impact on the poor[edit]
Data from the World Health Organization indicates that the primary group targeted by the illegal organ trade is impoverished individuals in developing nations. In a study of organ donors in India, it was found that 71% of all donors fell below the poverty line.[24] Tales of organ theft usually characterize the victims as unemployed males between ages 20–40 who are seeking work and are taken out of the country for operations.[22] This is seen in the case of Makbuba Aripova, whose husband left Uzbekistan for a job in Canada. Her corpse and those of family members traveling with her were found several days later with missing organs and bags of money believed to be the proceeds from an organ sale.[5] While men feature prominently in anecdotes on the organ trade, impoverished women are also frequent victims.[24] However most data show that women are rarely the recipients of purchased organs.[15]
Reasons for donating[edit]
Considering the poor status of most donors, one of the primary stated reasons for organ selling is to pay off debt.[22] Those who are poorest are frequently seen as more reliable targets for transplant tourists because they are the most in need of money. It has been argued that by providing compensation to donors, the organ trade is helping to lift some people out of poverty. However evidence of this claim is still being debated.[14] In some cases, organs are sold to other family members, either from parents to offspring, or from adult children to parents. This is more frequent in nations where waiting lists are less formal and among families that cannot afford to leave the country for transplants. The trend of younger people donating to their more aged relatives is relatively new, and has been criticized for placing greater value on kidneys from live donors.[42]
Reports by the World Health Organization show decreased health and economic wellbeing for those who donate organs through transplant tourism. In Iran 58% of donors reported negative consequences for their health status. In Egypt, the number rose as high as 78%, and 96% of donors stated that they regretted doing so.[24] These findings are relatively consistent across all countries; those who sell their organs on the market tend to have lower overall health. Substandard conditions at the time of transplant can also lead to transmission of diseases like hepatitis B and C and HIV. The poor health of donors is further exacerbated by depression and other mental illnesses brought on by the stress of donating and insufficient care after surgery.[22][28]
Impoverished donors' economic outcomes are no better than their health outcomes. In a study of Indian donors, it was found that 96% of donors sold a kidney to pay off debts, however 75% of all donors still had this debt after a period of time.[24] Organ brokers frequently do not pay the full amount promised to the donor. Cash that is received for the donation is often quickly spent on post-surgery care that is not provided by the buyer.[18] In a study of Iran, the only nation that has legalized payment for organs, it was found that 66% of donors reported lower financial status. While the Iranian model does provide better compensation for donors and has subsidized the cost of immunosuppressant drugs, it has been argued that the non-negotiable price of a kidney drastically devalues the donor at the expense of the patient.[22] Donors in all countries often report weakness after surgery that leads to decreased employment opportunities, especially for those who make a living through physical labor.[18]
Scholarly debate[edit]
The issue of organ trade, both illegal and legal, has been and continues to be the subject of much debate from a wide range of scholars representing diverse perspectives. These debates have resulted in many different solutions addressing the high demand for organs and the rise in illicit trading, including but not limited to a free market for organs, increased legislative regulations and sanctions against illegal organ trading, and implementation of "presumed consent" laws for organ donations.[43] These proposed solutions stem from a large field of academic perspectives, discussed below.
Academic perspectives[edit]
Criminal justice perspective[edit]
The criminal justice perspective considers the functioning of organ trade from a legal, judicial viewpoint. Though many statutes regarding organ trade exist, law officials have failed to successfully enforce these mandates. One barrier towards enforcement includes a lack of communication between medical authorities and law enforcement agencies. Often, enforcement officials' access to information regarding individuals involved in illegal organ transplants is hindered by medical regulations such as confidentiality. Without the ability to review medical records and histories to build an effective case against perpetrators, officials cannot fully enforce organ trade laws.[29] Many critics state that in order to achieve effective prohibition of illegal organ trading, criminal justice agencies must collaborate with medical authorities to strengthen knowledge and enforcement of organ trade laws. Critics also support other criminal justice actions to meet this goal, such as prioritization of organ trafficking with local leveal and legislative bodies, multidisciplinary collaboration in cross-border offenses, and further police training in dealing with organ trafficking crimes.[23]
Economic perspective[edit]
Many scholars advocate the implementation of a free market system to combat the economic shortage of available organs for transplant that helps drive illegal organ trade.[43] This illegal status of organ trade creates a price ceiling for organs at zero dollars. This price ceiling affects supply and demand, creating a shortage of organs in the face of a growing demand.[44] According to a report published by the Cato Institute, a US-based libertarian think tank, the elimination of the price ceiling would eliminate the shortage.[14] However, the idea of organ "scarcity" had been opposed by Ivan Illich and other authors who argued that "scarcity" is an "artificially created need". There is not a real shortage of organs, but "excess and wasted" organs. Scarcity only exists for some groups of people—those who were denied the organs, and those who could not afford them. So what needs to be regulated, according to these authors, is organs procurement and distribution practices.[45]
Currently, with little incentive to donate an organ approximately 6,000 people die yearly waiting for a transplant organ. It has been argued by David Holcberg that the regulation of organ trade could solve the organ shortage and create safer, fair practices for donors.[46] Supporters of regulation argue that by implementing a regulated market system, prices for organs would actually be lower than current black market values since an increased supply drives prices down. These lowered organ prices could result in a disincentive to engage in black market organ trading, since illegal brokers would have less of a monetary gain. Additionally, the increased supply would result in lower waiting periods for transplant recipient, which would reduce hospital costs.[43]
However, other critics state that such a market would only increase already high prices for organs, creating an imbalance: only wealthy individuals would be able to purchase these organs. They also argue that such a free market system for organ trade would encourage organ theft through murder and neglect of sick individuals for a financial gain. Advocates for the free market of organs counter these claims by saying that murder for money (e.g. cars, jewelry, etc.) already happens; sanctions against such acts exist to minimize their occurrence, and with proper regulation and law enforcement, such incidents in a legal organ trade could be minimized as well.[43]
Medical ethics perspective[edit]
The debate on ethics and morality of organ trade remains a hot topic in today's society. Everyday, the supporting evidence is changed due to the dynamic nature of our technological advancements in medicine and our understanding of ethics itself.[15] At the moment, although organ trade is illegal in almost all countries, it is still difficult to provide a solid conclusion in the field of business ethics without a bias based on one's basic beliefs, culture, or religion. Particularly, religion plays a major role in the topic of bodily autonomy in regards to organ trade. Bodily autonomy is defined as the "ability to make choices about how [one's] body is to be treated by others."[43] Many religious activists and theorists say this idea of bodily autonomy treats the body as property, which goes against many religious views that the body and self are one entity. Therefore, from a religious stance selling a part of your body is analogous to selling your inner self, or soul, which is regarded as a violation of human dignity in many religious communities [47]
Advocates for bodily autonomy argue that the freedom to make decisions about one's body does not violate one's dignity but actually increases a person's sense of control and empowerment. By exercising their right to choose what to do with their body, they will be further empowered and effectively increase their bodily autonomy. Additionally, advocates of bodily autonomy support their arguments by citing examples of activities in today's society that pose risks analogous to organ trade. For example, the ability to endanger one's body by joining the military, acting as a surrogate mother, and/or engaging in medical experiments are all accepted in today's society fueled by financial incentives. By these standards, they argue, the right to choose whether to sell an organ should be supported.[43]
Legalization of organ trade[edit]
Legalization of human organ trading is opposed by a variety of human rights groups like the Organs Watch, a group established by medical anthropologist Nancy Scheper-Hughes who was instrumental in exposing illegal international organ selling rings. Much like the Organs Watch, the World Health Organization seeks to protect and benefit the poverty-stricken individuals who participate in the illegal organ trade out of necessity.[48] However, the act of selling oneself (or a portion of oneself) for monetary gain is still viewed as a lucrative opportunity.[28] Indeed, much academic debate is leaning towards the decriminalization and regulation of organ trade as a viable solution for organ trafficking.[38]
Proposed solutions[edit]
Several solutions have been put forward to both increase the amount of legally available organs and staunch the flow of illegal trafficking around the globe. Policies of presumed consent have been successful in various countries such as Brazil, the United States, and several nations of Europe. These policies can be either opt-in or opt-out. In a nation with an opt-out policy, consent for organ donation is presumed upon death, although one can choose not to donate by submitting documentation. Research shows a 25-30% increase in the amount of available organs in opt-out countries.[22] In nations with an opt-in policy, like the United States or France, a person may choose to donate their organs during their lifetime. In opt-in countries, families have on occasion succeeded in overturning the decision of the deceased to donate.
Presumed consent programs cut down on organ trafficking in many ways. These laws help increase the amount of available organs, decreasing the reliance of patients on the black market. At the same time, the increased amount of organs cuts the financial cost of a transplant, decreasing the need for medical tourism.[5]
Another method that has been recommended is to enact laws that would hold doctors accountable for not reporting suspected organ trafficking. Medical anthropologist Nancy Scheper-Hughes has written extensively on the issue of doctors knowingly performing illegal operations with illicit organs.[15] While it can be argued that expecting doctors to come forward violates doctor-patient privilege, their legal obligation to the patient, according to Scheper-Hughes, is superseded by public interest in ending alleged medical violations of human rights. If accountability measures were imposed, doctors would be liable as accomplices if they knowingly performed operations with black market organs.[5]
Many in the United States believe that adopting a system for regulating organ trading similar to Iran's will help to decrease national the shortage of kidneys. By promoting accountability, ensuring safety in surgical practices, employing vendor registries, and providing donors with lifetime care, it has been stipulated the US could adopt similar policies. Arguments have been made that private insurance agencies would be invested in providing such care for donors, as the procedure would become relatively standard given the long waitlist for organs. Alternatively, laws could be enacted that make long-term care an intrinsic part of any donation agreement.[14] By legalizing and incorporating organ trade into the domain of government, poverty could be eliminated and the necessity of a black market for organs would be mitigated.
See also[edit]
- Black market
- Gurgaon kidney scandal
- Organ donation
- Organ harvesting in the People's Republic of China
- Organ donation in Israel
- Operation Bid Rig
- Fetus Farming Prohibition Act
- Organ theft in Kosovo
- Organ harvesting
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- ^ "Cabral warns: No more organs for sale in Philippines".
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jafar, Tazeen H. (2009). "Organ Trafficking: Global Solutions for a Global Problem". American Journal of Kidney Diseases 54 (6): 1145–1157. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.08.014.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ambagtsheer, F.; Weimar, W. (2011). "A Criminological Perspective: Why Prohibition of Organ Trade Is Not Effective and How the Declaration of Istanbul Can Move Forward". American Journal of Transplantation 12 (3): 571–575. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03864.x.
- ^ a b c d e f g Shimazono, Yosuke (2007). "The State of the International Organ Trade: A Provisional Picture Based on Integration of Available Information". Bulletin of the WHO 85 (12). doi:10.1590/S0042-96862007001200017.
- ^ "Organ Trading in Jordan". Retrieved 2008-05-01.
- ^ a b c Glaser, Sheri R. 2005. "Formula to Stop the Illegal Organ Trade: Presumed Consent Laws and Mandatory Reporting Requirements for Doctors". Human Rights Brief. Volume 12: Issue 20
- ^ "The trade in human organs in Tamil Nadu: the anatomy of regulatory failure". Archived from the original on 2008-05-18. Retrieved 2008-05-01.
- ^ a b c d e f g Budiani-Saberi, D. A.; Delmonico, F. L. (2008). "Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism: A Commentary on the Global Realities". American Journal of Transplantation 8 (5): 925–929. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02200.x. PMID 18416734.
- ^ a b c d Meyer, Silke (2006). "Trafficking in Human Organs in Europe: A Myth or an Actual Threat?". European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law & Criminal Justice 14 (2): 208–229. doi:10.1163/157181706777978739.
- ^ Allain, J. (2011). "Trafficking of Persons for the Removal of Organs and the Admission of Guilt of a South African Hospital". Medical Law Review 19 (1): 117–122. doi:10.1093/medlaw/fwr001.
- ^ Stephanie Condron (11 May 2007). "Gambler tried to sell his kidney online". The Daily Telegraph (London).
- ^ Mozgovaya, Natasha (2009-07-26). "Prof. says she told FBI of kidney trafficking". Haaretz.
- ^ a b The Associated Press (April 7, 2010). "Israeli police arrest 6 organ trafficking suspects".
- ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3983692,00.html
- ^ "Organ trafficking case sent to Kosovo Court (SETimes.com)". 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2010-12-15. "Isra"
- ^ "An Organ-Trafficking Conviction in Kosovo".
- ^ a b Leventhal, Todd. 1994. "The Child Organ Trafficking Rumor: A Modern Urban Legend." United States Information Agency Report.
- ^ a b c d Delmonico, Francis L. (2009). "The Implications of Istanbul Declaration on organ trafficking and transplant tourism". Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation 14 (2): 116–119. doi:10.1097/MOT.0b013e32832917c9.
- ^ Campbell, Denis; Davison, Nicola (May 27, 2012). "Illegal kidney trade booms as new organ is 'sold every hour'". The Guardian.
- ^ "Human organ black market exploiting poverty and hope," China Post, May 10, 2010.
- ^ a b (Carney, Scott. 2011. "The Red Market." Wired 19, no. 2: 112-1. Internet and Personal Computing Abstracts.)
- ^ Scheper-Hughes, Nancy (2007). "The Tyranny of the Gift: Sacrificial Violence in Living Donor Transplants". American Journal of Transplantation 7 (3): 507–511. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01679.x.
- ^ a b c d e f Territo, Leonard (2011). The International Trafficking of Human Organs: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Hoboken: CRC Press. ISBN 9781439867907.
- ^ "Price Ceilings". Retrieved 2008-05-01.
- ^ Scheper-Hughes, N. (2002). "The Ends of the Body: Commodity Fetishism and the Global Traffic in Organs". SAIS Review 22 (1): 61–80. doi:10.1353/sais.2002.0022.
- ^ "To Save Lives, Legalize Trade in Organs". Retrieved 2008-05-01.
- ^ Stempsey, William E. (2000). "Organ Markets and Human Dignity: On Selling Your Body and Soul". Christian Bioethics: Non-Ecumenical Studies In Medical Morality 6 (2): 195–204. doi:10.1076/1380-3603(200008)6:2;1-7;FT195.
- ^ Nullis-Kapp, C. (2004). Organ Trafficking and Transplantation Pose New Challenges 82 (9th ed.). World Health Organization.


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China Benefits From Bush's Folly
Imperialism doesn't pay. Of course, it never did for the common folk recruited to invade another country, or the natives they conquered. But still, the thought persists that occupying foreign lands -- particularly as in the case of Iraq, soaked in oil as well as blood -- is a winner.

subset: commoncrawl


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Potter Filming Closes Down Trains
GoFFilmSeptember 26, 2004, 06:30 AM
The Sunday Mail reports that weekend trippers had to go by bus when ScotRail closed down the last train from Mallaig to Fort William for filming of Goblet of Fire. Riders were given rail vouchers and Harry Potter memorabilia in exchange for the inconvenience.
Thanks to B. and Wizard News for the link!


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Click here to see a timeline, videos and more on Robert C. Byrd.
Reactions to the death of U.S. Sen. Robert C. Byrd on Monday:
President Barack Obama:
"I was saddened to hear this morning that the people of West Virginia have lost a true champion, the United States Senate has lost a venerable institution, and America has lost a voice of principle and reason with the passing of Robert C. Byrd.
"Senator Byrd's story was uniquely American. He was born into wrenching poverty, but educated himself to become an authoritative scholar, respected leader, and unparalleled champion of our Constitution. He scaled the summit of power, but his mind never strayed from the people of his beloved West Virginia. He had the courage to stand firm in his principles, but also the courage to change over time.
"He was as much a part of the Senate as the marble busts that line its chamber and its corridors. His profound passion for that body and its role and responsibilities was as evident behind closed doors as it was in the stemwinders he peppered with history. He held the deepest respect of members of both parties, and he was generous with his time and advice, something I appreciated greatly as a young senator.
"We take solace in the fact that he is reunited with his wife of nearly 69 years, Erma; and our thoughts and prayers are with their daughters, their grandchildren and great grandchildren, and all the people of West Virginia who loved Robert C. Byrd."
Vice President Joe Biden:
"A guy who was there when I was a 29-year-old kid being sworn into the United States Senate shortly thereafter; a guy who stood in the rain, in a pouring rain, freezing rain outside a church as I buried my daughter and my wife before I got sworn in ... . We lost the dean of the United States Senate, but also the state of West Virginia lost its most fierce advocate and, as I said, I lost a dear friend.''
Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton:
"Today our country has lost a true American original, my friend and mentor Robert Byrd.
"Senator Byrd was a man of surpassing eloquence and nobility. I will remember him most for a heartfelt comment he made to me in the dark days following 9/11, when my state of New York was reeling and we were scrambling to provide support and relief. "Think of me as the third senator from New York," he said. And he meant it. Thanks to the leadership of Senator Byrd, who chaired the Appropriations Committee, New Yorkers got the help they needed. I will never forget his devotion and his friendship in that critical time.
"It is almost impossible to imagine the United States Senate without Robert Byrd. He was not just its longest serving member, he was its heart and soul. From my first day in the Senate, I sought out his guidance, and he was always generous with his time and his wisdom. I admired his tireless advocacy for his constituents, his fierce defense of the Constitution and the traditions of the Senate, and his passion for government that improves the lives of the people it serves. And as Secretary of State, I continued to rely on his advice and counsel. I have been grateful for the support he has provided as a leader of the Appropriations Committee to our diplomats and development workers as they serve our country and advance our interests all over the world.
"Robert Byrd led by the power of his example, and he made all of us who had the honor of serving as his colleagues better public servants and better citizens. After more than five decades of service, he has left an indelible imprint on the Senate, on West Virginia, and on our nation. We will not see his like again.
"I am heartened to know that Senator Byrd is now reunited with his beloved Erma, the high-school sweetheart who became his wife of nearly 70 years and the love of his life. My thoughts and prayers are with their children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren."
Sen. Jay Rockefeller, D-W.Va.:
"It has been my greatest privilege to serve with Robert C. Byrd in the United States Senate. I looked up to him, I fought next to him, and I am deeply saddened that he is gone," Senator Rockefeller said. "He leaves a void that simply can never be filled. But I am lifted by the knowledge of his deep and abiding faith in God, I have joy in the thought of him reunited with his dear Erma, and I am proud knowing that his moving life story and legacy of service and love for West Virginia will live on.
"Senator Byrd came from humble beginnings in the southern coalfields, was raised by hard-working West Virginians, and triumphantly rose to the heights of power in America. But he never forgot where he came from nor who he represented, and he never abused that power for his own gain. My lasting thoughts and innermost prayers are with his family, his staff, the people of West Virginia, and all those who loved him."
Rep. Nick Rahall, D-W.Va.:
"Over the next several days, the pundits will try to sum up in limited words the life of Senator Byrd. They will fall far short. We will hear about structures that bear his name, about records he set, about votes he cast. And none of those measures will come close to capturing the enormity that was Robert C. Byrd. I do not know how to begin trying to calculate his immense influence on the People of this Nation and the People of West Virginia; perhaps because so much of what he gave us is beyond measure -- wisdom, reason, hope. We will not see the likes of a Robert C. Byrd pass our way again.
"He was a defender of the Constitution, a champion of the Senate. He was West Virginia's greatest ally, her faithful son, a source of tremendous pride, and our Big Daddy. He was a mentor, a teacher, a leader, a constant source of inspiration. And he was my friend. I will miss him always."
Rep. Shelley Moore Capito, R-W.Va.:
"The United States Senate has lost an icon, and the people of West Virginia a beloved son who was woven into the very fabric of our state.
"Senator Byrd's mastery of the Senate will be remembered for the ages, but those who knew him best realize his legacy will be one of love for the West Virginians he served for nearly 57 years. Whether he is remembered as the young man who played the fiddle or the elder statesman that carried a copy of the Constitution in the pocket next to his heart, Robert Byrd touched the lives of countless West Virginians. His service to West Virginia and dedication to our nation's democracy set an example to which generations can aspire.
"We pray for his family and take comfort in knowing he has gone home for the last time to join his beloved Erma in the presence of God."
Rep. Alan Mollohan, D-W.Va.:
"My wife, Barbara, and I are deeply saddened by the passing of Robert C. Byrd, our friend, my mentor, and West Virginia's great, great senator.
"Today marks the end of an era. There are few who remember a West Virginia without Robert C. Byrd, and there are none who expect to see his like again.
"It was my tremendous good fortune to know Senator Byrd all of my life and to work closely with him during my 28 years in Congress. But all of us were witness to his greatness, and all of us will feel his loss.
"Our thoughts and prayers are with his family -- today and always."
West Virginia Gov. Joe Manchin:
"Gayle and I are deeply saddened by the passing of our dear friend and great senior Sen. Robert C. Byrd. Like all West Virginians, the news broke our hearts. Sen. Byrd was a fearless fighter for the constitution, his beloved state and its great people. He made a significant mark as a member of Congress in both our state's and nation's history. ... Our hearts and prayers go out to his daughters, friends and loved ones, his committed staff and to the people of West Virginia; we have suffered a terrible loss.
West Virginia House of Delegates Speaker Rick Thompson:
"Senator Byrd's passing is an unspeakable loss, first and foremost to West Virginia, but also to Congress and the country as a whole. He is a giant in the United States Senate, for his unmatched dedication to public service, incredible Constitutional scholarship and above all, his reverence and respect for the democratic process. He is the most important public servant in West Virginia's history and our state's biggest advocate and protector.''
West Virginia Supreme Court Chief Justice Robin Davis:


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Incentive activities
Norway's stunning nature makes a spectacular setting for team events and incentives. Popular activities include rafting, snowmobile and dog sledding.
Incentive activities
King crab safari in Alta
Visit the iconic North Cape when it is covered with ice and snow. Enjoy the magnificent view and an exciting king crab safari.
King crab safari in Alta
Snowmobile safari in Alta
Drive onto the remote Finnmark mountain plateau, one of Europe's last wilderness areas. You will create memories to last a lifetime.
Snowmobile safari in Alta
Incentive programmes in Alta
Join a snowmobile ride or a king crab safari, sleep in a hotel made of ice or run silent with huskies on your incentive trip to Alta, Northern Norway.
Incentive programmes in Alta
Dog sledge safari in Alta
Go on an adventure in the wild nature of northern Norway. The friendly huskies will take you along the river at high speed in exquisite surroundings.
Dog sledge safari in Alta
Hiking and history – recharge body and soul in Trondheim
Combine your meeting with a refreshing, informative pilgrim hike in serene nature. Trips are tailor-made and last from a few hours to many days.
Hiking and history – recharge body and soul in Trondheim
Incentive programmes in Stavanger
Explore the famous Preikestolen cliff, take a boat trip to a lush tropical island or learn the story behind the success of Norway's oil industry.
Incentive programmes in Stavanger
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Trondheim has a rich history, a lively cultural life and pristine nature. Explore our incentive programme suggestions and relax the Nordic way.
Incentive programmes in Trondheim
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Take your team bird-watching in a high speed rubber boat, kayaking along the coast, cruising the famous Geirangerfjord or skiing with a fjord view.
Incentive programmes in the Ålesund Region
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Host your team's own Nobel dinner, organise a biathlon or follow in the steps of famous Norwegian explorers.
Incentive programmes in Oslo
Hunting the light
Turn your business trip into a magnificent experience – enjoy the northern lights on a winter cruise along the coast of Norway with Hurtigruten.
Hunting the light
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Take your team on a sea adventure in the "skjærgård". Choose from RIBs, Viking boats or Arctic ships to experience the Conference Coast in Vestfold.
Incentive programmes at the Conference Coast
Hurtigruten's incentive programme
Enjoy the midnight sun in summer or the northern light in winter on a cruise along the coast of Arctic Norway with Hurtigruten's incentive programme.
Hurtigruten's incentive programme
Incentive programmes in and around Tromsø
Inspire your team with memorable activities like dog sledding under the northern lights or golfing in the midnight sun.
Incentive programmes in and around Tromsø
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Enjoy a historical stroll through the medieval wooden buildings in Bergen or a tour through some of the most beautiful landscape in Fjord Norway.
Incentive programmes in Bergen
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Embrace Haugesund's Viking spirit with your team, explore the island of Røvær or go hiking to see one of Norway's largest waterfalls.
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There are plenty of activities to choose from for your incentive programme in the Lillehammer Region. You can even host your own Winter Olympics here.
Incentive programmes in Lillehammer
Four-day incentive programme in Røros
Come along on an adventure trip to the unique, UNESCO-listed town Røros with the charming wooden houses, a special atmosphere and many attractions.
Four-day incentive programme in Røros
Incentive programmes in Røros
From dog sledding to ice fishing and canoe paddling, there are plenty of exciting incentive opportunities in the Røros area.
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Destination Lillehammer can offer its visitors a wide range of activities and excellent opportunities to socialise.
Winter activities in Lillehammer
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Rinehart Targets RhinoBlock Archery Targets or Replacement Insert
- Four sides display conventional target zones; two display sculpted 3D vital deer targets
- 40 target zones
- Four sides for field points; two sides for broadheads
- Patented replaceable insert
- Self-healing foam with Easy Arrow Pull technology
- Rope handle
Versatile cube gives you six unique sides to shoot at: four sides display conventional target zones while two others feature sculpted 3D vital deer targets. With 40 target zones including four sides for field points, two sides for broadheads, and a patented replaceable insert, you'll find plenty of ways to hone your skills. Self-healing foam with Easy Arrow Pull technology. Rope handle. Made in USA.
Outdoor Answers
Get help about this item from fellow customers.
Ask your questions. Share your answers.
Width = 18 - inches.
Height = 16 - inches.
Haven't started shooting the new one yet, just a couple to make sure they would pull out easy. I've included an image of the old one sitting atop the new one with a yardstick at the bottom showing 18-inches wide.


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Happy Birthday Princess Tiara
Beautiful crown for the birthday girl!
Our Happy Birthday Princess Tiara features a headband with a silver glitter crown design. Each silver and white birthday headband is made of foil paper and wire with a cardstock princess design which is one size and fits most children. Use our Happy Birthday Princess Tiara for your little girl's special day and she'll feel like a princess!
Please allow ample time for delivery. Our ship date for this product is noted in your shopping cart. Many items are shipped separately, so please allow extra time for these items to arrive. Shipping charges are based on the value of the merchandise and not the number of shipments. For additional shipping information, contact our Customer Service Department at (email@example.com or 1-800-314-8794).
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Across the Academy - April 7, 2011
Across the Academy is a weekly summary of news related to the U.S. Soccer Development Academy, highlighting Academy clubs, current and former players, youth national team activity and media coverage of the Academy. Across the Academy will be available for the duration of the 2010-11 season.
April 7, 2011
© U.S. Soccer
A Weekly Summary of Development Academy News – April 7, 2011
Derby Time: There are several exciting rivalries on display this weekend that include local derbies in Chicago as Sockers FC host the Chicago Magic on Saturday and Chicago Fire on Sunday, in Ohio as International visit Crew Soccer Academy and in North Carolina as North Meck takes on Charlotte Soccer Academy and North Carolina Fusion faces CASL Chelsea FC Academy. The weekend is also highlighted by conference and divisional matches in Southern California in the West Conference as well as throughout the Central Conference.
U.S. U-20 Men's National Team Misses Out on 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup: The U.S. Under-20 Men's National Team missed out on an eighth-consecutive FIFA U-20 World Cup after losing 2-1 to Guatemala on Wednesday night. Conor Doyle scored the USA's lone goal, but that was not enough to spark a come-from-behind win against a spirited Guatemalan team spurred on by a partisan home crowd in the Central American nation's capital.
National Notes:
- A total of 263 goals were scored during 96 games over the course of the weekend as 58 of the Academy's 78 clubs saw action.
- All four conferences saw action during the weekend for the first time since the 2010 Winter Showcase last December.
Central Conference:
- With inter-conference action back in full swing, Sporting Kansas City climbed into the top spot in the Frontier Division in both age groups after the U-15/16 team tied 0-0 against Minnesota Thunder Academy and won 2-0 against Shattuck-Saint Mary's Soccer Academy. The U-17/18 team won 3-2 against Minnesota Thunder Academy and tied 2-2 against Shattuck-Saint Mary's Soccer Academy.
- The U-15/16 Vardar team also moved up to first place in the Great Lakes Division with two victories, winning 1-0 against the Chicago Fire and 1-0 against Chicago Magic.
- FC Dallas also went undefeated, with the U-15/16 team winning 3-0 and the U-17/18 team winning 2-1 against Lonestar SC Academy.
East Conference:
- Baltimore Bays Chelsea and Empire United went undefeated in both age groups last weekend, with Baltimore winning against Albertson SC and FC Westchester, while Empire defeated Potomac.
- The U-15/16 Baltimore Bays Chelsea squad moves up to third place in the Mid-Atlantic Division after a 3-0 victory against Albertson and a 2-0 win against FC Westchester.
West Conference:
- The LA Galaxy went undefeated in four games last weekend as the U-15/16 squad defeated Nomads SC 4-0 and won 2-0 against San Diego Surf. The U-17/18 team won 3-2 against Nomads SC and 1-0 against San Diego Surf.
U-15/16 Performer of the Week: Vernon Baily – Defender, Dallas Texans
Bailey started and played 80 full minutes in the Dallas Texans' game on Sunday, April 3, against Solar Chelsea FC. He has proven to be a consistent defender for the U-15/16 Dallas Texans team, starting 14 of the team's 16 games this season and helping to guide the team to a 6-5-5 record. Baily is a member of the U.S. Under-14 and Under-15 Boys' National Team player pool.
U-17/18 Performer of the Week: Allando Matheson – Forward, Oakwood SC
Matheson becomes the first Oakwood SC player to be recognized as Performer of the Week after helping to guide the team to a 2-0-0 record last weekend with a 4-2 win against FC DELCO and a 4-0 win against PA Classics. He started and played the full 90 minutes against PA Classics, scoring two goals in the victory. He also sparked the two-goal comeback against FC DELCO after entering the game at halftime.
Referee of the Week: Matt Nelson
Matt Nelson earned Referee of the Week honors after receiving high marks and a positive evaluation following the U-17/18 Baltimore Bays Chelsea match against FC Westchester. The 23-year-old from Maryland has officiated 43 Academy matches, including games at the 2010 Development Academy Finals Week as an assistant referee, the 2009 and 2010 Spring Showcase and the 2010 Winter Showcase.
Zach Pfeffer Feels at Home in Philadelphia: Former FC DELCO player Zach Pfeffer tries to live his life just like any other 16-year-old. The main difference between Pfeffer and other kids his age is his job as a professional soccer player with the Philadelphia Union, which he joined as the team's first homegrown player.
Luna Starts for FC Dallas: Former FC Dallas Juniors forward Ruben Luna started for the first time with the FC Dallas first team against the Columbus Crew on Friday, April 1. Luna had recently scored in a reserve match for FC Dallas before being selected by head coach Schellas Hyndman to make his first start for the first team.
Dzenan Catic Searches for European Opportunity: Former Derby County Wolves' Dzenan Catic continues his club search in Europe. The Croatian-American has been on trial with several clubs over the past month, with the last stop coming at Swiss club, FC Basel.
Russell Canouse is Happy at Hoffenheim: Former New York Red Bulls Academy defender Russell Canouse recently moved from the U.S. to Germany. Canouse joined TSG Hoffenheim of the Bundesliga and describes life in the academy setup of the German club.
- Chivas USA Academy Expands Reach, Talent Pool – Chivas USA
- CASL Teams Hit the Road – The News & Observer
- Top Drawer Soccer's U-15/16 Academy Weekend Recap – Top Drawer Soccer
- Wesco Soccer Players on a Dream Trip to Italy – The Daily Herald
- Whitecaps First Canadian Program to Join U.S. Circuit – Soccer America
- San Jose Earthquakes Academy Making Early Strides Toward Success – MLSsoccer.com
- Caps' Expanded Residency Program Ready for Takeoff – The Province
- U.S. Soccer Development Academy: Concorde Fire – MLSsoccer.com
- Total Soccer with Bobby Rhine: March 31 – FC Dallas
- Academy an Essential Piece of Sporting Puzzle – MLSsoccer.com
- Vancouver Whitecaps FC to Join U.S. Soccer Development Academy – ussoccer.com
- Lecture Them Not – Soccer America
- Minnesota Development Academy Teams Back in Action – Inside Minnesota Soccer
- IMG Academy to Optimize Residency Program – Top Drawer Soccer
- Top Drawer Soccer Academy Weekend Review – Top Drawer Soccer
- More Academy Players Make College Choice – Top Drawer Soccer
- About FC Dallas Academy – Texas Futgol


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Hotel Alma at the University of Calgary
Bistro Alma at Hotel Alma
0mBistro Alma combines seasonal, locally sourced ingredients with global flare and retro styling to create a fresh dining experience.
University of Calgary Meetings & Special Events
178mMulti-purpose function space. Outdoor green spaces for events. Conference/event planning. Meeting rooms, banquet halls up to 900 people, classrooms, theatres,...
Calgary Outdoor Centre - University of Calgary
206mThe Calgary Outdoor Centre rents equipment and offers classes and guided trips for adults and children alike.
Olympic Oval
268mThe Olympic Oval, located on the University of Calgary Campus, is a world class speed skating and high performance sport facility dedicated to the pursuit...
Canadian Sport Institute Calgary
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MacEwan Conference & Event Centre, University of Calgary
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Father David Bauer Arena (Foothills Athletic Park)
439mFather David Bauer Arena boasts Olympic-sized ice and seating for 1200 excited spectators. The facility is home to the University of Calgary Dinos hockey...
Redwater Rustic Grille Stadium
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0.96kmGet your game face on, and head to McMahon Stadium to watch the Calgary Stampeders take on their fiercest rivals at Canadian football.
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text: Home → News What we know about the Connecticut rape victim bullying case By THE REGISTER CITIZEN Posted: 03/25/13, 12:00 AM EDT | FAQ: The Torrington rape victim bullying caseTorrington, Conn., has made national news over allegations of rape against Torrington High School football players and the subsequent bullying of the two 13-year-old victims in the case. The case has drawn comparisons to another infamous small town football player rape case, in Steubenville, Ohio, that made national news. The Register Citizen compiled a "Frequently Asked Questions" summary of the case. Here's what we know so far:Q. What happened?A. Torrington High School football players Edgar Gonzalez and Joan Toribio, both ...View "FAQ: The Torrington rape victim bullying case" on Spundge Comments Print Email Recommended


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Double Room, 2 Double Beds, Smoking
Double Room, 2 Double Beds
Standard Room, 1 King Bed
Standard Room, 1 King Bed, Smoking - Stay 2, Save 15%
Fort Myers hotel with a seasonal outdoor pool
Situated in Fort Myers, this hotel is close to Edison Mall, Alliance for the Arts, and Vietnam War Memorial. Local attractions also include Edison and Ford Winter Estates and Fort Myers Country Club.
Hotel Features
A complimentary continental breakfast is available. Travelodge Fort Myers also features laundry facilities, a business center, and free self parking.
Room Amenities
Televisions come with cable channels. Guestrooms also feature complimentary wireless Internet access, refrigerators, and microwaves.
Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Hotel Amenities
- General
This hotel offers access to a business center. Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast each morning. This Fort Myers hotel also offers a seasonal outdoor pool, gift shops/newsstands, and laundry facilities. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
- 24-hour front desk
- Total number of rooms - 90
- Banquet facilities
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Laundry facilities
- Microwave in lobby
- Free parking
- Free self parking
- Free RV, bus, truck parking
- Swimming pool - outdoor seasonal
- Business center
- Free breakfast
- Internet
Available in all rooms: Free Wi-Fi
- Parking
Free parking, Free self parking, Free RV, bus, truck parking
- Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Cable TV service
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Free Wi-Fi
- Dining
Guests are offered a complimentary continental breakfast each morning.
- Recreation
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
- Fishing nearby
- Accessibility
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- Accessible parking
- In-room accessibility
Policies & Fees
- Check-in
Check-in time starts at 1 PM
Minimum check-in age is 18
- Check-out
Check-out time is 11 AM
- Payment types
Accepted at this hotel: American Express, Diners Club, Discover, MasterCard, Visa
- Pets
Pets allowed, Pet policy - dogs only
- General
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- The name on the credit card used at check-in to pay for incidentals must be the primary name on the guestroom reservation.
No elevators
- Fees
- The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Pet fee: USD 25 per room, per stay
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
- Additional Details
This property allows pets in specific rooms only (surcharges apply and can be found in the Fees section). Guests can request one of these rooms by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.


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The following students were named to honor rolls for the first quarter at West Christian Academy:
A Honor Roll
First grade: Brady West.
Fourth grade: Lauren Brown, Ashleigh Stanley, Lainey West.
Sixth grade: Bootsie Lewis, Austin Whitley.
Eighth grade: Deanna DuBoise, Joseph Hewett, Keton Locklear, George West IV, Michael West.
Ninth grade: Keon Bryant,
Matthew Howard, John Trotta, Bradley Varnum, Bethany Wright.
Teachers in Brunswick County Schools teach students about people and places all over the world.
Some recently discussed Yellowstone National Park, others learned about volcanic eruptions. Some studied the continents and others studied famous people.
While classes cannot take field trips to these famous places or have the opportunity to invite famous people as guest speakers, the Internet and modern technology gives teachers an alternative method of teaching these foreign subjects, and gives students a chance to learn more about the world in which they live.
LELAND—Belville Elementary School students have learned they can make a difference in the community no matter how old they are.
The school recently participated in Caring Cans, a school-wide food drive to benefit Brunswick Family Assistance (BFA), and collected 1,383 canned goods.
During the week of Oct. 20-24, students were encouraged to bring in canned goods and non-perishable items. Each homeroom was challenged to collect 30 cans. Those who met the 30-can goal will receive a good citizenship certificate or pin.
SUPPLY—The students of Supply Elementary School have spoken. They voted Sen. Barack Obama as the next president of the United States during a school-wide election Monday.
The fifth-grade students had a mock election Monday morning, complete with campaign supporters, poll workers and vote counters. Every student in the school had the opportunity to vote.
SUPPLY—The founder of Communities in Schools, an organization dedicated to helping students stay in school and succeed in life, visited Brunswick County last week.
Speaking to Brunswick County's CIS members and local educators, Bill Milliken shared some of his past experiences and tips for success.
Milliken stressed the importance of an education in today's society.
"It's not an alternative anymore to dropout," he said.
By Kathryn Jacewicz
Staff writer
Students in the Advancement Via Individual Determination program (AVID) at West Brunswick High School say they are "making history."
As the first AVID class in the school, the group of 22 freshmen is determined to make history within their schools and in their personal lives.
LELAND—Even though they may not be of legal voting age, fourth- and fifth-graders at Lincoln Elementary School are encouraging others to vote in the upcoming November General Election.
Fifth-grade teacher Jan Boone attended a workshop where an idea to spread a message to the community was discussed. The paper bag project used brown paper bags from a local grocery store, which students decorated with their intended message.
Boone had the idea to bring the paper bag project to Brunswick County, encouraging the community to vote in November's election.
The Continuing Education and Workforce Development Department (CEWD) at Brunswick Community College offers short-term programs and classes for self-improvement, cultural enrichment, and academic achievement geared toward adults seeking skills for employment, intellectual stimulation, community involvement, and social interaction.
Many small business courses are free due to funding from a Small Business Center grant.
BOLIVIA—If students aren't in school, they don't learn. And if they don't learn, they often fall behind.
Brunswick County Academy had the lowest attendance of all Brunswick County Schools last year. Students in the 8th Grade Transition Academy missed a combined 1,800 days last year.
BCA Principal Sandra Robinson and Transition Academy Principal Faye Lloyd are determined to decrease the number of absences this year.
ASH—School bus safety is important for students of all ages to learn, know and follow. Buster the Bus, a remote control school bus that talks, moves and teaches students the importance of bus safety, visits students in Brunswick County Schools.
Shonda Johnson, safety assistant, brought Buster to Waccamaw School on Friday, where he spoke with kindergarten and first-grade classes. Johnson and Buster taught students what to do while waiting for the bus, how to enter and exit, how to be a safe rider and other facts about bus safety.


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Oct 30, 2012, 05:44 PM | #1 |
Applescript to insert sound in Microsoft Word
I've spent hours on figuring out how to do this. There is an "API" for inserting images (like make inline picture), but I did not find anything about how to insert a sound into the Word document (2011 Office). Any help will be appreciated. Thanks
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Oct 30, 2012, 08:38 PM | #2 |
Looked in the dictionary and could not find anything usable. You can always use UI scripting.
Example from Dutch version of Word 2011 : Code:
GUIScripting_status() activate application "Microsoft Word" tell application "System Events" tell process "Microsoft Word" -- insert GUI Scripting statements here click menu item "Geluid uit bestand..." of menu 1 of menu item "Audio" of menu 1 of menu bar item "Invoegen" of menu bar 1 end tell end tell on GUIScripting_status() -- check to see if assistive devices is enabled tell application "System Events" set UI_enabled to UI elements enabled end tell if UI_enabled is false then tell application "System Preferences" activate set current pane to pane id "com.apple.preference.universalaccess" display dialog "This script utilizes the built-in Graphic User Interface Scripting architecture of Mac OS x which is currently disabled." & return & return & "You can activate GUI Scripting by selecting the checkbox \"Enable access for assistive devices\" in the Universal Access preference pane." with icon 1 buttons {"Cancel"} default button 1 end tell end if end GUIScripting_status Audio = Audio Geluid uit bestand... = Sound from file...(not sure about this)
Space Corps Directive 34124 |
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Oct 31, 2012, 09:14 AM | #3 |
Yes, this is exactly what I'm doing now. But when the sound inserted using UI scripting - it appears in the top left corner, but I need to make it inline with text.
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The History of Breasts The Breast Is History: The Evolution of Cleavage by Lisette Mejia 10/03/13 114 Reactions 101 Shares Print 17 55 25 4 0 Thanks to National Breast Cancer Awareness Month, we've run marathons, read books, and purchased products to fight the illness. As October winds down, we thought we'd take one more opportunity to discuss how important our breasts are by revisiting their storied history. Whether we've tried to get rid of them using chest flatteners in the 1920s, witnessed "Nipplegate" in 2004, or taken part in the evolution of bras, their significance hasn't drooped one bit. The Origin of Breasts What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Whether breasts exist because of physical need or whether they were created for sexual selection is a question people have been debating for years. Florence Williams, author of Breasts: A Natural and Unnatural History, believes that they're naturally selected organs but that men just became attracted to them, maybe as a secondary consequence. 1 / 12 3000 BC: First Breast Cancer Case What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 The oldest known case of breast cancer (and cancer in general) comes from ancient Egypt. Text about surgery from around the year 3000 BC describes several cases of tumors or ulcers in the breast. "There is no treatment," it says of the disease. 2 / 12 2000 BC: Wet-Nursing What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Described as one of the world's earliest professions, wet-nursing was around as early as 2000 BC. Women who could not, or did not want, to breastfeed enlisted the help of other ladies to do the job. It remained popular until the 19th century, when the feeding bottle was invented. 3 / 12 1700s: Marie Antoinette What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rumor had it that the broad-rimmed Champagne glass was created from a mold of Marie Antoinette's breasts. Even though that was later discounted, her chest was surely a source of talk during the time period. 4 / 12 1914: First Bra Patent What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 In 1913, a New York socialite named Mary Phelps Jacob wanted to wear an evening dress, but didn't like how it looked with a stiff corset. So she took two handkerchiefs and some ribbon and created the world's first-known bra. Just a year later, the US Patent Office granted her the first patent for a bra, which was called the "Backless Brassiere." 6 / 12 1920s: Flat Chests Are In What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Big breasts haven't always been the rage. In the 1920s, bras were designed to flatten the chest so all body types — male and female — could look alike. 6 / 12 1950s and '60s: Pinups What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Starting in the 1950s, Bettie Page-like pinups began to take hold in pop culture. Along with actresses like Marilyn Monroe, they painted a new portrait of sex appeal that was largely centered around breasts. 7 / 12 1962: The First Breast Implant What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 The first modern boob job (implant by silicone) happened in 1962. That's when Timmie Jean Lindsey, a mother of six, went into the doctor's office for a tattoo removal and left as a volunteer for the experimental operation. Source: Getty 8 / 12 1974: Betty Ford Speaks About Breast Cancer What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Betty Ford underwent a mastectomy for breast cancer not too long after she became first lady in 1974. Having spoken out after the experience, she's been widely credited for raising awareness about the illness. 9 / 12 1990: The Cone Bra What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 It was 1990, and Madonna was leading her Blond Ambition Tour with a cone-shaped bra that's since been engraved into pop culture history. With this display, and many others, she used her breasts as a way to get women to play a more aggressive role in owning their sexuality. Source: Getty 11 / 12 1990s: Victoria's Secret Runways What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 From angel wings to colorful lingerie, Victoria's Secret has been defining its — and our — idea of what it means to be sexy and flaunting breasts. Its efforts haven't stopped, either. The company recently unveiled its $2.5 million bra. Source: Getty 11 / 12 2004: Janet Jackson's Nip Slip What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dubbed "Nipplegate," Janet Jackson caused a firestorm after a wardrobe malfunction left her exposed on national television during the 2004 Super Bowl. Although we can laugh about it now, the country was not ready for that much, er, exposure at the time. Source: Getty 12 / 12 17 55 25 4 0 Back to Homepage Read More NostalgiaBreast Cancer Awareness MonthWomen nostalgia Kevin Bacon Teaches Millennials About the '80s 16 hours ago MTV Spring Break Moments That Make Us Miss Our College Days 17 hours ago 18 Very Important Truths Captured by Now and Then 19 hours ago What It's Like to Be Hopelessly Single in High School 1 day ago There's a Whole Lot to Love About Carrie Underwood 2 days ago Barbie and Ken Get Married! 2 days ago Get a Personalized Living Newsletter! Help us customize your newsletter by selecting your interests (optional): Nostalgia Women Food Home What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Reactions Link Love A GIF-tastic tribute to Luke Bryan — The Frisky Eight reasons to date a journalist — YourTango Being a groupie is not cool, guys — The Date Report The crazy sh*t magazines mean when they talk about sex — HuffPost Women Thirty-six celebrities Lindsay Lohan has had sex with — CollegeCandy Five horrifying ways exes can ruin your life with nude photos — Cracked Juan Pablo responds to the Bachelor backlash — Us Weekly
"Princeton Mom" Appears On "Today," Offers A Wide Variety Of Archaic Bullshit Advice For Women The Frisky 57 Shares


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I discussed the status of the Smogon Frontier with Aeolus a few months ago (and again ealier today to work out the details). He gave me permission to restart it on July 12th. Since that time is coming soon, I feel it's necessary to get everything organized beforehand. The biggest concern from the last thread I posted was that the brains will lose their steam early. For that reason, the frontier will only run for 30 days without limiting the amount of players that join. The deadline is limiting enough to competitors. That will be a big improvement because after the original wave of players, a lot of random users were filling up all the replacement slots. This time everyone and anyone will have a fair chance. I also thought about doing multiple tiers a little more and decided against it. It's already challenging enough with playing 11 of the best OU players and a randbat. I will be writing an article for the Smog about it, which will be released on July 4th. That will give everyone a long week to hype about it on IRC / Shoddy. Finally, we'll need to update the brain staff. Here are the requirements Aeolus posted: Requirements: 1) Talent. You have to be very good. If you don't mind, post your current CRE. All games are going to be standard OU... because that was really really fun the last time we did it. 2) Willingness to make yourself available to challengers. Those of you that held a position in the previous season and still meet the requirements will be likely to receive their same position if chosen. Shoddy Moderators are prefered, but it is not a requirement. Sinnoh brain titles will be changed to their American names. Factory Foreman will stay the same. Arena Tycoon Aeroblacktyl Factory Head Jackal Dome Ace Twist of Fate Pike Queen JabbaTheGriffin Palace Maven KD24 Salon Maiden TAY Pyramid King panamaxis Tower Tycoon Kevin Garrett Factory Foreman august Arcade Star Jimbo Castle Valet Blue Kirby Hall Matron Taylor
I'd be happy to be Dome Ace again. However if Jumpman doesn't want to randbat I loooooooove randbats ^__^; (so arcade star) I'll post my current CRE later. Lately I've been battling a lot on my main account (Jimbo) which had/has a very low deviation and an eh rating because I mess around with it and sometimes give battles away. I think right now my CRE is around 1500 though which isn't bad (I brought it up from 1415 two points at a time if that matters). Oh I'm also a Shoddy Mod already and I take challengers readily :)
i will be happy to join as the palace maven again 1432 record, im kind of in the same boat as jimbo, i rarely ever go on laddering sprees to keep a high record and usually like to test a lot of things on ladder. if i need to, i can get high on ladder for you.
I'd like to join for any position really. I haven't played standard OU in last week or so because I've been focusing on suspect, and right now there I've got a CRE of 1556, a deviation of 49 and an average rating of 1747. I'm already a shoddy mod and go on shoddy everyday as it is, so I'll be available to take challenges regularly. However, I am going on holiday from the 20th of July to the 2nd of August and will have no little to no internet access for these 13 days. If this is a problem I understand, but I'm more than willing to cram challenges in before and after to make up for it.
I would undertake any position. My CRE right now is like 1450ish, but thats misleading because i haven't laddered in 2 or 3 weeks. It was 1605 when i stopped. EDIT: I am not a shoddy mod however
I'd like to play but I wanna be pike queen :( also, can we come up with cool stipulations for the matches?
I would like to take up my old slot if possible (Palace Maven at the time of closure). I haven't laddered for a while, because you know I was trying to get my account back on track so had to let the deviation rise first, but it is at 1443 at the moment with a relatively high 59.5 deviation (something which I could capitalize on I hope). /edit: Tower Tycoon is definitely the coolest though >:0!
mop and i agree to split the title of arena tycoon ggs! seriously id like factory foreman again if thats alright
I would like my Factory Head position back, but if whoever makes this decision decides that there are better battlers than I, I understand I guess. I don't really ladder seriously (although I try to keep up with the metagame), and if that is reason enough to take me out, so be it! I am pretty confident that I would be able to hold my own though, and I at least represent higher up smogon authority on there!
is there any reason for why its going to be standard OU? I think it would be more faithful to the actual battle frontier if we changed things up a bit. Also, it would keep the brains and participants more interested throughout the tourney. Instead of just making one team for all the brains...we'd actually be making people think throughout the whole tourney. If I'm missing something just let me know or say fuck off jrrrr or something, I was just kinda disappointed by every match being exactly the same.
Yeah any position works for me. CRE is kinda misleading for me because I rarely play standard, more of a suspect player as of late, as well as UU. If you really want I can ladder on some alt to 1500+... Edit: I wouldn't mind being Arcade Star...that seem so so rad lol.
If there are special conditions for each battle then it will be a lot harder for people to have a chance of winning. In the previous thread and a discussion we had on IRC a few months ago, there were too many people against having different sets of rules or tiers for each brain. If a challenger even gets haxed in one game it puts additional pressure of them to win every other game, including the randbat. Then they would have to abide by rules they might not be used to playing by. It's discouraging for people who want to play standard OU. The challenges get stale after a while, but that is why there is a reasonable deadline.
The allowing anyone in is a big improvement; last time people would want to enter when it first started, and by the time slots freed up enough, they lost interest because they thought it was impossible after big names couldn't beat the Frontier. If everyone tries at the same time at least there will be more people willing to try, I think. It's still heavily stacked against the opponent, but I kind of figured that was the point, that if you can win this you're beyond good (and there's something seriously broken about your team, probably). I could be a Brain. I'm not spectacular, though, last time I checked my CRE was in the 1400s for OU. Arcade Star Chris ?
Heh I'm in the same boat as Jimbo and stuff with my rating at like 1540 only going up two points at a time, but whilst I would love to reclaim Pyramid King, I do have exams to study for in those hols so I shall challenge it :). Gl to all Brains (heh you're all going down to me!)
I would like to be arcade star, but not a mod, and my current CRE is misleading as well as I haven't laddered seriously in a while. When I stopped, it was at 1624.


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DescriptionThe Mission Wall is a large dark presence in Clear Creek Canyon that sits just across the river from the Wall of The '90s. Facing North and East, the crag sees little action, and coupled with the present need to wade the creek is never likely to be very popular. However, the brooding presence of The Mission Wall in the winter takes on a much more alluring character in the heat of the summer when it can be the most inviting place in Clear Creek. The crag hosts some of the more difficult lines in Clear Creek and some of the longest. The rock is not overall the best, but the routes that have gone in are largely on very nice stone. Presently two long three pitch routes exist along with a two pitch line and several single pitch routes. Over the years, some powerful guns have established the major routes. Jimmy Surette, Steve Landin, Greg Purnell have all put up fine routes between 5.12 and middle 5.13. A few easier lines exist as well. Getting ThereThe Mission Wall lies just West of tunnel two in Clear Creek Canyon. Parking can be had in the same spot used for The Wall of The '90s, that although once generous, has been recently reduced by the CDOT. Access to The Mission Wall has always been a problem. In a good year, the Tyrolean traverses remain in place long enough to get in some good climbing days on The Mission Wall. In a bad year, such as last year, they all get chopped. All of the half dozen Tyroleans put in place by Greg Purnell in 2000 have been vandalized or chopped. Presently, we have no good answer for this dilemma. L->R: (in progress)Ground level: RattlesnakesAn adult rattler has been seen just below the scramble up to the wire tyrolean. Watch your step! 13 Total Routes
The ClassicsMountain Project's determination of some of the classic, most popular, highest rated routes for The Mission Wall:
Featured Route For The Mission Wall
Garrett's Revenge 5.11d 7a 24 VIII E5 6a CO : Golden : ... : The Mission Wall
EDIT (8/05): P1 and P2 of Ride the Snake. (Link these pitches) 5.8-5.9.P2. make a short downward traverse (4th class, 2 bolts) left to a set of anchors on the slab. Garrett's Revenge starts from here. (You can actually link with first pitch) P3. chase several bolts up steep 5.9-5.10 to a roof. Pulling over the roof is the crux (11+). Continue on sustained face past another half-dozen clips to anchors on a ramp. This makes for about a 150' pitch total (likely the longest in CCC). You...[more] Browse More Classics in CO
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