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OpenEars: free speech recognition and speech synthesis for the iPhone
Table of Contents
- OpenEars: free speech recognition and speech synthesis for the iPhone
- Introduction
- Installation
- Basic concepts
- AcousticModel Class Reference
- FliteController Class Reference
- LanguageModelGenerator Class Reference
- OpenEarsEventsObserver Class Reference
- OpenEarsLogging Class Reference
- OpenEarsNotification Class Reference
- PocketsphinxController Class Reference
- SmartCMN Class Reference
- <OpenEarsEventsObserverDelegate> Protocol Reference
Introduction and Installation
OpenEars is an shared-source iOS framework for iPhone voice recognition and speech synthesis (TTS). It lets you easily implement round-trip English and Spanish language speech recognition and English text-to-speech on the iPhone, iPod and iPad and uses the open source CMU Pocketsphinx, CMU Flite, and CMUCLMTK libraries, and it is free to use in an iPhone, iPad or iPod app (Spanish text-to-speech is possible on the OpenEars Platform but requires using NeatSpeech since there isn't a Spanish voice for Flite). It is the most popular offline framework for speech recognition and speech synthesis on iOS and has been featured in development books such as O'Reilly's Basic Sensors in iOS by Alasdair Allan and Cocos2d for iPhone 1 Game Development Cookbook by Nathan Burba.
The OpenEars Platform is also a complete development platform for creating your speech recognition and text-to-speech apps including both the free OpenEars SDK documented on this page and a diverse set of plugins that can be added to OpenEars in order to extend and refine its default features: you can read more about the OpenEars platform here. This page is all about the free and shared-source OpenEars SDK, to please read on to learn more about it.
Highly-accurate large-vocabulary recognition (that is, trying to recognize any word the user speaks out of many thousands of known words) is not yet a reality for local in-app processing on a small handheld device given the hardware limitations of the platform; even Siri does its large-vocabulary recognition on the server side. However, Pocketsphinx (the open source voice recognition engine that OpenEars uses) is capable of local recognition of vocabularies with hundreds of words depending on the environment and other factors, and performs very well with command-and-control language models in English and Spanish. The best part is that it uses no network connectivity because all processing occurs locally on the device.
The current version of OpenEars is 1.65.Download OpenEars or read its changelog.
Features of OpenEars
OpenEars can:
- Performs speech recognition and language model generation in English and in Spanish
- Performs text-to-speech in English and with the NeatSpeech plugin, can also perform text-to-speech in Spanish
- Listen continuously for speech on a background thread, while suspending or resuming speech processing on demand, all while using less than 4% CPU on average on an iPhone 4 (decoding speech, text-to-speech, updating the UI and other intermittent functions use more CPU),
- Use any of 9 voices for speech, including male and female voices with a range of speed/quality level, and switch between them on the fly,
- Change the pitch, speed and variance of any text-to-speech voice,
- Know whether headphones are plugged in and continue voice recognition during text-to-speech only when they are plugged in,
- Support bluetooth audio devices (experimental),
- Dispatch information to any part of your app about the results of speech recognition and speech, or changes in the state of the audio session (such as an incoming phone call or headphones being plugged in),
- Deliver level metering for both speech input and speech output so you can design visual feedback for both states.
- Support JSGF grammars,
- Dynamically generate new ARPA language models in-app based on input from an NSArray of NSStrings,
- Switch between ARPA language models or JSGF grammars on the fly,
- Get n-best lists with scoring,
- Test existing recordings,
- Be easily interacted with via standard and simple Objective-C methods,
- Control all audio functions with text-to-speech and speech recognition in memory instead of writing audio files to disk and then reading them,
- Drive speech recognition with a low-latency Audio Unit driver for highest responsiveness,
- Be installed in a Cocoa-standard fashion using an easy-peasy already-compiled framework.
- In addition to its various new features and faster recognition/text-to-speech responsiveness, OpenEars now has improved recognition accuracy.
- OpenEars is free to use in an iPhone or iPad app.
- Warning
- Before using OpenEars, please note it has to use a different audio driver on the Simulator that is less accurate, so it is always necessary to evaluate accuracy on a real device. Please don't submit support requests for accuracy issues with the Simulator.
To use OpenEars:
- Download the distribution and unpack it.
- Create your own app, and add the iOS frameworks AudioToolbox and AVFoundation to it.
- Inside your downloaded distribution there is a folder called "Framework". Drag the "Framework" folder into your app project in Xcode.
OK, now that you've finished laying the groundwork, you have to...wait, that's everything. You're ready to start using OpenEars. Give the sample app a spin to try out the features (the sample app uses ARC so you'll need a recent Xcode version) and then visit the Politepix interactive tutorial generator for a customized tutorial showing you exactly what code to add to your app for all of the different functionality of OpenEars.
If the steps on this page didn't work for you, you can get free support at the forums, read the FAQ, brush up on the documentation, or open a private email support incident at the Politepix shop. If you'd like to read the documentation, simply read onward.
Basic concepts
There are a few basic concepts to understand about voice recognition and OpenEars that will make it easiest to create an app.
- Local or offline speech recognition versus server-based or online speech recognition: most speech recognition on the iPhone, iPod and iPad is done by streaming the speech audio to servers. OpenEars works by doing the recognition inside the device, entirely offline without using the network. This saves bandwidth and results in faster response, but since a server is much more powerful than a phone it means that we have to work with much smaller vocabularies to get accurate recognition.
- Language Models. The language model is the vocabulary that you want OpenEars to understand, in a format that its speech recognition engine can understand. The smaller and better-adapted to your users' real usage cases the language model is, the better the accuracy. An ideal language model for PocketsphinxController has fewer than 200 words.
- The parts of OpenEars. OpenEars has a simple, flexible and very powerful architecture.
PocketsphinxController recognizes speech using a language model that was dynamically created by LanguageModelGenerator. FliteController creates synthesized speech (TTS). And OpenEarsEventsObserver dispatches messages about every feature of OpenEars (what speech was understood by the engine, whether synthesized speech is in progress, if there was an audio interruption) to any part of your app.
Detailed Description
Convenience class for accessing the acoustic model bundles. All this does is allow you to reference your chosen model by including this header in your class and then letting you call [AcousticModel pathToModel:"AcousticModelEnglish"] or [AcousticModel pathToModel:@"AcousticModelSpanish"] in any of the methods which ask for a path to an acoustic model.
Method Documentation
+ (NSString *) pathToModel: | (NSString *) | acousticModelBundleName |
Reference the path to any acoustic model bundle you've dragged into your project (such as AcousticModelSpanish.bundle or AcousticModelEnglish.bundle) by calling this class method like [AcousticModel pathToModel:"AcousticModelEnglish"] after importing this class.
Detailed Description
The class that controls speech synthesis (TTS) in OpenEars.
Usage examples
Preparing to use the class:
To use FliteController, you need to have at least one Flite voice added to your project. When you added the "framework" folder of OpenEars to your app, you already imported a voice called Slt, so these instructions will use the Slt voice. You can get eight more free voices in OpenEarsExtras, available at https://bitbucket.org/Politepix/openearsextras
Add the following lines to your header (the .h file). Under the imports at the very top:What to add to your header:
#import <Slt/Slt.h> #import <OpenEars/FliteController.h>In the middle part where instance variables go:
FliteController *fliteController; Slt *slt;In the bottom part where class properties go:
@property (strong, nonatomic) FliteController *fliteController; @property (strong, nonatomic) Slt *slt;
Add the following to your implementation (the .m file): Under the @implementation keyword at the top:What to add to your implementation:
@synthesize fliteController; @synthesize slt;Among the other methods of the class, add these lazy accessor methods for confident memory management of the object:
- (FliteController *)fliteController { if (fliteController == nil) { fliteController = [[FliteController alloc] init]; } return fliteController; } - (Slt *)slt { if (slt == nil) { slt = [[Slt alloc] init]; } return slt; }
In the method where you want to call speech (to test this out, add it to your viewDidLoad method), add the following method call:How to use the class methods:
[self.fliteController say:@"A short statement" withVoice:self.slt];
- Warning
- There can only be one FliteController instance in your app at any given moment.
Method Documentation
- (void) say: | (NSString *) | statement | |
withVoice: | (FliteVoice *) | voiceToUse | |
This takes an NSString which is the word or phrase you want to say, and the FliteVoice to use to say the phrase. Usage Example:
There are a total of nine FliteVoices available for use with OpenEars. The Slt voice is the most popular one and it ships with OpenEars. The other eight voices can be downloaded as part of the OpenEarsExtras package available at the URL http://bitbucket.org/Politepix/openearsextras. To use them, just drag the desired downloaded voice's framework into your app, import its header at the top of your calling class (e.g. import <Slt/Slt.h> or import <Rms/Rms.h>) and instantiate it as you would any other object, then passing the instantiated voice to this method.
- (Float32) fliteOutputLevel |
A read-only attribute that tells you the volume level of synthesized speech in progress. This is a UI hook. You can't read it on the main thread.
Property Documentation
duration_stretch changes the speed of the voice. It is on a scale of 0.0-2.0 where 1.0 is the default.
target_mean changes the pitch of the voice. It is on a scale of 0.0-2.0 where 1.0 is the default.
target_stddev changes convolution of the voice. It is on a scale of 0.0-2.0 where 1.0 is the default.
Set userCanInterruptSpeech to TRUE in order to let new incoming human speech cut off synthesized speech in progress.
Set noAudioSessionOverrides to TRUE in order to run Flite without the OpenEars AudioSessionManager (useful if you aren't using PocketsphinxController and you want to set your own audiosession behavior or have none but the defaults). This can't be used in combination with PocketsphinxController, it is only for apps which used FliteController exclusively. This BOOL is only picked up once per instantiation of FliteController so if you want to switch back and forth it is necessary to release your FliteController and create a new FliteController with the new noAudioSessionOverrides setting.
Detailed Description
The class that generates the vocabulary the PocketsphinxController is able to understand.
Usage examples
Add the following to your implementation (the .m file): Under the @implementation keyword at the top:What to add to your implementation:
#import <OpenEars/LanguageModelGenerator.h>Wherever you need to instantiate the language model generator, do it as follows:
LanguageModelGenerator *lmGenerator = [[LanguageModelGenerator alloc] init];
In offline speech recognition, you define the vocabulary that you want your app to be able to recognize. A good vocabulary size for an offline speech recognition app on the iPhone, iPod or iPad is between 3 and 300 words.How to use the class methods:
In the method where you want to create your language model (for instance your viewDidLoad method), add the following method call (replacing the placeholders like "WORD" and "A PHRASE" with actual words and phrases you want to be able to recognize):
NSArray *words = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"WORD", @"STATEMENT", @"OTHER WORD", @"A PHRASE", nil]; NSString *name = @"NameIWantForMyLanguageModelFiles"; NSError *err = [lmGenerator generateLanguageModelFromArray:words withFilesNamed:name forAcousticModelAtPath:[AcousticModel pathToModel:@"AcousticModelEnglish"]]; // Change "AcousticModelEnglish" to "AcousticModelSpanish" to create a Spanish language model instead of an English one. NSDictionary *languageGeneratorResults = nil; NSString *lmPath = nil; NSString *dicPath = nil; if([err code] == noErr) { languageGeneratorResults = [err userInfo]; lmPath = [languageGeneratorResults objectForKey:@"LMPath"]; dicPath = [languageGeneratorResults objectForKey:@"DictionaryPath"]; } else { NSLog(@"Error: %@",[err localizedDescription]); }If you are using the default English-language or Spanish-language model generation, it is a requirement to enter your words and phrases in all capital letters, since the model is generated against a dictionary in which the entries are capitalized (meaning that if the words in the array aren't capitalized, they will not match the dictionary and you will not have the widest variety of pronunciations understood for the word you are using). If you need to create a fixed language model ahead of time instead of creating it dynamically in your app, just use this method (or generateLanguageModelFromTextFile:withFilesNamed:) to submit your full language model using the Simulator and then use the Simulator documents folder script to get the language model and dictionary file out of the documents folder and add it to your app bundle, referencing it from there.
Method Documentation
- (NSError *) generateLanguageModelFromArray: | (NSArray *) | languageModelArray | |
withFilesNamed: | (NSString *) | fileName | |
forAcousticModelAtPath: | (NSString *) | acousticModelPath | |
Generate a language model from an array of NSStrings which are the words and phrases you want PocketsphinxController or PocketsphinxController+RapidEars to understand, using your chosen acoustic model. Putting a phrase in as a string makes it somewhat more probable that the phrase will be recognized as a phrase when spoken. fileName is the way you want the output files to be named, for instance if you enter "MyDynamicLanguageModel" you will receive files output to your Caches directory titled MyDynamicLanguageModel.dic, MyDynamicLanguageModel.arpa, and MyDynamicLanguageModel.DMP. The error that this method returns contains the paths to the files that were created in a successful generation effort in its userInfo when NSError == noErr. The words and phrases in languageModelArray must be written with capital letters exclusively, for instance "word" must appear in the array as "WORD".
- (NSError *) generateLanguageModelFromTextFile: | (NSString *) | pathToTextFile | |
withFilesNamed: | (NSString *) | fileName | |
forAcousticModelAtPath: | (NSString *) | acousticModelPath | |
Generate a language model from a text file containing words and phrases you want PocketsphinxController to understand, using your chosen acoustic model. The file should be formatted with every word or contiguous phrase on its own line with a line break afterwards. Putting a phrase in on its own line makes it somewhat more probable that the phrase will be recognized as a phrase when spoken. Give the correct full path to the text file as a string. fileName is the way you want the output files to be named, for instance if you enter "MyDynamicLanguageModel" you will receive files output to your Caches directory titled MyDynamicLanguageModel.dic, MyDynamicLanguageModel.arpa, and MyDynamicLanguageModel.DMP. The error that this method returns contains the paths to the files that were created in a successful generation effort in its userInfo when NSError == noErr. The words and phrases in languageModelArray must be written with capital letters exclusively, for instance "word" must appear in the array as "WORD".
Property Documentation
Set this to TRUE to get verbose output
Advanced: if you are using your own acoustic model or an custom dictionary contained within an acoustic model and these don't use the same phonemes as the English or Spanish acoustic models, you will need to set useFallbackMethod to FALSE so that no attempt is made to use the English or Spanish fallback method for finding pronunciations of words which don't appear in the custom acoustic model's phonetic dictionary.
Detailed Description
OpenEarsEventsObserver provides a large set of delegate methods that allow you to receive information about the events in OpenEars from anywhere in your app. You can create as many OpenEarsEventsObservers as you need and receive information using them simultaneously. All of the documentation for the use of OpenEarsEventsObserver is found in the section OpenEarsEventsObserverDelegate.
Property Documentation
To use the OpenEarsEventsObserverDelegate methods, assign this delegate to the class hosting OpenEarsEventsObserver and then use the delegate methods documented under OpenEarsEventsObserverDelegate. There is a complete example of how to do this explained under the OpenEarsEventsObserverDelegate documentation.
Detailed Description
A singleton which turns logging on or off for the entire framework. The type of logging is related to overall framework functionality such as the audio session and timing operations. Please turn OpenEarsLogging on for any issue you encounter. It will probably show the problem, but if not you can show the log on the forum and get help.
- Warning
- The individual classes such as PocketsphinxController and LanguageModelGenerator have their own verbose flags which are separate from OpenEarsLogging.
Method Documentation
+ (id) startOpenEarsLogging |
This just turns on logging. If you don't want logging in your session, don't send the startOpenEarsLogging message.
Example Usage:
Before implementation:
In implementation:
Detailed Description
Convenience class for sending an OpenEarsNotification.
Method Documentation
+ (void) performOpenEarsNotificationOnMainThread: | (NSString *) | notificationNameAsString | |
withOptionalObjects: | (NSArray *) | objects | |
andKeys: | (NSArray *) | keys | |
Send notification.
Detailed Description
The class that controls local speech recognition in OpenEars.
Usage examples
Preparing to use the class:
To use PocketsphinxController, you need a language model and a phonetic dictionary for it. These files define which words PocketsphinxController is capable of recognizing. They are created above by using LanguageModelGenerator. You also need an acoustic model. OpenEars ships with an English and a Spanish acoustic model.
Add the following lines to your header (the .h file). Under the imports at the very top:What to add to your header:
#import <OpenEars/PocketsphinxController.h> #import <OpenEars/AcousticModel.h>In the middle part where instance variables go:
PocketsphinxController *pocketsphinxController;In the bottom part where class properties go:
@property (strong, nonatomic) PocketsphinxController *pocketsphinxController;
Add the following to your implementation (the .m file): Under the @implementation keyword at the top:What to add to your implementation:
@synthesize pocketsphinxController;Among the other methods of the class, add this lazy accessor method for confident memory management of the object:
- (PocketsphinxController *)pocketsphinxController { if (pocketsphinxController == nil) { pocketsphinxController = [[PocketsphinxController alloc] init]; } return pocketsphinxController; }
In the method where you want to recognize speech (to test this out, add it to your viewDidLoad method), add the following method call:How to use the class methods:
[self.pocketsphinxController startListeningWithLanguageModelAtPath:lmPath dictionaryAtPath:dicPath acousticModelAtPath:[AcousticModel pathToModel:@"AcousticModelEnglish"] languageModelIsJSGF:NO]; // Change "AcousticModelEnglish" to "AcousticModelSpanish" to perform Spanish recognition instead of English.
- Warning
- There can only be one PocketsphinxController instance in your app.
Method Documentation
- (void) startListeningWithLanguageModelAtPath: | (NSString *) | languageModelPath | |
dictionaryAtPath: | (NSString *) | dictionaryPath | |
acousticModelAtPath: | (NSString *) | acousticModelPath | |
languageModelIsJSGF: | (BOOL) | languageModelIsJSGF | |
Start the speech recognition engine up. You provide the full paths to a language model and a dictionary file which are created using LanguageModelGenerator and the acoustic model you want to use (for instance [AcousticModel pathToModel:"AcousticModelEnglish"]).
- (void) stopListening |
Shut down the engine. You must do this before releasing a parent view controller that contains PocketsphinxController.
- (void) suspendRecognition |
Keep the engine going but stop listening to speech until resumeRecognition is called. Takes effect instantly.
- (void) resumeRecognition |
Resume listening for speech after suspendRecognition has been called.
- (void) changeLanguageModelToFile: | (NSString *) | languageModelPathAsString | |
withDictionary: | (NSString *) | dictionaryPathAsString | |
Change from one language model to another. This lets you change which words you are listening for depending on the context in your app. If you have already started the recognition loop and you want to switch to a different language model, you can use this and the model will be changed at the earliest opportunity. Will not have any effect unless recognition is already in progress. It isn't possible to change acoustic models in the middle of an already-started listening loop, just language model and dictionary.
- (Float32) pocketsphinxInputLevel |
Gives the volume of the incoming speech. This is a UI hook. You can't read it on the main thread or it will block.
- (void) runRecognitionOnWavFileAtPath: | (NSString *) | wavPath | |
usingLanguageModelAtPath: | (NSString *) | languageModelPath | |
dictionaryAtPath: | (NSString *) | dictionaryPath | |
acousticModelAtPath: | (NSString *) | acousticModelPath | |
languageModelIsJSGF: | (BOOL) | languageModelIsJSGF | |
You can use this to run recognition on an already-recorded WAV file for testing. The WAV file has to be 16-bit and 16000 samples per second.
- (void) requestMicPermission |
You can use this to request mic permission in advance of running speech recognition.
- (BOOL) micPermissionIsGranted |
Returns whether your app has record permission. This is expected to be used after the user has at some point been prompted with requestMicPermission and the result has come back in the permission results OpenEarsEventsObserver delegate methods. If this is used before that point, accuracy of results are not guaranteed. If the user has either granted or denied permission in the past, this will return a boolean indicating the permission state.
Property Documentation
This is how long PocketsphinxController should wait after speech ends to attempt to recognize speech. This defaults to .7 seconds.
Advanced: set this to TRUE to receive n-best results.
Advanced: the number of n-best results to return. This is a maximum number to return – if there are null hypotheses fewer than this number will be returned.
How long to calibrate for. This can only be one of the values '1', '2', or '3'. Defaults to 1.
Turn on verbose output. Do this any time you encounter an issue and any time you need to report an issue on the forums.
By default, PocketsphinxController won't return a hypothesis if for some reason the hypothesis is null (this can happen if the perceived sound was just noise). If you need even empty hypotheses to be returned, you can set this to TRUE before starting PocketsphinxController.
By setting pathToTestFile to point to a recorded audio file you can run the main Pocketsphinx listening loop (not runRecognitionOnWavFileAtPath but the main loop invoked by using startListeningWithLanguageModelAtPath:) over a pre-recorded audio file instead of using it with live input. In contrast with using the method runRecognitionOnWavFileAtPath to receive a single recognition from a file, with this approach the audio file will have its buffers injected directly into the audio driver circular buffer for maximum fidelity to the goal of testing the entire codebase that is in use when doing a live recognition, including the whole driver, the calibration code, and the listening loop including all of its features. This is for creating tests for yourself and for sharing automatically replicable issue reports with Politepix. To use this, make an audio recording on the same device (i.e., if you are testing PocketsphinxController on an iPhone 5 with the internal microphone, make a recording on an iPhone 5 with the internal microphone, for instance using Apple's Voice Memos app) and then convert the resulting file to a 16-bit, 16000 sample rate, mono WAV file. You can do this with the output of Apple's Voice Memos app by taking the .m4a file that Voice Memos outputs and run it through this command in Terminal.app: "afconvert -f WAVE -d LEI16@16000 -c 1 ~/Desktop/Memo.m4a ~/Desktop/Memo.wav" Then add the WAV file to your app, and right before sending the call to startListeningWithLanguageModelAtPath, set this property pathToTestFile to the path to your audio file in your app as an NSString (e.g. [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:"Memo" ofType:@"wav"]). Note: when you record the audio file you will be using to test with, always make sure to have 5 seconds of silence at the beginning so there is enough time for calibration to be performed on your recording environment, since calibration is also part of the test. SmartCMN is disabled during testing so that the test gets the same results when run for different people. Please keep in mind that there are some settings in Pocketsphinx which may prevent a deterministic outcome from a recognition, meaning that you should expect a similar score over multiple runs of a test but you may not always see the identical score. For this reason and the fact that PocketsphinxController is asynchronous and results in real practice are delivered via uncoupled callback it has not been designed as a purely automated test, but as an observed practical test. If it were designed as a purely automated test it would be testing something other than the way PocketsphinxController/OpenEarsEventsObserver works in an app, which is designed for good speech implementations rather than tests.
If you are using a test file, you can set playbackTestFileDuringTest to TRUE in order to hear the test file playing back out of the device as it is run. This is an early experimental version of this functionality, implemented as simply as possibly, and it might not work very well yet. It is unlikely to be perfectly synchronized with the actual engine head position in the test file, but it should be off by less than a quarter-second so you should be able to understand where you are in the recording when turning this on. There is a big warning when using this, which is that it will be emitted with an AVAudioPlayer, which means that if what you are testing also uses AVAudioPlayers or things which conflict with them, and/or you are reading AVAudioPlayer delegates for particular events, this setting is almost certainly incompatible with your test case and you should run your test file silently.
If you are doing testing, you can toggle SmartCMN on or off (it defaults to off and should usually be left off since using it can lead to nondeterministic results on the first runs with new devices).
Set this to true in order to allow audio session mixing
If you are using 5.0 or greater, you can set audio modes for the audio session manager to use. This can be set to the following:
"Default" to use kAudioSessionMode_Default = 'dflt', @"VoiceChat" to use kAudioSessionMode_VoiceChat = 'vcct', @"VideoRecording" kAudioSessionMode_VideoRecording = 'vrcd', @"Measurement" kAudioSessionMode_Measurement = 'msmt'
If you don't set it to anything, default will automatically be used.
Check if the listening loop is suspended
Check if the listening loop is in progress
Detailed Description
OpenEarsEventsObserver provides a large set of delegate methods that allow you to receive information about the events in OpenEars from anywhere in your app. You can create as many OpenEarsEventsObservers as you need and receive information using them simultaneously.
Usage examples
Add the following lines to your header (the .h file). Under the imports at the very top:What to add to your header:
#import <OpenEars/OpenEarsEventsObserver.h>at the @interface declaration, add the OpenEarsEventsObserverDelegate inheritance. An example of this for a view controller called ViewController would look like this:
@interface ViewController : UIViewController <OpenEarsEventsObserverDelegate> {In the middle part where instance variables go:
OpenEarsEventsObserver *openEarsEventsObserver;In the bottom part where class properties go:
@property (strong, nonatomic) OpenEarsEventsObserver *openEarsEventsObserver;
Add the following to your implementation (the .m file): Under the @implementation keyword at the top:What to add to your implementation:
@synthesize openEarsEventsObserver;Among the other methods of the class, add this lazy accessor method for confident memory management of the object:
- (OpenEarsEventsObserver *)openEarsEventsObserver { if (openEarsEventsObserver == nil) { openEarsEventsObserver = [[OpenEarsEventsObserver alloc] init]; } return openEarsEventsObserver; }and then right before you start your first OpenEars functionality (for instance, right before your first self.fliteController say:withVoice: message or right before your first self.pocketsphinxController startListeningWithLanguageModelAtPath:dictionaryAtPath:languageModelIsJSGF: message) send this message:
[self.openEarsEventsObserver setDelegate:self];
Add these delegate methods of OpenEarsEventsObserver to your class:How to use the class methods:
- (void) pocketsphinxDidReceiveHypothesis:(NSString *)hypothesis recognitionScore:(NSString *)recognitionScore utteranceID:(NSString *)utteranceID { NSLog(@"The received hypothesis is %@ with a score of %@ and an ID of %@", hypothesis, recognitionScore, utteranceID); } - (void) pocketsphinxDidStartCalibration { NSLog(@"Pocketsphinx calibration has started."); } - (void) pocketsphinxDidCompleteCalibration { NSLog(@"Pocketsphinx calibration is complete."); } - (void) pocketsphinxDidStartListening { NSLog(@"Pocketsphinx is now listening."); } - (void) pocketsphinxDidDetectSpeech { NSLog(@"Pocketsphinx has detected speech."); } - (void) pocketsphinxDidDetectFinishedSpeech { NSLog(@"Pocketsphinx has detected a period of silence, concluding an utterance."); } - (void) pocketsphinxDidStopListening { NSLog(@"Pocketsphinx has stopped listening."); } - (void) pocketsphinxDidSuspendRecognition { NSLog(@"Pocketsphinx has suspended recognition."); } - (void) pocketsphinxDidResumeRecognition { NSLog(@"Pocketsphinx has resumed recognition."); } - (void) pocketsphinxDidChangeLanguageModelToFile:(NSString *)newLanguageModelPathAsString andDictionary:(NSString *)newDictionaryPathAsString { NSLog(@"Pocketsphinx is now using the following language model: \n%@ and the following dictionary: %@",newLanguageModelPathAsString,newDictionaryPathAsString); } - (void) pocketSphinxContinuousSetupDidFail { // This can let you know that something went wrong with the recognition loop startup. Turn on OPENEARSLOGGING to learn why. NSLog(@"Setting up the continuous recognition loop has failed for some reason, please turn on OpenEarsLogging to learn more."); } - (void) testRecognitionCompleted { NSLog(@"A test file that was submitted for recognition is now complete."); }
Method Documentation
There was an interruption.
The interruption ended.
The input became unavailable.
The input became available again.
The audio route changed.
Pocketsphinx isn't listening yet but it started calibration.
Pocketsphinx isn't listening yet but calibration completed.
Pocketsphinx isn't listening yet but it has entered the main recognition loop.
Pocketsphinx is now listening.
Pocketsphinx heard speech and is about to process it.
Pocketsphinx detected a second of silence indicating the end of an utterance
Pocketsphinx has a hypothesis.
Pocketsphinx has an n-best hypothesis dictionary.
Pocketsphinx has exited the continuous listening loop.
Pocketsphinx has not exited the continuous listening loop but it will not attempt recognition.
Pocketsphinx has not existed the continuous listening loop and it will now start attempting recognition again.
Pocketsphinx switched language models inline.
Some aspect of setting up the continuous loop failed, turn on OpenEarsLogging for more info.
Your test recognition run has completed.
Pocketsphinx couldn't start because it has no mic permissions (will only be returned on iOS7 or later).
The user prompt to get mic permissions, or a check of the mic permissions, has completed with a TRUE or a FALSE result (will only be returned on iOS7 or later).
Flite started speaking. You probably don't have to do anything about this.
Flite finished speaking. You probably don't have to do anything about this.
Go to the quickstart tutorial
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APP Control Voice Edition: The First iPad Air Traffic Control Game Offering Voice Recognition For Total Authenticity!


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BeerAdvocate on your phone?! True story. Try the beta now.
Tickets for American Craft Beer Fest are on sale now! (May 30 & 31 in Boston, MA)
Pacífico - Grupo Modelo S.A. de C.V.
Displayed for educational use only; do not reuse. |
Ratings: 1,186 | Reviews: 451 | Show All Ratings:
Reviews by goalie35:
More User Reviews:
1.54/5 rDev -41.9%
look: 2 | smell: 2 | taste: 1.25 | feel: 1.25 | overall: 1.75
Just poured into a pilsner pint glass. This beer is for people who do not care what goes on the tongue. Head created is pathetic. Extreme amount of fizz as you pour, like a soda can. The head looks like the ocean after a storm, frothy and not appealing. The head vanishes in about 30 seconds, poor display. No lacing at all. Nose to glass is just a downer. I get a specific scent of corn. Carbonation is at a high point on this beer. Looks like water held up to the light, color rendition shows a lack of attention. Could be all the corn and adjuncts. Just took a second sip, just flavorless and watered down. This beer should be sold at 3.99 a six pack, maybe less, anything over is insulting. Not enjoying this at all! Friend gave me the six pack, what can i say. On a side note i would drink this any day over Bud or Coors light.
Not a great beer.
Serving type: bottle
03-05-2014 00:03:42 | More by silverevo9
2.95/5 rDev +11.3%
look: 2.25 | smell: 2.25 | taste: 3.25 | feel: 3.25 | overall: 3
The taste isn't as smooth as Corona, maybe but I actually prefer it a lot of the time. Feels like it has a little more going on. My go to for Mexican style.
Great for warm days and camping when you don't want something heavy and don't want crap American Lager. Fun to experiment with too! Throw a chili in there or some tabasco. A fun beer you don't have to think about too hard.
Serving type: bottle
02-27-2014 03:13:34 | More by samtrillo
3.11/5 rDev +17.4%
look: 3 | smell: 3 | taste: 3.25 | feel: 3 | overall: 3
Had a couple drafts at my favorite Mexican place and amused my dinner partners as I took notes for a review. The beer was served in a chilled pint glass with a couple limes on the side.
A - Golden color with a thin lace that lasted throughout.
S - Very neutral with some corn with a hint of yeast. I'm sure the cold masked some aroma but this beer is meant to be drank as cold as possible.
T - Combination of malt with some yeast flavors - as expected very little hopping. Very clean finish.
M - Very crisp with good carbonation.
O - This beer really paired well with my enchiladas. Just for kicks I squeezed the limes into one and found the taste to be very pleasant. I find some Mexican beers to have some off tastes but none were evident with this one. If you're in a Mexican restaurant and see this one I would recommend giving it a try.
Serving type: on-tap
02-22-2014 01:07:02 | More by Retroman40
Pacífico from Grupo Modelo S.A. de C.V.
out of 100
based on 1,186 ratings.

subset: commoncrawl


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SKU: 240713 Weight: 0.75
Out of stock
List Price:$32.89 Your Price:$25.17 You Save: $7.72 (23%) International customers, please view our shipping page for information on additional shipping fees. CLICK HERE
WALL LENK-Bella Tavola: Creme Brulee Culinary Torch. This refillable kitchen torch features an adjustable flame control; automatic ignition; an ergonomic rubberized grip; a continuous-use lock; a child-resistant safety lever; and a non-tip wide base. Overall measurements are 6-1/2x4-1/2 inches. This package contains one culinary torch. Fuel not included. Imported.


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Miracles Of Suggestion
Item Number: MA8247
Kenton Knepper is well-known for his work on suggestion and its application to magic and mentalism. In Miracles of Suggestion, Kenton reveals simple and profound examples of exactly how suggestion can be used in real-world performance situations.
More than a few performers are a little disappointed that Kenton gave up this much inside information, but Kenton hopes this booklet will excite more performers into considering how the power of suggestion may be applied to their work.
There is more here than just theory-you will learn the practical application of these miraclous principles to achieve effects like:
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Hang tight!
Recipe by trigirl
"Sweet and tangy, incredibly simple, abundant in flavor! Bon appetit!"
Watch video tips and tricks
1/2 cup soy sauce
1/2 cup dry sherry
2 tablespoons mustard powder
2 teaspoons dried thyme leaves
2 cloves garlic, minced
1 teaspoon ground ginger
1 (4.5 pound) boneless pork loin roast - trimmed, rolled, and tied
1 (10 ounce) jar apricot preserves
2 tablespoons dry sherry
1 teaspoon soy sauce
Love this recipe! I had everything on hand so I didn't have to run out for any ingredients. The sauce was simple and a big hit with my children. This recipe went right into my recipe box.
Good combination of flavors that I adapted to use in the crockpot. I marinated the roast for several hours (used white wine and dijon because that is what I had) then browned it in a skillet and transferred to my crockpot along with a sliced onion. I took the leftover marinade and heated it to a boil on the stovetop and added just the apricot jam. I poured this over the roast and cooked on low. The meat was very flavorful and the sauce was great over rice as well.
8 Ratings
Who couldn't love this recipe? I left out ginger because I've never like it, added green onions , used white wine instead, and added a little bit of oil to help with browning the meat in the oven, then placed in crockpot after meat was golden brown on top and added glaze, it was perfect, juicy and enhanced my pallet! Will make again for sure!!
Amazing! Holiday worthy and super simple! The "only" change I made was to add some of the marinade to the pan with some carrots. Delish!
This was very tasty! I let it marinade about 6 hours and made no changes to the recipe. The glaze makes this recipe a keeper. Will make this again!
We cut our pork loin roast into thick chops since just two of us. I Marinated all day in the marinade. We just grilled our pork loins on the gas grill since it was a bit warm for the oven. The pork was so moist and simply tasted wonderful. The apricot sauce was a bit sweet for me, and I really couldn't taste the Sherry or Soy in it, but my husband loved it. I used Simply Fruit Apricot preserves. We're going to give this recipe another try but next time use the sauce as a basting while cooking and reserve a bit for dipping.
Yummy! I will confess that I was looking for a sauce/glaze when I found this recipe and used another marinade that I like. Next time I will try the marinade as well but, just the sauce is elegant, simple and perfect for a pork loin. If the marinade is as good, it will be a five star for sure.
I actually marinated and used moonshine, and added it to make a gravy instead of apricots. SO tender and yummy! My neighbor loved it.
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Marinated Pork Roast With Apricot Sauce
Serving Size: 1/6 of a recipe Servings Per Recipe: 6 Amount Per Serving Calories: 671 Calories from Fat: 277
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I am enjoying using my new pot. I can boil pasta or potatoes withput a "boil over" because of the pouring vents. The heavy bottom helps prevent food from sticking. A great value at reasonable price.
I was very happy with this purchase. If you have ever been to one of those house parties where they sell cookware, this product beats the quality of those items and at less than half the price. So glad I bought this at Overstock!! You can drain the liquid from the pan just like those house party pots (their big selling feature). It has a good weight to it so if you have trouble managing heavy weight cookware you may not like this. This product is a really great value!
I like being able to mash potatoes in the pan and drain liquid out without losing what is in the pan.
This pot is exactly what I was needed. The size was perfect and the product is very durable.
great sauce pan for cooking spaghetti pasta, etc! eliminates the colander makes clean-up, dirty dishes so much easier - love it!
Check the size of this pan. I was quite surprised how large it was. I bought it because I thought it would be good for draining. But, it is large for cooking needs of one person.
The straining lid is perfect for straining potatoes or pasta. You don't need to use a colander. It's great!
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I'd recommend if you absolutely have to book this hotel and there's no other choice, call them after making your reservation to ask if you can get the "bigger" room. We booked online and when we got there, we got a room that is so tiny, I literally could not fit in the shower. I am 5'9" tall and 155... More
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.42oz 12g
The Elephant Palette
The Elephant Palette helps raise awareness and funds for baby, orphaned elephants in Kenya
The refillable dark green palette contains four new eye shades, each embossed with an endangered African elephant
Eye shades in Ivory, Grasslands, Iron Ore and Red Earth were inspired by the trends seen on the fall runways and the lustrous colors found in the Kenyan landscape
Five percent of proceeds will be donated to the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust, an organization that rescues, fosters and release baby elephants orphaned by ivory poaching
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Chantecaille is a makeup, skincare, fragrance company, combining pure botanicals, flowers, essential oils and vitamins with technological excellence. Chantecaille makeup includes: eye shadow, blush, lipstick, lip gloss, foundation, bronzer, all with SPF 8-15 sun protection. Chantecaille skincare includes: anti-stress and anti-aging facial cream, makeup remover, facial mask, moisturizer, hydrating cream, hydrating gel serum, purifying and healing sprays, facial and eye cleanser, foaming cleanser. Chantecaille fragrance includes: parfum, eau de parfum, body cream, bath and shower gel, scented candles.
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text: Quoted Text FORT LONE TREE SUMMER CAMP SPECIAL (50% off)!Unfortunately, not enough people signed up to allow us to host a special week of Home School Camp this year from May 21-26. However, we have a unique opportunity to offer Home School families a great deal (50% off), in an effort to generate participation in coming to Summer Camp! Kids ages 8-12 can sign up and come to camp for the week, teens ages 13-16 can sign up and participate in the teen trainee program, or families can all come and room together and participate in all the camp activities together.Come experience all the excitement and growth of a Christian Summer Camp. You will have a ton of fun, grow in Christ, and develop great friendships! Activities include a 250 foot water slide, 300 foot zip line, horseback riding, high ropes course, giant 3 person swing, .22 caliber rifle range, archery, remote control race cars, drama, rock wall, rappelling, obstacle course, rodeo, large group games, and more! We hope to see you there! WHEN: June 11-16, 2012 (Monday afternoon – Saturday breakfast / 5 nights and 14 meals)COST: $175 per person 8 and older / $90 per person 6-7 years old / 5 and under are free!WHERE: Fort Lone Tree (Capitan, NM)AGES: all ages (see above)HOW TO REGISTER: Download and print the registration form from our website, http://www.lonetreecamps.org (please call us at 575-354-4265 with any questions or email us at email@example.com). Please write "Alb. Home School" on your registration to receive the discounted rate.Offer expires May 31, 2012


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Welcome to the stainless steel directory service of Action Stainless KwaZulu Natal (ASKzn). On our web site, we promote quality stainless steel products and 3CR12 products, manufactured in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. We offer our members products to local users as well as international clients. This site also offers stainless steel technical information required in the manufacture of stainless products.
ASKzn is a cluster of stainless steel suppliers and manufacturers based in the KwaZulu Natal region of South Africa, in association with the Southern African Stainless Steel Development Association (SASSDA).
Stainless products supplied on this web site include:
Our on-line assistance to the stainless industry includes relevant technical information required to make the correct choice of stainless steel, as well as a troubleshooting guide for assistance in correcting potential problems.
News Updates: To view the news submissions available on this site, Click Here
Other Links: Cleaning & fabrication of stainless steel


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Own a piece of history from your favorite stadium! All of our collectible memorabilia stadium seats are guaranteed authentic game used and come with a certificate of authenticity from S&S Seating (included in box or mailed separately). NEW RELEASES - Commemorative Medallions - Shea, Busch & Tiger!!! **Shea Stadium (NY Mets) The seats have been carefully removed from the arenas directly by S&S Seating (sometimes in cooperation with Archer Seating) prior to demolition/renovation and are warehoused for protection until shipped. Brackets are included with purchase, when necessary, to allow seats to be free standing. Please note our return policy prior to placing your order. DODGER STADIUM - LOS ANGELES DODGERS Back to Top
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Browse Physics
Valid search terms include: subject, keyword, author of article, author of highlighted article, article citation (e.g. Physics 3, 16 (2011))
Experiments demonstrate the breakdown of one of the basic laws of friction at the atomic scale, where more slippery conditions prevail.
Researchers precisely time the motions of individual, energetic electrons moving in a solid.
Nanoparticles previously thought to glow in only a single color turn out to produce a rainbow of hues, making them more useful for highly efficient electronic displays.


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I noticed this a year ago. When the snow falls on these particular plants, it strongly resembles the bursting cotton bolls that I grew up with down South.
keywords: sunlight, cotton, plant, snow, winter, cold, light, sun, white, cool, frigid, december, january, february, north, south, southern, northern, photo, photograph, photography, decor, decorate, decoration, wall hanging,
Gorgeous! Absolutely love this. It is so funny cause I have a picture of cotton that I titled Southern Snow. Hehe.


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Systemic Effects of Epidural Methylprednisolone Injection on Glucose Tolerance in Diabetic Patients
This study has been completed.
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
zufferey Pascal, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: August 18, 2011
Last updated: NA
Last verified: August 2011
History: No changes posted
- Full Text View
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- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
Several studies have shown that in diabetic patients, the glycemic profile was disturbed after intra-articular injection of corticosteroids. Little is known about the impact of epidural injection in such patients. The goal of this study was double, at first comparing the glycaemic profile in diabetic patients after a unique injection of 80 mg of acetate methylprednisolone either intra-articular or epidural, secondly to compare the amount of systemic diffusion of the drug the after both procedures.
Condition | Intervention |
Diabetes Healthy |
Drug: intra-articular infiltration Drug: epidural infiltration |
Study Type: | Interventional |
Study Design: | Allocation: Non-Randomized Endpoint Classification: Pharmacokinetics/Dynamics Study Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment Masking: Open Label Primary Purpose: Prevention |
Resource links provided by NLM:
MedlinePlus related topics:
Drug Information available for:
Prednisolone acetate
Methylprednisolone acetate
Prednisolone sodium phosphate
Prednisolone phosphate
Prednisolone sodium succinate
Methylprednisolone sodium succinate
U.S. FDA Resources
Further study details as provided by Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois:
Primary Outcome Measures:
- glycemic values, [ Time Frame: day 0 to day 15 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
Secondary Outcome Measures:
- urinary excretion rate [ Time Frame: day 0 to day 15 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
Enrollment: | 25 |
Study Start Date: | August 2008 |
Study Completion Date: | June 2010 |
Primary Completion Date: | September 2008 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure) |
Arms | Assigned Interventions |
Active Comparator: methylprednisolone,infiltration |
Drug: intra-articular infiltration
intra articular infiltration
Active Comparator: epidural injection |
Drug: epidural infiltration
epidural infiltration
Ages Eligible for Study: | 20 Years to 80 Years |
Genders Eligible for Study: | Both |
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | Yes |
Inclusion Criteria:
- diabetes stable for more than ten days
- no contraindication for steroids
- lumbar stenosis
- articular pain
Exclusion Criteria:
- unstable diabetes
- renal insufficiency
Contacts and Locations
More Information
No publications provided
Keywords provided by Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois:
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on March 10, 2014
No publications provided
Responsible Party: | zufferey Pascal, md, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois |
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT01420497 History of Changes |
Other Study ID Numbers: | gylperi |
Study First Received: | August 18, 2011 |
Last Updated: | August 18, 2011 |
Health Authority: | swissmedic: Switzerland |
Keywords provided by Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois:
methylprednisolone intra articular infiltration glycemia epidural infiltration diabetes |
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Diabetes Mellitus Glucose Metabolism Disorders Metabolic Diseases Endocrine System Diseases Methylprednisolone acetate Prednisolone acetate Methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate Prednisolone Prednisolone hemisuccinate Prednisolone phosphate Anti-Inflammatory Agents Therapeutic Uses Pharmacologic Actions |
Antiemetics Autonomic Agents Peripheral Nervous System Agents Physiological Effects of Drugs Central Nervous System Agents Gastrointestinal Agents Neuroprotective Agents Protective Agents Glucocorticoids Hormones Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal Antineoplastic Agents |
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on March 10, 2014


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- Be the perfect picture of effortless summer chic in this stylish cotton skirt from our favourite French designer, Vanessa Bruno. Simply throw this on with a crisp white tee and your favourite espadrilles and your look is complete! Model is 5'9"/175cm, a standard UK 8 and is wearing a size FR 36. This item runs true to size.
- Fine blue and white striped cotton full skirt featuring a concealed zip fastening to the side, white lace stripe trim and a scalloped hem with broderie anglaise cut-work embroidery. Vanessa Bruno Athé skirt has a cotton lining.
100% cotton. Lining 100% cotton. Lace 100% cotton. Cool machine wash. -
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Monday, November 10, 2008
Support a Catholic Blogger
Thomas Peters who writes
American Papist
is in a blogging contest for a scholarship. If he wins, he gets $10,000 to pay down loans. He is a good guy, the son of one of my former professors (whom I greatly admire) and has a great blog.
Go vote for him
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text:
Overview (Masterplots II: Christian Literature)
In Saint Joan: A Chronicle Play in Six Scenes and an Epilogue, George Bernard Shaw tells a historically faithful version of how Joan of Arc went from being a provincial adolescent, to military hero, to executed heretic, to rehabilitated venerable by the Roman Catholic Church twenty-five years later and to saint in 1920. Shaw's prefaces and postscripts to the play explain his knowledge and admiration of Joan.
In scene 1, in 1429, Robert de Baudricourt, on the River Meuse in France meets Joan of Arc for the first time and sees her extraordinary personality, complete with candidly announced dream visions and messages from saints Catherine, Margaret, and Blessed Michael, who tell her to lead the French army to victory at Orleans. To get the job, she wants an audience with the Dauphin.
In scene 2, March 8, 1429, Joan is in Chinon in Touraine, where she asks the Dauphin to let her lead the French army. She must first go through the rough scrutiny of La Trémouille, the archbishop, Monsieur de Rais (Bluebeard), and Captain La Hire, who has stopped swearing along with the soldiers in the presence of Joan. In realilty, the trial for heresy of Joan begins here. The archbishop's views represent the medieval Roman Catholic Church. "She is not a saint. . . . She does not wear women's clothes." Joan arrives late to meet the Dauphin and other members of the court, who are in disguise to test her. Joan instantly, and with casual humor, picks out the Dauphin.
Ominously, the archbishop says to Joan, "You are in love with religion."...
(The entire section is 643 words.)
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Summary (Magill's Survey of World Literature, Revised Edition)
In the protagonist of Saint Joan, Shaw has created his most lasting embodiment of the Life Force, a figure who is superior in character and vision and who tries to elevate ordinary people to her level by becoming their leader. Shaw's Saint Joan is funny and self-confident; she is guided by practicality and common sense but does not fit the traditional image of a religious martyr. Although Saint Joan is filled with comic moments, it is considered Shaw's only tragedy. Yet it has also been called a comedy containing one tragic scene.
Joan's legend had been revived in France during World War I; an ambitious Hollywood film, Joan, the Woman, had been released in 1917; and in 1920 Joan was canonized. The ensuing interest in Joan of Arc also seized Shaw and especially his wife. In Joan's assertion of her will against institutional restraints Shaw recognized so many of his convictions that, as the famous drama critic-historian Eric Bentley has written, Shaw would have had to invent Joan had she never existed. In the play's preface, Shaw praises "the vigor and scope of her mind and character, and the intensity of her vital energy."
Although she is a warrior, Joan is also a preserver of life. As she appears on the scene, the hens start laying eggs again. In her enthusiasm she appeals to the French soldiers because "she's so positive." Joan's affirmation of life and the indestructibility of her vital energy are felt throughout the play. Even when Joan is burned as a witch, the executioner admits thatHer heart would not burn; and it would not drown. I was a master at my craft . . . but I could not kill The Maid. She is up and alive everywhere.
Guided by voices, the eighteen-year-old country girl Joan is set on liberating France from the English, who are occupying half of the country in 1429....
(The entire section is 764 words.)
Summary (Masterplots, Fourth Edition)
At Vaucouleurs castle, Robert de Baudricourt berates his steward for claiming that the hens stopped laying. The steward insists they will not lay until Robert talks to Joan, the Maid, who demands to see him. Robert finally admits Joan. She promptly requests a horse, armor, and some soldiers to take her to the dauphin. She already persuaded several soldiers to accompany her and convinced them that God sent her to save France from the English occupying force. Robert yields, and the hens immediately begin laying again.
At Chinon, the archbishop and the Lord Chamberlain complain about the dauphin's irresponsibility. Bluebeard, a nobleman, tells about a cursing soldier who died after being cautioned by an angel dressed as a soldier. Charles appears, looking browbeaten but excited about Robert's surprise. Almost everyone advises Charles not to see Joan, but he insists. They then decide that Bluebeard will pretend to be Charles, to see if Joan can pick out the real dauphin; the archbishop cynically remarks that such seeming miracles could be as useful as real ones. When Joan enters, she immediately spots Charles and tells him that she is sent by God to help him drive the English from France and to crown him king. Charles, full of doubts, tries to escape her but finally yields and gives Joan command of the army. Cheering, the knights prepare to head for Orléans.
Two months later at Orléans, Dunois's French forces still did not attack the English because the east wind prevents their ships from going up the river. When Joan arrives, Dunois explains the military situation. Joan grasps the problem immediately and agrees to pray for a west wind to make the French attack possible. As she speaks, a page sneezes and everyone suddenly notices that the wind changed. Joan, overwhelmed by this sign, rushes with Dunois into battle.
In the English camp, Chaplain Stogumber and the Earl of Warwick consider France's recent military victories. Stogumber resents seeing Englishmen beaten by French "foreigners." Warwick complains that people are beginning to define themselves by their country rather than by local allegiances—a danger to both feudal lords and the Church. Warwick therefore hopes to collaborate with Bishop Cauchon, who represents the rival Burgundian faction in France. When Cauchon arrives, he and Warwick agree that neither feels happy about the imminent crowning of...
(The entire section is 981 words.)
Shaw begins his preface to Saint Joan by announcing that Joan, though a professed Catholic, was in fact one of...
(The entire section is 1311 words.)


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This recipe is fabulous. The sauce is light and full of flavor. I used shrimp, scallops & lump crabmeat instead of clams & will absolutely be making it again. Giada's recipes rarely disappoint. This is a keeper.
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on February 18, 2012
Delicious, light and fast-easy for such a delicious pasta !
I used large scallops, mussels and clams and it was awesome! I also added asparagus.
I was nervous that the "sauce" wouldn't really work with no cream, but it did all come together very nicely, definitely not a thick saucy type of dish but the 'sauce' was so flavorful that it worked great! I will be making this and experimenting with additions (squid? in the future
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on December 21, 2011
This has got to be our favorite dish. My husband chose it for our anniversary dinner. It's a very light, delicious dish that takes only minutes to prepare. I do half the clams and add mussels because I saw it in another recipe and we both love mussels. I also add some red pepper flakes. The broth is very flavorful from the wine, sundried tomatoes, and the juices from the seafood. I do half the recipe if it's just the two of us for dinner or I will have a ton of leftovers.
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Keyboard Controllers - Take control of Reason, Cubase, and Nuendo like never before with the Nektar Panorama P4 control surface. Designed with deeply integrated control for Reason, Cubase, and Nuendo, the Panorama P4 is ready take your music creation to another level. Every control feature in your DAW software is accessible via a large selection pads, faders, encoders, and buttons on this 49-key portable keyboard. A large, clear TFT screen even shows you what parameter you are controlling in real time. Take control of Reason, Cubase, and Nuendo like never before with the Nektar Panorama P4 control surface.Nektar Panorama P4 Control Surface at a Glance:Command Reason, Cubase, or Nuendo from a single deviceChannel strip controlVirtual Instrument control at your fingertipsCommand Reason, Cubase, and Nuendo from a single deviceThe Nektar Panorama P4 was designed to be the ultimate controller. Control of your DAW is deeply integrated with the Panorama P4. Beyond the P4's capabilities as a s
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Library Policies Requests and HoldsPURPOSEThis policy provides basic rules for giving patrons access to library materials held at any Library in the three-county area that share the Library's catalog. POLICYThe Sonoma County Library is committed to providing Sonoma County residents with free and easy access as quickly as possible to Library materials located in any of the Library's facilities or in libraries that are part of the Lake and Mendocino County Libraries. REGULATIONS
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Eternity Aqua Perfume
By Calvin Klein for Women
Eternity Aqua Perfume by Calvin Klein, This marvelous fragrance was released in 2012 . Full of aquatic splendor, this refreshing floral scent is heavenly. The top notes are pink lady apples, apricot, cucumber and white peony. The heart notes are gardenia, jasmine, magnolia and tiare. The bottom notes are musk, cedar and exotic woods. All products are original, authentic name brands. We do not sell knockoffs or imitations.
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About Calvin Klein
History and background of Calvin Klein. A pioneer of designer jeans, underwear and the wholesome, all-American look, Calvin Klein is one of the fashion world's biggest names - and brands. Born in 1942, Calvin Klein taught himself how to sketch and sew as a boy. He went on to win a place at New York's High School of Art and Design and the Fashion Institute of Technology and finally launched his own label, in partnership with childhood Read more about Calvin Klein
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Thanks for offering me a chance to purchase my favorite cologne. It was good to do buisness with you guys. Great way to save time and money. Will do again.
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Love Eternity Aqua....I also have the Eternity and love that as well. They both are great products, smell wonderful, and I get compliments all the time on how good I smell.
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This fragrance is a fresh clean scent. It's great for any occasion. Day or night.
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wear this scent to work, get compliments all the time. I work with the public so I can only wear unoffending scents.
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Tupper Lake outlasted St. Lawrence Central 2-1 while Chateaugay outscored Colton-Pierrepont 6-0 in the two NAC East Division varsity girls soccer games staged on Thursday.
Tupper Lake 2, SLC 1: At Tupper Lake, Lauren Bouck broke through for the first two goals of the game, 36 minutes into the first half assisted by Emily Rich and seven minutes into the second off an assist from Ryanne OConnor, to spark the Lumberjacks.
Lindsey Thayer made it a one-goal game with an unassisted goal 25 minutes into the second half.
Brooke Dewyea turned aside six shots working the Tupper Lake (5-7-1, 5-5-1). Haleigh Agans recorded 11 saves for the Lady Larries (2-9, 2-7).
Chateaugay 6, C-P 0: In Chateaugay, Danielle Charland fashioned two goals and two assists as the Lady Bulldogs (11-0-1, 10-0) steadily pulled away from a 1-0 halftime lead. Hannah Cool scored the first two goals of the game. Danielle Cook and Brianna Cook accounted for the other goals while Katie Beach fashioned three assists and Alicia Cook logged a solo helper.
Kennedy Boyea made four saves backstopping the shutout while Kathryn Miller handled 18 shots for the Lady Colts (4-7-1, 3-6-1).


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Uncommon Deflector Case for iPhone 5
Uncommon Deflector Case for iPhone 5
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The 3D TATT process embeds the design deep into the surface, providing an expressive, protective premium case for your iPhone 5. Utilising some of the world's top designers, the Deflector case provides a fresh take on your usual iPhone case.
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What comes in the box? Is there a screen saver and or cloth?
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No, the case does not come with a cloth. Did you by chance mean screen protector? The case does not No, the case does not come with a cloth. Did you by chance mean screen protector? The case does not come with that. If you were actually curious about a screen saver, no, there is not an option to download a wallpaper to match the case. …
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The opening at the bottom is wide enough for the earphone jack and the Lightning cable. If you're re The opening at the bottom is wide enough for the earphone jack and the Lightning cable. If you're referring to the separate Apple 30-pin to Lightning adapter, yes, it does fit. …
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No, there is a very slight overhang. When I lay my phone down on a desk and look at table height, y No, there is a very slight overhang. When I lay my phone down on a desk and look at table height, you can see the slightest bit of light coming through (protects the screen from coming into direct contact with the table when laid face down) …
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Are there favorite family members you like to research or write about? Until someone else posed this question, I hadn't really given it much thought just who I seemed to write about the most. I think about several of my […]
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Home Theater for sale
You're new HDTV may look awesome, but how's the sound quality? It's difficult to immerse yourself in a movie when the TV speakers sound like a tin can. Or perhaps you already have a cutting edge stereo . . . from 1970. Whether you are starting from scratch or need to upgrade your system, OneCall has you covered. Browse our large selection of home theater products including speakers and receivers for sale. Is a simple two-channel stereo your preference or would you rather experience heart pounding 9.2-channel surround sound. OneCall offers all types of mind blowing audio gear and will have a solution that will fit your needs and budget. Our selection of pre-amps, amplifiers and receivers include the latest features and technology. Choose from wireless Internet connectivity, streaming apps, top-rated built-in DACs and more. Enjoy free shipping on many of our home theater equipment for sale.
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Potatoes have a special affinity with eggs. If you keep frozen hash browns on hand (check the label and choose hash browns with less than 1 gram of fat per serving), you can whip up a simple, satisfying omelet like this one at a moment's notice. To cut back on saturated fat, use 2 whole eggs and 2 egg whites.
Serves 2
Prep Time 20 min
Total Time 20 min.
Nutrition Profile: Diabetes Appropriate Gluten Free Diet Healthy Weight Heart Healthy Low Calorie Low Carb Low Sat Fat Low Sodium
Step 1
Heat 1 teaspoon oil in a medium nonstick skillet over medium-high heat. Add potatoes and cook, shaking the pan and tossing the potatoes, until golden brown, 4 to 5 minutes. Add scallions and cook for 1 minute longer. Transfer to a plate. Wipe out the pan.
Step 2
Blend eggs, salt and pepper in a medium bowl. Stir in feta and the potato mixture.
Step 3
Preheat broiler. Brush the pan with the remaining 1 teaspoon oil; heat over medium heat. Add the egg mixture and tilt to distribute evenly. Reduce heat to medium-low and cook until the bottom is light golden, lifting the the edges to allow uncooked egg to flow underneath, 3 to 4 minutes. Place the pan under the broiler and cook until the top is set, 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 minutes. Slide the omelet onto a plate and cut into wedges.
Curried Burgers with Chutney Sauce
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Meritage Homes begins building model of energy-efficient production homesFeb 10 2011 Meritage Homes has begun constructing a model home that will be the most energy-efficient production home ever built in Las Vegas. One of the revolutionary technologies that has been built into this new line of homes is spray-foam insulation. This innovative product will seal in air conditioning while keeping dirt and pollution out of the house. Meritage Homes believes that this new kind of insulation and home building technology could save consumers up to 60 percent off the cost of their utility bills. Meritage Homes will put on a display of their new technology for media and interested consumers on Friday, February 11 at the Northern Terrace at Providence master-planned community in Centennial Hills. This fast-forming insulation could revolutionize the way homes are built in Las Vegas and throughout the country. If you're looking to improve energy efficiency in your own home, honeycomb cellular shades could be a cost-effective option. These provide additional insulation for your home that can keep air conditioning and heat inside your home to reduce the costs of utility bills. Related Products
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transitive verb \ˈde-fən\: to make (someone) unable to hear
deaf·eneddeaf·en·ing \-fə-niŋ, ˈdef-niŋ\
Full Definition of DEAFEN
: to make deaf <was deafened by the explosion>
Examples of DEAFEN
- We were deafened by the explosion.
First Known Use of DEAFEN
verb \ˈdef-ən\ (Medical Dictionary)deaf·eneddeaf·en·ing \-(ə-)niŋ\
Medical Definition of DEAFEN
transitive verb
: to make deaf
intransitive verb
: to cause deafness or stun one with noise
—deaf·en·ing·ly \-(ə-)niŋ-lē\ adverb
Learn More About DEAFEN
Next Word in the Dictionary: deafening
Previous Word in the Dictionary: deaf–ear crab
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The largest and most populous country in South America, Brazil is the home of a multicultural population composed of 190 million people. Although the country possesses a vast wealth of natural resources and is among the 10 largest economies in the world, Brazil occupies the eighth position in the world ranking of social inequality.
"My dream is to undo the image that outsiders and the media have of this village. I want to struggle and work so that this village may not be considered a miserable place." — Natanel
"My dream is to undo the image that outsiders and the media have of this village. I want to struggle and work so that this village may not be considered a miserable place."
The largest part of the population suffers from extreme inequality in the distribution of benefits of the country's economic wealth and from discrimination and prejudice. About 16 million people live below the poverty line, of which 50 percent are children, adolescents and youth. Challenges include overcoming poverty, inadequate quality of the teaching-learning system, poor health care and lack of housing.
Brazil's diverse population faces discrimination on a variety of fronts. Thousands suffer from food and nutrition insecurity and lack access to the basic resources for survival, such as clean water and basic sanitation.
The vulnerability of children is also connected to the fragility of family bonds and to the exposure to violence, exploitation, and physical and psychological abuses. Owing to the lack of schooling, quality jobs and developmental opportunities, thousands of youth become victims of crime and vices, which contributes to the increase in the homicide and premature mortality rates in the country.
Natanel says, "My dream is to undo the image that outsiders and the media have of this village. I want to struggle and work so that this village may not be considered a miserable place."
ChildFund has operated in Brazil for 45 years and supports thousands of children, families and communities so that they may achieve a better and more dignified life. We operate in four states, 54 municipalities, and more than 800 communities. Diverse social programs and projects are developed focusing on the full development of the children and their community.
To strengthen the family and community bonds, workshops on family issues are offered, as well as community events and home visits from trained staff. Projects are completed that benefit the community, including creating rooftop rain reservoirs and community rainwater harvesting ponds.
To protect and help children grow, ChildFund offers workshops that increase the awareness of families in their role in child development. Classes also are offered to educate families in disease prevention and reproductive health.
We promote access to quality education and work closely with the schools. Awareness workshops are conducted with the school community on topics such as inclusive and democratic education, child empowerment within school life and the role of the family in the school life. To promote a culture of peace and to reduce the rate of violence in schools, family and community environment workshops are offered. Schools also receive support for the formation and strengthening of the school councils with effective participation of the children, adolescents and parents.
Youth are encouraged to participate in awareness and learning workshops on themes related to the rights of children with the aim of strengthening their rights and family and community relations. Youth groups and networks are established so that they may participate in campaigns, movements and decision-making processes at the community, municipal and regional levels in partnership with the civil society. They also learn about citizenship, leadership and the labor market.
Sponsor a child in Brazil and help us reach more people in need.
ChildFund Brazil and the communities in which it works partners with the Municipal Councils for the Rights of Children and Adolescents to promote the rights, services and benefits available to children and their families. Local partnerships also are mobilized to strengthen the commitment of society with respect to children's rights.


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Juniors Fitted Tee (More Styles...)
American Apparel 100% cotton t-shirt has a juniors / very small fit. The medium-lightweight jersey fabric is made of ultra-soft combed cotton. Sizes: Juniors SM-XL
Mens & Unisex Jump to: Tees Long Sleeve Tanks Sweatshirts Juniors / Women's Fitted Kids & Babies Accessories Description: Feel the comfort as this colorful little fella crawls across this sweatshop-free tee, made in the USA by American Apparel. We call her the peace bug because of the message she carries on her back. Pledge your allegiance to nonviolent harmony with our living planet when you wear this shirt. Search: peace, bug, insect, beetle, antiwar
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"Some of the bests bites of summer come together in this colorful chicken and vegetable saute. Zucchini, squash, mushrooms and tomatoes are simmered with bits of sauteed chicken, then stirred into hot pasta and served with grated Parmesan."
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text: * The 10% off discount plus free standard ground shipping offer on select items is valid now through July 1, 2013 at Home Decorators Collection. Offer can be combined with other offers, cannot be transferred, and does not apply to taxes and/or processing/shipping charges, gift cards, or previous purchases. The free standard ground shipping offer is good for items shipped within the contiguous United States. Items cannot be shipped to post office boxes. No credit if offer is refused. Home Decorators Collection reserves the right to correct typographical errors. © 2013, Homer TLC Inc. All rights reserved.


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Started this discussion. Last reply by Paperface Nov 5, 2010. 5 Replies 0 Likes
I just got Pinkerton Deluxe Edition on vinyl today in the mail and it has scratches and weird print marks on it. It's pretty messed up. Is there any way I can contact the sender to either send it…Continue
Tags: return, scratches, deluxe, pinkerton
Started this discussion. Last reply by Sovereign Andy Oct 24, 2010. 178 Replies 0 Likes
Now that Hurley is out, what do you guys think of how the band has changed and is changing?Do you think they're doing better or worse?What do you think is going to happen to them within the next for…Continue
Tags: future, album, albums, direction, going
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