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Last updated 7/28/2009
Summary: A compilation of resources to help the California Department of Housing and Community Development make the most of its mandate in SB1258 to develop new greywater standards for California. |
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Dear Greywater Stakeholders:
The greywater regulation revolution was started in 1989 in Santa Barbara, California. It spread from there to four other communities, then the whole state, via the Uniform Plumbing Code, in 1992.
Since then, while California's greywater innovation has been at a standstill, the rest of the west has left us in the dust (Greywater law history).
It is certainly true that "plumbers safeguard the health of the nation," and it is doubtless that building and plumbing codes have saved many, many lives.
However, California's greywater law not making a good example of the positive role codes can and usually do play in civil society.
There are about two million greywater systems in the state of California. One in ten thousand has a permit. There's been no reported cases of greywater-induced illnesses. (References follow below).
Perhaps you've heard the old English saying about "shutting the barn door after the horse is gone."
In California with respect to greywater, it is as if regulations have focused on keeping the barn door shut (pre 1992), and then very tightly regulated (since 1992 only a few hundred permits have been issued in the entire state).
Meanwhile, the barn has never had a back wall (there are two million unpermitted systems in the state; 15% of households), and it turns out that horses do just fine free range (there has not been a single reported case of illness).
Concern about public health is the oft-cited reason for keeping that barn door tight. It seems that concern about liability is the actual issue. This would explain why no one blinks about the absence of a back wall (not a liability issue), while few regulators dare open the door (could get sued).
The only people dissuaded by the tight control of the front door are building professionals—plumbers, builders, landscapers. It is hard for a homeowner to get help from a licensed professional to make an illegal system. So, they go out the back, and do it themselves.
The current greywater regulation approach hinders best sustainability practices, and undermines respect for codes in general.
Realistic greywater codes of the type adopted in Arizona (2001), New Mexico (2003), Texas (2005) and in process in several other states (NV, OR, MT...) are emblematic of the shift that occurs when the blinders come off and the full risk profile is taken into account in crafting policy.
If California regains its leadership position, the rest of the world is essentially certain to follow.
I look forward to working with you to get the new greywater standards headed towards this goalpost, as envisioned by the sponsors of the enabling legislation.
We've decided to put some resources behind this effort. Here's what we've come up with so far. We'll be adding more, including responses to HCD's and the Greywater Working Group's material.
Greywater law history is interesting and bears on the present and future in many ways...check it out. Here's the current status:
The DHCD is holding stakeholders' meetings to review the greywater code. They are in the process of developing new building standards which will be submitted to the California Building Standards Commission (CBSC) as part of the 2009 Triennial Code Adoption Cycle.
To be added to the Stakeholder's Group to have input into California's new greywater ordinance, contact James Rowland, the lead contact at the DHCD, email@example.com (916) 445-4782.
Excerpt from: New proposed CA greywater standards
1603A.1.1 Clothes Washer System and/or Single Fixture System.
A clothes washer system and/or a single fixture system in compliance with all of the following is exempt from the construction permit specified in Section 220.127.116.11 and may be installed or altered without a construction permit:
1. If required, notification has been provided to the Enforcing Agency regarding the proposed location and installation of a graywater irrigation or disposal system. Note: A city, county, or city and county or other local government may, after a public hearing and enactment of an ordinance or resolution, further restrict or prohibit the use of graywater systems. For additional information, see Health and Safety Code Section 18941.7.
2. The design shall allow the user to direct the flow to the irrigation or disposal field or the building sewer. The direction control of the graywater shall be clearly labeled and readily accessible to the user.
3. The installation, change, alteration or repair of the system does not include a potable water connection or a pump and does not affect other building, plumbing, electrical or mechanical components including structural features, egress, fire-life safety, sanitation, potable water supply piping or accessibility.
4. The graywater shall be contained on the site where it is generated.
5. Graywater shall be directed to and contained within an irrigation or disposal field.
6. Ponding or runoff is prohibited and shall be considered a nuisance.
7. Graywater may be released above the ground surface provided at least two (2) inches (51 mm) of mulch, rock, or soil, or a solid shield covers the release point. Other methods which provide equivalent separation are also acceptable.
8. Graywater systems shall be designed to minimize contact with humans and domestic pets.
9. Water used to wash diapers or similarly soiled or infectious garments shall not be used and shall be diverted to the building sewer.
10. Graywater shall not contain hazardous chemicals derived from activities such as cleaning car parts, washing greasy or oily rags, or disposing of waste solutions from home photo labs or similar hobbyist or home occupational activities.
11. Exemption from construction permit requirements of this code shall not be deemed to grant authorization for any graywater system to be installed in a manner that violates other provisions of this code or any other laws or ordinances of the Enforcing Agency.
12. An operation and maintenance manual shall be provided. Directions shall indicate the manual is to remain with the building throughout the life of the system and indicate that upon change of ownership or occupancy, the new owner or tenant shall be notified the structure contains a graywater system.
The California Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD) needs letters e mailed to email@example.com especially from health professionals, and any other species of government bureaucrat or academic that say something like:
[Two sample action letters follow-please E mail us suggested improvements]
90 seconds to have your opinion count!
Re SB 1258: Please discard the UPC model and use the state-of-the-art Arizona/ New Mexico/ Texas tiered approach to greywater regulation
Dear Mr. Rowland,
I am an ecological systems designer, and the author of three books on greywater.
It seems that the main stated argument against California greywater standards following the lead of Arizona, New Mexico and Texas into the 21st century is public health concern. But...
1) Greywater has hundreds of times fewer pathogens than combined sewage. Logically, greywater systems could be hundreds of times less effective at sequestering pathogens from people and still be no more dangerous than septic or sewer systems. (average of values from calculations, U of AZ study--see http://oasisdesign.net/greywater/law/california/index.htm#references for complete list of citations and calculations)
2) The past several decades of greywater prohibition have inadvertently resulted in the construction of a rather large number of unpermitted systems. The quantity of those systems is vast (eight million in the US, 1.7 million in California) and the experience long term, going back to the founding of the country. (Soap and Detergent Manufacturer's Association Graywater awareness and usage study (pdf), a nationally representative sample of 61,377 households; 13.9% of which were using greywater in CA, the highest proportion of any state).
This has in effect served as a large-scale, long term, and fairly conclusive experiment on the epidemiological danger from unregulated greywater reuse.
There have been approximately a billion greywater system-user-years of exposure in the US since 1950, plus exposure to guests and neighbors. If one greywater user in 100,000 got sick and mentioned why, there would be 10,000 incidents on record.
In fact, no record of a single documented instance of greywater-transmitted illness has been recorded in the US, according to the CDC. (By comparison, approximately 20,000 people were struck by lightning over the same time period).
It is certain that greywater risk is non-zero. It is possible that the risk from the average greywater system could be low enough to be unnoticeable in the background risk, yet still be of concern in the aggregate.
However, with such a vast quantity of systems, there must be outlier systems that are several standard deviations riskier than the average that still number in the thousands. If even these have escaped notice, the implication is that the inherent risk must be very low indeed. (One unfortunate Californian has been struck by lightning on seven occasions. That there is no analog for greywater incidents is quite instructive).
Of the 12 illnesses identified by WERF as potentially greywater-transmittable, 9 are reported to the CDC by legal mandate. Reportable illnesses have been tightly tracked by all levels of our public health system since 1925. This serves as a more tightly run subset of the general greywater experiment. There are over 100,000 instances of these 9 reportable sicknesses, per year, or several million total. If greywater were a significant transmission path, tens of thousands of alarms in the reportable illness system would have put public health officials on the track decades ago.
The absence of reports of greywater-transmitted illness fits with the simple logic of point 1, and lends support to the Arizona/ New Mexico/ Texas regulatory approach. This holds that permits and inspections are not necessary for simple greywater systems (the people of California seem to agree: only one system in eight thousand is permitted).
Unless HCD can:
A) Prove that greywater systems are dangerous, in light of a billion system-user-years of real-world experience to the contrary
B) Prove that tight regulation (which deters licensed professionals but not homeowners) is better for public health than realistic guidelines that professionals would follow to improve the state's stock of systems
C) Produce a risk assessment that shows that in a world which may be out of usable water within our lifetimes, rigorous permitting of greywater systems is a priority use of regulatory and citizen resources
please shift from the failed UPC-style approach to the state-of-the-art Arizona/ New Mexico/ Texas tiered approach to greywater regulation.
A slightly improved version of the Arizona code that is a suitable starting point for new California tier 1 standards can be found at: http://www.oasisdesign.net/greywater/law/#model
Art Ludwig
Ecological Designer
Re SB 1258: Support for Reality-Based Greywater Standards
Mr. Rowland,
I am writing to support the adoption of a new California greywater standard that uses a tiered approach; more regulatory oversight of greywater reuse scenarios that entail more risk, and little or no regulatory oversight of systems that have little or no actual risk.
This is the state-of-the-art approach that is spreading regionally, in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Malibu.
These jurisdictions recognize that a simple greywater system is beneath the threshold at which regulatory scrutiny is productive.
They all allow simple, tier 1 greywater systems that meet a short list of reasonable requirements to be installed without applying for a permit.
For tier 2, systems that don't meet these requirements, a permit application is required.
For tier 3, high flow systems, full-blown engineering is required.
The California Greywater Working Group has the skill set necessary to take the model codes from Arizona, New Mexico and Texas, and the process in Nevada, and craft a consensus state-of-the-art model code that would not only be optimal for California, but would be widely emulated worldwide.
At the first meeting of the Stakeholders group on February 25th, the decision should made to scuttle UPC chapter 16 and take the this course of action immediately above; adapting the AZ/NM/TX approach to California.
Latest greywater data and calcuations spreadsheet (xls), with citations. Note that as we refine the data the numbers in the spreadsheet and text may get out of sync; the spreadsheet represents our latest, most refined take.
Hats off to researcher Ed Hachfeld for the CDC reportable illness research and analysis.
California's past and current grey water laws were important steps, and certainly created as well as was politically possible at the time. Unfortunately they were steps not quite in the right direction, and they are being emulated all over the US and the world.
Some of the hardware recommendations are questionable. The mini-leachfield system, for example, is described in great detail as if it were a proven technology, but has been installed in no cases I know of and I can't think of any application for which I would recommend it. Other issues are enumerated below.
Here's the complete text of the enabling legislation, with notes on its significance and Oasis's suggested actions in
All the emphasis is ours, as well. Our "next time" suggestions on SB1258 itself are moot at this point, but are things that could perhaps be done better in the enabling legislation for the next round.
SB 1258, Lowenthal. Building standards: graywater
An act to add Sections 17922.12 and 18941.7 to the Health and Safety Code, and to amend Section 14877.1 of the Water Code,relating to building standards.
legislative counsel's digest
The California Building Standards Law provides for the adoption of building standards by state agencies by requiring all state agencies that adopt or propose adoption of any building standard to submit the building standard to the California Building Standards Commission for approval and adoption.
Existing law requires the Department of Housing and Community Development to propose the adoption, amendment, or repeal of building standards to the commission relating to hotels, motels, lodging houses, apartment houses, and dwellings, and the buildings and structures accessory thereto, except as specified.
Existing law authorizes a city or county to make changes or modifications in the building standards proposed by the department and approved by the commission, to provide for local variances relating to local climatic, geological, or topographical conditions, upon making certain findings and filing those findings with the commission.
This bill would require the department, at the next triennial building standards rulemaking cycle that commences on or after January 1, 2009, to adopt and submit to the commission for approval building standards for the construction, installation, and alteration of graywater, as defined, systems for indoor and outdoor uses. The addressing of indoor use is totally new. Unfortunately, DHCD doesn't know much about water, and there is no funding that goes along with this mandate to come up with new standards. The bill would terminate the authority of the Department of Water Resources to adopt graywater standards for residential buildings upon the approval by the commission of the standards submitted under the bill. DWR retains authority over non-residential systems—not obvious if this spreading out of authority is a good thing or not.
The bill would authorize a city, county, or other local agency to adopt, after a public hearing and enactment of an ordinance or resolution, building standards that prohibit entirely the use of graywater, or building standards that are more restrictive than the graywater building standards adopted by the department and published in the California Building Standards Code. There are those who argue that all greywater regulation should be local. I don't have a position on this. I do think that 1) if locals can make more stringent rules, they should be able to make more liberal ones as well—an option which this enabling legislation rules out,—or 2), the new state standards should be as liberal as appropriate for the most liberal jurisdictions—which is the only option open now. Next time the enabling legislation would ideally leave this question to be resolved in the implementation.
The people of the State of California do enact as follows:
SECTION 1. Section 17922.12 is added to the Health and Safety Code, to read: 17922.12.
(a) For the purposes of this section, "graywater" means untreated wastewater that has not been contaminated by any toilet discharge, has not been affected by infectious, contaminated, or unhealthy bodily wastes, and does not present a threat from contamination by unhealthful processing, manufacturing, or operating wastes. "Graywater" includes wastewater from bathtubs, showers, bathroom washbasins, clothes washing machines, and laundry tubs, but does not include wastewater from kitchen sinks or dishwashers. Next time kitchen sink/ dishwasher water would ideally be defined as "dark grey" water, opening the door to appropriate management in specialized systems designed for this purpose, as has been done in Arizona.
(b) Notwithstanding Chapter 22 (commencing with Section 14875) of Division 7 of the Water Code, at the next triennial building standards rulemaking cycle that commences on or after January 1, 2009, the department shall adopt and submit for approval pursuant to Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 18935) of Part 2.5 building standards for the construction, installation, and alteration of graywater systems for indoor and outdoor uses.
(c) In adopting building standards under this section, the department shall do all of the following:
(1) Convene and consult a stakeholder's group that includes members with expertise in public health, water quality, geology or soils, residential plumbing, home building, and environmental stewardship. See contact info under current law, above to be added to this list.
(2) Ensure protection of water quality in accordance with applicable provisions of state and federal water quality law. This shouldn't be hard. It is all but impossible to contaminate groundwater with greywater, and difficult to contaminate surface waters without discharge directly into them...seeTreatment
effectiveness vs. wastewater application depth(jpeg graphic, 300k). Greywater improves groundwater quality by relieving strain on septic systems.
(3) Consider existing research available on the environmental consequences to soil and groundwater of short-term and long-term graywater use for irrigation purposes, including, but not limited to, research sponsored by the Water Environment Research Foundation. I could only find one study, " Long-Term Effects of Landscape Irrigation Using Household Graywater (pdf)."
(4) Consider graywater use impacts on human health. This seems to be conjecture-based, as no one is known to have gotten sick from a greywater system, even though there are hundreds of thousands of systems in the US.
(5) Consider the circumstances under which the use of in-home graywater treatment systems is recommended. Almost none, in my opinion at they're doing in Arizona makes sense. also New Mexico.
(6) Consider the use and regulation of graywater in other jurisdictions within the United States and in other nations. Arizona! what they're doing in Arizona makes sense. also New Mexico.
(d) The department may revise and update the standards adopted under this section at any time, and the department shall reconsider these standards at the next triennial rulemaking that commences after their adoption.
(e) The approval by the California Building Standards Commission of the standards for graywater systems adopted under this section shall terminate the authority of the Department of Water Resources to adopt and update standards for the installation, construction, and alteration of graywater systems in residential buildings pursuant to Chapter 22 (commencing with Section 14875) of Division 7 of the Water Code.
SEC. 2. Section 18941.7 is added to the Health and Safety
Code, to read:
18941.7. A city, county, or other local agency may adopt, after a public hearing and enactment of an ordinance or resolution, building standards that prohibit entirely the use of graywater, or building standards that are more restrictive than the graywater building standards adopted by the department under Section 17922.12 and published in the California Building Standards Code. SEC. 3. Section 14877.1 of the Water Code is amended to read:
(a) The department, in consultation with the State Department of Public Health and the Center for Irrigation Technology at California State University, Fresno, shall adopt standards for the installation of graywater systems. In adopting these standards, the department shall consider, among other resources, "Appendix J," as adopted on September 29, 1992, by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, the graywater standard proposed for the latest edition of the Uniform Plumbing Code of the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, the City of Los Angeles Graywater Pilot Project Final Report issued in November 1992, and the advice of the Center for Irrigation Technology at California State University, Fresno, on the installation depth for subsurface drip irrigation systems. This is an unfortunate step backwards...hopefully the 1997 revisions will be considered as well.
(b) The department shall include among the approved methods of subsurface irrigation, but shall not be limited to, drip systems.
(c) The department shall revise its graywater systems standards as needed.
(d) The authority of the department under this chapter to adopt standards for residential buildings shall terminate upon the approval by the California Building Standards Commission of the standards submitted to that commission pursuant to Section 17922.12 of the Health and Safety Code.
Here is the first official draft of the new standard, with suggested changes and the rationale behind them, in MS word. Turn on "track changes" to see the red changes.
I have only responded to part of it so far.
The general response among stakeholders to this draft is that adopting this language would set greywater regulation back to the stone age...that it is definitely worse than the code we have now and possibly worse than the pre-1997 revision appendix J.
Apparently this is by requirement, not design. That is, DHC is required by statute to use the IAMPMO language as its starting point, regardless of it's known shortcomings.
The best course of action would be to throw this language out at the first stakeholders meeting and start from scratch using Arizona's code or our improved version of the Arizona code, , as a base.
This is legally possible, and is in fact the intent of SB 1258. What DHC needs to be able to go this far is for you to TAKE EFFECTIVE ACTION, as described above, so they can defend this course of action against the entrenched greywater resistance in the state health department.
I hope to add an improved version of our improved Arizona code ( Model Greywater Ordinance (pdf)) to this space, incorporating your input. Please E mail us your suggestions and supporting data!
Unrealistic laws have poor participation rates. Santa Barbara, for example, has issued approximately 10 permits for grey water systems in the twenty years between 1989 and 2009 (!)
And this is in the birthplace of legal greywater. A place where our own door to door survey in 1990 (the only survey of greywater use rates that I'm aware of) indicated that during this severe drought over half of households in some areas, or about 50,000 Santa Barbarans were using grey water!
Something is clearly wrong here. If builders of 499 out of 500 structures refused to get permits, you can bet there would be investigation of all aspects of the permitting system, standards, and people's practices.
This dismal greywater permit participation rate is an issue for several reasons:
Why do health authorities think people will get sick from greywater?
So why aren't people getting sick from greywater? Two main reasons:
The actual, reported risk of greywater systems in the US, so far as we've been able to determine, is zero.
There is a long history of surface greywater reuse, with systems far, far less safe than those specified in the current law, which has not produced a single documented case of greywater-transmitted illness in the United States. In Australia, greywater is legally distributed through sprinklers with 6' throw.
The City of Los Angeles Greywater Pilot Project showed that greywater makes a negligible contribution to the pathogens in soil, while dog feces, for example, contribute a significant amount of pathogens to the suburban environment. Even the worst illegal greywater systems don't stand out among myriad sources that besiege our bodies with pathogens in the course of ordinary life. The actual health threat is plenty small enough to include ecological and practical considerations on equal footing with public health considerations.
It is my belief that simple greywater systems are to septic systems what under 120 ft2 sheds are to houses. Most jurisdictions allow small sheds to be built without permits, provided they meet guidelines as to height, setbacks, and other restrictions.
It would be a waste of citizen and regulator resources to inspect every woodshed, tree house and chicken coop. There is a recognition in the code that certain classes of structures are beneath regulator attention.
The same is true of greywater systems. Since people are not getting sick from them, why waste regulatory energy on them?
Rational allocation of regulatory resources is the clear trend for greywater regulation. Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas have all passed tiered greywater regulations, the simplest tier of which do not require a permit application.
California may not be ready to take this step for all systems, but I strongly suggest it take this step for laundry-only greywater systems.
One way of getting the participation rate off the ground and gaining some credibility as a source of guidance for greywater users would be to follow Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas's lead in the sensible regulation of greywater by providing a statewide permit for simple, laundry-only greywater systems that met reasonable guidelines (or allowing them without a permit, like small sheds. Or, allowing local jurisdictions to pursue reduced permitting and regulatory oversight for laundry only systems, as each local jurisdiction sees fit).
Relative to the status quo (hundreds of thousands of households doing this very thing outside the regulatory system), this can only improve public health and safety. Here's the rationale for handling laundry water differently:
If you can think of a disadvantage to this change relative to the status quo, please E mail us.
Info on Laundry to Landscape , a new design for the simplest, most ecological laundry only system currently known, which can be made easily from off-the shelf components.
Needed Improvements to CPC/UPC Greywater Law (from our Builder's Grey Water Guide (book), edited for the SB1258 round of improvements.
Wherever appropriate, require achievement of performance goals (e.g., ecologically and biologically safe treatment of wastewater), with explicit designs as options, rather than specifying mandatory techniques to be used. The field is evolving too fast for specific designs to be relied on exclusively.
Be more realistic about the quantitative health threat from greywater systems. (see above).
Regarding indoor greywater reuse, require achievement of performance goals and encourage cascading. I personally believe that there is no currently available system which is economical and ecological for indoor reuse. However, this was the case with outdoor systems when the first greywater law was passed. I think it would be a mistake to kill the nascent indoor greywater reuse industry by making impossible regulatory barriers. I suggest setting out reasonable performance criteria and leaving it at that. The economic viability barriers will keep this sector very small for the foreseeable future.
Specific Suggestions
Base code: Start with Appendix G, the currently adopted greywater language in California, unless Chapter 16 2009 version is demonstrably better. In it's 2007 version it is a huge step backwards. (If this is not done, the list of needed changes is much longer, as all the problems remedied in the 1997 revision would be back on the to do list...see: UPC&CPC improvements)
Use the latitude mandated in SB1258 17922.12. c) 6, to use Arizona's greywater law as the base template for laundry only systems.
G-1-f Allow reduction in size or elimination of septic/sewer system if the alternative waste disposal system is capable of handling all wastes as well or better, at the discretion of the Administrative Authority. There are sites and regions where currently mandated treatment technologies cause more ecological and health problems than proven alternatives. Regulators are allowing this in practice, and they should have clear guidelines.
G-7 Allow greywater systems in areas with high groundwater at the discretion of the Administrative Authority. A proper greywater system design can provide better treatment and protect groundwater better than currently mandated systems. A specific provision requiring that a given amount of soil separate greywater from aquifers in Karst formations would be reasonable.
G-7, G-8, Table G-2, Table G-3 Explicitly allow reduction in system design loads with water-conserving fixtures. Projects with aggressive conservation shouldn't be penalized by having to install the same size system as the worst water hogs. The current language allows local discretion in this area but the possibility is not mentioned explicitly.
G-8-b Allow greywater systems across a wider range of percolation rates, at administrative authority discretion. Greywater systems are safer at higher and lower percolation rates than septic systems, so it is foreclosing on the possibility of a real water quality and public health improvement to not allow the loading on septics to be reduced on a discretionary basis.
G-9-h Require below-grade tanks to be anchored against popping to the surface if conditions indicate this may be a problem. Unlike septic tanks, greywater surge tanks are often empty and experience tremendous buoyant lift under saturated soil conditions. This would protect consumers.
G-11-a-2 Modify the requirement that "system design shall be such that emitter flow variation shall not exceed plus or minus 10%" with the phrase "in instances where greater variation could result in flows high enough to produce per emitter ponding in the soil in question." Greywater systems do not all require this level of precision.
G-11-a-6 Change wording from "pressure at pump shall not exceed 20 psi" to "pressure at any emission device shall not exceed 20 psi." The current wording effectively precludes irrigation with adequate pressure at a location significantly higher than the pump.
G-11-a-5, G-11-b-2 Explicitly allow greywater to be distributed and emitted through lines covered by mulch at the discretion of the Administrative Authority. This would be a great step forward. This would support local discretion in greywater regulation, which is generally agreed to be a goal.
G-11-b-1 Allow smaller diameter pipe, half-pipes in Mini-Leachfields. Or better yet, delete mini-leachfields as a specific system (since few or none have ever been built, or ever will be built) and put in general performance guidelines for non-drip systems.
Table G-1 Allow installations on steeper slopes where environmental conditions are such that the water will not surface.
Table G-2 Take into account the higher LTAR of mulch basins by halving the required infiltration area for systems that use them.
Explicitly describe Laundry to Landscape to Mulch Basins, Branched Drain to Mulch Basins, Infiltration Beds, Leaching Chambers, and Box Troughs (see The New Create an Oasis with Grey Water (book)) as allowed system examples.
Figures: Show a greywater surge tank (usually a 55 gal drum) rather than a sewage ejector pump tank in UPC figures. Include a note that the running trap is only required in the rare instance that the fixtures lack traps.
Eliminate the requirement for backwater valves. These are an unnecessary expense and a maintenance issue. If they are not needed to prevent blackwater from pouring out the shower drain, they shouldn't be required to prevent blackwater from backing into the greywater system. There is likely to be more exposure to people unclogging the backwater valves than is avoided by having them.
Allow greywater surge tank to be vented back through the house vents (as is done with all septic tanks and sewers) as an alternative to a vent at the tank. A vent is necessary; a dedicated vent is not.
California Health And Safety Code Section 17958.5
Except as provided in Section 17922.6, in adopting the
ordinances or regulations pursuant to Section 17958, a city or county
may make such changes or modifications in the requirements contained
in the provisions published in the California Building Standards
Code and the other regulations adopted pursuant to Section 17922 as
it determines, pursuant to the provisions of Section 17958.7, are
reasonably necessary because of local climatic, geological, or
topographical conditions.
For purposes of this subdivision, a city and county may make
reasonably necessary modifications to the requirements, adopted
pursuant to Section 17922, contained in the provisions of the code
and regulations on the basis of local conditions.
SB 1258 c (6) Consider the use and regulation of graywater in other jurisdictions within the United States and in other nations.
Malibu p. H1-2 (Handbook 1, page 2) , top of second column: it appears that only the two more complex of four types of greywater systems require an inspection
p. H3-6, H3-19 H7-1, H7-8, "mulched watering moats"
H7-5 "for single fixtures, a soil can be determined by homeowner (Handbook 5). For two fixtures, the City Health Specialist may allow the homeowner test. For more than two fixtures, a professional soils analysis is required"
Greywater definition follows the EU, Australia:
Sec. 18.23.240 Greywater.
"Greywater" shall include all domestic waste water obtained from the drainage of showers, bathtubs, kitchen sinks, laboratories, and laundry facilities, exclusive of water utilized for the transport and disposal of body eliminations. (Ord. No. 3343, adopted 1981.)
Tiered regulation of greywater,
Montana's 2007 greywater law HB 259 follows the European Union and Australian definition of greywater, which includes kitchen sink water:
Section 1. Definitions. As used in this part, unless the context indicates otherwise, the following definitions apply:
(1) "Gray water" means wastewater that is collected separately from a sewage flow and that does not contain industrial chemicals, hazardous wastes, or wastewater from toilets.
(2) "Gray water reuse system" means a plumbing system for a private, single-family residence that collects gray water.
According to Regulators "must not require people to get a permit" (page 10).
This suggestion is for the DHCD to publish (for example, on the web) the list of studies and assumptions that their conclusions are based on, so other stakeholders have ready access to the the same, common set of shared data. This should save time all the way around, and facilitate communication.
These are points where more data (or more official data) would facilitate regulatory support for greywater best management practices:
www.oasisdesign.net Copyright © Art Ludwig 1997 -2014


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Before Junior dos Santos and Cain Velasquez share the Octagon for the second time at UFC 155 just hours from now at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada, the two heavyweight championship competitors were forced to endure one final formality:
For mixed martial arts (MMA) fighters, the weigh-ins are the last time they will see stand face-to-face (see the staredown pic here) with their opponent before sharing the Octagon. Some fighters are casual when stepping on the scale, others use the moment as one final opportunity to try and intimidate their opponent.
Just moments after successfully making weight, dos Santos and Velasquez appeared on the FUEL TV weigh-in show to share some finals thoughts on their heavyweight championship rematch with correspondent Ariel Helwani less than 24-hours away from UFC 155.
First, the champion talked about being booed by some fans at weigh-ins, the threat Velasquez poses because of his wrestling ability and what results he expects to come out of the fight.
On being surprised by boos at the weigh-ins:
"A little bit. We have a lot of Mexicans here, but I know we have a lot of Brazilians here too, and we'll have half and half."
On Velasquez putting his fist in his face at the weigh-in:
"I think he'd like to show me he's very well prepared. That's what I do and not what he does."
On Velasquez's wrestling abilities:
"He'll try to take me down right away and I'm very well prepared and have good take down defense and I'll knock him out right away."On what he has to prove with this fight:
"I have nothing to prove. I have to prove for myself how hard I worked to be the champion. I'm very well prepared. For sure I'm going to get the victory."On how the fight will finish:
"One more knockout. It's going to be like Cain likes to go to the ground and the fight will end there. If he gives me the chance, it'll be quicker than last time."
The challenger also spoke with Helwani on the FUEL TV weigh-in broadcast, sharing his thoughts on the weigh-in stare down with dos Santos, his physical condition coming into the fight and how he envisions the fight panning out on tonight in "Sin City."
On why he got in Dos Santos' face during weigh-ins:
"To let him know I am coming after him. If someone puts a fist in my face, I am going to do it right back to him. That is my mentality."
On his training camp experience and being in top shape for this fight:
"I think it's experience - knowing that going into training camp and having a hard week, you know your body is breaking down, so instead of pushing forward, take a few steps back and relax. Then the next day you come in, you feel refreshed and you perform better, rather than breaking your body down. That is the one thing I learned."
On how the fight will finish:
"I have envisioned it so many different ways - a knockout, TKO, submission, a five-round grueling fight - but every time with my hand raised."
Two more hours until pay-per-view (PPV) showtime, Maniacs!


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3 Apts avail for Boat Races! 1bed/1 bath-walk to Eng. Beach in Manasota Key
- bedrooms 1
- baths 1
- sleeps 4
- pool no
- hot tub no
- pets allowed yes
- type Apartment
- community
rates (USD)
/ week
vacation rental description
It's time to get away from it all and relax on the beautiful beaches
of Manasota Key! This adorable 1 bedroom 1 bath apartment has
recently been updated with a new kitchen and the tasteful decor will
remind you of that tropical Tommy Bahamas theme that you have been
dreaming about! You will have Beach Access to the Gulf of Mexico by
strolling across the street and south 300 FT. Of course, relaxing in
the screened in Lanai with a good book is also recommended.
There is also a waterfront home with Pool & Dock (2 Bedroom 2 bath)
that is available for rent on the same property should the size of
your family require more space.
You are also only minutes from shopping, grocery stores and hospitals.
property availability
Last modified on 09-23-2013 at 12:49 PM.
email owner view full calendar
Lori Jett 941-626-7158
apartment rental amenities
Beach Access to the Gulf of Mexico within 300 ft.
Screened in Lanai
Tiled/Wood floors throughout
Shared Laundry facilities
Air Conditioning
TV with DVD/VCR
Full Kitchen with Dishwasher/Microwave
Bedroom has a Queen Size Bed
Queen Size Sofa Sleeper
Linens & Bath/Beach Towel
Beach Chairs
activities and attractions in Manasota Key Gulf Coast South
Activities: Fishing Swimming, Boating, Biking, Shelling on the White
Sandy Beaches, & golfing. 45 minutes to Sarasota, 1 1/2 Hour to Tampa,
2 hours to Disney!
vacation rental rates
- May Through December $2000/$700 weekly
- January & April $2400/$800 weekly
- February - April $2800/$1000 weekly
- Discounts available for more than one months booking
- Non refundable cleaning fee of $60
- Security deposit of $400 is due upon making your Reservation
- Deposit refundable if cancellation is made 60 days prior to arrival
- Total Payment is due 30 days before check-in
- Smoking on Patio only
- All rates are subject to change without notice
- Rates do not include Florida Sales Taxes (12%)
Lori Jett 941-626-7158
accepted payment methods
Prior to paying a reservation deposit, always verify payment instructions by calling the phone number displayed on this listing page. By contacting the owner directly and paying by an approved method - credit card, paypal, check or bank transfer - your reservation payment will be protected up to $1,000.
Learn more in our Security Center


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Quality CareFind out why Mayo Clinic is the right place for your health care. Make an appointment.
Meet the StaffFind a directory of doctors and departments at all Mayo Clinic campuses. Visit now.
Research and Clinical TrialsSee how Mayo Clinic research and clinical trials advance the science of medicine and improve patient care. Explore now.
Visit Our SchoolsEducators at Mayo Clinic train tomorrow's leaders to deliver compassionate, high-value, safe patient care. Choose a degree.
Professional ServicesExplore Mayo Clinic's many resources and see jobs available for medical professionals. Get updates.
Give to Mayo ClinicYou are an essential partner in our work to find answers for our patients. Donate now.
Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations.
When you receive a diagnosis of prostate cancer, you may experience a range of feelings — including disbelief, fear, anger, anxiety and depression. With time, each man finds his own way of coping with a prostate cancer diagnosis. Until you find what works for you, try to:
Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. Proceeds from website advertising help support our mission. Mayo Clinic does not endorse non-Mayo products and services.
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Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic.


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regional news
News stories tagged with "electricity"
Insider Concerns about New York's Power Grid
Aug 22, 2003 — Concerns over the adequacy of New York's electric transmission grids were well known within the state's power industry well before last Thursday's black out, but few outside the industry paid much attention. Karen DeWitt reports. Go to full article
Blackout Draws Closer Scrutiny of Power Industry Deregulation
Aug 20, 2003 — Last week's massive power failure has brought closer scrutiny to the deregulation of the power industry in New York. Critics say there is not enough oversight of the selling and distribution of this essential commodity. Defenders of deregulation say more time is needed to let the free market system work. Karen DeWitt reports from Albany. Go to full article
Debate Continues over Power Plant Site Law
Aug 19, 2003 — Last week's blackout has drawn attention to the fact that New York State has no law in place to build new power plants. The power plant site law expired last December, and Governor Pataki and the legislature have been unable to agree on how to renew it. Karen DeWitt reports from Albany. Go to full article
State's Aged Power System Among Nation's Worst
Aug 18, 2003 — While there are many questions on what caused the black out on Thursday, many experts say power transmission lines in New York and elsewhere are outdated and neglected, and have been an accident waiting to happen. Karen DeWitt reports from Albany. Go to full article
Life Slowly Returns to Normal in Ontario
Aug 18, 2003 — It'll be anything but business as usual as Ontario struggles to return to work following last week's massive blackout. Millions of Ontarians had an unexpected day off Friday, and many will be off again today as stores, businesses and industry try to operate on half power. Martha Foley talks with Ottawa correspondent Karen Kelly. Go to full article
Power Failure Inconveniences Region, No Major Incidents
Aug 15, 2003 — Thursday's power failure caused inconvenience and alarm across much of the North Country, but there seems to have been little in the way of serious damage or injury. Brian Mann traveled through the Champlain Valley and the Adirondacks. Go to full article
Pataki: "Snow Day" for State Workers in NYC
Aug 15, 2003 — It's a "snow day" in August for state workers in New York City. That's what Governor Pataki says at a news conference this morning at in Albany. Pataki says power has been restored to upstate New York utility customers. He says the outage that blanketed much of the Northeast and southern Canada started somewhere in the Midwest, and not at a Niagara Mohawk facility in western New York. The Governor says he has some serious questions about the blackout. Go to full article
Group Calls For Nuke Plant Phaseout
Jul 31, 2003 — A group that promotes green energy says the electricity crisis across North America is going to get worse. And the group says refurbishing old nuclear power plants is not the answer. The Great Lakes Radio Consortium's Dan Karpenchuk reports. Go to full article
Alcoa Talks Continue
Apr 01, 2003 — State officials will resume talks next week with aluminum giant Alcoa about the future of the company's two plants in Massena. One of them nearly closed last December. 110 people were laid off. David Sommerstein reports. Go to full article
Report: States Should Turn Off Lights To Save Money
Feb 11, 2003 — State governments facing major budget problems are being urged to look for ways to trim their bottom line. The Great Lakes Radio Consortium's Chuck Quirmbach reports that some say simply flipping a switch will save taxpayer money. Go to full article
« first « previous 10 103-214 of 116 next -98 » last »


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Tackling Strong Foundations and Getting the Sturdy Home You Need
Pouring the Base
When building your strong foundation, there are some things to consider. A lot of these you can't overlook because there are rules and guidelines. It's a blessing in disguise because they are there to help. Like making sure your not digging too deep but also making sure you're digging deep enough. For example, make sure you're getting lower than the water level that that soil can take in. When pouring the foundation, pour the proper base levels and amount that is needed to ensure a good sturdy base for the whole home. There are so many things to make sure you're doing it just right, because cost and repairs will be involved if you don't do it right the first time.
Differences in Foundations
There are a lot of things to take into consideration when building a home. But what is one thing that no one wants to mess up on? The foundation. There are a few types that you can use, and you want to choose the right one. When I was building my home, reading books, talking to experts, and asking a lot of questions helped me tremendously. I learned many things that are simple but important to know. Depending on where you're building, and the type of soil you're building on makes all the difference in the foundation. Everyone needs to be smart about this and be sure to ensure a strong foundation in what you're going to be living in.
How About Green
I loved the way I built my home. I chose to go with green building. In any part of the building process, from the foundation up, I used every green and Eco-friendly product I could. It does end up costing a few more bucks, but it's worth it in the long run. These recycled Eco-friendly materials are built to last longer! I enjoy knowing that my home that won't need repair for years to come. It's worth it to spend the money in the beginning. Most importantly, no matter what you choose to go about building, make sure you have a strong foundation and proper knowledge of what you're doing before you mess up!
Don't Overlook
It's so easy to overlook things when building strong, sturdy foundations. I've been thinking about some of the things I had a hard time with when building my home. There were some troubles with getting the wrong measurements laid out for the digging process to lay the foundation. I never did it but I think it would be smart to get a contractor to come and check out things before you start the big projects. It's frustrating when your laying everything out and then you find a glitch in your measurements, no one wants that. Just do it right the first time to ensure a strong foundation! Also, make sure you have the funds to start and finish parts your projects.


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Police identify body found in Md.'s Choptank River
July 25, 2011 - 09:31 am
DENTON, Md. (AP) - Police in Maryland say the death of a Caroline County man whose body was found in the Choptank River near Denton is a homicide.
Maryland State Police identified the man on Monday as 71-year-old Louis Nichols of Denton. A man fishing in the river Sunday saw Nichols' body at about 11 a.m. and called authorities.
Troopers say Monday's autopsy determined the cause of death, but officers will not release that information because it could jeopardize the investigation.
Police say Nichols worked at a restaurant in Ridgely and was last seen about 10 p.m. on Saturday.
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View single post by Texas Defender | |||||||||||||
Posted: Sun Mar 20th, 2011 12:52 pm |
Texas Defender Member
BHR62- Re: the 33rd NC- perhaps these dedicated aficionados can give you more info: 33rd Regiment North Carolina Troops Descendants Association You can also find regimental history sites online for the 33rd NC that might give you info that you are looking for. Generally speaking, good sources about positions on battlefields include maps and whatever can be found on the battle in the ORs. In the case of Chancellorsville, many maps exist, and there is a section present in the ORs. Here is one set of maps. I'm sure that many more detailed ones can be found. A link to the section of the ORs is at the bottom of the page. Chancellorsville Battle Map Last edited on Sun Mar 20th, 2011 01:04 pm by Texas Defender |


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West Penn Hospital would have closed without Highmark deal
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In CO, a tale of two hospitals
Aspen Valley Hospital will give its employees an average pay increase of 2.4% this month, while the Vail Valley...
Twin Cities' Children's Hospital plans up to 250 job cuts
Children's Hospital says it plans to eliminate 200 to 250 jobs by mid-November, citing a drop in patients, an increase...
Metro Detroit hospital projects draw scrutiny
More than $1.3 billion in new hospital projects may give a boost to Metro Detroit's languishing economy, but could also...
Parkland expands incentive pay plan to about 160 hospital managers
About 160 top managers at Parkland Memorial Hospital will get a chance to split up to $2.8...
Awash in skepticism, Jackson Health System budget OK'd
With members expressing concern about the accuracy of financial projections and the lack of a long-term plan, Jackson...
Jackson Health System struggles to balance budget
As Jackson's governing board prepares to vote Monday on a proposed budget for 2011, its two money-losing nursing homes...
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Health pilot eyes a new approach to reimbursement
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Reserva Natural Laguna de Joyuda
The heart of the 300-acre Reserva Natural Laguna de Joyuda is a saltwater lagoon a mile long and a half mile wide, with a depth that rarely exceeds 4ft. The sanctuary is of great importance to waterfowl and other migratory birds that come here to prey on more than 40 species of fish. Humans come here for the same reason.


text:
Contact (DS)
Manufacturer: Atlus Part number: 40003
$39.95 at 1 online store
- CNET Editor rating: 3.0 stars Good
- Average user rating: 0 stars No reviews, write one!
- More product information:
- Editors' review
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- Manufacturer info
- Description:
- You are the missing link between the top and bottom screens! Unlike in others games, however in Contact, you (the player) are technically the "hero" of this game, while the main character really just runs around doing your bidding. Your adventure will progress as you interact with the top and bottom screens. The Professor will offer advice, which you can ... Read more
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| In stock Get free shipping on orders over $35.00 | Enter zip code to get total price: Price +Tax +Shipping =Total price | as of 03/16/2014 |
*Total price for the Contact (DS) are estimated and may vary slightly based on exact tax, shipping, manufacturer rebate or any sale/promotion on the merchant site.


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Watch The Glass House
The Glass House has several unique features that help differentiate the show from otherwise similar reality shows. The first differentiating factor is the house itself. The house is made entirely of glass and features cameras that track everything that happens within the house. The second factor is the fact that most of the decisions in the show are made by the viewers. The viewers vote for a variety of situations on the Glass House website. Prior to the beginning of the first season, the viewers voted on sleeping arrangements and team composition for the first challenge. The third major factor that sets this show apart from the competition is the introduction of live feeds. Throughout the week a person can go onto the website during certain times to view uncensored feeds of the house and the contestants.
A major component of each episode are the competitions. Each competition will result in two members of the losing team going up for elimination. The first person up for elimination is usually the team leader. The second person up for elimination is selected by the other contestants through anonymous voting. At the end of the episode both people are sent to limbo. Once in limbo it is up to the viewers to select one person that is allowed to return to the house. The viewers have all week to decide who will return, with the results of the voting being revealed at the beginning of the next episode. Another component is the question and answer phase. Every week each contestant is permitted to ask questions with only one word answers of the viewers. The other contestants can see the answers and who asked the question, but are not permitted to view the questions asked. Once again, the viewers have all week to answer the questions posted on the website.
In the end, The Glass House has aired despite threats of legal action from a competing network and reality show. Many of the show's elements will seem familiar to reality show fans. This show will likely attract those viewers who enjoy reality shows, but are also looking for some innovation in the genre.
Watch Full Episodes of The Glass House
The Glass House Full Episode Guide
In the first-season finale, the winner is awarded the grand prize of $250,000.
The players rappel down a building and must take notice of the contents in the room to later answer questions.
Two eliminated players return, and contestants are tempted to swap places with them.
The contestants compete in a challenge involving a twisted Skee-Ball ramp.


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see more news & events
At Capital we don't just ask, "What do you want to be?" For us it's more about, "Who do you want to be?" What kind of experiences do you want? What kind of values? What kind of future? We've helped graduates ask — and often answer — those questions for more than 180 years. Now it's your turn.


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» Scottish Division Three 2012-2013 : Results
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Manager James Ward is convinced Albion Rovers will be Scottish Cup semi-finalists after they take Rangers to a replay.
18:44 » BBC SportSt Johnstone face Aberdeen in the Scottish Cup semi-finals while Dundee United lie in wait for Rangers or Albion Rovers.
17:59 » BBC SportAlbion Rovers' Scottish Cup dreams remain alive after they take Rangers to a quarter-final replay.
17:34 » BBC SportRangers survived one of the most embarrassing results in their history when Bilel Mohsni's challenge on Albion Rovers goalkeeper Neil Parry resulted in a late equaliser in a 1-1 draw with the part-timers in their William Hill Scottish Cup quarter-final tie at Ibrox.
17:26 » Scotsman.comHIS day job is focused on helping deliver a memorable Commonwealth Games. But if he and his Albion Rovers team-mates can defy the odds this afternoon, 2014 could live long in Scott Chaplain's memory for another reason.
00:00 » Scotsman.comTOUGHER sanctions for dealing with the sort of racist abuse suffered by East Stirlingshire's Jordan Tapping at Peterhead are under review.
00:00 » Scotsman.comEast Stirling earn victory courtesy of Iain Thompson's penalty against Stirling Albion.
08 Mar » BBC SportRory McAllister-inspired Peterhead come from behind twice to see off Elgin.
08 Mar » BBC SportFirst-half goals from Brian McQueen, Stefan McClusky and Michael Daly help Clyde beat bottom side Queens Park 3-1.
08 Mar » BBC Sport


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Pipilotti Rist Catalogue
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"St. Marxer Friedhof," original S-8, film 4 min.
"Das Gute," original S-8, 9 min. film.
"I'm Not The Girl Who Misses Much," film, 5 min.
"Sexy Sad I," video, 7 min.
"Japsen," with Muda Mathis. video, 12 min.
"Les Reines Prochaines," several performances-concerts in collaboration with the group, through 1994.
"(Entlastungen) Pipilottis Fehler," video, 12 min. short version 8 min.
"Das zornige Lamm," with LRP and others. performance. St�ckf�rberei Basel. Basel, Switzerland.
"Die Tempodrosslerin saust," with Muda Mathis. video, 14 min.
"Die Tempodrosslerin saust," performance with LRP. Kunsthalle St. Gallen. St. Gallen, Switzerland.
"You Called Me Jacky," video, 4 min.
"Les Reines Prochaines," with Les Reines Prochaines (LRP) audiotape, 40 min.
"Jawohl, sie kann's. Sie hat's geschafft," LP/CD (BOY) and limit. sign. multiple with LRP.
"The Noise Downstairs," concept photography with Catrin Freisager and Computergrafik.
"Seien Sie Flugdame," performance. Procession and open air performance with LRP. Basel, Switzerland.
"Komm, Helvetia," video, 2 min.
"Jawohl, sie kann's. Sie hat's geschafft," performance with LRP. Galerie STAMPA. Basel, Switzerland.
"Die Lampe," performance with LRP. Kunsthaus Aarau.
"Das Haus im Kopf brennt," performance with LRP for the Werkbund. Sportstadion Basel. Basel, Switzerland.
"Pickelporno," video/film, 13 min.
"Alles Andere," � by Seefraue (Co-autorin). video, 38 min.
"Als der Bruder meiner Mutter geboren wurde, duftete es nach Birnenbl�ten vor dem braungebrannten Sims," video.
"Hellgr�ne Lyrik," audiotape, 3 min (12 min with LRP).
"Kompilation videos 86-92 Pipilotti Rist," video, 62 min, edition Galerie Walcheturm.
"Snow is falling: Die geheimsten Tr�ume unsrere Stars/Covergirls," performance with Mio Shirai for Rote Fabrik. Z�rich, Switzerland.
"Blutclip," video, 3 min.
"Lob Ehre Ruhm Dank," LP/CD (BOY) with LRP.
"Dumme Siech," Single-CD with LPR.
"I'm Not The Girl Who Misses Much," multiple Ed. Uwe Kraus, Oktagon, Stuttgart, edition Serial, videostills, photos 50 x 35cm from monitor. Zurich, Switzerland.
"Kaffemeer," sculpture with coffee automat and interactive monitor. SVB. Basel, Switzerland.
"I'm A Victim Of This Song," Video, 4 min 30.
"Fliegendes Zimmer," (Videoinstallation) Buchs SG, Switzerland.
"What's Wild?," peformance (featuring Anders Guggisberg) Closed Circuit with the public, Stedelijk Museum. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
"Perceptions/Situations," Centre Choreographique National de Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon. Montpellier, France.
"Er�ffung des Museumquartier-Areals," Kunsthalle Wien. Vienna, Austria.
"BDV," Programme vid�o by BDV. Paris, France.
"Frauen-Kurzfilmprogramm," Filmmuseum Postdam, Filmland Schweiz. Postdam, Denmark.
"The Cake is in Flames," Audio CD, 19 min 44 (featuring Anders Guggisberg).
"A Selection from the Last Decade," The Museum of Modern Art, Titus 1 Theater. New York, New York.
"Filmkiosk," video screening, Fotomuseum Winterthur. Winterthur, Switzerland.
"10th Biennale de l'Image en Mouvement," video screening, Centre pour l'image contemporaine. Saint-Gervais, Geneva, Switzerland.
"Wort und Bild Festival," video screening, Stein am Rhein, Switzerland.
"Seminarwoche Kunst und Architektur," video screening, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich. Zurich, Switzerland.
"Scala," Frauen Filminitiative. Munich, Germany.
"Ladyfest Trier," video screening. Curated by Schmukulla, Magda. Trier, Italy.
"Soundtracks de las video instalaciones de Pipilotti Rist," Audio CD. Subterfuge Records and Museo de Arte Contempor�neo de Castilla y L�on. Madrid, Spain.
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TweetEver apply for a credit card to score a great cash bonus or mileage offer, only to have your application denied? For some people, this may be the end of the road in getting their rewards, but for others, you can still take some quick and easy steps to nab that credit card. Know The [...]
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By: Channel 9 Eyewitness email@example.com
The idea for the Lewis and Clark Regional Water System was born 23 years ago. It was supposed to bring water to 20 communities in southeast South Dakota, northwest Iowa and southwest Minnesota. Right now, water is flowing to 11 of those communities. But the other nine may be out of luck. That's because federal funding for this federally approved project has essentially dried up.
Roughly one year ago, the Lewis and Clark Water Treatment Plant went on line just north of Vermillion. Every day, millions of gallons of Missouri River water flow into its system, heading for the 11 communities where pipeline work has been completed.Sheldon, Iowa is not one of those communities. "I don't have a what's next. We're certainly trying to find out what is next because we can't wait anymore," says Sheldon City Manager, Scott Wynja.
When the federal funding for the Lewis and Clark project began to dry up, Wynja and other city leaders held out hope it would be restored. So far, that hasn't happened.
Under the original plan, Sheldon should have started receiving Lewis and Clark water last year. No one can tell Wynja when the city's portion of water pipeline will be built and when water will begin flowing.
"We have no end game in sight right now. Based on the federal funding that we're receiving we're falling backwards every year right now. It gets worse every year. It's not getting any better," says Wynja.
The federal government agreed to pay 80% of Lewis and Clark construction costs if the 20 cities involved paid 10% and their states paid the other 10%. The cities and states investment is 100% paid. The same can not be said for the feds.
Troy Larson is the Executive Director of the Lewis and Clark Regional Water System. "We never in our wildest dreams thought we would be facing the situation we are," says Larson. That situation is this: the federal government's outstanding portion of Lewis and Clark construction totals over $200 million dollars.
For fiscal year 2014, the Obama administration has set aside for Lewis and Clark, $3.2 million dollars. "We're going nowhere. We are on a path to infinity. Right now, based on federal funding the last three years there's absolutely no scenario that Lewis and Clark is ever completed," says Larson. And for the 9 cities who are not receiving Lewis and Clark water, all of whom have paid 100% of their costs upfront, that realization is maddening. "We have no benefit of that as of right now," says Scott Wynja.
There have been serious discussions in Sheldon about abandoning Lewis and Clark all together. Demanding their money back, and doing something else.
"If we find another option and it's critical to us to get that other connection because we need the water, I think our council would be willing to pull the trigger," says Wynja.
Also looking for solutions, The Lewis and Clark Regional Water System itself, which is faced with the option of doing nothing at all, or moving forward and completing the project without the feds. That would mean the system itself would have to assume at least $200 million dollars in debt, if not more.
But if this project is to have any future, one of many "bad options" may have to be acted on.
Just this week, the U–S House approved $25 million dollars in federal funds for rural water projects like Lewis and Clark. It still has to be approved by the Senate.
If it is, that money would likely be spilt between six rural water projects. If it were split evenly Lewis and Clark would get $4 million dollars. That could be used to cover engineering costs but it's not enough to put more water pipeline in the ground.


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LSB Global ExperienceA global study component is strongly recommended for all business students, and Santa Clara University offers several programs for expanding understanding of the world's economic, political, and social structures as experienced by people living within them. Global Experience within the School of BusinessLed by Leavey School of Business faculty, courses include five classes during Spring Quarter, followed by two weeks in-country after the close of the academic year. The courses provide integration of business concepts with a deeper understanding of international political, economic, and social viewpoints. Complete the Online Application here » or download the PDF here » The Global Experiences for 2014 are:Doing Business in an Emerging Market : Vietnam
An understanding and experience in Vietnam, looking at characteristics of emerging markets and how the country is beginning to impact the global marketplace.. |
2012 Global Experience Spain
Application Info
Complete the Online Application here » or Download the 2014 LSB Global Experience application in PDF here » |


text: FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY TRENTON, NEW JERSEY HOWARD L. HUGHES, LIBRARIAN February 17, 1938. Miss Julia Ideson, Librarian, Public Library, Houston, Texas. Dear Miss Ideson: The enclosed item was found among some things recently given to the Library. If it is of interest to your library I would be glad to have you retain it with my compliments. Very sincerely yours, Howard L. Hughes Librarian. Enclosure.


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EDUCAUSE is the foremost community of higher education IT leaders and professionals.
In an age of connected learning, navigating the copyright landscape can be challenging. The following resources may help you as you attempt to answer key copyright questions about content use, re-use, distribution, creation, and more.
- EDUCAUSE Policy Topic: Intellectual Property
Looking to find out more about copyright, Fair Use, DMCA, and other legislation in this area? This page from the EDUCAUSE Policy office provides a useful overview of IP issues facing higher education. - EDUCAUSE Library: Copyright and IP Policies
Find model campus policies in the EDUCAUSE Library. - Copyright Timeline: A History of Copyright in the United States
This timeline from the Association of Research Libraries is a comprehensive look at the legal evolution of copyright law in the United States. - Copyright Crash Course
From the University of Texas Libraries, this online interactive guide points to copyright's role in the flow of research and teaching, and helps users understand ownership, management, and sharing of copyrights. - Know Your Copyrights
An online guide from ARL that "looks at copyright from the perspectives of all key academic stakeholders and suggests what each group can do to enhance their copyright practices and advance academic interests. - American University Center for Social Media: Codes of Best Practices in Fair Use
This site features a number of resources related to fair use, including teaching materials, codes of best practices, and other documents. Topics include OpenCourseWare, online video, academic and research libraries, and more. - Orphan Works and Mass Digitization
This Library of Congress site is a review of "the problem of orphan works under U.S. copyright law" and includes links to pertinent works. - ARL Copyright and Intellectual Property
This website provides helpful resources related to Fair Use, author rights, legislation, and international copyright and IP.
- Copyright Act of 1976
- Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998
- Digital Millennium Copyright Act
- DMCA FAQ(from the EDUCAUSE Campus Policy Working Group)
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- The TEACH Act amended the Copyright Act; see SEC. 13301. EDUCATIONAL USE COPYRIGHT EXEMPTION for that section of the law.
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- HathiTrust Copyright Case: Resources (EDUCAUSE)
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EDUCAUSE created a page that provides resources related to the Georgia State copyright case (Cambridge University Press et al. v. Patton et al.). This lawsuit brought by several publishers against Georgia State University involves the use of copyrighted materials in e-reserves in higher education, but the impact of the case and its potential results may be far more reaching. - UCLA Streaming Video Lawsuit
Library Items on this Topic
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- The HathiTrust Case and Appeal: A Policy Brief
June 10, 2013
On October 10, 2012, Judge Harold Baer of the U.S. District Court in New York ruled in favor of the HathiTrust Digital Library (HDL) and its university partners in a copyright infringement suit b…
- Brief of Amici Curiae Higher Education Associations in Support of Appellees HathiTrust, et al., and Affirmance
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In October 2012, Judge Harold Baer of the U.S. District Court in New York ruled in favor of the HathiTrust Digital Library (HDL) and its university partners in a copyright infringement suit broug…
- HathiTrust: The Collection and Its Uses
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John Wilkin and Sigrid Anderson Cordell provide an overview of HathiTrust and will discuss some uses of the materials in the repository. HathiTrust is the world's largest research libr…
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May 7, 2013
On April 24, 2013, House Judiciary Committee Chairman Robert Goodlatte (R-VA) announced that the Committee would conduct a comprehensive review of U.S. copyright law over the coming months. The…
- To Maus or Not to Maus: Technically, That Is the Question
May 6, 2013
Key Takeaways What should a Maus book owner do when he can't access the multiple copies he owns on all his various devices, including the newest, an iPad ? In …
- MOOCs and Intellectual Property: Ownership and Use Rights
April 8, 2013
Massively Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have become the buzzword these days. Besides the interest and the hype associated with MOOCs, campuses are having serious discussions about the opportuniti…
- We Love E-Books!
April 1, 2013
Carrie Rampp is Director of Library Services and Instructional Technology at Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. True confession: I really love e-books. They are so conven…
- Copyright Alert System Utilized in Infringement Lawsuit
April 5, 2013
The Copyright Alert System (CAS), which is a partnership between copyright owners and Internet Service Providers (ISPs), went into effect on February 25, 2013. The goal of the CAS is to cut…
- The Next Great Copyright Act
March 20, 2013
On March 20, 2013, Register of Copyrights, Maria Pallante, testified before the House Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property and the Internet where she advocate…


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2013 MINI Hardtop AT 0% APR*2013 Cooper Hardtop
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Motorers' Opinions
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If you live in the Las Vegas, North Las Vegas, or Henderson, Nevada area and are looking for a new or used MINI at a great price, then you have come to the right place. We're always here to help with advice and expert MINI service and maintenance. Stop by our Southern Nevada MINI Cooper showroom to experience what it's like to be behind the wheel of your favorite MINI car. Please feel free to contact us anytime you have questions.
Your Henderson MINI Dealer is MINI of Las Vegas
Browse our inventory online or stop by for a no hassle showing and test drive at 5750 West Sahara Avenue just minutes from downtown Las Vegas. We are located just west of I-15 and south of I-515 across the street from Westview Plaza. We are just a few minutes Northwest of Henderson off of Highway 95. We invite you down to take a look at our excellent inventory of new and used cars. See our hours and direction for store details and driving directions when you plan your visit.
Las Vegas and Henderson New Cars - Your Nevada MINI Cooper Dealer
Just because your budget requirements have you looking for a good deal on a used car, you don't have to skimp on quality. Our used car inventory has something for everyone. MINI of Las Vegas brings metro area drivers an extensive selection of used MINI cars available now at our MINI dealership. Come see us today and take a look at our used MINI and Certified Pre-owned car inventory. Every Certified Pre-owned MINI receives a comprehensive safety inspection for years of reliable service.
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text:
Rental Quick Search
Long Term Rentals
Park City Events
Spring Concert Series: The Drunken Hearts | ||||||||
| Folks around the West are buzzing about Andrew McConathy and The Drunken Hearts. Forged high in the mountains of Colorado and spawned on the banks of the Colorado River, you'll find trouble bottling their country-rock sound. The band infuses spirited vocals with guitar, upright bass, drums, fiddle, keys, banjo and electric guitar. The Drunken Hearts' honest brand of alternative mountain music resonates deep within. The band just released their debut EP Live for Today - produced by Railroad Earth's Tim Carbone. The album features Carbone as well as guitar master Scott Law.
NOTE: No outside alcohol is allowed in for spring concerts. Food and beverage options are available in the Resort Village, so don't worry! And, please carpool. |


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San Antonio Spurs
Heat Have Been Here Before
The Miami Heat have been playing the entire 2012-2013 season with a mentality of championship or bust. After dropping Game 5 of the NBA Finals, the Heat's proverbial backs are against the wall and the championship dreams are close to becoming another Finals nightmare.
Manu Ginobili Sparks Spurs To Game 5 Win
Manu Ginobili ran onto the floor as fans stood and screamed. He went to the bench, and they chanted his name. The sights and sounds of so many San Antonio spring nights were back Sunday — and the real party might be just a few days away.
Spurs KO Heat; Lead Series 3-2
The Miami Heat came back to the AT&T Center looking to take a 3-2 lead with the series set to return to South Florida. Instead, the Spurs' hot shooters stayed hot and San Antonio's 114-104 victory sends the series back to South Florida.
LeBron Answers Critics In Game 4
Miami Heat superstar and NBA Most Valuable Player LeBron James looked like a shell of himself in Game 3 of the 2013 NBA Finals against the San Antonio Spurs. He promised he would play better in Game 4 and just like the mailman, he delivered.
Big 3 Help Heat Even NBA Finals With Spurs
Miami Heat owner Micky Arison had a message as he walked to the winning locker room.
Heat Handle Spurs 109-93; Finals Coming Back To Miami
The Miami Heat entered Game 4 of the 2013 NBA Finals against the San Antonio Spurs knowing they couldn't lose and go down 3-1 in the series and have a chance of winning the Larry O'Brien trophy. But the Heat's Big Three responded like the three All-Stars that they are, combining for 82 points and lead Miami to a 109-93.
Fatigue May Keep Miami From Repeating
After getting blown off the floor by the San Antonio Spurs in Game 3 of the NBA Finals; the Miami Heat have been looking for a solution to its problems. That's where Nate Silver, of 538 Blog, comes in, and he may have a simple answer for Miami fans.
Spurs Point Guard Tony Parker To Play In Game 4
Spurs guard Tony Parker will play in Game 4 of the NBA Finals after his availability was in doubt because of a mild right hamstring strain.
5 Things Learned In Game 3 Of The NBA Finals
Five things to take away from the San Antonio Spurs' 113-77 win over the Miami Heat in Game 3 of the NBA Finals on Tuesday night:
Role Players Dominating NBA Finals
In a NBA Finals featuring multiple first-ballot future Hall of Famers, the story of the series has been the phenomenal play of the role players for the San Antonio Spurs and the Miami Heat.


text:
More New and Used
from Private Sellers
Review Card for On Course Success Strategies
by Downing, Skip6th
Wadsworth Publishing
List Price: $8.33
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Questions About This Book?
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This is the 6th edition with a publication date of 2/11/2010.
What is included with this book?
- The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any CDs, lab manuals, study guides, etc.


text:
Things to see and do - Sandwich
Leaving for Great Britain
Where to sleep?
Sandwich Hotel tips
The Bell Hotel from75 £
Book -
The Salutation from160 £
Sandwich Travel guide
Sandwich : Michelin's recommendations
This fascinating medieval town, still partly surrounded by its earthen ramparts, seems to have changed little since the River Stour began to silt up in the 15C. The houses of all periods huddle around its three churches: St Clement's, flanked by a Norman arcaded tower, St Peter's, crowned with a Flemish-type dome, and St Mary's. Note also the picturesque barbican guarding the river crossing and the medieval Fishermen's Gate on the quayside.
Tourist attractions Sandwich : Things to see and do
Richborough Roman Fort
rd. Off Richborough GB - Sandwich CT13 9JW
Richborough Roman Fort was erected during the Roman invasion and is where Emperor Claudius' invading forces probably landed in AD 43. Roman Rutupiae remained one of the province's most important ports, and was later the headquarters of the troops res..
Hotels Sandwich
The Salutation
Knightrider Street GB - Sandwich CT13 9EW
A charming manor house, The Salutation is set in the historic town of Sandwich, just 5 minutes' drive from Sandwich Bay. With free parking on-site and free Wi-Fi access, it also boasts a TV lounge for guests to relax in and a terrace overlooking the ..
The Bell Hotel
The Quay GB - Sandwich CT13 9EF
On the quayside, overlooking the river, in the historic port of Sandwich, this recently refurbished traditional hotel offers free Wi-Fi, an impressive restaurant and elegant, modern rooms. Stylish and comfortable, the Bell Hotel now has a chic, mode..
Restaurants Sandwich
Old Dining Room
The Quay GB - Sandwich CT13 9EF
Hotel dining room of grand proportions, set within a coolly modernised Victorian property overlooking the River Stour. Classical cooking relies on seasonal ingredients sourced from local suppliers, including lots of seafood and fish.


text:
I am now inside your mind.
Posts tagged screen caps
Take a Screen Capture on your iPhone or iPod Touch
14 years ago
Ever need to capture what you see on your iPhone or iPod touch? Need to show step-by-step directions in your blog or email whats going on to tech support? On the older iPod touch versions, you had to install a third-party app to get it done. Not anymore! (more…)


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Merkel urges tax cuts to boost German growth
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BERLIN (Reuters) - Chancellor Angela Merkel said on Tuesday Germany needs to stimulate domestic economic demand and urged opposition parties to stop blocking proposed tax cuts in the upper house of parliament.
Merkel told business leaders Germany should end the automatic progression of workers into ever higher tax brackets due to inflation, which siphons more than 20 billion euros out of the economy each year. She also renewed her calls for cuts in pension contributions as another way to boost purchasing power.
"Growth in Germany can at the moment be stimulated by an increase in domestic demand more than anything else," she said.
Germany has come under pressure to boost domestic demand to relieve pressure on the euro zone's struggling periphery during the sovereign debt crisis. Merkel has also encouraged German firms to give their employees higher wage increases this year.
The battle over whether to cut taxes is also shaping up into a key issue ahead of next year's federal election, where Merkel will be seeking a third term.
In Germany's tax code, "bracket creep" generates billions of euros in revenues for the treasury because tax brackets are not adjusted for inflation.
The system has not been changed since 1958 and the state took in an extra 76 billion euros from 2005 to 2010. It has been taking in about 22 billion euros a year since 2010.
Merkel's government wants to reform the tax code to reduce the impact of "bracket creep", but the opposition has blocked that in the upper house Bundesrat, where Merkel's center-right coalition government has no majority.
In May, the Bundesrat blocked 6 billion euros worth of tax cuts that would have addressed this issue. The opposition Social Democrats (SPD) said it was irresponsible to cut taxes at a time of budget consolidation.
Even though Germany long seemed immune to the slowdown gripping much of Europe due to the euro zone debt crisis, its economy has started to cool appreciably this year.
Growth in Germany dropped to 0.3 percent in the second quarter from 0.5 percent in the first. The government is expected to cut on Wednesday its expectations for growth next year to 1 percent from a previous 1.6 percent.
Merkel said there was also a need to reform the surcharge levied on consumers to pay for renewable power after Germany's four high-voltage network operators announced on Monday that it would rise 47 percent to 5.3 cents per kw/h next year.
Merkel said it was not right that so many companies were exempt from the surcharge, throwing her weight behind critics of the system who complain the exemptions are responsible for the planned steep increase from 3.6 cents per kw/h in 2012.
"We've got to take another look at this and see if it was right to give so many corporate exemptions to companies that are not facing international competition," Merkel said. "Right now there are more companies exempted than are facing international competition."
She said the Renewable Energy Act (EEG) that has helped make Germany a world leader in renewable energy - getting 25 percent of its electricity from wind, solar and biomass - needed to be reformed because of the sharply rising surcharge costs.
"I see an urgent need to reform the Renewable Energy Act," she said.
(Additional reporting by Gareth Jones and Andreas Rinke; editing by Stephen Nisbet)
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- Merkel raps Putin as Russian forces tighten grip on Crimea |