text:
This is a preprint of an article accepted for publication in Wound Repair and Regeneration c 2008 Wound Healing Society A Review of Fibroblast Populated Collagen Lattices John C. Dallon, Ph.D1 and H. Paul Ehrlich, Ph.D1 1Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA To whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: email@example.com. Permanent address: Department of Mathematics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-6539, Fax: (801) 422-0504 Running Title: Fibroblast Populated Collagen Lattices Keywords: collagen, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, contraction, lattices 1 Abstract Bell s introduction of the fibroblast populated collagen lattice (FPCL) (1) has facilitated the study of collagen-cell interactions. As a result of the numerous modifications of the casting of FPCL s, the in vivo applications of these in vitro findings has been confusing. Here experimental FPCL contraction findings are viewed in regard to three proposed mechanisms responsible for lattice contraction. The cellular mechanisms responsible for generating FPCL contraction are: cell contraction, cell tractional forces related to cell locomotion, and initial cell elongation and spreading. 2 Introduction To better study the behavior of cells, a more in vivo-like environment was introduced by Ehrmann and Gey (2), who maintained cells on a natural collagen substrate rather than a glass surface. Elsdale and Bard (3) continued the investigations of cultured cells in a more in vivolike environment by plating cultured fibroblasts on a collagen lattice. They reported activity of motile cells within a lattice makes a disturbance, causing a gradual collapse of the lattice to a dense, opaque body less than one-tenth of the original size. Differences are found in the physiology and morphology of fibroblasts maintained in a monolayer culture compared to fibroblasts suspended in a 3 dimensional collagen matrix. In 1979, Bell and coworkers (4) introduced the fibroblast populated collagen lattices (FPCL) as a dermal equivalent. It was the dermal component of the skin equivalent, a bioengineered skin graft substitute for burn patients (1). The skin equivalent was not successful as a skin graft for burn patients, but has had clinical related value as an in vitro model for the study of wound healing contraction and cell-matrix interactions. The FPCL contraction model demonstrates the ability of resident cells to reduce the volume of collagen lattices. Since Bell s introduction of the FPCL contraction model, many modifications in the manufacture of lattices have been reported. As a consequence of the various methods of casting FPCLs, using the model to understand fibroblast collagen interactions in vivo has become confusing and unclear. Here the assumption is made that there are three mechanisms for FPCL contraction: cell contraction, cell tractional forces related to locomotion, and initial cultured cell elongation and spreading. Which of the three cellular mechanisms is responsible for most of FPCL contraction depends on the method used to manufacture the lattice. The paper is organized in the following manner. First, the differences between the two phenotypes of fibroblasts which are commonly found in FPCLs are reviewed, followed by a description of the main two lattice types which concludes the introduction. Next is a description of the three mechanisms of lattice contraction, followed by a review of the effects of soluble factors, cadherins, and integrins on FPCL contraction. The focus is on contraction in the first 48 hrs after lattices are cast or released. The paper ends with a discussion. Searching for the mechanism of wound contraction, Majno and coworkers first identified the fibroblast phenotype, myofibroblasts in 1971 (5). Many features of the myofibroblast phenotype distinguish it from the fibroblast phenotype. Myofibroblasts, the cell icon of fibrosis, exhibit characteristics of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. A major morphological characteristic of myofibroblasts is cytoplasmic stress fibers, containing the -smooth muscle actin ( -SMA) isoform of actin (6). Fibroblast cytoplasmic microfilaments are composed of - actin, lacking -SMA. In addition, there are differences in the types of cadherins and integrins expressed. Cadherins are transmembrane proteins involved in cell-cell adhesion, and integrins are involved in cell-matrix adhesion. N-cadherin is expressed in fibroblasts, while OB-cadherin is expressed in myofibroblasts (7). The OB-cadherin is a feature of mesenchymal cells during embryonic development (8). The significance of these differences in cadherins expressed between fibroblasts and myofibroblasts is not clear. Both OB-cadherins (9) and N-cadherins (10) 3 are reported to be associated with migrating cells. The major integrin that binds fibroblasts to native collagen is 2 1 integrin. In contrast, myofibroblasts express little 2 1 (11). The 2 1 integrin is reported to be critical for free floating FPCL contraction (11 14). Myofibroblasts, with stress fibers containing -SMA, exert greater forces than the fibroblast phenotype whose stress fibers do not contain -SMA (15). Fibroblasts initially plated at low density in monolayer culture convert to myofibroblasts upon reaching confluence (16). Polymerizing a collagen gel over a myofibroblast monolayer causes the conversion of the myofibroblasts into fibroblasts (11). The method of casting a FPCL determines which mechanism of contraction will cause most of the contraction of the lattice as well as determines the prevalent cell phenotype in the lattice. A free-floating (FF) FPCL, referred to as a relaxed lattice, is mainly populated with fibroblasts. The relaxed FPCL introduced by Bell et. al. (4) is cast in Petri dishes and released soon after manufacture. Within the first 4 to 6 hrs, the freshly isolated cultured fibroblasts, having an initial spherical shape, elongate and spread within the collagen matrix. The fibroblasts retain an elongated and spread morphology as the lattice contracts. During the active process of relaxed FPCL contraction, like open wound contraction in vivo, there is no observable contraction of fibroblasts. In contrast, Tomasek and coworkers introduced the attached-delayed-released (ADR)-FPCL, a stressed FPCL (17). These FPCLs are cast in tissue culture dishes, where they remain attached to the underlying surface. The attached FPCLs are maintained in this attached state for 4 days. During those 4 days, the fibroblasts develop tension and differentiate into myofibroblasts. When the stressed FPCLs are released on day 4, the released FPCLs contract very rapidly, with most of the contraction being completed within 10 min. The mechanism for ADR lattice contraction, like the released of splinted open wounds in rats, is by the contraction of cells, mainly myofibroblasts (18). The stressed FPCL contains myofibroblasts like granulation tissue, but unlike the contracting full excisional open wound, the released, stressed FPCL is populated with contracted cells. This is not surprising since in contracting wounds there is never a sudden release of tension allowing the cells under tension to suddenly contract. Mechanisms for FPCL Contraction Themainmechanism responsible for generating FPCL contraction is dependent upon themethod used to cast FPCLs. All three mechanisms involve the elimination of water from between collagen fibrils, leading to the compaction of the collagen fibrils. The three mechanisms are cell contraction, cell tractional forces related to cell locomotion, and initial cultured cell elongation and spreading. Although fibroblasts are associated with all three mechanisms, because they are the initial and more motile cell type they are commonly responsible for the last two mechanisms of cell contraction. The mechanism of lattice contraction via cell contraction is more commonly associated with the myofibroblast phenotype. 4 Cell Contraction Mechanism One mechanism for FPCL contraction is cell contraction. In this mechanism, a FPCL is contracted as cells, which are under tension, contract their cell bodies and thus contract the lattice immediately surrounding the cells. Although both fibroblasts and myofibroblasts can contract lattices in this manner, exposing fibroblasts to tension is one method of converting them to the myofibroblast phenotype. Thus this mechanism is typically associated with myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts maintain the tension along their bodies by sustained myosin ATPase activity. Myosin ATPase activity causes the sliding of actin-myosin filaments, which generates tension and cell contraction (19). Myosin ATPase activity is optimized by the phosphorylation of the serine-19 of the myosin regulatory peptide, myosin light chain (MLC). The phosphorylation of MLC serine-19 is primarily by the calmodulin dependent myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). MLC serine-19 phosphate turns over by the action of MLC phosphatase. Rho kinase phosphorylation of MLC phosphatase inhibits its phosphatase activity, maintaining MLC in a chronic or sustained phosphorylated state (20). Rho kinase has limited MLC serine-19 kinase activity and also phosphorylates MLC at serine 19. The Rho kinase activity is intracellular location dependent , acting in the center of the cell and absent from the cell s periphery (20). Myofibroblast generated cell contractile forces are by sustained myosin ATPase activity. The Rho kinase activity in myofibroblasts shifts the MLC to a chronic phosphorylated state, resulting in habitual tension. The inhibition of serine-19 MLC phosphate turnover is the hallmark of sustained myosin-ATPase activity, a characteristic of myofibroblasts (21). Simple calculations can determine if this mechanism is feasible. For instance, if one assumes that myofibroblasts contract a specific amount (100 m) in a one time cell contraction, a comparison of the predicted contraction and the experimental data should be of the same magnitude. Taking into consideration the cell density of each experiment but neglecting the different concentration of collagen, a predicted contraction would be 56 percent compared to the 45-50 percent observed contraction (7), 50 percent compared to 44 percent, 62 percent compared to 64 percent, 79 percent compared to 70 percent (17), and a predicted 37 percent compared to the observed contraction of 60-71 percent (22). The theoretical predictions are reasonably close to the observed values in most cases. Here the predicted change is a volume change, and the observed change is a change in area. The comparison is made without a 2/3 power correction since in the ADR-FPCL manufacture of a lattice the resulting lattice is very thin. When the lattice is released the thickness seems to stay the same or increase. Mechanism of Cell Locomotion caused Tractional Forces Another mechanism for contracting FPCLs is through the tractional forces exerted on a lattice by the fibroblast s locomotion forces. Rapid myosin ATPase activity is associated with generating cell locomotion (22). The rapid phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of MLC serine-19 requires MLCK and MLC phosphatase activities. An illustration of tractional force is the wrinkling of the surface of an elastic-silicone-thin-film (23). The mechanism for fibroblast induced 5 Figure 1: Schematic of the phosphoroylation of the myosin light chain (20). The Rho pathways are active in myofibroblasts shifting the system to a state where there is less dephosphorylaton of the myosin light chain resulting in sustained tension. relaxed-FPCL contraction is through the compacting of collagen fibers by bundling thin collagen fibrils into thicker collagen fibers. Fibroblasts via its cell surface 2 1 integrin attach to collagen fibrils. The integrin-collagen fibril complex is attached to the cytoplasmic microfilaments, which under myosin ATPase activity contract, pulling the integrin-collagen complex over the cell s plasma membrane. Microfilament contraction causes the translocation of collagen fibrils to become parallel with the fibroblast s membrane. Hence the organization of the collagen fibers mimics the orientation of the fibroblasts. The process promotes the compaction of collagen fibrils into long thicker collagen fibers. Polarized light optics at the periphery of the fibroblast shows the collagen fiber birefringence pattern is parallel to the cell. Cell Elongation Mechanism The final mechanism is that of cell elongation. The cell elongation and spreading mechanism of FPCL contraction occurs within the first 4 hrs after casting a FPCL. The monolayer tissue cultured fibroblast released by trypsin is initially a spherical cell. When it attaches and elongates within a newly polymerized collagen lattice, it generates forces that translocate the collagen 6 fibrils. This occurs in both moderate and high cell density lattices. In moderate cell density lattices, the forces are not great enough to continue contracting the lattice and the cell locomotion mechanism takes over. The forces generated from a high density of cells by cell elongation and spreading is great enough to cause a decrease in lattice area as well as thickness. The elongating fibroblasts pull collagen fibrils toward them, which leads to the compaction of the collagen, where water is squeezed from between the fibrils. There is neither organization of collagen nor is there any cell contraction associated with this mechanism of lattice contraction. In the cell elongation mechanism, the published data indicates that for a 0.5 ml lattice with a density of 0.5 105 cells per ml the area of the lattice is reduced to 90 percent at 6 hrs and 70 percent at 8 hrs. Similarly for a lattice with 5 105 cells per ml the area is reduced to about 33 percent of the original lattice size in 6 to 8 hrs (24). If one considers a dimensional argument, in the high density case each cell roughly reduces a volume of (100 m)3 to an volume of (58 m)3. Assuming that during cell elongation cells reduce lattice volume by the same amount, the lower density case should have an area (here the 2/3 power correction is used since volume and area reductions are being compared) of 80 percent the original in 6 to 8 hrs. This is consistent with the data. One would expect the cell elongation to take 4 to 8 hrs which is again consistent with the data. In experiments by Stopack and Harris, fibroblasts wrinkled silicon substrates after elongating but not in the process of elongation (23). This would suggest that the forces involved in cell elongation are weaker than those in cell locomotion and less effective in contracting lattices. Since the cells would be reaching out in all directions and drawing the collagen inward, in cell elongation, the collagen would not be organized, which is the case. Effects of Soluble Factors A healing wound contains a plethora of cytokines and other soluble factors, which influence fibroblast behavior. Affecting wound contraction via the introduction of soluble agents is an approach for elucidating the mechanism for wound contraction. An agent that inhibits FPCL contraction is expected to inhibit or promote wound contraction in vivo. A summary of agents that affect FPCL contraction are listed in Table 1. The disruption of cytoskeletal structures and/or cell locomotion affects FPCL contraction. Cytochalasin B disrupts microfilaments (25) and colchicine disrupts microtubules. Both these agents inhibit relaxed-FPCL contraction (4). Cytochalasin B blocks lattice contraction with high cell density lattices, which is dependent upon a mechanism of cell elongation and spreading (24, 26). Colchicine disruption of microtubules inhibits directional fibroblast locomotion (27). Unlike cytochalasin, colchicine does not affect the high-density, cell elongation mechanism of lattice contraction (28). High-density FPCL contraction that requires only cell elongation as the mechanism for lattice contraction is susceptible to the disruption of microfilaments, but not the disruption of microtubules. Agents that alter the phosphorylation state of MLC at serine-19 will influence myosin AT- 7 Pase activity, which is required for lattice contraction via cell locomotion as well as the cell contraction mechanism. Increasing intracellular concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) promote Protein Kinase A that phosphorylates MLCK. The phosphorylation of MLCK inhibits its kinase activity which presents the phosphorylation ofMLC at serine-19 (29). Phosphorylated MLCK can not bind to calcium-saturated-calmodulin, which is required for optimizing MLCK activity. In the absence of MLCK activity there is reduced myosin ATPase activity, which retards cell locomotion, but not sustained myosin ATPase activity or cell elongation (22, 24). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), forskolin, cholera toxin, and pentoxifylline (PTX) increase the intracellular concentration of cAMP, which affects cell motility and lattice contraction. PGE2 as well as forskolin and cholera toxin inhibits relaxed-FPCL contraction (30 32). Addition of dibutyryl cAMP, which is a form of cAMP that can pass through cell plasma membranes and accumulate within the cell, raises intracellular cAMP levels, leading to inhibited relaxed-FPCL contraction (31, 33). PTX, a nonspecific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, increases intracellular cAMP levels and inhibits relaxed-FPCL contraction (34 37). Elevated cytoplasmic levels of cAMP that inhibit MLCK phosphorylation and reduce myosin ATPase activity can be overcome by directly introducing, by electroporation, calcium-calmodulin-independent-MLCK protein into fibroblasts prior to their incorporation into relaxed-FPCL. Such relaxed-FPCL do not require calcium-saturated calmodulin binding for generating myosin ATPase activity and demonstrate normal lattice contraction (32). Levels of tyrosine phosphorylation affect FPCL contraction. Genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (38), inhibits relaxed-FPCL contraction but does not stressed-FPCL contraction (22). Genistein is also effective at inhibiting relaxed high cell density FPCL contraction (39) which suggests that tyrosine phosphorylation is important for cell spreading and elongation. Tyrosine phosphorylation affects smooth muscle contraction (40, 41), the formation of cytoplasmic stress fibers, and focal adhesions (42). Vanadate blocks protein tyrosine phosphatases, leading to the retention of phosphorylated tyrosine in proteins (43). Vanadate inhibits stressed-FPCL contraction, but does not inhibit relaxed-FPCL or high cell density FPCL contraction (39). In fibroblast cultures vanadate prevents the formation of stress fibers, the expression of -SMA and the transformation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Vanadate treated stressed-FPCL do not contain myofibroblasts, which explains their failure to undergo lattice contraction through a cell contraction mechanism. The relaxed-FPCL, which contracts through fibroblast generated tractional forces contain cells that lack stress fibers with -SMA , will undergo contraction in the presence of vanadate. Rats topically or systemically treated with vanadate show normal wound contraction in the absence of myofibroblasts (44, 45). The granulation tissue fibroblasts from vanadate treated open wounds do not have stress fibers or express -SMA (44). Soluble agents that block gap junction intercellular communications (GJIC) like heptanol, octanol and endosulfan inhibit relaxed-FPCL contraction (24, 28). Endosulfan inhibits GJIC, possibly by disrupting the normal phosphorylation activity associated with gap junction formation (46). These GJIC uncouplers have minimal effect upon cell elongation and do not change high cell density FPCL contraction (24). Fibroblasts derived from mice, who fail to express connexin 43, the protein that makes up the gap junction structure, show a limited capacity of 8 contracting relaxed-FPCL (28). TGF 1 and TGF 2 promote relaxed-FPCL contraction (47, 48). Tamoxifen, a synthetic non steroidal anti-estrogen agent, which inhibits TGF activity, inhibits relaxed-FPCL contraction (49). Peroxynitrite increases the synthesis of TGF by fibroblasts. When included in the casting of relaxed-FPCLs, there was enhanced lattice contraction (50). The mechanism for TGF enhancement of lattice contraction is not clear with relaxed-FPCL since they undergo lattice contraction in the absence of myofibroblasts or -SMA expression (6). Bell and coworker showed that cell proliferation was not linked to enhanced relaxed-FPCL contraction (4) in the first 48 hrs. Cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) inhibits DNA synthesis, stopping cell proliferation and promoting cell entrance into apoptosis (51). Low concentrations of Ara-C do not affect relaxed-FPCL contraction (4). The growth factor PDGF enhances the contraction of high cell density FPCLs, which supports the notion that PDGF promotes cell elongation. PDGF does not affect the contraction of relaxed-FPCLs with moderate cell density levels (24, 52). Agents that affect cell metabolism have been examined in lattice contraction studies (53). Neither antimycin A or dinitrophenol, which block aerobic metabolism show any affect on relaxed-FPCL contraction, when glucose was available. Both of these inhibit aerobicmetabolism of glucose. The energy needed for lattice contraction was made available by anaerobicmetabolism. If culture medium had pyruvate substituted for glucose, antimycin A was effective at blocking relaxed-FPCL contraction. Likewise, iodoacetamide, a substance that blocks anaerobic metabolism, inhibits relaxed-FPCL contraction. This suggests that aerobic metabolism is not necessary for lattice contraction, where relaxed-FPCL contraction proceeds by the energy provided by anaerobic metabolism. Modulation of calmodulin dependent reactions will alter relaxed-FPCL contraction. Calcium regulates the myosin ATPase activity via saturating calmodulin, which promotes optimal MLCK phosphorylation of MLC. When relaxed-FPCLs are treated with verapamil or nifedipine, calcium ion channel blockers (54), lattice contraction is inhibited (53). Similarly W-7, a specific inhibitor of calmodulin-dependent reactions (55), blocks relaxed-FPCL contraction (53). MLCK dependent myosin ATPase activity is crucial for relaxed-FPCL contraction. It is reported that at seven days, matrix metalloproteinases affect lattice contraction (56). There is no information about these proteinases affecting lattice contraction at 48 hrs. Effects of Cadherins and Integrins Experimental data show integrins are critical for lattice contraction, where relaxed-FPCLs treated with a monoclonal antibody to 2 1 integrin show inhibited lattice contraction. However, with high cell density populated FPCLs the 2 1 integrin does not play a roll in lattice contraction (14, 24). The presence of the 2 1 integrin is important for generation of tractional forces but does not play a role in the elongation of newly introduced fibroblasts into a collagen lattice. Antibodies to 1 1, 5 1, and 3 1 integrins do not affect relaxed-FPCL contraction. An 9 antibody to the 1 integrin protein retards relaxed-FPCL contraction, which shows the 1 integrin protein requires a specific integrin protein partner. The 2 1 integrin contains both 2 and 1 integrin proteins, which is the critical combination for relaxed-FPCL contraction, while other integrin proteins do not partner with the integrin protein to promote relaxed-FPCL contraction. Cell-cell adhesions typically involve calcium dependent cadherin-cadherin interactions. The N-cadherin is the major cadherin isoform in fibroblasts, while OB cadherin is the prevalent isoform in myofibroblasts. Stressed-FPCL treated with an antibody direct to OB-cadherin show impaired lattice contraction, while N-cadherin treated antibody stressed-FPCLs contract normally (7). These experiments show cell-cell contacts are important for lattices contracted by the cell contraction mechanism, but cadherins are not critical for lattices, involving a tractional force mechanism. Discussion The evidence indicates that FPCL contraction has multiple mechanisms, which may or may not be related to open wound contraction. The mechanism for lattice contraction seems to be dependent upon the method used in the manufacture of the lattice. This paper reviews some of the experimental data that demonstrate the 3 mechanisms responsible for lattice contraction: cell contraction, cell locomotion and cell elongation. Stressed-FPCLs contract through a cell contraction mechanism. Relaxed-FPCLs having a moderate cell density contract through a tractional force mechanism that is related to cell locomotion. Relaxed-FPCLs with a high cell density contract through a cell elongation and spreading mechanism. Fibroblast spreading and elongation is involved in all FPCL contraction studies. However, the forces generated by cell elongation are weak compared to the forces of cell contraction and cell locomotion. Because cells are initially rounded when cast into a collagen lattice, it is necessary for them to elongate and spread out within the collagen matrix. High concentrations of fibroblasts undergoing cell elongation are necessary to generate enough force to cause lattice contraction. The forces of cell contraction or cell locomotion by tractional forces are great enough that fewer cells are needed to produce lattice contraction. In stressed-FPCL contraction, the change in lattice area is rapid completed in minutes. Likewise, the contraction of densely populated FPCL is rapid completed within hours. The contraction of relaxed-FPCL with a moderate cell density is slow and completed in days. Wound contraction of a full thickness wound is a slow process, usually completed in weeks. One must be careful in applying the results of the findings from in vitro experiments to in vivo clinical problems. Examples are the findings that PDGF promoted wound contraction and vanadate will inhibit wound contraction. PDGF promotes open wound closure by advancing reepithelialization, not through wound contraction (57). The closure of full thickness wounds in vanadate treated rats is identical to wound contraction in untreated rats. Vanadate inhibits stressed-FPCL contraction but does not interfere with relaxed-FPCL contraction. In the closure 10 Table 1: Effect of Drugs on Fibroblast Lattice Contraction Drug Details Contraction Effect on Cells Mechanism Reference Cytochalasin B Relaxed none blocks actin filaments growth reduces motility (4, 24, 26) Vinblastine Relaxed none blocks actin filament growth reduces motility (53) Colchicine Relaxed less disrupts microtubule formation reduces motility (28) Colcemid Relaxed less disrupts microtubule formation reduces motility (4, 26) Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Relaxed less increases cAMP reduces motility (30) Forskolin Relaxed less activates adenylate cyclase reduces motility (30 32) dibutyryl cAMP Relaxed less increases cAMP reduces motility (31, 33) Cholera Relaxed less activates adenylate cyclase reduces motility (31, 32) Pentoxifylline (PTX) +Relaxed-Burn less inhibits phosphodiesterase reduces motility (34, 36) Relaxed less (35) Iodoacetamide Relaxed none blocks anaerobic metabolism (53) Verapimal Relaxed less blocks calcium ion channel reduces motility (53) Nifedipine Relaxed less blocks calcium ion channel reduces motility (53) W-7 Relaxed none inhibits calmodulin reduces motility (53) Endosulfan Relaxed less disrupts GJIC (24) Heptonal Relaxed less disrupt GJIC (28) Octonal Relaxed less disrupt GJIC (28) + 300,000 cells per ml or more; 30,000 cells per ml or less; no marking other cell densities. 11 Table 2: Effect of Drugs on Fibroblast Lattice Contraction Cont. Drug Details Contraction Effect on Cells Mechanism Reference Vanadate Relaxed same inhibits tyrosine phosphatase inhibits myofibroblasts formation (22) Stressed less Genistein Relaxed less inhibits tyrosine kinases (22, 24) +Relaxed less (39) Stressed same (22) TGF 2 Relaxed-Carpal more various increases myofibroblasts (48) Relaxed- Dupuytren s more various Tamoxifen +Relaxed-Carpal less various, decreases TGF decreases myofibroblasts (49) +Relaxed- Dupuytren s less various peroxynitrite +Relaxed more various,increases TGF 1 increases myofibroblasts (50) Ara-C Relaxed same inhibits proliferation (4) PDGF +Relaxed more (28, 52) Relaxed none (28) Anti-CD49b +Relaxed same (28) Relaxed less Anti-OB-cadherin Stressed without TGF (fibroblasts) same binds to OB-cadherin (7) Stressed with TGF (myofibroblasts) less Anti-N-cadherin Stressed without TGF (fibroblasts) same binds to N-cadherin (7) Stressed with TGF (myofibroblasts) same + 300,000 cells per ml or more; 30,000 cells per ml or less; no marking other cell densities. 12 of an open wound by wound contraction, tension within granulation tissue is a result of the resistance of the skin musculature surrounding the defect pulling the wound open. The tension causes the generation of myofibroblasts to resist those forces. The myofibroblasts stabilize the forces pulling the wound open. There are several plausible scenarios for what happens next. Once the forces are neutralized, the remaining resident fibroblasts could remodel the extracellular matrix as they move, causing the wound contraction. Or as more fibroblasts become myofibroblasts the forces produced could cause a gradual contraction of the wound via partial cell contraction. Either of these proposed scenarios could occur without myofibroblasts and the experiments with vanadate treated rats indicate that the extra force associated with myofibroblasts is not necessary for wound contraction. The stressed-FPCL contraction model where myofibroblasts are required for lattice contraction is not representative of open wound contraction where there is never a sudden release of tension. However, the stressed-FPCL contraction model is representative of the contraction of the released splinted wound, where the sudden release of tension allows the contraction of the cell body (58). More insight into the mechanisms for FPCL contraction and how it relates to open wound closure will lead to a better understanding of wound contraction. 13 Acknowledgments This work was supported in part by NSF grant DMS-0622971. 14 Abbreviations -SMA smooth muscle actin ADR-FPCL attached delayed release fibroblast populated collagen lattice cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate FF-FPCL free floating fibroblast populated collagen lattice FPLC Fibroblast populated collagen lattice GJIC gap juntion intercellular communications MLC myosin light chain MLCK myosin light chain kinase PDGF platelet derived growth factor PGE2 prostaglandin E2 PTX pentoxifylline TGF transforming growth factor 15 References and Notes 1. Bell E, Ehrlich HP, Buttle DJ, Nakatsuji T. Living tissue formed in vitro and accepted as skin-equivalent tissue of full thickness. Science. 1981 March;211(4486):1052 1054. 2. Ehrmann RL, Gey GO. The growth of cells on a transparent gel of reconstituted rat-tail collagen. J Nat Cancer Inst. 1956;16(6):1375 1390. 3. Elsdale T, Bard J. Collagen Substrata for Studies on Cell Behavior. Journal of Cell Biology. 1972;54:626 637. 4. Bell E, Ivarsson B, Charlotte M. Production of a tissue-like structure by contraction of collagen lattices by human fibroblasts of different proliferative potential in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1979;76(3):1274 1278. 5. Majno G, Gabbiani G, Hirschel BJ, Ryan GB, Statkof PR. Contraction of Granulation Tissue in vitro: Similarity to Smooth Muscle. Science. 1971;173:548 550. 6. Hinz B. Formation and Function of the Myofibroblast during Tissue Repair. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127:526 537. 7. Hinz B, Pittet P, Smith-Clerc C J nad Chaponnier, Meister JJ. Myofibroblast Development is Characterized by Specific Cell-Cell Adherens Junctions. Mol Biol Cell. 2004;15:4310 4320. 8. Kimura Y, Matsunami H, Inoue T, Shimanmura K, Uchida N, Ueno T, et al. Cadherin-11 expressed in association with mesenchymal morphogenesis in the head, somite, and limb bud of early mouse embryos. Dev Biol. 1995;169:347 358. 9. Pishvaian MJ, Feltes CM, Thompson P, Bussemakers MJ, Schalken JA, Byers SW. Cadherin-11 Is Expressed in Invasive Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Cancer Res. 1999;59:947 952. 10. Hazan RB, Qiao RF, Keren R, Badano I, Suyama K. Cadherin switch in tumor progression. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1014(155 163). 11. Ehrlich HP, Cremona O, Gabbiani G. The expression of 2 1 integrin and smooth muscle actin in fibroblasts grown on collagen. Cell Biochem Funct. 1998;16:129 137. 12. Eckes B, Zweers MC, Zhang ZG, Hallinger R, Mauch C, Aumailley M, et al. Mechanical tension and integrin 2 1 regulate fibroblast functions. J Invest Dermato Symp Proc. 2006;11:66 72. 16 13. Klein CE, Dressel D, Thomas Steinmayer T, Mauch C, Eckes B, Krieg T, et al. Integrin # 2 # 1 Is Upregulated in Fibroblasts and Highly Aggressive Melanoma Cells in Three- Dimensional Collagen Lattices and Mediates the Reorganization of Collagen I Fibrils. J Cell Biol. 1991;115(5):1427 1437. 14. Kelynack KJ, Hewitson TD, Nicholls KM, Darby IA, Gavin JB. Human renal fibroblast contraction of collagen I lattices is an integrin-mediated process. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15:1766 1772. 15. Wrobel LK, Fray TR, Molloy JE, Adams JJ, Armitage MP, Sparrow JC. Contractility of Single Human Dermal Myofibroblasts and Fibroblasts. Cell Motil Cytoskel. 2002;52:82 90. 16. Masur SK, Dewal HS, Dinh TT, Erenburg I, Petridou S. Myofibroblasts differentiate from fibroblasts when plated at low density. Cell Biol. 1996 April;93:4219 4223. 17. Tomasek JJ, Haaksma CJ, Eddy RJ, Vaughan MB. Fibroblast contraction occurs on release of tension in attached collagen lattices: dependency on an organized actin cytoskeleton and serum. Anat Rec. 1992;232:359 368. 18. Parizi M, Howard EW, Tomasek JJ. Regulation of LPA-promoted myofibroblast contraction: Role of Rho, myosin light chain kinase, and myosin light chain phosphatase. Exper Cell Res. 2000;254:210 220. 19. Adelstein RS. Regulation of Contractile Proteins by Phosphorylation. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1983;72(6):1863 1866. 20. Totsukawa G, Yamakita Y, Yamashiro S, Hartshorne DJ, Sasaki Y, Matsumura F. Distinct Roles of ROCK (Rho-kinase) and MLCK in Spatial Regulation of MLC Phosphorylation for Assembly of Stress Fibers and Focal Adhesions in 3T3 Fibroblasts. J Cell Biol. 2000;150(4):797 806. 21. Tomasek JJ, Gabbiani G, Hinz B, Chaponnier C, Brown RA. Myofibroblasts and mechanoregulation of connective tissue remodelling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2002;3(5):349 363. 22. Ehrlich HP, Sun B, Kainth KS, Kromah F. Elucidating the mechanism of wound contraction: Rapid versus sustained myosin ATPase activity in attached-delayed-released compared with free-floating fibroblast-populated collagen lattices. Wound Rep and Regen. 2006;14:625 632. 23. Harris AK, Wild P, Stopak D. Silicone Rubber Substrata: A New Wrinkle in the Study of Cell Locomotion. Science. 1980;208:177 179. 24. Ehrlich HP, Rittenberg T. Defferences in the mechanism for high- versus moderate-density fibroblast-populated collagen lattice contraction. J Cell Physiol. 2000;185:432 439. 17 25. Gail M. Time lapse studies on the motility of fibroblasts in tissue culture. Ciba foundation Symposium. 1973;14:286 310. 26. Redden RA, Doolin EJ. Complementary Roles of Microtubules and Microfilaments in the Lung Fiboblast-Mediated Contraction of Collagen Gels: Dynamics and the Influence of Cell Density. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Animal. 2006;42:70 74. 27. Vasiliev JM, Gelfand IM, Domnina LV, Ivanova OY, Komm SG, Olshevskaja LV. Effect of colcemid on the locomotory behaviour of fibroblasts. J Embryol Exp Morph. 1970;24(3):625 640. 28. Ehrlich HP, Gabbiani G, Meda P. Cell coupling modulates the contraction of fibroblastpopulated collagen lattices. J Cell Physiol. 2000;184:86 92. 29. Gallagher PJ, Herring BP, Stull JT. Myosin light chain kinases. J Musc Res and Cell Motilit. 1997;18:1 19. 30. Sandulache VC, Parekh A, Li-Korotky HS, Dohar JE, Hebda PA. Postaglandin E2 differentially modulates hman fetal and adult dermal fibroblast migration and contraction: implication for wound healing. Wound Rep Reg. 2006;14:633 643. 31. Chen JK, Li SR, Tsai RJF. Cyclic AMP-Induced Inhibition of Collagen Lattice Contraction by Fibroblasts May Be Attenuated by Both Cyclic AMP Dependent and Independent Mechanisms. J Cell Physiol. 1993;155:8 13. 32. Ehrlich HP, Rockwell WB, Cornwell TL, Rajaratnam JBM. Demonstration of a Direct Role for Myosin Light Chain Kinase in Fibroblast-Populated Collagen Lattice Contraction. J Cell Physiol. 1991;146:1 7. 33. Ehrlich HP, Griswold TR. Epidermolysis Bullosa dystrophica recessive fibroblasts produce increased concentrations of cAMP within collagen matrix. J Invest Derm. 1984;83:230 233. 34. Rawlins JM, Lam WL, Karoo RO, Naylor IL, Sharpe DT. Pentoxifylline inhibits mature burn scar fibroblasts in culture. Burns. 2006;32:42 45. 35. Dans MJ, Isseroff R. Inhibition of collagen lattice contraction by Pentoxifylline and Interferon-alpha, -beta and -gamma. J Invest Dermatol. 1994;102:118 121. 36. Coimbra R, Melbostad H, Hoyt DB. Effects of phosphodiesterase inhibition on the inflammatory response after shock: role of pentoxifylline. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care. 2004;56(2):442 449. 37. Strieter RM, Remick DG,Ward PA, Spengler RN, LynchIII JP, Larrick J, et al. Cellular and molecular regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by pentoxifylline. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988;155(3):1230 1236. 18 38. Akiyama T, Ogawara H. Use and specificity of genistein as inhibitor of protein-tyrosine kinases. Methods of Enzymol. 1991;201:362 370. 39. Langholz O, Rckel D, Mauch C, Kozlowska E, Bank I, Krieg T, et al. Collagen and collagenase gene expression in three-dimensional collagen lattices are differentially regulated by alpha 1 beta 1 and alpha 2 beta 1 integrins. J Cell Biol. 1995;131:1903 1915. 40. Todorov LD, Mihaylova-Todorova ST, Choe SM, P WD. Facilitation of the purinergic contractile response of the guinea pig vas deferens by sodium orthovanadate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005;312(1):407 416. 41. Srivastava AK, St-Louis J. Smooth muscle contractility and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Mol Cell Bioch. 1997;176:47 51. 42. Maher PA, Pasquale EB, Wang JYJ, Singer SJ. Phosphotyrosine-containing proteins are concentrated in focal adhesions and intercellular junctions in normal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1985;82:6576 6580. 43. Swarup G, Cohen S, Garbers DL. Inhibition of membrane phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase activity by vanadate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1982;107(3):1104 1109. 44. Ehrlich HP, Keefer KA, Myers RL, Passaniti A. Vanadate and the absence of myofibroblasts in wound contraction. Arch Surg. 1999;134:494 501. 45. Mackay DJ, Moyer KE, Saggers GC, Myers RL, Mackay DR, Ehrlich HP. Topical Vanadate Optimizes Collagen Organization within Granulation Tissue. Wound Rep Regen. 2003;11(3):204 12. 46. Kenne K, Fransson-Steen R, Honkasalo S, Warngard L. Two inhibitors of gap junctional intercellular communication, TPA and endosulfan: Different effects on phosphorylation of connexin 43 in the rat liver epithelial cell line, IAR 20. Carcinogenesis. 1994;15(1161 1165). 47. Montesano R, Orci L. Transforming growth factor beta stimulates collagen-matrix contraction by fibroblasts: implications for wound healing. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 1988;85:4894 4897. 48. Tse R, Howard J, Wu Y, Gan BS. Enhanced Dupuytren s disease fibroblast populated collagen lattice contraction is independent of endogenous active TGF 2. BMC Musculoske Disor. 2004;5(41). 49. Kuhn MA, Wang X, Payne WG, Ko F, Robson MC. Tamoxifen Decrease Fibroblasts Function and Downregulates TGF 2 in Dupuytren s Affected Palmar Fascia. J Surg Res. 2002;103:146 152. 19 50. Sugiura H, Liu X, Kobayashi T, Togo S, Ertl RF, Kawasaki S, et al. Reactive nitrogen species augment fibroblast0mediated collagen gel contraction,mediator production, and chemotaxis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2006;34:592 599. 51. Manakova S, Puttonen KA, Raasmaja A, Mannisto PT. Ara-C induces apoptosis in monkey fibroblast. Toxicol Vitro. 2003;17(3):367 373. 52. Clark RA, Folkvord JM, Hart CE, MurrayMJ, McPherson JM. Platelet isoforms of plateletderived growth factor stimulated fibroblasts to contract collagen matrices. J Clin Invest. 1989;84:1036 1040. 53. Ehrlich HP, Buttle DJ, Bernanke DH. Physiological Variables Affecting Collagen Lattice Contraction by Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Exp Mol Path. 1989;50:220 229. 54. Nayler WG. Calcium antagonists. Med J Australia. 1983;2(10):506 512. 55. Hidaka H, Asano M, Tanaka T. Activity-Structure Relationship of Calmodulin Antagonists Naphthalenesulfonamide Derivatives. Mol Pharmacol. 1981;20:571 578. 56. Daniels JT, Cambrey AD, Occleston NL, Garrett Q, Tarnuzzer RW, Schultz GS, et al. Matix Metalloproteinase Inhibition Modulates Fibroblast-Mediated Matrix Contraction and Collagen Production in Vitro. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci. 2003;44(3):1104 1110. 57. Saba AA, Freedman BM, Gaffield JW, Mackay DR, Ehrlich HP. Topical platelet derived growth factor enhances wound closure in the absence of wound contraction: An experimental and clinical study. Ann Plast Surg. 2002;49:62 66. 58. Hinz B, Mastrangelo D, Iselin CE, Chaponnier C, Gabbiani G. Mechanical Tension Controls Granulation Tissue Contractile Activity and Myofibroblast Differentiation. Am J Pathol. 2001;159(3):1009 1020. 20
Click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.


text:
Mob head
Type |
Solid Block |
Requirements |
None |
Physics |
No |
Transparency |
Yes |
Luminance |
No |
Blast resistance |
5 |
Tool |
Any tool |
Renewable |
Yes (Wither Skeleton) |
Stackable |
Yes (64) |
Flammable |
No |
First appearance | |
Tile Entity ID |
Skull |
Data values |
Name |
skull |
Mob heads are decorative blocks. There are five variants of mob heads: Skeleton, Wither Skeleton, Zombie, The Player and Creeper. The Wither Skeleton variant is a rare drop from the respective mob, with the other heads only available in Creative mode.
Contents |
[edit] Obtaining
The Wither Skeleton skull is a rare drop of Wither Skeletons, while the other heads are only available in Creative mode. Obtaining a human head with the same texture as a specific player's head requires /give, and is achieved by changing the NBT tag of SkullOwner to the player's username.
[edit] Usage
The main use of heads is for decoration. They can be oriented in 16 different directions on top of a block, and 4 directions on the sides of blocks, similar to signs. They cannot be placed on top of each other.
The player can also wear heads as disguise, similarly to pumpkins. This will only replace the first layer of the player's skin. If the player has a second layer over their head, it will still render over the head (this also applies to Zombie Pigmen wearing heads). They can also be used as a decorative disguise, using dyed leather armor. Occasionally, another mob may pick up a skull and wear it just as the player would. This is common when a wither skeleton drops a skull next to another mob in the Nether. The only mobs which can wear the heads are the Skeleton, Wither Skeleton, Zombie, and Zombie Pigmen.[1] Other mobs can only wear heads when spawned using custom spawners via /setblock
Heads are not able to be pushed by pistons, as they have tile entities.
[edit] Spawning a Wither
Wither skeleton skulls are essential for spawning a Wither. To do so, place 4 soul sand in a vertical T-shape, then place three wither skeleton skulls on top. The orientation of the skulls does not matter.
[edit] As a crafting ingredient
Heads are used in the crafting of Firework Stars. Firework rockets crafted with said stars will have an explosion shaped like a Creeper face, regardless of which type of head was used.
Name | Ingredients | Crafting recipe | ||||||||||||
Firework Star |
[edit] Player Heads
Human heads have an extra usage for map makers, they can be given NBT data (as shown here) so that they appear with the skin of any Minecraft account. This means if you know that a specific account has a head which you want to display, you can edit the NBT data to make it appear. The command to give yourself a head, skinned as another player, is "/give @p skull 1 3 {SkullOwner:PlayerName}", where @p is the player, and PlayerName is the name of the account of the head you'd like to use.
Mojang has created a number of accounts with specific skins, so that map makers can use common heads without the risk that someone will change their skin.[2] Those players have names in the format "MHF_MobName", for example "MHF_PigZombie" is the name of a Minecraft user with a Zombie Pigman head. MHF stands for "Marc's Head Format". There are also a few blocks and "bonus" heads, for more variety.
The following names/heads have been made available:
- MHF_Blaze
- MHF_CaveSpider
- MHF_Chicken
- MHF_Cow
- MHF_Enderman
- MHF_Ghast
- MHF_Golem
- MHF_Herobrine
- MHF_LavaSlime
- MHF_MushroomCow
- MHF_Ocelot
- MHF_Pig
- MHF_PigZombie
- MHF_Sheep
- MHF_Slime
- MHF_Spider
- MHF_Squid
- MHF_Villager
- MHF_Cactus
- MHF_Chest
- MHF_Melon
- MHF_OakLog
- MHF_Pumpkin
- MHF_ArrowUp
- MHF_ArrowDown
- MHF_ArrowLeft
- MHF_ArrowRight
- MHF_Exclamation
- MHF_Question
[edit] Video
[edit] History
Official release | ||
August 28, 2012 | Jeb released images of the skeleton head, hinting of more types to come. | |
at PAX 2012 | At PAX, Dinnerbone revealed that there would be very rare drops of these mobs.[3] | |
1.4.2 | 12w36a | The skeleton, wither skeleton, zombie, human, and creeper heads were introduced in the update. Wither Skeleton skulls are rarely dropped by the Wither Skeleton upon death (2.5% chance), while the other four are only obtainable from the creative inventory. |
12w37a | Added as a hidden and disabled feature, human heads can now have the skin of a specific player. A line in the language file implies that there either used to be, or in a future update, the possibility of obtaining a specific player's head.[4] Dinnerbone hinted at the possibility of player heads being dropped at death like trophy heads.[citation needed] Player heads do not/will not drop in vanilla, but mapmakers/modders/etc. can make them by adding an NBT string tag "SkullOwner" -> (player name) on the skull items.[5] |
1.4.6 | 12w49a | Any kind of mob head can be used to craft a Firework Star with Creeper-face effect. |
1.7.2 | 13w36a | Custom heads can now be obtained without third party programs via the give command. |
Upcoming | ||
1.8 | 14w03a | Player heads now show the skin's hat layer (This also works when a mob/player wears the head.) |
[edit] Issues
Issues relating to "Mob head" are maintained on the issue tracker. Report issues there.
[edit] Trivia
- Heads are one of the few blocks that do not have their own textures and take their textures from other objects.
- All heads are the same size (even though Wither Skeletons have larger heads than the other represented mobs).
- Heads will break upon contact with water and lava.
- In demo mode after the demo period has ended, breaking a Wither Skeleton skull will cause it to reappear as a normal skeleton skull.
- Although mob heads do not protect the player, an enchanted mob head, when worn, will apply the said effects to the player. The only advantage over an identically enchanted helmet is the mob head has no durability rating and thus effectively has infinite durability. The squid mask with Respiration III and Aqua Affinity I could be a scuba mask that never runs out for example.
- Heads won't cause Cacti to break when placed next to them.
[edit] Gallery
Heads are the same scale as cobblestone wall posts.
Heads in Item Frames
A picture of player heads, including some Mojang characters[5]
Zombie Pigmen wearing Wither Skeleton Skulls.
A image of some of the heads on accounts that Marc Watson made.[6]

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Other Side Of Aspen VI
Szenen Informationen
The Other Side Of Aspen VI : Shane Frost, Landon Conrad
- Aktualisiert : 2011-05-20 |
- Länge : 12:21 min |
- Grösse : 135 MB |
- Images : 11 |
- Mal angesehen : 4286 |
Shane Frost, Landon Conrad
Rating : 9.4 out of 10
Shane Frost and Landon Conrad go at it with a vengeance of passion. Its a pleasure and a privilege to witness two of the worlds finest men fucking as if they were the last two men on earth. Landon shows us why hes the star of Aspen VI. The reverse cowboy position is so over the top that you gotta see it believe it. Shane squirms like a kitty on catnipand who wouldnt blow his load with Landons cock up his ass?
Recommended Scenes
Snow Trip, Vol. 5 - Big Bear : Zane Jacobs, Danny Arnez, Shane Frost, Marcus Adams
Aktualisiert am: 06-09-2008


text:
Please enter your travel dates.
Deluxe Suite, 1 King Bed - Romance Special
- FREE Wifi
Wifi is included in your stay.
- FREE Parking
Parking is included in your stay.
Master Suite - European Plan
- FREE Wifi
Wifi is included in your stay.
- FREE Parking
Parking is included in your stay.
Superior Room - European Plan
- FREE Wifi
Wifi is included in your stay.
- FREE Parking
Parking is included in your stay.
4-star luxury hotel in Merida with 2 outdoor swimming pools
Situated in a rural location, this luxury hotel is in the same area as Dzibilchaltun Ruins, Great Museum of the Maya World, and Yucatan Siglo XXI Convention Center. Regional attractions also include Diamonds Casino and Specialty Regional Hospital.
Hotel Features
In addition to 2 outdoor swimming pools, The Hacienda Xcanatun features a restaurant, a bar/lounge, and complimentary wireless Internet access.
Room Amenities
Guestrooms open to balconies or patios with garden views and feature complimentary wireless Internet access and air conditioning. Other amenities include climate control and safes.
Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Hotel Amenities
- General
The Hacienda Xcanatun features 2 outdoor swimming pools, a sauna, and a children's pool. The hotel offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary.
This 4-star property offers access to audiovisual equipment and a meeting/conference room. This luxury hotel also offers spa services, a terrace, and a garden. For a surcharge, a roundtrip airport shuttle (available on request) is offered to guests. Complimentary parking is available on site.
The Hacienda Xcanatun is a smoke-free property.
- Smoke-free property (fines apply)
- Designated smoking areas (fines apply)
- Number of outdoor pools - 2
- Year Built 1850
- Wedding services
- Designated smoking areas
- Beach/pool umbrellas
- Free Wi-Fi
- Smoke-free property
- 24-hour front desk
- Security guard
- Banquet facilities
- Medical assistance available
- Concierge services
- Event catering
- Tour assistance
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Garden
- Currency exchange
- Room service (limited hours)
- Total number of rooms - 18
- Number of floors - 2
- Number of buildings/towers - 3
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Self parking
- Swimming pool - children's
- One meeting/conference room
- Luggage storage
- Pool sun loungers
- Free outdoor parking
- Terrace
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Audiovisual equipment
- Bar/lounge
- Complimentary newspapers in lobby
- Massage - spa treatment room(s)
- Free parking
- Free guest parking during stay
- Restaurant
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Sauna
- Spa services on site
- Internet
Available in all rooms: Free Wi-Fi
Available in some public areas: Free Wi-Fi
- Parking
Free parking, Free guest parking during stay, Free outdoor parking, Self parking
- Room Amenities
- Daily housekeeping
- Ceiling fan
- CD player
- Clock radio
- Desk
- Climate control
- Private bathroom
- In-room massage available
- Free Wi-Fi
- Individually decorated
- Garden view
- Balcony or patio
- Turndown service
- Complimentary bottled water
- Access via exterior corridors
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Direct-dial phone
- Minibar
- Wake-up calls
- Hair dryer
- Bidet
- Iron/ironing board
- In-room safe
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
- Dining
Full breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning between 7:30 AM and 11:30 AM.
Casa de Piedra - Overlooking the garden, this fine-dining restaurant specializes in international cuisine and serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. Reservations are required.
In-room dining choices include breakfast, lunch, dinner, and light snacks, available from room service (during limited hours).
- Recreation
2 outdoor swimming pools are on site along with a children's pool. Other recreational amenities include a sauna.
Children under 11 years old are not allowed in the swimming pool without adult supervision.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
- Sports center nearby
- Spa
- Body treatments
- Facial treatments
- Manicures and pedicures
- Body wraps
- Aromatherapy treatments
- Massages
- Hot stone massage
- Deep tissue massage
- Steam room in spa
- Reflexology
- Detoxification wrap
- Number of treatment rooms 4
Policies & Fees
- Check-in
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Minimum check-in age is 18
- Check-out
Check-out time is 1 PM
- Payment types
Accepted at this hotel: American Express, MasterCard, Visa
- Pets
Pets not allowed
- General
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Early departure fee charged
No elevators
Caters to singles
Caters to couples
24-hour check-in
- Fees
- The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Airport shuttle fee: MXN 900 per vehicle (one way)
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
- Additional Details
This property's policy is to refuse certain bookings for the purpose of group events or parties, including pre-wedding stag/bachelor and hen/bachelorette parties. This property offers transfers from the airport (surcharges may apply). Guests must contact the property with arrival details 48 hours prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments. Reservations can be made by contacting the hotel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. One child 11 years old or younger stays free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms. No pets and no service animals are allowed at this property.


text:
Ideally located in the city centre of Brussels, near the famous Grand Place square, the Sainte Marie church and the Cathedral, and perfectly connected to the public transportation system, the Hotel Albert offers easy access to all major attractions in Brussels. This welcoming Brussels hotel is divided into five floors in two separate buildings, and is an ideal stopover accommodation for business or leisure travelers in the Belgian capital. Hotel Albert is a small hotel providing a quality service and offering numerous guest amenities, such as complimentary wireless and wired Internet access. Limited onsite parking is offered for a surcharge. A car rental service is available at the reception desk.
Show reviews
Internet: | Wired Internet |
Services: |
General facilities: |
Important information & conditions: | The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out. Breakfast fee: EUR 6 per person (approximately) The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change. |
Cancellation policy: | You can change or cancel this deal free of charge up to 48 hours before your check-in date. Please take into account that the check-in date starts at 00:00 (local time). Free cancellation can be made up until 2 days before the check-in day. For cancellations made after this time a cancellation fee of 100% of the first night will be charged. All times refer to the local time at the property. For no-show, 100% of the first night will be charged. |
Note: It is the responsibility of the hotel chain and/or the individual property to ensure the accuracy of the photos displayed. We are not responsible for any inaccuracies in the photos. | |
Please provide this reference number to our customer service center representative on request, so we can help you better


text:
Rockstar Energy Drink Presents Back to the Roots Tour with The Devil Wears Prada, Miss May I, and Your Demise. $15!
Buy Tickets Here!
EventList powered by schlu.net
Radio Player plays automatically... Do you wan to listen from another source?
Click here to go to the shoutcast page and see track information.
Click here to stream the shoutcast feed in an external player like iTunes.


text:
Winchester hosts international conference on gender in Medieval times (From Hampshire Chronicle)
When news happens, text CHRON and your photos or videos to 80360. Or contact us by email & phone.
Winchester hosts international conference on gender in Medieval times
9:36am Friday 27th December 2013 in News
WINCHESTER is to host an international conference on gender in medieval times.
The complexities of gender and status will be explored during an inter-disciplinary summit at the University of Winchester from January 9 to 11.
Up to 100 scholars from more than ten countries are expected to attend the conference, hosted by the Centre for Gender Studies and the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences.
Academics will consider the impact gender had on authority, employment, servitude, sexuality and materiality.
Katherine Weikert, lecturer at the university, said: "I am proud that Winchester was chosen to host this. It reflects our reputation for excellence in medieval studies and our interest in gender studies."
Barbara Yorke, Emeritus Professor in Early Medieval History at Winchester, will be the keynote speaker.
"With current issues such as the shortage of women holding public office, the differential pay of men and women and how far gendered childhoods affect adult aspirations, it is clear that issues of gender and status are as relevant today as they were 1,500 years ago," she said.
The Gender and Medieval Studies Conference takes place at the King Alfred Campus on Sparkford Road.
For further information or to book your place, please visit www.winchester.ac.uk/events or email firstname.lastname@example.com
Comments are closed on this article.


text:
Strivers' Row
Strivers' Row is three rows of townhouses in western Harlem, in the New York City borough of Manhattan on West 138th and West 139th between Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard and Frederick Douglass Boulevard. Each of the Strivers' Row houses is a designated landmark, and they are collectively recognized as a gem of New York City architecture.[1]
Originally called the "King Model Houses" after developer David H. King, Jr., they were designed for upper-middle-class whites and constructed between 1891 and 1893.[2] The buildings afford a view of the City College of New York, atop the hill to the west. Different architects worked on each of the three rows.[1] The northern part of the 139th Street group was completed by McKim, Mead and White in neo-Italian style. Designers who contributed to the complex on 138th Street include James Brown Lord, Bruce Price, and Clarence S. Luce.
The houses sit back-to-back, which allowed King to specify that they would share rear courtyards. The alleyways between them are gated off (some entrance gates still have signs that read "Walk Your Horses"). At one time, these alleys allowed discreet stabling of horses and delivery of supplies without disrupting the goings-on in the main houses. Today, the back areas are used almost exclusively for parking. Strivers' Row houses are among the few private homes in Manhattan with space for parking, but also among the few townhouses that do not have gardens in the rear.[citation needed]
David King's speculative development failed, and most of the houses were soon owned by the Equitable Life Assurance Society, which had financed the project. By this time, Harlem was being abandoned by white New Yorkers. Yet the company would not sell the King houses to blacks, and so they sat empty.[citation needed] When they were finally made available to black residents, for US$8,000 each, they attracted hard-working professionals, or "strivers," who gave the houses their current name.[citation needed]
"Between Seventh and Eighth Avenues, is 139th Street, known among Harlemites as 'strivers' row.' It is the most aristocratic street in Harlem. Stanford White designed the houses for a wealthy white clientele. Moneyed African-Americans now own and inhabit them. When one lives on 'strivers' row' one has supposedly arrived. Harry Rills resides there, as do a number of the leading Babbitts and professional folk of Harlem."[3]
Among those who lived in Strivers' Row were Eubie Blake,[4] Fletcher Henderson, Vertner Tandy,[4] W. C. Handy,[4] Dr. Louis T. Wright, Henry Pace, heavyweight boxer Harry Wills,[4] comedian Stepin Fetchit, actor/singer Bill "Bojangles" Robinson,[4] and preacher/congressman Adam Clayton Powell Jr.[5]
By the 1940s, many of the houses had decayed and were converted to single room occupancies (SROs). Much of the original decorative detail inside the houses was lost at this time, though the exteriors generally remained unaltered. With the post-1995 real estate boom in Harlem, many of these buildings are being restored to something resembling their original condition.
In popular culture[edit]
- Jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins, a Harlem native, named a contrafact of Charlie Parker's "Confirmation" after Striver's Row. The piece appears on the 1958 album "A Night At The Village Vanguard".
- Jazz singer Cab Calloway mentions Striver's Row in his songs "Hard Times (Topsy Turvy)" and "The Ghost of Smokey Joe"
- Abram Hill's 1940 satirical comedy of manners, "On Strivers Row", produced with the American Negro Theatre (ANT), concerns "the follies of both social climbing and subtle racism among African Americans during Harlem's Renaissance".[6]
- The Row is mentioned in the song, "Harlem Blues" on the soundtrack to the movie, "Mo' Better Blues".
- ^ a b Baker, "Our Malcolm," American Heritage, February/March 2006.
- ^ "Touring Historic Harlem," Andrew S. Dolkart and Gretchen S. Sorin, New York Landmarks Conservatory, 1997
- ^ Wallace Thurman, Negro Life in New York's Harlem, (Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius Publications, 1928)
- ^ a b c d e Benson, Kathy, Jones, Celedonia, The Manhattan African-American History & Culture Guide, Museum of the City of New York, brochure, 22pp., 2005, presented by The Manhattan Borough President C. Virginia Fields.
- ^ Baker, Kevin (January 22, 2006). "Jitterbug Days". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
- ^ Abram Hill's "On Strivers Row" at Black Theatre Troupe-10/17 to 11/2/03
- TIME Magazine, July 31, 1964. "Harlem: No Place Like Home"
- Harlem: Lost and Found, Michael Henry Adams, 2002
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 40°49′05″N 73°56′37″W / 40.818145°N 73.943614°W


text:
Loading streams...
Now Playing
Connect with Us
Podcasts & RSS Feeds
All Content |
View all podcasts & RSS feeds |
Tri States Public Radio Staff
General Manager
News Director
Morning Edition Host/Reporter
Galesburg Correspondent
Southeast Iowa Correspondent
Music Director
Folk Weekend Host & AIS Program Director
Jazz After Hours Host
Operations Manager
Web Design/Content Production
Director of Development
Membership Marketing Manager
Interim Chief Expected to Keep Job
7:33 pm
Sat December 1, 2012
Vote on Burlington Fire Chief
By Jason Parrott
City Manager Jim Ferneau says Interim Fire Chief Matt Trexel is his choice to lead the Burlington Fire Department.
Trexel was the only applicant who met education and experience requirements.
Ferneau made the announcement after Trexel completed an assessment center and several interviews with city personnel.
Trexel is a graduate of Western Illinois University.
He has been with the department for more than 15 years, serving as firefighter, captain and battalion chief prior to the promotion to interim chief in September.
He replaced former Burlington Fire Chief Tom Clements, who was demoted.
A vote on Ferneau's recommendation is scheduled for Monday night's city council meeting.
Related Content:
Assessment/Interviews Next Week
Applications Due Friday


text:
About this Course:
Students learn to set up and maintain PC workstations and servers and to administer PC servers and networks. Topics include hardware requirements; software compatibility; and system installation, configuration and options and post-installation topics; administrative practices required for file system security; process management; performance monitoring and tuning; storage management; back-up and restoration of data; and disaster recovery and prevention.
Course Status:
Not scheduled
IT 301 A+ Certification Training, basic Operating Systems and Networking fundamentals or equivalent experience required for enrollment.
Expected Outcomes:
Upon completion, participants should be able to:
- Install Windows 2008 Server and Active Directory Domain
- Learn how to manage server, active directory, client computers and users
- Learn how to apply server security, software distribution and updates
- Performing schedules vulnerability-assessment scans and monitoring server performance
- Learn how to design Infrastructure requirements
- Setup server system virtualization
- Day-to-day management of the server operating system, file structure, and directory services
- Monitoring logs for firewalls and intrusion detection systems
- Learn Windows 2008 PowerShell Scripting
Course Outline:
Windows Server 2008 Environment
Class and course introduction. Getting the class notes. How to use the computer lab. Installing Windows Server 2008.
Introduction to Windows Server 2008
Continue on Installing Windows Server 2008
Configuring The Windows Servers 2008 Environment
Introduction to Active Directory and Account Management
Continue on Active Directory and Account Management
Configuring, Managing, and Troubleshooting Resource Access
Configuring Windows Server 2008 Printing
Configuring and Managing Data Storage
Managing Windows Server 2008 Network Services
Deploying IIS and Active Directory Certificate Services Configuring Remote Access Services
Active Directory Certificate Services. Configuring Remote Access Services
Windows Server 2008 Virtualization
Application and Data Provisioning
Securing Windows Server 2008
Server and Network Monitoring
Managing System Reliability and Availability
Networking with Windows Server 2008
Installing and Configuring the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Introduction to DNS in Windows Server 2008. Managing and Administering DNS
Configuring File Services in Windows Server 2008
Group Policy and Access Services in Windows Server 2008
Windows PowerShell
Windows 2003 Quick Review
Course Details:
Grading/CEU award for this course includes assignments, exams, projects, labs and paper.


text:
New Arrivals
Sassy Cheetah Scarf
Cool-cat style: the cheetah-printed scarf with a subtle ombre border.
- Measurements: 28" by 72".
- 89% rayon, 11% wool.
- Machine wash. Imported.
We're so sorry: this item sold out sooner than expected. For an equally chic substitute, please call our Personal Service Associates at 1.888.855.4986. Or click on Chico's Chat below for immediate assistance.


text:
Three senior citizens from Girard were among 25 from Trumbull and Mahoning County recently nominated for the 2010 Valley Legacy Awards.
Geraldine Peterson, Ileene Shaffer-Rozich and S. Paul Wright were nominated for the award of Outstanding Senior. Nominations are provided by members of the community.
Now in its sixth year, Valley Legacy Awards, sponsored by Shepherd of the Valley Lutheran Retirement Services, Inc., the annual event honors civic-minded seniors and senior advocates for their contributions to the Mahoning Valley. The nominees will be recognized at a luncheon where awards will be presented to four Outstanding Seniors and two Outstanding Advocates for Seniors.
Also this year, the Cliff Johnson Valley Legacy Memorial Award for Timeless Service to the Community will be presented honoring the memory of Bruce Gordon.
The luncheon, hosted by WKBN-TV weatherman Rich Morgan, will be held Oct. 14 at Mr. Anthony's, 7440 South Ave., Boardman.


text:
County Sheriff's Office Rhinelander, Wisconsin "Committed to Our Community" |
E. Winnebago St. Rhinelander, WI 54501 Phone: 715-361-5100 TTY: 715-361-5183 FAX: 715-361-5112 EMERGENCIES: Dial 911 LINKSNational Center for Missing and Exploited Children Oneida County Department of Social Services Wisconsin Circuit Court Access Wisconsin's Missing Kids and Adults
SHERIFF'S OFFICE INFORMATION Mission and Services Statement Support Services Division |
Applications Accepted for Chief Deputy
Sex Offender Release
Hwy 8 and Shady Rest Road Traffic Fatality - Update
Hwy 8 and Shady Rest Road Traffic Fatality
Update on Suspicious Bag Found at Oneida County Courthouse
Suspicious Bag Found at Oneida County Courthouse
Woodland Trail Fire - Victim Identified
Woodland Trail Fire - Fatality
Woodland Trail Fire
Heroin Arrests
Applications for Corrections Officer Accepted
Hwy 51 Traffic Fatalities - Victims Identified
51 Traffic Fatalities
Sex Offender Release Notification Owner of Local Business Sentenced Booze and Belts Patrol Grant Snowmobile Safety Course Controlled Substance Arrests Juergens Arrest Texting Scam
Prescription Drug Take Back 10-26-13 ATV Safety Classes McNaughton Walk Away Apprehended McNaughton Prison Walk Away County Hwy L Traffic Fatality - additional info County Hwy L Traffic Fatality |
I am honored to serve as newly appointed Sheriff of Oneida County. I would like to thank recently retired Sheriff Jeff Hoffman for his 38 years of service to the citizens of Oneida County. It is our hope you will discover that this site contains useful information about the Sheriff's office, and another way to receive feedback from people like you. We will be working to update our web page with information that all members of the community should find useful and important. Our goal is to solicit input from our citizens and keep them knowledgeable of the many programs and services of the Sheriff's Office. The Sheriff is a constitutional officer and the chief law enforcement officer in the County. The Sheriff is responsible for keeping the peace within Oneida County. The Office of Sheriff is truly a broad based organization. There are several statutory responsibilities of a Sheriff that encompass a wide range of services. The Law Enforcement Patrol and Jail Operations are the two most commonly associated with any Sheriff's Office. Some of the other services include; Serving Civil Process, Court Security, Transportation of Inmates, Recreational Safety Patrol, Special Response Team (SRT), Hazmat/Bomb Disposal Unit, Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) programs, School Liaison Program, Crime Prevention, Drug Enforcement and Criminal Investigation, and Public Education may be all lesser known by the general public but just as vital. For a more detailed look at who we are and what we do, please take a look at our "Mission and Services Statement." For those of you that are interested in employment with the Oneida County Sheriff's Office, we welcome you to this site as well. Not only is the agency a great place to work, but also Oneida County is a great place to live and raise a family. This site will only give you a glimpse and we'd encourage you to thoroughly research who we are and what we stand for. We are sure you'll be impressed. Please take a few minutes to download and view our information video. You will need Windows Media Player to view this video. If you don't already have it, you can download it, free of charge, by clicking on the logo below. Also, because the video may play faster than it can download, the video may pause while playing. If this happens, simply wait a few moments and click on "Play" to resume. Before you move on into other areas of this site, we would like to tell you that the men and women of your Sheriff's Office are an amazing group of very talented professionals. They are truly committed to providing the highest quality of public safety service in a professional and courteous manner. At all levels within the organization we see people that care and being the best they can be. At the same time, this Office has great culture of looking for ways to become better and continuous improvement is a core value that guides our actions. If you see an opportunity for us to be better or would like to see additional information on our site please provide us feedback at "information manager" so that we may look into it. Your thoughts and comments are welcome and very important to us. We look forward to hearing from you. Warmest Regards, Sheriff Grady Hartman |


text:
Hypnose Perfume
By Lancome for Women
Hypnose Perfume by Lancome, top note of passion flower; a heart of sambac jasmine and solar notes and a base of vetiver and vanilla . All products are original, authentic name brands. We do not sell knockoffs or imitations.
- V By Vanderbilt
- V V Platinum
- V'e Versace
- Vagabond Prince
- Valentina
- Valentina Acqua Floreale
- Valentina Assoluto
- Valentino
- Valentino Gold
- Valentino New
- Valentino V
- Valentino V Absolu
- Valeria
- Valeria Mazza
- Van Cleef
- Van Cleef
- Van Cleef & Arpels
- Van Cleef Ete (summer)
- Van Gogh
- Vanderbilt
- Vanilla Cake Batter
- Vanilla Fields
- Vanilla Fields Winter
- Vanilla Musk
- Vanille Absolument
- Vanille Bourbon
- Vanille Bourbon Osmo Absolu
- Vanille Exquise
- Vanille Framboise
- Vanille Fruitee
- Vanille Marine
- Vanille Monoi
- Vanille Patchouli
- Vanille Patchouli Berdoues
- Vanille Vanille
- Vanisia
- Vanitas
- Varens Passion
- Variations
- Various Brands
- Veil & Tyss
- Velentino
- Velvet Bloom 695
- Velvet Hour
- Vendetta
- Venet
- Venezia
- Venezia (vittadini)
- Venezia Di Codibel
- Venezia Pastello
- Vent De Jasmin
- Vent Vert
- Ventilo
- Venus
- Venus De L'amour
- Vera Wang
- Vera Wang Anniversary
- Vera Wang Bouquet
- Vera Wang Flower Princess
- Vera Wang Glam Princess
- Vera Wang Look
- Vera Wang Preppy Princess
- Vera Wang Sheer Veil
- Vera Wang Truly Pink
- Verino
- Vermeil
- Verona
- Versace
- Versace Essence Emotional
- Versace Essence Etheral
- Versace Exciting
- Versace Jeans
- Versace Signature
- Versace Versense
- Versace Woman
- Versace Yellow Diamond
- Versus
- Vertigo
- Very Hollywood
- Very Irresistible
- Very Irresistible Electric Rose
- Very Irresistible L'intense
- Very Irresistible Sensual
- Very Irresistible Summer Cocktail
- Very Irresistible Summer Sorbet
- Very Irresistible Summer Vibrations
- Very Michael Kors
- Very Pretty
- Very Sensuos
- Very Sexy
- Very Sexy 2
- Very Sexy Dare
- Very Sexy Hot
- Very Sexy Now
- Very Sexy Summer
- Very Sexy Temptation
- Very Sexy Touch
- Very Valentino
- Vetiver Bourbon
- Vetiver Oriental
- Vetiveria Herbacea
- Vetyver
- Vice Versa
- Vicky Tiel
- Vicky Tiel Couture
- Vicky Tiel Destine
- Vicky Tiel Sensuel
- Vicolo Fiori
- Victor & Lucchino
- Victoria Secret
- Victoria Secret Pink New
- Victoria's Secret
- Victoria's Secret Angel
- Victoria's Secret Astrology
- Victoria's Secret Fabulous
- Victoria's Secret Pink
- Victorio & Lucchino
- Victory International
- Viktor & Rolf
- Vince Camuto
- Vincent Van Gogh
- Violet Eyes
- Violetta
- Violetta Di Parma
- Violette Cherie
- Violette Divine
- Violette Precieuse
- Violettes De Toulouse
- Virgin Island Water
- Visa
- Visit
- Viterol.a Eye
- Viterol.a Face
- Vito Ballare
- Vitriol D'oeillet
- Viva Diva
- Viva La Juicy
- Viva La Juicy La Fleur
- Viva La Juicy Noir
- Viva Rock
- Vivamore
- Viventy
- Vivid
- Vivienne Westwood
- Vixen Pink
- Vixen Pour Femme
- Vizzari
- Vizzari White
- Vocalise
- Vocalise Les Eaux Extravagantes
- Vol De Nuit
- Volcanic
- Volupte
- Voyage D'hermes
- Vs (v/s)
2.5 oz Eau De Parfum Spray
Item #429242
In Stock & Ready to Ship!
1 oz Eau De Parfum Spray
Item #424010
In Stock & Ready to Ship!
1.7 oz Eau De Parfum Spray
Item #422084
In Stock & Ready to Ship!
2.5 oz Eau De Toilette Spray
Item #449300
In Stock & Ready to Ship!
This product has 15 Out of Stock items |
0.04 oz Vial (sample)
Item #422083
0.16 oz Mini EDP
Item #442437
1 oz Eau De Toilette Spray
Item #436523
1.7 oz Eau De Toilette Spray
Item #441110
1.7 oz Eau De Parfum Spray (unboxed)
Item #501535
2.5 oz Eau De Toilette Spray (unboxed)
Item #502731
2.5 oz Eau De Parfum Spray (Tester)
Item #442619
2.5 oz Eau De Parfum Spray (unboxed)
Item #491288
3.4 oz Shower Gel
Item #462408
6.7 oz Body Cream
Item #467755
6.7 oz Body Lotion
Item #446886
Gift Set - 1.7 oz Eau De Parfum Spray + 2 oz Body Lotion + 2 oz Shower Gel
Item #446885
Gift Set - 1.7 oz Eau De Parfum Spray + 1.7 oz Body Lotion
Item #454224
Gift Set - 1.7 oz Eau De Parfum Spray + 2 oz Body Lotion + .16 oz Mini
Item #452230
Gift Set - 1.7 oz Eau De Parfum Spray + 3.4 oz Body Lotion
Item #483724
Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought
About Lancome
History and background of Lancome. Armand Petitjean, perfumer and cosmetician, devoted his life to his dream of giving women the most beautiful things possible. For them, he created Lancôme. For them, he selected the rose. For them, he surrounded himself with the best researchers. For them, he began an exemplary adventure in the realm of passion. Read more about Lancome
More Lancome fragrances
for Women: La Vie Est Belle , Tresor , Miracle , Poeme , Tresor Midnight Rose , morefor Men: Hypnose , Trophee , Miracle L'aquatonic , Miracle ,
See all Lancome products
Customer Comments
I was very impressed and pleased by your service. I was shopping around for the perfume I ordered for my wife's birthday gift. I could not find it at many stores that I went; so I decided to buy it online. I must say that many other sites had it for double of what you had it for and when I saw your price I was sceptical because it was so much cheaper. I ended up ordering it anyway and seeing the Yahoo rating of your site made me feel a lot more easier in placing my order. I must tell you I was very pleased, I am a very picky consumer and when I shop I like to know what I am getting into. My order was here quicker than expected and from the day I placed my order I recieved an e-mail confirming it. Once again I am a very satisfied customer and I know where I am going to buy my Mother's birthday gift.
S. Wiltshire (Waukegan, IL)
by PowerReviewsPros
- Great smell (89)
- Long-lasting (60)
- Sexy (58)
- Draws compliments (52)
- Great value (49)
- Too expensive (14)
- Overpowering (5)
- Doesn't hold (4)
Best Uses
- Special occasions (53)
- Evening (49)
- Daily use (46)
- Signature fragrance (30)
- Anytime (18)
- Reviewer Profile:
- Natural style (40), Classic style (35), Adventurous style (24)
- Fragrance Type:
- Floral (52), Oriental/spicy (26), Fresh/aquatic (20), Woody/earthy (19), Powdery (18)
Most Liked Positive Review
Hypnose is to smell as Lindt is to taste. When wearing Hypnose, pinch me, or I think I've died and gone straight to HEAVEN!! I have not yet purchased, only sampled - ...Read complete review
Hypnose is to smell as Lindt is to taste. When wearing Hypnose, pinch me, or I think I've died and gone straight to HEAVEN!! I have not yet purchased, only sampled - but obsess over owning my own bottle of HEAVEN on earth! At these prices, thankfully, I will be able to afford. Thanks, also, to reviewers - feeling more confident about making purchase online. (Can still smell scent 24+ hours after applying (small amount :). Simply: The BEST. Husband likes, too!
Most Liked Negative Review
It`s a very classic perfume!
The most important for this perfume is: it is a perfume- signature. It`s a well-known but classic and chic perfume. But, unfortunately, because it`s too well-known and used, i don...Read complete review
The most important for this perfume is: it is a perfume- signature. It`s a well-known but classic and chic perfume. But, unfortunately, because it`s too well-known and used, i don`t like it very much...
Reviewed by 122 customers
Sort by
Displaying reviews 1-5
Previous | Next »
- Great Smell
- Sensual
- Doesn't Hold
Best Uses
- Anytime
Comments about Hypnose Perfume:
I love this product...
but it doesn't last too long...you have to refresh it
- Fragrance Type:
- Floral, Oriental/Spicy, Powdery, Woody/Earthy
- Clean & Fresh
- Long-Lasting
- Sexy
Best Uses
- Evening Use
- Special Occasions
Comments about Hypnose Perfume:
ordered for test,good for evening
for daily use i like miracle
- Fragrance Type:
- Floral, Oriental/Spicy
- Draws Compliments
- Great Value
- Long-Lasting
- Not Overpowering
- Sensual
Best Uses
- Evening Use
- Special Occasions
Comments about Hypnose Perfume:
Aroma amazes imagination with cleanliness and elegance of a combination of notes. Which, by the way, really do not differ the person exotic, however thus in perfum unsurpassed style and taste at once is felt.
Sweet, gentle, natural, sensual and graceful. At it very positive power. Stylish, fashionable, elegant, a little bit giddy and unique. In it only to sparkle, shine and have fun...
Simplicity of the formula, in the given specific case, becomes for me a synonym of a youth, elegance and sexuality.
- Fragrance Type:
- Oriental/Spicy
- Great Smell
- Great Value
- Long-Lasting
- Sensual
Best Uses
Comments about Hypnose Perfume:
lovely. First i thought i don't love it. but after time i get used to it. and now its one of my favorite aromates.
- Fragrance Type:
- Woody/Earthy
- Clean & Fresh
- Great Value
Best Uses
- Evening Use
Comments about Hypnose Perfume:
I use it every day to my work and rest.
- Fragrance Type:
- Herbal
Displaying reviews 1-5
Previous | Next »


text:
Throughout the country, small companies are making a big difference by offering healthier food solutions while helping to support the dairy industry and provide a much need boost to the economy. Once such company, Omega Valley Farmers LLC, a division of Heartland Cooperative Services is located in Clark County Wisconsin, one of the largest milk producing counties in America. Read more .
Coast to Coast AM 12:00 AM - 5:00 AM
Contact Coast to Coast AM at 1-800-825-5033


text:
Member since: May 20th, 2009
Elmhurst676's Latest Comments
Blog Activity
Blog | # of Comments |
Joystiq | 55 Comments |
Joystiq Xbox | 2 Comments |
Equip your Xbox Avatar with free Modern Warfare 2 night vision goggles
Apr 2nd 2010 9:20PM (Joystiq Xbox)Well, the avatar item is still free.
Nintendo celebrates launch of DSi XL with giant 10-foot sandwiches
Mar 22nd 2010 5:59PM (Joystiq)HAY GAHZ I JUST WANNA LET YOU KNOW AHMA VEGGITERIAN OK
BioWare's Christina Norman defines goals for Mass Effect 3
Mar 13th 2010 5:30PM (Joystiq)Was there any indication that they only owned PCs? Lol, nopers. You're so kawaii.
Sonic fans create the best boycott of all time
Feb 26th 2010 5:13PM (Joystiq)YOU MENTION THAT COMIC AND I'LL BREAK YOU DEAD.
Microsoft: 'The Pro' Xbox Live moderator 'followed protocol'
Feb 23rd 2010 6:26PM (Joystiq)And she was sitting on- her can- I had to grab- her can- swee-swee-swee-swee-swee-swee.
Nomura working to 'realize' Kingdom Hearts III, explains Sora's furry origins
Feb 6th 2010 8:58PM (Joystiq)They need to do way instain mother. Babbies cant frigth back.
Nomura working to 'realize' Kingdom Hearts III, explains Sora's furry origins
Feb 6th 2010 8:51PM (Joystiq)Battlefield Heroes going all Twilighty for month-long monster mash
Jan 30th 2010 12:02PM (Joystiq)It's just a joke.
Featured Stories
Super Joystiq Podcast 087: Watch Dogs, South Park The Stick of Truth, The Walking Dead: A House Divided
Posted on Mar 7th 2014 2:00PM


text: Find this wine Find this wine Menage a Trois Pinot Noir 2011 Smooth...not too powerful. $12 Pin It Tweet one year ago by Vixen2tim More posts Menages a Trois Pinot Noir Baby's dinner surprisey! He's ze best cookie :) pretty taste 7 months ago by Acostaprilly Menage a Trois Pinot Noir 2011 Another amazing wine from Ménage à Trois. Very well balanced with nice oak undertones. 10 months ago by Goblue3835 Menage a Trois Pinot Noir 2011 Light not strong. Has a little bite but good. 10 months ago by Tammy J Menage a Trois California Red Wine 2010 Lush- undry- bright berry Tyler- "makes my tongue feel like leather" preferred Pinot noir 2 years ago by Kelly C.


text:
Great shoe would buy more from overstock the quality and my expectations were meet.
I was worried when they came because they are not made of leather, but my son likes them. All is good. :-)
Items must be returned in new or unused condition and contain all original materials included with the shipment. More details
FINAL SALE EXCLUSION: Items marked as FINAL SALE are not returnable unless the problem you experience is the result of our error.
Our standard shipping method is ground shipping. We also offer expedited shipping for most items. Your final shipping cost and estimated delivery timeframe will be available at checkout.
Standard shipping details
Expedited shipping details
* For your safety, some orders go through our loss prevention department. If we select your order for this process, we will immediately notify you that there may be up to a 3-day delay on your order.
** Most Oversize orders are delivered within 1-4 weeks. Some orders may take 6 weeks to be delivered.


text:
recipe reviews for:
"Tangy, creamy, and spicy, this buffalo chicken dip is made healthier by using reduced-fat dairy ingredients. Try serving with celery sticks and multi-grain crackers, for an even tastier treat."
My Profile | Cooks I Like Reviews | Photos | Recipes | Menus | Blog
Cooking Level: Expert
Cooking Level: Intermediate
Everything you need to party like a leprechaun.
New for spring! Good-for-you food you'll love to eat.
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and helpful cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for just $9.99!
See Chef John's secrets for making the best game-day dip ever!
See how to put a quick-and-easy twist on buffalo wings.
See how to make a dip that tastes just like chicken wings only without the mess.


text:
Main Content
THIS IS A MANUFACTURER DIRECT ITEM. THIS ITEM SHIPS ON OR BEFORE Monday, March 24 th
This unique collectible commemorates Matt Kenseth as the 2013 Irwin Tools Night Race race winner at Bristol Motor Speedway. The collectible contains an 8'' x 10'' photograph, a 10k gold coin, a descriptive plate, and a piece of green flag used to start the race. It is officially licensed by NASCAR and comes with a statement of authenticity from Fanatics Authentic and Joe Gibbs Racing guaranteeing that the green flag that was used is authentic. This process helps to ensure that the product purchased is authentic and eliminates any possibility of duplication or fraud. It measures 15" x 17" x 1" and comes ready to hang in your home or office. Limited edition of 120.
- Measures approximately 15" x 17" x 1"
- Ready to hang
- Limited edition of 120
- Includes statement of authenticity
- 8'' x 10'' Photograph
- 10k Gold commemorative coin
- Includes piece of green flag used to start the race
- Made in the USA
- Officially licensed NASCAR product
- Fanatics Authentic presented by Mounted Memories
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game
or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are
received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items
are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite
number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


text:
Heddon® Bayou Boogie® Lure
A "count-down-type" lure that can be fished at any depth. Slanted head displaces water and creates a pronounced wiggle. #6 hooks. Length: 2".
Rated 5 out of 5 by 23
Rated 5 out of 5 by Gibby2511 Awesome
I fish kansas lakes in late spring early summer for walleye, white bass, and wipers. This is the best lure I've found that will catch all three species. A local marine introduced these to me but quit carrying them so I'm glad basspro is easy to order them from.
April 24, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by ReelfootSam Heddon Bayou Boggie
One of the best shallow water crank baits ever produced.Big Bass love this bait. I have used this bait over the last 30 years to win several bass tournaments.If the fish are shallow you need on the tie the boggie.Normally will out fish another one of my all time favorites the Rattle Trap. Too bad the color offering has now been reduce to just a few colors. Several of the best colors are no longer available. Back in the late 80's I personally ordered 15 doz. each of 2 diffrent colors that had been discontinued to get them special made at the factory because they were so good..Glad I did. Good fishing.Reelfoot Sam.
April 5, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by BlackwaterGA Very underutilized classic from the past
This bait is a true producer, especially in quieter waters like farm ponds, or anywhere the fish can be skittish and rattle baits send them running instead of attracting them. With so many fishermen using rattle baits, the non-tattlers like the BB can help you catch more real lunkers. Reel straight, or erratically. CAsts well in the wind, too - a time when this bait can really excel.
March 21, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by tomfromHowell Boogie is best
If I was on a deserted Island this is one of the top two or three lures I need to survive. Guaranteed results! Line, Leaders, hooks, a few Boogies and a Rapala. A fantastic design, a long history of proven results for fresh water. This is a must have in every tacklebox..
July 9, 2012
1 Question | 6 Answers
Outdoor Answers
Get help about this item from fellow customers.
Ask your questions. Share your answers.
I have used this lure during warmer water temperatures when the fish are more active. I use it while trolling behind the boat as slow as I can and as long as the lure can reach max depth. I use either the darker colored or lighter colored lure according to light and water conditions.A:
No wrong way to use this lure. Slow or trolling, the action speaks for itself. Keep it moving at any speed. Perch to Bass to Pike, anything that attacks will.A:
Cast and retrieve into schooling fish such as white bass. Trolling is very effective as these lures run true and you never have to worry about them rolling over as lipped plugs sometime do. Really this is just a good, all around lure that you can use slow, fast or as a countdown jig type. I have caught all type fish even trout, but it is best on bass that are running minnows.A:
Just throw it out and depending on the season slow or fast it is a great product and you cant go wrong!A:
i like to fish the for pre and post spawn bassTop 50 Contributor
You just cast it out, count it down and crank it in. Just like a spinnerbait. Sometimes slow sometimes fast. In cover or over rocks is bestImages for this Answer
(click to see full-size image)
1 of 1
1 of 1


text:
Olympic Experience:
Career Highlights:
Fun Facts: Hobbies include cooking, reading, hanging out with friends and family on the lake and boat and playing with her dog ... Would like to meet Queen Rania Al-Abdulla of Jordan because she's become such a powerful female figure in the Middle East and because of her philanthropic work with children ... Has a passion for music, dance, family, friends, education, anthropology and learning foreign languages ... First ice dance team in history to win four Grand Prix Final titles
Learn more: Ice Network
Which events do Davis & White want to see in Sochi?
Davis & White have trained together in Michigan for 16 years
Team USA captures bronze in first Olympic figure skating team event
Two-time Olympic figure skating champion still getting his words in on the competition
Jeremy Abbott, Marissa Castelli and Simon Shnapir will skate in inaugural team event
Luge, Para-snowboarding and figure skating take Athlete of the Month titles
Davis and White provide a sneak peek of their performances for Sochi
See how the newest members of Team USA reacted to the big news...
Fifteen athletes named to Team USA following dramatic national championships
Reigning world champions win sixth U.S. title with "perfect" score
Ice dancers go for record sixth U.S. title
Bobsled and skeleton athletes sweep athlete of the month awards
Fifteen U.S. skaters will be named Sunday to the 2014 U.S. Olympic Team
Davis and White have had Sochi on their minds ever since Vancouver
Medal contenders, medal streaks, team event and more. Prepare for Sochi >>


text:
#ThrowbackThursday: Annette Bening and Warren Beatty Cover InStyle…in 1995
Apr 11, 2013 @ 11:10 amHappy #ThrowbackThursday! To celebrate our favorite hashtag of the week, we're taking a look back at InStyle's May 1995 cover starring Hollywood couple Annette Bening and Warren Beatty. "My first impression was that he was smart—bright and quick and witty," Bening told us in an issue dedicated to celebrating star couples. "It felt very right and comfortable." And the pair are still going strong—the power of love!
Plus, see more InStyle Instagram pics.
• #TBT: Kate Hudson and Goldie Hawn
• InStyle Readers' Emerald Instagrams
• #HelloSpring: Our Favorite Instagrams


text: The Kentucky Music Educators Association has awarded the $1000 Jim and Carolyn Fern Music Education Scholarship for 2012-13 to WKU senior from Fairbanks, Alaska, Alyna Bloecher. Ms. Bloecher is a music education major in violin, and was selected by a committee to receive this monetary award, based on her application that included letters of recommendation, a recording of a recent performance, evidence of teaching activities and membership in professional music organizations, and personal philosophy of music education. As a member of The Symphony at @WKU, Ms. Bloecher is expected to graduate with an instrumental music education degree in May of 2013.


text:
Whoops! Something went wrong trying to count your new vote. Please try again.
980 New Haven Rd, Durham, CT
Vote for a Chance to Win a Dream Spa & Beauty Package! Voting automatically enters you into the drawing. Click here for more info.
Counting your vote...
Hey now! We're using Facebook to authenticate your vote. Making sure you've got a pulse and aren't Spammy MacSpambot. After you log-in, you'll be good to go. Thanks for voting! Please sign in with Facebook to vote
Hitchin Post Tavern
You voted for
120 Charter Oak St, Manchester, CT
Hungry Tiger Cafe & Restaurant
389 Main St, East Hartford, CT
84 Union Pl, Hartford, CT
Federal Cafe


text:
Zip Line Ride and Tour
The Tour
The 3 hour Grand Vue Park Canopy Tour consists of 8 dual zip lines ranging in distance from 340 to 1500 feet through the trees. Also included are three suspension bridges and the Grand Vue Park Canopy Ride, 2100 foot dual zip line.
Cost: $79 per person + tax
The Ride
The Grand Vue Park Canopy Ride consists of one 2100 foot dual zip line, with great views of downtown Moundsville.
Cost: $20 per person + tax
Hours of Operation
Please call the Main Office at 304-845-9810 for Hours of Operation.
Reservations for the Canopy Tour can be made online here or by calling 304-845-9810. Reservations are not needed for the Ride.Guidelines
The Tour and Ride are designed for use by participants of normal mobility and strength and who are in reasonably good health. Please consult your doctor should you have an question regarding any health concerns you may have before participating.
Participants must weigh between 70 and 270 pounds for the Ride. Participants must weigh between 70 and 270 pounds for the Canopy Tour.
Participants must be able to climb multiple flights of stairs and short hills, and walk on natural trail.
Closed toed shoes are required. No clogs, crocs or sandals will be permitted.
Children ages 15 and below must be accompanied by an adult while on the tour but must be able to participate independently of the adult.
Participants should arrive ½ hour before their tour start time. Tours will leave promptly and late arrival result in exclusion from the tour. No refunds will be given for late arrival. Please report to the Par 3 Clubhouse when you arrive for your tour.
Active Military / Veteran Discount: 10% to all current military personnel and veterans. Current military or veteran ID required.
Marshall County Residents Discount: 10% to all residents of Marshall County. Vaild ID with proof of residence for each individual required.
College Students: 10% discount on the Tour every Tuesday and Thursday. Current student ID required
Family Discount: Every Thursday youth ages 10-15 are half off. Limited to one child per paying adult. This applies to Ride ONLY.
Groups of 8 guest or more: 20% discount
Discounts cannot be combined. Some restrictions apply. To receive a discount, guest must make reservations by calling the park office at 304-845-9810.
Pass Options
Ten Trip Canopy Tour Pass: $711
Ten Trip Ride Pass: $180
All Day Park Pass: $24.99 includes 1 Ride on the Zip Line and unlimited use of the Pool, Miniature Golf, Disc Golf Rental, Par-3


text:
Courses are offered in conjunction with the AFIT academic calendar. However, most of the work can be done as scheduled by the student (although many courses may require or encourage attendance at a live, 1-hour weekly webinar).
Prospective applicants should possess a bachelor's degree. Once accepted, DL tuition rates apply.


text:
Image Number: 0313-1202-0319-1626
Commercial use is allowed
This image is available under 'Royalty Free' licensing and is available for immediate download.
*Prints may not be reproduced!
Keywords: art print, art prints, clipart, clip art, graphic, graphics, image, images, picture, pictures, photo, photos, photograph, photographs, poster, posters, stock photo, stock photos, stock photography, web graphic, web graphics , coast, ecola state park, indian beach, j c galleries, j christopher galleries, jchristophergalleries, john christopher, lighthouse, lighthouse images, lighthouse photo, lighthouse photos, lighthouse picture, lighthouse pictures, lighthouses, lighthouses pictures, oregon, oregon tillamook, pacific coast, pacific northwest, rocks, sunset, sunset over tillamook rock lighthouse, terrible tilly, tillamook, tillamook head, tillamook lighthouse, tillamook or, tillamook oregon, tillamook rock, tillamook rock lighthouse, washington
search tips
Artist Login


text:
The writer Anais Nin said that "adolescence is like a cactus." The teenage years are indeed prickly ones, filled with uncomfortable emotions and uncharted terrain as teens enter high school and move self-consciously into young adulthood. High school presents even more challenges for teens recovering from addiction who struggle to remain clean and sober after …∞
Posted in 12 Step Fellowships, Addictions, Alcoholism, Family, Healthy, Relapse, Sobriety, Spirituality, Steroids, Treatment, Youth and tagged adolescence, sobriety high school, student. Use this permalink for a bookmark.
Recovery Is Sexy.com is a work of gratitude for 28 years of sobriety and fellowship.
Please donate to help continue this work for those struggling with the program and those yet to come.