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Red wines that are more fruit-forward and lighter in tannin and body.
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Wines where earthy and/or spicy dominate the flavors – typically medium to full body.
Full bodied wines that have concentrated fruit and are higher in alcohol and/or tannins. Some need age.
Ruby in color. A lovely nose of blackcurrant with slight cinnamon. Juicy and intense flavors of blackberries and marmalade which is highlighted by delicate, rounded tannins and a finish of vanilla and cloves.
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(ahr-jen-TEE-nah) Now fifth in the world for wine production, Argentina is catching up in the quality wine sector. A long time wine producer, Argentina used to make wine in order to drink it, not export it. And so the wines produced were quaffable and rustic and made for the local's everyday dinner. Yet it's hard not to get caught up in the wine market of the world and some...Read More About Argentina
Malbec(MAHL-beck) Angel of Argentina Originally a common grape in Bordeaux, Malbec adds only a small percentage to the blends there. It has, however, found another region in which to flourish -the bourgeoning wine region of Argentina. In fact, Argentinians have adopted Malbec as their national grape! Notable Facts Malbec is used in small amounts in...Read More About Malbec
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Forum Post: Shawn Thornton Appealing 15 game suspension
Bob McKenzie noted it first but one thing I think that Thornton may be bringing up in his appeal is the Scott Walker/Aaron Ward incident from a few years ago. Walker suckers Ward, knocks him out, he m more »
Forum Post: Chip off the Old Samuelsson
Geez....this kid is as bad of a fighter as Ulf was.
He's getting ragdolled the same way Cam used to rag doll his dad...
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They lost in semi-final four games to one...so he's officially "free" to head over here as soon as a contract etc. can be worked out.
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Bob McKenzie and others have the B's as one of three finalists to sign J.T. Brown from UND. I like these moves. If they don't pan out, only costs you some $. If they do pan out gives you valuable dep more »
Forum Post: Thoughts on Amnesty clause in CBA?
Various news sources are reporting that the league and players are discussing adding an "amnesty clause" to the new CBA which would allow teams to buy out a player on their team WITHOUT the correspond more »
Forum Post: Some OHL notes
Just a couple of quick notes on our guys in the OHL.... 1) Camara and Spooner's teams suck. They're like 3-19 combined so far. As a result neither one is doing anything (yet). Spooner's team is ave more »
Forum Post: Small move
This coming from a man who's so "respected" half the people who read this board have you on ignore...and you wonder why... In Response to Re: Small move: [QUOTE]are you totally insane? he bites! Poste more »
Forum Post: Small move
One name I'm not seeing anyone mention as a possible fit in Boston (to take Recchi's spot) is Kobasew. He's unrestricted, won't cost much, was well liked in the room while in Boston, gives CJ another more »
Forum Post: Trade prediction
Within 24 hours I predict a trade very similar to this will be made.. Kaberle and 3rd rounder Tor got from Phily for Wheeler, 2nd rounder from Bos (min pick) and probably Kampfer or prospect. Kelly fi more »
Forum Post: Cap hit on Kelly
Is roughly 2.1 million for next year...OR the same as Blake Wheeler....
Doubt he can afford both next year to play on the 3rd/4th lines...
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Forum Post: Kelly to fill Wheeler's spot?
Deal might make more sense if Wheeler is about to be shipped to Toronto in a deal for Kaberle tomorrow. That way we have a forward to plug in for him. That's about the only way I see that working. Kel more »
Forum Post: Chris Kelly for a draft pick????
That's the "big trade" according to sportsnet.ca
Give me a BREAK!
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Forum Post: best trade for the bruins now
Neil signed a deal this year at 2m per season for Ott. That's a lot of change in the salary cap era for a 4th line forward..Thornton makes about 1/3 of that for example and his #'s this year are bett more »
Forum Post: Time to get Kaberle?
While I agree with many posters thoughts on the appropriate "value" for Kaberle, I think you're missing one HUGE point. He is an UFA at the end of the year and he has a NO TRADE clause. HE's also said more »
Forum Post: Toronto Record Tracker
Leafs next ten games are KEY to how they finish IMO. They have roughly 30 games left...they have 43 points. If they play .500 hockey and win say 1/2 their remaining games they'll end up with roughly 7 more »
Forum Post: OHL Update
Update tonight... Spooner had 2 goals and an assist in the Petes 5-4 loss. He now has 9-9=18 totals on the year in only 11 games. Also Cunningham continues to lead the WHL in scoring (although he was more »
Forum Post: NHL is still investigating the contract of Savard, Hossa, Pronger and Luongo
LOL...if Savard is ruled to be a FA...bury Ryder in the minors and with his 4 million/Savy's $4 million and a couple of tweaks we can sign Kovy ourselves!
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Forum Post: Wheeler gets 2.2 million ---OFFICIALLY--
Per Fluto...2.2 milllion...which is lower than I thought he'd get...B's are probably slightly happy...
Now at least they know what their costs are the rest of the way...with both him and Seguin.
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Forum Post: Gagne on waiver's soon...Will Bruins attempt to get him?
In Response to Re: Gagne on waiver's soon...Will Bruins attempt to get him?: In Response to Re: Gagne on waiver's soon...Will Bruins attempt to get him? : No, but if we try to recall him he will be ex more »
Forum Post: Just a basic NHL question
In Response to Re: Just a basic NHL question: I think to get your name on the cup you have to have played at least one game,about getting a ring not sure. Posted by john6345 You can petition the NHL t more »
Forum Post: Report: Flyers have verbal agreement for rights to Nabokov
One thing teams have to be careful about with Nabokov is that if he signs after he turns 35 then ALL the cap hit has to be honored. There are no "buyouts" etc. allowed for guys who retire, go the KHL, more »
Forum Post: TSN's Darren Dreger reports Bruins may turn their attention to...
One reason I can see that happening from the Bruins perspective is to "get out from under" the long term commitment to Savard. Kaberle is only signed for this upcoming year. So if he does well we ca more »
Forum Post: Bruins close to acquiring Nathan Horton in a blockbuster deal
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Forum Post: Horton close to being a Bruin?
I wonder if it could be something like Wideman and say one of our 2nds for Horton. Don't forget that the Hawks were also built from the back line up with Keith, Campbell, Seabrook as puck movers. The more »
Forum Post: #22's number
In Response to Re: #22's number: In Response to Re: #22's number : TOM McCarthy was a very good offensive center the BRUINS TRADED FOR FROM THE NORTH STARS. THE NORTH STARS HAD A LOT OF TALENT IN THE more »
My Latest Discussions
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Book Description:This Irish bad-boy thriller -- set in the hardest streets of New York City -- brims with violence, greed, and sexual betrayal."I didn't want to go to America, I didn't want to work for Darkey White. I had my reasons. But I went."So admits Michael Forsythe, an illegal immigrant escaping the Troubles in Belfast. But young Michael is strong and fearless and clever -- just the fellow to be tapped by Darkey, a crime boss, to join a gang of Irish thugs struggling against the rising Dominican powers in Harlem and the Bronx. The time is pre-Giuliani New York, when crack rules the city, squatters live furtively in ruined buildings, and hundreds are murdered each month. Michael and his lads tumble through the streets, shaking down victims, drinking hard, and fighting for turf, block by bloody block.Dodgy and observant, not to mention handy with a pistol, Michael is soon anointed by Darkey as his rising star. Meanwhile Michael has very inadvisably seduced Darkey's girl, Bridget -- saucy, fickle, and irresistible. Michael worries that he's being followed, that his affair with Bridget will be revealed. He's right to be anxious; when Darkey discovers the affair, he plans a very hard fall for young Michael, a gambit devilish in its guile, murderous in its intent.But Darkey fails to account for Michael's toughness and ingenuity or the possibility that he might wreak terrible vengeance upon those who would betray him.A natural storyteller with a gift for dialogue, McKinty introduces to readers a stunning new noir voice, dark and stylish, mythic and violent -- complete with an Irish lilt.
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We stayed here for several days. Ivan and Lisa are wonderful and so very helpful. If it wasn't for Lisa's help, we would have never retrieved our luggage. They know the area very well. They recommended a very, very good birding guide. In one morning we saw a toucan nest, several kinds of toucans, cookoo birds, a pigmey owl and... More
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Talk1this wiki
The Five Wizards, also known as Istari, were five Maiar spirits in human form sent to aid the Free Peoples of Middle-earth against the threat of Sauron.
In the Undying Lands around TA 1000, Manwë summoned a council of the Valar to send three messengers to Middle-earth. Two Maiar came, Curumo (later known as Saruman) sent by Aulë, and (Morinehtar) Alatar, sent by Oromë. Manwë asked where Olórin was, and he came, after returning from a journey. Manwë asked Olórin (Gandalf) if he would go as the third messenger. Olórin said that he was too weak, and he was afraid of Sauron. Manwë said that that was all the more reason to go, and that he commanded Olórin to go as the third. Then Varda said "Not as the third." Yavanna begged Curumo to take (Radagast) Aiwendil, and Alatar took (Rómestámo), Pallando as a friend. They were forbidden to dominate the free peoples of Middle-earth or to match Sauron's power with power. When Saruman, the greatest of the Wizards, disobeyed this injunction, he was cast from the order and banished from Valinor.
The Istari were known by various names, and were arrayed in different colours. Of those who came to Middle-earth, sent by the Valar, five are known, the Heren Istarion (Order of Wizards). After arriving in Middle-earth, the two Blue Wizards apparently went east before the War of the Ring; whether they played a part in the events of that war is currently unknown. (According to Tolkien's letters they may have formed cults for magic worship and practice among the Easterlings.) Radagast the Brown concerned himself mainly with plants and animals, and lived in Mirkwood for many years. Curunir and Olórin spent time with the Free Peoples, the Elves, Dwarves, and Men. Curunir, known as Saruman, was wise and respected and became head of the White Council in TA 2463. However, he became prideful and jealous of the potential and purity of spirit of Gandalf, who would eventually surpass him in power. Saruman slowly came to betray the original purpose of the Istari, and sought power for himself. During the War of the Ring he was overthrown, and he was finally killed outside of Bag End, in the Shire, by his tormented servant Grima Wormtongue, after a failed attempt to rule the Shire. Saruman's spirit looked to the West, but was blown away.
At the end of the Third Age the Istari passed from sight, with the fall of Sauron their work was done. Gandalf passed over Sea with the Last Riding of the Keepers of the Rings. The fate of the other Istari is unknown.
The Istari bore the forms of old Men, although they were vigorous and seemed to age very slowly if at all. They possessed great skill of body and mind; their powers were focused through their staffs. Each of the Istari had his own colour and grade within the Order. Saruman the White was the eldest and Gandalf the Grey second. The other Istari were Radagast the Brown and the two Blue Wizards, who dwelt far in the east.
Named wizardsEdit
The Wizards | |||
Middle-earth name | Colour | Maia name | Belongs to |
Saruman | White (later Many Coloured) | Curumo | Aulë |
Gandalf | Grey (later White) | Olórin | Manwë and Varda |
Radagast | Brown | Aiwendil | Yavanna |
Morinehtar | Blue | Alatar | Oromë |
Rómestámo | Blue | Pallando | Oromë |
- Curunir, the white wizard, was more commonly known as Saruman. He later claimed the title "Saruman of the Many Colours", after he was seduced by the evil power of Sauron.
- Olórin, the grey wizard, was more commonly known as Gandalf the Grey. However, after dying at the hands of a balrog, Gandalf was reborn as Gandalf the White.
- Aiwendil, the brown wizard, was more commonly known as Radagast. Radagast was a lover of nature and so did not play any major part in the War of the Ring except for announcing to the Great Eagles that Gandalf was at the Orthanc with Saruman
- Alatar and Pallando, the Blue Wizards. (Note: Later in his life, Tolkien wrote a note, suggesting that the names of the Blue Wizards were Morinehtar and Rómestámo. It is not clear whether these names were intended to replace the names Alatar and Pallando, or whether Morinehtar and Rómestámo were alternate names for the Blue Wizards, possibly those given to them by the peoples of Middle-Earth.)
Saruman was killed by Gríma following the Battle of Bywater, and Gandalf returned to the Undying Lands in TA 3021. However, the fates of the three other Istari are relatively unknown. Alatar and Pallando disappeared in the east, while Radagast stayed in Middle-earth at least until TA 3018.
Quenya (singular Istar). The Sindarin word for Istari was Ithryn (singular Ithron).


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The NATAS-PSW scholarship consists of several awards between $500 and $3,000 each. The scholarships are granted for use by continuing students enrolled full or part-time (at least three courses) in two- and four-year colleges and universities or high school seniors who will be attending and meet the requirements.
March 6, 2014
by Suada Kolovic
March 4, 2014
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Sun Valley
A Weekend in Sun Valley
In recent years, Sun Valley has been looking forward, and a proposed master plan will take things even further.
Biking Idaho's Mountains
The Sun Valley area of Idaho combines steep biking slopes with breathtaking views.
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36 Hours in Sun Valley, Idaho
Sun Valley celebrates its 75th winter season with a refurbished Sun Valley Lodge and Inn, more snowmaking and a new gondola, among other draws.
Sun Valley by Knobby Tires, Not Skis
In central Idaho, bikers enjoy more than 450 miles of smooth, concretelike mountain trails. Even at the height of the season, it is rare to see many other riders.
A New Ski Tour Brings Snow, a Show and Many Parties
The Ski Tour, a four-city event with bands, fireworks, countless parties and top-notch skiing, aims to bring glamour back to the sport.
Reserved: A $250,000 Parking Spot
The well-known own apartments in the Edelweiss in Sun Valley, Idaho, maybe more for the trailside parking than the real estate.
36 Hours | Sun Valley, Idaho
DESPITE an influx of star power and money, Sun Valley and adjacent Ketchum haven't really changed much in the last 30 years. Wedged between four mountain ranges and with a high-desert climate, the mountain town center has few designer shops, almost no chain stores ...
Sun Valley
It's easy to imagine Ernest Hemingway at work on the balcony of the Sun Valley Lodge's Room 206, tapping out the final pages of ''For Whom the Bell Tolls'' with the sun beaming in from above the jagged Smoky Mountains. His suite might still have been littered with ...
A Summer Of Double Axels
''SUN VALLEY in the summer?'' several skiing friends asked skeptically when I mentioned our vacation plans. ''What is there to do in Sun Valley in the summer?'' More than enough, it turned out, to fill two August weeks at the famous Idaho ski resort and leave us ...
Sun Valley, an American Original
CERTAINLY, there are places in the Northern Hemisphere with more flash, better snow, easier access and steeper slopes than Sun Valley, Idaho -- the granddaddy of American winter resorts. But where else can a skier find a blend of big bowls and scrubbed sky by ...
Resorts That Blazed Western Trails
The three queens of Western ski resorts - jazzy Aspen, homey Alta and venerable Sun Valley - still reign over their snowy realms after nearly half a century. Each had its beginning as a mining town, fell on hard times during the silver slump and was later transformed ...


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t20 WORLD CUP
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When sports fans talk of cricket during winters in a football loving nation, something has definitely made an impression - the Indian Premier League's Twenty20 extravaganza has Australians entranced.
"IPL will move cricket into the stratosphere that has already consumed football to global celebrity status," says Gilbert Arnold, who would like to describe himself as "a fan of national cricket with a passion for the excitement that India, the West Indies and Sri Lanka bring to the game and elation when England is beaten by any team!
"One certain outcome is a move from competition between national teams to band teams with international fans," Arnold said.
In Australia, Channel 10 has signed an exclusive five-year deal to broadcast IPL matches. This has been great news for cricket fans Down Under.
"My absolute favourite is Michael Hussey and it was good to watch his smashing century. I also like West Indian Chris Gayle and everyone's favourite Sachin Tendulkar. Retired greats Glenn McGrath and Shane Warne have added another level of competition to the game," says Dominic Bowes, a keen cricketer from the Sydney Boys High School.
Bowes, 17, who stayed up with his friends Friday night to watch the billion-dollar tournament kick off, says: "It was worth keeping awake till the early hours as the IPL opening ceremony and the game were both captivating. Young cricket fans, especially young women fans, prefer the Twenty20 format."
Channel Ten is telecasting all 59 matches over 44 days from April 18 to June 1 with starting times varying from 9.30 pm to 1.30 am, (Australian Eastern Standard Time).
"Over the first weekend, the coverage of the IPL in Australia has been very popular. Sunday night's match between the Kolkata Knight Riders and the Hyderabad Deccan Chargers has been the most popular match so far. An average audience of 360,000 tuned into the game. The audience peaked at 800,000," says Channel Ten's Sport Marketing and Publicity Manager Gus Seebeck.
"These are very encouraging figures given the relatively late start times for the matches in Australia. The matches featuring prominent Australian players such as Ricky Ponting and Andrew Symonds have rated well," Seebeck told IANS.
As "a convert to cricket via the One-Day version of the game", Karen Grega said, "Its Hollywood meets Bollywood. I see it as a new, cricket product for the time-poor that hopefully attracts a wider audience, as did the One-Day, limited over version of the game. If it converts the uninitiated and grows the market rather than decimating it, then it's got to be good for the game in today's 'instant' society.
"Only time will tell if expectations will be met. It won't replace the strategic, thinking man's version of the game that Test match cricket offers us purists," Grega added.
As the changing face of the game gains momentum, Cricket Australia has increased the number of Twenty20 internationals in the Australian summer from two to three -two against New Zealand and one against South Africa.
CA's general manager of cricket operations, Michael Brown, told the Sydney Morning Herald that a franchise system would be considered in Australia if it could help attract new fans to the game.
Brown told the newspaper: "We will look at it and consider it. The idea is to bring new customers to the game rather than those who already attend Test and One-Day matches. We have been watching the new concept with interest - the IPL has been exciting and looks like a fantastic television spectacle.
"I think someone described it as like the Olympic Games. It's fantastic for cricket - we're here in Melbourne in an incredible AFL (Australian Football League) environment, yet people are talking up cricket," Brown added.
Even as a survey of Australian players revealed that almost half would consider early retirement to maximise their earnings in India, Brown said: "The bread and butter of cricket is based around the Future Tours Program, and we need to make sure that is protected."
With players and fans from cricket loving nations giving themselves with abandon to the glitz and glory, it can only spell success for the 'Gentlemen's game'.
t20 Latest Headlines
Fearless Bisla leads Knight Riders to IPL title
Defending Champions bat first in the IPL final
Rampaging Super Kings cruise into IPL Final
Sehwag wins the toss, DareDevils bowl first
Dhoni leads Super Kings to eliminator victory
Indians bowl first in eliminator showdown
Impressive Knight Riders cruise into IPL final
Gambhir wins the toss, Knight Riders bat first
Rampant Indians cruise to ten wicket victory
Royals elect to bat first in final group match
Defending champions sneak into the play offs
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South African Republic
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South African Republic Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek |
Anthem Transvaalse Volkslied |
Location of the South African Republic, circa 1890.
Capital | Pretoria | |||||
Languages | Dutch | |||||
Religion | Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk | |||||
Government | Republic | |||||
President | ||||||
- | 1857–1863 | Marthinus Wessel Pretorius | ||||
- | 1883–1902 | Paul Kruger | ||||
- | 1900–1902 | Schalk Willem Burger (acting) | ||||
History | ||||||
- | Established | 27 June 1856 | ||||
- | British annexation | 1877–1881 | ||||
- | Second Boer War | 11 October 1899 | ||||
- | Treaty of Vereeniging | 31 May 1902 | ||||
Area | ||||||
- | 1870[1] | 191,789 km² (74,050 sq mi) | ||||
Population | ||||||
- | 1870[1] est. | 120,000 | ||||
Density | 0.6 /km² (1.6 /sq mi) | |||||
Currency | South African Republic pond | |||||
Today part of | South Africa |
The South African Republic (Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek, or ZAR), often informally known as the Transvaal Republic, was an independent Boer-ruled country in Southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century. Not to be confused with the present-day Republic of South Africa, it occupied the area later known as the South African province of Transvaal. The ZAR was established in 1852, and was independent from 1856 to 1877, then again from the end of the First Boer War in 1881, in which the Boers regained their independence from the British Empire, until 1900.
In 1900 the ZAR was annexed by the United Kingdom during the Second Boer War although the official surrender of the territory only took place at the end of the war, on 31 May 1902. In 1910 it became the Transvaal Province of the Union of South Africa.
The first president of the South African Republic was Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, elected in 1857, son of Voortrekker leader Andries Pretorius, who commanded the Boers to victory at the Battle of Blood River.
The capital was established at Pretoria (founded 1855), though for a brief period Potchefstroom served as the seat of government. The parliament, the Volksraad, had 24 members.
Early history[edit]
The Transvaal region was inhabited by the Khoisan for thousands of years, and by iron-age ancestors of modern Bantu-language speaking South Africans, such as the Sotho, Swati, Tswana, Pedi, Venda and Transvaal-Ndebele peoples since the mid 4th century AD.[citation needed] By the beginning of the 19th century, the area that would eventually become the South African Republic was home to thousands of human settlements, including chiefdoms, villages and substantial towns such as Dithakong, whose population was comparable in size to that of contemporary early 19th century Cape Town. The residents of these villages, towns and cities engaged in farming, cattle keeping, iron, copper and tin mining, metal tool making, and long distance direct and indirect trade. In 1817, the region was invaded by Mzilikazi, originally a lieutenant of Zulu King Shaka who was pushed from his own territories to the west by the Zulu armies.[2] After a brief alliance with the Transvaal Ndebele, Mzilikazi became leader of the Ndebele people. (The people of this political and ethnic entity called themselves Ndebele or amaNdebele, but because of linguistic differences, they were called Matebele by the local Sotho-Tswana.) Mzilikazi's invasion of the Transvaal was one part of a vast series of inter-related wars, forced migrations and famines that indigenous people and later historians came to call the Difaqane or mfecane. In the Transvaal, the Difaqane severely weakened and disrupted the towns and villages of the Sotho-Tswana chiefdoms, their political systems and economies, making them very weak, and easy to colonise by the European settlers who would shortly arrive from the south.
As Ndebele moved into Transvaal, the remnants of the Venda retreated north to the Waterberg and Zoutpansberg, while Mzilikazi made his chief kraal north of the Magaliesberg mountains near present day Pretoria, with an important military outpost to guard trade routes to the north at Mosega, not far from the site of the modern town of Zeerust. As the Ndebele conquered the Transvaal they absorbed many members of the conquered Sotho-Tswana and other tribes and established a military despotism. From about 1827 until about 1836, Mzilikazi dominated the southwestern Transvaal. Before that time the region between the Vaal and Limpopo was scarcely known to Europeans, but in 1829, Mzilikazi was visited at Mosega by Robert Moffat, and between that date and 1836 a few British traders and explorers visited the country and made known its principal features.
In the 1830s and the 1840s, descendants of Dutch and other settlers, collectively known as Boers (farmers) or Voortrekkers (pioneers), left the British Cape Colony, in what was to be called the Great Trek. With their military technology, they overcame the local forces with relative ease, and formed several small Boer republics in areas beyond British control, without a central government.
From 1835 until 1838, Boer settlers started to cross the Vaal and they had several skirmishes with the Ndebele. On 16 October 1836, a Boer laager (or fortified circle of wagons) led by Andries Hendrik Potgieter, was attacked by an Ndebele force of about 5,000, who looted all of Potgieter's livestock, but were unable to defeat the laager in what became known as the Battle of Vegkop. One of the Sotho-Tswana chiefs, Chief Moroka of the Barolong people, who had earlier fled the Difaqane to the south to create the settlement of Thaba Nchu, sent fresh livestock to Potgieter to draw his party's wagons back to the safety of the Barolong stronghold of Thaba Nchu, where the Sotho-Tswana chief offered the Boers food and protection. By January 1837, an alliance of 107 Boers, sixty Rolong, and forty Coloured men, organised as a commando under the leadership of Potgieter and Gert Maritz, attacked Mzilikazi's settlement at Mosega, which suffered heavy losses, and early in 1838 Mzilikazi fled north beyond the Limpopo (to current day Zimbabwe), never to return to the Transvaal. Andries Hendrik Potgieter, after the flight of the Ndebele, issued a proclamation in which he declared the country which Mzilikazi had abandoned and forfeited to the emigrant farmers, but also denying land rights to the Sotho-Tswana who had saved him and assisted in the defeat of Mzilikazi and the Ndebele. After the retreat of Mzilikazi's Ndebele, many Boer farmers trekked across the Vaal and occupied parts of the Transvaal, bringing with them the laws of their Dutch forebears. These laws placed the native population under obligation to serve the farmers for a reasonable wage, prohibited them from possession of guns and ammunition and restricted their movements around the country.[3] Into these areas, still partly populated by remnants of the Ndebele and Sotho-Tswana, there was also a considerable immigration of members of the various Sotho-Tswana chiefdoms who had fled during the Difaqane.
The first permanent European settlement north of the Vaal was made by a party under Potgieter's leadership. That commandant had in March 1838 gone to Natal, and had endeavoured to avenge the massacre of Piet Retief and his comrades by the Zulus. Jealous, however, of the preference shown by the Voortrekkers in Natal to another commandant, Gert Maritz, Potgieter soon recrossed the Drakensberg, and in November 1838 he and his followers settled by the banks of the Mooi River, founding a town named Potchefstroom in honour of Potgieter. This party instituted an elementary form of government, and in 1840 entered into a loose confederation with the Natalia Republic Boer, and also with the Voortrekkers south of the Vaal, whose headquarters were at Winburg. In 1842, however, Potgieter's party declined to go to the help of the Natal Boers, then involved in conflict with the British. Up to 1845 Potgieter continued to exercise authority over the Boer communities on both sides of the Vaal. A determination to keep clear of the British and to obtain access to the outer world through an independent channel led Potgieter and a considerable number of the Potchefstroom and Winburg burghers in 1845 to migrate towards Delagoa Bay. Potgieter settled in the Zoutpansberg, while other farmers chose as headquarters a place on the inner slopes of the Drakensberg, where they founded a village called Andries Ohrigstad. It proved fever-ridden and was abandoned, a new village being laid out on higher ground and named Lydenburg in memory of their sufferings at the abandoned settlement. Meanwhile, the southern districts abandoned by Potgieter and his comrades were occupied by other Boers. These were joined in 1848 by Andries W. J. Pretorius, who became commandant of the Potchefstroom settlers.
On 17 January 1852, the United Kingdom signed the Sand River Convention treaty with 5,000 or so of the Boer families (about 40,000 white people), recognising their independence in the region to the north of the Vaal River, or the Transvaal. The Orange Free State, a sister Boer republic, was granted independence around the same time. But while they had obtained independence, they were far from being a united people. When Pretorius conducted the negotiations which led to the signing of the Sand River Convention he did so without consulting the volksraad, and Potgieter's party accused him of usurping power and aiming at domination over the whole country. However, the volksraad, at a meeting held at Rustenburg on 16 March 1852, ratified the convention, Potgieter and Pretorius having been publicly reconciled on the morning of the same day. Both leaders were near the end of their careers; Potgieter died in March and Pretorius in July 1853.
On the death of Andries Pretorius his son Marthinus W. Pretorius (q.v.) had been appointed his successor, and to the younger Pretorius was due the first efforts to end the discord and confusion which prevailed among the burghers – a discord heightened by ecclesiastical strife, the points at issue being questions not of faith but of church government. In 1856 a series of public meetings, summoned by Pretorius, was held at different districts in the Transvaal for the purpose of discussing and deciding whether the time had not arrived for substituting a strong central government in place of the petty district governments which had hitherto existed. The result was that a representative assembly of delegates was elected, empowered to draft a constitution.
In December 1856, the Transvaal assembly met at Potchefstroom, and for three weeks was engaged in modelling the constitution 1856 of the country. The name Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (South African Republic) was adopted as the title of the state, and the new constitution made provision for a volksraad to which members were to be elected by the people for a period of two years, and in which the legislative function was vested. The administrative authority was to be vested in a president, aided by an executive council. It was stipulated that members both of the volksraad and council should be members of the Dutch Reformed Church, and of European blood. No equality of coloured people with the white inhabitants would be tolerated either in church or state. In reviewing an incident so important in the history of the Transvaal as the appointment of the Potchefstroom assembly it is of interest to note the gist of the complaint among the Boers which led to this revolution in the government of the country as it had previously existed. In his History of South Africa, Theal says: "The community of Lydenburg was accused of attempting to domineer over the whole country, without any other right to pre-eminence than that of being composed of the earliest inhabitants, a right which it had forfeited by its opposition to the general weal." In later years this complaint was precisely that of the Uitlanders at Johannesburg. To conciliate the Boers of Zoutpansberg the new-born assembly at Potchefstroom appointed Stephanus Schoeman, the commandantgeneral of the Zoutpansberg district, commandant-general of the whole country. This offer was, however, declined by Schoeman, and both Zoutpansberg and Lydenburg indignantly repudiated the new assembly and its constitution. The executive council, which had been appointed by the Potchefstroom assembly, with Pretorius as president, now took up a bolder attitude: they deposed Schoeman from all authority, declared Zoutpansberg in a state of blockade, and denounced the Boers of the two northern districts as rebels.
Historical states in present-day South Africa |
before 1600
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Further to strengthen their position, Pretorius and his party unsuccessfully endeavoured to bring about a union with the Orange Free State. Peaceful overtures having failed, Pretorius and Paul Kruger placed themselves at the head of a commando which crossed the Vaal with the object of enforcing union, but the Free State compelled their withdrawal. Within the Transvaal the forces making for union gained strength notwithstanding these events, and by 1860 Zoutpansberg and Lydenburg had become incorporated with the republic. Pretoria, newly founded, and named in honour of the elder Pretorius, was made the seat of government and capital of the country. The ecclesiastical efforts at unity had not been equally successful. The Separatist Reformed Church of the Netherlands had sent out a young expositor of its doctrines named Postma, who, in November 1858, became minister of Rustenburg. In the following year a general church assembly endeavoured to unite all the congregations in a common government, but Postma's consistory rejected these overtures, and from that date the Separatist (or Dopper) Church has had an independent existence. Paul Kruger, who lived near Rustenburg, became a strong adherent of the new church.
Pretorius, while still president of the Transvaal, had been elected, through the efforts of his partisans, president of the Orange Free State. He thereupon (in February 1860) obtained six months' leave of absence and repaired to Bloemfontein, in the hope of peacefully bringing about a union between the two republics. He had no sooner left the Transvaal than the -old Lydenburg party, headed by Cornelis Potgieter, landdrost of Lydenburg, protested that the union would be much more beneficial to the Free State than to the people of Lydenburg, and followed this up with the contention that it was illegal for any one to be president of the South African Republic and the Free State at the same time. At the end of the six months Pretorius, after a stormy meeting of the volksraad, apparently in disgust at the whole situation, resigned the presidency of the Transvaal. J. H. Grobelaar, who had been appointed president during the temporary absence of Pretorius, was requested to remain in office. The immediate followers of Pretorius now became extremely incensed at the action of the Lydenburg party, and a mass meeting was held at Potchefstroom (October 1860), where it was resolved that: (a) the volksraad no longer enjoyed its confidence; (b) that Pretorius should remain president of the South African Republic, and have a year's leave of absence to bring about union with the Free State; (c) that Schoeman should act as president during the absence of Pretorius; (d) that before the return of Pretorius to resume his duties a new volksraad should be elected.
In 1865 an empty exchequer called for drastic measures, and the volksraad determined to endeavour to meet their liabilities and provide for further contingencies by the issue of notes. Paper money was thus introduced, and in a very short time fell to a considerable discount. In this same year the farmers of the Zoutpansberg district were driven into laagers by a native rising which they were unable to suppress. Schoemansdal, a village at the foot of the Zoutpansberg, was the most important settlement of the district, and the most advanced outpost in European occupation at that time in South Africa. It was just within the tropics, and was situated in a well-watered and beautiful country. It was used as a base by hunters and traders with the interior, and in its vicinity there gathered a number of settlers of European origin, many of them outcasts from Europe or Cape Colony. They earned the reputation of being the most lawless white inhabitants in the whole of South Africa. When called upon to go to the aid of this settlement, which in 1865–1866 was sore pressed by one of the mountain Bantu tribes known as the Baramapulana, the burghers of the southern Transvaal objected that the white inhabitants of that region were too lawless and reckless a body to merit their assistance. In 1867 Schoemansdal and a considerable portion of the district were abandoned on the advice of Commandant-general Paul Kruger, and Schoemansdal finally was burnt to ashes by a party of natives. It was not until 1869 that peace was patched up, and the settlement arrived at left the mountain tribes in practical independence. Meanwhile the public credit and finances of the Transvaal went from bad to worse. The paper notes already issued had been constituted by law legal tender for all debts, but in 1868 their power of actual purchase was only 30% compared with that of gold, and by 1870 it had fallen as low as 25%. Civil servants, who were paid in this depreciated scrip, suffered considerable distress. The revenue for 1869 was stated as £31,511; the expenditure at £30,836.
The discovery of gold on the Tati River led President Pretorius in April 1868 to issue a proclamation extending his territories on the west and north so as to embrace the goldfield and portion of Bechuanaland. The same proclamation extended Transvaal territory on the east so as to include part of Delagoa Bay. The eastern extension claimed by Pretorius was the sequel to endeavours made shortly before, on the initiative of a Scotsman, to develop trade along the rivers leading to Delagoa Bay. It was also in accord with the desire of the Transvaal Boers to obtain a seaport, a desire which had led them as early as 1860 to negotiate with the Zulus for the possession of St Lucia Bay. That effort had, however, failed. And now the proclamation of Pretorius was followed by protests on the part of the British high commissioner, Sir Philip Edmond Wodehouse, as well as on the part of the consul-general for Portugal in South Africa. The boundary on the east was settled by a treaty with Portugal in 1869, the Boers abandoning their claim to Delagoa Bay; that on the west was dealt with in 1871.
Boer Wars[edit]
In 1877, before the 1886 Witwatersrand Gold Rush, Britain annexed the Transvaal. The Boers viewed this as an act of aggression, and protested. In 16 December 1880 the independence of the republic was proclaimed again, leading to the First Boer War. The Pretoria Convention of 1881 gave the Boers self-rule in the Transvaal, under British oversight. Kruger was elected president in 1883 and the republic was restored with full independence in 1884 with the London Convention, but not for long. The Gold rush also brought an influx of non-Boer European settlers (called uitlanders, outlanders, by the Boers), leading to a destabilisation of the republic. Kruger was re-elected president in 1888 and 1893, each time defeating Piet Joubert.
In 1895, Cape Premier Cecil Rhodes planned to support an uitlander coup d'état against the Transvaal government. Leander Starr Jameson carried out this plan, without publicly acknowledged British authorisation, in December of that year – in the ill-fated Jameson Raid. After the failed raid, there were rumours that Germany offered protection to the Boer republic, something which alarmed the British. Kruger won another presidential election in 1898, but the following year British forces were gathering on the borders of the Boer Republics of Transvaal and the Orange Free State and fearing Britain's imminent annexation, the Boers launched a preemptive strike against the nearby British colonies in 1899, a strike which became the Second Boer War.
The Second Boer War was a watershed for the British Army in particular and for the British Empire as a whole. It was here that the British first used concentration camps in a war setting (the first general use being by the Spanish during the Cuban insurrections of the 1890s).
By May 1902, the last of the Boer troops surrendered mourning the deaths of 26,000 mainly women and children who died in British internment. The independent Boer republic became the Transvaal Colony, which in 1910 became the Transvaal Province of the newly created Union of South Africa, a British Dominion.
- President of the South African Republic
- State Secretary of the Transvaal
- State Attorney of the Transvaal
The country was divided into 17 districts:[4]
- Pretoria district: Pretoria
- Potchefstroom district: Potchefstroom, Ventersdorp, Klerksdorp, Venterskroon, Wolmaranstad
- Rustenburg district: Rustenburg
- Waterberg district: Nylstroom, Hartingsburg
- Zoutpansberg district: Pietersburg, Haenertsburg, Woodbush, Eersteling, Marabastad, Smitsdorp
- Lydenburg district: Lydenburg, Pilgrim's Rest, Barberton, Eureka City, FairView, Moodies, Jamestown
- Middelburg district: Middelburg, Roossenekal
- Heidelberg district: Heidelberg, Johannesburg, Elsburg, Boksburg, Krugersdorp
- Wakkerstroom district: Wakkerstroom, Amersfoort
- Piet Retief district: Piet Retief
- Utrecht district: Utrecht, Luneburg
- Bloemhof district: Christiania, Bloemhof, Schweizer-Reneke
- Marico district: Zeerust, Jacobsdal, Ottoshoop
- Lichtenburg district: Lichtenburg
- Standerton district: Standerton, Bethal
- Ermelo district: Ermelo, Amsterdam, Carolina
- Vryheid district: Vryheid
The national flag of the ZAR featured three horizontal stripes of red, white, and blue (mirroring the Dutch national flag), with a vertical green stripe at the hoist, and was known as the Vierkleur (lit. four colours). The former national flag of South Africa (from 1927 to 1994) had, as part of a feature contained within its central white bar, a horizontal flag of the Transvaal Republic (ZAR).
See also[edit]
- Natalia Republic
- Orange Free State
- Transvaal (disambiguation)
- Union of South Africa
- Volkstaat
- Voortrekker Monument
- ^ Alexander Mackay (1870). Manual of modern geography, mathematical, physical, and political. p. 484.
- ^ "King Mzilikazi – South African History Online". Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
- ^ Aylward, Alfred (1881). The Transvaal of Today. p. 7.
- ^ De Villiers, John (1896). The Transvaal. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 15.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to South African Republic. |
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press


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The gentle winds and waves of the crystal blue Adaman Sea caressing this archipelago of surpassing beauty seem to invite travelers in for a swim. Enterprising captains await at every popular beach in Langkawi, ready to take you snorkeling through the coral or exploring unspoiled beaches on the less visited islets. Then head back to the main island of Langkawi, where you'll find every comfort close to Pantai Cenang beach, including top-notch accommodation, dining, and of course, duty-free shopping.
Day 1: Get Wet in Langkawi
While you could always relax on popular, powdery-white Pantai Cenang, right on the main island, small boats can take you deeper into the scenic archipelago. Birders will enjoy the five-hour trek through wildlife-rich Langkawi Mangrove Forest, with its eagles and limestone caves; while those who love life beneath the sea will prefer to snorkel Pulau Payar Marine Park. Sun lovers can catch their rays on the four-hour Island Hopping Tour [http://www.viator.com/tours/Langkawi/Island-Hopping-Tour-from-Langkawi/d338-3705LGK12], visiting several islands and beaches, including the inner lagoon of Pregnant Maiden Lake, said to inspire fertility.
Day 2: Langkawi Fun
After beginning your day with a refreshing swim in the crystal-clear water, and leisurely breakfast with fresh tropical fruits, consider heading to one of Langkawi's family-friendly attractions. There are a handful of small museums in Kuah, and fine views from the top of Gunung Raya, the island's tallest peak. You could also visit the Langkawi Crocodile Farm, with more than 1000 of the big beasts; be sure to attend one of the hourly shows. Nearby, the Langkawi Underwater World Aquarium, offers a fish-eye view of the life in the Straights of Malacca. You can visit both attractions on a three-hour tour, including air conditioned transportation and airport pickup.
Day 3: High Rides and Low Prices
While the Langkawi islands are justly famed for their sapphire-clear water and fine white beaches, since 1987, when Langkawi was granted tax-free status, it has been known in some circles as a duty-free shopping destination. Most shoppers begin at adorable Oriental Village, an Asian-themed shopping center with family-friendly entertainment and cute restaurants; serious bargain hunters head to the Langkawi Parade Shopping Complex. Before loading up on souvenirs, however, take the amazing cable car ride to the top of Gunung Mat Chinchang, with views to Thailand and a short, steep, slippery hike to Telaga Tujuh Waterfalls, with swimming holes.
Tours & Tickets
Langkawi Sunset Luxury Yacht Cruise with Cocktails or BBQ Dinner
Sail off into the tropical sunset on the Andaman Sea from Langkawi Island on this luxury cruise, witness a spectacular tropical sunset while you enjoy either ... Read more
Langkawi, Malaysia
Duration: 2 hours 30 minutes (approx.)
Langkawi Sailing and Island Hopping Adventure
During your time in Langkawi, sail off the coast from Kuala Perlis and see Langkawi's many outlying islands. Enjoy calm water sailing, relaxing on the beach ... Read more
Langkawi, Malaysia
Duration: 7 hours (approx.)
Langkawi Cable Car Ride and Oriental Village Morning Tour
Take a cable car ride to the top of Mount Mat Chinchang for breathtaking views of Langkawi and visit the Oriental Village which is a shopping zone built ... Read more
Langkawi, Malaysia
Duration: 3 hours (approx.)
Langkawi Half-Day Cycling Tour
Discover the beauty of Langkawi Island as you cycle through the countryside on this half-day tour. See the rustic traditional houses, picturesque paddy fields ... Read more
Langkawi, Malaysia
Duration: 4 hours (approx.)
Pulau Payar Marine Park Snorkeling Tour from Langkawi
Catch a glimpse of the wonders of the deep and sail on a catamaran to West Malaysia's only Marine Park, located South of Langkawi Island. Discover the ... Read more
Langkawi, Malaysia
Duration: 8 hours (approx.)
Langkawi Round Island Tour
Discover the seamless mixture of urban and rural on this half-day tour around Langkawi Island. Admire the quaint villages, rubber plantations and paddy fields ... Read more
Langkawi, Malaysia
Duration: 3 hours (approx.)
Kampong Getam Village Cultural Tour from Langkawi
Experience the simplicity and tranquility of Malaysia's traditional village lifestyle on a rural tour from Langkawi. Meet the locals of Kampong Getam, watch a ... Read more
Langkawi, Malaysia
Duration: 6 hours (approx.)
Langkawi Underwater World and Crocodile Farm Tour
Visit Langkawi's best indoor attractions, the Crocodile Farm and the Underwater World on this day tour, fun for the whole family.
Langkawi, Malaysia
Duration: 3 hours (approx.)
Private Tour: Langkawi Rainforest Trekking Adventure
Explore the verdant rainforest of Pulau Langkawi on this half-day private jungle trekking tour! Langkawi is rich in biodiversity and offers a plethora of ... Read more
Langkawi, Malaysia
Duration: 3 hours (approx.)
See all 3 Days in Langkawi: Suggested Itineraries Tours & Tickets


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James Bond's amazing vehicles
Aston Martin DBS
Mike RenautShow Thumbnails
Aston Martin DBS - Quantum of Solace (2008)
This 2008 DBS was one of seven Meteorite Silver Astons supplied for the film. It has a 5.9 litre 48-valve V12 producing 510bhp and 420lb ft of torque. The cars were taken direct from the production line, fitted with roll cages and had their airbags disconnected.


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10 Horror Movies My Mom Hates (And Loves)!!!
A few days back I posted a list of 5 Horror Movies To Show Your Mom On Mother's Day. I like that list, it's fun. If you haven't read it already, go for it. But after I was done I thought, "why didn't I just go right to the source?"
Who's the source? My own mother, of course. I figured, in the spirit of Mother's Day, I'd give her a forum to sound off! So I got in touch with her and sent her a list of horror (and gory horror-ish) movies I know for a fact she's seen. And, even though it had been years since she'd seen most of the items on the list, she remembered a surprising amount of them! The poor woman had to watch way too many of these films with me as a child (and even as an adult, on occasion). My big takeaway? Like the rest of us, she just doesn't want to be bored.
Also? My Mom is awesome, whether or not we agree on movies. I have quoted her directly on these since it's about time she had the floor. Head inside for 10 Horror Movies My Mom Hates (And Loves)!!! READ MORE


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I've had to show some help content to a partner today about AE CS5, and came across the official support page here: http://www.adobe.com/support/aftereffects/
So I started looking for a link to the official help page in the right navigation menu, which looks like where all important links are. Couldn't find it. Looked briefly everywhere else without noticing the small link at the bottom of the left column.
So as I didn't saw it, I came back to the main navigation menu to check if it was there but now. So I clicked on "additional help" button and finaly found it here.
Sorry but how can you say that the "Official" help is an "additional help". Sure i've missed the link in the left column, but it's so small that I hadn't seen it.
Seriously, how is it possible that the official support page doesn't have a link to the actual help files in it main navigation bar ? How can it be hidden under an "Additional help" button ?
I'm going to be really honest there. CS5 is a major release, and I'm very happy about it, but the help experience is disatrous. No toc in the official help, link hidden on the official support page. You would get rid of the official you couldn't do any better than that. And I'm not even talking about CHC not working properly.
I'm really angry at how it has become really difficult to access a precise information that you know where it is. That is not the level of quality I expect from a company like Adobe.
I know i've already complained in the former forum about the removal of the Toc without replacing it with any viable solution making a browsing experience bad, and for that I can understand that you want to hide it, but it's a big step backward from CS4. And that's a major letdown.
I have to agree with Sebastien.
The help client is only helpful if it actually helps to find the information we need and not only show us how much information there is out there. That seems to be the focus of adobe help right now. Of course it is useful to link to all the tutorials and ressources out there, but the manual is most often what is the first thing we want to see, and it should be super easy to access.
Also very much agreeing with Sebastien here. The official help should be easy to find.
Joost van der Hoeven
Adobe Certified Instructor | Apple Certified Pro
...................................................................... ....................
[ A n i m o t i o n ]
audio-visual design
[w] www.animotion.nl
A little background. The H&S pages for CS4 had a big, prominently displayed Help button because the Help menu/F1 behavior of most CS4 products took users to the H&S page instead of Help (After Effects was an exception).
For CS5, the Help menu/F1 behavior of all CS5 products takes users directly to Help (with the Help TOC open), so the need for a big Help button is less critical. Not that we think the Help link is any less important. In the new design, the heading of the first column is "Getting Started and Help" in large font. A backup link is included in the Additional Help panel. The change also freed up room to highlight important community contributors.
Thanks for your engagement on the CS5 Help experience. I'm on the Adobe Community Help team and wanted to clarify that Adobe Help, as the definitive reference for Adobe products, is a highly valued component of the overall Community Help offering, and is not endangered content. Try choosing Help (or F1) from any CS5 product and you'll arrive on the Help homepage for your product, with direct access to Adobe Help and TOC. We are listening and appreciate your feedback.
The Community Help AIR application is an important offering for CS5. Much has changed since the prerelease version and will continue to evolve to offer features valued by users. Update to the latest version for new navigation and search options that allow you to search Adobe reference only, and access Help for additional Adobe products via Home button. http://www.adobe.com/support/chc/
(Preferences are saved across updates, so if you've set yours to Open Help in browser, please reset Accessibility Mode to "Open Community Help application" and give the new release a spin.)
Hi Laura,
thanks for poping up to answer our thoughts. I just gave the new client a test drive. Sadly the TOC is still missing on every page but the first one, which still makes the navigation really cumbersome. I can see some improvments in the new CHC, but honestly the experience is still no good enough to be really usable.
I know you're working hard on it, and you'll eventually make it better, usable and usefull. But while you are working fixing it, we are blocked with no real meaningfull way to browse the help, which is really problematic as far as I'm concerned. Search results still returns links from other adobe products that are installed on my system and it's not a good behavior too.
So for now, I'll turn it off again until the next update. But please, before fixing the CHC, fix the actual navigation scheme so we can use the help in an efficient way.
Sebastien, regarding the problem with search: Can you confirm that this problem only occurs in the CHC, and not when you search from After Effects Help on the Web?
The search "Adobe reference only" option in the CS5 Community Help app will confine results to just the Adobe product selected, and display content from Adobe Help only. I just checked it with After Effects, and results are confined to just AE Help. It can be toggled on and off to see results from the Adobe Community (including Adobe TV and Adobe Developer Connection), or just Adobe Help/reference. Its a really useful feature that came from CS4 user feedback. The Community Help AIR app search UI is intended to be a bit simpler to navigate than the web help, but that's a matter of preference of course.
I think that what we are all talking about is that the official "help" needs to be prominent search result and then community websites are like the cherry on the pie. Right now it feels like everything is sort of put on the same level. When we search for a help card, we want just that. If we want more, then great, but it feels like Adobe is trying really hard to show how connected they are to the plethora of content out there, but by doing that they are adding too much noise to the signal
That same checked button doesn't seem to work here. And I'm with the latest version of CHC just checked again. It's working correctly on the web though.
I 100% agree with Alex's comment.
But I can't see how removing the toc makes the browsing simpler either in CHC or on the web ? Seriously have you tried to browse the official help files without using the search ? Just by jumping from a category to another ? Try and compare, and you'll see in less than 5 minutes that the CS4 browsing experience if by far more enjoyable than the CS5, either on web or in CHC. At least the browser can have tabs to keep some references.
Once again, I'm not ranting just for the purpose of ranting, and I understand that you are following the inglorious metrics, but forcing everyone to jump in the search paradigm is a very bad choice, and removing the only design element that made official help easily browsable is a bad choice too.
And I don't understand why you can't simply put some ajax or javascript to make a Toc that can slide in or out from the left border of the webpage, like you do in Lightroom for the panels. Or use the left column in the CHC to keep it right in front our eyes.
Search is good when you know what you search but don't know where the info is. Toc is good when you know what you search and you know where it is. Toc is good when you don't know what you search too, and less random than typing some keywords in the search.
For me it's real simple.
1. when I click on help or F1 , Help should open local first then all the new toys are available if you opt to use them. at the very lest it should remember how you left it setup or have prefs so you can set it open to open that way.
2. The TOC MUST be available on the left and remain available at all times regardless of what is displayed on the right.
It is the biggest PITA to try to use help the way it is now. There is a reason the "old" paradigm of TOC on the left, content on the right has been around forever. It works, it's simple, and a more direct method to browse for what your looking for. It's not broken, why are you trying to fix it. If I want to go on-line and see all the other great things I can, but I want to start Local, TOC on the left, content on the right, then go from there.
Hi Sebastien,
Could you send us a screenshot of the Community Help app with the search results you are seeing? The latest version of the CHC is 22.214.171.1240. On Mac go to: File>About Help, on Win: File>About Adobe Help. If you've been active with prerelease content and builds, you might also need to install a new product helpfile from the Community Help AIR application install page. www.adobe.com/support/chc. I'd really like to make sure your build is running properly, so the screenshot would also help.
So I removed the CHC and reinstalled, and downloaded all updates.
here is my version number (22.214.171.1240):
Search work as expected now, but there still many problems, and here are my findings in attached pics:
You'll notice that:
1) Some of my products are Missing (AE)
2) Search in Bridge doesn't find the Photoshop menu
BTW, no one ever answered this question, so I take this chance to ask again: Can you tell me why you removed the so helpfull TOC to replace it with nothing, and why you don't want to bring it back to help people better browse the help files ?
Just so you know, I'm not against change, but removing features without giving a proper solution is not my idea of innovation. And please don't tell me that it's all about metrics.
Hi Sebastien,
Thanks for the screenshots. Here's what's happening;
1. AE help needs to be reinstalled from the Community Help AIR app install page: www.adobe.com/support/chc. Close/Quit Community Help app. On install page, select After Effects from the product drop down menu, then click Install Now. In the application installer dialog, click Open, then Run Now since you already have the latest version installed. This will update the installed CH app to include AE Help content.Add more products if you want following the same workflow. Click the home button and you should see the AE icon. The CHC home page gives you access to product help for all products installed on your system.
2. The Bridge content you are looking for is in the Help system: http://help.adobe.com/en_US/creativesuite/cs/using/WSEC5DD830-699C-4ed b-9615-4E369166A440a.html
It may have been a search term issue. I tried searching on "tools menu in Bridge" and the top result was also the one above.
Bridge content is also indexed jointly with products like Photoshop, so you if you have Photoshop (or After Effects, etc.) selected as the product, returns will include Bridge topics (which is what the attached screenshot illustrates).
If navigating to Bridge content, note that for CS5 it is organized under a Creative Suite heading on product help homepages.You can also find Creative Suite (and thus Bridge) topics from any of the product help home pages that ship with Bridge, such as Photoshop. Click on the Creative Suite link, just beneath "Using Photoshop" and you'll see an Adobe Bridge topic in the TOC.
3. The main reason the TOC isn't on every topic page is that we want the "Help TOC" to offer more than Adobe reference content. The homepage for CS5, and the Community Help AIR app, is a start in that direction, and will continue to evolve to offer navigation options that serve a diverse set of users and products. We've offered a new search panel in the Community Help AIR app that allows view of both content and results simultaneously, and lets users of products like Flash search across the upwards of 10 Adobe Help collections for their product. We use a range of user research methods to understand where users are struggling and try to respond to the majority use cases. We've chosen not to dominate the content experience with multiple persistent navigation systems.We understand you have a preferred method of navigation that works for you, and that you put high value on Adobe Help, which is also appreciated.
FYI for the sake of others reading: The Adobe Help TOC is not on every Help topic page, but can be accessed in these 4 ways:
-Help package title in breadcrumb
-Home link in breadcrumb
-Product title in banner
-CHC "Home" icon in app chrome
Hopefully this gives you a bit more context for the change.
Best regards,
Shouldn't be AE help already installed since I already have AE installed ? This is really confusing. I shouldn't have to manually add the help contents of the software I have installed.
And for the Bridge exemple, my point was to show you how frustrating can be search based help. I have a menu called Photoshop in bridge. If I want only official help I need to check "this reference" and then I search for Photoshop. No result. So I have to try again until I find the keyword that adobe thinks is relevant for Me. And Bridge is a cross install tool, so if I need to check for all it's reference inside other Adobe products I'll have to uncheck "this ref only" so then everything will be crowded with community help content. For info, I found this page in less than a minute using the TOC.
And yes I know I can access the toc from those 4 ways, i've already been told that. But nobody in the CHC team finds this frustrating, so I won't complain anymore, I promess. Maybe i'm the only guy in the village who doesn't like to go to a page, then jump back to the first page to go to another, then jump back again, then again and again and again.
And it's not just a navigation method it's a paradigm shift. See how frustrating it is for users who don't want to search your help. See the bridge exemple I stated. I have a menu called Photoshop, and I search for Photoshop as it's the most relevant term for me in this menu, and no results. I have to multiply the searches because Adobe search thinks that Photoshop is not a relevent term. I want to browse the official help. Why not keeping the 2 methods ? How hard is it to embrace a sliding menu, hidden by default for exemple, ala Lightroom (seriously, have a look at how lightroom hides and shows panels) for official help pages. What's the cost of that ? I'm not against search, just it's not the only solution, and not the best anyway.
And justifying this change just to make Flash users happy, well, I'll remember that one. Let's kill all other apps features so Flash guys will be happy when searching for the 10 different flash apps available.
And I don't think blending official help and community help in one "big" happy help is a good idea. You just don't know how good the community content is, and how relevant it is just based on tags and text content. More and more content is in video, and video SEO is just not there.
So I won't bother you anymore, I understand that you don't care to mess up dedicated design for search paradigm, that you don't care about 10 people complaining against the huge mass that doesn't care anyway. You wanted community involvement to improve the pages with adding comments and such. I joyfully did that in CS4, check for the 200 comments I added in the AE french help and for the dozens I added in the Pr/AE english help.
I won't bother doing that for CS5, just because you don't care. I'm fed-up complaining on this topic, I'm fed to explain that you design choise is a bad design choice. I'm fed up of not having the choice to navigate into the help files and forced to use search instead just for the sake of metrics. And I'm just fed up that I can't access the content easily to add valuable info. See, that's the magic of it. You design this for the mass people, the ones who never gets involved or cares, in order to try to involve them more, and in the end, you loose the dedicated guys who tries to help for the good ol' mass too. Just because they can't access the info as easily as before. Brilliant.
Thanks Laura for your patience.
function(){return A.apply(null,[this].concat($A(arguments)))}.
And yes I know I can access the toc from those 4 ways, i've already been told that. But nobody in the CHC team finds this frustrating, so I won't complain anymore, I promess. Maybe i'm the only guy in the village who doesn't like to go to a page, then jump back to the first page to go to another, then jump back again, then again and again and again.
I hate it. It make no sense, and serves no purpose other than to muddy the
water and force a lot of other content on you that you aren't initially
looking for. You should be able to get straight-up help/TOC like we've been
able to do since forever and then if WE desire go to the other stuff.
What I don't understand is why this is so complicated. Help should be simple, if not it is not help.
It feels like you guys are just bloating the whole thing to an extreme, but you won't see that you are making things worse, instead you are blaming users for not "getting it".
It is kind of like the whole installer disaster in CS4. Instead of keeping things simple you just made it the most complex installer in the history of installers, and then tried to make people understand how it was necessary.
Help is something that should be helpful, and not require all kinds of additional steps to get to the info you need
Op 6 mei 2010, om 15:57 heeft jdhughen het volgende geschreven:
I hate it. It make no sense, and seves no purpose other than to muddy the
water and force a lot of other content on you that you aren't initionaly
looking for. You should be able to get straight-up help/TOC like we've been
able to do since forever and then if WE desire go to the other stuff.
Amen to this.
Dear Mrs. Kersell.
the majority of Adobes problem with satisfying user experience is lacking objectivity on their own products.
Doesn't matter if its the layout and usability of a community forum, a employees blog or even the software itself. Disappointing if you think about it that you guys are creators and designers of DESIGN SOFTWARE not taking the trivial thing serious?
Just if you like it, that doesn't mean that the rest of the world likes it too!
The Online Help System is bloatware now.
It does not have anything to do anymore with the logic of navigation.
Instead of discussing and explaining here, you could have used the time to fix what you've broke.
Not everyone wants to install additional tools and applications like (hot) AIR.
What most of you people at Adobe are forgetting is the fact that not everyone is working permanent on its own machine nor that people have instant administrative access at hose machines allowing them to install tool and apps.
Talking a little off topic for now, but that's one of the weakest parts working with software which is not "multi machine" capable as fire and forget whenever i would be able to carry all my settings and presets with me and install them with ease and without quirks in my workflow setting up everything from scratch everytime i'm opening Adobe software on alien machines.
You're using simple HTML websites, no PHP, MYSQL or some complicated AJAX implementations, so whats the problem working with a frameset consisting two frames one for navigation and one loading content?
Where's the prob?
Look here http://documentation.apple.com/ it's not perfect and some functions need to be polished but it's absolutely the right direction of user friendliness.
At Adobe Online Help i'm lost after a few clicks.
I have the feeling it get resetted everytime new content is downloaded & extracted in CHC. I'll keep an eye if the yellow screen comes again after an update, and fill BR accordingly.
And you're right Todd, this box is relevant if you arrive on the help page from the web, but irrelevant when you arrive on the help from the menu of one of my installed software, and even more irrelevant when this same software launch another software specificaly designed for help.
So sadly again, the experience is not good (or at least not well thaught on this specific case).
Sébastien Périer wrote:
"this box is relevant if you arrive on the help page from the web, but irrelevant when you arrive on the help from the menu of one of my installed software, and even more irrelevant when this same software launch another software specificaly designed for help."
Amen !!
Local help with constant TOC first ! then online if you want more.
Message was edited by: jdhughen


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Welcome to our art section where you can get some extra eye candy for your desktop.
Most of the contributors on this wiki are users of Bodhi Linux rather than professional graphic artists. We would like to encourage any other users out there to submit their work as well in the Art section of our forums.
Enlightenment - Themes that change the look of things outside of windows (borders, shelves etc.)
Icons - Themes that change the look of application icons
GTK - Themes that change the look of things inside of windows
Plymouth - Loading screen themes.
Animated Wallpapers - Wallpapers which changes, for example: night sky, with falling stars
Official Wallpapers - Wallpapers which were contributed to Bodhi
Wallpapers by users - Wallpapers which were uploaded to forum by users
Bodhi brand - Conkies with Bodhi logo
Minimalistic - Small conkies
Huge - Conkies which take up a lot of desktop space
Bodhi Color pallet - Download an SVG to help see the colors used within the Bodhi website and logo.
Our Logo - Official Bodhi logo
Font Guide - Overview of fonts, and where they are used
Lxdm theme files - Original Lxdm files used in Bodhi
Plymouth theme files - Original Plymouth files used in Bodhi
Artists - Users who contributed art to Bodhi


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The most common cause of foundation failure is changes in moisture and the density of the soil.
For example, when residential subdivisions are developed, especially in wooded areas, the top soil layer is quite thick. This soil layer contains decomposing matter and root systems which will continue to decompose and compact for years after the subdivision is developed. It would not be practical or cost effective for contractors and developers to remove 2 to 4 feet of topsoil before developing the many acres it takes to build subdivisions. Also these soils often are very moist. So here is what generally causes foundation problems. The developers remove vegetation off the top of the soil. They bring in hard clay and river silt and build the soil up making it very hard on the top. Then they put in excellent drainage to prevent flooding. Now when it rains the water drains off the hard top soil. The water does not penetrate deep into the subsoil layer. This causes the subsoil layer to shrink. We also have decomposing top soil and root matter beneath the land fill layer. Thus most homes in subdivisions in Louisiana will eventually need foundation repair.
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