text:
Charles Keating
Charles Keating | |
Born | Charles Humphrey Keating, Jr. December 4, 1923 Cincinnati, Ohio |
Residence | Phoenix, Arizona |
Alma mater | University of Cincinnati University of Cincinnati College of Law |
Occupation | Lawyer Financier Real estate developer Banker |
Known for | Championship swimmer Anti-pornography activist Savings and loan scandal Keating Five |
Religion | Roman Catholic |
Spouse(s) | Mary Elaine Fette |
Charles Humphrey Keating, Jr. (born December 4, 1923) is an American athlete, lawyer, real estate developer, banker, and financier, most known for his role in the savings and loan scandal of the late 1980s.
Keating was a champion swimmer for the University of Cincinnati in the 1940s. From the late 1950s through the 1970s, he was a noted anti-pornography activist, founding decency organizations and serving as a dissenting member on the President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography.
In the 1980s, Keating ran American Continental Corporation and the Lincoln Savings and Loan Association, and took advantage of loosened restrictions on banking investments. His enterprises began to suffer financial problems and were investigated by federal regulators. His association with, and financial contributions to, five U.S. senators to argue for preferential treatment from the regulators led to them being dubbed the Keating Five. When Lincoln failed in 1989, it cost the federal government over $3 billion and about 23,000 customers were left with worthless bonds. In the early 1990s, Keating was convicted in both federal and state courts of many counts of fraud, racketeering, and conspiracy. He served four and a half years in prison before those convictions were overturned in 1996. In 1999, he pleaded guilty to a more limited set of wire fraud and bankruptcy fraud counts, and was sentenced to the time he had already served.
- 1 Early life and military service
- 2 Education and swimming
- 3 Marriage and family, early legal and business career
- 4 Anti-pornography activism
- 5 American Financial Corporation
- 6 American Continental Corporation
- 7 Lincoln Savings and the Keating Five
- 8 Failure of Lincoln and American Continental
- 9 Legal consequences
- 10 Legacy
- 11 References
- 12 External links
Early life and military service[edit]
Keating was born on December 4, 1923 in Cincinnati, Ohio and grew up in the Avondale and Clifton neighborhoods of that city.[1] His brother William was born in 1927. Keating's father, Charles Humphrey Keating, came from Kentucky and managed a dairy.[2] His father had lost one leg in a hunting accident, and then fell into a long decline from Parkinson's disease, beginning when Keating was seven, and was nursed by his mother Adelle until his father's death in 1964.[2]
Keating began swimming at a Catholic summer camp and became passionately involved in the sport.[2] He attended St. Xavier High School, where he was a good student, was on the swim team all four years, and also ran track and played football.[1][3][4] In swimming he led the team to three Greater Catholic League championships, set several school records, was named all-state, and was captain of the team in his senior year.[4] Keating graduated from St. Xavier in 1941.[4]
After one semester at the University of Cincinnati in fall 1941, Keating left because of poor grades,[1][3] although he advanced to the NCAA Men's Swimming and Diving Championships in 1942, finishing sixth in the 200 yard breaststroke.[5] He enlisted in the United States Navy, where he would spend four years.[6] He trained in the Naval Air Corps to become a carrier-based night fighter pilot flying F6F Hellcats.[6] During World War II he was stationed in the U.S., sometimes at Banana Creek in Florida,[6] and flew Hellcats to armed services swimming meets.[7] He narrowly escaped serious injury one night at Naval Air Station Vero Beach when he neglected to lower the landing gear on his Hellcat and wrecked the plane in an unexpected belly landing.[8] Due to additional training on new intercept methods and the vagaries of squadron transfers, the war ended before he was deployed to any combat theater.[6]
Education and swimming[edit]
Keating was ready to return to college after finishing his Navy service in 1945. His abilities as a swimmer made him an attractive recruit, despite his having dropped out earlier.[9] He cut a deal with University of Cincinnati wherein they would accept for academic credit much of his Navy service,[10] then he would take six months of liberal arts courses before entering their law school.[9]
In 1945, Keating won the 200 yard breaststroke at the Ohio Intercollegiate Conference championship.[5] On March 30, 1946, Keating competed in the 200 yard breakstroke at the NCAA Men's Swimming and Diving Championships, before a packed house of 2,500 spectators at Yale University's Payne Whitney Gymnasium.[11][12] In an exciting, back-and-forth contest with Paul Murray of Cornell University and future coaching legend James Counsilman of Ohio State University, Keating prevailed by a foot to win the championship with a time of 2:26.2.[11][13] (The event was later reclassified as the butterfly in NCAA records due to a definitional evolution involving the two strokes.[7][13]) This was the first ever national championship in any sport for the University of Cincinnati.[5][14] He and teammate Roy Lagaly also become the first-ever Bearcats to be named All-Americans.[5] Keating was an imposing 6 foot 5 inches, a natural leader and co-captain of the team with Lagaly.[15] Of Keating, Lagaly later said, "You could tell even then he was going to be very successful. He was very ambitious. Whatever he did, he did all the way."[15]
Keating followed this by, swimming for Cincinnati Gym, finishing second to future Olympic gold medalist Joseph Verdeur in the 220 yard breaststroke at the April 1946 national AAU championships.[16]
In 1948, Keating received his law degree from the University of Cincinnati College of Law. Keating would later be named a member of the University of Cincinnati's Athletic Hall of Fame.[5]
His son, Charles Keating III, swam in the 1976 Olympics, finishing fifth in the 200 meter breaststroke.[7] His grandson Gary Hall Jr.[7] competed in three Olympics as a swimmer and won 10 medals.
Charles Keating has been a long-time supporter of U.S. swimming and beginning in 1969 he and his brother William donated $600,000 to St. Xavier High School in Cincinnati to build a state-of-the-art competition pool.[17] The school's swim team went on to win many state titles.[4] St. Xavier named the Keating Natatorium after the brothers' father,[17] and inducted Charles Keating into its initial Athletic Hall of Fame class in 1985.[4] The University of Cincinnati's 2006 athletic building is named the Keating Aquatic Center, in honor of Keating's brother William[18] and the donations from the Keating family used to construct it. He also funded Cincinnati's Marlins swim club; six swimmers on the 1980 Olympic squad were from its roster, including future Olympic champion Mary T. Meagher.[7] When he later moved to Phoenix, he built the Phoenix Swim Club, where Hall Jr. trained.[7]
Marriage and family, early legal and business career[edit]
In 1949, Keating married Mary Elaine Fette, who was an athletically-minded Catholic from an established Cincinnati family.[19] They would have five daughters, including Kathleen, Mary, Maureen, Elaine and Elizabeth, and a son, Charles Keating III.
After law school graduation, Keating did spot legal work for the FBI, then joined a law firm doing corporate law.[20] On the side, he experimented with other businesses, selling life insurance, running a fruit stand, and working for Roto-Rooter.[20]
In 1952, along with his brother William and a friend from law school, he became a founding partner of the Cincinnati law firm Keating, Muething & Keating.[21] Beginning in the late 1950s they took on as a client Carl Lindner, Jr., who was rapidly accumulating ice cream stores, supermarkets, real estate, and savings and loans, and soon Lindner essentially became Keating's sole client.[22] In 1956, Keating filed requests for Q clearances on behalf of a small company of former Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory scientists with an office in Newtown, Ohio; unknown to Keating, the FBI suspected the application was fradulent and launched an investigation of him, but no charges were made.[23][24] Keating was admitted to the U.S. Supreme Court bar in 1958.[25]
In 1960, Lindner and Keating created American Financial Corporation, a holding company of Lindner's disparate businesses that created further subsidiaries and financial instruments, all doing business with each other.[26] Keating was named to the board of directors of the company in 1963.[27]
Anti-pornography activism[edit]
In 1956, Keating joined a priest leading a group of Catholic men in Cincinnati who were concerned about the dangers of pornography, and he began giving fervent talks on the subject to parents and other groups.[25] In 1958 he went to Washington, D.C. and testified before the House Judiciary Committee on mail-order pornography, saying that it was "capable of poisoning any mind at any age and of perverting our entire younger generation", that it was closely tied to juvenile delinquency, and that it was "part of the Communist conspiracy".[25]
Keating founded Citizens for Decent Literature in 1958, (later renamed a number of times, the best known of which is Citizens for Decency through Law),[14] which advocated reading classics not "smut."[28] It would grow to 300 chapters and 100,000 members nationwide and become the largest anti-pornography organization in the nation.[28] Over the following 20 years the organization mailed some 40 million letters on behalf of its position and had filed amicus curiae briefs.[29] Keating gained the moniker "Mr. Clean".[30] During the early 1960s, Keating twice requested FBI assistance on behalf of his anti-pornography campaign but the bureau, still skeptical regarding Keating due to its early investigation, declined.[23][24]
In 1964–1965, he produced the movie Perversion for Profit featuring announcer George Putnam. It was a survey of then-available pornography, and asserted that pornography was linked to juvenile delinquency and decline in culture.
In 1969, Keating's national reputation on the issue led to President Richard Nixon appointing him to the President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography, which had been begun under his predecessor, Lyndon B. Johnson.[27][31] The majority on the commission developed a controversial report which concluded that pornography does not degrade the morals of adults or cause crime, and recommended that all federal, state, and local laws preventing consenting adults from obtaining pornographic materials be repealed.[31] Keating, Nixon's only appointee on the 18-person commission, was the leading commission dissident against this report.[31][32] In September 1970, Keating gained a temporary restraining order from the D.C. Federal District Court to hold up publication of the report, on the grounds that he needed access to all the report's backing materials and more time in order to write a comprehensive dissenting report.[32] The order put at risk any publication of the report at all, since the commission was about to expire.[32] Several days later, Keating and the commission settled the case out of court, and Keating was given the desired materials and two weeks to write his report.[33]
Keating then filed his dissenting report, stating, "At a time when the spread of pornography has reached epidemic proportions in our country and when the moral fiber of our nation seems to be rapidly unravelling, the desperate need is for enlightenment and intelligent control of the poisons which threaten us – not the declaration of moral bankruptcy inherent in the repeal of the laws which have been the defense of decent people against the pornographer for profit."[34] Keating also wrote, "One can consult all the experts he chooses, can write reports, make studies, etc., but the fact that obscenity corrupts lies within the common sense, the reason, and the logic of every man."[35] The Nixon administration tacitly supported Keating's legal efforts,[31] and Counsellor to the President John Ehrlichman assigned White House speechwriter Pat Buchanan to help draft the dissenting report.[36] The commission's majority report was denounced by congressional leaders of both parties as well as by the administration.[36]
The commission involvement earned Keating even further national attention, which he used to push towards stringent behavior in Cincinnati.[37] In 1969, Keating obtained an injunction preventing the showing in Cincinnati of softcore sexploitation master Russ Meyer's film Vixen!, claiming it was obscene,[38] and the film was seized by the police the first day it opened.[39] Showing of the film was successfully stopped in other parts of Ohio as well, and Meyer spent $250,000 in defense against Keating legal actions.[39] Keating said that Meyer had done more to undermine morals in the nation than anyone else; Meyer responded that "I was glad to do it."[39] The Cincinnati Vixen! case was appealed and in 1971 the Supreme Court of Ohio upheld the prohibition.[38] In 1970, Keating tried to block a closed-circuit showing of the musical Oh! Calcutta! in Cincinnati, saying that "it appeals to a prurient interest in sex."[40] During 1972, a Keating legal action kept a sex film theater shut as a "public nuisance".[37] He tried to prevent newsstands near his office from selling Playboy and Oui magazines.[41] He denounced the Ramada Inn chain for offering adult programming on cable television to guests.[30] Other local actions involving shutting stores and removing books from public libraries were attributed by civil liberties advocates to the "oppressive" trend that Keating had set.[37] Such was the effectiveness of Keating and his organization that when the U.S. Supreme Court handed down the 1973 Miller v. California decision establishing that obscenity definitions should be established based upon local community standards, every adult bookstore and movie house in Cincinnati was closed within hours.[29]
Keating also held a strong dislike for gays, saying "Homosexuals should be prosecuted and put in jail."[30][42] Keating kept a large supply of pornographic examples in his law offices in Cincinnati, to show to any visitors who seem skeptical about the nature of the problem.[10][42] He continued to testify to Congress about the dangers of pornography during the 1970s, often describing the materials in question in lurid detail.[43]
In 1975, Oui magazine gave Keating the top spot on its "Enemies of pornography" list.[41] Hamilton County prosecutor Simon L. Leis, Jr., who was also a crusader against obscenity, put Ohio pornographer Larry Flynt on trial in 1976 for pandering obscenity and for engaging in a form of organized crime.[44] Local public opinion ran against Flynt, largely because of Keating's denunciations of him.[44] Flynt was convicted of both counts and received the maximum sentence of 7 to 25 years in prison.[44] While the conviction was later overturned on appeal, the verdict again established Cincinnati's community standards in this regard, and even after Keating left for Arizona, his influence remained in Cincinnati being a center of anti-pornography fervor.[30][44] In the 1996 Flynt biopic The People vs. Larry Flynt, which exaggerated Keating's role in the prosecution and trial,[45][46] Keating was portrayed by actor James Cromwell. Attempts to show Vixen! in Cincinnati would continue,[38] but by the late 1990s it was still illegal to do so.[47]
American Financial Corporation[edit]
While officially an outside lawyer, Keating functioned as a public face for Carl Lindner and American Financial Corporation and the two were close associates on business as well as legal matters;[41] Lindner would sometimes refer to Keating as a "founder" of American Financial.[27] The company had easy access to credit lines, which allowed it to continually grow.[26] The web of transactions involving the company and its subsidiaries was large and complex, and one stock analyst later said in 1977 that he had "never come across a company that has so much strange paper on its books."[41]
Keating left his law practice in 1972 and formally joined American Financial Corporation, by now a $1 billion enterprise, as executive vice president.[48] Keating became Lindner's hatchet man, in charge of firing employees from newly acquired companies.[49] Within business circles Keating gained a reputation for aggressiveness and arrogance.[41] Keating also took on an operational involvement in The Cincinnati Enquirer, the town's only morning newspaper.[37] To some on the paper, he interfered in editorial decisions, such as adding coverage to high school sports that he or Lindner's sons were involved in.[41] The paper was then sold to a group including his brother William,[41] who had been a Republican congressman from Ohio's 1st congressional district in the early 1970s. Keating was involved in American Financial's 1974 sale of Bantam Books[50] and its decision that year not to enter the investment banking field.[51]
By 1975 and 1976, several stockholder lawsuits were filed against American Financial, and Keating was under fire for aspects involving unsecured loans, stock warrants, and the sale of the Enquirer.[41] The Securities and Exchange Commission launched a major investigation of the company and charged Lindner, Keating, and others with having defrauded investors for their own benefit and filing false SEC reports.[27][52] At particular issue was a $14 million loan that the SEC said was made on preferential terms.[10]
Keating resigned from American Financial in August 1976, with conflicting stories regarding the reason and whether he remained close to Lindner or had a falling out with him.[8][41][53]
American Continental Corporation[edit]
Keating moved to Phoenix, Arizona, in 1976[8] to run the real estate firm American Continental Homes, a struggling, millions-losing homebuilding spin-off of American Financial that was given over to Keating for $300,000 as part of his departure package.[10][27][41][53] The move was completed when his family followed him in 1978.[53] In 1979 the SEC case with American Financial was settled,[27] with Keating signing a consent agreement where he neither admitted nor denied guilt but agreed not to violate federal fraud and securities statutes.[52][54] In practice, Keating was blamed for much of the irregular financial practices that had gone on and his reputation was significantly damaged.[55]
Meanwhile, Keating benefitted from the move to Arizona, a wide-open territory in both a physical and business sense that allowed someone a fresh start.[56] He turned the now-renamed American Continental Corporation around, adding various operations and divisions in a structure somewhat reminiscent of American Financial.[15][27] As chairman and controlling stockholder, Keating relied heavily upon family members, employing his son and four of his sons-in-law in prominent positions.[15][27] His son Charles Keating III had an especially fast career rise within the company.[8][15]
During 1979, Keating served as head of fundraising in the Southwest for John Connally's campaign for the 1980 Republican Party presidential nomination.[57] Connally was a favorite of the business community, but his campaign had difficulty parlaying its fundraising successes into popular support. In early December 1979, Keating was named campaign manager, with the existing manager being demoted to campaign strategist.[57][58] Keating's first action was as a "pruner" who immediately fired twenty workers at the campaign's Virginia headquarters.[57] The campaign continued to struggle, and by late February 1980, Keating was out as manager, with Connally taking over the role himself.[59] Connally's campaign ended two weeks later, famously known for having spent $11 million and gaining only one delegate.[58]
Having won the 1980 election, President Ronald Reagan contacted Keating about becoming U.S. Ambassador to the Bahamas, where Keating had spent considerable time.[27] When Keating's run-in with the SEC resurfaced in press reports, however, he was dropped from consideration.[10][27] This dismayed Keating, who subsequently said, "To keep people like me out of positions like that because of yellow journalism, I don't know what good it does."[10]
By the early 1980s, American Continental's profits were in the millions[27] and it had become the biggest single-family home builder in Phoenix and Denver.[55] At its peak it would have $6 billion in assets, a large number of subsidiaries, 2,500 employees, and a headquarters complex on Phoenix's Camelback Road.[15] It also had three corporate jets and a helicopter.[8] Keating was a very hard worker and a strong presence to his employees; one later said, "It's almost magnetic. When he moves, things happen. The office would come alive when he walked in."[15] He inspired both camaraderie and fervent loyalty in them.[8][15] While he demanded long hours, he often rewarded employees monetarily and with gifts.[8][15] Business people outside his company, however, often found Keating arrogant and difficult to deal with.[15][41] Former Congressman William Keating, who was as well liked as his brother was not,[41] said: "Charlie is impatient, aggressive, always on the move. He has clearly defined goals. I don't think he worries about the popularity of his positions."[8] A 1977 Fortune magazine profile had reported that "It seems almost impossible to find anyone who actually likes Charlie Keating."[41] The story long rankled Keating, who later had over five thousand large yellow "I Like Charlie Keating" buttons made up which he handed out to employees and visitors.[15][60][61] Keating said, "There are a lot of people that would say nasty things, I'm sure, about me, but it ain't true that nobody ever liked Charlie Keating."[60]
Still deeply religious, Keating became a heavy giver to charity when he moved to Phoenix, donating $100,000 to the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, more than $1 million to Covenant House, and another more than $1 million to Mother Teresa's operations, including lending her his helicopter when she was in Arizona so that she could visit remote Indian reservations in the state.[8][15] Covenant House's Father Bruce Ritter said of Keating, "He makes you believe in Providence."[8]
In 1983, Keating and his companies made legal but unusually large campaign donations in races for the Phoenix City Council, who were responsible for approving his building projects[8][15] including water usage for residential developments built around artificial ponds.[62] The scale of donations represented a change from past practice in local Phoenix politics; some council figures opposed the trend, while others readily asked for the funds.[8][15]
Lincoln Savings and the Keating Five[edit]
In 1984, American Continental Corporation bought Lincoln Savings and Loan Association for just over $50 million.[27][63] Up through the early 1980s, Lincoln had been a conservatively-run enterprise, with almost half its assets in home loans and only a quarter of its assets considered at risk.[64] It made slow growth at best, and had shown a loss for several years until it made a profit of a few million dollars in 1983.[64] Once he took over, Keating fired the existing management.[64] Savings and loan associations had been deregulated in the early 1980s, allowing them to make high-risk investments with their depositors' money, a change of which Keating and other savings and loan operators took advantage.[63][65] (When Keating was later asked why he got into savings and loans, he said, "I know the business inside out, and I always felt that an S & L, if they'd relax the rules, was the biggest moneymaker in the world."[10]) Over the next four years, Lincoln's assets increased from $1.1 billion to $5.5 billion.[63] Lincoln's particular investments took the form of buying land, taking equity positions in real estate development projects, and buying high-yield junk bonds.[66] A sales document from this period urges staff to, "always remember the weak, meek and ignorant are always good targets." [67]
Beginning in 1985, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB) feared that the savings industry's risky investment practices were exposing the government's insurance funds to huge losses.[66] It instituted a rule whereby savings associations could hold no more than 10 percent of their assets in "direct investments",[66] and were thus prohibited from taking ownership positions in certain financial entities and instruments.[68] Lincoln had become burdened with bad debt resulting from its past aggressiveness, and by early 1986,[66] its investment practices were being investigated and audited by the FHLBB:[69] in particular, whether it had violated these direct investment rules; Lincoln had directed accounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation into commercial real estate ventures.[70] By the end of 1986, the FHLBB had found that Lincoln had $135 million in unreported losses and had surpassed the regulated direct investments limit by $600 million.[66]
Keating had taken several aggressive measures to oppose the FHLBB, including recruiting a study from then-private economist Alan Greenspan saying that direct investments were not harmful,[66] trying to hire FHLBB members or their wives,[54] and getting President Ronald Reagan to make a recess appointment of a Keating ally, real estate developer Lee H. Henkel Jr., to the FHLBB.[66] By March 1987, however, the ally had resigned upon news of his having large loans due to Lincoln.[66] It appeared as though the government might seize Lincoln for being insolvent.[68]
Starting in January 1987, Keating looked for help from what became known as the Keating Five: U.S. Senators Alan Cranston (D-CA), Dennis DeConcini (D-AZ), John Glenn (D-OH), John McCain (R-AZ), and Donald W. Riegle (D-MI).[71] Keating had, or would soon make, legal political contributions of about $1.3 million to the senators, and he called on them to help him resist the regulators.[72] Keating had become a personal friend of McCain following their initial contacts in 1981,[73] and McCain was the only one of the five with close social and personal ties to Keating.[74][75] McCain and his family had made several trips at Keating's expense, sometimes aboard American Continental's jet, for vacations at Keating's opulent Bahamas retreat at Cat Cay.[68]
Keating asked that Lincoln be given a lenient judgment by the FHLBB, so it could limit its high risk investments and get into the relatively safe home mortgage business, allowing the business to survive.[68] A letter from audit firm Arthur Young & Co. bolstered Keating's case that the government investigation was taking a long time.[73] McCain initially refused to meet with Keating over the FHLBB matter and Keating called McCain a "wimp" behind his back.[73] The two had a heated, contentious meeting in which McCain said he had not spent years in North Vietnamese prisoner-of-war camps to have his courage or integrity questioned; the friendship ended and they would not speak again.[73] In April 1987, the group of senators met twice with FHLBB members who were investigating American Continental Corporation and Lincoln, in an attempt to end the investigation. Meanwhile Keating filed a lawsuit against the FHLBB, saying it had leaked confidential information about Lincoln.[66] The outgoing head of the FHLBB deferred judgment on the matter, and the new head was more sympathetic to Keating;[68][70] in May 1988, the FHLBB agreed to an unprecedented memorandum of understanding that gave Lincoln a clean slate and forgiveness for any violations up to that point.[76] (In 1991, the senators would be rebuked to various degrees by the Senate Ethics Committee, with Cranston receiving the harshest verdict and Glenn and McCain the least. McCain later testified against Keating in a civil lawsuit brought by Lincoln bondholders, while the other four refused to testify.)[77][78]
Failure of Lincoln and American Continental[edit]
Lincoln stayed in business; from mid-1987 to April 1989, its assets grew from $3.91 billion to $5.46 billion.[66] Following Keating's past practices with Lindner, American Continental also amassed a large collection of confusingly connected subsidiaries in real estate, banking, and insurance businesses; these numbered at least 54, and there were some overseas ones that auditors were not aware of.[79] Keating was triumphant in having defeated the regulators, whom he despised as useless relics from an outmoded financial past, and defended his high salary and business practices.[54][80] Keating spent about $500,000 on radio advertisements in the Phoenix area to improve his public image; the commercials stressed his real estate projects and his family-oriented values.[8] A 1988 Los Angeles Times profile assessed Keating as "a businessman without apparent peer in Arizona in terms of riches, clout and color."[8] While Keating had taken Citizens for Decency through Law with him,[15] he had generally deemphasized his anti-pornography work when he moved to Arizona.[10] Nevertheless, X-rated movies and Playboy magazine were banned from his hotels.[15]
In October 1988, Keating opened his most extravagant real estate project ever, the 250 acres (1.0 km2), 600-room The Phoenician resort at the base of Camelback Mountain.[15][81] Its construction cost $300 million, included many opulent, imported features, and saw a number of instances of Keating or his decorator wife making wholesale late design changes at great expense.[15][82] Keating's other grand project was Estrella, a 20,000 acres (81 km2) mixed-use development outside of Phoenix in Goodyear, Arizona in the direction of the Sierra Estrella.[15] Incorporating homes, offices, industrial buildings, schools, shopping, a resort and a hospital, it was intended to eventually house 200,000 people and become a model 21st century city.[8][15][27] American Continental wrote rules saying that Estrella homeowners could not "intentionally terminat[e] a human pregnancy" or possess "adult material", but removed them once Keating was informed that such covenants were unconstitutional.[8][15] A late 1980s downturn in the Sun Belt real estate market put Estrella in jeopardy before much building could be done.[27]
Asked in an interview if he ever worried about going broke, Keating responded, "All the time, every day. I come into the office with this hollow feeling in my stomach lots of time.... You get trapped almost. You get too many responsibilities. It's a bellyfull to carry. It's risky. Dangerous. There's the possibility of failure with it every day and every night. But in a way, it's a challenge. It's invigorating. There isn't any point in not being a player – you're here.... It's not only the money. It's the disgrace, yourself, your manhood. I'm not sure I'd have a big problem with that. On the other hand I'm not sure I wouldn't."[54]
As Lincoln grew, money was siphoned from Lincoln to the parent American Continental Corporation under a variety of schemes, and American Continental spent lavishly on speculative investments and personal expenses.[54] A new regulatory investigation began in July 1988.[54] After Arthur Young indicated doubts about some accounting practices, Keating fired them in September 1988 and switched to Touche Ross.[76] American Continental was desperate for cash inflow to make up for losses in real estate purchases and projects.[83] Lincoln's branch managers and tellers convinced customers to replace their federally-insured certificates of deposit with higher-yielding bond certificates of American Continental; the customers later said they were never properly informed that the bonds were uninsured and very risky given the state of American Continental's finances.[83] Indeed, the regulators had already adjudged the bonds to have no solvent backing.[84] Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation chair L. William Seidman would later write that Lincoln's push to get depositors to switch was "one of the most heartless and cruel frauds in modern memory."[84] In late 1988, Keating began desperate attempts to sell Lincoln; regulators rejected one $50 million potential sale due to the buyers not meeting federal requirements.[76] A December 1988 audit by the FHLBB found Lincoln in violation of many regulations and in danger of default.[76] The following month they ordered Keating to stop transferring cash from Lincoln to American Continental, which imperiled the latter's survival strategy and caused its stock price to nosedive.[27][76] Keating tried to arrange junk bond deals with Michael Milken and place bets in the global currency markets to generate cash, but the moves failed and he lost $11 million in one month alone.[76] Keating got Senators DeConcini and Cranston to pressure the regulators to let a sale go through, but this time the lawmakers were ignored.[76][85]
American Continental went bankrupt in April 1989, and Lincoln was seized by the FHLBB.[70] About 23,000 customers were left with worthless bonds.[86] Many investors, often ones living in California retirement communities, lost their life savings, and later claimed to have suffered emotional trauma for having been duped on top of their financial devastation.[83][87] The total bondholder loss came to between $250 million and $288 million.[86][88] The federal government was eventually liable for $3.4 billion to cover Lincoln's losses when it seized the institution.[89] In talking to reporters in April 1989, Keating maintained that he was the victim of a federal government that had spent years trying to destroy him,[90] and then said, "One question, among many raised in recent weeks, had to do with whether my financial support in any way influenced several political figures to take up my cause. I want to say in the most forceful way I can: I certainly hope so."[91]
In September 1989, Keating was hit with a $1.1 billion fraud and racketeering action, filed against him by the regulators.[92] He proclaimed that, "We've lost everything in this thing, my wife and I. It's devastating."[93] In November 1989, Keating was subpoenaed to testify before the House Banking Committee, but refused to answer questions, invoking his right against self-incrimination under the Fifth Amendment.[94] Also in November, his Phoenician Resort was seized by the FBI; under their operation it became known as "Club Fed" before later being sold to a Kuwaiti group.[15][82][95] The vastly ambitious Estrella project would remain desert[15] and was sold in 1993 to an investment group.[96]
By November 1989, the estimated cost of the overall savings and loan crisis had reached $500 billion, and the media's coverage often highlighted Keating's role as part of what became a feeding frenzy.[97] Indeed, Keating and Lincoln Savings became convenient symbols for arguments about what had gone wrong in America's financial system and society,[98] as well as for 1980s greed in general,[14] and were featured in popular culture references.[98][99] A deck of playing cards would be marketed, called "The Savings and Loan Scandal", that featured on their face Charles Keating holding up his hand, with images of the Keating Five senators portrayed as puppets on his fingers.[68][98]
Legal consequences[edit]
Keating blamed government regulators for the failure of Lincoln Savings and filed suit in order to regain control over the bank. The suit was dismissed in August 1990, with the judge calling the seizure fully justified because of the looting of the institution by Keating and his associates.[100] By then, Keating's legal fees were running at $1 million a month.[15]
In September 1990, Keating and his associates were indicted by the State of California on 42 counts related to having duped Lincoln's customers into buying worthless junk bonds of American Continental Corporation; Keating went to jail when he could not post a $5 million bond.[87] He was convicted in December 1991 of 17 counts of fraud, racketeering, and conspiracy.[101] Mother Teresa asked the court to show leniency to Keating, in recognition of the considerable sums he had donated to her charitable operations.[102] However, in April 1992, California Superior Court Judge Lance Ito gave Keating the maximum 10-year prison sentence, quoting Woody Guthrie's line that "More people have suffered from the point of a fountain pen than from a gun."[101] Keating went to the medium-security Federal Correctional Institution, Tucson to serve his time.[7]
In May 1992, Keating's son-in-law Robert M. Wurzelbacher Jr. (married to his daughter Elizabeth), a senior vice president of American Continental, and chief executive of an investment firm owned by Lincoln Savings,[103] was also implicated, pleaded guilty to three federal fraud counts in connection with the collapse of the Lincoln Savings and Loan Association and agreed to testify against Keating.[103] (In December 1993, Wurzelbacher was sentenced to a 40-month prison term.)[104]
In January 1993, a federal conviction followed, on 73 counts of fraud, racketeering and conspiracy.[105] In July 1993, Keating was given a 12½ year sentence.[105] The judge also ordered Keating to pay restitution of $122 million to the government, but Keating said he was $10 million in debt and had no assets to sell.[105]
One case filed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission was settled in 1994: Keating claimed to be bankrupt but agreed to repay millions should any hidden assets be discovered.[106] A third case filed by the Resolution Trust Corporation resulted in a summary judgment of $4.3 billion against Keating and his wife in 1994,[107] the largest judgment ever against a private person.[14] (The judgment was overturned on appeal in 1999, on grounds that Keating could not be held personally liable to the government without a specific criminal conviction or some other decision at trial.)[108]
Throughout his imprisonment, Keating maintained his innocence, saying he was a "political prisoner" of the U.S. government and a scapegoat for the largest banking scandal in the nation's history.[7]
In April 1996, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco ruled that state trial judge Ito had mistakenly allowed the jury to convict Keating by giving them faulty instructions as the law as regarding fraud.[109] Thus, the conviction was overturned.[109] In December 1996, the same Court of Appeals ruled that some of the jurors in the federal case might have been influenced by their knowledge and discussion of the results of the state case, and threw out the federal conviction.[110] Keating was now a free man after having spent 4½ years in prison;[110] he later said that staying tough during his incarceration was the thing he was proudest of that he had done.[14]
In April 1999, on the eve of the retrial of the federal case, Keating entered a plea agreement. He admitted to having committed four counts of wire and bankruptcy fraud by extracting nearly $1 million from American Continental Corp. while already anticipating the collapse that happened weeks later. In return, the federal prosecutors dropped all other charges against him and his son, Charles Keating III. He was sentenced to the over four years time he had already served.[111]
In October 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear the government's appeal of the overturning of the state conviction.[112] This left Keating without any convictions on his record of the core charge that he had duped and defrauded investors by having them switch from insured accounts for junk bonds.[112] State prosecutors declined to move for a retrial, saying it would bring no more than a six-month jail sentence and that many witnesses had died in the interim or were in bad health.[113] In reaction, Keating said that if the government had left him alone, investors "would all be rich."[113]
The Chicago Tribune's lengthy profile of Keating in 1990 said in summary:
To say that Charles Keating is a complex man seems a gross understatement. Some see him as an aggressive man who got desperate when the real estate market bottomed out and crossed the line between "business as usual" and fraud. Others see him as a con artist who finally got caught, a hyprocrite who masked his greed with phony piety.[15]
Michael Binstein and Charles Bowden's 1993 book, Trust Me: Charles Keating and the Missing Billions, also presents Keating as a complex individual with contradictory tendencies, and concludes:
Charlie Keating built things, and, at some level that haunts anyone who looks over his records, he thought his schemes would work. He did not simply rob a bank. He broke a bank with his dreams. If he is simply a thief, why did he put the money into deals and projects instead of into his own pocket? If he is just a hardworking businessman simply trying to make a profit and create jobs, why the need for jets, fancy meals, big paychecks to his family? If he is such a devout communicant of his faith, why did he peddle hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of junk bonds to old people when he knew his empire was in serious jeopardy?[114]
Keating steadfastly maintains that it was not his mistakes or criminal deeds but regulators' actions that were responsible for the major losses.[14] A 2004 Milken Institute study also makes the claim that regulators' actions were responsible for the Lincoln failure and presents Keating's actions in a favorable light.[115]
Some of Keating's 1980s judgment as a developer was later validated. The Phoenician became a successful hotel in the luxury segment,[82][95] and the Estrella project achieved at least some of Keating's vision and was acquired again in 2005.[116][117]
Following his release from prison, Keating moved in with one of his daughters in the Paradise Valley neighborhood of Phoenix.[118] During the 2000s he began working as a business consultant[118] and as of 2008 was involved in some successful real estate developments in the Phoenix market.[14][119] He keeps a low profile in his business operations,[14][118] and he declined comment during John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign when the Keating Five scandal was brought up again by the press.[118]
- ^ a b c "Keating's Rise and Fall" (fee required). The Cincinnati Post. 1996-10-04.
- ^ a b c Binstein, Michael; Bowden, Charles (1993). Trust Me: Charles Keating and the Missing Billions. Random House. ISBN 0-679-41699-4. p. 77.
- ^ a b Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, p. 78.
- ^ a b c d e "1985 Athletic Hall of Fame Inductees (Inaugural Year)". St. Xavier High School. Retrieved 2009-07-03.[dead link]
- ^ a b c d e "Men's Swimming and Diving". Cincinnati Bearcats. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
- ^ a b c d Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, pp. 78–82.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Howard, Johnette (1995-05-15). "The Talent Pool". Sports Illustrated.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Furlong, Tom (1988-03-13). "Developer With a Cause Battles on Many Fronts" (fee required). Los Angeles Times.
- ^ a b Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, p. 84.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Day, Kathleen (1993). S & L Hell: The People and the Politics Behind the $1 Trillion Savings and Loan Scandal. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 129–131. ISBN 0-393-02982-4.
- ^ a b Rendel, John (1946-03-30). "Ohio State Keeps Swimming Crown in N.C.A.A. Meet" (fee required). The New York Times.
- ^ "N.C.A.A. Swim Champions" (fee required). The New York Times. 1946-03-31.
- ^ a b "Swimming and Diving: Division 1 Men's". NCAA. 2006. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bronson, Peter (2006-02-07). "Keating asks hometown to hear his side" (fee required). The Cincinnati Enquirer.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "Charlie's Web". Chicago Tribune. 1990-01-14.
- ^ Sheehan, Joseph M. (1946-04-06). "Verdeur Smashes Four Swim Marks" (fee required). The New York Times.
- ^ a b Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, p. 98.
- ^ "Keating Aquatic Center: Home of Bearcats Swimming & Diving". Cincinnati Bearcats. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
- ^ Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, pp. 84–85.
- ^ a b Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, p. 85.
- ^ Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, p. 86.
- ^ Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, pp. 88, 92.
- ^ a b Pizzo, Stephen (1991-11-18). "Keating's Troubles with the Federal Government Began Back in the '50s". National Thrift News.
- ^ a b Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, pp. 86, 89–92.
- ^ a b c Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, p. 87.
- ^ a b Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, pp. 93–94.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Evans, Greg (August 1989). "The Desert Fox". Cincinnati Magazine.
- ^ a b Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, p. 88.
- ^ a b "Carnival Knowledge". Cincinnati Magazine. July 1977.
- ^ a b c d Carr, C. (1993). On Edge: Performance at the End of the Twentieth Century. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6269-6. pp. 264, 266.
- ^ a b c d Halloran, Richard (1970-09-13). "Sharp Conflict Over Report On Smut" (fee required). The New York Times.
- ^ a b c Halloran, Richard (1970-09-10). "Report On Smut Held Up By Court" (fee required). The New York Times.
- ^ "Panelists Agree On Smut Report" (fee required). The New York Times. 1970-09-15.
- ^ "Excerpts From Panel's Majority Report, Dissenting Opinions and Other Views" (fee required). The New York Times. 1970-10-01.
- ^ Zurcher, Louis A. (1976). Citizens for Decency: Antipornography Crusades as Status Defense. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-71032-1. p. 340.
- ^ a b "Senate Leaders in Both Parties Denounce Findings of Pornography Panel" (fee required). The New York Times. 1970-10-02.
- ^ a b c d Vecsey, George (1972-10-09). "A Revitalized Cincinnati Blends Old and New Spirit" (fee required). The New York Times.
- ^ a b c Frasier, David K. (1997). Russ Meyer: The Life and Films. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-0472-8. pp. 111–113, 116.
- ^ a b c Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, pp. 104–105.
- ^ "Nixon Obscenity-Unit Man Sues to Block 'Calcutta!'" (fee required). The New York Times. United Press International. 1970-09-23.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Loomis, Carol J. (January 1977). "Carl Lindner's Singular Financial Empire". Fortune.
- ^ a b Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, pp. 61, 120.
- ^ Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, pp. 142–143.
- ^ a b c d Sonnenberg, Elissa (August 2001). "State of Ohio v. Larry Flynt". Cincinnati Magazine.
- ^ Bronson, Peter (1997-01-12). "Support your local sheriff". The Cincinnati Enquirer.
- ^ "Transcript: Larry Flynt and Jerry Falwell". Larry King Live (CNN). 1997-01-10. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
- ^ Bissette, Stephen R. (July/August 1997). "Russ Meyer – The Vixen Connection 1968–79". Video Watchdog.
- ^ Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, p. 107.
- ^ Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, p. 112.
- ^ Jensen, Michael C. (1974-11-29). "Italian Company Buys Bantam Books for $70-Million; Sold to U.S. Subsidiary" (fee required). The New York Times.
- ^ Allan, John H. (1974-01-27). "Wall Street Again Doubts Profitability" (fee required). The New York Times.
- ^ a b Miller, Judith (1979-07-03). "S.E.C. Charges American Financial" (fee required). The New York Times.
- ^ a b c Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, pp. 130–131.
- ^ a b c d e f "The collapse of Keating's kingdom". Chicago Tribune. 1990-01-15.
- ^ a b Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, pp. 139–140.
- ^ Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, pp. 18–19, 136–138.
- ^ a b c Peterson, Bill (1979-12-07). "Connally Trims Staff, Appoints Administrator". The Washington Post. p. A11.
- ^ a b Peterson, Bill (1980-03-10). "The Best Roadshow in Politics Ends". The Washington Post. p. A1.
- ^ "Cincinnati Industrialist Charles Keating is out". The Washington Post. 1980-02-29. p. A3.
- ^ a b Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, pp. 39, 131.
- ^ "Report Says Company Headed by Keating Spent Lavishly". The New York Times. 1991-09-18. p. D2.
- ^ Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, p. 152.
- ^ a b c "The Lincoln Savings and Loan Investigation: Who Is Involved". The New York Times. 1989-11-22. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
- ^ a b c McCain, John; Salter, Mark (2002). Worth the Fighting For. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50542-3. pp. 162–163.
- ^ Gould, Lewis J. (2005). The Most Exclusive Club: A History of the Modern United States Senate. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02778-4. pp. 289–290.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nathaniel C. Nash (1989-07-09). "Showdown Time for Danny Wall". The New York Times.
- ^ Charles H. Keating Jr., Times Topics: New York Times, retrieved August 26, 2012
- ^ a b c d e f Nowicki, Dan and Muller, Bill (2007-03-01). "John McCain Report: The Keating Five". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
- ^ "John Glenn archives: John Glenn ~ Political Career". The Ohio State University. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-06-22. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
- ^ a b c "The Lincoln Savings and Loan Investigation: Who Is Involved". The New York Times. 1989-11-22.
- ^ Berke, Richard L. (1990-10-23). "Bitter McCain Bids Ethics Panel To End Delay on Deciding Case". The New York Times.
- ^ Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, pp. 275–279.
- ^ a b c d Alexander, Paul (2002). Man of the People: The Life of John McCain. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-22829-X. pp. 108–111.
- ^ Berke, Richard L. (1991-01-05). "2 Senators Deny Impropriety In Dealings With Keating". The New York Times.
- ^ Rosenblatt, Robert A. and Fritz, Sara (1991-01-05). "McCain Probed Over Traveling to Keating Spa Thrifts" (fee required). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-09-31.
- ^ a b c d e f g Messing, Brett; Sugarman, Steven (2006). The Forewarned Investor: Don't Get Fooled Again by Corporate Fraud. Career Press. pp. 114–116. ISBN 1-56414-881-5.
- ^ Jim Ruenberg, Marilyn W. Thompson, David D. Kirkpatrick and Stephen Labaton (2008-02-21). "For McCain, Self-Confidence on Ethics Poses Its Own Risk". The New York Times.
- ^ Jill Abramson and Alison Mitchell (1999-11-21). "Senate Inquiry In Keating Case Tested McCain". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, pp. 52–53.
- ^ Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, p. 42.
- ^ "History". The Phoenician. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
- ^ a b c Burns, Scott (1999-03-21). "The Phoenician Lives On". The Dallas Morning News.
- ^ a b c Nathaniel C. Nash (1989-11-30). "Collapse of Lincoln Savings Leaves Scars for Rich, Poor and the Faithful". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Seidman, L. William (1993). Full Faith and Credit: The Great S & L Debacle and Other Washington Sagas. Random House. ISBN 0-8129-2134-8. pp. 233, 235.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, p. 134.
- ^ a b Stevenson, Richard W. (1991-12-13). "U.S. Files Keating Charges". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Stevenson, Richard W. (1990-09-19). "Keating Indicted in Savings Fraud and Goes to Jail". The New York Times.
- ^ Tolchin, Martin; Tolchin, Susan J. (2003). Glass Houses: Congressional Ethics and the Politics of Venom. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-4161-2. p. 51.
- ^ Berthelsen, Christian (1999-04-07). "Keating Pleads Guilty to 4 Counts of Fraud". The New York Times.
- ^ Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, p. 362.
- ^ Nash, Nathaniel C. and Shenon, Philip (1989-11-09). "A Man of Influence: Political Cash and Regulation: A Special Report: In Savings Debacle, Many Fingers Point Here". The New York Times.
- ^ Nash, Nathaniel C. (October 18, 1989). "Seidman Assails Regulator In Lincoln Savings Case". The New York Times.
- ^ Day, S & L Hell, p. 343.
- ^ Nash, Nathaniel C. (November 22, 1989). "Savings Executive Won't Testify And Blames Regulators for Woes". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, pp. 370–371, 406.
- ^ Donsky, Doug (1993-12-01). "NYC Sales, IPOs, Some Relocations Lead R.E. Surge During 1993". Commercial Property News.
- ^ Kurtz, Howard (1994). Media Circus: The Trouble with America's Newspapers. Times Books. ISBN 0-8129-6356-3. pp. 69–72.
- ^ a b c Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, pp. 388–389.
- ^ "The Simpsons: Lisa's First Word". TV.com. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ^ Labaton, Stephen (1990-08-24). "Judge Rejects Keating Suit; Sees 'Looting' of Lincoln". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Stevenson, Richard W. (1992-04-11). "Keating Is Sentenced to 10 Years For Defrauding S.& L. Customers". The New York Times.
- ^ Billard, Mary (1992-05-10). "The 90's Chain Gang, A la Mother Teresa". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Stevenson, Robert W. (1992-05-16). "Keating In-Law Enters Plea And Will Assist Prosecutors". The New York Times.
- ^ "Keating Son-in-Law to Serve Prison Term". The New York Times. 1993-12-13.
- ^ a b c Adelson, Andrea (1993-07-09). "Keating Sentence: 12½ Years". The New York Times.
- ^ "Keating Settles With the S.E.C.". The New York Times. 1994-03-15.
- ^ "Keating Faces New Judgment". The New York Times. 1994-04-28.
- ^ "Appeals Court Rules In Favor of Keating". The New York Times. 1999-08-07.
- ^ a b "U.S. Judge Overturns State Conviction of Keating". The New York Times. Associated Press. 1996-04-04.
- ^ a b Sterngold, James (1996-12-03). "Judge Throws Out Keating's Verdict". The New York Times.
- ^ Mrozek, Thom (April 6, 1999). "Charles Keating pleads guilty to federal fraud charges; four criminal convictions resolve 10-year-old case" (Press release). United States Attorney for the Central District of California. Archived from the original on 1999-09-21.
- ^ a b Reckard, E. Scott (2000-10-03). "Supreme Court Lets Keating Case Dismissal Stand". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ a b "No Retrial on Fraud for Savings-and-Loan Figure". Class Action Reporter. Associated Press. 2000-11-13. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
- ^ Binstein and Bowden, Trust Me, p. 411.
- ^ Nichols, Lawrence T.; Nolan II, James J. (2004). "The Lesson of Lincoln: Regulation and Narrative in the Savings and Loan Crisis". In James R. Barth, S. Trimbath, and Glenn Yago (eds.). The Savings and Loan Crisis: Lessons from a Regulatory Failure. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 143–172. ISBN 1-4020-7871-4.
- ^ "Goodyear – 85338". The Arizona Republic. 2007-10-10. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
- ^ Koerner, Claudia (2008-09-12). "Estrella Exploratorium puts focus on area's rich history". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
- ^ a b c d Margasak, Larry (2008-03-24). "Keating Scandal Still Haunts McCain". CBS News. Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
- ^ Sunnucks, Mike (2008-02-14). "Keating scandal flies under radar in McCain's '08 bid". Phoenix Business Journal (American City Business Journals). Retrieved 2008-11-07.
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Sun May 20, 2012
Donor Resurrects Endangered Bookmobile
By editor
When a bookmobile broke down last winter in rural Vermont, patrons, especially preschoolers, really missed it. Then a donor, who heard an NPR story about the rolling library's demise, came up with over $100,000 for a replacement. The town can't believe its good fortune. Vermont Public Radio's Charlotte Albright reports.


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CHARLESTON, W.Va. -- For 25 years, West Virginia had the same two Democratic U.S. senators, Robert Byrd and Jay Rockefeller, who put a glass ceiling on other politicians' rise to power.
Byrd died in 2010 and Rockefeller, 75, announced Friday he would not seek a sixth term in 2014.
Now, as they did when Byrd died, Democrats and Republicans across the state are eyeing the political ladder to Washington.
Rep. Shelley Moore Capito, R-W.Va., announced last month she would run for the Senate with or without Rockefeller on the ballot.
With Rockefeller out, Democrats are floating their names, working the phones and figuring out what it will take to challenge the formidable Capito.
"Everybody I know thinks Shelley Capito is well positioned and well liked, and she is working hard and she has an infrastructure in place and she is clearly the frontrunner," said state Chamber of Commerce President Steve Roberts, who has been at odds with Rockefeller.
Nobody has declared their intentions firmly, but numerous names were mentioned and traditional Democratic Party factions were beginning their hunt for a contender.
There is some effort to make sure the new senator is a reliable vote on traditional Democratic issues. Rockefeller's colleague, Sen. Joe Manchin, D-W.Va., is perhaps not that reliable vote.
In 2009-2010, Rockefeller fought hard for the health care reform law, while Manchin, then governor, danced around the issue.
"I know it's not particularly popular in West Virginia, but, frankly that's OK," Rockefeller said during his announcement Friday at the state Culture Center in Charleston.
Elaine Harris, an international representative for the Communications Workers of America, was one of few in the West Virginia political world to get advanced notice Thursday night that Rockefeller would retire. She said the senator did not waver on issues important to unions.
"Without hesitation, he's been there fighting the tough fights and when he's up for the right thing, he will fight," Harris said.
Possible candidates to replace Rockefeller include current Rep. Nick Rahall, D-W.Va. A spokesman said the congressman is considering a Senate run. If Rahall goes for the Senate seat, he would put a Democratic-controlled House seat in play. Rahall's 2012 challenger, Rick Snuffer, and a new state senator from the area, Bill Cole, are Republicans said to be thinking about running for that House seat, with or without Rahall in the race.
Former U.S. Sen. Carte Goodwin said Friday he was drawn to public service and flattered that his name was being discussed. Goodwin filled four months of Byrd's unexpired term in 2010 before the state held an election to send Manchin to the Senate.


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Easy risotto with bacon & peas
By Mary Cadogan
Cooking time
Ready in 40-50 minutesSkill level
Serves 4Not for risotto purists - this simple recipe has just 5 ingredients and the stock is added all in one go
Nutrition and extra info
Additional info
- Healthy
Nutrition info
Nutrition per serving
- kcalories
- 396
- protein
- 14g
- carbs
- 64g
- fat
- 11g
- saturates
- 4g
- fibre
- 3g
- sugar
- 0g
- salt
- 1.88g
- 1 onion
- 6 rashers streaky bacon, chopped
- 300g risotto rice
- 1l hot vegetable stock
- 100g frozen peas
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- Finely chop the onion. Heat 2 tablespoons of olive oil and a knob of butter in a pan, add the onions and fry until lightly browned (about 7 minutes). Add the bacon and fry for a further 5 minutes, until it starts to crisp.
- Add the rice and stock, and bring to the boil. Stir well, then reduce the heat and cook, covered, for 15-20 minutes until the rice is almost tender.
- Stir in the peas, add a little salt and pepper and cook for a further 3 minutes, until the peas are cooked. Serve sprinkled with freshly grated parmesan and freshly ground black pepper.
Recipe from Good Food magazine, May 2003
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Really enjoyed this. First time I'd ever cooked risotto! Used mushrooms as well and it was just lovely. I followed the recipe exactly, except for not adding any extra salt, the bacon and stock combination is salty enough.
Me and the OH really enjoyed it, and it's not often we both really like a dish! This recipe will become a keeper.


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Minnesota started practice Monday in Mankato - the Vikings' training camp host for the last 46 years.
Mount Vernon native and Minnesota linebacker Chad Greenway is excited to be back playing after the NFL lockout, but also recognizes that training camp is a necessary evil of football. Greenway added during a recent chat with the Mitchell Daily Republic sports editor Luke Hagen, It gets yourself ready for a long season. It's what you need.
Things always move fast in the NFL, but it looks like the Minnesota pair of starting linebackers from South Dakota will be broken up.
Greenway earlier was tagged as Minnesota's franchise player, giving him a one-year contract worth about $10 million this season. However, word is that the Vikings and Greenway are working on a new, long-term contract which could up that number.
Greenway said in published reports that he was honored and humbled by the franchise tag. He also has made it clear he wants to stay in Minnesota.
Meanwhile, the Vikings have yet to address the status of in-house free agent linebacker Ben Leber. This would be the Vermillion native's 10th season in the NFL.
Reports as of 4 p.m. Monday say there is a strong chance Leber won't return as a Viking. He would probably have to accept an unattractive deal from the salary-cap-strapped Vikings.
Greenway, entering his sixth season in the NFL, led the team with 144 tackles last season. The 28-year-old former University of Iowa standout was team defensive MVP as well.
The Vikings will stay in Mankato until Aug. 11, when it will leave for their first preseason game Aug. 13 at the Tennessee Titans.
Other things to know:
Horse lover
Professional triathlete Courtenay Brown from Colorado has always been an avid horseback rider. Her favorite horse was Man o' War, considered one of the greatest Thoroughbred racehorses of all time. Since she was coming to Aberdeen last weekend, she was interested to find out on Wednesday that Groton native and Hall of Fame jockey Earle Sande rode Man o' War to a win in 1920.
Stephanie Gemar of Mobridge was 16th in the Girls Intermediate discus (111-10) at the USA Track and Field National Junior Olympic meet.
Mobridge II
My American News teammate Anne Harris and her brother Matt met Selby native Greg Pudwill during a recent trip to the Missouri River in Mobridge. Pudwill played in the European basketball league for 14 years and is now living in Seattle. He still holds records at Seattle University. Pudwill played with and knew the fathers of NBA stars Anthony Parker and Joachim Noah.
Monday was the first day of practice for South Dakota high school cheer-dance teams.
If you missed
Becky Hammon of Rapid City almost capped off a great month Sunday. She missed a runner at the buzzer in the San Antonio Silver Stars 70-69 loss to the Minnesota Lynx in a battle of the WNBA's best teams. Hammon not only played in the WNBA All-Star game in July, she was picked as one of the league's 15 all-time greatest players.
John Papendick is the managing news-sports editor for the American News. Readers tell and email him with stuff plus he reads all the daily newspapers in South Dakota. Reach him at email@example.com. Blog: aberdeensports.net/inthehuddle.


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Chicago Massive: Tonight At Smartbar w Murderbot
Thursday, May 26th, 2011Appearing tonight with DJ Chrissy Murderbot @ SmartBar! On the bill with us are DJ Nephets and Lady Four Square.
Actually for the next month or so, I will be doing shows strictly in Chicago. During this time I will finish as much recording as possible, so check the "Music" tab for frequent updates.
It has also just been made official that Chrissy Murderbot will be playing the Pitchfork Music Festival. Thankfully he's asked me to appear with him on the bill. Of course I wasted no time sending everyone involved very nice e-mails, asking that my name be included everywhere…. What do you think? Maybe I should relax a little?
Nah… fk that.
Anyway, tonight will be somewhat of a re acquaintance, as we have not worked LIVE together since 2009. Looking Forward!


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Buy your favourite cutaways and archive images online now. Thousands of unique aviation photographs available
Antonov AN-2 c/n 17847302 D-FONL taxiing at its home base, Teuge airfield in the Netherlands (EHTE), on warm spring day 30 April 2011. D-FONL is one of four Antonov AN-2s operated by Dutch company Classic Wings, which provides airshow performances, sightseeing flights and holiday trips to Africa.
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KTRS News
Waste management companies win nearly $6 million in trashy suit
Thursday, 12 December 2013 08:08 Published in Local NewsSTUDIES: SOME CANCER TREATMENTS CAN BE SKIPPED
Thursday, 12 December 2013 07:25 Published in Health & FitnessSAN ANTONIO (AP) -- Tens of thousands of women each year might be able to skip at least some of the grueling treatments for breast cancer - which can include surgery, heavy chemo and radiation - without greatly harming their odds of survival, new research suggests.
The research is aimed at curbing overtreatment, a big problem in cancer care. Treatments help many women beat the disease, but giving too many or ones that aren't really needed causes unnecessary expense, trauma and lifelong side effects, such as arm swelling and heart troubles. Radiation can even raise the risk of new cancers.
Several studies presented Wednesday at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, an international conference on the disease, identify groups of patients who might be able to safely forgo certain treatments.
One found that many older women can skip radiation after surgery for early-stage tumors. Two others suggest that surgery may not help patients whose cancer has already spread widely. A fourth study tested a "light chemo" combination that could become a new standard of care.
The trend is "less and less therapy" for certain cancer types, said one conference leader, Dr. C. Kent Osborne of Baylor College of Medicine.
The highlights:
Breast cancer is already widely spread in 5 to 20 percent of newly diagnosed patients, and at that point is usually incurable. The main treatment is chemotherapy or hormone treatments that attack cancer throughout the body. Sometimes doctors also remove the breast tumor in hope of prolonging survival, but this has not been put to a hard test.
Dr. Rajendra Badwe, director of the Tata Memorial Hospital in Mumbai, India, led a study of 350 women with widely spread cancers that had shrunk after initial chemotherapy. Half were given surgery to remove the breast or the lump plus any cancerous lymph nodes. The rest did not have surgery.
After about two years, 40 percent of both groups were alive, suggesting that medicines are enough and that these women can be spared the ordeal of having all or part of a breast removed.
A second study by Dr. Atilla Soran of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center of nearly 300 women in Turkey also suggests surgery is not helping, though there were hints that some groups did better or worse. Surgery seemed to help if cancer had spread just to bone, and it appeared to do harm if it had spread to the liver or lungs.
"These are incredibly important, big-deal studies," said Dr. Claudine Isaacs, a breast specialist at Georgetown University's Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center. Many doctors jumped on earlier, less rigorous studies and advised women to have surgery, and this should be a warning against that, she said.
The results also may spur interest in a U.S. study on the topic. Dr. Seema Khan of Northwestern University in Chicago has had so much trouble recruiting participants that she lowered her goal and may not be able to answer the question.
"There's a huge amount of bias" among doctors and patients about what is best, she said.
Most breast cancers are found at an early stage, and many women are treated with surgery followed by hormones or chemotherapy, plus radiation. But cancer medicines have gotten so good at lowering the risk of a recurrence that doctors wonder whether the radiation is still needed. It can cause heart and other problems, especially in older women, and three or four weeks of daily treatments can be a burden.
Dr. Ian Kunkler of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland led a study of 1,326 patients 65 or older with early-stage cancers whose growth was driven by hormones. This is the most common form of the disease and the age group that accounts for most cases. Half were given radiation and half skipped it.
After five years, roughly 96 percent of both groups were alive, and most deaths were not from breast cancer. About 1 percent of those given radiation had cancer recur in the treated breast versus 4 percent of those who skipped radiation.
For every 100 women given radiation, "one will have a recurrence anyway, four will have a recurrence prevented, but 95 will have had unnecessary treatment," Kunkler said. Since radiation did not affect survival or the risk of cancer spreading, skipping it "is a reasonable option."
Doctors are unsure how to treat women with small tumors involving the gene that the drug Herceptin targets. Those tumors are low risk because they're still confined to the breast, but high risk because the gene is thought to make them more aggressive. Some women get heavy-duty chemo, including drugs that can damage the heart.
Dr. Eric Winer of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston led a study of 406 women given "light chemo" - paclitaxel plus Herceptin for 12 weeks, followed by nine months of Herceptin alone. More than three years later, only four had cancer recur in the same breast, and two had recurrences in other places.
"This is likely to become a new standard," Winer said.
The cancer conference is sponsored by the American Association for Cancer Research, Baylor and the UT Health Science Center.
Marilynn Marchione can be followed at HTTP://TWITTER.COM/MMARCHIONEAP
© 2013 THE ASSOCIATED PRESS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THIS MATERIAL MAY NOT BE PUBLISHED, BROADCAST, REWRITTEN OR REDISTRIBUTED. Learn more about our PRIVACY POLICY and TERMS OF USE.
Thursday, 12 December 2013 07:24 Published in Health & FitnessJEFFERSON CITY, Mo. (AP) -- The slow rollout of a new federal health insurance marketplace may be deepening differences in health coverage among Americans, with residents in some states gaining insurance at a far greater rate than others.
The demarcation may be as simple as Democrat and Republican.
Newly released federal figures show more people are picking private insurance plans or being routed to Medicaid programs in states with Democratic leaders who have fully embraced the federal health care law than in states where Republican elected officials have derisively rejected what they call "Obamacare."
On one side of the political divide are a dozen mostly Democratic leaning states, including California, Minnesota and New York. They have both expanded Medicaid for lower-income adults and started their own health insurance exchanges for people to shop for federally subsidized private insurance.
On the other side are two dozen conservative states, such as Texas, Florida and Missouri. They have both rejected the Medicaid expansion and refused any role in running an online insurance exchange, leaving that entirely to the federal government.
The new federal figures, providing a state-by-state breakdown of enrollment in the new health care program through November, showed that the political differences among leaders over the initiative are turning into differences in participation among the uninsured.
Even though many conservative states have higher levels of poverty and more people without health coverage, fewer of them may receive new insurance, said Dylan Roby, an assistant public health professor at the Center for Health Policy Research at the University of California, Los Angeles.
With the patchwork implementation of the federal health care law, "the gap will exacerbate," Roby said
The U.S. Health and Human Services Department reported this week that 364,682 people had signed up for private coverage through the new health insurance marketplaces as of Nov. 30 and an additional 803,077 had been determined eligible for Medicaid.
But the rate of residents gaining health coverage was more than three times as great in the states embracing the federal health care law than in those whose leaders have resisted it.
In the dozen states embracing the overhaul, more than 50 percent of those who applied for coverage picked an insurance plan or were eligible for Medicaid. That rate was barely 15 percent in the two dozen states that aren't cooperating in the implementation of the federal health care law.
"It's very frustrating," said U.S. Sen. Claire McCaskill, a Missouri Democrat who voted for the federal law only to see it twice rebuffed in a statewide vote and repeatedly rejected by her home state's Republican-led state Legislature.
"The political point has trumped the services that Missourians need," McCaskill said.
In Texas, which has the highest rate of uninsured residents in the U.S., the GOP-controlled state Legislature opted not to create a state-run insurance marketplace and Republican Gov. Rick Perry also declined to expand Medicaid to cover more of the working poor. As of the end of November, just 14,000 Texans had signed up for insurance through the federally run marketplace and fewer than 17,000 of the nearly 245,000 applicants on the exchange had been determined to be eligible for Medicaid.
State Rep. Trey Martinez Fischer, a Democrat from San Antonio who chairs the Mexican American Legislative Caucus, said he nonetheless remains optimistic about the meager numbers.
"To know that there are people who, despite those odds, are still enrolling is encouraging," Fischer said.
In California, which also has a high uninsured rate, more than 107,000 people had picked an insurance plan through the state-run marketplace as of the end of November, and nearly 182,000 others had been determined eligible for Medicaid. That means nearly two-thirds of the 448,133 individuals who applied through the insurance exchange could gain some sort of coverage.
Federal grants in California have helped finance TV and radio commercials, billboards, bus signs and town hall meetings encouraging people to participate in the new health insurance marketplace.
That sort of promotion has been lacking in many of the states that have refused to run their own insurance marketplaces.
In Missouri, where a law forbids the government from implementing an insurance exchange, a coalition supporting the marketplace delayed its promotional campaign because of the technical troubles that marred the launch of the federal website.
"We didn't want to drive people to a frustrating experience," said Thomas McAuliffe, a policy analyst at the nonprofit Missouri Foundation for Health.
Now, advocates for the federal law face a steep challenge to implore people to sign up by Dec. 23, which is the deadline to be covered by health insurance policies that take effect in January.
"When we look at enrollment numbers, we're obviously going to lag behind, because in many parts of the state there's still a sense that Obamacare is not going to help me - even by the people it's going to help the most," McAuliffe said.
Heather McCabe, an assistant professor of social work at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, said the low enrollment numbers in many states raise questions about whether people are turned off by the problematic website, don't know they're eligible to use the exchange or have found the policies unaffordable.
"If the answer is that people still don't understand what the exchange is and how to use it, then the answer is we need to do education and help people better access the system," she said. "But if the answer is that the premiums are too high, then we have an issue that's a little more difficult to deal with."
Associated Press writers Will Weissert in Austin, Texas, and Rick Callahan in Indianapolis contributed to this report.
© 2013 THE ASSOCIATED PRESS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THIS MATERIAL MAY NOT BE PUBLISHED, BROADCAST, REWRITTEN OR REDISTRIBUTED. Learn more about our PRIVACY POLICY and TERMS OF USE.
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The mission of The Methodology Center is to advance public health by improving experimental design and data analysis in the social, behavioral, and health sciences.
Discovering Hidden Subgroups
Latent class analysis (LCA) allows researchers to detect the existence of subgroups within populations. Latent transition analysis (LTA) extends LCA to changes in group membership over time.
Read about our research on
Analyzing Rich, Complex Data Sets
Our intensive longitudinal data project provides tools for analyzing data with many observations, like data collected in smartphone studies. Our high-dimensional data project provides tools for variable selection and analysis of datasets with large numbers of variables, like genetics data.
Read about our research on
Designing and Building Health Interventions
The sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial (SMART) project provides tools for building adaptive interventions so that treatments adapt to meet patients' needs. The multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) is a framework for engineering interventions for purposes such as maximizing intervention potency within a specified cost limit or streamlining existing interventions for scale-up.
Read about our research on
Inferring Cause Without Randomization
Social, behavioral, and health researchers often face situations where randomization is not possible, practical, or ethical. Our causal inference project develops methods for inferring causality in non-randomized experiments or studies.
Read about our research on
The mission of The Methodology Center is to advance public health by improving experimental design and data analysis in the social, behavioral, and health sciences.
March 5, 2013
In control engineering, devices continually monitor the performance of a system and then operate to control that system. Common examples include automobile thermostats and autopilot systems on commercial airliners. These same principles can be used to design behavioral interventions that adapt over time to help patients alter behaviors that affect their health. Potential applications include maintaining an exercise regimen, maintaining a healthy diet, or abstaining from tobacco or illicit drug use.
In a forthcoming article in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Methodology Center Investigators Constantino Lagoa, Stephanie Lanza, Susan Murphy, and their colleague Korkut Bekiroglu describe this new approach to building adaptive, intensive interventions. The authors show how data, in this case simulated smoking-cessation data, can be used to inform the design of an adaptive, intensive intervention by applying control-engineering techniques. This intervention, which is designed to provide treatment only when needed, is shown to improve effectiveness while decreasing patient burden. This approach holds great promise for informing clinical decisions and for informing the development of smartphone-based adaptive interventions.
March 03, 2014
Thanks to all those who participated in our survey on software development! The results were very helpful to us. Here are a few highlights of what we learned.
SAS is the platform most respondents are using. This is not entirely surprising, considering we already develop in SAS. (It's a little like asking Toyota owners what kind of cars they plan to buy.) Next most popular was R, then Stata. Of write-in candidates, SPSS and Mplus gathered the most votes. (Please note that Mplus is not an open program for development, however.)
R is gaining market share among our audience. R is the most popular second-choice platform. This is great news because R is free, which means that anything we develop for R is TRULY free to use, which is our preference. We will keep R in mind as we plan for the future.
February 27, 2014
We are pleased to announce that Penn State has named Linda M. Collins, director of The Methodology Center and professor of human development and family studies and of statistics, a distinguished professor for her research, leadership, and service.
Linda's research focuses on development of innovative research approaches to optimize behavioral interventions. She has been an important contributor to the field of prevention science through her work on preventing tobacco and other substance use. She is now extending her work into other public health areas such as obesity and HIV/AIDS. Linda has also developed methods for analysis of longitudinal data, particularly latent transition analysis.
February 26, 2014
We are pleased to announce this spring's Taste of Methodology workshop: The time-varying effect model (TVEM) for analyzing intensive longitudinal data. Taste of Methodology is a series of brief workshops for Penn State faculty that offers an overview of innovative methods along with lunch. This semester's workshop will present the concepts and applications of TVEM in order to give faculty an efficient way to assess TVEM's potential for their research.
A Taste of Methodology: The time-varying effect model (TVEM) for analyzing intensive longitudinal data
PRESENTER: Stephanie Lanza, Scientific Director of The Methodology Center
WHEN: Wednesday, May 7, 2014, 10:30 am - 1:30 pm
WHERE: Bennett Pierce Living Center, 110 Henderson Building
A Taste of Methodology is co-sponsored by the Social Science Research Institute and the Methodology Center, and is part of SSRI's Innovative Methods Initiative. The workshop is FREE and open to all Ph.D.-level scientists at Penn State. Registration is required and places are limited. To register, email Tammy Knepp (email@example.com).


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Kyolic Aged Garlic Extract™ Candida Cleanse and Digestion Formula 102 -- 200 Vegetarian Tablets
Did the trick!
This is a great addition to my supplement shelf. My candida issues are much more manageable now and I am very, very, very happy about it! These are pressed tablets that taste a bit like ginger, while the capsules tend to taste a little like garlic. They both seem to work equally well, although the tablets are a little bit bigger. I have never had any embarrassing odors from either.
June 16, 2013
helps battle candida and is ok on the stomach
This product has positively surprised me. I was worried at first that the ginger and garlic would be heavy on the stomach, but comparing to other supplements it's not heavy at all! It made me feel good and I feel it also did do it's work against the candida.
I did get a lot more thirsty than usual. But overall I recommend it.
May 30, 2013
Best Garlic supplement I've ever used.
I depend on Kyolic Garlic tablets, especially if I have to take antibiotics. In my opinion the candida cleanse and digestion formula has prevented me from getting any yeast infection problems or gastrointestinal upset and is one of my staple supplements.
April 14, 2013
i just love this product ...
good smell which comes from the ginger makes this a very pleasant supplement ! it simply feels good !! i just love trying new supplements all the time but on this specific one i just said yum ! do not get me wrong i do say chew on it but the smell is yummy !
whoever thinks he needs the benefits of this supplement go ahead and get it its a great 1 .
February 28, 2013
We have used Kyolic products for 20 years. We use both the dry and liquid garlic. We also use the KYogreen and highly recommend all of them.
December 5, 2012


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Virginia National Guard Troops All Home for Holidays
Posted: 6:21 PM Dec 7, 2012
December 7, 2012
For the first time since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, all Virginia Army Guard and Air Guard units are home for the holidays.
As a result, Governor Bob McDonnell has proclaimed December "Virginia National Guard Appreciation and Recognition Month."
"Time and time again the Virginia National Guard and Virginia Defense Force have selflessly answered the call of service," said McDonnell. "As Commander in Chief of the Virginia National Guard, I have called on the Virginia Guard twice in 2012 for state active duty to respond to severe weather in the Commonwealth. Whether defending our freedoms abroad or securing our communities during times of natural disasters at home these courageous individuals have demonstrated what it means to serve with honor. This holiday season, as we give thanks for our freedoms and families, we should remember these patriots."
Since September 11, 2001, the Virginia National Guard has successfully mobilized more than 15,000 Soldiers and Airmen for missions in Iraq, Afghanistan, Bosnia, Kosovo and other locations across the world as well as homeland defense missions in the United States. Virginia has lost 10 Virginia National Guard Soldiers to hostile enemy activity during that time.
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SPHS students prepare for culinary competition
The clock is slowly ticking toward 10 a.m. as four Sun Prairie High School students shuffle through cupboards, drawers and refrigerators in the culinary classroom looking for suppl
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MADISON (AP) — The race for Wisconsin governor moved to the airwaves Friday, with Republican Gov. Scott Walker and his Democratic challenger Mary Burke releasing their first television ads of … Comments (0)
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In honor of St. Patrick's Day, the Sun Prairie Public Library will host Jeff Pockat, a self-taught Gaelic harp musician and composer on Sunday, March 9. Comments (0)
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Please Help Me... (bad thumb) Four Elements
Artist description:
the girl represent the Earth... she's holding a seed that stands for new life, Looks better up close. Please rate AROUND the hand, because that was just a practice!!
Created Aug 11, 2009. Unless noted Copyright 2009
Colierox .
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omg this i so so so cute i love her eyes very emotiona; and i love the concept of the seeed! 5/5 i love this your an awesome artist!oxo
Award: Great coloring. Liked: I like how it's nice and grey nd it's shaded nice. Tips: work on the face anatomy and add a BG 5/5
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David Karp's Vogue Moment: Tumblr Inventor Now Uniqlo Model
If you thought all Tumblr wonder boy David Karp could do with being "tall and skinny, with unflinching blue eyes and a mop of brown hair" who "speaks incredibly fast and in complete paragraphs" was invent the hottest microblogging social network on the planet, think again. Because now he's moving in on the male modeling game. Read More


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Active Members
Aberdeen Coca-Cola Bottling Company
Acadiana Bottling Company, Inc.
Alkazone/Universal Wellness Group
Atlantic Coca-Cola Bottling Co.
Beverage Distribution Center Inc.
CPF/Northeast Hot Fill Co-Ops
(Pepsi-Cola Bottlers)
Chesterman Company
Clinton's Ditch Cooperative Company, Inc.
Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Columbus, IN, Inc.
Coca-Cola Bottling Company Consolidated
Coca-Cola Bottling Company High Country
The Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Fort Smith
Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Glasgow
Coca-Cola Bottling Company of International Falls
Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Hot Springs, Inc.
Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Kokomo, Indiana, Inc.
Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Minden, Inc.
The Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Northern New England, Inc.
Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Pottsville
Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Winona
Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Yakima & Tri-Cities
Coca-Cola Bottling Company United, Inc.
Coca-Cola Bottling Works, Inc.
Coca-Cola Bottling Works of Tullahoma, Inc.
Coca-Cola of Southern Utah
Corinth Coca-Cola Bottling Works, Inc.
Davis Beverage Group
Decatur Coca-Cola Bottling Company Inc.
Dr Pepper - 7UP Bottling Co. of The West
Dr Pepper-Royal Crown Bottling Company
Durango Coca-Cola Bottling Co.
Durham Coca-Cola Bottling Company
Epic Enterprises, Inc.
Fitzgerald Brothers Beverages, Inc.
G & J Pepsi-Cola Bottlers, Inc.
Geneva Club Beverage Co., Inc.
Glendive Coca-Cola Bottling Company, Inc.
Green Bay Seven-Up Bottling Company, Inc.
Gulf States Canners, Inc.
Halmor Corporation
Harbor Pacific Bottling Company, Inc.
H2aloe, Inc.
Idaho Beverages, Inc.
Jefferson City Coca-Cola Bottling Company
Kalil Bottling Co.
Kingston-Miami Trading Company
Lakeside Bottling Company
Leader Distribution Systems Inc.
Lehrkind's Inc.
LinPepCo Partnership
Long Island Brand Beverages LLC
The Made-Rite CompanyManhattan Special Btlg. Corp.
Magnolia Coca-Cola Bottling Company, Inc.
Manhattan Special Bottling Corporation
Meridian Coca-Cola Bottling Company
Mid-Continent Coca-Cola Bottling Group, Inc.
Middle Tennessee Dr Pepper Bottling Company, Inc.
Middlesboro Coca-Cola Bottling Works, Inc.
Nackard Bottling Company
National Fruit Flavor Co., Inc.
Nehi Bottling Company of Cleveland
Nei Bottling, Inc.
Nestlé Waters North America Inc.
Newberry Bottling Company, Inc.
Orangeburg Coca-Cola Bottling Company
Ozarks Coca-Cola/Dr Pepper Bottling Company
Pepsi Northwest Beverages, LLC
Pepsi-Cola Bottlers of Logansport
Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of Bennettsville, SC Inc.
Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of Billings
Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of Central Virginia
Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of Corbin, Kentucky, Inc.
Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of Davenport
Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of Decatur, Alabama, Inc.
Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of Hastings, Inc.
Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of Hickory, Inc.
Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of McAlester
Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of Marysville
Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of New Haven, Inc.
Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of Northeast Wisconsin, Inc.
Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of Pipestone
Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of Roxboro, NC, Inc.
Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of Yakima
Pepsi-Cola Bottlers of Logansport
Pepsi-Cola of Florence LLC
Pepsi-Cola of Greenville
Pepsi-Cola, Dr Pepper Bottling Company, Inc.
Pepsi-Cola Memphis Bottling Company, Inc.
Pepsi-Cola Ogdensburg Bottlers, Inc.
Quail Mountain, Inc.dba Pepsi-Cola-Klamath Falls
Refreshment Services, Inc.
Rock Hill Coca-Cola Btlg. Co.
Royal Crown Bottling Corp.
SBI Pepsi/Stueber's Beverages, Inc.
Sacramento Coca-Cola Bottling Co., Inc.
Sanford Coca-Cola Bottling Company, Inc.
Seneca Wholesale Company, Inc.
Seven-Up Bottling Company of Watertown, Inc.
Seven-Up Bottling Company of West Bend, WI
Streva Distributing Company of New Iberia, Inc.
Sun Drop Bottling Co., Inc.
Swire Coca-Cola, USA
Temple Bottling Company, Ltd.
Tipp Distributors, Inc. dba Novamex
Tyler Beverages, Inc.
Union City Coca-Cola Bottling Company, LLC
Varsity Beverage Company
Viking Coca-Cola Bottling Company
Weinstein Beverage Co., Inc.
Wilson Corporation
Wis-Pak, Inc.


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The Phantom - Chapter 9, The Fire Princess
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Professor Davidson (Frank Shannon) plans an expedition to find the Lost City of Zoloz. The location of the city is contained on seven pieces of ivory, three of which Davidson already possesses. Doctor Bremmer (Kenneth MacDonald), however, intends to find the lost city and use it as a secret airba... More info...
Category: The Phantom (1943) / Movie Serials / Action & Adventure


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The web is an essential tool for travelers but you have to know where to look and whom to trust.
Sidestep - Compares airfares with the traveler's search engine, and shows the best deals on airfare, hotels and cars. A handy matrix at the top of the result page gives an overview of the lowest prices from 600 airlines and 200 sites. Refining the search by departure time or airport is a breeze
Fare Compare - Decide how much you want to spend and when you want to travel and Getaway Maps will overlay the lowest fares pulled from more than 500 airlines (most of the major U.S. carriers, as well as as many international ones) for a select range of cities
Farecast - Buy now or wait for a better price?. Forecast uses historic pricing data to help you make an educated decision about whether or not a fare is likely to fluctuate in the coming week. Forecast cover 78 cities, all of them in United States
Kayak - This aggregator scours about 160,000 hotels worldwide. You can sort listings by location and view photographs.
Last Minute Travel - Search hotels by ratings in your city of choice and the site has an excellent mix of reduced rate and luxury properies.
If you know the name of the Hotel you want to stay you can always go directly to hotel websites to check for discounts and deals
Cruise Critic - Research almost anything about 60 different lines and gather advice on everything ship related. from buying travel insurance to using onboard slot machines.
Vacations to Go - Includes cruise search, ships, ratings, port information and contact information.
Online Vacations Center - Online Vacation Center is one of the country's largest cruise retailers. Its portfolio of travel companies allows customers to research, plan and purchase a vacation.