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Culturally Omnivorous?
April 1, 2011 · Print This Article
Last week on the NPR blog Monkey See, there was an interesting article by Linda Holmes about a new study released from the National Endowment for the Arts. In this study enticingly entitled "Age and arts participation: A case against demographic destiny," the NEA talks about the decline in what are called "cultural omnivores." These omnivores participate in many arts events. They go to the ballet, opera, and classical music concerts, which the NEA actually refers to as "highbrow" events, with "high cultural status." But these same folks also participate in "middle- or low-brow events." Cultural omnivores like music and theatre, and they also comprise a large percentage of gallery attendees. This makes sense to me because the study argues that our omnivorousness correlates to age—the younger we are, the more likely to participate in all sorts of cultural events. From what I've seen, this appears to be true. It seems gallery events usually do skew young. But the study also says that our greatest population of cultural omnivores were born before 1955. We are now breeding fewer and fewer omnivores.
In my circle, which I'm inclined to think is a lot like your circle, being able to competently consume across cultural status (high-, middle-, and low-brow) is the sign of well-integrated person, and dare I say it, a cool person. I mean, what good is being able to spend a contemplative half-hour with an Ellsworth Kelly if you can't follow it with an evening on the sofa drinking beer and watching Total Recall on Blue-Ray? What concerns me is that this downward trend in omnivores is somehow reflective of our current state of American politics. Polarized red and blue.
In the NPR article, Holmes has a more optimistic take on the whole thing. She thinks that perhaps we are still just as omnivorous, it only looks different in this digital age. We no longer need to leave the house to engage in such events; we can bring these events to us. What would that make us? Cultural Localvores? A good example of this is when BBC's Radio 3 started its Beethoven series. Listeners brought the server to its knees downloading classical podcasts. Now who would have expected that? Haven't we all read those articles about how classical music is dead?
This study causes me to ponder what exactly it means to be culturally literate, and if it even matters anymore. Do people actually think about which events have "high cultural status"? The NEA study focuses a lot on what the decline of cultural omnivores means for arts funding, which is a bit dry unless arts funding is your thing. But the discussion of cultural omnivores that starts the study is fascinating.


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Great Moments In Unlicensed Pittsburgh Sports Merch: Wannstache
Thanks to Bryan for this. It's from his The Fighting Wannstaches site. And this marks the first unlicensed Pitt piece in the archives. Perfect timing.
Dave Wannstedt's unique personality (and mustache) is arguably the most recognizable aspect of today's Pitt football team. The former NFL coach and onetime Steelers coaching prospect until being vanquished by a certain chin has brought a successful style of play with quietly-fantastic players since his arrival with the Panthers.
Bryan's site pays tribute to Wanny and his legendary 'stache, and the shirt reflects that. It doesn't hurt that you can tell who the caricature is supposed to depict by only seeing a nose, 'stache and mouth. And that's more than enough for inclusion here.
(thanks to Cotter for the banner pic)

subset: commoncrawl


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Our goal is your satisfaction
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SCUBAYACI Diving Centre Tenerife not only welcomes you in a nice and friendly atmosphere but also guarantees skills that suit your level, based on PADI standards, providing optimal safety and professional training. Therefore we are a reconized Diving Centre by the Canarien Government. Daily scuba diving expeditions are organized by boat or bus from Las Galletas.
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Teenage pregnancy
Teenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20 at the time that the pregnancy ends. A pregnancy can take place in a pubertal female before menarche (the first menstrual period), which signals the possibility of fertility, but usually occurs after menarche. In well-nourished girls, menarche usually takes place around the age of 12 or 13.
Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as other women. There are, however, additional medical concerns for mothers aged under 15.[2] For mothers aged 15–19, risks are associated more with socioeconomic factors than with the biological effects of age.[3] However, research has shown risks of low birth weight, premature labor, anemia, and pre-eclampsia are connected to the biological age itself, as it was observed in teen births even after controlling for other risk factors (such as utilization of antenatal care etc.).[4][5]
In developed countries, teenage pregnancies are often associated with social issues, including lower educational levels, higher rates of poverty, and other poorer life outcomes in children of teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of marriage, and carries a social stigma in many communities and cultures.
By contrast, teenage parents in developing countries are often married, and their pregnancies welcomed by family and society. However, in these societies, early pregnancy may combine with malnutrition and poor health care to cause medical problems.
The age of the mother is determined by the easily verified date when the pregnancy ends, not by the estimated date of conception.[6] Consequently, the statistics do not include women who became pregnant at least shortly before their 20th birthdays, but who gave birth, experienced a miscarriage, or had a voluntary abortion on or after their 20th birthdays.[6] Similarly, statistics on the mother's marital status are determined by whether she is married at the end of the pregnancy, not at the time of conception.
In reporting teenage pregnancy rates, the number of pregnancies per 1,000 females aged 15 to 19 when the pregnancy ends is generally used.[8]
Worldwide, teenage pregnancy rates range from 143 per 1000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1000 in South Korea.[9][10] In the United States, 82% of pregnancies in those between 15 and 19 are unplanned.[11] Among OECD developed countries, the United States, United Kingdom and New Zealand have the highest level of teenage pregnancy, while Japan and South Korea have the lowest in 2001.[12] According to a 2001 UNICEF survey, in 10 out of 12 developed nations with available data, more than two thirds of young people have had sexual intercourse while still in their teens. In Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States, the proportion is over 80%. In Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, approximately 25% of 15-year-olds and 50% of 17-year-olds have had sex.[10] According to The Encyclopedia of Women's Health, published in 2004, approximately 15 million girls under the age of 20 in the world have a child each year. Estimates were that 20–60% of these pregnancies in developing countries are mistimed or unwanted.[13]
Save the Children found that, annually, 13 million children are born to women aged under 20 worldwide, more than 90% in developing countries. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of mortality among women aged 15–19 in such areas.[2]
Sub-Saharan Africa[edit]
The highest rate of teenage pregnancy in the world is in sub-Saharan Africa, where women tend to marry at an early age.[9] In Niger, for example, 87% of women surveyed were married and 53% had given birth to a child before the age of 18.[14]
In the Indian subcontinent, early marriage sometimes results in adolescent pregnancy, particularly in rural regions where the rate is much higher than it is in urbanized areas. Latest data suggests that teen pregnancy in India is high with 62 pregnant teens out of every 1,000 women.[15] India is fast approaching to be the most populous country in the world, and increasing teenage pregnancy, an important factor for the population rise, is likely to aggravate the problem.[16]
The rate of early marriage and pregnancy has decreased sharply in Indonesia and Malaysia, although it remains relatively high in the former. In the industrialized Asian nations such as South Korea and Singapore, teenage birth rates are among the lowest in the world.[17]
The overall trend in Europe since 1970 has been a decreasing total fertility rate, an increase in the age at which women experience their first birth, and a decrease in the number of births among teenagers. Most continental Western European countries have very low teenage birth rates. This is varyingly attributed to good sex education and high levels of contraceptive use (in the case of the Netherlands and Scandinavia), traditional values and social stigmatization (in the case of Spain and Italy) or both (in the case of Switzerland).[10]
United States[edit]
The teenage birth rate in the United States is the highest in the developed world, and the teenage abortion rate is also high.[10] In 2005 in the U.S., the majority (57%) of teen pregnancies resulted in a live birth, 27% ended in an induced abortion, and 16% in a fetal loss.[18] The U.S. teenage pregnancy rate was at a high in the 1950s and has decreased since then, although there has been an increase in births out of wedlock.[19] The teenage pregnancy rate decreased significantly in the 1990s; this decline manifested across all racial groups, although teenagers of African-American and Hispanic descent retain a higher rate, in comparison to that of European-Americans and Asian-Americans. The Guttmacher Institute attributed about 25% of the decline to abstinence and 75% to the effective use of contraceptives.[20] While in 2006 the U.S. teen birth rate rose for the first time in fourteen years,[21] it reached a historic low in 2010: 34.3 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19.[1]
The latest data from the United States shows that the states with the highest teenage birthrate are Mississippi, New Mexico and Arkansas while the states with the lowest teenage birthrate are New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Vermont.[22]
The Canadian teenage birth has also trended towards a steady decline for both younger (15–17) and older (18–19) teens in the period between 1992 and 2002.[23]
Several studies have examined the socioeconomic, medical, and psychological impact of pregnancy and parenthood in teens. Life outcomes for teenage mothers and their children vary; other factors, such as poverty or social support, may be more important than the age of the mother at the birth. Many solutions to counteract the more negative findings have been proposed. Teenage parents who can rely on family and community support, social services and child-care support are more likely to continue their education and get higher paying jobs as they progress with their education.[24]
Being a young mother in an industrialized country can affect one's education. Teen mothers are more likely to drop out of high school.[25] However, recent studies have found that many of these mothers had already dropped out of school before becoming pregnant, but those in school at the time of their pregnancy were as likely to graduate as their peers.[citation needed] One study in 2001 found that women who gave birth during their teens completed secondary-level schooling 10–12% as often and pursued post-secondary education 14–29% as often as women who waited until age 30.[26] Young motherhood in an industrialized country can affect employment and social class. Less than one third of teenage mothers receive any form of child support, vastly increasing the likelihood of turning to the government for assistance.[27] The correlation between earlier childbearing and failure to complete high school reduces career opportunities for many young women.[25] One study found that, in 1988, 60% of teenage mothers were impoverished at the time of giving birth.[28] Additional research found that nearly 50% of all adolescent mothers sought social assistance within the first five years of their child's life.[25] A study of 100 teenaged mothers in the United Kingdom found that only 11% received a salary, while the remaining 89% were unemployed.[29] Most British teenage mothers live in poverty, with nearly half in the bottom fifth of the income distribution.[30] Teenage women who are pregnant or mothers are seven times more likely to commit suicide than other teenagers.[31] Professor John Ermisch at the institute of social and economic research at Essex University and Dr Roger Ingham, director of the centre of sexual health at Southampton University – found that comparing teenage mothers with other girls with similarly deprived social-economic profiles, bad school experiences and low educational aspirations, the difference in their respective life chances was negligible.[32]
Teenage motherhood may actually make economic sense for young women with less money, some research suggests. For instance, long-term studies by Duke University economist V. Joseph Hotz and colleagues, published in 2005, found that by age 35, former teen moms had earned more in income, paid more in taxes, were substantially less likely to live in poverty and collected less in public assistance than similarly poor women who waited until their 20s to have babies. Women who became mothers in their teens — freed from child-raising duties by their late 20s and early 30s to pursue employment while poorer women who waited to become moms were still stuck at home watching their young children — wound up paying more in taxes than they had collected in welfare.[33] Eight years earlier, the federally commissioned report "Kids Having Kids" also contained a similar finding, though it was buried: "Adolescent childbearers fare slightly better than later-childbearing counterparts in terms of their overall economic welfare."[citation needed]
According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, nearly 1 in 4 teen mothers will experience another pregnancy within two years of having their first.[34] Pregnancy and giving birth significantly increases the chance that these mothers will become high school dropout and as many as half have to go on welfare. Many teen parents do not have the intellectual or emotional maturity that is needed to provide for another life. Often, these pregnancies are hidden for months resulting in a lack of adequate prenatal care and dangerous outcomes for the babies.[35] Factors that determine which mothers are more likely to have a closely spaced repeat birth include marriage and education: the likelihood decreases with the level of education of the young woman – or her parents – and increases if she gets married.[36]
Early motherhood can affect the psychosocial development of the infant. The children of teen mothers are more likely to be born prematurely with a low birth weight, predisposing them to many other lifelong conditions.[37] Children of teen mothers are at higher risk of intellectual, language, and socio-emotional delays.[35] Developmental disabilities and behavioral issues are increased in children born to teen mothers.[38][39] One study suggested that adolescent mothers are less likely to stimulate their infant through affectionate behaviors such as touch, smiling, and verbal communication, or to be sensitive and accepting toward his or her needs.[38] Another found that those who had more social support were less likely to show anger toward their children or to rely upon punishment.[40]
Poor academic performance in the children of teenage mothers has also been noted, with many of them being more likely than average to fail to graduate from secondary school, be held back a grade level, or score lower on standardized tests.[25] Daughters born to adolescent parents are more likely to become teen mothers themselves.[25][41] A son born to a young woman in her teens is three times more likely to serve time in prison.[42]
Other family members[edit]
Teen pregnancy and motherhood can influence younger siblings. One study found that the younger sisters of teen mothers were less likely to emphasize the importance of education and employment and more likely to accept human sexual behavior, parenting, and marriage at younger ages; younger brothers, too, were found to be more tolerant of non-marital and early births, in addition to being more susceptible to high-risk behaviors.[43] If the younger sisters of teenage parents babysit the children, they have an increased risk of getting pregnant themselves.[44] Once an older daughter has a child, parents often become more accepting as time goes by.[45] The probability of the younger sister having a teenage pregnancy went from one in five to two in five if the elder sister had a baby as a teenager.[46]
Maternal and prenatal health is of particular concern among teens who are pregnant or parenting. The worldwide incidence of premature birth and low birth weight is higher among adolescent mothers.[3][25][47] In a rural hospital in West Bengal, teenage mothers between 15 and 19 years old were more likely to have anemia, preterm delivery, and low birth weight than mothers between 20 and 24 years old.[48]
Research indicates that pregnant teens are less likely to receive prenatal care, often seeking it in the third trimester, if at all.[3] The Guttmacher Institute reports that one-third of pregnant teens receive insufficient prenatal care and that their children are more likely to have health issues in childhood or be hospitalized than those born to older women.[49]
Young mothers who are given high-quality maternity care have significantly healthier babies than those who do not. Many of the health-issues associated with teenage mothers appear to result from lack of access to adequate medical care.[50]
Many pregnant teens are at risk of nutritional deficiencies from poor eating habits common in adolescence, including attempts to lose weight through dieting, skipping meals, food faddism, snacking, and consumption of fast food.[51]
Inadequate nutrition during pregnancy is an even more marked problem among teenagers in developing countries.[52][53] Complications of pregnancy result in the deaths of an estimated 70,000 teen girls in developing countries each year. Young mothers and their babies are also at greater risk of contracting HIV.[2] The World Health Organization estimates that the risk of death following pregnancy is twice as high for women aged 15–19 than for those aged 20–24. The maternal mortality rate can be up to five times higher for girls aged 10–14 than for women aged 20–24. Illegal abortion also holds many risks for teenage girls in areas such as sub-Saharan Africa.[14]
Risks for medical complications are greater for girls aged under 15, as an underdeveloped pelvis can lead to difficulties in childbirth. Obstructed labour is normally dealt with by Caesarean section in industrialized nations; however, in developing regions where medical services might be unavailable, it can lead to eclampsia, obstetric fistula, infant mortality, or maternal death.[2] For mothers who are older than fifteen, age in itself is not a risk factor, and poor outcomes are associated more with socioeconomic factors rather than with biology.[3]
In some societies, early marriage and traditional gender roles are important factors in the rate of teenage pregnancy. For example, in some sub-Saharan African countries, early pregnancy is often seen as a blessing because it is proof of the young woman's fertility.[14] The average marriage age differs by country, and countries where teenage marriages are common experience higher levels of teenage pregnancies. In the Indian subcontinent, early marriage and pregnancy is more common in traditional rural communities than cities.[17] The lack of education on safe sex, whether it is from parents, schools, or otherwise, is a cause of teenage pregnancy. Many teenagers are not taught about methods of birth control and how to deal with peers who pressure them into having sex before they are ready. Many pregnant teenagers do not have any cognition of the central facts of sexuality.[54]
In societies where adolescent marriage is less common, such as many developed countries, young age at first intercourse and lack of use of contraceptive methods (or their inconsistent and/or incorrect use; the use of a method with a high failure rate is also a problem) may be factors in teen pregnancy.[10][55] Most teenage pregnancies in the developed world appear to be unplanned.[55][56] In an attempt to reverse the increasing numbers of teenage pregnancies, governments in many Western countries have instituted sex education programs, the main objective of which is to reduce such pregnancies and STDs. Countries with low levels of teenagers giving birth accept sexual relationships among teenagers and provide comprehensive and balanced information about sexuality.[57]
In most countries, most men experience sexual intercourse for the first time before their 20th birthdays.[58] Men in Western developed countries have sex for the first time sooner than in undeveloped and culturally conservative countries such as Sub-Saharan Africa and much of Asia.[58]
In a 2005 Kaiser Family Foundation study of US teenagers, 29% of teens reported feeling pressure to have sex, 33% of sexually active teens reported "being in a relationship where they felt things were moving too fast sexually", and 24% had "done something sexual they didn't really want to do".[59] Several polls have indicated peer pressure as a factor in encouraging both girls and boys to have sex.[60][61] The increased sexual activity among adolescents is manifested in increased teenage pregnancies and an increase in sexually transmitted diseases.
Role of drug and alcohol use[edit]
Inhibition-reducing drugs and alcohol may possibly encourage unintended sexual activity. If so, it is unknown if the drugs themselves directly influence teenagers to engage in riskier behavior, or whether teenagers who engage in drug use are more likely to engage in sex. Correlation does not imply causation. The drugs with the strongest evidence linking them to teenage pregnancy are alcohol, cannabis, "ecstasy" and other substituted amphetamines. The drugs with the least evidence to support a link to early pregnancy are opioids, such as heroin, morphine, and oxycodone, of which a well-known effect is the significant reduction of libido – it appears that teenage opioid users have significantly reduced rates of conception compared to their non-using, and alcohol, "ecstasy", cannabis, and amphetamine using peers.[10][59][62][63]
Lack of contraception[edit]
Adolescents may lack knowledge of, or access to, conventional methods of preventing pregnancy, as they may be too embarrassed or frightened to seek such information.[60][64] Contraception for teenagers presents a huge challenge for the clinician. In 1998, the government of the United Kingdom set a target to halve the under-18 pregnancy rate by 2010. The Teenage Pregnancy Strategy (TPS) was established to achieve this. The pregnancy rate in this group, although falling, rose slightly in 2007, to 41.7 per 1000 women. Young women often think of contraception either as 'the pill' or condoms and have little knowledge about other methods. They are heavily influenced by negative, second-hand stories about methods of contraception from their friends and the media. Prejudices are extremely difficult to overcome. Over concern about side-effects, for example weight gain and acne, often affect choice. Missing up to three pills a month is common, and in this age group the figure is likely to be higher. Restarting after the pill-free week, having to hide pills, drug interactions and difficulty getting repeat prescriptions can all lead to method failure.[65]
In the United States, according to the 2002 National Surveys of Family Growth, sexually active adolescent women wishing to avoid pregnancy were less likely than older women to use contraceptives (18% of 15–19-year-olds used no contraceptives, versus 10.7% for women aged 15–44).[66] More than 80% of teen pregnancies are unintended.[67] Over half of unintended pregnancies were to women not using contraceptives,[66] most of the rest are due to inconsistent or incorrect use.[67] 23% of sexually active young women in a 1996 Seventeen magazine poll admitted to having had unprotected sex with a partner who did not use a condom, while 70% of girls in a 1997 PARADE poll claimed it was embarrassing to buy birth control or request information from a doctor.[60]
In a 2012 study, over 1,000 females were surveyed to find out factors contributing to not using contraception. Of those surveyed, almost half had been involved in unprotected sex within the previous three months. These women gave three main reasons for not using contraceptives: trouble obtaining birth control (the most frequent reason), lack of intention to have sex, and the misconception that they "could not get pregnant."[68]
In a study for The Guttmacher Institute, researchers found that from a comparative perspective, however, teenage pregnancy rates in the United States are less nuanced than one might initially assume. "Since timing and levels of sexual activity are quite similar across [Sweden, France, Canada, Great Britain, and the U.S.], the high U.S. rates arise primarily because of less, and possibly less-effective, contraceptive use by sexually active teenagers."[69] Thus, the cause for the discrepancy between rich nations can be traced largely to contraceptive-based issues.
Among teens in the UK seeking an abortion, a study found that the rate of contraceptive use was roughly the same for teens as for older women.[70]
In other cases, contraception is used, but proves to be inadequate. Inexperienced adolescents may use condoms incorrectly, forget to take oral contraceptives, or fail to use the contraceptives they had previously chosen. Contraceptive failure rates are higher for teenagers, particularly poor ones, than for older users.[62] Long-acting contraceptives such as intrauterine devices, subcutaneous contraceptive implants, and contraceptive injections (such as Depo-Provera and Combined injectable contraceptive), which prevent pregnancy for months or years at a time, are more effective in women who have trouble remembering to take pills or using barrier methods consistently.
According to The Encyclopedia of Women's Health, published in 2004, there has been an increased effort to provide contraception to adolescents via family planning services and school-based health, such as HIV prevention education.[13]
Age discrepancy in relationships[edit]
According to the Family Research Council, a conservative lobbying organization, studies in the US indicate that age discrepancy between the teenage girls and the men who impregnate them is an important contributing factor. Teenage girls in relationships with older boys, and in particular with adult men, are more likely to become pregnant than teenage girls in relationships with boys their own age. They are also more likely to carry the baby to term rather than have an abortion. A review of California's 1990 vital statistics found that men older than high school age fathered 77% of all births to high school-aged girls (ages 16–18), and 51% of births to junior high school-aged girls (under 16). Men over age 25 fathered twice as many children of teenage mothers than boys under age 18, and men over age 20 fathered five times as many children of junior high school-aged girls as did junior high school-aged boys. A 1992 Washington state study of 535 adolescent mothers found that 62% of the mothers had a history of being raped or sexually molested by men whose ages averaged 27 years. This study found that, compared with nonabused mothers, abused adolescent mothers initiated sex earlier, had sex with much older partners, and engaged in riskier, more frequent, and promiscuous sex. Studies by the Population Reference Bureau and the National Center for Health Statistics found that about two-thirds of children born to teenage girls in the United States are fathered by adult men age 20 or older.[71]
Sexual abuse[edit]
Studies from South Africa have found that 11–20% of pregnancies in teenagers are a direct result of rape, while about 60% of teenage mothers had unwanted sexual experiences preceding their pregnancy. Before age 15, a majority of first-intercourse experiences among females are reported to be non-voluntary; the Guttmacher Institute found that 60% of girls who had sex before age 15 were coerced by males who on average were six years their senior.[citation needed] One in five teenage fathers admitted to forcing girls to have sex with them.[72]
Multiple studies have indicated a strong link between early childhood sexual abuse and subsequent teenage pregnancy in industrialized countries. Up to 70% of women who gave birth in their teens were molested as young girls; by contrast, 25% of women who did not give birth as teens were molested.[73][74][75]
In some countries, sexual intercourse between a minor and an adult is not considered consensual under the law because a minor is believed to lack the maturity and competence to make an informed decision to engage in fully consensual sex with an adult. In those countries, sex with a minor is therefore considered statutory rape. In most European countries, by contrast, once an adolescent has reached the age of consent, he or she can legally have sexual relations with adults because it is held that in general (although certain limitations may still apply), reaching the age of consent enables a juvenile to consent to sex with any partner who has also reached that age. Therefore, the definition of statutory rape is limited to sex with a person under the minimum age of consent. What constitutes statutory rape ultimately differs by jurisdiction (see age of consent).
Dating violence[edit]
Studies have indicated that adolescent girls are often in abusive relationships at the time of their conceiving.[76][76][77] They have also reported that knowledge of their pregnancy has often intensified violent and controlling behaviors on part of their boyfriends. Girls under age 18 are twice as likely to be beaten by their child's father than women over age 18. A UK study found that 70% of women who gave birth in their teens had experienced adolescent domestic violence. Similar results have been found in studies in the United States. A Washington State study found 70% of teenage mothers had been beaten by their boyfriends, 51% had experienced attempts of birth control sabotage within the last year, and 21% experienced school or work sabotage.
In a study of 379 pregnant or parenting teens and 95 teenage girls without children, 62% of girls aged 11–15 and 56% of girls aged 16–19 reported experiencing domestic violence at the hands of their partners. Moreover, 51% of the girls reported experiencing at least one instance where their boyfriend attempted to sabotage their efforts to use birth control.[78]
Socioeconomic factors[edit]
Teenage pregnancy has been defined predominantly within the research field and among social agencies as a social problem. Poverty is associated with increased rates of teenage pregnancy.[62] Economically poor countries such as Niger and Bangladesh have far more teenage mothers compared with economically rich countries such as Switzerland and Japan.[79]
In the UK, around half of all pregnancies to under 18s are concentrated among the 30% most deprived population, with only 14% occurring among the 30% least deprived.[80] For example, in Italy, the teenage birth rate in the well-off central regions is only 3.3 per 1,000, while in the poorer Mezzogiorno it is 10.0 per 1,000.[10] Similarly, in the United States, sociologist Mike A. Males noted that teenage birth rates closely mapped poverty rates in California:[81]
County | Poverty rate | Birth rate* |
Marin County | 5% | 5 |
Tulare County (Caucasians) | 18% | 50 |
Tulare County (Hispanics) | 40% | 100 |
* per 1000 women aged 15–19
Teen pregnancy cost the United States over $9.1 billion in 2004, including $1.9 billion for health care, $2.3 billion for child welfare, $2.1 billion for incarceration, and $2.9 billion in lower tax revenue.[82]
There is little evidence to support the common belief that teenage mothers become pregnant to get benefits, welfare, and council housing. Most knew little about housing or financial aid before they got pregnant and what they thought they knew often turned out to be wrong.[56]
Childhood environment[edit]
Women exposed to abuse, domestic violence, and family strife in childhood are more likely to become pregnant as teenagers, and the risk of becoming pregnant as a teenager increases with the number of adverse childhood experiences.[citation needed] According to a 2004 study, one-third of teenage pregnancies could be prevented by eliminating exposure to abuse, violence, and family strife. The researchers note that "family dysfunction has enduring and unfavorable health consequences for women during the adolescent years, the childbearing years, and beyond." When the family environment does not include adverse childhood experiences, becoming pregnant as an adolescent does not appear to raise the likelihood of long-term, negative psychosocial consequences.[83] Studies have also found that boys raised in homes with a battered mother, or who experienced physical violence directly, were significantly more likely to impregnate a girl.[84]
Studies have also found that girls whose fathers left the family early in their lives had the highest rates of early sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy. Girls whose fathers left them at a later age had a lower rate of early sexual activity, and the lowest rates are found in girls whose fathers were present throughout their childhood. Even when the researchers took into account other factors that could have contributed to early sexual activity and pregnancy, such as behavioral problems and life adversity, early father-absent girls were still about five times more likely in the United States and three times more likely in New Zealand to become pregnant as adolescents than were father-present girls.[85][86]
Low educational expectations have been pinpointed as a risk factor.[87] A girl is also more likely to become a teenage parent if her mother or older sister gave birth in her teens.[41][44] A majority of respondents in a 1988 Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies survey attributed the occurrence of adolescent pregnancy to a breakdown of communication between parents and child and also to inadequate parental supervision.[60]
Foster care youth are more likely than their peers to become pregnant as teenagers. The National Casey Alumni Study, which surveyed foster care alumni from 23 communities across the United States, found the birth rate for girls in foster care was more than double the rate of their peers outside the foster care system. A University of Chicago study of youth transitioning out of foster care in Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin found that nearly half of the females had been pregnant by age 19. The Utah Department of Human Services found that girls who had left the foster care system between 1999 and 2004 had a birth rate nearly 3 times the rate for girls in the general population.[88]
Media influence[edit]
A study conducted in 2006 found that adolescents who were more exposed to sexuality in the media were also more likely to engage in sexual activity themselves.[89]
According to Time, "teens exposed to the most sexual content on TV are twice as likely as teens watching less of this material to become pregnant before they reach age 20".[90]
Many health educators have argued that comprehensive sex education would effectively reduce the number of teenage pregnancies, although opponents argue that such education encourages more and earlier sexual activity. Interventions combining education and contraceptives appear to reduce unplanned teenage pregnancy, however no one intervention yet stands out as the most effective.[91]
The Dutch approach to preventing teenage pregnancy has often been seen as a model by other countries. The curriculum focuses on values, attitudes, communication and negotiation skills, as well as biological aspects of reproduction. The media has encouraged open dialogue and the health-care system guarantees confidentiality and a non-judgmental approach.[92]
United Kingdom[edit]
In the UK, the teenage pregnancy strategy, which was run first by the Department of Health and is now based out of the Children, Young People and Families directorate in the Department for Children, Schools and Families, works on several levels to reduce teenage pregnancy and increase the social inclusion of teenage mothers and their families by:
- joined up action, making sure branches of government and health and education services work together effectively;
- prevention of teenage pregnancy through better sex education and improving contraceptive and advice services for young people, involving young people in service design, supporting the parents of teenagers to talk to them about sex and relationships, and targeting high-risk groups;
- better support for teenage mothers, including help returning to education, advice and support, work with young fathers, better childcare and increasing the availability of supported housing.
The teenage pregnancy strategy has had mixed success. Although teenage pregnancies have fallen overall, they have not fallen consistently in every region, and in some areas they have increased.
United States[edit]
In the United States, the topic of sex education is the subject of much contentious debate. Some schools provide "abstinence-only" education and virginity pledges are increasingly popular. A 2004 study by Yale and Columbia Universities found that 88% of those who pledge abstinence have premarital sex anyway.[93] Most public schools offer "abstinence-plus" programs that support abstinence but also offer advice about contraception. A team of researchers and educators in California have published a list of "best practices" in the prevention of teen pregnancy, which includes, in addition to the previously mentioned concepts, working to "instill a belief in a successful future", male involvement in the prevention process, and designing interventions that are culturally relevant.[94] On September 30, 2010, The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services approved $155 million in new funding for comprehensive sex education programs designed to prevent teenage pregnancy. The money is being awarded "to states, non-profit organizations, school districts, universities and others. These grants will support the replication of teen pregnancy prevention programs that have been shown to be effective through rigorous research as well as the testing of new, innovative approaches to combating teen pregnancy."[95] Of the total of $150 million, $55 million is funded by Affordable Care Act through the Personal Responsibility Education Program, which requires states receiving funding to incorporate lessons about both abstinence and contraception.
For teens who choose to engage in sexual activity, the primary mode of preventing teen pregnancy becomes correct use of contraceptives. In the U.S., one policy initiative that has been used to increase rates of contraceptive use is Title X: Title X of the 1970 Public Health Service act provides family planning services for those who do not qualify for Medicaid by distributing "funding to a network of public, private, and nonprofit entities [to provide] services on a sliding scale based on income."[96] Studies indicate that, internationally, success in reducing teen pregnancy rates is directly correlated with the kind of access that Title X provides: "What appears crucial to success is that adolescents know where they can go to obtain information and services, can get there easily and are assured of receiving confidential, nonjudgmental care, and that these services and contraceptive supplies are free or cost very little."[69] In addressing high rates of unplanned teen pregnancies, scholars agree that the problem must be confronted from both the biological and cultural contexts.
Developing world[edit]
In the developing world, programs of reproductive health aimed at teenagers are often small scale and not centrally coordinated, although some countries such as Sri Lanka have a systematic policy framework for teaching about sex within schools.[17] Non-governmental agencies such as the International Planned Parenthood Federation and Marie Stopes International provide contraceptive advice for young women worldwide. Laws against child marriage have reduced but not eliminated the practice. Improved female literacy and educational prospects have led to an increase in the age at first birth in areas such as Iran, Indonesia, and the Indian state of Kerala.
Teenage fatherhood[edit]
In some cases, the father of the child is the husband of the teenage girl. The conception may occur within wedlock, or the pregnancy itself may precipitate the marriage (the so-called shotgun wedding). In countries such as India the majority of teenage births occur within marriage.[10][17]
In other countries, such as the United States and the Republic of Ireland, the majority of teenage mothers are not married to the fathers of their children.[10][97] In the UK, half of all teenagers with children are lone parents, 40% are cohabitating as a couple and 10% are married.[98] Teenage parents are frequently in a romantic relationship at the time of birth, but many adolescent fathers do not stay with the mother and this often disrupts their relationship with the child. U.S. surveys tend to under-report the prevalence of teen fatherhood.[99] In many cases, "teenage father" may be a misnomer. Studies by the Population Reference Bureau and the National Center for Health Statistics found that about two-thirds of births to teenage girls in the United States are fathered by adult men aged over 20.[100][101] The Guttmacher Institute reports that over 40% of mothers aged 15–17 had sexual partners three to five years older and almost one in five had partners six or more years older.[102] A 1990 study of births to California teens reported that the younger the mother, the greater the age gap with her male partner.[103] In the UK 72% of jointly registered births to women aged under 20, the father is over 20, with almost 1 in 4 being over 25.[104]
Teenage pregnancy was normal in previous centuries, and common in developed countries in the 20th century. Among Norwegian women born in the early 1950s, nearly a quarter became teenage mothers by the early 1970s. However, the rates have steadily declined since that 20th century peak. Among those born in Norway in the late 1970s, less than 10% became teenage mothers, and rates have remained stable and lower since then.[105]
Hildegard of Vinzgouw, the wife of Charlemagne, was about 14 years old when she gave birth to her first son in 772 CE. The mother of Henry VII of England was 13 years old when she gave birth to him in 1457. Maria of Tver, the wife of Ivan the Great of Russia, gave birth to her first son when she was about 16 years old, in 1458. Empress Teimei of Japan was 16 years old when she gave birth to Hirohito in 1901.
Lina Medina of Peru holds the world record for youngest live birth: She was five years and seven months old when she gave birth in 1939.
Society and culture[edit]
Some politicians condemn pregnancy in unmarried teenagers as a drain on taxpayers, if the mothers and children receive welfare payments from the government.[106]
See also[edit]
- ^ a b Hamilton, Brady E. and Ventura, Stephanie J. (April 10, 2012). "Birth Rates for U.S. Teenagers Reach Historic Lows for All Age and Ethnic Groups". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
- ^ a b c d Mayor, S. (2004). "Pregnancy and childbirth are leading causes of death in teenage girls in developing countries". BMJ 328 (7449): 1152. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7449.1152-a. PMC 411126. PMID 15142897.
- ^ a b c d Makinson, C. (1985). "The health consequences of teenage fertility". Family planning perspectives 17 (3): 132–139. doi:10.2307/2135024. PMID 2431924.
- ^ Loto, O. M.; Ezechi, O. C.; Kalu, B. K. E.; Loto, A. B.; Ezechi, L. O.; Ogunniyi, S. O. (2004). "Poor obstetric performance of teenagers: Is it age- or quality of care-related?". Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 24 (4): 395–398. doi:10.1080/01443610410001685529. PMID 15203579.
- ^ Abalkhail, B. A. (1995). "Adolescent pregnancy: Are there biological barriers for pregnancy outcomes?". The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association 70 (5–6): 609–625. PMID 17214178.
- ^ a b Kost K, Henshaw S and Carlin L, (2010). U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions: National and State Trends and Trends by Race and Ethnicity. "Pregnancies are the sum of births, abortions and miscarriages. Please note that in these tables, "age" refers to the woman's age when the pregnancy ended. Consequently, actual numbers of pregnancies that occurred among teenagers are higher than those reported here, because most of the women who conceived at age 19 had their births or abortions after they turned 20 and, thus, were not counted as teenagers."
- ^ Live births by age of mother and sex of child, general and age-specific fertility rates: latest available year, 2000–2009 — United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics
- ^ Teenage pregnancy –Definitions. Statcan.gc.ca (2007-06-05). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i UNICEF. (2001).A League Table of Teenage Births in Rich Nations PDF (888 KB). Retrieved July 7, 2006.
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- ^ A League Table of Teenage Births in Rich Nations. unicef-irc.org ISBN 88-85401-75-9
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- ^ Dorothy. Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty. New York: Pantheon Books, 1997. Chapter 3
Further reading[edit]
- Armstrong, Bruce (2001). "Adolescent Pregnancy". In Alex Gitterman. Handbook of Social Work Practice with Vulnerable and Resilient Populations (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11396-X.
- Baker, Philip (2007). Teenage Pregnancy and Reproductive Health. RCOG. ISBN 978-1-904752-38-7.
- Checkland, David and James Wong (1999). Teen Pregnancy and Parenting: Social and Ethical Issues. Toronto, Canada; Buffalo, NY: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-4215-5.
- Dash, Leon (2003, 1989). When Children want Children: The Urban Crisis of Teenage Childbearing (1st Illinois paperback ed.). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07123-9.
- Erickson, Pamela I. (1998). Latina Adolescent Childbearing in East Los Angeles. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-72093-9.
- Kaplan, Elaine Bell (1997). Not Our Kind of Girl: Unraveling the Myths of Black Teenage Motherhood. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08736-4.
- Harris, Irving B. (1996). Children in Jeopardy: Can We Break the Cycle of Poverty?. New Haven, CT: Yale Child Study Center: Distributed by Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06892-1.
- Luker, Kristin (1996). Dubious Conceptions: The Politics of Teenage Pregnancy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-21702-0.
- Rhode, Deborah L. (2007). "Politics and Pregnancy: Adolescent Mothers and Public Policy". In Nancy Ehrenreich. The Reproductive Rights Reader. New York, NY: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-2230-5.
- Seitz, Victoria (1996). "Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenting". In Edward Zigler, Sharon Lynn Kagan, and Nancy Wilson Hall. Children, Families, and Government: Preparing for the Twenty-First Century. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24219-3.
- Silverstein, Helena (2007). Girls on the Stand: How Courts Fail Pregnant Minors. New York, NY: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-4031-6.
External links[edit]
- Teen Pregnancy on the Open Directory Project
- Teen Pregnancy Prevention on the Open Directory Project
- Teenage pregnancies and obstetric outcome
- Teen Pregnancy, a special issue from the Journal of Applied Research on Children (2011)


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Jason briefing from the podium.
We, the Frosts
We met at BYU in 2007, and got married in May 2009. After graduation, we headed blindly to Kentucky, where Jason completed his master's degree in Diplomacy and International Commerce and Amanda got her first post-college job, both at the University of Kentucky. In December 2011, we picked up and moved again, this time to the greater DC area, where we are happily working, playing, and eating. This is an oft-time naval-gazing (but isn't that the nature of blogging?) compendium of our adventures.What we write about
anniversary autumn baking baseball basketball birthday Bluegrass Ward books bread byu BYU basketball BYU football Christmas church Connecticut cookies cooking date night DC dessert dinner Fall Familia food football friends Frosts General Conference Georgetown goals heard in Kentucky hiking ice cream Jason Kentucky weather m1st ward metro missionaries movies nostalgia Obama Burger Our house pie pizza Pointless Post primary Puccini's Smiling Teeth Pullans rain reading road trip rolls running Saturday school snow soup Summer Sunday temple tennis Thanksgiving The West Wing Things I like about Kentucky things i like about virginia trip UK utah vacation virginia visitors washington dc wedding weekend workThe Frosts
The archives
Other adventures


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The perverse impact of deregulation is that the FCC would be less involved with the media industry if it simply had said "no deal" to the Comcast-NBC merger.
By Dan Mitchell, contributor
Later this week -- January 28th -- will be the first official day that Comcast is in control of the operations of NBC Universal. But as is turns out, it's not the only one sitting in the driver's seat: The government's approval of Comcast's merger with NBC Universal will yield far more governmental intrusion in the marketplace than if the combination had simply been disallowed.
That might seem counterintuitive – banning a merger is pretty intrusive, after all. But this agreement is far moreso: it makes the government a micromanager of media deals. It even goes so far as to force Comcast to sell its content to outside distributors if certain conditions apply.
Hardcore laissez faire types might prefer that the government had just stayed out of the deal entirely, but that would have certainly left us with the nation's biggest cable provider and one of its biggest content creators independently determining who can create and distribute what content, and who can have access to it.
Yet despite the FCC's caveats, that danger still lurks. All kinds of bad things can happen when the owner of content also owns the means by which that content is distributed. The best outcome for everybody except Comcast (CMCSA) and NBC (except for former corporate parent General Electric (GE) ) would have been if the FCC or the Justice Department had simply nixed the deal to begin with. More
Inside the underground sex economy | |
Obama wants to expand overtime pay | |
NJ agrees to ban Tesla direct sales | |
Mt.Gox CEO's U.S. assets frozen | |
Bitcoin: taxes are the real reason it's doomed |


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2009 1 oz Proof Silver Megatron- 1st Transformers Series
We provide all our customers with a refund, return and/or exchange policy on everything we sell including all bullion and certified coins. If for any reason you have a problem, please feel free to call our offices. We will always do our best to accommodate you.
Product Description
Sales Blitz! Save $15.00 per coin!
Mintage of only 5,000!
Part of the 1st Transformers series, this Silver coin features a colored depiction of Megatron, leader of the evil Decepticons, as he appears in Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. The Decepticon emblem is also shown.
The Raphael Maklouf likeness of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and the monetary denomination are shown on the obverse in a beautiful Proof finish. Housed in a clear display box, this Silver coin is presented in a spectacularly illustrated shipper accompanied by a numbered CoA.
Long ago, Megatron was admired as one of Cybertron's greatest champions, but over time, intense pride corrupted him. Using his unmatched power and rage, Megatron rules the Decepticons with an iron fist. He will do anything in his power to destroy Optimus Prime and the Autobots and claim the Universe for himself.
The sci-fi blockbuster Transformers broke box office records on its opening weekend in North America in 2007. Based on the popular 1980s television series, Transformers attracts audiences from around the world.
Learn why you should buy Silver, and learn how to buy Silver as an investment. Get started today! Call our Account Managers toll-free or chat with us live online. APMEX is where to buy Silver!
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Product Specifications
Product ID: | 56606 |
Year: | 2009 |
Mint Mark: | P - Perth Mint |
Grade: | Proof |
Denomination: | $1 |
Diameter: | 40.6 mm |
Thickness: | 4 mm |


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By Val Brickates Kennedy and Greg Morcroft, MarketWatch
BOSTON (MarketWatch) — Here are some of the biggest gaining and declining stocks on Friday:
Shares of Big Lots Inc. /quotes/zigman/283891/delayed/quotes/nls/big BIG -0.38% rose 4.3% The company announced earlier this week that it intends to buy back an additional $200 million of its stock. It also reported that its quarterly profit sank 22% due to sluggish sales. Read more on Big Lots.
Shares of Frontline Ltd. /quotes/zigman/240850/delayed/quotes/nls/fro FRO -2.19% rose 8%. The firm posted better-than-expected results early Friday and gave an optimistic outlook.
Extorre Gold Mines Ltd. shares jumped 17.5% to $3.28 on news that it has adopted a shareholders rights plan.
• How Facebook picked up 100 million users
• Facebook's results: What Street wants to hear
• Facebook: Can mobile steady revenue growth?
Infoblox Inc. /quotes/zigman/9581070/delayed/quotes/nls/blox BLOX -1.70% shares rose 1.6%. The firm recently reported fiscal third-quarter results and said it expects a gross margin of 76% in its fourth quarter.
Uroplasty Inc. /quotes/zigman/87493/delayed/quotes/nls/upi UPI +3.46% shares shot up almost 25% to $3.98, the day after the medical-device maker released an update on its product pipeline.
Delcath Systems Inc. /quotes/zigman/84311/delayed/quotes/nls/dcth DCTH -9.48% shares plunged 37% to $1.50 after it priced a public offering of roughly 13.3 million of its common shares at a 37% discount to Thursday's closing price. The company expects the transaction to generate about $20 million. Read more on Delcath.
Gene Technologies Ltd. /quotes/zigman/87198/delayed/quotes/nls/gene GENE -1.18% shares fell 16.3%. Shares of the Australian biotech company have been on a roll this week following a positive update for BREVAGen, its genetic-screening test for breast cancer. Read more on Genetic Technologies.
Shares of Mentor Graphics Corp. /quotes/zigman/75299/delayed/quotes/nls/ment MENT -1.07% dropped 13% after it reported weaker-than-expected quarterly sales. Read more on Mentor Graphics.
Rosetta Genomics Ltd. /quotes/zigman/10031885/delayed/quotes/nls/rosg ROSG -2.13% fell almost 19%. The company said early Friday that it is selling 570,755 shares of stock to investors at a 29% discount. The firm said it's raising the cash to help fund operations. Read more on Rosetta Genomics.
Talbots Inc. shares dove 41% at $1.55 after it announced Sycamore Partners is no longer pursuing a takeover of the clothing retailer. Read more on Talbots.
VeriFone Systems Inc. /quotes/zigman/365296/delayed/quotes/nls/pay PAY -0.24% shares shed 15.5% on Friday. Late Thursday, the company said its fiscal second-quarter profit fell 43% and said that it expected earnings to fall shy of Wall Street analysts' expectations. Read more on VeriFone.
Shares of VimpelCom Ltd. /quotes/zigman/21492822/delayed/quotes/nls/vip VIP -2.64% tumbled 16.3% to close at $7.31. The Dutch telecommunications firm said Friday that a Russian court has issued an injunction in a case involving investments in Russia.


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Day 1
Start Villa Casalta, 2km from Castellina in Chianti.
Day 2
We head to the mediaeval market town of Greve in Chianti walking through a magnificent setting of olive groves and vineyards. On the way, we will stop in the fortified hilltop village of Montefioralle, considered the most ancient 'borgo' in Chianti. We return to our farmhouse in time for a tasting of the local wine before dinner.
Total walking approx. 9 km
Day 3
Using a combination of bus and train we make our way to the centre of Siena for a day exploring this fascinating city. We have time for visits to the numerous museums and stunning Duomo, to relax in one of the many outdoor cafes in the main square, the Piazza del Campo, home of the world famous Palio horse race, and a visit to one of the many boutique shops specializing in local products and cutting edge Italian fashion. In the afternoon we also have the fantastic opportunity to learn about Tuscan wines on a 2-hour fun interactive course at the Tuscan Wine School.
Day 4
This morning we will set out for a local history walk, covering the route from Villa Casalta to Castellina in Chianti before breaking for lunch in charming Castellina. This afternoon we take a short bus ride to start our walk around picturesque Fonterutoli; famed for acclaimed Chianti Classico wine. We will take a stroll through local woodlands where we may be lucky enough to spot the prized Cinta Senese Tuscan pigs!
Total walking approx.12 km
Day 5
Today is free to rest any potentially tired legs at the poolside. Alternatively, your leader can advise on local Chianti wine tasting tours and cooking classes, offer assistance for unguided walks, or help you plan a day trip to Montepulciano.
Day 6
Our destination today is the magnificent city of Florence, the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance with an enormous wealth of historical sites, museums, galleries, churches and architectural delights. Most of the great artists, thinkers and builders from Renaissance history passed through or lived in Florence when it was under the rule of the Medici family, the most famous patrons of the 16th century. But Florence is not just a Renaissance showpiece: once you have had your fill of the historical trail there are many other things to see and do. The city has not ceased to be a centre of learning, and there is a university, many art and language schools and a large student population to liven up the cafe-bars, restaurants and nightclubs. There are some good flea markets and chic boutiques. From April to July, Florence also holds one of Europe's major cultural events, a festival of opera and classical music called the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino.
Day 7
After a short transfer to the quaint hamlet of San Donato, we walk through the farm grounds following the pathway to Montauto and on up to the picturesque mediaeval town of San Gimignano. The walk is not long and should take approximately 2 hours. The afternoon is spent exploring this beautiful town including visits to the Palazzo Comunale, Pinacoteca and Torre Grossa and there is some free time to wander and soak up the atmosphere. Before returning to the Villa, we enjoy a wine tasting in the nearby Villa Il Palagetto, where excellent Vernaccia wines are produced.
Total walking approx. 10 km
Day 8
End your trip at Villa Casalta.


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Scheduled for December 4-5, 2012, the 6th Annual International Algae Congress will bring together leading academic and commercial experts to discuss new developments in algae cultivation technology.
"The global renewable fuels markets are rapidly evolving and the various production paths are being tested at commercial scale, so the competitive advantages of algae are becoming increasingly important," said Dr. Grill. "The International Algae Congress represents a real opportunity for us to show that algae – and particularly algae grown in high yield photobioreactors – is the clear way to overcome the hurdles that have historically prevented biofuels from competing with oil at price parity on a meaningful scale."
"We believe that the industry needs to move beyond the pond-based cultivation methods that have been shown to be inefficient time and time again," continued Dr. Grill. "SAT's photobioreactors offer high yields, consistently low input costs unaffected by volatile global food and energy markets, zero need for arable land, and – perhaps most significantly – our photobioreactors are already available at the commercial scale sought by the biofuels market."
SEE ALGAE Technology was recently awarded the Brazilian Bioenergy Innovation of the Year 2012 Award for its work with Brazil's Grupo JB. The Award recognized the potential of the Company's cutting edge algae cultivation technology to be a major boost for the global commercialization of microalgae-based biofuels.
About SEE ALGAE Technology GmbH
SEE ALGAE Technology GmbH (SAT), based in Vienna, Austria, develops infrastructure for the commercial production of high-quality algae used to manufacture livestock feed, bioethanol and biodiesel fuel. SAT's proprietary, patented technology is easily scaled to meet customers' needs and has the highest production yield and lowest operating cost of any currently available commercial process.
Follow SAT on Twitter:@SEE_ALGAE_Tech
Company Website: http://www.seealgae.com
Company Contact:
SEE ALGAE Technology GmbH
Dr. Joachim Grill, CEO
Phone: +43 1 985 9802 0
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Media Contact:
King Worldwide Investor Relations
Marc Raybin
Phone: +1 212 897 5497


text: On Sunday at March for the Animals, I was walking around with my SPCA pup and spotted FuzzyMug. Now I've seen my share of pet portraits—but what I loved about this company is the modern spin. Aside from ready-to-frame art prints, she also does custom holiday and birthday greetings, note cards, and journals.


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The 2nd ARRL Puerto Rico State Convention is just days away! Thanks to all who went to the Puerto Rico ARRL State ConventionW1AW/KP4 on-the-air! NOTE: We still have QSL cards for those who want to confirm the April 12-13 2011 N4S activation. Amateur Radio Operator (Radioficionado) since March. 23, 2000.Public Information Coordinator ARRL Puerto Rico SectionWinner: 2011Silver Antenna Award http://www.arrl.org/news/arrl-board-names-angel-santana-wp3gw-winner-of-silver-antenna-awardActivities: 2 meter nets, HF DXing, Contesting, Field Day and Special Events. Work SSB, PSK31, RTTY, APRS, some ATV, SSTV and satellites. Awards: CQ WPX SSB 2001-Rookie (#25 Worldwide) and 2004. CQ WW SSB 2003-04, 2006-07; WAE 2001-02; Russian Activitry Contest 2004, SAC 2001-02, 2006; IARU 2001-02 and 2005-10; WAC on 2003, WAS on 2007 (SSB) and 2009 (Mixed); DXCC Phone #32.979 on January 28, 2003, eDX100 and ARRL International DX contests 2002-03 and 07. CQ DX Marathon 2009 /2010 for Country and Zone. My wall says it all. Achievements: Participated on all Field Day's since 2001, ISS voice contacts with Valery Korzun, Mike Fincke, Bill McArthur and Charles Simonyi. Three ARRL internet courses: Level 1 Emergency Communications, Amateur Radio Satellites, and VHF Beyond the Repeaters. Qualification of Isla de Cabras PUR012S for the USi program on WARD 2008 via KP4DJ Equipment: Kenwood TS-440S, ICOM-718, Yaesu FT-857 and 1500M; Kenwood TH-D7(G). Antennas: Cushcraft AR-2, MA5B, 20/40/80m wire dipoles. Watch my ham related videos on http://www.youtube.com/wp3gw and if visiting the island,you may contact me on: 147.480 Mhz Simplex ------------------------145.370 Mhz KP4IA-R--------------------------- dxc.kp4jrs.com Last modified: 2013-12-26 17:05:40, 6398 bytes
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Washing machines & softeners.
Profile | Posted by | Options | Post Date |
Hilary | Report | 31 Jan 2013 16:27 |
Just done a 60 degree wash with white vinegar on an empty machine. Hope this has given it a good clean out. A woman at work boils her kettle with white vinegar to descale it, then rinses it out a couple of times. Another tip. |
ZZzzz | Report | 29 Jan 2013 20:28 |
Every month or so if you take the filters out of your tumble dryer and wash them in washing up liquid it unclogs them and the dryer lasts longer. :-D |
Researching: |
Hilary | Report | 29 Jan 2013 10:32 |
Thanks to everyone, some good tips, I will definately try the white vinegar. I also am going to now do hot washes on T towels etc as washing on low degree washes does'nt kill the bacteria. |
Justice of Peace | Report | 28 Jan 2013 06:46 |
So glad I read this thread and thanks Hilary for starting it...my problem has always been mainly with the conditioner tray drawer full of water after a wash...now I know the reason why and will try out Chris's method of white vinegar for a good cleansing of said machine.....wonder if this method would work on clogged arteries ;-) only joking of course... |
LollyWithSprinklez | Report | 27 Jan 2013 23:45 |
Soda crystals works a treat on tea stained cups & added to an empty cycle once a month keeps scale away, use on spoons and just about everything, a lot cheaper than branded cleaner and more effective, just make sure its rinsed properly. |
MrDaff | Report | 27 Jan 2013 23:33 |
Recently had similar problems, not so much with the machines (clothes / dish washers) but the drains. |
Sylvia | Report | 27 Jan 2013 23:09 |
I have the same problem with my washing machine when I put the conditioner in. The drawer is always full of water when finished. I wash it out a few times a week but it does not work. I will try the tips you have all put on here and see what works. We are also in a hard water area. I can not wait for the better weather. I just love the smell of fresh laundry when dried outside. |
michael2 | Report | 27 Jan 2013 21:23 |
use a cupful of washing soda oh a high setting once a month it will claen out all the crap also good forkeeping limescale at bay. told this by enginer and it does work. |
Shelli | Report | 27 Jan 2013 20:16 |
I had the same problem but was also using washing liquid as well as fabric conditioner. My washing machine was also starting to smell. Have gone back to using powder and don't have the problem anymore :-) |
ZZzzz | Report | 27 Jan 2013 19:02 |
My Mother in law has had automatics for the last 30-40 years, has never used the wash cycle, but washes and rinses by hand and only uses the machine for spinning as a result we have to go to her and put a hot wash on or replace the pipes cos there are clogged up with conditioner, she wont change and says she paid a lot of money for said machines and doesn't want to damage them. :-\ |
Researching: |
Jacqueline | Report | 27 Jan 2013 18:41 |
About once a month I run the washer empty at 90c. Sheets, pillow cases, flannels, towels and tea towels are washed having a spoonful of Napisan added to the washing liquid. |
Claddagh | Report | 27 Jan 2013 17:49 |
I recently bought some very cheap flacons of what I thought was liquid washing liquid.It was soooo cheap, didn't look properly at the instructions.Turns out it was fabrc softener, something I have never used as I can't stand towels etcl to be soft, like them nice & rough.Gave them to my daughter who does use this..but, I am the one who folds up the washing, and notice how 'slimey', the towels etc. feel after using softener...hmmm. It is also bad for the machine.!!! Each to his/her/own, I prefer to use towels etc, that have dried naturally.My aunty used to wash towels & duvets covers by hand ( in spite of the washing machine I bought tor her & my mother), the towels always felt 'slimey' too. |
JoyBoroAngel | Report | 27 Jan 2013 16:08 |
try using a liquid that has a built in conditioner |
Researching: |
Shirley~I,m getting the hang of it | Report | 27 Jan 2013 16:06 |
Its not just the drawers though its the pipes that get clogged up. Conditioner really is the worst problem as it doesn't wash down completely. |
Researching: |
Bobtanian | Report | 27 Jan 2013 15:59 |
its not only the drawer, |
Researching: |
JoyBoroAngel | Report | 27 Jan 2013 15:49 |
just take the draw out and wash it |
Researching: |
Brenda from Wales | Report | 27 Jan 2013 15:20 |
I don't use any softener now since I had to give my machine a good spring clean to de clog it.My engineer told me that we don't need it as I live in a soft water area.Nothing wrong with the softness of my clothes...do use non bio ariel though,don't like the other,,makes me itch! |
Karen in the desert | Report | 27 Jan 2013 14:57 |
Researching: |
Mayfield | Report | 27 Jan 2013 14:35 |
Hi Hilary, |
Researching: |
ChrisofWessex | Report | 27 Jan 2013 14:31 |
dishwasher engineer told me this many years ago and have done regularly along with washer ever since. |


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The Nike Anodyne DS is for the runner with an overpronated gait who's looking for a running shoe with a smooth, stable ride and excellent cushioning for training runs. Sandwich mesh upper offers excellent ventilation and comfort. Flywire technology panel adds lightweight support. Dynamic Support platform provides comfortable stability without the added weight or stiffness of a traditional medial post. Aggressive rubber blades act as a cushioning device by folding down at contact to give excellent multi-surface traction. Wt. 8.3 oz. |


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An influx of about 70 Karen and Karenni students of all ages has pushed enrollment in Delta County Joint School District #50 onto the plus side for 2012-13. Without those students, who recently relocated to Delta with their refugee families, enrollment would be down across the district.
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Win Travel's Biggest, Baddest Bucket List with My DestinationGlobal competition to win a six-month all expenses paid trip blogging around the world – plus $50,000 cash
Los Angeles, CA – January 28, 2013 - My Destination, a global travel resource powered by a community of local experts, unleashed travel's Biggest, Baddest, Bucket List offering one lucky person the prize of a lifetime: a six-month, all inclusive blogging trip around the world to a minimum of 25 international destinations and a $50,000 (USD) cash prize upon their return. The competition is in partnership with a series of international associates including Hotels.com, Travelex and Viator, opening on 28th January and closing on 31st March 2013. Ben Southall, winner of Tourism Queensland's 'Best Job In The World' will preside over the entrants as guest judge.
The blogging trip of a lifetime: The winners will spend six months traveling the world blogging, meeting the locals and taking part in challenges in each location – all expenses paid. The challenges will be wide and varied, covering everything from visiting a landmark to tasting a local delicacy and staying with a family to an adrenaline pumping activity. The winner gets to create their own six-month itinerary and will blog for My Destination throughout the trip, keeping the people back home and around the world up to date on their adventures.
The prize money: Upon completion of all the challenges and the blogging tasks assigned throughout the six-month trip, a $50,000 prize will be awarded to the winner to spend on anything they want – paying off that student loan, starting a business or buying a home.
Ben commented, "Winning 'Best Job In The World' was truly a life changing experience for me and I can't wait to help pick out a winner for the Biggest, Baddest, Bucket List and help give someone else an opportunity that could very well be life changing for them. I haven't looked back since winning in 2009 and I'm delighted to see an amazing travel blogging opportunity that really looks to get under the skin of so many destinations around the world."
How to apply: It's very straightforward to apply to win.
Step one: Applicants must create a video application in English no longer than three minutes in length describing their favorite destination around the world – whether that's the city they live, their best holiday or the place they have always wanted to travel.
Step two: Upload video together with a completed application form and travel blog-style entry to www.mydestination.com/bbb. The video and blog entry can be about two different locations in order to showcase creativity and diversity.
Ten candidates will make it through to the voting shortlist (five chosen by My Destination and five selected by the world) and then the final round of voting will open.
Entry dates:
• 28th January – competition opens
• 31st March – applications close
• 12th April – top ten announced and final round of voting opens
• 26th April – top three finalist chosen
• 7th May – final winner announced
• 8th June – the trip of a lifetime begins
For more information and to apply please visit http://www.mydestination.com/bbb#.UQcaxW8702w