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Dissertation Abstracts
Charles Fox, Ph.D.
Concentration: History
Cohort Year: 2003
Graduation Year: 2009
William J. Seymour: A Critical Investigation of His Soteriology, Pneumatology and Ecclesiology
Although Life Magazine and USA Today list the Azusa Street Revival as one of the top one hundred nation-impacting events of the Twentieth Century, there still remains a degree of vagueness about its black leader, William Joseph Seymour. After one hundred years, the Pentecostal Charismatic movement has grown to almost 600 million adherents globally. Particularly within the North American context, where many of these believers trace their roots either directly or indirectly to Azusa Street, it is becoming more important to investigate the significance of Seymour. Though, in recent decades, some Pentecostal historians have tried to make people more aware of his significance, few have specifically concentrated on the contribution that Seymour's theology has made to the movement. Show more
One of the reasons for this oversight is that most historians have viewed Seymour as a pastor, rather than a theologian. Further, nonintellectual factors were paramount to Seymour's doctrine, for the Azusa leader's theology was shaped, primarily, by his personal and religious experiences and pragmatic concerns that developed within the early movement. However, although Seymour was a self-educated black man, and not a scholar by contemporary standards, these historians overlooked his theological aptitude due to a perceived lack of intellectual foundation, and have failed to recognize Seymour's competency in theological matters. Because of such attitudes, his writings and sermons reflect a hermeneutical soundness and theological depth that is often missed.
This dissertation examines Seymour's theology, as well as the experiences that aided in his theological formation in the context of the early Pentecostal movement. Accordingly, the first objective is to examine the antecedents that shaped Seymour's theology. The second goal is to elucidate his theology as it played out at the Azusa Street Mission and Revival and the ensuing pivotal early controversies that surrounded them. Finally, it will consider the implications of Seymour's theology for the Twenty-first Century Pentecostal Charismatic movement
Robin Johnston
Concentration: History
Cohort Year: 2003
Graduation Year: 2010
Howard A. Goss: A Pentecostal Life
This dissertation employs the tools of narrative and interpretive biography to examine the life of early Pentecostal pioneer Howard A. Goss. Goss was an early convert of Charles Fox Parham, who many would consider to be a founder of modern Pentecostalism. Goss joined Parham in the Apostolic Faith ministry shortly after his conversion and soon was tapped for a leadership position. In 1907, Goss broke fellowship with Parham over leadership issues and Parham's alleged immorality. He moved further from Parham when he (Goss) embraced William Durham's "Finished Work" doctrine. Goss played a key role in organizing the Finished Work adherents into the Assemblies of God in 1914. Show more
A "New Issue," baptism in the name of Jesus only, soon challenged the organizing principles of the Assemblies of God. Goss embraced the New Issue, left the AG, and affiliated with what would become known as Oneness Pentecostalism. He applied his considerable organizing gifts to the Oneness movement and for the next five decades was a key player in the development of the movement. Although Goss was not the primary theological influence behind Oneness Pentecostalism, his leadership gifts brought stability and growth to the movement, which now has in excess of twenty million adherents worldwide.
This dissertation will employ Grant Wacker's primitive/pragmatic dichotomy as a means to better understand Goss. Wacker has suggested the genius of the Pentecostal movement�the reason it has succeeded in spite of difficult odds�is the way in which it balances its primitive impulse with its pragmatic impulse. The primitive or restorationist impulse calls the movement back to the earliest roots of the Christian faith. The pragmatic impulse is evident in the way in which Pentecostalism adapts to develop better ways to accomplish its missions.
This dissertation will suggest that the primitive/pragmatic dichotomy offers a helpful window through which to examine the rise of Pentecostalism in general and Oneness Pentecostalism in particular. The way Goss managed the primitive/pragmatic dichotomy suggests that he could be considered a prototypical Pentecostal.
S. David Moore, D.Min., Ph.D.
Historian, The Foursquare Church
Concentration: History
Cohort Year: 2003
Graduation Year: 2008
"Although my learning experience in the Ph.D. in Renewal Studies was wonderfully enriching, in hindsight what I most appreciate are the deep and lasting friendships that the cohort experience helped forge."
Jack W. Hayford Jr.: A Spiritual Biography
"Jack W. Hayford: A Spiritual Biography" is a postcritical narrative study exploring Hayford's early life & ministry, his self understanding, and his Pentecostal spirituality. Hayford, one of America's most widely respected Pentecostal leaders, assumed in 1969 a small Los Angeles (LA) pastorate, later known as The Church on the Way (TCOTW), which grew to over 12,000 members. LA born in 1934, Hayford was raised in Oakland, California and after high school, attended LIFE Bible College, the primary school for the LA headquartered International Church of the Foursquare Gospel (ICFG). After a five year Midwest pastorate, Hayford returned to California in 1960, serving as the ICFG National Youth Director and then as Dean of Students at LIFE Bible College. While in that role he began pastoring TCOTW. Show more
After marginal growth, Hayford reported seeing "God's glory" in the church sanctuary in 1971. Soon the church began to grow remarkably, gaining national attention. Hayford's communication skills garnered him influence in the charismatic renewal and TCOTW found a constituency including classical Pentecostals, charismatics, hippies, professionals, and Hollywood personalities. In 1999, Hayford stepped aside as pastor of TCOTW, devoting his attention to developing King's College and Seminary, founded in 1996. In 2004 he was elected president of the ICFG.
Hayford's public ministry defies Pentecostal stereotypes, according him respect in the broader Christian community, with Christianity Today, calling him "the Pentecostal Gold Standard." He avoids the strident insistence that glossolalia is the initial evidence of Spirit baptism, instead arguing for the "value of spiritual language" in personal devotion. Fundamentally, it is his integrative Pentecostal spirituality with its emphasis on the kingdom of God, integrity, prayer, the dynamic presence of the Spirit, wherein he contends God speaks to him, that most shape his life and ministry. Hayfords story reflects the changing complexity of North American Pentecostalism.
Eloy Nolivos, Ph.D.
Cohort Year: 2003
Graduation Year: 2011
Quichua Christianity: An Indigena History From the Cross and the Sword to Penecost
One of the challenges for Latin America as well as other peripheral regions is to inscribe and locate its space and voice in response to the great lack of historiography from indigenous Christianity. Ecuador is a case-many times multiplied in Latin America and elsewhere-where most written histories have followed the western rational pattern. An Ecuadorian indígena (native) church history, rendered in the hope of understanding the mechanisms of an oral Quichua tradition encountering Christianity that empowered and/or hindered its indigenous nature, is submitted here. Show more
This dissertation reflects on the methodological shift in historiography- from modernity's Eurocentric pattern to a Polycentric paradigm in order for a particular history of Christians in Latin America to be situated in time and space. Although Christianity in Ecuador exemplifies a conservatism inherited from Europe and North America, some Ecuadorian believers have opened their eyes to their reality and consequently are moving away from this inheritance toward a contextual model of indigenous Christianity. The newer emphasis points to the aspiration for an indigenous hermeneutic in order to go mas alla (beyond) a Western ontology.
In light of the above, there are positive signs that open Ecuadorian Christianity to the discovery of multiple understandings and a future they can direct. Within this new horizon of Ecuadorian church history, a faithful account of the Quichua Christian tradition is presented. This study examines the indigenous discovery of Christianity through Catholic, Protestant, and Pentecostal evangelizations. At first the Quichua encountered the Christian God with western help but recently their Andean context was the appropriate reservoir for a "Quichua Pentecost." The renewal has been transmitted mainly in oral form and no written account exists. Through the recounting of Quichua Christianity's narrative, historical, missiological, and pneumatological implications can be critically explored.
Jean-Baptiste Roamba, Ph.D.
Cohort Year: 2003
Graduation Year: 2010
The Fire is Still Burning: A Short History of the Assemblies of God of Burkina Faso
On January 1, 1921, Christian men and women arrived in Upper Volta which is now Burkina Faso in response to what they perceived to be God's call to reach a distant nation.Thus the Assemblies of God of Burkina Faso (AGBF) was born. Show more
During the author's undergraduate and graduate studies, he noticed a lack of sources pertaining to the history of the AGBF. The author, a native of Burkina Faso who understands the culture, attributes the lack of these historical documents in his own country to the fact that in African countries, history is preserved orally rather than on paper. As the oral tradition is passed from generation to generation, the historical accounts either become obscured or they disappear altogether as the storytellers die.Thus, when the first generation of AGBF Christians in Burkina Faso died, much of their church's history was lost.
The only written sources of the AGBF's history were kept in the archives of the Assemblies of God Headquarters in Springfield, MO. The author spent two weeks searching these sources. In addition, this research is based on interviews with second and third generation believers in Burkina Faso; shortly after these interviews, these elderly individuals passed away.
The ultimate goal of this project is to publish a book on the history of the AGBF in order to provide a written account for the present and future believers of Burkina Faso. This dissertation will provide both a global and contextual perspective of the history and theology of AGBF.
Stan York
Concentration: History
Cohort Year: 2003
Graduation Year: 2012
In the study of early Southern Pentecostal leaders, one discovers a tremendous gap in our knowledge of the formative days of Pentecostalism and its leaders. This dissertation looks at the life of George Floyd Taylor and his formative role in The Pentecostal Holiness Church. Show more
This dissertation contains into four specific periods of his life and seven chapters. The Magnolia section reviews Taylor's early life on the farm, early educational opportunities, introduction to the Holiness movement, and his work as a holiness educator. The Falcon section looks at the continued role of an educator and early leader in the union of the Fire Baptized Holiness Church and The Pentecostal Holiness Church in 1911. The Falcon section continues to the move of Taylor to Franklin Springs. The Franklin Springs section provides an in depth look at the depth review of Taylor's role in establishing the Franklin Springs Institute, the early funding issues of payment for the land and church programs through his departure to the University of North Carolina in 1926. The Chapel Hill years attempts to look at Taylor's early ideas of Sunday School education, his work at Chapel Hill, and his eventual reception back to Franklin Springs as editor of The Pentecostal Holiness Advocate and headmaster of the Franklin Springs Institute. The Final Years reconstructs the vision of Taylor for a holiness college and the internal struggle between Taylor and J. H. King until his death in 1934. Finally, the Appendices contain two works on Taylor's hermeneutic and communication methods. These two papers reveal Taylor's theological mind and his ability to spread the Gospel and Pentecostal/Holiness message among all members and readers of The Advocate. The Taylor family destroyed a four drawer metal cabinet of his material in 1955 due to certain materials dealt with sensitive church issues. This dissertation is constructed from various surviving letters, family notes and interviews, his books, diaries, and his work as Editor of The Pentecostal Holiness Advocate. I use a chronological order for reconstructing Taylor's life.
David Foxworth
Concentration: History
Cohort Year: 2004
Graduation Year: 2011
The Raymond T. Richey (1893 to 1968), known as a healing evangelist, was an important figure in the history of the Pentecostal-charismatic renewal movement in the United States. Show more
He can be credited with being one of the first Pentecostal healing evangelists leaving a significant legacy for those who followed in his path, such as William Branham, Jack Coe, Oral Roberts, and Kathryn Kuhlman. This dissertation is an interpretive biography studying Richey. The thesis is that Raymond T. Richey functioned as a pioneer in the role of the healing evangelist and served as an important transitional figure from the Azusa Street revival (1906 to 1908) to the post World War II healing revivals (1947 to 1958). He played a leading role in the expansion of Pentecostalism in America. Born in Atwood, Illinois, he suffered an accidental injury to his eyes that eventually led to near blindness. But a miracle healing in 1911 fully restored his vision. This important event was to shape much of his remaining life and ministry. His family was a part of John Alexander Dowie's utopian city of Zion, Illinois. Here the message of divine healing as a benefit of salvation (the Full Gospel) became deeply ingrained within him. By 1917, his family relocated in Houston, Texas. Raymond T. Richey became an evangelist (and sometime pastor) with a twofold message of salvation through the blood of Jesus Christ and physical healing in the atonement. He spread his dual message through relentless evangelistic crusades, publications, and radio broadcasts. Richey financed these campaigns through aggressive free-will offerings until the Great Depression curtailed his activities. He led soldiers to Christ during WWII as he campaigned with a red, white, and blue tent. Richey had the remarkable ability to reinvent himself in order to adapt to changing economic times and world wars. He prayed the dedicatory prayer at the founding of the Full Gospel Businessmen's Fellowship, International (1953) and participated in the National Association of Evangelicals (1943-). He was an important member of Gordon Lindsay's Voice of Healing Network (1949 to 1968). Twentieth-century healing revivalists such as Richey helped bring Pentecostal theology and praxis into mainstream Protestantism through the charismatic renewal that grew out of Pentecostalism. David Harrell (1975), the leading scholar of the post World War II healing revivals, draws a clear connection back to Richey noting that he was one of the few revivalists in the early period who also had a major ministry in the post World War II revivals. This dissertation makes a significant contribution to renewal studies in that it is the first interpretive biography to assess Richey's influence upon the Pentecostal movement.
John Miller, Ph.D.
Concentration: History
Cohort Year: 2004
Graduation Year: 2009
The Pentecostal Feminism of Elizabeth V. Baker
Elizabeth V. (Duncan) Baker (1849-1915) had a Pentecostal experience that was chronologically parallel with the 1906 Azusa Street Revival and the beginning of the Classical Pentecostal Movement in the United States of America. Prior to her Pentecostal experience, Baker was involved in holiness practices, including the faith healing beliefs prevalent in the nineteenth century. With this background, Baker and her four sisters experienced and participated in the Pentecostal Movement after receiving the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, as evidenced by speaking in unlearned tongues, during their 1907 summer convention. Show more
Five major issues are analyzed. First, the feminism of Elizabeth V. Baker, defined as birthed from Pentecostal origin, is compared to the antecedent influences of nineteenth century feminism. Nineteenth century secular feminism is defined as equal rights for women, including the right to vote, equal pay for equal work, and the removal of gender restrictions from employment and education. In contrast, nineteenth century biblical feminism is extended to include the equal opportunity for women to hold any clergy or ministerial position and this stance was defended from biblical proof texts. This thesis considers how the twentieth century Pentecostal ministry and feminism can be defined and demonstrated by those women who responded to a divine calling from the Spirit of God. They held positions of leadership without the approval of men.
Second, the effects of Pentecostal mysticism influencing Baker's view of feminism are studied. Third, from Baker's accounts evidence is gathered to demonstrate how she sidestepped the gender bias in the church's denominational structure. Fourth, the integration of the Scofield Bible, dispensational eschatology, and Baker's Pentecostal perspective of feminism supported her practices. Fifth, the impact of Baker's Pentecostal and feminist beliefs are gathered from her students and their eventual ministries. Their influences were evident in the formation of the Assemblies of God denomination, in the formation of the Elim Fellowship, and in foreign missions throughout the twentieth century.
Terry Minter, Ph.D.
Cohort Year: 2004
Graduation Year: 2011
Antecedents to the Assemblies of God
Many historians, when probing for the heritage of Pentecostalism, have primarily searched for its legacy in groups that have legitimatized tongue-speaking and ecstatic worship practices as part of their traditions. However, this thesis proposes that it is more accurate to regard the ancestry of Pentecostalism as a product of Christian renewalism in America and that its heritage can be traced to the Evangelical awakenings of the 18th and 19th centuries and beyond. For the purpose of this dissertation, Pentecostalism is defined as a renewal movement characterized by its adherents' experiencing divine encounters that enable them to receive empowerment for upholding biblically ethical standards and performing Christian service. Show more
This thesis, in seeking to explain the origins of the Assemblies of God, examines the heritage of the three groups that merged to form the denomination and develop its theology. Based on the belief that the Pentecostal movement has strong roots in the evangelical tradition, I first examine the historic characteristics of the First and Second Great Awakenings to discover the heritage of Pentecostalism from these renewal movements before examining the specific associations that amalgamated to form the Assemblies of God denomination.
Additionally, most interpreters of Pentecostal history have attributed the origins of the Assemblies of God to the historic Azusa Street revival in 1906. Even though this revival is a significant figurative element of the movement, I contend that Pentecostalism can affirm its basic continuity with the Evangelical awakening stream of church renewalism rather than identifying a single event as its origin. The Azusa Street revival symbolized the initial outpouring of the Holy Spirit and became a model for the Assemblies of God worship practices, but the purpose of the church's institutionalization was to protect its teachings from misinterpretations and to better propagate its message internationally. The Assembly's first organizational council was for the purpose of clarifying doctrine, assuring ministerial integrity, properly regulating missionary finances, legally chartering local churches, and training the ministry. This paper will discover the aspects of the denomination's unity and wholeness so a more complete picture of the Assemblies of God may be acquired.
Eric Nelson Newberg, Ph.D.
Concentration: History
Cohort Year: 2004
Graduation Year: 2008
The Pentecostal Mission in Palestine, 1906-1948: A Postcolonial Assessment of Pentecostal Zionism
This dissertation offers a historical narrative and postcolonial assessment of the Pentecostal mission in Palestine. Its methodology is informed by Edward Said's Orientalism. The Pentecostal mission in Palestine is a virtually unknown episode in the history of Pentecostalism. The story of this mission starts out modestly in Los Angeles in an abandoned building requisitioned for the Azusa Street Revival (1906-1908). Palestine was the destination of three out of the first five missionaries commissioned by the Azusa Street Mission. Show more In its first ten years (1908-1918), the Pentecostal mission gained a foothold in Palestine, due to the efforts of three pioneering missionaries, Lucy Leatherman, Charles Leonard, and A. Elizabeth Brown. In the interwar period (1919-1935), the Pentecostal mission expanded its territory into Transjordan, Syria, and Persia, but was severely tested and lost traction during the tumultuous period of the Arab Revolts, World War II, and the Partition Crisis (1936-1948). With the catastrophic war of 1948, the Pentecostal missionaries fled from the field of battle as their Arab clients were swept away in the Palestinian Diaspora. After 1948, a valiant attempt was made to revive the mission, but it never recovered its vitality and suffered its demise in the 1970s. The thesis of this dissertation is that the Pentecostal missionaries in Palestine functioned as brokers of Pentecostal Zionism. Although the Pentecostal missionaries failed in their objective of converting Jews and Arabs, and resorted to proselytizing Eastern Christians, they can be credited with a number of accomplishments. They kept Pentecostals abreast of current events in the Holy Land, advocated philosemitism, repudiated replacement theology, and played a strategic role in the espousal of the Pentecostal metanarrative. However, in jumping on the Christian Zionist bandwagon, the Pentecostal missionaries in Palestine disregarded the civil rights of the Arabs, espoused Islamophobia, and left a legacy that militates against peace in Israel/Palestine today. To redress the deficiencies of the legacy of Pentecostal Zionism, the author tells the Arab side of the story and inquires into the promise of Palestinian liberation theology.
Matthew Tallman, Ph.D.
Concentration: History
Cohort Year: 2004
Graduation Year: 2009
Demos Shakarian; The Life, Legacy, and Vision of a Full Gospel Business Man
How did a California dairy man change modern global Christianity? This dissertation focuses on the life of Demos Shakarian and his contribution to the modern Christian Charismatic movement. As such, this document serves as a narrative biography that analyzes the history and context of Shakarian's life by examining the various religious, economic, and sociologic influences that shaped his life and context. Show more Shakarian's religious background included his Armenian ancestors; their interaction with a group of pneumatic Russian Molokans and early Pentecostal Christians at the Azusa Street Mission; his association with healing evangelists such as Oral Roberts, William Branham, and Tommy Hicks; and Shakarian's leadership as the founder of the Full Gospel Business Man's Fellowship International. Demos' broader religious context was also likely influenced by other religious movements such as the Latter Rain movement of 1948, the formation of ecumenical organizations such as the World Council of Churches and the Pentecostal Fellowship of North America, and the eschatological fervor in some Christian communities created by the formation of the modern state of Israel. Shakarian's economic and sociologic context included his ancestor's immigration from Karakala, Armenia to Los Angeles, California in 1905; his origins in poverty as a young child living in Downey, California; and the rapid growth of his father's dairy herd, eventually becoming the largest privately owned dairy herd in the world. Added to Shakarian's immediate context as a dairyman in southern California were the broader issues of WWII; the rapid economic growth of the dairy industry during and after WWII; and the economical, sociological, and political shift after WWII that led to the popular appeal and rapid growth of the Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International. Despite financial challenges Demos Shakarian faced later in his life and theological, ecclesiological, and ethical challenges the Charismatic movement faced in the 1980s; Shakarian's ecumenical outlook, his irrepressible optimism, his eschatological urgency, his pneumatic emphasis, and his personable nature allowed Demos to remain a prominent leader in the Charismatic movement and the emerging neo-Charismatic movement until his death in 1993.
Malcolm Brubaker, Ph.D.
Cohort Year: 2005
Graduation Year: 2012
Evolving Models of Missions: A Case Study of the Assemblies of God in North India: 1918 to 1949
This dissertation explores the dynamic relationship between the principle of independent "faith" missionaries and a maturing denominational missions program in institutional ministries and church planting in North India by Assemblies of God (AG) missionaries from 1918 to 1949. It outlines the historical and theological context of these AG missionaries and provides a narrative of their methods, conflicts, and results to establish Pentecostal churches and institutions in the Hindu and Muslim northland of India. Show more
Five areas of interest will provide important missiological and contextual shading of the portraits of the AG men and women who served in North India. First, there is the contextual issue of missions work in British India. The languages, religions, politics, and climate of North India offered many challenges to missionaries. Second, Pentecostal and AG missions theory and practices in North India are examined. Institutional work of a humanitarian nature provided a primary outlet for NIDC missionaries in their attempt to evangelize and establish churches. Third, AG missionaries developed their own administrative and district organization from the earlier networks of Pentecostal missionaries in India. Moving from independent to collaborative efforts was a continuous point of tension. Fourth, methods and sources for funding NIDC missions are studied. A tradition of independent "faith" missions had both advantages and disadvantages. Fifth, there are gender aspects in the NIDC story since the majority of early Pentecostal missionaries were women.
Fr. Timothy Cremeens
Concentration: History
Cohort Year: 2005
Graduation Year: 2011
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Charismatic Movement broke upon the Christian Churches like mighty waves successively crashing upon a sandy beach. And just like ocean waves breaking upon the sand, it made deep impressions and rearranged the spiritual landscape of the Churches. Many Church leaders, both clergy and laity alike, after varying periods of questioning, analysis and debate, accepted this movement as a gift of refreshing from the Holy Spirit. Still others set themselves against it, and put forth all their energies to combat it, seeing in it the seeds of deception and heresy. Show more
The Charismatic Movement, and its claim that a renewed outpouring of the Holy Spirit and His charisms were taking place, affected millions of Roman Catholics and Protestants of all denominations around the world. At the same time, the Charismatic Movement's effect upon the Eastern Orthodox Churches was negligible, comparatively speaking. Instead of millions, only a few thousand people within the Orthodox Church embraced the Movement and its defining experience, the Baptism of the Holy Spirit. While the wider Charismatic Renewal's influence is seen around the globe, its manifestation among Orthodox Christians has been felt almost exclusively in North America.
Thousands of dissertations, articles and monographs have been written about the Charismatic Renewal Movement from the perspectives of Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. Some have sought to analyze the Movement from a theological or historical perspective, others from a sociological and psychological viewpoint. Likewise many individuals have penned personal reflections and memoirs of their involvement in the Movement, most being written at the height of the Movement in the 1970s and 1980s. While the Charismatic Movement, in the opinion of certain religious "experts," is over, it has not totally disappeared; however, it has certainly abated, especially in North America, and in some cases morphed into a general emphasis upon spiritual renewal, shedding some of its emphasis upon "charismatic" spirituality.
No studies of the Charismatic Movement in the Orthodox Church have been undertaken. This is a glaring hole in the field of research of Church history in general and of the Charismatic Movement in particular. Why, when millions of Roman Catholics and mainline Protestant laypeople and leaders embraced the Charismatic Movement, did so few Orthodox Christians embrace the Movement, and the leadership of the Orthodox Church fail to fully engage the spiritual and theological questions raised by the Charismatic Renewal? Throughout the world, the bishops of various Roman Catholic national conferences as well as the leaders of regional Protestant bodies studied the theological claims of the Charismatic Movement - critiquing those elements that were problematic, embracing the positive aspects of the Movement and giving pastoral and theological guidance to their pastors and lay members on how to glean from its genuine spiritual fruits. In contrast, the international Orthodox Church ignored the Movement, giving but cursory and dismissive attention to this spiritual Renewal Movement.
In spite of the negative attitude of the leadership of the Orthodox Church in North America, Orthodox clergymen and laypeople did embrace the Charismatic Renewal. Orthodox priests in several different Orthodox jurisdictions in the United States and Canada provided leadership for the Movement among the Orthodox laity. Both lay and clergy members sought to defend the Charismatic Renewal by showing its compatibility with Orthodox theology and spirituality and attempted to convince the ecclesiastical authorities that the Movement actually enabled them to be better Orthodox Christians. However, in spite of these attempts, the Bishops of the Orthodox Church labeled the Movement as Protestant in origin, theology and spirituality and therefore incompatible with Orthodoxy. Nonetheless, in the 1970s and 1980s, a small number of Orthodox Christians in North America continued to affiliate themselves with the Charismatic Movement, giving rise to at least two Charismatic Orthodox periodicals and ministries, and gathering Orthodox clergy and laity to national and regional conferences.
In the 1980s, the leadership of the Orthodox Church, especially of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese, sought to neutralize the voices calling for Charismatic Renewal within the ranks by ignoring, marginalizing and finally neutralizing those voices, while at the same time forming a Committee on Orthodox Spiritual Renewal and sponsoring several conferences on Spiritual Renewal that sought to bypass the "Charismatic" nature of the Renewal. By the 1990s, the leadership of the Orthodox Charismatic Movement had repudiated their involvement in the Movement, retired, died or ceased to actively participate in what could be characterized as Charismatic activities.
While the Charismatic Renewal in the Orthodox Church did not meet with the same welcome as it did in the Roman Catholic and mainline Protestant Churches, and has for all intents and purposes ceased to exist, those participants in the Renewal who later converted to the Orthodox Church, as well as Orthodox Charismatics, continue to serve Christ and the Church and are vehicles for spiritual renewal within Orthodoxy in North America.
Jabez Rapaka, Ph.D.
Cohort Year: 2005
Graduation Year: 2012
The Indian Pentecostal Church of God in Andhra Pradesh, 1932 TO 2010: A Study of Dalit Pentecostalism
The purpose of this study is to narrate and interpret the historical development of an indigenous Pentecostal movement in India known as the Indian Pentecostal Church of God (IPC). This movement, whose adherents are mostly Dalits, started in 1932 in the state of Andhra Pradesh with the arrival of P.M. Samuel. It was officially registered in 1935 with one small church in the city of Eluru. It has since grown into a mega-national denomination of 4,000 churches, with extensions now operating in the Middle East, North America, and Australia. The significance of this indigenous movement has been overlooked in the historiography of Pentecostalism in not only the West, but also in India. The reasons for this neglect are two-fold. First, the pioneers and early leaders of the IPC failed to capture the history of their denomination because they lacked higher education (both secular and theological) and possessed an anti-intellectual attitude. Second, a culturally motivated bias has long existed in India against the adherents of the IPC, who are predominantly the disenfranchised and marginalized people called "Dalits." This study has addressed the gap existing in the historiography of Pentecostalism in India. Show more
The main goal of this dissertation is to provide an organized and comprehensive historical account of the IPC in Andhra Pradesh in one volume that will be easily accessible to those who are interested in indigenous Pentecostal movements in India. This investigation also involved an exploration and documentation of various contributions of the Dalit people pertaining to the origin and expansion of the IPC, as well as the impact of this movement on Indian society.
This investigation represents a qualitative research study, using a historical research method. The result is a chronological and critical history of the IPC in Andhra Pradesh. Data collection involved the systematic and objective location, evaluation, analysis, and synthesis of relevant primary and secondary sources. Personal interviews were conducted on site with sixty select individuals in India. The data collected was utilized to establish an inclusive historical picture of the IPC through the process of analyzing and reporting the written sources, along with detailed views of the primary subjects. This study examined existing documentation to determine how the organization was founded and grew into a major Pentecostal indigenous movement.
Research questions addressed the following: (a) the events that led to the formation of the IPC in Andhra; (b) the major contributors to the origin and development of the IPC in Andhra; (c) the key players in the schism of the IPC; (d) the most significant events that occurred from 1932 to 2010; (e) the main factors that influenced the growth of the IPC; (f) the important factors which led to the division of the IPC; and (g) the impact of the IPC on society.
The history of the IPC in Andhra is presented in three sections. The first section covers the early history of the IPC (1932 to 1959), beginning with its establishment in 1932. The second section discusses the transition years (1960 to 1981) beginning with the schism in the IPC and the formation of World Missionary Evangelism (WME) and Manna Ministries. The third section addresses the latter period (1982 to 2010) which began with the golden jubilee of the IPC in Andhra Pradesh.
Connie Dawson, Ph.D.
Cohort Year: 2006
Graduation Year: 2012
John Wimber: A Biographical Sketch of His Life and Ministry in America
This dissertation is a narrative biographical sketch of the live and ministry of John Wimber in context with the events of his day. Wimber's story leads the reader through his early life and ministry to discover his encounter with the Holy Spirit that ultimately formed his understanding of power healing and power evangelism. The work includes the development of Vineyard Ministries; the controversial MC510 Signs and Wonders class at Fuller Theological Seminary; an overview of his theology; Wimber in dialogue with his critics; his involvement with the Kansas City prophets and the Toronto Blessing; the closing years of his life; and a final tribute.
Chris Emerick, Ph.D.
Cohort Year: 2003
Graduation Year: 2011
Not By Bread Alone: An Ontology of Christian Proclamation in Theological Perspective
The following study investigates a somewhat prosaic question: What happens when preaching happens? The question is generated by the recondite declaration of the Second Helvetic Confession that "the preaching of the Word of God is the Word of God." An introductory chapter establishes the theological context for the proposal, which claims that Father, Son, and Spirit are present in the preached Word, that preaching involves an encounter with divine presence. Show more
Chapter two analyzes Oliver Davies' trinitarian theology, which contributes the following insight: the Trinity is a dialogical fellowship of dynamic, effulgent, infinite, and overflowing address and response. An appropriate trinitarian analogy posits Father as peaker, Son as Speech, and Spirit as Breath. Chapter three explores David Bentley Hart's cosmological theology, which advances the thesis that since God spoke all things into existence, theology may grasp creation as language. Chapter four investigates Hans-Georg Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics mining it for the following crucial concept: human life unfolds within one's navigating through the world via language. The insights obtained from Davies, Hart, and Gadamer are synthesized around the major theme, Christian proclamation, in chapter five, which comprises the heart of the essay. Chapter five proposes the Spirit as the (pre)condition for language, speech, and preaching, and further offers perspectives on Christian proclamation as new creation, hermeneutic and kenotic word-event, and site of the in-between. Chapter six concludes exploring a few unaddressed questions. The grand movement takes us from Trinity to creation to human existence and finally to Christian proclamation.
James Henderson, Ph.D.
Cohort Year: 2003
Graduation Year: 2012
Election as Renewal: The Work of the Holy Spirit in Divine Election
This dissertation proposes a view of divine election that sees election as the proper work of the Holy Spirit. This view states that "election" in the theological sense is a general divine call to every human being; the Father calls everyone to come to salvation because of the work of Christ. The Holy Spirit then makes that calling effective by communicating "electing" grace to everyone. This "electing" grace is efficacious in that it fulfills the Father's will that the Holy Spirit empower each person to make an eschatological choice, either passively to receive the gift of life or actively to resist the call and the work of the Holy Spirit. Chapter 1 traces the development of the idea of election in the thought of the Western church from Augustine onward. Show more
It finds that Western thought on election concentrated on the Father's work to the near exclusion of the Holy Spirit. Chapter 2 examines a seminal Augustinian biblical text to see if the pericope can support an alternate reading. It argues that Rom 5:12�21 supports the idea that the possibility of the gift of life comes to every human being, although not everyone receives this life. Chapter 3 formulates a view of how the Holy Spirit works to empower an eschatological choice in each person, the choice passively to believe or actively to disbelieve. "Electing" grace is the work of the Holy Spirit within one that provides one with an empowerment to make an eschatological choice. Chapter 4 places "electing" grace, and the Holy Spirit's work of empowering the passive choice of faith, within the "order of salvation" (ordo salutis). It locates "electing" grace in the pattern of this order and discusses what implications the idea of "electing" grace has for constructing an order of salvation. The conclusion discusses some implications of "electing" grace, especially for the idea of a worldwide mission proper to the Holy Spirit.
Robby Kagarise, Ph.D.
Cohort Year: 2003
Graduation Year: 2012
From Faith to Love: The Role of Human Agency in Paul's Imperatives Regarding the Spirit
Paul's imperatives regarding the Spirit (1 Thess 5:19; 1 Cor 14:1; Gal 5:16; Rom 8:13) sound a note of contingency for the success of the Spirit's program. How does Paul come to see the power of the divine Spirit as dependent on the cooperation of human agency? For Paul, the charismatic power of the Spirit accompanies the gospel, and faith implies participation in that power. Through interaction with the Spirit, a new horizon opens for human agency, and it is set free to respond to divine agency along a trajectory that begins with faith and reaches maturity in love.
Daniel Segraves, Ph.D.
Cohort Year: 2003
Graduation Year: 2011
Andrew D. Urshan: A Theological Biography
A native of Persia who arrived in the United States of America in 1901, Urshan was one of the earliest, most prolific, and influential theologians of Oneness Pentecostalism. Although he associated himself with the Oneness segment of the Finished Work branch of Pentecostalism, he testified to three distinct stages in his Christian experience: conversion, sanctification, and Holy Spirit baptism with the accompanying sign of speaking with tongues. He came to believe that these three experiences should occur simultaneously, but he did not disparage those for whom they did not. He identified himself with the Oneness stream of Pentecostalism even though he embraced the concept of mysterious plurality in the "T-H-R-E-E—O-N-E" God. This was apparently due to the enduring cultural and theological influence of the Church of the East on his developing theology. Show more
Although he resisted separation from the Assemblies of God, when forced to declare himself, Urshan claimed that when he was filled with the Holy Spirit in 1908 he immediately began to understand the Oneness of God. Urshan began baptizing in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ in 1910 although he himself was not so baptized until 1915 during a ministry trip to Russia. He claimed to have been warned by William Durham and Frank Ewart not to preach and teach water baptism in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ for remission of sins as the new birth of water, baptism of the Holy Spirit with tongues as the new birth of the Spirit, and the oneness of God in the person of the Lord Jesus Christ. But while in Persia in 1914, Urshan received mail from G. T. Haywood and Frank Ewart indicating that they had embraced baptism into the name of Jesus Christ.
Urshan's influence in the Pentecostal movement was largely due to his writing ministry, which included some eight books, the monthly periodical The Witness of God, songs, and tracts.
This dissertation traces the biography of Andrew D. Urshan and examines the development of his understanding of theology, Christology, and soteriology.
Martha Williams, Ph.D. Candidate
Cohort Year: 2003
Graduation Year: 2012
Human and Divine Hiddenness as a Cause for Human and Divine Suffering, With Special Attention Given to the Book of Hosea
Using critical theological and exegetical methodologies with philosophical considerations, this dissertation will present a Biblical foundation, from the Book of Hosea, for the withdrawing of Divine Presence as an occasion for human suffering. In reverse, the Book of Hosea will also be used to propose that the sin of humanity (sin will be presented as the catalyst for the breach between God and humanity which then results in human withdrawal from Divine Presence) as an occasion for Divine suffering. Show more
In the six chapters of this dissertation, the introduction will present to the reader a critical review of the significant literature addressing Divine Presence, withdrawing of Divine Presence and a justification of terminology to be used in the work. Chapter two will explore the semantic and theological fields of "presence," and "withdrawing of presence" found in the Hebrew Bible. Chapters three and four will be the heart of the research, examining the Book of Hosea for instances of the Withdrawing of Divine Presence as cause for human suffering, and Divine Presence as a cause for resolve of human suffering. Also, human sin which results in a rejection of Divine presence, as an occasion for Divine suffering, and the return of human presence (repentance/atonement) as an occasion for the resolve of Divine suffering, will be considered. Chapter five will put the research from Hosea in context/conversation with the remaining pre-exilic prophets (Amos, Micah and Isaiah) who also use the motif of hidden-ness and/or withdrawing of Divine Presence.
Jacob Dodson
Concentration: Theology
Cohort Year: 2004
Graduation Year: 2010
Gifted In Love and Called to be One: Toward a Trinitarian and Ecumenical Theology of the Charisms
Though many divisions exist among Christians, God has gifted them individually and corporately as ecclesial communities with charisms so that they may be drawn together in divine love. The Trinitarian life of God models the perfect use of these charisms and the ideal state of communion between persons. In addition, a Trinitarian understanding of the charisms provides opportunities for ecumenical dialogue between the Christian traditions. This dialogue is facilitated by the trialectical interaction of Spirit (experience), Word (scripture), and Community (tradition). Each of the ecclesial traditions shares in these three fundamental sources for dialogue. The trialectical interaction of Spirit, Word, and Community is deepened by certain historical Trinitarian concepts such as perichoresis (mutual indwelling), Irenaeus' two hands of God metaphor, and Augustine's view of the Spirit as the bond of love between the Father and the Son. This trialectical and Trinitarian approach provides a way forward in the ecumenical conversation by providing a new starting point for the discussion. Show more
The purpose of this study is to construct an ecumenical theology of the charisms that builds on complementary themes and concepts in the Pentecostal, Mainline Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Eastern Orthodox traditions. This endeavor begins with an overview of current issues related to the study of the charisms followed by an historical survey of their significance in different Christian traditions. Next, special attention is given to the insights and trialectical dimension of select representative thinkers such as Miroslav Volf, Frank Macchia, and Amos Yong in the Pentecostal tradition, John Calvin in the Reformed tradition, and Thomas Aquinas in the Roman Catholic tradition. In conclusion, a renewed ecumenical discussion of spiritual discernment, ecclesiology, soteriology, and eschatology is provided in light of the charisms and Trinitarian theology.
Gordon Klingenschmitt
Concentration: Theology
Cohort Year: 2004
Graduation Year: 2012
This dissertation examines how the spiritual gift of discerning of spirits is a foundational element of ecclesial morality, and pneumatology is interdependent with ecclesial ethics. Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), wrote two excerpts on Rules for Discerning of Spirits in his Spiritual Exercises in the early 1500's that explain how the church can receive from God the gift to see otherwise invisible angels, demons, and the Holy Spirit. Show more
The moral character of those spirits best reveals their presence, agenda, and dialogue by the moral elements of consolation and desolation, and how they grace or tempt human beings to consent with them to manifest holiness or sin. John Cassian, Jacobus de Voragine, Ludolph of Saxony, and Thomas � Kempis preceded and influenced Ignatius' understanding of the gift. Ignatius' Rules are exegeted, then analyzed for interdependency with ecclesial ethics in dialogue with contemporary scholars Karl Rahner, Hugo Rahner, Piet Penning de Vries, Jules Toner, and Timothy Gallagher, who have each considered how morality interacts with spiritual discernment. Arguments for and against interdependency are evaluated and resolved, showing how discernment in ecclesial ethics depends on proper discernment of the non-human spirits that influence human moral choice, and conversely the practice of good ecclesial ethics synergistically enhances our ability to properly discern the spirits. Spiritual Discernment is then applied to one contemporary example of Ecclesial Ethics, Improvisation by Samuel Wells in the context of dramatic, narrative theology. A four-step Ignatian pneumato-ethical method is developed, explaining how non-human spirits are ethically revealed and can be discerned through human morality by consolation/desolation, consent, manifestation, and pneumato-ethics. This four-step method is applied, allowing us to ethically discern the spirits behind several fields of ecclesiology: soteriology, missiology/world religions, liturgy, worship, Eucharist, hermeneutics, homiletics, pastoral counseling, church history, and politics. This study concludes that ecclesial ethics is interdependent with pneumatology, or in simple terms, if the church cannot discern the Holy Spirit from the devil, neither can the church authoritatively define right from wrong, and vice-versa.
Lewis Brogdon
Concentration: Theology
Cohort Year: 2005
Graduation Year: 2010
Exclusion as Impediment to Conversion: An African American Reading of Paul's Letter to Philemon
In this dissertation, an African American reading of Paul's letter to Philemon, which focuses on the exclusion and resultant departure of Onesimus as a major theme within the text, will be undertaken. The major issue in this letter is an unconverted slave in the house of a Christian master. Philemon's refusal to extend fellowship to a "useless" slave, while refreshing the hearts of socially equal "saints," was a formidable barrier to his conversion and a source of tension between master and slave. After an unknown incident, Onesimus left the house of Philemon to seek Paul to mediate the situation. As a result, Paul writes a letter expressing his desire to see that the "fellowship of Philemon's faith" is broadened to include Onesimus. His request for a more expansive understanding of fellowship can be followed if Philemon changes his perception of Onesimus as a useless slave and if he receive Onesimus "no longer as a slave," who is excluded from the fellowship, but received as a beloved brother and included in the fellowship of faith. Show more
In this study, exclusion as impediment to conversion, an experience drawn from the history of African enslavement in America, will inform the author's reading of Philemon. Because this study proffers an African American reading of Philemon, the dissertation will examine the historical and theological significance of slavery in Black Religion and African American Biblical Interpretation, Eurocentric interpretations of Philemon in Christian history, and contemporary interpretations of Philemon. Given this approach, the author will provide a contextual reading of the letter to Philemon examining the exclusion of Onesimus. The lens of exclusion offers a viable explanation for the departure of Onesimus and demonstrates the unique contribution of Black religious thought to contemporary hermeneutics.
Fitzroy Willis, Ph.D.
Cohort Year: 2006
Graduation Year: 2011
Criteria for the Functioning of the Charismata: Discerning the Authenticity of Claims of Revelatory Experiences
This work concerns the determination of the authenticity in claims of revelatory experiences, in general, and criteria for the functioning of charismata, in particular. Related to this concern are the issues of how to live, and communicate, what is authentically spiritual, especially in pluralistic contexts. Chapter one introduces the relevancy of this study and critically reviews pertinent literature. The second chapter addresses questions about revelatory criteria in the Old Testament--providing informative background for the entire study. Chapter three shifts focus to the New Testament, specifically focusing on the essential background information necessary for a comprehensive understanding of 1 Corinthians 12-14. Chapters 4-6 are exegetical. Show more
They are also constructed from the five Pauline criteria for the functioning of the charismata that have been determined by Marthinus Bezuidenhout. Chapter 4 addresses the confessional criterion (1 Cor 12:1-3), the criterion of common benefit (1 Cor 12:4-11), and the criterion of service (1 Cor 12:12-30). Between the first two criteria, one of three hermeneutical considerations relative to how Paul communicates his message is described as Paul's "Trinitarian" theology. Chapter five focuses on the criterion of love (1 Cor 13:1-13), and includes the second hermeneutical consideration which focuses on Paul's contextual theology. Chapter six concerns the criterion of edification (1 Cor 14:1-40), and includes the final hermeneutical consideration, which highlights various historical and traditional tools of discourse that Paul employs. Chapter seven indicates major similarities between the Ancient and contemporary contexts, providing justification for the ensuing contemporary implications of the criteria gleaned from Paul's thinking. Chapter eight explores implications for the contemporary church and chapter nine deals with implications for the contemporary worship service--including an analysis of Reformed interpretations of criteria for the functioning of the charismata. The final chapter provides constructive comments on discerning the authenticity in claims of revelatory experiences. That being said, the thesis of this work is that authentic revelatory experiences include manifestations of the Spirit, love, and are edifying to the Church. Moreover, theological communication should be sensitively Trinitarian, contextual, and considerate of traditions in order to speak effectively to a pluralistic context.
Full copies of these dissertations are available at the Regent University Library.


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Life is beautiful, your photos should be too! Use Flickr's redesigned camera, gorgeous filters, and best-in-class photo editing to capture, create, and share stunning photos right from your phone.
Photos last a lifetime on Flickr where every picture is saved and displayed in full resolution. And with a free terabyte of space, your photos will always have a place to call home.
• 100% free, gorgeous live-filters
• Powerful editing tools like Enhance, Auto Straighten, Exposure, White Balance, Levels and all the other essentials
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• Endless uploads - at full resolution! Flickr gives you a free terabyte of space so you can save and display every photo in full resolution. No other photo site in the world offers this much free space!
• Innovative privacy settings so you can make a photo as public or private as you like
• Customize filters with vignettes, tilt-shifts, light bursts, and more
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• Follow friends and the world's best photographers. On Flickr you'll always discover something new
• Sign-up for a Yahoo account to discover the best of Flickr and Yahoo
"It's the best mobile photo app out there" – Forbes
"The new Flickr app can be summed up with one word: beautiful." - NY Times
What's New in Version 2.32.1556
Fixes for recent crashes
iPhone Screenshots
Customer Reviews
Nice Work!
Nice work as long as the Yahoo! doesn't turn around and close services, force customer to pay for their own pics, and limit the terabyte level storage to foist on ppl to pay for access to pics on higher storages. I just think it's happened before with "yahoo photos" or so. Anyone remembers?
Currently, I'm a return happy camper. I was grumpy abt Yahoo over the scheme pulled off at the closure of yahoo photos in circa 2007. I just hope they don't pull the same on a much larger "terabyte" scale. Good news is that when Yahoo returned with Flickr, old pics where still there, intact. So for that, I say, omg this app is AMAZING!!!
Pls, don't ever remove the ability to save pics from d app into a device. I mean don't even charge for it. Ppl that need prints will still pay for the prints via Flickr. But don't force me if I don't want prints.
Great app. UI friendly stuff. One suggestion off the bat is to allow the option to chose what I want to see first when I open the Flickr app. For me, I'd rather see a summary page that shows me: sets, favorites, photostream... so I can simply click on what I want. I don't want to see photostream pics first bcos it might reveal pics I don't want the dude, or chick over my shoulder to see. :)
In a nutshell:
• I'd love to see some additional "flickrstackr-style" improvements, (their organizational/main page/upload presets, etc. are top notch).
That said, this app is light years ahead of that terrible, previous version! I used to use safari's desktop on my iPhone rather than that experience that horrid app!
The pros of this app are really only a couple, but they're big ones: the fluidity at which one can quickly edit pic properties (tags, groups, etc).
BUT, the big downside is that batch editing is non-existent in any useful sense that I can see. I love the layout, and again, Flickr nailed it with the individual photo options, the streaming, and ability to see and follow other members. They did this so well, I am easily overlooking many of this apps inadequacies... (Again, see "flickrstackr" for a great example of how to make a great app for batch edits, deletes, etc).
For now.., I flip-flop between these two apps.
Extremely buggy
I have to believe that no one involved with this app actually owns an iphone, so they had no way to try it out. Among the many bugs:
1. Enormous memory hog. Every photo uploaded through the app is also, for no reason, permanently retained in the app data. So when you find your phone running out of memory, it is because the Flickr app needs to use 5 gb of memory to browse the flickr website. Only workaround is to delete and reinstall the app.
2. When browsing your photo stream, the app will constantly jump back towards the top of the stream. No reason for this, just another way for the app to provide a terrible experience.
3. If the phone loses network connection during an upload, more likely than not the app will get stuck in a constant circle of notifications of that fact. App has to be closed entirely to beak the loop.
Best of all, the app constantly asks for feedback, but the updates never fix any of the problems.
- Free
- Category: Photo & Video
- Updated: Oct 25, 2013
- Version: 2.32.1556
- Size: 27.2 MB
- Languages: English, French, German, Indonesian, Italian, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish, Traditional Chinese, Vietnamese
- Seller: Yahoo! Inc.
- © 2013 Yahoo! Inc.
Compatibility: Requires iOS 6.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch. This app is optimized for iPhone 5.

subset: commoncrawl


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Our Commitment to the Animals
- All of our animals are provided with quality nutrition and health care programs and a clean facility
- We provide our animals with more than double the space required by the Department of Agriculture
- Our animals have a sanctuary available to them at all times. When they come to you it's because they want to
- We reserve the right to refuse admission or to dismiss from the park any person who, in our opinion, poses a threat to the well-being of our animals
- Due to nutritional balance and animal safety laws, only food provided by Living Treasures Animal Park may enter the part to be fed to our animals
Park History
Living Treasures Wild Animal Park's Moraine location was built and opened in 1992 by Tom Guiher and his two young children, Fawn (age 9) and Adam (age 6).
Tom's lifelong love of animals started by raising chickens and selling eggs door to door at age 13. As a young man growing up in Butler County, horses and cattle became his primary interests. In 1988 Tom acquired and started propagating various species of exotic animals including deer, wallabies, and pot-bellied pigs. His success in their husbandry allowed him to expand his collection to 35 species, which included camels, reindeer, and African antelope. Building an animal park to show off his collection to the public seemed the logical next step. In 1991 land was acquired along US 422 near New Castle. Fences and buildings were built, wells drilled, habitats constructed and many new species were acquired. The Grand Opening was Memorial Day weekend of 1992.
New and improved exhibits have been added every year. The park's success in producing babies has not only delighted visitors who see them romp and play it allows the park to acquire new species every year.
In 1997 Tom purchased the 9 acre parcel located on route 711 in Donegal. Thru that winter the Laurel Highlands location was built. Opening in April 1998, many animals that were born and raised at the Moraine location were transferred and many new exhibits were procured from other animal parks around the United States and Canada. In 1999 Log Cabin Lodge and Suites and in 2000 Mountain Horse Saddlery & Gifts were built at the Laurel Highlands location.
In 2005 Tom's son, Adam Guiher, purchased the Moraine location. Adam has built many new exhibits and improved and updated the existing ones.
In 2008 Tom's daughter, Fawn, and her husband Matt became the general managers of the Laurel Highlands location, also managing Log Cabin Lodge and Suites, Mountain Horse Saddlery & Gifts, and Highlands Hall Banquet Center.
Our family invites you to bring your family for an up close, interactive and educational experience with our family of animals.


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Conducting Your Research Project in Quantitative Environmental Science
Author:Harrad, Stuart, Kinnersley, Rob, Batty, Lesley
Publisher: Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated
Summary: Stuart Harrad and Lesley Batty Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK George Arhonditsis and Miriam Diamond Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Canada
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Publisher: Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated
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"This salad is a kaleidoscope of color and taste - black beans, yellow corn, green peppers, and red, red tomatoes. Lime juice, garlic and jalapeno give it some punch."
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See how to make a fresh, colorful Mexican-inspired salad and side dish.
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New York fashion: the evolution of American styleA lively and thorough history, New York Fashion presents a fabulous fashion parade with 300 illustrations, including 100 in full color, which highlight the fascinating story it has to tell. 300 illustrations, including 100 in full color. |
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Review: New York Fashion: The Evolution Of American Style
User Review - Joan Kilpatrick - GoodreadsGreat book! Three hundred pages of history, lists, photos. This tells the story of fashion from the New York point of view. Each decade has a chapter of general information about the trends and ... Read full review
Review: New York Fashion: The Evolution Of American Style
User Review - GoodreadsThis is a must to read for those who loves fashion, clothing, style and (its) history. Fully-colored with glossy paper all through the pages, each page is showing not just some complete samples of ...
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RODALE NEWS, EMMAUS, PA—Worldwide, scientists are trying to convince an increasingly skeptical public that global climate change is in fact happening and that humans are the primary cause. Yet, despite all the facts about climate change they have at their disposal—from international bodies like the United Nations to reports from the U.S. government—just 50 percent of the American public acknowledge that it's a problem. And, a new study shows, that may have everything to do with gender.
"Past research on public opinions about environmental issues has found that women are more concerned with direct threats, for instance, things like air pollution and water quality, while men are more likely to think about faraway issues—holes in the ozone, global warming, biodiversity loss, things that won't hit them right then," says Aaron McCright, PhD, associate professor of sociology at the Lyman Briggs College at Michigan State University and lead author of the new study. "But more evidence suggests that women are starting to have more concern about those global issues than men."
THE DETAILS: McCright's new study, published in the journal Population & Environment, analyzed Gallup-poll data from 2001 to 2008 to see whether women or men were more likely to acknowledge that climate change was occurring, or that humans were the root cause; which gender had greater actual knowledge about the issue; and which gender thought it had the most knowledge. Over that eight-year period, women consistently showed greater concern about climate change than men, with 35 percent of women worrying about climate change a "great deal," compared with just 29 percent of men. Also, 37 percent of women felt climate change would threaten their way of life, compared with just 28 percent of men.
When it came to actual knowledge about climate change, women won out: 59 percent believed the effects of global warming have already begun to happen (which they have) while just 54 percent of men did; and 64 percent, in agreement with government scientists, said that pollution from human activities was the primary cause, compared with 56 percent of men. Also, 66 percent of women knew as well that most scientists believe global warming is occurring, while just 60 percent of men did. On the other hand, men had a higher perceived understanding of global warming than women did. That is, they were more likely to say they knew a lot about the phenomenon than women were.
McCright found that women's concern over climate change held true despite factors that could influence their beliefs. For instance, he thought that women who were employed might be less concerned about the issue because of a "marketplace mentality" that places a higher significance on economic gain than environmental issues, and he expected that women with children would be more concerned, due to a "motherhood mentality" that promotes protection of nature and a concern about their children's future. But the women who were employed, whether they had children or not, were just as likely as the moms to exhibit concern over climate change.
Published on: September 28, 2010
Updated on: September 29, 2010


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Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of PL2200 Versus Enteric-Coated and Immediate Release Aspirin in Diabetic Patients
This study has been completed.
PLx Pharma
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
PLx Pharma
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: January 13, 2012
Last updated: June 29, 2012
Last verified: June 2012
- Full Text View
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- No Study Results Posted
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- How to Read a Study Record
This study will determine if aspirin from PL2200, an investigational product, gets into the blood stream as quickly as plain aspirin and enteric coated aspirin, and to test whether PL2200 is able to prevent blood clots as effectively as these other products, when administered to elderly patients with diabetes.
Condition | Intervention | Phase |
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 |
Drug: PL2200 Aspirin Capsules Drug: Immediate-Release Aspirin Tablets Drug: Enteric-coated aspirin caplets |
Phase 3 |
Study Type: | Interventional |
Study Design: | Allocation: Randomized Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment Masking: Double Blind (Subject, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor) Primary Purpose: Prevention |
Official Title: | A Randomized, Actively Controlled, Crossover Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of PL2200 Versus Enteric-Coated and Immediate Release Aspirin in Patients With Type II Diabetes |
Resource links provided by NLM:
Further study details as provided by PLx Pharma:
Primary Outcome Measures:
- Pharmacodynamic bioequivalence [ Time Frame: 4 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]Serial measures of aspirin anti-platelet activity will be collected over 4 days, and compared between groups, to allow a determination of pharmcodynamic (anti-platelet) bioequivalance between study drugs.
Secondary Outcome Measures:
- Safety and tolerability [ Time Frame: 4 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]Assessment and comparison of the incidence of adverse events between treatment groups; changes in clinical laboratory parameters from baseline and between treatment groups; and changes in vital signs from baseline and between treatment groups.
- Pharmacokinetic bioequivalance [ Time Frame: 4 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]Serial measures of aspirin plasma levels will be collected over 4 days, and compared between groups, to allow a determination of pharmcokinetic bioequivalance between study drugs.
Estimated Enrollment: | 40 |
Study Start Date: | January 2012 |
Study Completion Date: | June 2012 |
Primary Completion Date: | June 2012 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure) |
Arms | Assigned Interventions |
Experimental: PL2200 Aspirin Capsules
Investigational drug arm; crossover design
Drug: PL2200 Aspirin Capsules
325 mg aspirin; once per day for 3 days
Active Comparator: Immediate-Release Aspirin Tablets
Active comparator; crossover design
Drug: Immediate-Release Aspirin Tablets
325 mg aspirin; once per day for 3 days
Active Comparator: Enteric-coated aspirin caplets
Active comparator; crossover design
Drug: Enteric-coated aspirin caplets
325 mg aspirin; once per day for 3 days
Ages Eligible for Study: | 50 Years to 79 Years |
Genders Eligible for Study: | Both |
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | No |
Inclusion Criteria:
- Adults 50-79
- Non-insulin-dependent type-2 diabetics
Exclusion Criteria:
- Contraindications to aspirin
- Significant disease history or active disease other than type-2 diabetes
- Patient requires insulin
Contacts and Locations
More Information
No publications provided
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on March 13, 2014
No publications provided
Responsible Party: | PLx Pharma |
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT01515657 History of Changes |
Other Study ID Numbers: | PL-ASA-004 |
Study First Received: | January 13, 2012 |
Last Updated: | June 29, 2012 |
Health Authority: | United States: Food and Drug Administration |
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Glucose Metabolism Disorders Metabolic Diseases Endocrine System Diseases Aspirin Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal Analgesics, Non-Narcotic Analgesics Sensory System Agents Peripheral Nervous System Agents Physiological Effects of Drugs Pharmacologic Actions |
Anti-Inflammatory Agents Therapeutic Uses Antirheumatic Agents Fibrinolytic Agents Fibrin Modulating Agents Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action Cardiovascular Agents Hematologic Agents Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Enzyme Inhibitors Antipyretics Central Nervous System Agents |
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on March 13, 2014


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The United States consumed 20.5 million barrels of oil per day in 2004, more than half of which (11.9 million barrels per day net) came from imports. Since 1998, the United States has imported over 50% of the oil it has consumed. Imports from the Persian Gulf region in 2004 were 2.5 million barrels per day, which amounts to 12.1% of U.S. consumption.
Source: Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, April 2005, Table 1.7
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COLUMBIA — Sunday at 1:55 a.m., police officers responded to an attempted robbery of the Taco Bell at 1100 Smiley Lane, according to a news release from the Columbia Police Department.
Man attempted robbery of Smiley Lane Taco Bell
Sunday, April 12, 2009 | 5:41 p.m. CDT
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Travel insurance
Get your claims form here. Or for more information email us on firstname.lastname@example.com.
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If you get stuck, please call us on 0844 888 2787
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- Choose A Provider
- Appointments & Registration
- Services & Programs
- Facilities & Amenities
Bellin Health, in partnership with some of the finest orthopedic surgeons and sports medicine specialists in the country, has created the premier orthopedic surgery center in the Green Bay area. The Bellin Orthopedic Surgery Center combines the physicians of Orthopaedic Associates of Green Bay and Green Bay Orthopedics, into one team with an even larger scope of services, backed by the comprehensive resources of Bellin Health.
Orthopedic & Sports Medicine Specialists of Green Bay specializes in repair of a wide range of orthopedic problems including the knee, ankle, shoulder, hip and more. In addition, OSMS offers more experienced orthopedic physicians, specially trained and certified in sports medicine than any other health system in northeast Wisconsin.
Bellin Orthopedic Surgery Center, LLCThe Orthopedic & Sports Medicine Specialists of Green Bay surgery center specializes in many different orthopedic procedures and techniques, including arthroscopic joint repair, which provides all the benefits of minimally invasive surgery. Here are just some of OSMS' areas of expertise:
The clinical staff including the surgery team, nursing staff and therapists are specialized and focused on orthopedic care. This dedication allows the team to work together everyday, performing the same procedures and techniques. And medical study after study shows that the more procedures a team performs together, the better they become at producing outstanding results.
A quiet soothing atmosphere with an emphasis on privacy and comfort are important parts of the patient and family experience and an important part of the recovery process. Every aspect of the surgery center promotes convenience and peace of mind for both patient and family.
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Convenience begins here. One Medical Passport allows you to input all of the information we need to care for you. By using your Passport while still in the privacy of your home, you can decrease the amount of paperwork and hassle of registering on the day of your surgery.


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ShieldView for iPad mini - Glossy
2 high-clarity protective screen films and cleaning cloth.
ShieldView for iPad mini - Glossy
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ShieldView for iPad mini - Glossy
2 high-clarity protective screen films and cleaning cloth.
Keep your iPad mini screen clean, pristine and free of scratches, smudges and fingerprints with ShieldView iPad mini static-cling screen protector 2-packs. ShieldView is non-adhesive, so it's an easy iPad mini screen protector to put on and take off. And it leaves no messy residue when removed. These iPad mini covers are available in matte finish for visibility or clear glossy for a shinier look.
- Fits iPad mini with Retina display and iPad mini
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- Cleaning cloth. Wipe away dust with the soft-touch cloth.
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recipe reviews for:
"Orange marmalade and honey make a toothsome combination in this delightful holiday dish."
Cooking Level: Expert
My Profile | Cooks I Like Reviews | Photos | Recipes | Menus | Blog
Cooking Level: Intermediate
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Brining your turkey preps it perfectly for smoking or roasting.


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Hospitals and Provider Solutions Truven Health Analytics Blog 100 Top Hospitals
Similar proportions of Americans believe that key aspects of healthcare will either stay the same or get worse under healthcare reform, according to the Truven Health Analytics 2011 PULSE™ Healthcare Survey. Only about 17%, 15%, and 23%, respectively, expect improvement in quality, access to physicians, and overall health. Response variation based on age, education, or income is fairly minor. A significant majority (73%) expects that health insurance premiums will rise under healthcare reform.


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3 Day Blinds
8100 W Crestline Ave, Denver, CO 80123
(303) 973-1740
3 Day Blinds is a Hardware Store business in Clement's Addition and one of 651 Hardware Store businesses in Clement's Addition.
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Play by Play
Stop Auto RefreshTime | Event | Description |
95+ | Another blatant dive by Metapan earns a foul call on Steve Zakuani. On the ensuing free kick, the referee blows the whistle to signal full time. Sounders FC 1, Metapan 0. | |
92+ | Jose Alvarado goes down with an apparent back injury and waits in his own penalty box until he can be taken off on a stretcher. As soon as he reaches the sideline he stands and walks back to the bench showing no ill effects. | |
90 | Metapan goalkeeper Misael Alfaro - showing no signs of the ankle injury that crippled him a few minutes earlier - races up the field to take a free kick. When his shot deflects off the wall, he attempts a bicycle kick - again, on the bum ankle - and when Seattle defends the ball clear he races back to defend his net. | |
87 | Jorge Luis Moran subs on for Josue Flores. | |
83 | Incredible run by Sanna Nyassi up the right side to chase down a ball from Mike Seamon, but his shot misses just outside the far post. On the play Metapan goalkeeper Misael Alfaro goes down with an apparent ankle injury, but he recovers in time to take the goal kick 30 seconds later. | |
81 | Incredible possession by the Sounders to get the ball up into the attacking third and Sanna Nyassi skims a shot from the top of the box that Misael Alfaro knocks down and saves. | |
80 | Andres Flores subs on for Rodolfo Suarez. | |
79 | Fredy Montero chases down an errant ball bouncing away after a whistle and is slapped to the ground by Erick Prado ... no foul is called on the play. | |
77 | Tyrone Marshall announces his presence with authority, stretching his foot around an attacking Metapan player to knock it wide. | |
76 | Taylor Graham gets over a corner kick from Osvaldo Alonso and his header bounces high off the turf and over the bar for a goal kick. | |
75 | Fredy Montero and Osvaldo Alonso line up a free kick from 35 yards out even with the left post. Montero takes the shot and it skims off the Metapan wall and away for a corner kick. | |
74 | James Riley pops a cross in to Steve Zakuani, but his header is saved at the line by Misael Alfaro. | |
69 | Fredy Montero nearly finds the head of Taylor Graham on a free kick for a goal, but Graham's header goes just wide for a goal kick. | |
69 | Mark Lester Blanco subs on for Moises Menendez. | |
68 | Fredy Montero is fouled hard from behindfrom distance on the left side. | |
67 | Sanna Nyassi trips up Rodolfo Suarez from behind entering the midfield and Nyassi is given a yellow card. | |
65 | Sanna Nyassi is tripped up by Emerson Umana on the right side and Umana is issued a yellow card. | |
60 | Sounders FC goal!!! Holy Cow!!! A wonder blast by Fredy Montero from nearly 40 yards out as Osvaldo Alonso rolls the ball to him off the free kick and Montero blasts it past Misael Alfaro for the goal. Sounders FC 1, Metapan 0. | |
60 | Fredy Montero subs on for Nate Jaqua. | |
57 | Steve Zakuani subs on for Miguel Montano. | |
56 | Great ball from Miguel Montano to send Sanna Nyassi on a run up the right side, but Nyassi's shot goes high for a goal kick. | |
Note | Attendance is announced at 17,228. | |
54 | Josue Flores runs up the left side, but is flagged offside. | |
Note | Rodolfo Suarez was issued the yellow card in the 36th minute and not Jose Alvarado. | |
Kickoff | Seattle takes the opening kick to start the second half, attacking the south goal. | |
HALFTIME | SHOTS: Sounders FC 7, Metapan 0. SOG: Sounders FC 1, Metapan 0. FOULS: Sounders FC 9, Metapan 10. OFFSIDE: Sounders FC 1, Metpan 2. CORNER KICKS: Sounders FC 4, Metapan 2. SAVES: Sounders FC 0, Metapan 1. | |
47+ | After 2 minutes of stoppage time the referee blows his whistle. The teams enter the lockerroom tied 0-0. | |
46+ | Taylor Graham just outran Hector Mejia to chase down a ball on the right side. | |
42 | Erick Prado tackles Miguel Montano hard on the left side of the box and picks up a yellow card. | |
41 | Classy moment by Oscar Jimenez ... Kasey Keller saves a ball from going over the endline and as he laies over the ball, Jimenez tries to kcik it away. This is WELL after Keller has established possession with Jimenez hovering over him. | |
39 | A crafty cross from the left side by Leo Gonzalez finds Sanna Nyassi in the middle of the box, but his one-touch shot is defended away. | |
36 | Tyrone Marshall ran up the left side to regain possession and was rewarded when Jose Alvarado was issued a yellow card for a tackle from behind. | |
34 | Sanna Nyassi gets away again up the right side, but his cross is knocked down by a handball and Seattle takes the free kick just off the endline. | |
33 | Miguel Montano is hammered from behind by Rodolfo Suarez for a foul on the left side. Osvaldo Alonso takes the free kick, but it just eludes a far post run. | |
31 | Roger Levesque is dragged down from behind by Moises Menendez and Seattle takes a free kick from the right corner of the box. Osvaldo Alonso takes teh free kick, but shoots it right into the wall and Metapan goes the other way. | |
28 | Osvaldo Alonso loops a free kick into the box from the left side, but goalkeeper Misael Alfaro punches it clear. Metapan gets away on a run, but James Riley slides in to regain possession. At the other end, Michael Seamon hammers a shot, but Erick Prado deflects it wide for a corner kick. | |
24 | Erick Prado is whistled for a flag just outside the box, giving Seattle a free kick from 19 yards out. Osvaldo Alonso takes teh shot left-footed, but it pings off a defender and out for a corner kick. The referee initially calls a corner kick, but is overruled - inaccurately - by the linesman. | |
23 | Sanna Nyassi is killing his marker with runs up the right side. He just got away on another one and popped a cross to the middle, but it was defended away. | |
21 | Great pass by James Riley leads Sanna Nyassi up the right side. Nyassi crosses through the box for Miguel Montano for a diving header at the far post, but he misses wide left for a goal kick. | |
19 | Another dive, this one by Rodolfo Suarez, draws a yellow card on Osvaldo Alonso. | |
17 | Emerson Umana took a tremendous dive on a run up the left side, but the referee fell for it and issued a yellow card to James Riley on the play. | |
Note | Peter Vagenas left the game with a right quad strain. | |
14 | Osvaldo Alonso subs on for Peter Vagenas. | |
14 | Great run up the left side by Emerson Umana to keep a ball in play for Metapan. He eventually earns a corner kick for Metapan. | |
11 | Peter Vagenas left the field and Seattle's trainer just signaled the bench for a substitution. | |
09 | Peter Vagenas takes a corner kick from the left side, then goes down with what appears to be a right quad injury. He didn't have anyone around him and just went to the ground. | |
08 | Peter Vagenas is issued a yellow card, apparently for taking the free kick before the referee blows his whistle. | |
07 | Miguel Montano is fouled outside the box 12 yards out and Peter Vagenas lines up for the free kick. | |
06 | Nate Jaqua springs Sanna Nyassi for a run up the right side of the box and Nyassi knocks it off his defender for a corner kick. | |
04 | Leo Gonzelez defends Rodolfo Suarez adn catches him in the face, picking up a foul call on Metapan's defensive side of the field. | |
03 | Miguel Montano defends the ball away from Rodolfo Suarez in the right corner, knocking the ball away for a corner kick. Metapan takes a short corner and Seattle gains possession and draws a foul. | |
Kickoff | Metapan takes the opening kickoff, attacking the south goal. | |
Pregame | Loving the tifo display from the Brougham End. It's an overhead of Dr. Evil with the phrase "World Domination Starts Here." They never cease to impress. | |
Pregame | The Sounders are wearing electricity shirts, shorts and socks. Metapan is in blue shirts, shorts and socks. | |
Officials | REFEREE: Ricardo Arellano, REFEREE'S ASSISTANT: Alejandro Ayala, Victor Calderon, 4TH OFFICIAL: Jair Marrufo | |
Weather | Sunny and 75 Degrees | |
Metapan | STARTERS: GK Misael Alfaro, DEF Jose Alvardado, DEF Erick Prado, DEF Ernesto Aquino, DEF Moises Menendez, MID Oscar Jimenez, MID Hector Mejia, MID Emerson Umana, FWD Rodolfo Suarez, FWD Anel Canales, FWD Josue Flores. RESERVES: Jose Gonzalez, Milton Molina, Carlos Carrillo, Jorge Luis Moran, Elias Bladimir Montes, Andres Flores, Mark Lester Blanco. | |
Sounders FC | STARTERS: GK Kasey Keller(Captain), DEF James Riley, DEF Tyrone Marshall, DEF Taylor Graham, DEF Leo Gonzalez, MID Sanna Nyassi, MID Peter Vagenas, MID Miguel Montano, FWD Nate Jaqua, FWD Roger Levesque. RESERVES: Terry Boss, Fredy Montero, Jeff Parke, Tyson Wahl, Osvaldo Alonso, Steve Zakuani, David Estrada. |


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Status of Medicare patients can result in huge bills
Thousands of Medicare enrollees in Massachusetts and across the country are finding themselves caught in the same perplexing bind: Despite long hospital stays, they have been deemed observation patients or outpatients whose follow-up care is not covered. They also can face higher costs for the hospital stay itself when they are not officially admitted. These observation patients usually share rooms with regular inpatients and receive care from the same doctors and nurses, making their status invisible to them. Hospitals say it's not their fault. Executives at Beth Israel Deaconess and other institutions say they are just trying to follow Medicare billing rules that even they don't always fully understand. [Registration required.]
- The Secret to Physician Engagement? It's Not Better Pay
- Two-Midnight Rule Must be Fixed or Replaced, Say Providers
- Don't Underestimate Emotional Intelligence
- Yale New Haven Health Partners with Tenet Healthcare in CT
- Care Coordination Tough to Define, Measure
- 4 Reasons PCMH Principles Aren't Going Away
- Size Matters in Antibiotic Overuse
- Evidence-Based Practice and Nursing Research: Avoiding Confusion
- CDC Warns of Antibiotic Overuse in Hospitals
- SCOTUS Review of NC Board Case 'A Very Big Deal' to Providers


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Bill Cosby Does Stand-Up at The Palace Theatre in Stamford on March 16
In 1965, Bill Cosby played the leading role in "I Spy," becoming the first African American to co-star on a television series and winning three consecutive Emmys in the process. In the '70s, he created the cartoons "Fat Albert" and "The Cosby Kids," both of which were hits. Then in the '80s, of course, was "The Cosby Show," which got about as big as a sitcom can get. And now, in 2013, 50 years into Cosby's career, he's still doing stand up. He'll be at the Palace Theatre in Stamford Saturday night.
By Mike Sembos
March 12, 2013


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Search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. If you are not sure what you are looking for, try the Combination Search or our Recommended Species lists.
This goldenrod makes creeping clumps with flowering stems mostly less than 2 ft. high. The leaves are elliptical to spoon-shaped, becoming reduced up the stem. Flower heads are not as numerous as on bigger goldenrods, but individually are larger with many golden-yellow ray flowers. They occur in dense terminal clusters.
Region: | AGCP | AK | AW | CB | EMP | GP | HI | MW | NCNE | WMVE |
Status: | FACU | FACU | FACU | FACU |


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Free Shipping on all orders over $49.
Limited Time Only. Minimum merchandise total to qualify for the offer must be met. The minimum merchandise total that must be met for Shipping Promotions is calculated after any discount coupons that have been applied and does not include shipping, handling, taxes or duty charges. Order total must meet minimum threshold of $49. Not valid for prior purchases. Shipping will be reflected on the Checkout or Shopping Cart page. Overweight shipping charges apply and will appear at checkout. Overweight items include kayaks/boats, treadmills, elliptical machines, weight sets/plates, basketball courts, trampolines and other similar overweight items. Alaska/Hawaii surcharges apply and will appear at checkout. No cash or credit back. We reserve the right to cancel any order due to unauthorized, altered or ineligible use of discount. All promotional dates & times are subject to change without notice.
A cold weather base layer with breathable, moisture wicking, thermal Torrent™ fabric with an odour controlling finish that helps keep the garment fresh during repeated use and washings. A balaclava style hood fits over the head easily and a trim fitted, straight cut torso with a wide hem hugs the core. Sleeves are lean throughout and a laminated pocket on chest stores essentials.
Item No. 3124263


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