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Rheumatoid factor (RF) is a blood test that measures the amount of the RF antibody in the blood.
A blood sample is needed. For information on how this is done, see: Venipuncture
No special preparation is usually necessary.
When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.
This test is most often used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis or Sjogren syndrome.
It may also be used to rule out or diagnose other inflammation-related conditions.
Results are usually reported in one of two ways:
A low number (normal result) usually means you do not have rheumatoid arthritis or Sjogren syndrome. However, some people who do have these conditions still have a "normal" or low rheumatoid factor (RF).
Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.
An abnormal result means the test is positive, which means higher levels of rheumatoid factor have been detected in your blood.
People with the following diseases may also have higher levels of rheumatoid factor:
Higher-than-normal levels of RF may be seen in people with other medical problems. However, these higher RF levels cannot be used to diagnose these other conditions.:
Sometimes, people who are healthy and have no other medical problem will have a higher-than-normal RF level.
Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others.
Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:
Goodyear CS, Tighe H, McInnes IB. Rheumatoid factors and other autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. In: Firestein GS, Budd RC, Harris Jr. ED, McInnes IB, Ruddy S, eds. Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: W.B. Saunders Company;2008:chap 51.
A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www.urac.org). URAC's accreditation program is an independent audit to verify that A.D.A.M. follows rigorous standards of quality and accountability. A.D.A.M. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s editorial policy, editorial process and privacy policy. A.D.A.M. is also a founding member of Hi-Ethics and subscribes to the principles of the Health on the Net Foundation (www.hon.ch) The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2013 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
This page was last updated: May 31, 2013


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Victoria County History
A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3
H.E. Malden (editor)
Year published
Supporting documents
List of maps
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'The hundred of Effingham: Introduction and map', A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3 (1911), pp. 320-321. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42974&strquery=effingham half hundred Date accessed: 10 March 2014. Add to my bookshelf
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THE HUNDRED OF EFFINGHAM Footnotes
The Hundred of Effingham is usually classed with Copthorne and described as a half-hundred: i.e. perhaps 50 hides, for in the time of Edward the Confessor the total assessment worked out at 47 hides. In 1086, in addition to the three parishes of Effingham, Great Bookham, and Little Bookham, which compose it at the present day, it included the two unidentified places of 'Driteham' and 'Pechingeorde.' (fn. 1) It was a royal hundred, and in a document of the reign of Edward I is stated to have been farmed formerly for half a mark per annum, but then for 10s. per annum. (fn. 2) The same document states that all the free tenants of the Abbot of Chertsey used to come twice a year to the sheriff's tourn at 'Lethe Croyce,' but had for five years past withdrawn their suit, and that the abbot had royal liberties in Great Bookham, including gallows, assize of bread and ale, and other things pertaining to the view of frankpledge. A Subsidy Roll dated 1428 includes Fetcham in this hundred, probably by a scribal error, as no other instance of it occurs. (fn. 3) In 1628 the borough of Kingston received a grant of jurisdiction within the hundred of Copthorne and Effingham in compensation for their loss of the privilege of court leet in Richmond and Petersham, (fn. 4) and this grant was confirmed by Charles I to Kingston in 1638, and held good until within recent years. In a survey taken in 1651 Effingham Hundred is described as late parcel of the possessions of Charles I, and was found to include Little Bookham, Effingham, and 'the township or tithing of Churchlond,' the last undoubtedly representing Great Bookham, which in the early Subsidy Rolls is more usually entered as 'the vill of the Abbot of Chertsey.' The survey also states that the court leet for the two hundreds of Effingham and Copthorne was kept at Leithepitt at the usual times, 'and the lord thereof may call and keep a court leet within any of ye towneshipps or tithings which payeth any common fines. At which said Court at Michaelmas all Constables and Tithingmen for ye yeare past are discharged and others sworn for ye performance of their severall offices for ye ensuing year.' At the said Michaelmas Court the constables or tithingmen were to deliver to the lord all dues from their townships or tithings. The jurors further declared that they could not find that there was ever held any three weeks' court for these hundreds, though they believed that the lord might hold one if he pleased. (fn. 5)
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Kia One Tank Trips - Xtreeme Challenge Adventure CenterIf you enjoy activities that get your heart pumping, this weeks One Tank Trip is for you. Today Derek James takes us out to Xtreeme Challenge Adventure Center in Monroe where recreation can get a little extreme. The Challenge Walk for Schools, The Challenge Walk for Business Groups, The Great Raft Adventure, Twin Mega Zip Lines with our Indiana Jones Bridge , and the Outdoor Adventure Trail, all with on-site trained facilitation are perfect for team building or family bonding! |
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We The Free Twisted Text Tank
Style: 17751306
Long ribbed knit tank with printed text. Gathering on the neckline and all over raw seam edges.
* 100% Cotton
* Machine Wash
* Made in the USA
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Length: 28 1/4"
Chest: 25"
Waist: 23 1/4"
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Is it really true that the "dueling dragons" roller coaster was originally supossed to be part of beastly kingdom but it was too expensive so universal studios bought it?
"You are not the first to pass this way..."
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There's actually been a lot of rumors around whether or not they are going to decide to expand and build out Beastly Kingdom at any point. While I doubt it, I do think it'd be really cool to have an area focusing on mythological animals.
Sometimes all you need is a reminder that out there lies a better place... a better world... a Walt Disney World.Visited In: 1983, 1988, 1989 x2, 1991, 1992, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 (passholder), 2007 (x2 x3), 2008, 2009 (x2), 2010, 2011 (x2)
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Wow after reading all the articles about DAK an Beastly Kingdom. I dont think I will ever be able to look at DAK an not wonder what could have been. Don't get me wrong I love Mt. everest. I just mean the Beastly Kingdom sounds amazing.......
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Scottish Arms and Armour (Weapons & History, 1550 - 1830s) by: Fergus Cannan This item is no longer available Collector Bookstore is a retailer of new books located in Leavenworth, Kansas. We specialize in price guides and reference books for the antiques and collectibles industry. Collector Bookstore Notes: This is a detailed historical examination of the arms and armour used by Scottish soldiers, dating...
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Emergency Response Information
In an emergency dial 911 or contact
Public Safety at: 978-556-3333 or from any campus phone dial ext. 3333.
Emergency Procedures
- Active Shooter
- Fire
- Bomb Threat
- Medical Emergency
- Campus Violence
- Hazardous Materials
- Tornado
- Power Outage/Gas
Active Shooter
- Have an escape route and plan in mind.
- Leave your belongings behind.
- Keep your hands visible.
- HIDE in an area out of the active shooter's view.
- BLOCK entry to your hiding place and lock the doors, if possible.
Take Action:
- AS A LAST RESORT and ONLY when your life is in imminent danger.
- Attempt to incapacitate the active shooter.
- Act with physical aggression and throw items at the active shooter.
What to do when Law Enforcement Arrives:
Remain calm, and follow officers' instructions.
- Immediately raise hands and spread fingers.
- Keep hands visible at all times.
- Avoid making quick movements towards officers such as attempting to hold on to them for safety.
- Avoid pointing, screaming and/or yelling.
- DO NOT stop to ask officers for help or direction when evacuating, just proceed in the direction from which officers are entering the premises.
Remove anyone from danger, close door to confine smoke and fire.
Notify the College Police Department or activate the nearest pull station.
Take immediate action to control the fire with available firefighting equipment only if properly trained.
Proceed immediately to a safe exit and begin to evacuate unless told otherwise by emergency personnel. DO NOT open any door that appears or feels hot.
DO NOT return to your area for personal belongings. If smoke is present, stay low. Best air quality is near the floor. If you are in an elevator when the alarm sounds,
DO NOT push the emergency stop button.
If smoke is present, stay low. Best air quality is near the floor.
If you are in an elevator when the alarm sounds, DO NOT push the emergency stop button. If trapped
If trapped in your office/classroom:
- Wedge cloth materials along the bottom of the door.
- Close as many doors as possible between you and the fire.
If you catch on fire:
- STOP where you are, DROP to the ground, and ROLL over to smother the flames.
Bomb Threat
If you receive a telephone threat:
- Keep the caller on the line as long as possible.
- Listen carefully. Note the time of the call, the telephone number called and the caller's number if possible.
- Write down any pertinent information such as background noises, gender of caller, and voice pitches and patterns.
- Ask the caller the following questions:
- Where is the bomb?
- When will it explode?
- What does the bomb look like?
- What kind of bomb is it?
- Name and motive?
- Are you an employee or student?
- Immediately notify the Public Safety.
- Always err on the side of safety by evacuating the area if there is any possible danger.
Medical Emergency
- Immediately notify the Public Safety Office, X3333
- Send someone to the building entrance to guide first responders.
- Do not attempt to move the victim.
- Do not render first aid unless trained.
- Comfort victim.
Campus Violence
If you are a victim or witness, call Public Safety IMMEDIATELY by dialing 911 from any classroom or office phone or by activating an emergency call box.
Advise the dispatcher of the following:
- Your name, location, and type of violence.
- Be prepared to answer questions related to injuries, weapons and information about the attacker.
If campus violence with serious injury/ risk of death occurs:
- Secure in place away from the assailant(s). Lock door if possible.
- DO NOT leave the secured area unless prompted to do so by Public Safety.
- Call 911 IMMEDIATELY and be prepared to notify them of your location.
If confronted by a threatening person:
- Leave the area/get out of harm's way. Secure in place and lock door if possible.
- Call 911.
If unable to leave the area:
- Stay at a safe distance.
- Try to get the attention of a fellow student/co-worker so they can call 911.
- Listen to the individual, letting them do most of the talking.
- Use delaying techniques to give the individual the opportunity to calm down.
- Be reassuring and point out choices.
Hazardous Materials
All chemical fires and spills, no matter how small, should be reported to the Public Safety Office, X3333.
If a chemical spill occurs:
- If chemicals contact your skin, immediately flush affected area with water for 15 minutes. Remove contaminated clothing.
- Evacuate the area if needed.
Blood-borne Pathogen Contamination:
- DO NOT come into contact.
- If you come into contact, immediately wash to avoid spreading.
If a tornado warning is issued:
- Proceed to an interior room or corridor and crouch near the floor, covering your head.
- Stay away from windows, mirrors, glass, and large unsecured objects such as filing cabinets.
DO NOT use elevators.
- If requested, assist persons with disabilities to the shelter area on the same floor.
- Remain in the shelter area until the College Police issues a "All Clear".
Power Outage/Gas
If a power outage occurs:
- If possible call Facility Services, X3922 and advise them of your location and nature of problem.
- Provide assistance to others in your area that may not be familiar with the building/workspace.
- Turn off equipment such as computers and monitors to avoid potential serious damage once the power is restored.
- If you are in a dark area, proceed to an area with emergency lights or natural lighting.
- If you are on an elevator, stay calm. Use the emergency button or telephone to alert Facility Services, x3922.
If you suspect a gas leak:
- Immediately evacuate the area.
- Call 911 from a campus phone or Public Safety x3333.
- DO NOT turn on or ignite any electronic device or electrical equipment.


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"To tell you the truth, it's not as easy of a process as you may think that you're going to know exactly what that pipe is and the attributes of that pipe," Sumwalt said. "We have seen in other pipeline explosions where we go and we're told that the pipe is one thing and we find out it's another.
"I don't want to stand here and tell you what we've heard," Sumwalt said. "I want to make sure that, before I release that information, that we actually have a great deal of confidence that's what it is."
On Friday, Peter Knudson, a spokesman for the NTSB, circulated the PHMSA order to reporters covering the Sissonville explosion but would not say if the pipeline data contained in it matched what the NTSB has found so far.
"Our investigators are still in the processes of confirming the age of the segment of pipeline that ruptured," Knudson said. "We expect to include that determination in the preliminary report."
The preliminary report is due out 30 days after the initial incident, or by Jan. 11.
"Given the volume of information that we request from all the entities involved in a major accident," Knudson said, "it is not at all unusual for there to be some pieces of information that will be refined or corrected as the investigation progresses."
Following a September 2010 natural gas transmission pipeline explosion that killed eight people in San Bruno, Calif., pipeline operator Pacific Gas and Electric told the NTSB that the pipe involved was seamless. NTSB investigators later learned that it was made up of six short segments, known as "pups," that were welded together.
In a 153-page report on the San Bruno disaster, the NTSB found that the explosion was caused by a fracture of one of those six pipe sections, and that fabrication of the sections in 1956 "would not have met generally accepted industry quality control and welding standards then in effect, indicating that the standards were either overlooked or ignored."
NTSB investigators found a variety of problems with PG&E's recordkeeping, and with the database used to track pipeline specifications for purposes of determining the integrity of the system and the need for maintenance or replacements.
"There is a very high and very clear expectation from the regulator that the operator knows their lines, knows the risk and appropriately assesses and deals with those risks," Hersman said. "What we see in accidents is that that hasn't happened."
In the interview Wednesday, Hersman said the NTSB is especially concerned about pipelines put into service before 1970, which are "grandfathered in" and don't have to be hydrostatically tested and often can't be examined with in-line integrity devices, known as "pigs." About half the nation's pipelines fall into the pre-1970 category, she said.
"There is a very real safety concern with pipes that are older and have been subject to less-stringent requirements," Hersman said.
The NTSB has recommended eliminating the grandfather provision for hydrostatic testing and requiring that all lines be in-line tested, but those measures were not part of a pipeline safety bill passed by Congress last year and signed into law by President Obama in January.
The PHMSA order contains a few other bits of information, including times for the explosion and the gas flow shutdown, that conflict slightly from what the NTSB previously reported.
The NTSB had said the explosion occurred at 12:41 p.m., and that NiSource crews were not able to manually shut off the flow of gas to the fire until 1:45 p.m. The PHMSA order says the explosion occurred at 12:43 p.m., and that one end of the pipeline was shut off manually at 1:20 p.m. and the other at 1:40 p.m.
NTSB officials have said conflicting times are common in investigations of such incidents, because computers and clocks in various locations aren't synchronized.
The PHMSA report said the pipeline failure "resulted in the release and ignition of an undetermined amount of gas and created two flame plumes." It said 3 homes were destroyed, another seriously damaged and several others damaged.
"We were so fortunate in this accident that there were not fatalities and a number of serious injuries," Hersman said. "From the team that was on the scene, there was a great deal of devastation. We don't want to see this happen again in another community in West Virginia."
Reach Ken Ward Jr. at kw...@wvgazette.com or 304-348-1702.


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For Immediate Release July 7, 2006 |
Public Information Office 310 Owen Hall, Campus PO 1820 Asheville, NC 28804-8507 828/251-6526 - FAX: 828/251-6677 web: http://www.unca.edu/news e-mail: email@example.com |
UNC Asheville Offers Online Education Course for Lateral Entry Middle School TeachersUNC Asheville will offer an online education course for lateral entry middle school teachers as part of the University's regular summer curriculum. The 300-level class will be conducted completely online from July 10-August 30. Students will earn three credit hours toward licensure. "Middle School Principals and Practices for Lateral Entry Teachers" is designed for those who have had their own classrooms and are seeking alternative licensing through the Regional Licensing Center. The course will emphasize the developmental goals of the curriculum and methods of instruction appropriate for middle-grade students; assessment of student learning; and materials appropriate for middle school students. This online course is designed to teach the theory and components of middle-level education as well as introduce students to the many resources that are available. To complete the course, students will be required to interview with school personnel, complete selected readings and respond via online modules and engage in a course project. In-state tuition is $207.06 and out-of-state tuition is $1,199.79. There is a $20 non-refundable application fee for new students. For more information or to register, call UNC Asheville's Office of Extension and Distance Education at 828/232-5122 or click on www.unca.edu/distedu/ce/lateral.html. Media Contacts:


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Hunting Traditions
1 Attachment(s)
As the title says, Hunting traditions. Well, just what does that mean?
A Tradition is defined as : noun Something, such as a doctrine, belief, custom, story, etc, that is passed on from generation to generation, especially orally or by example; The action or process of handing down something in this way. An established, standard or usual practice or custom. Thesaurus: custom, institution, convention, ritual, way, habit. From the Latin traditio = handing over. Therefore a Hunting Tradition is something about hunting or something done while hunting that has become a traditional way of hunting within a family, or culture. For us, as individuals, it might be nothing more than reading up on the latest statistics on the area we are about to hunt in. It might be going back to that same area or farmland season after season. A particular type of scent we use or do not use; the wearing of a particular cap, our Lucky cap for instance. It might even be the act of taking our sons or daughters out for their first hunt. I am sure that if we were to take a poll of our club members, we could come up with an extensive list! So, this is a story about my families hunting tradition. Well, at least while I was a little boy because as I grew older, the new generation didnt hunt, so it fell by the wayside many years ago. My great Uncles & Aunts hunted, but my Grandfather and Stepfather didnt. So, I was exposed to hunting very rarely while growing up. But when I was exposed to it, my Uncles had a very strict tradition. My Uncles on my Grandmothers side were all of German decent (my mother had no brothers so all of my uncles were of the Great category). I never knew much about my fathers side of the family but they also were of German decent. All of the hunting I was exposed to was always up at my Great Aunt Marys farm in McGregor Iowa. Hunting up on the farm was a yearly ritual; another kind of farm tradition. Since my Aunt & Uncle had seven boys of hunting age, it was a veritable hunting squad that went out every day. And since the farm was self-sustaining, hunting the deer was a wintertime necessity. The hunting day always started well before dawn. Great Aunt Mary always made sure that a heavy breakfast was waiting for them. After breakfast, the checking of all the gear and weapons began and when they completed that, they would draw out their hunting knives and holding the them by the blade, point down they would stand facing east, press the handle of the knife against their foreheads a say a short prayer into the cross the hunting knife. Once done, they would sheath their knives, pick up their gear and head out the door. I never did actually hear what their prayer was, its just that for a young boy, the whole ritualistic way they did things sticks in my mind. I was too young to go on the hunts as I was only about ten then. When the day was over, they would come back to the farm and I could see them coming in one at a time or in pairs having met down at the gate. They would stop at the back of the work shed by the barn and clear their rifles. They all would always stop in the mud room to clean off their boots and gear. I could hear them stomping their feet and the bump as the boots hit the floor. I could hear them place their rifles in the cabinet next to the coat rack. Each and every one would do the same as they did before they went out, they would draw their knives and say a prayer, then sheath them and hang the belts on the coat racks. There was always a hot drink waiting for them, hot chocolate, hot cider or cinnamon laced scalded milk and sometimes for the older men, warm blackberry brandy. After a short while when all had returned, dinner was served and the days tales began flowing like milk from an endless picture. Even after dinner there were still stories to tell by the roaring fire the girls had built in the main room. Some stories about the ones they saw tracks of, but never got close to, stories about the HUGE BUCK that bolted just as the raised their rifle, and stories of the ones they shot at but got away. Of course, the stories about the one they got that day and how they did it. Years later, as I grew to hunting age, I found out that they never used a blind. Great Uncle believed that it was taking advantage of a semi-stupid animal. He also got mad at any of the boys who used more than two shots on the deer. Yes, there were questions forming in my head . I wanted to understand just why he thought this way. This day, there are two doe out in the smoke shed, waiting for rendering. Small, but enough meat for now says my Uncle. I glean from the conversations and stories that Uncle wants at least six more to round out the winter larder. It seems he is used to taking about a dozen a season, so two is just not enough. And, he hopes they can get that many before the heaviest of the snows hit for the year. Up till now, there was just a light dusting on the fields. The hunting ritual repeats itself for many more days, and the stories are getting repetitive but, for a ten year old, each and every one is just as exciting as the last one. I, since I am too young to hunt, have been helping render the harvested deer. Great Aunt Mary directs this task like a conductor of a orchestra. NO..NO Cut that from here to here, take that in to the kitchen , put that over in the corner.. and so forth. It was the girls job to take the meat into the kitchen and prepare some of it for freezing, some of it for smoking and jerking and some of it for sausage and Blood Loaf. I know that many of you have rendered a deer, so you know that it can be a daunting task; but Great Aunt Mary could do it with her eyes closed and in record time too!. My curiosity had been getting the better of me, so instead of waiting to ask Uncle, I asked Aunt Mary Aunt Mary, why do they say a prayer into their knives?? This stops work her cold, but she is not disturbed by the question and softly says .. They pray for a safe hunt, for a swift kill and a safe return A swift Kill? I ask.. Yes, Hon They pray that the deer will not suffer overmuch when we kill it. Is that why Uncle gets mad when they shoot more than once Yes Hon, it is you see, if the deer is not downed on the first shot, they may run and then suffer more if they fall and break a leg it is better that they go down on the first shot and then are dispatched with those Hirshfangers they carry I am REALLY curious now .. Hirshfanger I stumble over the new, strange word It is Hearsh Faunger in the German tongue, it means Hunting Dagger. You see, many years ago our family was still in Germany and my Grandfather, your Great Great Grandfather was the local town hunting master. Hunting master? Yes, Hon . In those days, each town had a hunting master, he worked either for the town itself or for the local Baron. It was his job to act as a game warden in the forest around the town to guard against poaching of the animals I didnt really know just what poaching was but I held my tongue just then so she could continue. He would also hunt and bring in game for the town larder, which might be shared among the people or used in the local inn. He also led formal hunts in which a group of townspeople could get together and hunt for their own food, and he would make sure that they hunting honorably and didnt take too many deer, or ones that were either too young or sick.. He could tell at a glance, your Great Grandfather was very revered by the townsfolk and the local Baron too!.. Why, once, the Baron gave your Great Grandfather a custom made Hirshfanger to honor him for all the good work he had done in the Barons service. Your uncle carries it with him now. When did our family come here? What do you mean by Baron? What do you use a Hirshfanger for? How could he tell which deer were sick? and a couple of dozen other questions virtually leaped from my mouth . OK..OK I will tell you all, just let me catch my breath .. and dont stop working, we havent got all day you know! .She said, but with humor in her voice and I think that she was actually glad for the questions about our family. I was born in this country and am the youngest of ten of my older brothers and sisters, but the four oldest were born in Germany in a little village in the black forest. It is gone now, it was destroyed during the war. There isnt even a sign where the village use to be. Grandfather brought the family here during the hard times in the last century, the times just before the First World War. You see, Great Grandfather was becoming disillusioned with the policies of the government and he criticized the Kaiser, so that got him in trouble with the local Bergermiester and since they started not letting him hunt, he couldnt feed his family, so, his only choice was to leave. One of his brothers, your Great Great Uncle William was already here in America in a town called Brownsville; so, he brought the family to there and a few years later bought farmland in lower Illinois. They came in about 1896 or maybe it was 1897, but it was well before the war broke out. Two of your Great Uncles fought in the American Army in Belgium during WWI; only one came home, brother Gregor was wounded and then killed by the flu epidemic while he was in the hospital and never came home. I think he is buried in Belgium someplace. I could hear the pain in her voice, but she quickly picked up the tone and pace.. Well, Brownsville is where I was born and when I grew up, I met your great Uncle and we moved up here, close to his family. They had farms all around here when I was a little girl. Ahhh, but most of them are gone now. What about the Hirshfanger Aunt Mary? Oh yes, lets not forget about that! she said with a just a little mocking tone in her voice; Aunt Mary knew how young boys liked to hear things about weapons. Well lets see .. well.. remember when you asked just why Uncle got mad if the boys used more than one shot..?? yes??.. well It goes all the way back to the hunting tradition of your Great Great Grandfather. In those days, the cost of bullets for the rifle was very, very expensive .. the times were hard and money short and there were many people starving in the larger cites so every shot had to count when hunting. Grandfather used a rifle called a Drilling. He had two types of drillings, one had two side by side rifle barrels and a shotgun barrel under them; and the other one he used for hunting birds and it was the opposite, it had two shotgun barrels side by side with a rifle barrel under them. Now . Since it was considered a great honor to be a hunting master and to have a drilling , let alone TWO of them was a great honor indeed. But Grandfather never used more than one bullet to take a deer or a boar, if he missed, then the cost of replacing the bullet fell on him, and from the stories my mother used to tell, he very rarely missed. He was considered the best shot in the four warrens. His hunting dagger was special too. Most Hunting masters didnt start out a master at all. When a young man showed promise when using a rifle, he was bound to a hunting master to learn the trade and if he was good enough, he might even become a hunting master himself in time. The first kill won you a little medal or acorn shaped lapel pin which showed everyone that you were learning and a good shot. After a few of these, the hunting master would guide you to a particularly large deer to see if you could handle it. If you did, than upon reporting to the townspeople that you were now considered a Jaeger (hunter) the town would give you a hunting dagger blade. Some of these were just a plain blade with no markings, some had the name of the town engraved on them with hunting scenes and so forth. They wouldnt have a handle on them, it was expected that you would make the handle from the antler of the deer you had taken and a sheath from the skin. Sometimes, if you were really good, like your Grandfather was, the local Baron would present a complete dagger and sheath to you; but most of the time, the hunter had to build the dagger himself. It was a great honor to carry a Hirshfanger on your belt. Also, some of the little acorn pins would he set into the handle of the dagger for decoration When he shot an animal, sometimes the bullet would not kill it right away. Then he would approach the animal and dispatch it with the Hirshfanger. One great thrust to the heart to finish it. Your Great Grandfather would always say a short prayer before killing an animal, especially a deer. I think it was God knows that I only take your life so that others might live or something to that effect. So now . Any more questions?.. we are almost done here and we have to get cleaned up and get dinner on soon I had been so fully wrapped up in her words and visions of deer and wild boar and the thrill of the chase, even if it was just in my mind, that I also forgot a question.. But the wonderful fog lifts and I ask Yes Aunt Mary Great Grandfathers rifles those Drillings may I see one?? No, Hon sadly, those are the first things the town took from him before he came to America . Oh Then . Can I see Uncles dagger later today? Yes Hon I will make sure he shows you his dagger . We finish our work and go to clean up a little. I am soon involved with the evening chores with my cousin, we have to feed the milk cattle in the barn before dinner and bring in more wood for the fires, so off we go to do our work, all the while, visions of hunting race through my mind. The evening tradition continues, and tonight, all seven have deer they took so there will be stories till the late hours of the evening. For a young boy, its a story time smorgasbord! Dinner is over and the men retire to the great room for hot drinks and stories. Aunt Mary whispers is Uncles ear and he give her a strong look! Usually the kind of look he gives just before he complains about something. But, just as fast, it passes and gets up to leave the room. Soon, he comes back and says in that large voice of his.. SO you want to see my knife eh??.. well . Dont cut yourself And he hands it to me, and my cousin sits just a bit closer to see also. The sheath is worn but clean. It looks as if he uses shoe polish on it regularly. The sheath tip is a slightly tarnished brass as is the pommel and hilt. The cross hilt is curved and ends in the shape of an acorn. The side of the hilt has a sea shell shaped fan that drops just below the top of the sheath. It is worn as show some small dents in it, but nothing that detracts from its overall beauty. The blade is engraved with hunting scenes on one side, a deer being taken down by a mountain lion. The other side has Oak leaves and acorns all down the blade. The blade is about fifteen inches long and looks like a bayonet. That is, one edge is sharp as it can be and the other edge only goes about half way up the blade. The whole thing is about twenty-two to twenty-four inches long. A large knife that borderlines on a short sword. My cousin and I share holding and generally fondling the dagger for a long while. Just as the stories start to end, Uncle gently takes it from us and puts it back on the hook in the hallway. There to be ready for another days hunting. So . That my friends is a story about a family hunting tradition. I do not hunt very much any more, but even if I just go out with my son and his friends, I carry a Hirshfanger just like Uncle and Great Great Grandfather did those many long years ago. However mine was bought, not passed down to. But, it IS a German Hunting Dagger from Solingen, just like those of old. Mine is a bit worn also now, but, for your pleasure, here is a picture of what is being sold today by the very same people that make the blade of Great Grandfathers. I hope that you enjoyed the story, it brings many old memories back to me. out... |
Re: Hunting Traditions
Great story! Thanx for sharing it with us !
While I don't have any stories such as that, I quess i do have a hunting tradition. My grandfather always wore a specif kind of hat hunting or just "going to town". While i never actually got to hunt with him, I have always worn that same style of hat. It's by no means a modern desgn with some name on it. It's not a typical baseball cap style like most wear hunting. It's just an old hat with a 360* brim. Lightweight too. It's the only hat I'll wear hunting regardless of when and where I am. We also have a tradition whereby we alsways park in the same spot that grandpa always parked. We still hunt the same area of woods he did some 50 yrs ago. Waiting to get the chance to go there with my hat and his old Ithica shotgun I now have and make the circle complete. Next yr. :) |
Re: Hunting Traditions
Thanks very moving
Re: Hunting Traditions
Thanks for your kind words gentlemen.....
out... |
Re: Hunting Traditions
Thanks for a fine story, Mith. :) :)
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Splendiferous! Share your favorites and earn zulily credit. see detailsconnect
Enjoy the full flavors and tantalizing aromas of a well-crafted brew with these beer glasses that have been especially designed to bring out the best qualities of each pilsner. This elegant set adds beauty to each sip while the durable design makes it easy to slip into the dishwasher when done.


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Modern Combat 4 - Black Soldier of Seattle Color ver. by PandoraBox
added Dec 7th 2012
3D › Characters
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Artist's Comments
This is a character from the Modern Combat 4 game. It's a Middle-Res realtime version. It was a big challenge and lot of technical constraints, i tried to optimize it.
Just to clarify something, i reused the gun from the project to put the character in the pose situation. And also some equipment that I haven't done by myself, but transformed and readjusted them to the character.
The project siteweb:


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Look at all of these rumors surrounding me every day… But it's not everyday that you hear one that is as juicy ( and ridiculously lopsided in favor of the Bobcats ) as this one.
The Denver Nuggets are having serious discussions about a four-way trade that would land Carmelo Anthony with the New Jersey Nets, according to sources with knowledge of the negotiations.
The proposed deal, sources said, also would involve the Utah Jazz and the Charlotte Bobcats. It would deliver Nets rookie forward Derrick Favors, Jazz veteran Andrei Kirilenko and multiple first-round picks to Denver in exchange for their franchise player, potentially bringing a resolution to Anthony's uncertain future before the Nuggets hold their first practice of the new season.
Sources told ESPN.com that the deal, which has yet to be finalized, also would send former All-Star point guard Devin Harris to Charlotte, with Bobcats forward Boris Diaw moving to Utah.
The four teams, said one source close to the talks, are "seriously engaged" after extensive talks Thursday.
We are keeping our ears open for anything else that we hear on this potential deal and we promise that we will provide updates as soon as we hear anything.
The members of our forum are salivating at the possibility of this deal happening.
How do you feel about it?


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Swimming & Diving
Freshman: Anchored the 400-medley relay team (3:31.00) which finished third against Notre Dame ... Competed in the Big Ten Championships. Prep: Four-year letterwinner ... High school team was undefeated in Lessard's career (49-0) ... Earned All-America accolades senior season. Personal: Born June 14, 1987 ... Son of Arthur and Linda Lessard ... Both parents are MSU alumni ... Father participated in track ... Brother David also swims at MSU ... No preference major. |
SHOP NOWat the official


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The Water Spirit did forget that Winter had set a sparkling trap
Within the diamond bottle, the potion had the power to set the lake to ice with one spilled drop
The curious sprite was tricked and lays now waiting within a frosted tomb
A season spent beneath the ice
Check out my website Ginger Kelly Studio for more info about my artwork
Model is my youngest brother. For a full list of stock image credits, visit my gallery on deviantArt
winter, ice, fantasy, faerie, spirit, ghost, creepy, halloween, scary, dark, mystery, blue, autumn, fall, seasons, lake, pond, frozen, trapped in ice, boy, cold, frost
Lauren is a struggling artist and hopeless romantic who lives in the mountain rainforests and swims in the rivers of Upper Orara, NSW, Australia.
Please visit her website to make her happy
View Full ProfileFantastic work and one that produces chills (not simply because of the ice)…
thankyou! it does freak some people out…even my brother who posed for this piece finds it a little disturbing ;) But that's the effect I wanted to create so I'm glad to see it is making its mark on viewers imaginations!
– gingerkelly
Waw ! very beautiful !
thankyou very much xxx
– gingerkelly
Cool artwork, Ginger!!! Nice job!!!! ;)
thankyou :)
– gingerkelly
Amazing work
thankyou :)
– gingerkelly
thankyou Donna! xxx
– gingerkelly
OMG!! This is outstanding!!
thankyou so much Rosemary xxx
– gingerkelly
so symbolic to the way it can feel when a person has been "iced out;" it is so suffocating. brilliant art!
thankyou so much Dee :)
– gingerkelly
hauntingly beautiful reminds me of the Kate Bush song " under the Ice "
thanks very much!
– gingerkelly
thankyou :)
– gingerkelly
Many CONGRATULATIONS on your fabulous home page feature,
STUNNING work,
regards Ann
– gingerkelly


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Citation Gitlin, L., Corcoran, M., Winter, L., Boyce, A. & Hauck, W. (2001). A randomized, controlled trial of a home environmental intervention: Effect on efficacy and upset in caregivers and on daily function of persons with dementia. The Gerontologist, 41(1), 4-14.
Design Randomized controlled study
Participants The participants of this study were N=171 family caregivers of dementia patients
Outcome / Dependent Variables Outcomes related to care receivers: frequency of occurrence of behavioral problems (measured on Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist), level of dependency in ADLs (measured on Functional Independence Measure), and level of dependency of IADLs (measured on modified Functional Independence Measure).
Outcomes related to caregivers: self-efficacy (Haley, et al), upset in managing dementia behaviors, and IADL & ADL dependence.
Procedure Intervention involved five (5) 90-min home visits by occupational therapists who provided education, social interactions, and environmental modifications.
Outcomes Analyses showed a trend toward improvement in all areas for the experimental group, but these minimal effects were not statistically significant, compared to controls, participants in the intervention group reported fewer declines in patients' IADLs, less decline in self-care and fewer behavior problems in patients at 3-mo post-test.
In the intervention group: Spouses reported reduced upset, women reported enhanced self-efficacy in managing behaviors and women / minorities reported enhanced self-efficacy in managing functional dependency.
Author Gitlin, L., Corcoran, M., Winter, L., Boyce, A. & Hauck, W.
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Gift ideaSeason ticketsOpera season tickets Premières & Dernières Week Weekend Matinee Flexible season tickets Opera programme subscriptionDance and theatre season ticketsConcert & recital season tickets Concert series Recital series À la carteSeason tickets for young people under age 30 OpassSeason ticket office |
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Payments may be made in two instalments. A € 5 fee is added to all the prices mentioned. If you wish to complete your season ticket by purchasing one or more additional opera tickets, you can book these tickets with priority from 15 June 2013. Please note that this season everyone will be able to buy tickets for the first part of the season from 22 June and tickets for the rest of the season from 5 October 2013. Opera programme subscription |


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Heartspring World Reach includes professional training and consultation, participation in international conferences and workshops, and collaboration with pioneering and innovative individuals and organizations in other countries.
Our goal is to provide, training, support and recognition to those seeking assistance and education from around the globe, and our vision is to improve the quality of life for children with special needs anywhere they may be found.
Sadly, estimates by the World Health Organization state that some 200 million children are living with some form of a disability and that 80% of them are from developing countries. The support that we can offer to developing programs worldwide can have a tremendous impact on their ability to meet this growing need.


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Iron Poisoning (cont.) Medical Author:
Douglas S Lee, MD
Ruben Olmedo, MD
Medical Editor:
Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD
Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhDDr. Charles "Pat" Davis, MD, PhD, is a board certified Emergency Medicine doctor who currently practices as a consultant and staff member for hospitals. He has a PhD in Microbiology (UT at Austin), and the MD (Univ. Texas Medical Branch, Galveston). He is a Clinical Professor (retired) in the Division of Emergency Medicine, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, and has been the Chief of Emergency Medicine at UT Medical Branch and at UTHSCSA with over 250 publications. IN THIS ARTICLE
When to Seek Medical CareCall a doctor, local poison control center, or go directly to the closest hospital's emergency department if you suspect a child has swallowed iron-containing vitamins, even if the child shows no symptoms. Bring the container that lists the strengths with you. If you find a child among iron pills or pill containers, or a child tells you he or she has swallowed pills, take the child to a hospital's emergency department because symptoms may not have had time to develop. Next Page: Must Read Articles Related to Iron Poisoning
Poison Proofing Your Home
Poison proofing your home is one of the most important ways to protect your family and pets from an accidental poisoning from solids (pills, plants, fertilizers...learn more >>
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Iron is an importantphysiological element that is essential for multiple metabolic processes, including oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and electron transport.


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NILES - Visiting with Santa Claus each Christmas season is a rite of passage for many children. But for those with autism and others highly sensitive to noise, light and sound, the process can be overwhelming.
The Autism Society of the Mahoning Valley and the Eastwood Mall collaborated to offer a photo event from 8 to 11 a.m. Sunday in the main concourse for children and young adults with special needs.
"For one day, we will open up early, turn off the holiday lights and music, and help kids meet Santa on their terms," Christa Blasko, marketing director at the Eastwood Mall Complex, said.
The program is modeled after a Sensitive Santa program started in 2008 by a mall in Dayton, she said. This is the first time it has been offered in the Mahoning Valley, she said.
"There will be no lines, no crowds, no music, but lots of fun," Blasko said.
"This modified environment is set up to support the sensory, physical and other developmental needs of kids with all abilities," says Aundria Cika, director of the Mahoning Valley office of the Autism Society of Ohio.
She said for individuals on the autism spectrum, being surrounded by the standard loud holiday music, bright lights and crowds of people can be an extremely difficult experience for both the child and the parents. In addition, since many of children are nonverbal, communicating with an elf can also be a challenge.
The event is free and professional photo packages will be available for purchase. Reservations are limited at www.autismohio.org/mahoningvalley, or by calling 330-746-4082.


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Definition of babesiosis in English:
Line breaks: ba¦besi|osisPronunciation: /bəˌbiːzɪˈəʊsɪs
(also babesiasis /ˌbɑːbɪˈzʌɪəsɪs/)
- A disease of cattle and other livestock, transmitted by the bite of ticks. It affects the red blood cells and causes the passing of red or blackish urine. Also called piroplasmosis, redwater, or murrain.
- The disease is caused by protozoans of the genus Babesia, phylum Sporozoa
More example sentences- Southern cattle had acquired immunity to bovine babesiosis - the disease transmitted by these ticks.
- Tick-borne diseases in the United States include Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, tularemia, babesiosis, Colorado tick fever, and relapsing fever.
- For example, I. scapularis may transmit ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease, and babesiosis.
early 20th century: from modern Latin Babesia, from the name Victor Babès (1854–1926), Romanian bacteriologist.
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Pronunciation: ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈtɛrɪk
likely to be understood by the general public


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Louis Sanders Peter M. Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
APTA David L. Strickland, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
SECRETARY Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
Christopher W. Jenks Polly Trottenberg, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S.DOT
TRB Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
Barry R. Wallerstein, Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District,
Diamond Bar, CA
*Membership as of July 2011. *Membership as of June 2011.
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Improving Safety-Related
Rules Compliance in the Public
Transportation Industry
Judith Gertler
Amanda DiFiore
Waltham, MA
Gordon Hadlow
Fort Collins, CO
Alan Lindsey
Lantana, TX
Roy Meenes
Carlsbad, CA
Subscriber Categories
Public Transportation
Research sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation
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The nation's growth and the need to meet mobility, environmental, Project A-34
and energy objectives place demands on public transit systems. Current ISSN 1073-4872
systems, some of which are old and in need of upgrading, must expand ISBN 978-0-309-21355-4
service area, increase service frequency, and improve efficiency to serve Library of Congress Control Number 2011938000
these demands. Research is necessary to solve operating problems, to � 2011 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to intro-
duce innovations into the transit industry. The Transit Cooperative
Research Program (TCRP) serves as one of the principal means by
which the transit industry can develop innovative near-term solutions COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
to meet demands placed on it. Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
The need for TCRP was originally identified in TRB Special Report
published or copyrighted material used herein.
213--Research for Public Transit: New Directions, published in 1987
Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
and based on a study sponsored by the Urban Mass Transportation
publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
Administration--now the Federal Transit Administration (FTA). A understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA,
report by the American Public Transportation Association (APTA), FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product,
Transportation 2000, also recognized the need for local, problem- method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for
educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of
solving research. TCRP, modeled after the longstanding and success- any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission
ful National Cooperative Highway Research Program, undertakes from CRP.
research and other technical activities in response to the needs of tran-
sit service providers. The scope of TCRP includes a variety of transit
research fields including planning, service configuration, equipment,
facilities, operations, human resources, maintenance, policy, and
The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Transit Cooperative Research
administrative practices.
Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the
TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992. Pro- Governing Board of the National Research Council.
posed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, TCRP was autho-
The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this
rized as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
of 1991 (ISTEA). On May 13, 1992, a memorandum agreement out- The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to
lining TCRP operating procedures was executed by the three cooper- procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved
by the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
ating organizations: FTA, the National Academies, acting through the
Transportation Research Board (TRB); and the Transit Development The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the
researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation
Corporation, Inc. (TDC), a nonprofit educational and research orga- Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors.
nization established by APTA. TDC is responsible for forming the
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
independent governing board, designated as the TCRP Oversight and Council, and the sponsors of the Transit Cooperative Research Program do not endorse
Project Selection (TOPS) Committee. products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because
Research problem statements for TCRP are solicited periodically but they are considered essential to the object of the report.
may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility
of the TOPS Committee to formulate the research program by identi-
fying the highest priority projects. As part of the evaluation, the TOPS
Committee defines funding levels and expected products.
Once selected, each project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed
by the Transportation Research Board. The panels prepare project state-
ments (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide techni-
cal guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process
for developing research problem statements and selecting research
agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooperative research pro-
grams since 1962. As in other TRB activities, TCRP project panels serve
voluntarily without compensation.
Because research cannot have the desired impact if products fail to
reach the intended audience, special emphasis is placed on dissemi-
Published reports of the
nating TCRP results to the intended end users of the research: tran-
sit agencies, service providers, and suppliers. TRB provides a series TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
of research reports, syntheses of transit practice, and other support- are available from:
ing material developed by TCRP research. APTA will arrange for Transportation Research Board
workshops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure Business Office
that results are implemented by urban and rural transit industry 500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
The TCRP provides a forum where transit agencies can cooperatively and can be ordered through the Internet at
address common operational problems. The TCRP results support and http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
complement other ongoing transit research and training programs. Printed in the United States of America
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific
and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the
authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal
government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel
organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the
National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also
sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members
of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the
responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government
and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the
Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of
science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in
accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and
the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine.
Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta-
tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange,
conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board's varied activities annually engage about
7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia,
all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal
agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu-
als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org
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Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Dianne S. Schwager, Senior Program Officer
Jeff L. Oser, Senior Program Assistant
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Kami Cabral, Editor
Field of Operations
Mark Miller, Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, Washington, DC (Chair)
Melvin Clark, Capital Metro, Austin, TX
Bobby J. Griffin, Consultant, Flower Mound, TX
Ronald Heintzman, ATU International, Mt. Angel, OR
Paul W. King, California Public Utilities Commission, San Francisco, CA
Loren Lintner, Austin-Bergstrom International Airport, Austin, TX
Rodney P. Massman, Missouri DOT, Jefferson City, MO
Gerald P. McGill, Continental Airlines, Kirtland, OH
Terrence Spratt, Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, Philadelphia, PA
James A. Stem, Jr., United Transportation Union, Washington, DC
Joseph J. Vacek, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND
Gretchen Wolfe, Charlotte Area Transit System Rail Operations Division, Fort Mill, SC
David H. Wright, II, Chicago Transit Authority, Chicago, IL
Douglas Farrow, FAA Liaison
Miriam Kloeppel, FRA Liaison
Carole Ferguson, FTA Liaison
Kevin Dow, APTA Liaison
Jeffrey Marcus, NTSB Liaison
Rich Sampson, CTAA Liaison
Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison
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By Dianne S. Schwager
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
TCRP Report 149: Improving Safety-Related Rules Compliance in the Public Transportation
Industry was developed as a resource for improving safety-related rule compliance in
the public transportation industry. Transit agencies should view the practices as ideas for
consideration when looking for ways to improve an existing rules compliance program or
when designing a program for a new operation. This report will be of interest to public tran-
sit professionals who play a role in a transit agency's rules compliance program, including
the safety director, rules program officials, training director, or supervisors involved in daily
oversight of transit operations and maintenance.
The critical importance of safety to the public transportation industry makes compliance
with safety-related rules a key concern. Despite the industry's solid safety record, one major
accident stemming from rule noncompliance can call into question the safety of the entire
industry. While APTA's adoption of a voluntary standard for rule compliance in 2004 is an
important step, more remains to be done. Of particular concern are safety-related rules that
are designed to prevent high-consequence events, especially those where the public is
affected or where there may be harm to transit agency employees.
Safety-related rules apply to employees involved in the operation and maintenance of the
transit system. This includes vehicle operators, dispatchers, and other operations person-
nel, as well as those who maintain the vehicles and track infrastructure. With few excep-
tions, the practices described in this report are applicable to all public transit modes and are
scalable to the size of the transit agency.
QinetiQ North America conducted the research for TCRP Project A-34. The research
began with a comprehensive review of safety-related and organizational research that iden-
tified proven approaches for improving rules compliance in public transportation and other
safety-critical industries, including the railroad, aviation, trucking, motorcoach, and petro-
chemical industries. Using criteria relevant to public transportation, the research team
selected best practices for improving safety-related rule compliance.
Achieving safety-related rule compliance requires more than monitoring for noncompli-
ance and responding to it when it occurs. It requires preventive actions designed to encour-
age compliant behavior. This document suggests best practices for all of the elements of a
comprehensive approach to safety-related rules compliance. The categories of best prac-
tices, which correspond to the elements of a safety-related rules compliance program, are
the following:
� Screening and Selecting Employees
� Training and Testing
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� Communication
� Monitoring Rules Compliance
� Responding to Noncompliance
� Safety Management
The report also presents best practices for a prototype safety reporting system for public
transportation. The safety reporting systems for aviation, railroading, and firefighting as
well as two systems in the public transportation industry were investigated and were the
basis for the prototype safety reporting system. The focus of this investigation was on under-
standing how the safety reporting system was developed, stakeholder concerns during sys-
tem design, key features and provisions of each, and experiences to date.
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1 Chapter 1 Introduction
1 Intended Report Usage
2 Development of TCRP Report 149
2 How to Use TCRP Report 149
6 Chapter 2 Understanding Rules Noncompliance
6 Framework for Understanding Noncompliance
8 Perceptual Errors
8 Distraction
9 Workload
9 Fatigue
10 Workstation Design
10 Risk Taking
12 Training
14 Incentive and Discipline Programs
17 Measuring Compliance with Leading and Lagging Indicators
17 Safety Culture, Management, and Rules Compliance
21 Chapter 3 Classifying Noncompliance
22 Level I: Employee Noncompliance
27 Level II: Preconditions for Employee Noncompliance
29 Level III: Supervisory Factors
31 Level IV: Organizational and Regulatory Factors
33 Investigating the Causal and Contributing Factors of Safety-Related
Rules Noncompliance
39 Chapter 4 Best Practices You Can Use
39 Screening and Selecting Employees
39 Training and Testing
43 Communication
47 Monitoring Rules Compliance
56 Responding to Noncompliance
57 Safety Management
60 Chapter 5 Safety Reporting System Best Practices
60 Scalability of a Safety Reporting System
62 Stakeholder "Buy-In"
62 System Assurances
63 Pilot Implementation
63 Memorandum of Understanding
64 Reporting Process
65 Report Review Team
66 Review Process
66 Disseminating Safety Reporting System Information
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67 References
70 Abbreviations
72 Appendix A Rules Compliance Practices in Other Industries
83 Appendix B Rules Compliance Practices in the Public
Transportation Industry
92 Appendix C Safety Reporting Systems
109 Appendix D Rules Compliance Program Success Stories
115 Appendix E Effectiveness Metrics
Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale
for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.


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In addition, Joel satirizes pop culture and current events each week on E!'s "The Soup." His quick wit and sharp comedic timing have made "The Soup" a pop culture phenomenon. He also performs his stand-up act around the country to sold-out audiences.
Joel recently appeared in Seth MacFarlane's film "Ted," which is a live action tale of a boy and his teddy bear. Joel stars opposite Mark Walhberg, Mila Kunis and MacFarlane, playing a charming, but sleazy, boss to Kunis' character. He also recently appeared in the films "What's Your Number?" opposite Anna Faris, "The Big Year" with Steve Martin, Jack Black and Owen Wilson, and a "Spy Kids" reboot with Robert Rodriguez. Previously, Joel starred opposite Matt Damon in Steven Soderbergh's comedic thriller, "The Informant." He also hosted the 2011 Independent Spirit Awards.
Born in Rome and raised in Seattle, Wash., Joel was a history major at the University of Washington where he also was a member of their championship football team. In addition, Joel received his M.F.A. from UW's Actor's Training Program. He lives in Los Angeles with his wife, Sarah, and their two sons.


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Garry Marshall produced some of the most popular television shows in the 1970s, including The Odd Couple and Mork and Mindy. He also directed Pretty Woman.
Penny Marshall became a successful film director after starring in the sitcom Laverne and Shirley. Her works include Big and Riding in Cars With Boys.
Comedian and comedy writer Steve Martin found fame starring in such films as The Jerk,
Louis B. Mayer was a film mogul and the most influential person in Hollywood from the mid-1920s to the late-1940s.
Actress Melissa McCarthy starred as Sookie in the show Gilmore Girls. In 2011, she received an Oscar nomination for best supporting actress in the film Bridesmaids.
Scottish actor Ewan McGregor first received worldwide acclaim with his role in Trainspotting, and has since played Obi-Wan in the Star Wars prequel trilogy.
Steve McQueen is a British artist, director and screenwriter best known for his films Hunger, Shame and 12 Years a Slave, which won the Academy Award for best picture.
English stage and film director Sam Mendes won an Oscar for American Beauty, and went on to direct films like Jarhead, Revolutionary Road and Skyfall.
Producer Ismail Merchant ran Merchant Ivory Productions with James Ivory. Their film, A Room with a View, won three Academy Awards.
John Mills was an award-winning actor, dancer and producer whose career spanned eight decades with works like Great Expectations and Ryan's Daughter.
Anthony Minghella was an Academy Award-winning director best known for his adaptation of Michael Ondaatje's The English Patient. Released in 1996, the film claimed the Oscar for best picture in 1997.
Married to Judy Garland and father to Liza Minnelli, film director Vincente Minnelli infused a new sophistication and vitality into movie musicals of the 1940s and '50s.
With her husky voice and beauty, Demi Moore was a fixture in 'Brat Pack' movies of the 1980s, such as St. Elmo's Fire and About Last Night.
Roger Moore is a British actor best known for his role as James Bond in seven films from 1973-'85.
The U.K.'s Samantha Morton is an Academy Award-nominated actress known for films that include Sweet and Lowdown, In America, Morvern Callar and Synecdoche.
Silent film director F.W. Murnau created the first major vampire film with 1924's Nosferatu, based on the novel Dracula by Bram Stroker.
Actor and comedian Eddie Murphy began doing stand-up as a teenager. He became a popular Saturday Night Live cast member and starred in several box-office hits.
Ryan Murphy is the creator of the popular American television programs Nip/Tuck, Glee, American Horror Story and The New Normal.
Mike Nichols is an American theater and film director best known for his 1967 classic, The Graduate. He's won Emmy, Oscar, Tony and Grammy awards—and is one of only 14 to do so.
Christopher Nolan is an innovative film director and screenwriter who's helmed several early 21st century megahits, including Memento, Inception and The Dark Knight Rises.
Clifford Odets was the leading dramatist of the theater of social protest in the United States during the 1930s. He helped form the influential Group Theatre.
Gary Oldman is an English actor and film director whose edgy, intense style has brought him acclaim in such hits as Sid and Nancy, JFK, and The Dark Knight.
British playwright John Osborne's Look Back in Anger ushered in a new movement in British drama and made him known as the first of the "Angry Young Men."
Puppeteer Frank Oz is the man behind such iconic characters as Yoda, Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Grover, and Animal. He's also directed several films.
American actor Al Pacino has kept moviegoers riveted since the 1970s, with roles in movies like The Godfather, Serpico and Scent of a Woman.
English animator Nick Park is the creator of the Academy Award-winning Wallace and Gromit Claymation films.
Sarah Jessica Parker is an award-winning TV and film actress whose starring role in the series Sex and the City catapulted her to stardom.
Trey Parker is a writer, director and actor known chiefly as the creator and driving force behind the animated TV series South Park.
Gordon Parks was a prolific, world-renowned photographer, writer, composer and filmmaker known for his work on projects like Shaft and The Learning Tree.
Filmmaker Alexander Payne is responsible for such critically acclaimed films as Sideways (2004), The Descendants (2011) and Nebraska (2013).
Brilliant, brash and a little wacky, J. Stephen Peace co-produced the cult horror film Attack of the Killer Tomatoes and, as a state legislator, oversaw energy deregulation in California.
Sam Peckinpah was a controversial, Academy Award-nominated screenwriter and director known for films like The Wild Bunch, Straw Dogs and The Getaway.
Academy Award-winning actor Sean Penn starred in Fast Times at Ridgemont High, married Madonna and directed Jack Nicholson in two films.
Actress, musician and activist Pauley Perette is best known as the lab technician on the crime drama NCIS.
Actress Rosie Perez choreographed the TV show In Living Color and earned an Oscar nomination for her role in Fearless.
Writer, actor, producer, and director Tyler Perry has built an entertainment empire that consists of successful films, plays, and a best-selling book.
Mary Pickford was a legendary silent film actress and was known as "America's sweetheart." She was a founder of United Artists and helped establish the Academy.
Sidney Poitier became the first black Academy Award winner in 1964, receiving the honor for his performance in Lilies of the Field (1963).
Sydney Pollack is an Oscar-winning film director, producer and actor. His director credits include Tootsie and Three Days of the Condor.
American filmmaker Edwin S. Porter invented the Simplex camera for the Edison Company, and pioneered new techniques in films like The Great Train Robbery.
Dick Powell was a musical actor in the 1930s who transitioned into a noir actor in the '40s and then a TV producer in the '50s.
Bill Pullman is an actor of stage and screen known for roles in While You Were Sleeping, Independence Day andTorchwood, among many other projects.
Sir Anthony Quayle was a revered actor of stage and screen known for work that included Hamlet, Lawrence of Arabia and Anne of the Thousand Days.
Panamanian-born U.S. theatrical director José Quintero was a founder of the Off-Broadway theatre Circle in the Square, where he directed regularly from 1950.
Sam Raimi has directed some of Hollywood's scariest movies and biggest blockbusters, such as Evil Dead 2 and Spider-man.
Harold Ramis is best known for creating and starring in several comedies of the 1970s and '80s, including Caddyshack, Ghostbusters, Groundhog Day and Knocked Up.
American actor John Ratzenberger, best known as mailman Cliff Clavin from the television series Cheers, has also contributed voice-acting to every animated Pixar feature film.
Man Ray was primarily known for his photography, which spanned both the Dada and Surrealism movements.
Robert Redford is a Hollywood legend, starring in several blockbuster films in his day, and producing and directing many others. He also helped start the Sundance Film Festival in the late 1970s.
Carol Reed was a popular 20th century British filmmaker known for works like Odd Man Out and Trapeze, also earning a directing Oscar for the musical Oliver!
Charles Nelson Reilly was a Tony-Award winning actor also known for a variety of roles on TV programs, including The Ghost and Mrs. Muir and The Match Game.
American actor, director and producer Rob Reiner is best known for directing the classic hits Stand By Me (1996) and When Harry Met Sally (1989).
Max Reinhardt was one of the first theatrical directors to achieve international recognition. He helped found the annual Salzburg Festival.
Ivan Reitman is a director and producer of film and stage. His box-office hits include Meatballs, Ghostbusters and Kindergarten Cop.
Son of director Ivan Reitman, Jason Reitman is a filmmaker as well, with Academy Award nominations for his works Juno and Up in the Air.
French director Jean Renoir, son of the painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir, directed C'est la Revolution and wrote a biography of his father in the 1960s.
Alma Reville, also known as "Lady Hitchcock," was Alfred Hitchcock's lifetime partner, assistant director and closest collaborator.
Guy Ritchie is a British director whose films include Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels and Sherlock Holmes. He was married to Madonna for eight years.
Former Saturday Night Live castmember Chris Rock has appeared in such films as Bad Company and is the creator of the television show Everybody Hates Chris.
American writer and producer Gene Rodenberry created the immensely influential Star Trek television series in the 1960s.
Robert Rodriguez is an American filmmaker best known for his successful collaborations with Quentin Tarantino, including From Dusk Till Dawn (1996).
Canadian actor Seth Rogen shot to fame in television and film, collaborating several times with director Judd Apatow.
French film director Eric Rohmer was an editor of respected periodicals, including Cahiers du Cinéma, and the maker of films like My Night at Maud's.
Filmmaker George A. Romero has created such classic horror films as Night of the Living Dead and Dawn of the Dead.
Roberto Rossellini, father of actress Isabella Rossellini, was an Italian film director associated with the Neorealist movement. His most celebrated work is Rome, Open City.
Paul Rudd is an American actor and film producer who became a minor teen idol with his break-out performance in the 1995 film Clueless and went on to star in numerous comedies.
Scott Rudin is an American producer of films such as There Will be Blood and No Country for Old Men. He has won four major honors: Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony.
Geoffrey Rush is an Australian actor best known for his award-winning performance in the 1996 film Shine.
David O. Russell is an Oscar-nominated director, writer and producer known for films like Three Kings, The Fighter and Silver Linings Playbook.
Artist, screenwriter and director Julian Schnabel was a leading figure of the art world in the 1980s, and has proven to be talented in many creative fields.
Actor and comedian Rob Schneider's is best known for his combination of self-deprecating humor and goofball antics in films like Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo.
Director Martin Scorsese has produced some of the most memorable films in cinema history, including the iconic Taxi Driver and Academy Award-winner The Departed.
Ridley Scott is an English director and producer, whose notable hits include Thelma and Louise, Gladiator and Black Hawk Down. He is also recognized as the older brother of director Tony Scott, who committed suicide in August 2012.
English film director Tony Scott was best known for his first box-office success, Top Gun, as well as later films like True Romance and Enemy of the State. He was the brother of Ridley Scott, also a famed producer and director.
David O. Selznick was a Hollywood film producer who made a huge string of hits in the 1930s through the 1950s, including Gone with the Wind.
Martin Sheen is an American actor best known for his roles in films Badlands (1973) and Apocalypse Now (1979). He has won numerous awards for his role as President Bartlet on the TV series The West Wing.
Sam Shepard is a prolific, Oscar-nominated actor and playwright who's won the Pulitzer Prize.
American photographer Cindy Sherman is known for her elaborately "disguised" self-portraits that focus on social role-playing and sexual stereotypes.
M. Night Shyamalan is a filmmaker and screenwriter known for focusing on supernatural plots. He is best known for directing The Sixth Sense, which was released in 1999 to wide acclaim, including six Academy Award nominations.
Screenwriter and director John Singleton's Boyz n the Hood led to a Academy Award for Best Director, making him the first African-American ever nominated.
Steven Soderbergh is a screenwriter, cinematographer, editor and director, best known for directing the films Erin Brockovich, Traffic and Ocean's Eleven.
Mira Sorvino is an Academy Award-winning actress who starred in Woody Allen's Mighty Aphrodite.
Academy Award-winning filmmaker, director and producer Steven Spielberg's films include Jaws, The Color Purple and Schindler's List.
One of the most popular action stars of all time, Sylvester Stallone is best known for portraying boxer Rocky Balboa and Vietnam War veteran John Rambo.