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8:00 PM ET, November 3, 2007
Oklahoma Memorial Stadium, NORMAN, OK
Top Performers
Passing: S. Bradford (OKLA) - 284 YDS, 5 TD
Rushing: D. Murray (OKLA) - 15 CAR, 70 YDS, 1 TD
Receiving: J. Gresham (OKLA) - 5 REC, 80 YDS, 4 TD
NORMAN, Okla. (AP) -- Texas A&M has a tendency to bring out record-breaking performances from Oklahoma. At least this time, the Aggies didn't head home with the kind of embarrassment the Sooners gave them four years ago.
Jermaine Gresham matched a school record by catching four of Sam Bradford's five touchdown passes, and Oklahoma (No. 6 BCS, No. 5 AP) took sole possession of first place in the Big 12 South with a 42-14 win Saturday night.
Gresham equaled the record for TD receptions in a game set by fellow tight end Trent Smith in 2001 against Kansas. No. 4 came on a 13-yard pass by Bradford in the front corner of the end zone late in the third quarter. That put Oklahoma up 35-0 on its way to another rout of the Aggies in Norman.
"He's huge. He's big, he's fast. That's pretty much everything you'd want in a receiver," Bradford said of the 6-foot-6 sophomore.
Four years after Oklahoma (8-1, 5-1) handed the Aggies (6-4, 3-3) their most lopsided loss ever in a 77-0 blowout, Bradford tied the school record for touchdown passes set by 2000 Heisman Trophy runner-up Josh Heupel and matched three times by 2004 Heisman Trophy winner Jason White and once earlier this season by Bradford.
The decisive win, combined with an upset loss by No. 2 Boston College and undefeated Arizona State falling at Oregon, should help the Sooners move up from sixth place in the BCS standings.
"We'll take a win any way we can get it," Gresham said. "The easy way, dirty, it doesn't matter. We want the win."
Bradford and Gresham hooked up twice, from 3 and 13 yards, before the Aggies even completed a pass and Oklahoma led 14-0 in the second quarter. Bradford found tailback Chris Brown for a 14-yard score late in the first half, and then added TD passes of 38 and 13 yards to Gresham.
"It felt pretty good, just being out there and catching touchdown passes," Gresham said. "It was pretty fun."
Bradford finished with 284 yards on 21-for-30 passing, and Gresham had five catches for a career-best 80 yards. Two weeks after struggling to win at Iowa State, the Sooners were superb.
"To me, it's all about just winning," Sooners coach Bob Stoops said. "Sometimes, I get tired of hearing that we're supposed to play perfect all the time. To me, just winning is what you need to do. I'm never going to be dissatisified with winning any way."
With tailback Michael Goodson, one of the three key parts of Texas A&M's triple-option offense, held out of the first half despite being apparently healthy, the Aggies couldn't get going. They managed only four first downs and 63 total yards in the opening half and missed out on their own chance to jump to the top of the Big 12 South standings.
A win would have allowed Texas A&M to tie Texas for first place and avenge a 17-16 loss last season in which the Sooners passed the Aggies in the standings on their way to the conference championship. Instead, Oklahoma moved past Oklahoma State, which lost to the Longhorns 38-35 earlier in the day.
Texas A&M has lost the first two games in a stretch of four straight games against ranked opponents. Their final two games are at Missouri next week and at home against Texas on Nov. 23.
"They need to feel the pain of this loss," Aggies coach Dennis Franchione said. "We've had two tough ones back-to-back here and I think these guys feel like they can still win these last two games, and that's the key part of it right there."
Texas A&M finally got on the board when Stephen McGee scrambled and found Martellus Bennett in the back of the end zone for a 23-yard touchdown reception with 12:36 remaining. Bennett, also a tight end, set a school record of his own by catching a pass in his 27th consecutive game. Terrence Murphy, the school's all-time receiving leader, held the old record with 26.
After Bennett's touchdown, Oklahoma drained more than 8 minutes off the clock before DeMarco Murray skied in for a 2-yard TD run. The Aggies were held to about half of their 239-yard rushing average and were outgained on the ground 186-128.
Texas A&M was still only the second team to reach triple digits against Oklahoma's third-ranked run defense.
The Sooners lost Big 12 sacks leader Auston English, who suffered a hairline fracture in his leg and limped off the field early in the second quarter and did not return. Stoops said English will likely miss one to two weeks.
That still didn't help the Aggies get a passing game going.
McGee ended up 15-for-28 for 164 yards and also was the Aggies' top rusher with 71 yards on 16 carries.
Top 25 Overview
It was over when... Sam Bradford found Jermaine Gresham in the end zone with five minutes remaining in the first quarter. OU didn't even let A&M score 'til the fourth quarter.
Gameball goes to... Bradford. Oklahoma's gunslinger threw his second five-touchdown performance of the season, racking up 287 yards on 21-of-30 passing. He ran for 10 additional yards.
Stat of the game... 127. Texas A&M entered the game with the nation's ninth-ranked rushing offense, averaging 239.4 yards per game. OU held the Aggies to just 127 on 34 attempts.
Team Stat Comparison
1st Downs | 18 | 26 |
Total Yards | 283 | 470 |
Passing | 155 | 284 |
Rushing | 128 | 186 |
Penalties | 6-46 | 6-40 |
3rd Down Conversions | 4-13 | 8-14 |
4th Down Conversions | 1-1 | 0-0 |
Turnovers | 2 | 0 |
Possession | 25:48 | 34:12 |
Scoring Summary
TD | 05:21 | Jermaine Gresham 3 Yd Pass From Sam Bradford (Garrett Hartley Kick) Drive: 5 plays, 33 yds, 2:38 | 0 | 7 | |
TD | 14:55 | Jermaine Gresham 13 Yd Pass From Sam Bradford (Garrett Hartley Kick) Drive: 8 plays, 61 yds, 3:32 | 0 | 14 | |
TD | 01:02 | Chris Brown 14 Yd Pass From Sam Bradford (Garrett Hartley Kick) Drive: 9 plays, 68 yds, 3:37 | 0 | 21 | |
TD | 09:47 | Jermaine Gresham 38 Yd Pass From Sam Bradford (Garrett Hartley Kick) Drive: 5 plays, 72 yds, 1:50 | 0 | 28 | |
TD | 02:26 | Jermaine Gresham 13 Yd Pass From Sam Bradford (Garrett Hartley Kick) Drive: 9 plays, 83 yds, 4:11 | 0 | 35 | |
TD | 12:36 | Martellus Bennett 23 Yd Pass From Stephen Mcgee (Matt Szymanski Kick) Drive: 12 plays, 80 yds, 4:50 | 7 | 35 | |
TD | 04:23 | Demarco Murray 2 Yd Run (Garrett Hartley Kick) Drive: 13 plays, 72 yds, 8:13 | 7 | 42 | |
TD | 00:43 | Chris Alexander 1 Yd Run (Matt Szymanski Kick) Drive: 12 plays, 69 yds, 3:40 | 14 | 42 |


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Thursday, April 3, 2008
Twins 1, Angels 3
Actually the score of the
Thursday afternoon game was Angels 5, Twins 4, but just to be different, I
figured I would title this for the series which the Angels won three games to
one. The game was again not very pretty. Here are a couple of quick notes, but
I encourage this to be a place to talk Twins. The minor league games start very
soon, including Rochester this afternoon. So, check in on that as well.
Kevin Slowey left the game in the fourth inning with what has
been reported a couple of different ways. The primary report is calling it a
strained biceps muscle, but I have also heard that it may have been some
flu-like symptoms. I am certain we will hear more in the near term. He pitched
great in the first two innings. Then a Howie Kendrick
double, a Maicer Izturis
single and later a two run home run by Gary Matthews in the 3rd
inning and Slowey had given up three runs in 3.1
innings. Not a great start overall, but the injury/illness is more of a concern
than the results of the start.
Brian Bass came
in and got out of the fourth and pitched scoreless sixth and seventh innings.
So it was a good appearance for him… until the 7th inning when he
gave up solo home runs to Torii Hunter and Mike Napoli. Juan Rincon, Dennys Reyes and Matt Guerrier
kept the team close for the remaining innings.
The offense wasn't
impressive again, with the exception of Joe Mauer who
had two doubles, a walk and a sacrifice fly. A very good day for the Twins
catcher. Carlos Gomez also had two hits in the game.
Jason Kubel unloaded off of Justin Speier
to hit his, and the Twins, first home run of the season. Hopefully that will
keep him in the lineup now!
Justin Morneau went 0-2 with a walk and a sacrifice fly. I'm sure
he'd love to get that first hit out of the way.
Adam Everett had
a walk and a single. He was then pinch hit for by Matt Tolbert in the 9th
inning. Tolbert worked out a walk against Francisco Rodriguez for the season
straight game.
Despite the lack
of offense, the Twins scored four runs (which isn't horrible) and had two
runners on base when Michael Cuddyer struck out to
end the game.
Johnny Cueto is making me look like a genius for
ranking him the #3 rookie pitcher in 2008 back in February, and for having him
on all four of my fantasy baseball teams! Not a bad major league debut.
CONGRATS – Chris Coste took the first pitch that he saw this season and hit
a home run. He went 2-4 with a walk in the improbable comeback game this afternoon.
By the way, the
Royals beat the Tigers to sweep their three game series today. So again, let's
not overreact to the Twins first four games.
Any thoughts, please share them here.


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Admissions Blog
The grand opening of UW-Superior's new and improved residence halls was this past November. Click the image above to see the unveiling of the new campus residence hall!
Copyright © The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System University of Wisconsin-Superior is an equal opportunity educator and employer


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Eaton Secures AC Motorpump Contracts with Sichuan Airlines, China Southern Airlines; New Business to Boost Growth in Asia
Sichuan Airlines Co., Ltd. selected Eaton to supply engine-driven pumps and AC motorpumps for its new fleet of 32 Airbus 320 passenger jets.
SHANGHAI …Diversified industrial manufacturer Eaton Corporation (NYSE:ETN) today announced that Sichuan Airlines and China Southern Airlines have awarded contracts to the company's Aerospace Group, underscoring Eaton's continuing growth in the Asia-Pacific region and its global leadership in aircraft component quality and reliability. The value of the contracts has not been disclosed.
Sichuan Airlines Co., Ltd. selected Eaton to supply engine-driven pumps and AC motorpumps for its new fleet of 32 Airbus 320 passenger jets. The company will also supply engine-driven pumps and AC motorpumps for China Southern Airlines' new fleet of 20 Airbus 320 passenger jets.
Engine-driven pumps and AC motorpumps are key components in an aircraft's hydraulic power system. Pumps for the A320 series aircraft will be manufactured by the Aerospace Group's Hydraulic Systems Division in Bedhampton, United Kingdom.
"These contracts showcase Eaton's expanding capabilities as well as the increased focus on quality that is driving growth in the Asia-Pacific market and around the world," said Joe-Tao Zhou, president – Asia Pacific, Eaton's Aerospace Group. "We are excited to be working with these airlines and are prepared to provide the support they need to achieve their goals now and well into the future."
As Asia's largest airline, China Southern Airlines is based at Baiyun International Airport in Guangzhou and operates 14 branches throughout China and 53 international offices in major metropolitan markets. Sichuan Airlines is a regional airline based at Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport in Shuanxi Plain focusing mainly on domestic flight services.
In the aerospace industry, Eaton is a leading supplier of hydraulic, electro-hydraulic pump and generator products and integrated systems; engine and airframe fuel pumps; electric motors; aircraft door actuation, flight and flow controls; fluid, fuel and air delivery products and systems; nose wheel steering systems; integrated control systems; cockpit controls and displays; power and load management systems; pressure sensors, seals, and fluid health monitoring products and systems. Eaton serves commercial and military aviation, aerospace, military weapons, marine and off-road markets worldwide. In July, Eaton announced a joint venture agreement with Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Co., Ltd. to support China's COMAC C919 Aircraft Platform.
Eaton Corporation is a diversified power management company with 2009 sales of $11.9 billion. Eaton is a global technology leader in electrical components and systems for power quality, distribution and control; hydraulics components, systems and services for industrial and mobile equipment; aerospace fuel, hydraulics and pneumatic systems for commercial and military use; and truck and automotive drivetrain and powertrain systems for performance, fuel economy and safety. Eaton has approximately 70,000 employees and sells products to customers in more than 150 countries. For more information, visit www.eaton.com.
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Press Release
China Southern Airlines and Tibet Airlines Select Eaton to Provide Engine-Driven Pumps, AC Motorpumps for Airbus Fleets
The contracts highlight Eaton's continued expansion in the Asia-Pacific aerospace market and its global leadership in aircraft component quality, service and reliability.
Press Release
Eaton to Provide Engine-Driven Pumps, AC Motorpumps for China Southern's New Order of 30 Airbus A320 Passenger Jets
Eaton is the sole supplier of engine-driven pumps and AC motorpumps for all Airbus aircraft operated by China Southern, including its current fleet of 179 A320 jets.
Press Release
AirAsia Selects Eaton to Provide AC Motorpumps for New Order of A320 Passenger Jets and Retrofits of In-Service Aircraft
It has been selected by AirAsia to supply AC motorpumps for 75 new Airbus A320 jetliners and AC motorpump retrofits for 100 in-service A320s.
Press Release
Eaton Selected by Emirates to Provide Hydraulic Pumps and Related Support Services for Boeing B777 Fleet
Eaton is also providing a unique package of support services across the life of new and currently installed units ranging from product selection, repair and upgrade to allocation of logistic spare...


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CHARLESTON, W.Va. -- A bill that would give county officials the ability to create programs that aim to release criminal defendants who lack the money to post bail to the court system has drawn the ire of a state group that represents commercial bail bondsmen.
West Virginia Surety Bail Bond Association President Bill Garvin said that the new bill (SB 584), which was introduced last week and powered through the Senate Tuesday with a 33-0 vote, blindsided the group and conflicts with efforts to create uniform statewide bonding rules.
"The thing about it is, we're working to come up with ideas that we think would control jail costs," Garvin said. "This bill kind of came out of nowhere. We weren't even aware there would be a bill."
Bail bondsmen are generally opposed to pretrial release programs, which they say cannot properly monitor criminal defendants who are awaiting their court dates and place a burden on overworked police agencies to track down absconders.
Advocates of pretrial release say the programs serve as a guard against arbitrary bail amounts set by judges and magistrates and help mitigate jail costs. They also encourage courts to forgo traditional cash-based release systems, which in most cases would eliminate the need for a bail bondsman.
The bill, sponsored by Sen. Sam Cann, D-Harrison, uses recommendations from a study released earlier this year by the Justice Center's Council of State Governments, which Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin cited in a $25 million justice reinvestment initiative that aims to alleviate the state's prison and jail overpopulation crisis.
The study found that 43 percent of inmates in the state's regional jail system are awaiting trial.
Last week's bill is the second time in recent years that lawmakers have geared a bill toward pretrial release.
In 2009, the Legislature passed a bill that gave officials in up to five counties the authority to establish pilot pretrial release programs.


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Edmunds.com says that the 2010 Dodge Challenger "may look like a muscle car and go like a muscle car, but its ability to also be a grand American touring coupe cements its status as the most livable of the reborn pony cars." In other words, if you want the power of a beast, but still have room to cart the kids to soccer practice or stuff the back end full of IKEA purchases, this car can't be beat.
This gorgeous Dodge Challenger SRT8 has a powerful 6.1-liter V8 engine that busts out 425 hp and 420 lb-ft of torque. That engine pushes the Challenger the from 0-60 mph in 5.3 seconds! Combine that incredibly capable engine with the smooth shifting 6-speed manual transmission and even with all that power, she'll still deliver 22 mpg out on the open road.
There's more to this car than just retro-styled muscle too. Take a seat in the comfortable 8-way power driver seat and feast your eyes on the well-appointed interior with satin silver trim. The first thing you may notice is that the Dodge Challenger actually has a full sized back seat with 3 real seats for real people that were even designed to be family friendly with the LATCH child seat anchors and 3-point seat belts at all three positions. The air conditioner with automatic temperature control has outlets in the back seat too to make sure everyone is comfortable. The SRT8 also has a 13-speaker premium audio system with a six-CD changer, satellite radio and available iPod integration system.
To help you avoid accidents, the Dodge Challenger is equiped with 4-wheel anti-lock disc brakes with Brake Assist, All-speed traction control, Electronic Stability Control, all-season performance BSW tires, Tire pressure monitor warning system, fog lights, and automatic headlights. If you ever are in an accident the Challenger has Active Head Restraints, Advanced multi-stage front airbags, Supplemental front & rear side-curtain airbags, Supplemental front side airbags, and Supplemental side airbags to protect you.
This beauty has barely been broken in with just 13,734 miles on it. This is one amazing vehicle that you simply do not want to miss out on! For further details on this awesome vehicle, give Napleton's River Oaks Chrysler Jeep Dodge a call at (877) 274-2974. Or just go see it for yourself at 17225 Torrence Ave Lansing IL, 60438.


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For Richmond, that's why they call it the blues
Greg Baum In a classic final against the enemy of generations, one side gets it wrong.
Cats at a stretch but Blues laid low
Greg Baum Two damaged teams sought to use each other to regain their fluency and rhythm last night. At long length, Geelong succeeded.
Bolter from the Blues: early season form lands Judd his second Brownlow Medal
Greg Baum CARLTON captain Chris Judd was judged best-on-ground in his first five games this season - an unprecedented streak - and proceeded to win his second Brownlow Medal at the gala count in Melbourne last...
Blues can't take the heat as Pies continue hot run
Greg Baum COLLINGWOOD unfurled their 2010 premiership flag at the MCG last night and marked the occasion as protocol demanded, by lowering the colours of their longest-standing rival, Carlton, in a contest...
Pie high premiers outpace Blues with big-match poise
Greg Baum Collingwood unfurled its 2010 premiership flag at the MCG and marked the occasion as protocol demanded.
Slippery surface no problem for coaches
Greg Baum Whatever tripped up Carlton, it was not the playing surface, averred coach Mick Malthouse.
The Buddy snatchers open a can of worms
Greg Baum The Blues wrote the book on manipulation; the Swans merely digitalised it.
Greg Baum
Richmond hangs on to emerge from history's cold shadow
Greg Baum More than 80,000 descended onto a floodlit MCG, here was the heart of football.
Weird and wonderful as Bombers soar
Greg Baum James Hird will coach Essendon again but not in such a weird and wonderful game.
Magpies have the final say
Greg Baum Mick and the Magpies never did cross paths at the MCG on Sunday.
Demons fail to reach their goals
Greg Baum Melbourne played like men possessed, Carlton like a self-possessed team.
Body language is raw, potent and deafening
Greg Baum Don't take this the wrong way, but what's with all this taking things the wrong way?
Blue-collar Carlton fails late in game
Greg Baum Irresistible early and late, Hawthorn prevailed over an honest but outmanned Carlton at Etihad stadium on Friday night.
Greg Baum
Shifty shades of Blue
Greg Baum Ruthless Carlton is changing again and forever in a hurry.
Different club, but same old grumpy Malthouse
Greg Baum Twelve days apart, at Princes Park, two Carlton coaches faced the media music.
How vast spoils have spoilt sport's integrity
Greg Baum Rarely can the games-playing landscape have looked murkier. Its air is thick with ringing alarm bells.
Divine intervention by Yarran wins out
Greg Baum Carlton affirms that it is a contender for this year's premiership, and Richmond that it can win one in the life of a theoretical five-year plan.
Greg Baum
Blue chip tradition
Greg Baum The rumbling builds for what is more than just another match.
Carlton passes test and hands out a lesson
Greg Baum This was football as VCE. The big test is at the end of the year, but there are interim tests too.
Melbourne drowning, not waving
Greg Baum After a dour struggle, inevitably it was the Blues who prevailed.


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Hino, Matsuri
Adult Fiction HINO
| |||||||||
Summary: Cross over to the night. Meet your knights in shining darkness. R to L (Japanese Style). Cross over to the night. Meet your knights in shining darkness. Cross Adademy is attended by two groups of students: the Day Class and the Night Class. At twilight, when the students of the Day Class return to their dorm, they cross paths with the Night Class on their way to school. Yuki Cross and Zero Kiryu are the Guardians of the school, protecting the Day Class from the Academy's dark secret: the Night Class is full of vampires! A war among vampires has started at Cross Academy, and even Day Class students are being attacked. Kaname finally reveals his hidden plan to Zero, and Zero must choose on which side he will fight. But in order for Zero to defeat the enemy, he will have to take part in an atrocious act...
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Cooking Level: Intermediate
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Related Photo Galleries
While we love to see concourse-restored Boss 429s, cars like Dave Redman's are really far more interesting. The racing history on Dave's car isn't particularly high profile, and yet Dave embraced the history that it has, and restored it as such. Originally purchased by Rick Auxier, brother of notable Ford racer Sam Auxier Jr., the intent was to build a Pro Stocker. That didn't end up happening, but the car was campaigned in SS/C with sponsorship from Henry Woodfield Ford in Gaithersburg, Maryland. Later, it ran in A/Super Modified with a 351 Cleveland before being rescued by Redman. Keystone wheels and flared rear fenders were period modifications that Redman chose to retain. Cool. (Joe Spinelli photo)


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I Would Hit That Like Vending Machine With A Stuck Bag Of Chips: XBox Controller Bento
This is a bento box made by Laura Bento (that would be like me being named Charles Blog!) for her husband's lunch. It looks pretty delicious. And I'm not just saying that because the only thing I've had to eat was a stale biscuit for lunch yesterday, but I am starting to see mirages.
The controller itself is obviously mostly comprised of rice, but the D-Pad was constructed from naturally grey Konnyaku (Japanese yam cake), while lemon peel, green apple peel, red pepper and dyed blue egg white make up the four colorful buttons.
Geez, look at all that SPAM. I sure hope Laura's husband works in a toilet testing factory. Get it? Because I heard he likes to eat on the john! Hey, me too!
Xbox 360 Bento Box Puts Real Xbox 360 to Shame [gizmodo]
Thanks to Heather, who once bento boxed a Sumo wrestler and won in the first round.
Mmmm, bento: artsy AND delicious. Throw some Zelda up in the mix and, hello, side of lust! This particular box was made by anna the red, who was also responsible for some of the other ridiculous bento we've seen in the past. I first thought of making Link on his boat, but th... / Continue →
This is a custom Davy Jones Munny figure. You might recall Davy from such blockbusters as Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chesticles, and Ass Pirates of the Caribbean: The Geekologie Writer's Cave of Treasure. This particular pirate was made by Mallory Carson of Fullerto... / Continue →
This is a custom Munny doll made by artist Squapper. As you might notice as result of your above-average intellect and love of Star Wars, it's a Tusken Raider. For the body, I simply sewed clothes by hand, soaked them in water, painted with watercolor to add dirt, messed up... / Continue →


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German phonology
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (April 2013) |
This article is about the phonology of the Standard German, that is to say the standard pronunciation or accent. It deals with current phonology and phonetics as well as with historical developments thereof as well as the geographical variants and the influence of German dialects.
While the spelling of German is officially standardised by an international organisation (the Council for German Orthography) the pronunciation has no official standard and relies on a de facto standard documented in reference works such as Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch (German Pronunciation Dictionary) by Eva-Maria Krech et al.,[1] Duden 6 Das Aussprachewörterbuch (Duden volume 6, The Pronunciation Dictionary) by Max Mangold and the training materials of radio and television stations such as Westdeutscher Rundfunk and Deutschlandfunk. This standardised pronunciation was invented, rather than coming from any particular German-speaking city, however it is closest to the German spoken in Hanover. Standard German is sometimes referred to as Bühnendeutsch (stage German), but the latter has its own definition and is slightly different.[2]
Front | Central | Back | ||||||
unrounded | rounded | |||||||
short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | |
Close | ɪ | iː | ʏ | yː | ʊ | uː | ||
Close-mid | eː | øː | ə | oː | ||||
Open-mid | ɛ | ɛː | œ | ɔ | ||||
Near-open | ɐ | |||||||
Open | a | aː |
- Notes
- The front rounded vowels (excluding /ʏ/) are centralized; in addition, /øː œ/ are lowered ([ø̞̈ː œ̞̈]).[3]
- The schwa [ə] occurs only in unstressed syllables, for instance in besetzen [bəˈzɛt͡sən] ('occupy'). It is often considered a complementary allophone together with [ɛ], which cannot occur in unstressed syllables. If a sonorant follows in the syllable coda, the schwa often disappears so that the sonorant becomes syllabic, for instance Kissen [ˈkʰɪsn̩] ('pillow'), Esel [ˈʔeːzl̩] ('donkey'). Before /r/, this is realized as [ɐ] in many varieties, for instance besser [ˈbɛsɐ] ('better').
- The long open-mid front unrounded vowel [ɛː] does not exist in many varieties of Standard German and is rendered as the close-mid front unrounded vowel [eː], so that both Ähre ('ear of grain') and Ehre ('honor') are pronounced [ˈʔeːʁə] (instead of "Ähre" being [ˈʔɛːʁə]) and both Bären ('bears') and Beeren ('berries') are pronounced [ˈbeːʁən] (instead of "Bären" being [ˈbɛːʁən]). It is debated whether [ɛː] is a distinct phoneme or even exists (except when consciously self-censoring speech),[4] for several reasons:
- The existence of a phoneme /ɛː/ is an irregularity in a vowel system that otherwise has pairs of long and tense vs. short and lax vowels such as [oː] vs. [ɔ];
- The use of [ɛː] in Standard German is more due to hypercorrection and the synthetically created pronunciation traditionally used on stage (Bühnendeutsch) than to a consistent dialectal difference.[4] Although some dialects (Mundarten) do have an opposition of [eː] vs. [ɛː], there is little agreement across dialects as to exactly which lexical items should be pronounced with [eː] and which with [ɛː];
- The use of [ɛː] is a spelling pronunciation rather than an original feature of the language.[4] It is an attempt to "speak as is printed" (sprechen wie gedruckt) and to differentiate the spellings 〈e〉 and 〈ä〉 (that is, users of the language attempt to justify the appearance of e and ä in writing by making them distinct in the spoken language);
- Speakers with an otherwise fairly standard idiolect find it rather difficult to utter longer passages with all the [eː]s and [ɛː]s in the right places; such persons apparently have to picture the spellings of the words in question, which impedes the flow of speech.[4]
Although there is also a length contrast, vowels are often analyzed according to a tenseness contrast, with long /iː yː uː eː øː oː/ being the tense vowels and short /ɪ ʏ ʊ ɛ œ ɔ/ their lax counterparts. Like the English checked vowels, the German lax vowels require a following consonant, with the notable exception of [ɛː] (which is absent in many varieties, as discussed above). /a/ is sometimes considered the lax counterpart of tense /aː/ in order to maintain this tense/lax division. Short /i y u e ø o/ occur in unstressed syllables of loanwords, for instance in Psychometrie /psyçomeˈtʁiː/ ('psychometry'). They are usually considered allophones of tense vowels, which cannot occur in unstressed syllables.
In northern German varieties influenced by Low German, long /aː/ is often backed and even slightly rounded [ɒː], while short /a/ has a tendency to be pronounced with a strongly fronted quality, almost approaching [æ]. These varieties also consistently lack /ɛː/, and use only /eː/ in its place. Therefore, these varieties could be analyzed as lacking contrasting vowel quantity entirely.
The German diphthongs are /aɪ̯ aʊ̯ ɔʏ̯/, as in Ei /aɪ̯/ ('egg'), Sau /zaʊ̯/ ('sow'), and neu /nɔʏ̯/ ('new'). There is dialectal variation in how these diphthongs are pronounced: /aɪ̯/ may vary in pronunciation between [aɪ̯] and [ae̯]; /aʊ̯/ between [aʊ̯] and [ao̯]; and /ɔʏ̯/ being pronounced [ɔʏ̯] (mostly in Switzerland), [ɔø̯], [ɔɪ̯], and [ɔe̯].[citation needed]
Marginally, there are other diphthongs, for instance
- [ʊɪ̯] in interjections such as pfui [p͡fʊɪ̯],
and in loanwords, among others, [œɪ̯ oʊ̯ eɪ̯ o̯a] as in
- Feuilleton [fœɪ̯ˈtʰɔ̃], often [føːiˈtʰɔŋ], [fœɪəˈtʰɔŋ],
- Homepage [ˈhoʊ̯mˌpʰeɪ̯d͡ʒ], often [ˈhoːmˌpʰeːt͡ʃ],
- Croissant [kʰʁ̥o̯aˈsɑ̃], [kʰʁ̥waˈsɑ̃], [kʰʁ̥waˈsaŋ], [kʰʁ̥ɔˈsɔŋ].
Usually, these are not counted among the German diphthongs as German speakers often feel they are distinct marks of "foreign words" (Fremdwörter).
In the varieties where speakers vocalize /r/ to [ɐ] in the syllable coda, a diphthong ending in [ɐ̯] may be formed with every vowel except /ə/, for instance in Tor [tʰoːɐ̯] ('gate') or in Würde [ˈvʏɐ̯də] ('dignity').
With approximately 25 phonemes, the German consonant system exhibits an average number of consonants in comparison with other languages. One of the more noteworthy ones is the unusual affricate /p͡f/.[5]
Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||
Stop | p b | t d | k ɡ | (ʔ) | |||||||||
Affricate | p͡f | t͡s | t͡ʃ (d͡ʒ) | ||||||||||
Sibilant | s z | ʃ (ʒ) | |||||||||||
Non-sibilant | f | v | (θ ð) | ç | j | x | ʁ | h | |||||
Approximant | l | ||||||||||||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||||||||
Trill | r | ʀ | |||||||||||
Tap | ɾ |
- Notes
- /p͡f/ is bilabial-labiodental,[7] rather than just labiodental.
- /t d l n/ are either apical alveolar [t̺ d̺ n̺ l̺][8] as in RP, or laminal denti-alveolar [t̪ d̪ n̪ l̪],[8] as in French. Austrian German often uses the latter.
- /d/ may be pronounced with some retroflexion.[9]
- /l/ is always clear ('i-coloured'), as in most Irish English accents. A few Austrian accents may use a velarized ('u-coloured') [ɫ] instead, but that is considered non-standard.
- /t͡s s z/ can be laminal alveolar [t͡s s z][10] like /s z/ in RP, laminal post-dental [t̪͡s̪ s̪ z̪][10] (i.e. fronted alveolar, articulated with the blade of the tongue just behind upper front teeth[10]) as in Polish,[11] or even apical alveolar [t̺͡s̺ s̺ z̺],[10] similar to northern European Spanish /s/. Austrian German often uses the post-dental articulation.
- /s/ and /z/ are always strongly fricated,[12] and /ʃ ʒ/ are fricated more weakly than /s z/.[13]
- /ʃ ʒ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/ are pronounced with strongly rounded lips (labialization): [ʃʷ ʒʷ t͡ʃʷ d͡ʒʷ].[14] According to Mangold (2005), they are palato-alveolar, either laminal [ʃ̻ʷ ʒ̻ʷ t̻͡ʃ̻ʷ d̻͡ʒ̻ʷ],[14] which means that they're articulated with the foremost part of the blade of the tongue approaching the foremost part of the hard palate,[14] with the tip of the tongue resting behind either upper or lower front teeth,[14] or apico-laminal [ʃʷ ʒʷ t͡ʃʷ d͡ʒʷ],[14] which means that they're articulated with the tip of the tongue approaching the gums and the foremost part of the blade approaching the foremost part of the hard palate.[14]
- /θ ð/ are apical [θ̺ ð̺],[12] they're articulated either against the upper teeth[12] (as in RP), or between the front teeth[12] (as in General American). /θ ð/ are used mostly in loanwords from English like Thriller /ˈθʁɪlɐ/,[12] and even then some speakers can substitute them by any of /t s f/ and /d z v/, respectively.
- /r ɾ/ are apical [r̺ ɾ̺],[15] either alveolar [r ɾ],[15] articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge,[15] or dental [r̪ ɾ̪],[15] articulated with the tip of the tongue against the back of the upper front teeth.[15]
- The voiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ are aspirated except when preceded by a sibilant. Many southern dialects don't aspirate /p t k/, and some northern ones do so only in a stressed position. Voiceless affricates /p͡f/, /t͡s/, /t͡ʃ/ are never aspirated,[16] and neither are any other consonants besides the aforementioned /p t k/.[16]
- The obstruents /b d ɡ z ʒ/ are devoiced [b̥ d̥ ɡ̊ z̥ ʒ̊] in the Southern varieties.
- In Austria, intervocalic /b d ɡ/ can be lenited to fricatives [β ð ɣ] in casual speech.[17]
- /j/ is a fricative,[13] which "can be fricated less strongly than /ç/".[13]
- In standard usage and careful speech, [ʔ] occurs before word stems that begin with a vowel. Although not usually considered a phoneme, it may have phonemic value: will ich /vɪl ʔɪç/ ("will I") vs. willig /ˈvɪlɪç/ ("willing"). In colloquial and dialectal speech, however, /ʔ/ is very often omitted, especially when the word beginning with a vowel is unstressed.
- The phonemic status of affricates is controversial. The majority view accepts /p͡f/ and /t͡s/, but not /t͡ʃ/ or the non-native /d͡ʒ/; some[18] accept none, some accept all, and some[19] accept all as well as other hetero-organic stop-fricative clusters[clarify] such as /ps/.[20] [d͡ʒ] and [ʒ] occur only in words of foreign origin. In certain varieties, they are replaced by [t͡ʃ] and [ʃ] altogether.
- [ʋ] is occasionally considered to be an allophone of /v/, especially in Southern varieties of German.
- [ç] and [x] are traditionally regarded as allophones after front vowels and back vowels, respectively. For a more detailed analysis see below at ich-Laut and ach-Laut. According to some analyses, [χ] is an allophone of /x/ after /a aː/ and according to some also after /ʊ ɔ aʊ̯/.
- [r], [ɾ], [ʁ] and [ʀ] are in free variation with one another. [r] is used mainly in Bavarian and Franconian varieties and in classical singing. Elsewhere, it is either not used at all or a recessive feature often confined to the elderly rural population.[citation needed] In the syllable coda, the allophone [ɐ] is used in most varieties, except in the South-West.
- Some phonologists[who?] deny the phoneme /ŋ/ and use /nɡ/ instead, and /nk/ instead of /ŋk/. The phoneme sequence /nɡ/ is realized as [ŋɡ] when /ɡ/ can start a valid onset of the next syllable whose nucleus is a vowel other than unstressed /ə/, /ɪ/, or /ʊ/. It becomes [ŋ] otherwise. For example:
- diphthong /ˈdɪftɔnɡ/ [ˈdɪftʰɔŋ]
- diphthongieren /dɪftɔnˈɡiːʁən/ [ˌdɪftʰɔŋˈɡiːʁən]
- Englisch /ˈɛnɡlɪʃ/ [ˈʔɛŋlɪʃ]
- Anglo /ˈanɡlo/ [ˈʔaŋɡlo]
- Ganges /ˈɡanɡəs/ [ˈɡaŋəs] ~ /ˈɡanɡɛs/ [ˈɡaŋɡɛs]
Ich-Laut and ach-Laut[edit]
Ich-Laut is the voiceless palatal fricative [ç] (which is found in the word ich [ʔɪç] 'I'), and ach-Laut is voiceless velar fricative [x] (which is found in the word ach [ax] the interjection 'oh/alas'). Note that Laut [laʊ̯t] is the German word for 'sound, phone'. In German, these two sounds are allophones occurring in complementary distribution. The allophone [x] occurs after back vowels and /a aː/ (for instance in Buch [buːx] 'book'), the allophone [ç] after front vowels (for instance in mich [mɪç] 'me/myself') and consonants (for instance in Furcht [fʊʁçtʰ] 'fear', manchmal [ˈmançmaːl] 'sometimes'). (This happens most regularly: if the r in "Furcht" is spoken as a consonant, we have [ç] pronunciation; however if, as often happens, it is vocalized as [ɐ], resembling the vowel [a], then ch may be realized as [x] and we have [fʊɐ̯xtʰ].)
In loanwords, the pronunciation of potential fricatives in onsets of stressed syllables vary: in the Northern varieties of standard German, it is [ç], while in Southern varieties, it is [kʰ], and in Western varieties, it is [ʃ] (for instance in China: [ˈçiːna] vs. [ˈkʰiːna] vs. [ˈʃiːna]).
The diminutive suffix -chen is always pronounced with an ich-Laut [-çən].[21] Usually, this ending triggers umlaut (compare for instance Hund [hʊntʰ] 'dog' to Hündchen [ˈhʏntçn̩] 'little dog'), so theoretically, it could only occur after front vowels. However, in some comparatively recent coinings, there is no longer an umlaut, for instance in the word Frauchen [ˈfʀaʊ̯çən] (a diminutive of Frau 'woman'), so that a back vowel is followed by [ç], even though normally it would be followed by a [x], as in rauchen [ˈʀaʊ̯xən] 'to smoke'. This exception to the allophonic distribution may be an effect of the morphemic boundary or an example of phonemicization, where erstwhile allophones undergo a split into separate phonemes.
The allophonic distribution of [ç] after front vowels and [x] after other vowels is also found in other languages, such as Scots, in the pronunciation of light. However, it is by no means inevitable: Dutch, Yiddish, and many Southern German dialects retain [x] (which can be realized as [χ] instead) in all positions. It is thus reasonable to assume that Old High German ih, the ancestor of modern ich, was pronounced with [x] rather than [ç]. And while it is impossible to know for certain whether Old English words such as niht (modern night) were pronounced with [x] or [ç], [ç] is likely (see Old English phonology).
Despite the phonetic history, the complementary distribution of [ç] and [x] in modern Standard German is better described as backing of /ç/ after a back vowel, rather than fronting of /x/ after a front vowel, because [ç] is used in onsets (Chemie [çeˈmiː] 'chemistry') and after consonants (Molch [mɔlç] 'newt'), and is thus the underlying form of the phoneme. This is an example of assimilation.
According to Kohler,[22] the German ach-Laut is further differentiated into two allophones, [x] and [χ]: [x] occurs after /uː oː/ (for instance in Buch [buːx] 'book') and [χ] after /a aː/ (for instance in Bach [baχ] 'brook'), while either [x] or [χ] may occur after /ʊ ɔ aʊ̯/, with [χ] predominating.
Fortis–lenis pairs[edit]
Various German consonants occur in pairs at the same place of articulation and in the same manner of articulation, namely the pairs /p-b/, /t-d/, /k-ɡ/, /s-z/, /ʃ-ʒ/. These pairs are often called fortis–lenis pairs, since describing them as voiced–voiceless pairs is inadequate. With certain qualifications, /t͡ʃ-d͡ʒ, f-v/ are also considered fortis–lenis pairs.
Mangold (2005) states that a fortis-lenis distinction for /ʔ m n ŋ l r h/ is unimportant.[23]
The fortis stops /p, t, k/ are aspirated in most varieties. The aspiration is strongest in the onset of a stressed syllable (such as Taler [ˈtʰaːlɐ] 'thaler'), weaker in the onset of an unstressed syllable (such as Vater [ˈfaːtʰɐ] 'father'), and weakest in the syllable coda (such as in Saat [zaːtʰ] 'seed'). All fortis consonants, i.e. /p t k f s ʃ ç x p͡f t͡s t͡ʃ θ/[23] are fully voiceless.[24]
The lenis consonants /b d g v z ʒ j r d͡ʒ ð/[23] range from being weakly voiced to almost voiceless [b̥ d̥ ɡ̊ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ j̥ r̥ d͜ʒ̊ ð̥] after voiceless consonants:[24] Kasbah [ˈkʰasb̥a] 'kasbah', abdanken [ˈʔapʰd̥aŋkʰn̩] 'to resign', rotgelb [ˈʁoːtʰɡ̊ɛlpʰ] 'red-yellow', Abwurf [ˈʔapʰv̥ʊʁf] 'dropping', Absicht [ˈʔapʰz̥ɪçtʰ] 'intention', Holzjalousie [ˈhɔlt͜sʒ̊aluziː] 'wooden jalousie', wegjagen [ˈvɛkj̥aːgn̩] 'to chase away', tropfen [ˈtʰʁ̥ɔp͡fn̩] 'to drop', Obstjuice [ˈʔoːpstʰd͜ʒ̊uːs]. They are 'to a large extent voiced' [b d g v z ʒ j r d͡ʒ ð] in all other environments.[23]
/b d ɡ z ʒ/ are voiceless in most southern varieties of German. For clarity, they are often transcribed as [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, ʒ̊], although [p, t, k, s, ʃ] would also be valid (as in Icelandic).
The nature of the phonetic difference between the voiceless lenis consonants and the similarly voiceless fortis consonants is controversial. It is generally described as a difference in articulatory force, and occasionally as a difference in articulatory length; for the most part, it is assumed that one of these characteristics implies the other.
In various central and southern varieties, the opposition between fortis and lenis is neutralized in the syllable onset; sometimes just in the onset of stressed syllables, sometimes in all cases.
The pair /f-v/ is not considered a fortis–lenis pair, but a simple voiceless–voiced pair, as /v/ remains voiced in all varieties, including the Southern varieties that devoice the lenes (with however some exceptions.[25] Generally, the southern /v/ is realized as the voiced approximant [ʋ]. However there are southern varieties which differentiate between a fortis /f/ (such as in sträflich [ˈʃtrɛːflɪç] 'culpable' from Middle High German stræflich) and a lenis /f/ ([v̥], such as in höflich [ˈhøːv̥lɪç] 'polite' from Middle High German hovelîch); this is analogous to the opposition of fortis /s/ ([s]) and lenis [z̥].
Coda devoicing[edit]
In most varieties of German, the lenis stops /b d ɡ/ are unvoiced or at most variably voiced (as stated above). Therefore, it would be inaccurate to say that they devoice at the end of a syllable.[26] It is more accurate to say that the opposition between fortis and lenis is neutralized in the syllable coda. (Truly voiced stops, as implied by the transcription [b d g], are found most often in Central German varieties. Some of these even use unaspirated fortis stops [p t k] in either all or some environments.)
Fricatives are truly and contrastively voiced by most speakers. Therefore, these do undergo coda devoicing.[26] It is disputed whether coda devoicing is due to a constraint which specifically operates on syllable codas or whether it arises from constraints which "protect voicing in privileged positions."[27] For those southern speakers who do not use voiced fricatives, again there is no devoicing, but rather fortis-lenis neutralization (as with stops).
As against standard pronunciation rules, in western varieties including those of the Rhineland, coda fortis–lenis neutralization results in voicing rather than devoicing if the following word begins with a vowel. For example, mit uns becomes [mɪd‿ʊns] and darf ich becomes [daʁv‿ɪç]. The same sandhi phenomenon exists also as a general rule in the Luxembourgish language.[28]
In a few southern varieties of German, such as Swiss German, neither coda devoicing nor coda fortis-lenis neutralization occurs.
Stress in German usually falls on the first syllable, with the following exceptions:
- Many loanwords, especially proper names, keep their original stress. E.g. Obama /oˈbaː.ma/
- Nouns formed with Latinate suffixes, such as -ant, -anz, -enz, -ion, -ismus, -ist, -ment, -tät: Idealismus /ideaˈlɪsmʊs/ 'idealism', Konsonant /konzoˈnant/ 'consonant', Tourist /tuˈʁɪst/ 'tourist'
- Verbs formed with the Latinate suffix -ieren, e.g. studieren /ʃtuˈdiːʁən/ 'to study'
- Compound adverbs, with her, hin, da, or wo as their first syllable part, receive stress on their second syllable, e.g. dagegen /daˈgeːgən/ 'on the other hand', woher /voˈheːɐ̯/ 'from where'
Moreover, German makes a distinction in stress between separable prefixes (stress on prefix) and inseparable prefixes (stress on root) in verbs and words derived from such verbs. Therefore:
- Words beginning with be-, ge-, er-, ver-, zer-, ent-, emp- and a few others receive stress on the second syllable.
- Words beginning with ab-, auf-, ein-, vor-, and most other prepositional adverbs receive stress on their first syllable.
- Some prefixes, notably über-, unter-, um-, and durch-, can function as separable or inseparable prefixes, and are stressed and unstressed accordingly.
- Rarely, two homographs with such prefixes are formed. They are not strictly homophones. Consider the word, umschreiben. As um•schreiben (separable prefix), it means 'to rewrite', and is pronounced [ˈʔʊmʃʀaɪ̯bən], and its associated noun, die Umschreibung also receives stress on the first syllable - [ˈʔʊmʃʀaɪ̯bʊŋ]. On the other hand, umschreiben (inseparable prefix) is pronounced [ʔʊmˈʃʀaɪ̯bən]. This word means 'to circumscribe', and its associated noun, die Umschreibung ('circumscription') also receives stress on the second syllable - [ʔʊmˈʃʀaɪ̯bʊŋ]. Another example is the word umfahren. With stress on the root ([ʔʊmˈfaːʀən]) it means 'to drive around (an obstacle in the street)', and with stress on the prefix ([ˈʔʊmfaːʀən]) it means 'to drive over' or 'to collide with (an object on the street).'
Like all infants, German infants go through a babbling stage in the early phases of phonological acquisition, during which they produce the sounds they will later use in their first words.[29] Phoneme inventories begin with stops, nasals, and vowels; (contrasting) short vowels and liquids appear next, followed by fricatives and affricates, and finally all other consonants and consonant clusters.[30] Children begin to produce protowords near the end of their first year. These words do not approximate adult forms, yet have a specific and consistent meaning.[29] Early word productions are phonetically simple and usually follow the syllable structure CV or CVC, although this generalization has been challenged.[31] The first vowels produced are /ə/, /a/, and /aː/, followed by /e/, /i/, and /ɛ/, with rounded vowels emerging last.[30] German children often use phonological processes to simplify their early word production.[30] For example, they may delete an unstressed syllable (Schokolade 'chocolate' pronounced [ˈlaːdə]),[30] or replace a fricative with a corresponding stop (Dach [dax] 'roof' pronounced [dak]).[32] One case study found that a 17-month-old child acquiring German replaced the voiceless velar fricative [x] with the nearest available continuant [h], or deleted it altogether (Buch [buːx] 'book' pronounced [buh] or [buː]).[33]
Vowel space development[edit]
In 2009, Lintfert examined the development of vowel space of German speakers in their first three years of life. During the babbling stage, vowel distribution has no clear pattern. However, stressed and unstressed vowels already show different distributions in the vowel space. Once word production begins, stressed vowels expand in the vowel space, while the F1-F2 vowel space of unstressed vowels becomes more centralized. The majority of infants are then capable of stable production of F1.[34] It should be noted that the variability of formant frequencies among individuals decreases with age.[35] After 24 months, infants expand their vowel space individually at different rates. However, if the parents' utterances possess a well-defined vowel space, their children produce clearly distinguished vowel classes earlier.[36] By about three years old, children command the production of all vowels, and they attempt to produce the four cardinal vowels, /y/, /i/, /u/ and /a/, at the extreme limits of the F1-F2 vowel space (i.e., the height and backness of the vowels are made extreme by the infants).[35]
Grammatical words[edit]
Generally, closed-class grammatical words (e.g. articles and prepositions) are absent from children's speech when they first begin to combine words.[37] However, children as young as 18 months old show knowledge of these closed-class words when they prefer stories with them, compared to passages with them omitted. Therefore, the absence of these grammatical words cannot be due to perceptual problems.[38] Researchers tested children's comprehension of four grammatical words: bis [bɪs] 'up to', von [fɔn] 'from', das [das] 'the' (neuter singular), and sein [zaɪ̯n] 'his'. After first being familiarized with the words, eight-month-old children looked longer in the direction of a speaker playing a text passage that contained these previously heard words.[39] However, this ability is absent in six-month-olds.[40]
The acquisition of nasals in German differs from that of Dutch, a phonologically closely related language.[41] German children produce proportionately more nasals in onset position (sounds before a vowel in a syllable) than Dutch children do.[42] German children, once they reached 16 months old, also produced significantly more nasals in syllables containing schwas, when compared with Dutch-speaking children.[43] This may reflect differences in the languages the children are being exposed to, although the researchers claim that the development of nasals likely cannot be seen apart from the more general phonological system the child is developing.[44]
Phonotactic constraints and reading[edit]
A 2006 study examined the acquisition of German in phonologically delayed children (specifically, issues with fronting of velars and stopping of fricatives) and whether they applied phonotactic constraints to word-initial consonant clusters containing these modified consonants.[45] In many cases, the subjects (mean age = 5;1) avoided making phonotactic violations, opting instead for other consonants or clusters in their speech. This suggests that phonotactic constraints do apply to the speech of German children with phonological delay, at least in the case of word-initial consonant clusters.[46] Additional research[47] has also shown that spelling consistencies seen in German raise children's phonemic awareness as they acquire reading skills.
Sound changes[edit]
Sound changes and mergers[edit]
A merger found mostly in Northern accents of German is that of /ɛː/ (spelled ä, äh) with /eː/ (spelled e, ee, or eh). Some speakers merge the two everywhere, some distinguish them everywhere, others keep /ɛː/ distinct only in conditional forms of strong verbs (for example ich gäbe [ˈgɛːbə] 'I would give' vs. ich gebe [ˈgeːbə] 'I give' are distinguished, but Bären [ˈbeːʁən] 'bears' vs. Beeren [ˈbeːʁən] 'berries' are not. Standard pronunciation of Bären is [ˈbɛːʁən]).
Another common merger is that of /ɡ/ at the end of a syllable with /ç/ or respectively /x/, for instance Krieg [kʰʁ̥iːç] ('war'), but Kriege [ˈkʰʁ̥iːɡə] ('wars'); er lag [laːx] ('he lay'), but wir lagen [ˈlaːɡən] ('we lay'). This pronunciation is frequent all over central and northern Germany. It is characteristic of regional languages and dialects, particularly Low German in the North, where ‹g› represents a fricative, becoming voiceless in the syllable coda, as is common in German (Final-obstruent devoicing). However common it is, this pronunciation is considered sub-standard. Only in one case, in the grammatical ending -ig (which corresponds to English -y), the fricative pronunciation of final ‹g› is prescribed by the Siebs standard, for instance wichtig [ˈvɪçtʰɪç] ('important'). The merger occurs neither in Austro-Bavarian and Alemannic German nor in the corresponding varieties of Standard German, and therefore in these dialects -ig is pronounced [ɪɡ̊].
Many speakers do not distinguish the affricate /pf/ from the simple fricative /f/ in the beginning of a word. The verb (er) fährt ('[he] travels') and the noun Pferd ('horse') are then equally pronounced [fɛɐ̯t]. This occurs especially in regions where /p͡f/ did not originally occur in the local dialects, i.e. northern and western Germany. Some speakers also have peculiar pronunciation for /p͡f/ in the middle or end of a word, replacing the [f] in /p͡f/ with a voiceless bilabial fricative, i.e. a consonant produced by pressing air flow through the tensed lips. Thereby Tropfen 'drop' becomes [ˈtʰʁ̥ɔp͡ɸn̩], rather than [ˈtʰʁ̥ɔpf͡n̩].
Many speakers (especially in the North) who have a vocalization of [ʁ] after [a], merge this combination with long [aː] (i.e. [aʁ] > [aɐ] > [aː]). Hereby, Schaf ('sheep') and scharf ('sharp') are both pronounced [ʃaːf] (even though speakers sometimes falsely believe they still distinguish the two). However, in both Bavarian and Franconian dialects, the latter would always be pronounced [ʃarf] with a distinct [r] sound. Furthermore, in umlaut forms, the difference usually reoccurs: Schäfer [ˈʃɛːfɐ] vs. schärfer [ˈʃɛɐ̯fɐ]. Speakers with this merger also often use [aːç] (instead of formally normal [aːx]) where it stems from original [aʁç]. The word Archen ('arks') is thus pronounced [ˈʔaːçn̩], which makes a minimal pair with Aachen [ʔaːxn̩], making the difference between [ç] and [x] phonemic, rather than just allophonic, for these speakers.
In the standard pronunciation, the vowel qualities /i/, /ɪ/, /e/, /ɛ/, as well as /u/, /ʊ/, /o/, /ɔ/, are all still distinguished even in unstressed syllables. In this latter case, however, many simplify the system in various degrees. For some speakers, this may go so far as to merge all four into one, whence misspellings by schoolchildren such as Bräutegam (instead of Bräutigam) or Portogal (instead of Portugal).
In everyday speech, more mergers occur, some of which are universal and some of which are typical for certain regions or dialect backgrounds. Overall, there is a strong tendency of reduction and contraction. For example, long vowels may be shortened, consonant clusters may be simplified, word-final [ə] may be dropped in some cases, and the suffix -en may be contracted with preceding consonants, e.g. [ham] for haben [ˈhaːbən] ('to have').
When stops occur between two nasals (one being syllabic), they may be replaced by a glottal stop though they still determine the nature of the nasal. Thus, Lampen ('lamps') changes from [ˈlampʰən] to [ˈlamʔm̥]; speakers are often unaware of this.
If the clusters [mp], [lt], [nt], or [ŋk] are followed by another consonant, the stops /p/, /t/ and /k/ usually lose their phonemic status. Thus while the standard pronunciation distinguishes ganz [ɡant͡s] ("whole") from Gans [ɡans], as well as er sinkt [zɪŋkʰtʰ] from er singt [zɪŋtʰ], the two pairs are homophones for most speakers. The commonest practice is to drop the stop (thus [ɡans], [zɪŋtʰ] for both words), but some speakers insert the stop where it is not etymological ([ɡants], [zɪŋkʰtʰ] for both words), or they alternate between the two ways. Only few speakers retain a phonemic distinction.
Middle High German[edit]
The Middle High German vowels [ei̯] and [iː] developed into the modern Standard German diphthong [aɪ̯], and [ou̯] and [uː] developed into [aʊ̯]. For example, Middle High German heiz and wîz ('hot' and 'white') became Standard German heiß and weiß. In other dialects, the Middle High German vowels developed differently: Bavarian hoaß and weiß, Ripuarian heeß and wieß, Swiss German heiss and wiiss, Yiddish heys and vays.
The Middle High German diphthongs [iə̯], [uə̯] and [yə̯] became the modern Standard German long vowels [iː], [uː] and [yː] after the Middle High German long vowels changed to diphthongs. In most Upper German dialects, the diphthongs are retained. A remnant of their former diphthong character is shown when [iː] continues to be written ie in German (as in Liebe 'love').
See also[edit]
- ^ Pages 1-2 of the book (Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch) discuss "die Standardaussprache, die Gegenstand dieses Wörterbuches ist" (the standard pronunciation which is the topic of this dictionary). It also mentions "Da sich das Deutsche zu einer plurizentrischen Sprache entwickelt hat, bildeten sich jeweils eigene Standardvarietäten (und damit Standardaussprachen)" (German has developed into a pluricentric language separate standard varieties (and hence standard pronunciations)), but refers to these standards as "regionale und soziolektale Varianten" (regional and sociolectal variants).
- ^ Differences include the pronunciation of the endings -er, -en, and -em.
- ^ Mangold (2005:37)
- ^ a b c d von Polenz (2000:151, 175)
- ^ For a detailed discussion of the German consonants from a synchronic and diachronic point of view, see Cercignani (1979).
- ^ Map based on Trudgill (1974:220)
- ^ Mangold (2005:45)
- ^ a b Mangold (2005:47–49 and 53)
- ^ Hamann & Fuchs (2010:14-24)
- ^ a b c d Mangold (2005:50 and 52)
- ^ Rocławski (1976:149 and 160)
- ^ a b c d e Mangold (2005:50)
- ^ a b c Mangold (2005:51)
- ^ a b c d e f Mangold (2005:51–52)
- ^ a b c d e Mangold (2005:53)
- ^ a b Mangold (2005:52)
- ^ Moosmüller (2007:6)
- ^ e.g. Kohler (1990)
- ^ e.g. Wiese (1996)
- ^ See Wiese (1996:13–14) for discussion.
- ^ Wiese (1996:217)
- ^ Kohler (1977) and Kohler (1990), as cited in Wiese (1996:210)
- ^ a b c d Mangold (2005:56)
- ^ a b Mangold (2005:55)
- ^ [v] written v[clarify] can devoice in nearly every place once the word has become common; w is devoiced in Möwe, Löwe. On the other hand, the keeping to the variety is so standard that doof /do:f/ induced the writing "(der) doofe" even though the standard pronunciation of the latter word is /ˈdoːvə/
- ^ a b Beckman, Jessen & Ringen (2009:233)
- ^ Beckman, Jessen & Ringen (2009:264–265)
- ^ "Lautstruktur des Luxemburgischen - Wortübergreifende Phänomene". Retrieved 2013-05-15.
- ^ a b Meibauer et al. (2007:261)
- ^ a b c d Meibauer et al. (2007:263)
- ^ Grijzenhout & Joppen (1998:1)
- ^ Meibauer et al. (2007:264)
- ^ Grijzenhout & Joppen (1998:12)
- ^ Lintfert (2010:159)
- ^ a b Lintfert (2010:138)
- ^ Lintfert (2010:160)
- ^ Höhle & Weissenborn (2003:122)
- ^ Höhle & Weissenborn (2003:123)
- ^ Höhle & Weissenborn (2003:125)
- ^ Höhle & Weissenborn (2003:126)
- ^ Altvater-Mackensen & Fikkert (2007:14)
- ^ Altvater-Mackensen & Fikkert (2007:16)
- ^ Altvater-Mackensen & Fikkert (2007:19)
- ^ Altvater-Mackensen & Fikkert (2007:23)
- ^ Ott, van de Vijner & Höhle (2006:323)
- ^ Ott, van de Vijner & Höhle (2006:331)
- ^ Goswami, Ziegler & Richardson (2005:362)
- Altvater-Mackensen, N.; Fikkert, P. (2007), "On the acquisition of nasals in Dutch and German", Linguistics in the Netherlands 24: 14–24
- Beckman, Jill; Jessen, Michael; Ringen, Catherine (2009), "German fricatives: coda devoicing or positional faithfulness?", Phonology (Cambridge University Press) 26 (2): 231–268, doi:10.1017/S0952675709990121
- Cercignani, Fausto (1979), The Consonants of German: Synchrony and Diachrony, Milano: Cisalpino
- Goswami, U.; Ziegler, J.; Richardson, U. (2005), "The effects of spelling consistency on phonological awareness: A comparison of English and German", Journal Of Experimental Child Psychology 92: 345–365, doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2005.06.002
- Grijzenhout, J.; Joppen, S. (1998), First Steps in the Acquisition of German Phonology: A Case Study
- Hamann, Silke; Fuchs, Susanne (2010), Retroflexion of voiced stops: data from Dhao, Thulung, Afar and German
- Höhle, Barbara; Weissenborn, Jürgen (2003), "German–learning infants' ability to detect unstressed closed–class elements in continuous speech", Developmental Science 6: 122–127
- Kohler, Klaus J. (1977), Einführung in die Phonetik des Deutschen, Berlin: E. Schmidt
- Kohler, Klaus J. (1990), "German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (1): 48–50, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004084
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter
- Lintfert, Britta (2010), Phonetic and phonological development of stress in German (Doctoral thesis, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany), pp. 138–160
- LEO Dictionary Team (2006), LEO Online Dictionary, Faculty of Computer Sciences, Technische Universität München, retrieved February 29, 2012
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, ISBN 978-3411040667
- Meibauer, Jörg; Demske, Ulrike; Geilfuß-Wolfgang, Jochen; Pafel, Jürgen; Ramers, Karl-Heinz; Rothweiler, Monika; Steinbach, Markus (2007), Einführung in die germanistische Linguistik (2nd ed.), Stuttgart: Verlag J.B Metzler, ISBN 978-3476021410
- Moosmüller, Sylvia (2007), Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis, retrieved March 21, 2013
- Rocławski, Bronisław (1976), Zarys fonologii, fonetyki, fonotaktyki i fonostatystyki współczesnego języka polskiego, Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
- Ott, Susan; van de Vijner, Ruben; Höhle, Barbara (2006), "The effect of phonotactic constraints in German-speaking children with delayed phonological acquisition: Evidence from production of word-initial consonant clusters", Advances In Speech Language Pathology, 4 8: 323–334, doi:10.1080/14417040600970622
- Siebs, Theodor (1898), Deutsche Bühnensprache, Cologne: Ahn
- Trudgill, Peter (1974), "Linguistic change and diffusion: description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect geography", Language in Society (Cambridge University Press) 3 (2): 215–246, doi:10.1017/S0047404500004358
- von Polenz, Peter (2000), Deutsche Sprachgeschichte: vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegewart, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110168020
- Wiese, Richard (1996), The Phonology of German, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-824040-6
Further reading[edit]
- Odom, William; Schollum, Benno (1997), German for Singers (2nd ed.), New York: Schirmer Books, ISBN 978-0028646015
- Siebs, Theodor (1969), Deutsche Aussprache, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110003253
External links[edit]
- Pronounce-German.com: provides free pronunciation of German words by a native speaker, tens of thousands included (Seems to still be in beta)
- Listen to the pronunciation of German first names


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Illinois Digital Archives
Ceramic tile with image of Roosevelt silkscreened in brown. Below the image are silkscreened: FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT and 1882-1945. On back, a paper label printed with the headline A CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT EVENTS [IN THE LIFE OF] FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT, followed by the chronology. Printed on back, at bottom: THE KEMPER - THOMAS COMPANY, CINCINNATI 12, OHIO.
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Cancer of the Mouth and Throat (cont.)Medical Author:
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, Chief Medical Editor
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, Chief Medical EditorMelissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology. Medical Editor:
Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD
Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhDDr. Charles "Pat" Davis, MD, PhD, is a board certified Emergency Medicine doctor who currently practices as a consultant and staff member for hospitals. He has a PhD in Microbiology (UT at Austin), and the MD (Univ. Texas Medical Branch, Galveston). He is a Clinical Professor (retired) in the Division of Emergency Medicine, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, and has been the Chief of Emergency Medicine at UT Medical Branch and at UTHSCSA with over 250 publications. IN THIS ARTICLE
Mouth and Throat Cancer Medical Treatment
Patient Comments
Treatment falls into two categories: treatment to fight the cancer and treatment to relieve the symptoms of the disease and the side effects of the treatment (supportive care). Surgery is the treatment of choice for early stage cancers and many later stage cancers. The tumor is removed, along with surrounding tissues, including but not limited to the lymph nodes, blood vessels, nerves, and muscles that are affected. Radiation therapy involves the use of a high-energy beam to kill cancer cells.
Chemotherapy is the use of powerful drugs to kill cancer cells.
Treatment of recurrent tumors, like that of primary tumors, varies by size and location of the recurrent tumor. The treatment given previously is also taken into account. For instance, a site already treated by external radiation therapy may be difficult to treat a second time with external radiation. Weight loss is a common effect in people with head and neck cancers. Discomfort from the tumor itself, as well as the effects of treatment on the chewing and swallowing structures and the digestive tract, often prevents eating. Medications will be offered to treat some of the side effects of therapy, such as nausea, dry mouth, mouth sores, and heartburn. The patient will probably see a speech therapist during and for some time after treatment. The speech therapist helps the patient learn to cope with the changes in the mouth and throat after treatment so that he or she can eat, swallow, and talk. Next Page: Must Read Articles Related to Cancer of the Mouth and Throat
Cancer Symptoms
Most symptoms and signs of cancer may also be explained by harmless conditions, so it's important to limit one's risk factors and undergo appropriate cancer scr...learn more >>
Cancer: What You Need to Know
The news comes like a sledgehammer into the stomach: "I'm sorry to tell you, but you have cancer." Every year, a million Americans are devastated by news of can...learn more >>
Chemotherapy or "chemo" is a treatment for cancer. Depending on the type of cancer an individual has, it can cure cancer, control cancer. or ease cancer symptom...learn more >>
Patient Comments & ReviewsThe eMedicineHealth doctors ask about Cancer of the Mouth and Throat: |
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Approximately 90% of oral cancers are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which is seen in older men, typically on the lip or lateral part of the tongue.


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My Party
- 60 guests
- 28 April 2012
- My house / Cincinnati / Ohio / United States
We'd love you to leave a comment, but you need to be logged in.
Party Recap...
Our little man was turning one so we had a celebration full of mustaches! Check out more of my parties at www.wandwinvites.com/blog
Party Highlights
Best Dressed
Little Man
Activities / Games
Photo Booth
Party Favors
"Shaving" bags and candy
Best Moment
Seeing everyone in the mustaches--especially the babies :)
What People Ate
Peanut Butter filled Pretzels, caprese salad skewers, veggie pizza, veggie cups, chips and dip
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Adult Beverages and Kool aid


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To implement minor improvements and identify planned capital projects to ensure that the building's major energy-using systems are repaired, operated and maintained effectively to optimize energy performance.
Implement no- or low-cost operational improvements and create a capital plan for major retrofits or upgrades.
Provide training for management staff that builds awareness and skills in a broad range of sustainable building operations topics. This could include energy efficiency and building, equipment and systems operations and maintenance.
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Update the building operating plan as necessary to reflect any changes in the occupancy schedule, equipment run-time schedule, design set points and lighting levels.
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I'll bet most of you can tell me the paint you used in the dining room and the particulars of every light fixture in your home. There's not a decorating nuance too small to capture your attention. But when it comes to home finances, you probably aren't so detail-oriented. In fact, my experience is that too many people rely on others (whether a partner or a paid adviser) to make decisions about their finances.
I am here to tell you that ignorance is definitely not bliss when it comes to home finances. Your home is typically your biggest investment. So how can you honestly say that you don't need to know smart home-finance moves? And pardon me for being blunt, but those of you in relationships need to pay attention, too. Divorce isn't exactly rare—and even in the most enduring partnership, the reality is that one of you will outlive the other. The home finance basics everyone should know From the Spring 2007 issue of O, The Oprah Magazine
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Please enter your travel dates.
Double or Twin Room
- FREE Breakfast
Breakfast is included in your stay.
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- FREE Breakfast
Breakfast is included in your stay.
Hotel in Nice (Centre Ville-Gare) near Orthodox Cathedral
This hotel is located in Nice (Centre Ville-Gare), close to Orthodox Cathedral, Nice Etoile Shopping Center, and Promenade des Anglais. Also nearby are Marc Chagall National Museum and Place Massena.
Hotel Features
In addition to complimentary wireless Internet access, Best Western Riviera provides dry cleaning/laundry services, an Internet point, and a 24-hour front desk.
Room Amenities
LCD televisions come with satellite channels. Guestrooms also feature complimentary wireless Internet access, refrigerators, and air conditioning.
Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Hotel Amenities
- General
Best Western Riviera features tour/ticket assistance, multilingual staff, and concierge services. An Internet point is located on site and high-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. This Nice hotel also offers complimentary newspapers in the lobby, dry cleaning/laundry services, and express check-out.
Best Western Riviera is a smoke-free property.
- Smoke-free property
- Smoke-free property (fines apply)
- 24-hour front desk
- Babysitting or childcare
- Number of floors - 6
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Air-conditioned public areas
- Elevator/lift
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- One meeting/conference room
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- Total number of rooms - 48
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- Tours/ticket assistance
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- Multilingual staff
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- Year Built 1930
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
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Available in all rooms: Free Wi-Fi
Available in some public areas: Free Wi-Fi
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Parking nearby, Parking nearby (surcharge)
- Room Amenities
- Iron/ironing board
- Free local calls
- Climate control
- Air conditioning
- Direct-dial phone
- Refrigerator
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- Complimentary newspaper
- In-room safe
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Buffet breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning in the breakfast area between 7 AM and 10:30 AM.
- Recreation
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Fishing nearby
- Swimming nearby
- Kayaking nearby
- Water skiing nearby
- Scooter/moped rentals nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Parasailing nearby
- Personal motorized watercraft on site
Policies & Fees
- Check-in
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
- Check-out
Check-out time is noon
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Accepted at this hotel: Diners Club Diners Club, MasterCard MasterCard, Visa Visa, American Express American Express
- Pets
Pets allowed, Pet policy - dogs and cats only, Maximum number of pets per room 1
- General
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
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- Unless otherwise indicated, the charges below are not included in the overall room price. If not included in the overall room price, they will be charged by the property at check-in or check-out. Charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book. This property told us they will charge you for the following:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 1.00 per person, per night. This tax does not apply to children under 19 years of age.
We have included all charges provided to us by the property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.- Self parking fee: EUR 9 per night
- Pet fee: EUR 8 per pet, per night
- Rollaway bed fee: EUR 30 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
- Additional Details
Children 2 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. This property allows pets in specific rooms only (surcharges apply and can be found in the Fees section). Guests can request one of these rooms by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
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This hotel has received its official star rating from the French Tourism Development Agency, ATOUT France.


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Asus is aware that many people are unfamiliar with Linux, and has kindly introduced the Eee PC 900 Win to offer users the comfort of Windows XP on the Eee. Physically identical to the Linux model, it's also the first machine to support a multi-touch mouse trackpad Read more
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The Asus Eee PC 900 is a very likeable ultraportable laptop. An updated version of the Eee PC 701, it boasts a larger 8.9-inch screen with a higher resolution, plus a multi-touch mouse trackpad. With the option of Windows or Linux, its improved storage gives it an edge over the competition Read more
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Add a touch of luxury to your bedroom with the Upholstered Shantung Full Headboard. This headboard has a soft shantung upholstery that gives it a luxurious appearance. The button tufting adds to this headboards appealing style.
Prepare yourself for the charming class and minimalist style of this dynamic Upholstered Shantung Full Headboard. Crafted from the finest upholstered Shantung fabrics available (57% Cotton 43% Polyester - spot clean only), and offered in a charming selection of colors. This elegant headboard can attach to any standard bed frame, to maximize your comfort and heighten your bedroom's decor. Comes complete with all the necessary hardware: 2 Legs, 8 Bolts, 8 Washers, and 4 Nuts. Instructions included. These headboards are made to order and can take up to three weeks to ship.


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Restaurant Crew Job Listing at McDonald's in Sacramento, CA (Job ID mcdonalds4-935247)
IndustriesFood, Beverage & Tobacco
DescriptionHablamos espa?ol! Nous parlons fran?ais! We're sure you'll find this a fun and rewarding part time job; you'll make new friends, learn valuable skills, and have lots of room to grow. Description: *** MUST BE AGE 16 OR OLDER TO WORK AT THIS MCDONALD'S RESTAURANT - NO EXCEPTIONS. THANK YOU.*** Do you think you're too busy for school, activities, and a job? We specialize in flexible scheduling. You can work as much or as little as you want. Earn money and make new friends. Looking for friendly, enthusiastic people who can deliver excellent customer service with a presentable smile. Dependable, hard working individuals should apply now! Must be able to work in a fast paced environment and be a team player. Please no visible tattoos.
Apply on Company Website |
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Thunder Valley Casino Resort - Lincoln, CA
Thunder Valley Casino Resort - Lincoln, CA
Guest Room Attendant
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Checklite Safety Glasses, Clear Frame, Clear Lens
Item#: YYAZ-CRWCL010 | Model#: 135-CL010- Price:
- $1.36
- Shipping:
- Usually Ships within 48 Hours (Details)
GLASSES,CHCKLT,UNCOATD CL Product Details
Stylish safety glasses offer exclusive Duramass scratch-resistant lens coating and anti-fog lens coating. Flexible temple design for a comfortable fit. Filters 99.9% of UV rays. Choose from a selection of lens options and designer colors to get the look you want at a reasonable price. Style: Wraparound; Frame Color: Clear; Frame Material: Polycarbonate.
What It Is And Why You Need It
- Scratch-resistant, stylish safety glasses.
- Stylish safety glasses offer exclusive Duramass scratch-resistant lens coating and anti-fog lens coating.
- Flexible temple design for a comfortable fit.
- Filters 99.9% of UV rays.
Manufactured by: Orsnsc
Warranty provided by: Orsnsc
Mfg Part No: 135-CL010
UPC No: 766868760103
Box Size: ( Length:0, Width:0, Depth:0)
Shipping Weight: 0.0900 pound(s)
Click here for full warranty and support information - Limited Warranty: A full text version of the limited warranty
may be obtained by mailing a self addressed, stamped envelope to the
address below and requesting the warranty for item number: YYAZ-CRWCL010
Warranty Information
7795 W. Flagler St. Suite 35
Miami, FL. 33144 - Orsnsc logos are registered trademarks of Orsnsc. All others trademarks and copyrights mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners.


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- Award-winning customer service
- Free shipping on orders over $50
- 30-day no-hassle returns
- Authorized distributor
- 100% secure shopping guaranteed
Mercury Monarch Alternator
We have 3 Items In-stock. Select a year to continue.- APW Bestseller
- Low Price Guarantee
)USA Industries Alternator is guaranteed to fit perfectly just like your OE alternator. It is designed to deliver optimum reliability and durability.
Features:- Zinc Plated Pulleys and Fans
- Heavy Duty front and rear bearings, hardware and insulators
- New hardware and insulators
- Meets OE specifications
- Computer tested for maximum durability
- V-belt type pulley
- 40/60 Amp
- Brand: USA Industries
- Product Color/Finish: Factory finish
- Amperage Output: 40/60
- Number of Grooves: Not applicable
- Pulley Type: V-belt
- Recommended Use: OE comparable
- 1980 | 8 Cyl 4.2L | Base
- 1975-1980 | 6 Cyl 4.1L | Base
- Free Ground Shipping
- Low Price Guarantee
)Quality-Built Premium Alternators are engineered from the ground up to deliver unsurpassed reliability with each turn of the key. Every Quality-Built product offers maximum dependability for virtually every car on the road, import, and domestic. Manufactured under strict QS-9000 quality guidelines that signifies the highest quality standard achievable for automotive parts suppliers.
- 90 amps
- Single V-type pulley
- External fan
- Externally regulated regulator
- Replaces OE Ford unit
- Re-engineered and remanufactured to exacting standards for unsurpassed dependability
- Designed to be regulated by vehicle's onboard computer.
- Constructed with the extensive remanufacturing process that includes total core disassembly, extensive component replacement, and rigorous three-phase testing that ensures to deliver performance that can be depended on
- Returned core alternator that is thoroughly stripped down to base components and durable parts are cleaned, machined, and tested to precise standards
- Offers new components including brushes, bushings, springs, and contacts
- Assembled with re-claimed durable parts and tested again to ensure proper function
- Lubricated with aerospace-grade grease to ensure long-life under grueling conditions
- Complimentary 24/7 Quality-Built (QB) Roadside Assistance Program (RAP) which includes a jump-start or tow for 2 years from the date of purchase limited to 3 events per year and a maximum reimbursement of $60 each event
- Brand: Quality-Built
- Product Color/Finish: Factory finish
- Amperage Output: 90
- Number of Grooves: Not applicable
- Pulley Type: V-belt
- Recommended Use: OE comparable
- 1980 | 8 Cyl 4.2L | Base
- Clearance Item
- Free Ground Shipping
- Low Price Guarantee
)Motorcraft Remanufactured Alternators are performance and insulation tested to 600 volts, current output, cut-in speed, and high temperature durability. Applied innovations and upgrades, reliable performance, and long-term durability.
- 60 amps output
- Includes external regulator
- Dual internal cooling fans provides reliability during extreme temperatures
- Slip ring and brushes designed to reduced wear to help provide longer service life
- Remote battery voltage sensing that helps improve voltage accuracy and extend battery life
- Comes with failure mode effect management diagnostic that provides early warning of potential system problems
- Brand: Motorcraft
- Product Color/Finish: Factory finish
- Amperage Output: 60
- Number of Grooves: Not applicable
- Pulley Type: V-belt
- Recommended Use: OE comparable
- 1980 | 8 Cyl 4.2L | Base
- 1975-1980 | 8 Cyl 5.0L | Base
- Mercury Bobcat Alternator
- Mercury Breezeway Alternator
- Mercury Brougham Alternator
- Mercury Caliente Alternator
- Mercury Capri Alternator
- Mercury Colony Park Alternator
- Mercury Comet Alternator
- Mercury Commuter Alternator
- Mercury Cougar Alternator
- Mercury Country Cruiser Alternator
- Mercury Cyclone Alternator
- Mercury Grand Marquis Alternator
- Mercury LN7 Alternator
- Mercury Lynx Alternator
- Mercury Marauder Alternator
- Mercury Mariner Alternator
- Mercury Marquis Alternator
- Mercury Meteor Alternator
- Mercury Milan Alternator
- Mercury Montclair Alternator
- Mercury Montego Alternator
- Mercury Monterey Alternator
- Mercury Mountaineer Alternator
- Mercury Mystique Alternator
- Mercury Park Lane Alternator
- Mercury Parklane Alternator
- Mercury S-55 Alternator
- Mercury Sable Alternator
- Mercury Topaz Alternator
- Mercury Tracer Alternator
- Mercury Villager Alternator
- Mercury Voyager Alternator
- Mercury Zephyr Alternator


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Tin Cup "Received that name when, in 1861, Fred Lottes, having discovered mineral deposits there, and having no gold miner's pan, used a tin drinking cup in which to wash out his prspects, town first known as Virginia City." Thom, W.B. Early day marshals at Tin Cup CM 10:143-4 J1 '33
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9:00 AM Labor Day Arts
Organization: Estes Park Chamber and Visitors Center
Date: 09/01/2013 update info
Time: 9:00:00 AM - 5:00:00 PM
Event Cost: Free Admission
Venue: Bond Park in Estes Park,CO
Contact: Estes Valley Sunrise Rotary
Phone: (970) 412-9422
Website: www.estesparkartsandcrafts.com
Event Details:
The Estes Park Arts and Crafts Show is held every year over Labor Day weekend in downtown Estes Park just west of the Town Hall and Library on Elkhorn Ave.
Over a hundred artisans offer one-of-a-kind handcrafted items for you to purchase or just to enjoy viewing. Make your purchases immediately or ask your favorite artists for their contact information and shop later.
Next year's show will be held August 31, and Sept 1-2, 2013 with new extended hours till 6pm on Saturday and Sunday. This decades-old Estes Park event is a continuation of a fabulous Labor Day weekend tradition. The weather is usually perfect and facilitates a weekend of unique shopping in the heart of Estes Park. Many visitors make it an extended weekend with all that Estes has to offer - fabulous shops, restaurants, lodging and of course Rocky Mountain National Park.


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Sox halt brief skid, top Athletics
Boston Red Sox starting pitcher Felix Doubront delivers against the Oakland Athletics during the first inning of a baseball game at Fenway Park in Boston on Monday, April 22, 2013. (AP Photo/Winslow Townson) |
BOSTON (AP) -- Mike Napoli hit a grand slam and drove in five runs, Will Middlebrooks busted out of a slump with a three-run homer and the Boston Red Sox rebounded from a doubleheader sweep by beating the Oakland Athletics 9-6 on Monday night.
The Red Sox, swept by Kansas City in a split-doubleheader Sunday, scored three runs in the fourth and five in the fifth. Napoli's fourth career slam keyed the five-run fifth and helped end Oakland's eight-game winning streak against Boston.
The Athletics dropped their season-high fourth straight after being swept in a three-game series at the Tampa Bay Rays over the weekend. Oakland's winning streak against Boston was its longest in franchise history since the Philadelphia Athletics won eight in row in 1932.
Felix Doubront (2-0) struggled with his control, but got the win on a night with wind chills in the 30s. He allowed three runs on three hits, walking five. He also threw two wild pitches and struck out eight in 6 2-3 innings.
A.J. Griffin (2-1) was tagged for a career-worst nine runs — seven earned — and eight hits in four-plus innings.
Dustin Pedroia went 0 for 5, ending his streak of reaching base safely in each of Boston's first 18 games.
Trailing 2-1 in the fourth, the Red Sox jumped in front when the slumping Middlebrooks belted his homer. Napoli was hit by a pitch and Daniel Nava doubled down the left field line before Middlebrooks, just 4 for his last 43 since hitting three homers in Toronto on April 7, homered into the Green Monster seats.
Chris Young's sacrifice fly cut it to 4-3 in the fifth, but the Athletics left the bases loaded.
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- 7:00p
Contestant Blogs
This Week's Contestant
Job & Lauren I.
Theme: | Sandals Romance Week |
Hometown: | Crossville & Maryville, TN |
Week of: | 06-25-2012 |
We got to the studio early that morning and met some of the other contestants. They went over the rules, gave us a chance to practice spinning the wheel...which was very heavy!
They were getting the set together as we took turns practicing. They told us which couples we would be playing against and since they filmed the entire week in that one day we drew numbers to see when we would film. Job was the last to draw and he got the last slot. We watched the other shows from the audience, and in between we went to the contestant room. I'm glad we didn't go first because I would have been so nervous. While we were waiting we got our make-up done, even Job! When it was our turn they put on our microphones, touched up our make-up, and gave us last minute tips.
Once we got up there it went by so fast, I couldn't believe we were finally there! It is definitely different from playing at home, the lights are bright, and the puzzle board is so big! Job won the second toss up so that helped us feel more confident. We discussed our strategy but once we were playing we forgot everything we talked about. When it was our turn on the prize puzzle Job said "We'd like to solve." I was shocked, I had no idea what it was...as he was saying his answer he realized one of the words was wrong. We are those people who yell at the TV when people say things that don't fit in the puzzle...now we have empathy for them. Job was very upset he even bit the WILD card out of frustration. The couple right after us solved it and we were kicking ourselves as they announced where they were going on their trip.
We were pretty discouraged after this, but Pat was very encouraging and told us not to let it get to us. We won another puzzle and then the last one...I didn't even realize but that put us in the lead. We went to the bonus round and I finally got to spin the wheel, the big one was too heavy for me but I could spin the little one. Job picked the letters he decided were best and we had one extra because of the WILD card. We got enough letters and Job knew it right away!
Our total winnings were more than either of us make in a year...we were thrilled!! It was such a fun, surreal opportunity and we are so thankful for the experience. We plan to use some of the money to go back and visit the children at an orphanage in Guatemala where we spent a few months when we first got married. We are going to use the rest for a down payment so we can finally buy a house!


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Welcome to Cave Run Lodging, located in Morehead, Kentucky just a short 1.5 miles away from beautiful Cave Run Lake. We offer a variety of cabins to suit your individual needs. We have cozy one-bedroom cabins, comfortable 2 bedroom A-frames and a spacious 4 bedroom A-frame. We even offer a 2- bedroom handicap accessible cabin. Each of our cabins offers private accommodations and each comes fully furnished with housekeeping services. Our paved and securely lit driveways make it easy to park your boat or trailer. Our property also offers on site, paved boat storage units with electric hook-up and secure doors. We have an in-ground pool, located in the center of the property. It provides a welcoming and cool retreat on those hot Kentucky summer days.
1190 Ky. 801 S. Morehead, KY 40351
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Dog Days of Summer: Pooch Plus Kiddie Pool Equals Fun!
With chubby lil bodies (and smooshy faces) that we love so much, a Frenchie wouldn't go over well in the deep end! So, instead of jumpstarting some swimming lessons, lacornflakegirl pampered her Babar by letting him take a dip in a kiddie pool!