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IntroductionThis guide describes how to work on Chromium OS. If you want to help develop Chromium OS and you're looking for detailed information about how to get started, you're in the right place. You can also use the quick-start guide instead, which gives just the basic steps that work for most people.
Target audience
The target audience of this guide is anyone who wants to obtain, build, or contribute to Chromium OS. That includes new developers who are interested in the project
and who simply want to browse through the Chromium OS code, as well as developers who have been
working on Chromium OS for a long time.
Organization & contentThis guide describes the common tasks required to develop Chromium OS. The guide is organized linearly, so that developers who are new to Chromium OS can follow the tasks in sequence. The tasks are grouped into the following sections:
Typography conventions
Modifying this document
Only people with @chromium.org accounts can edit this document. Everyone else should post to the Chromium OS dev group.
If you're a Chromium OS developer, YOU SHOULD UPDATE THIS DOCUMENT and fix things as appropriate. There's a "Sign In" text button at the very bottom of this page. Sign in (with your @chromium.org account, of course) and you'll get an "Edit" button at the top of the page. Bias towards action:
Please try to abide by the following guidelines when you modify this document:
Additional information
This document provides an overview of the tasks required to develop Chromium OS. After you've learned the basics, check out the links in the additional information section at the end of this document for tips and tricks, FAQs, and important details (e.g., the Chromium OS directory structure, using the dev server, etc.).
Finally, if you build a Chromium OS image, please read this important note about attribution requirements. PrerequisitesYou must have Linux to develop Chromium OS. Any recent or up-to-date distribution should work. However, we can't support everyone and their dog's Linux distro, so the only official supported environment is listed below. If you encounter issues with other setups, patches are generally welcomed, but please do not expect us to figure out your distro.
Most developers working on Chromium OS are using Precise (the LTS version of Ubuntu). It is possible that things will work if you're running a different Linux distribution, but you will probably find life easier if you're on this one. Please note that Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic) is known not to work.
i686 32-bit systems might be supported down the road.
You need root access to run the chroot command and to modify the mount table. NOTE: Do not run any of the commands listed in this document as root – the commands themselves will run sudo to get root access when needed.
While it may be technically possible to build with less, linking the browser uses 4GB, and swapping to disk will make the build prohibitively slow.
You will have a much nicer time if you also have:
The build system is optimized to make good use of all processors, and an 8 core machine will build nearly 8x faster than a single core machine. If you are building the full Chromium OS including Chrome (the browser), your machine should have at least 4GB of RAM, and 8GB is better. If you only have 4GB of RAM make sure you have at least 4GB of swap. There have been reports of even getting by with 2GB of RAM on a Linux box not running a GUI.
This will help for the initial download (minimum of about 2GB) and any further updates.
You must also install the following packages to develop Chromium OS (installation instructions are provided below):
Install git, subversion, and curlInstall the git and subversion revision control systems, and the curl download helper. On Ubuntu, the magic incantation to do this is: sudo apt-get install git-core gitk git-gui subversion curl
This command also installs git's graphical front end ( git gui ) and revision history browser (gitk ).Install depot_toolsTo get started, follow the instructions at install depot_tools. This step is required so that you can use the repo command to get/sync the source code. Tweak your sudoers configurationYou must tweak your sudoers configuration to turn off the tty_tickets option as described in http://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/tips-and-tricks-for-chromium-os-developers#TOC-Making-sudo-a-little-more-permissive. This is required for using cros_sdk. Configure gitSetup git now. If you don't do this, you may run into errors/issues later. Replace firstname.lastname@example.com and Your Name with your information:git config --global user.email "firstname.lastname@example.com" git config --global user.name "Your Name" Preparations to submit changesIMPORTANT NOTE: If you are new to Chromium OS, you can skip this step (go to "decide where your source will live"). This is only for people who wish to make changes to the tree. Remember: anyone can post changes to Gerrit for review. Follow the instructions here to setup your code review account(s) and machine access credentials for the source repos. Remember a @chromium.org account is not required to submit code for review. Double-check that you are running a 64-bit architectureRun the following command: uname -m You should see the result: If you see something else (for example, Sources need to be world-readable to properly function inside the chroot (described later). For that reason, the last digit of your umask should not be higher than 2, eg. '002' or '022'. Many distros have this by default, Ubuntu, for instance, does not. It is essential to put the following line into your ~/.bashrc file before you checkout or sync your sources. umask 022 You can verify that this works by creating any file and checking if its permissions are correct. $ touch ~/foo $ ls -la ~/foo -rw-r--r-- 1 user group 0 2012-08-30 23:09 /home/user/foo Get the SourceDecide where your source will liveChromium OS developers commonly put their source code in
${HOME}/chromiumos . If you feel strongly, put your own source elsewhere, but note that all commands in this document assume that your source code is in ${HOME}/chromiumos .Create the directory for your source code with this command:
mkdir -p ${HOME}/chromiumos IMPORTANT NOTE: If your home directory is on NFS (as is true for engineers at Google), you must place your code somewhere else. Not only is it a bad idea to build directly from NFS for performance reasons, but builds won't actually work (builds use sudo, and root doesn't have access to your NFS mount, unless your NFS server has the no_root_squash option). Wherever you place your source, you can still add a symbolic link to it from your home directory (this is suggested), like so:
mkdir -p /usr/local/path/to/source/chromiumosln -s /usr/local/path/to/source/chromiumos ${HOME}/chromiumos Decide if you want the minilayoutBefore you get the source code, you must decide whether you want to the "minilayout" or the "full layout". If you are trying things out first time, a full layout is recommended.
You should probably pick the full layout if:
You should probably pick the minilayout if:
Remember: Even if you choose the minilayout, you can still hand pick packages whose source code you want later by using cros_workon.
Get the source codeChromium OS uses repo to sync down source code.
repo is effectively a wrapper for the git version control system that helps deal with a large number of git repositories. You already installed repo when you installed depot_tools above. Run "gclient" without any args if you want to update your existing version of depot_tools. Make sure you have followed the gerrit credentials setup instructions here.
Optionally add Google API keys:
Secondly, decide whether you need to use features of Chromium that access Google APIs from the image you are building (translate web pages, geolocation, etc). If the answer is yes, you will need to
have keys (see http://www.chromium.org/developers/how-tos/api-keys)
either in your include.gypi, or in a file in your home directory called ".googleapikeys". If either of these file are present for step 1 of building (below) they will be included automatically. If you don't have these keys, these features of chromium will be quietly disabled.Once your keys are settled, choose one of the options below.
Option #1: If you want a copy of the full layout, enter the following commands: cd ${HOME}/chromiumos repo init -u https://chromium.googlesource.com /chromiumos/manifest.git --repo-url https://chromium.googlesource.com/external/repo.gitrepo sync Option #2: If you want a copy of the minilayout, enter the following commands:
cd ${HOME}/chromiumos repo init -u https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromiumos/manifest.git -g minilayout --repo-url https://chromium.googlesource.com/external/repo.git repo sync SIDE NOTES:
When you use
repo init you will be asked to confirm your name, email address, and whether you want color in your terminal. This command runs quickly. The repo sync command takes a lot longer. Building Chromium OSCreate a chrootTo make sure everyone uses the same exact environment and tools to build Chromium OS, all building is done inside a chroot. This chroot is its own little world: it contains its own compiler, its own tools (its own copy of bash, its own copy of sudo), etc. Now that you've synced down the source code, you need to create this chroot. Assuming you're already in
${HOME}/chromiumos (or wherever your source lives), the command to download and install the chroot is:./chromite/bin/cros_sdk
This will download and setup a prebuilt chroot from Chromium OS mirrors (under 400M). If you prefer to rather build it from source, or have trouble accessing the servers, use cros_sdk --bootstrap. Note that this will also enter the chroot. If you prefer to build only, use --download.
The command with --bootstrap takes about half an hour to run on a four core machine. It compiles quite a bit of software, which it installs into your chroot, and downloads some additional items (around 300MB). While it is building you will see a regular update of the number of packages left to build. Once the command finishes, the chroot will take up total disk space of a little over 3GB.
The chroot lives by default at
${HOME}/chromiumos/chroot . Inside that directory you will find system directories like /usr/bin and /etc . These are local to the chroot and are separate from the system directories on your machine. For example, the chroot has its own version of the ls utility. It will be very similar, but it is actually a different binary than the normal one you use on your machine.SIDE NOTES:
Most of the commands that Chromium OS developers use on a day-to-day basis (including the commands to build a Chromium OS image) expect to be run from within the chroot. You can enter the chroot by calling:
./chromite/bin/cros_sdk This is the same command used to create the chroot, but if the chroot already exists, it will just enter. NOTE: if you want to run a single command in the chroot (rather than entering the chroot), prefix that command with cros_sdk -- .
This command will probably prompt you for your password for the
sudo command (entering the chroot requires root privileges). Once the command finishes, that terminal is in the chroot and you'll be in the ~/trunk/src/scripts directory, where most build commands live. In the chroot you can only see a subset of the filesystem on your machine. However, through some trickery (bind mounts), you will have access to the whole src directory from within the chroot – this is so that you can build the software within the chroot.Note in particular that the
src/scripts directory is the same src/scripts directory as you were in before you entered the chroot, even though it looks like a different location. That's because when you enter the chroot, the ~/trunk directory in the chroot is mounted such that it points to the main Chromium OS directory ${HOME}/chromiumos. That means that changes that you make to the source code outside of the chroot immediately take effect inside the chroot.Calling this will also install a chroot, if you don't have one yet, for example by not following the above.
While in the chroot you will see a special "(cros-chroot)" prompt to remind you that you are there:
(cros-chroot) johnnyrotten@flyingkite ~/trunk/src/scripts $ You generally cannot run programs on your filesystem from within the chroot. For example, if you are using eclipse as an IDE, or gedit to edit a text file, you will need to run those programs outside the chroot. As a consolation, you can use vim. If you are desperate for emacs, try typing
sudo emerge emacs . Of course this command will build emacs from source so allow 5-10mins.IMPORTANT NOTES:
Select a boardBuilding Chromium OS produces a disk image (usually just called an "image") that can be copied directly onto the boot disk of a computer intended to run Chromium OS. Depending on the specifics of that computer, you may want different files in the disk image. For example, if your computer has an ARM processor, you'll want to make sure that all executables in the image are compiled for the ARM instruction set. Similarly, if your computer has special hardware, you'll want to include a matching set of device drivers.Different classes of computers are referred to by Chromium OS as different target "boards" The following are some example boards:
You need to choose a board for your first build. Don't worry too much about this choice – you can always build for another board later. If you want a list of known boards, you can look in
~/trunk/src/overlays .Each command in the build processes takes a
--board parameter. To facilitate this, it can be helpful to keep the name of the board in a shell variable. This is not strictly necessary, but if you do this, you can simply copy and paste the commands below into your terminal program. Enter the following inside your chroot (note: change x86-generic to whatever board you want to build for):export BOARD=x86-generic This setting only holds while you stay in the chroot. If you leave and come back, you need to do specify this setting again.
Initialize the build for a boardTo start building for a given board, issue the following command inside your chroot (you should be in the
~/trunk/src/scripts directory):./setup_board --board=${BOARD} This command sets up the board target with a default sysroot of
/build/${BOARD} . The command downloads a small amount of stuff and takes a few minutes to complete.SIDE NOTES:
Set the chronos user passwordOn a Chromium OS computer, you can get command line access (and root access through the
sudo command) by logging in with the shared user account "chronos". You should set a password for the chronos user by entering the command below from inside the ~/trunk/src/scripts directory:./set_shared_user_password.sh You will be prompted for a password, which will be stored in encrypted form in /etc/shared_user_passwd.txt.
Build the packages for your boardTo build all the packages for your board, run the following command from inside the ~/trunk/src/scripts directory:
./build_packages --board=${BOARD}This step is the rough equivalent of
make all in a standard Makefile system. This command handles incremental builds; you should run it whenever you change something and need to rebuild it (or after you run repo sync ). Normally, the build_packages command builds the stable version of a package (i.e. from committed git sources), unless you are working on a package (with
cros_workon ). If you are working on a package, build_packages will build using your local sources. See below for information about cros_workon.SIDE NOTES:
Build a disk image for your boardOnce the
build_packages step is finished, you can build a Chromium OS-base developer image by running the command below from inside the ~/trunk/src/scripts directory:./build_image --board=${BOARD} --noenable_rootfs_verification dev The args for build_image specify what type of build you want (dev in the example above). Developers should normally build developer (dev) images. A developer image provides a Chromium OS-based image with additional developer packages. The --noenable_rootfs_verification turns off verified boot allowing you to freely modify the root file system. The system is less secure using this flag, however, for rapid development you may want to set this flag. If you would like a more secure, locked-down version of Chromium OS, then simply remove the --noenable_rootfs_verification flag. Finally if you want just the pristine Chromium OS-based image (closest to Chrome OS but not quite the same), pass in base rather than dev. Use build_image --help for more information.
The image produced by build_image will be located in
~/trunk/src/build/images/${BOARD}/versionNum/ (where versionNum will actually be a version number). The most recent image produced for a given board will be symlinked to ~/trunk/src/build/images/${BOARD}/latest.IMPORTANT NOTE: It's up to you to delete old builds that you don't need. Every time you run
build_image , the command creates files that take up over 4GB of space(!).Look at your disk image (optional)The preferred way to mount the image you just built to look at it's contents is: ./mount_gpt_image.sh --board=${BOARD} -f $(./get_latest_image.sh --board=${BOARD}) Again, don't forget to unmount the root filesystem when you're done: ./mount_gpt_image.sh --board=${BOARD} -u Optionally, you can unpack the partition as separate files and mount them directly: cd ~/trunk/src/build/images/${BOARD}/latest ./unpack_partitions.sh chromiumos_image.bin mkdir -p rootfs sudo mount -o loop,ro part_3 rootfs If you built with "--noenable_rootfs_verification" you can omit the "ro" option to mount to mount it read write.
If you built an x86 Chromium OS image, you can probably even try chrooting into the image:
sudo chroot ~/trunk/src/build/images/${BOARD}/latest/rootfsThis is a little hacky (the Chromium OS rootfs isn't really designed to be a chroot for your host machine), but it seems to work pretty well. Don't forget to
exit this chroot when you're done.sudo umount ~/trunk/src/build/images/${BOARD}/latest/rootfs
Installing Chromium OS on your DeviceGetting your image running on a computer without verified bootIf you are trying to run your image on a normal computer, laptop, or netbook (one that didn't come installed with Google Chrome OS), follow the instructions in this section. Said another way:
Put your image on a USB diskThe easiest way to get your image running on your target computer is to put the image on a USB flash disk (sometimes called a USB key), and boot the target computer from the flash disk. The first step is to insert a USB flash disk (4GB or bigger) into your build computer. This disk will be completely erased, so make sure it doesn't have anything important on it. Wait ~10 seconds for the USB disk to register, then type the following command in the ~/trunk/src/scripts directory:
./image_to_usb.sh --board=${BOARD} Since you didn't pass a --to parameter, the image_to_usb.sh command lists all the USB disks that it finds. If your USB disk is not listed, wait a few seconds and try the command again. Note that your USB disk may show up as something like
/dev/sdc . Once the command finds your USB disk, run the command again with the --to parameter (you should replace ${MY_USB_KEY_LOCATION} with the location for your disk, like /dev/sdc ):./image_to_usb.sh --board=${BOARD} --to=${MY_USB_KEY_LOCATION}
When the image_to_usb.sh command finishes, you can simply unplug your USB key and it's ready to boot from.
IMPORTANT NOTE: To emphasize again, image_to_usb.sh completely replaces the contents of your USB disk. Make sure there is nothing important on your USB disk before you run this command.
Boot from your USB diskYou should be able to configure your target computer's BIOS to boot from your USB key. After you've done that, simply plug in your newly minted USB key and reboot your target computer – it should now boot from the Chromium OS image on your USB key. Your Chromium OS image may not have all the drivers to run all of the peripherals on your computer, but it should at least boot.
For specific information about what works on various different machines, see the Developer Hardware page. Installing your Chromium OS image to your hard diskOnce you've booted from your USB key and gotten to the command prompt, you can install your Chromium OS image to the hard disk on your computer with this command: /usr/sbin/chromeos-install IMPORTANT NOTE: Installing Chromium OS onto your hard disk will WIPE YOUR HARD DISK CLEAN. Getting to a command prompt on Chromium OSSince you set the shared user password (with set_shared_user_password.sh) when you built your image, you have the ability to login as the chronos user:
Because you built an image with developer tools, you also have an alternate way to get a terminal prompt. The alternate shell is a little nicer (in the very least, it keeps your screen from dimming on you), even if it is a little harder to get to. To use this alternate shell:
Building an image to run in a virtual machineMany times it is easier to simply run Chromium OS in a virtual machine like kvm. You can adapt the previously built Chromium OS image so that it is usable by
kvm (which uses qemu images) by entering this command from the ~/trunk/src/scripts directory:./image_to_vm.sh --board=${BOARD} This command creates the file ~/trunk/src/build/images/${BOARD}/latest/chromiumos_qemu_image.bin.
Making changes to packages whose source code is checked into Chromium OS git repositories
Option | Description |
-clang | Invoke Clang front-end with -fsyntax-only and all other options specified on the command line. On successful completion of Clang compile, continue the build with gcc or g++. The presence of '-print-*', '-dump*', '@*', '-E', '-' or '-M' will disable clang invocation. |
-Xclang-only=<option> | This is a special option that can be used to pass <option> to Clang and not to gcc or g++. This can be used, for example, to turn off a specific Clang warning. Example: -Xclang-only=-Wno-c++11-extensions will add -Wno-c++11-extensions to the Clang invocation. |
-print-cmdline | In addition to doing the builds, print the exact command-line used for both Clang and gcc. |
(cr) $ CFLAGS="$(portageq-$board envvar CFLAGS) -clang" CXXFLAGS="$(portageq-$board envvar CXXFLAG) -clang" emerge-$board chromeos-chrome
Local Debugging
Debugging x86 binaries on your workstation.
If you build your projects incrementally, write unit tests and use them to drive your development, you may want to debug your code without shipping it over to a running device or VM.
USAGE: /usr/bin/gdb_x86_local [flags] args
--board: The board to debug for. (default: '')
--sysroot: Where your target binaries are. (default: '')
--debug_file_dir: Where your split-out debug symbols are. (default: '')
-h,--[no]help: show this help (default: false)
(cr) ~/trunk/src/platform/shill $ gdb_x86_local --board x86-generic shill_unittest [corefile]
Remote Debugging
Setting up remote debugging by hand.
If you want to manually run through all the steps necessary to set up your system for remote debugging and start the debugger, see Remote Debugging in Chromium OS.Automated remote debugging using gdb_remote script.
gdb_remote is a script that automates many of the steps necessary for setting up remote debugging with gdb. It should already be installed in your chroot. If you do not have the script, update your repository to get the latest changes, then re-build your packages:repo sync
./build_packages --board=...
This should install gdb_remote in the /usr/bin directory inside the chroot. The gdb_remote script takes several options. --board and --remote_file are required, the rest are optional:
"--remote" is the ip_address for your VM or notebook. It defaults to the localhost (for running the VM); if you are not debugging in the VM, then you need to specify the ip_address of the notebook you are using.
"--port" is the ssh port that will be used for communication between gdb and gdbserver. It defaults to 1234, but you can specify another port number to use if you wish.
"--remote_file" is the complete pathname, on the notebook or in the VM, of the binary to be debugged.
"--remote_pid" defaults to 0, which means gdbserver will start the specified binary running; if you want to attach to an already running binary (e.g. chrome), you need to specify the PID of the running binary (in the VM or notebook) to which to attach. The --remote_file parameter is not required if --remote_pid is passed.
When you invoke gdb_remote, it will connect to the notebook or VM (automatically setting up port-forwarding on the VM), make sure the port is entered into the iptables, and start up gdbserver, using the specified port and binary, either attaching to the binary (if a remote_pid was specified) or starting up the binary, and waiting for gdb to connect.
It will then write a special .gdbinit file for you that sets up the sysroot and debug file directory for gdb and creates and executes a gdb_macro named 'remote_connect', and will start up the cross-built gdb for you.
Examples of debugging using the gdb_remote script.
Below are two examples of using gdb_remote to start up debugging sessions. The first example shows connecting to a VM and having gdbserver start up a fresh copy of the binary to be debugged. The second example shows connecting to an external notebook and having gdbserver attach to an existing process:
$ gdb_remote --board=${BOARD} --remote_file=/bin/ls
Verifying IP address localhost (this will take a few seconds)...
Starting up gdbserver on your remote device.
Warning: Permanently added '[localhost]:9222' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
Warning: Permanently added '[localhost]:9222' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
gdbserver is now running remotely. Output will be written to
/tmp/gdbserver.out on your remote device.
To connect to gdbserver, type 'remote_connect' at the gdb prompt.
GNU gdb (Gentoo 7.2 vanilla) 7.2-gg15
Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
Type "show copying" and "show warranty" for licensing/warranty details.
This GDB was configured as "--host=x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
0x777459c0 in print_statistics () from /build/x86-mario/lib/ld-linux.so.2
b main
Breakpoint 1 at 0x8830: file ls.c, line 1197.
Example 2:
$ gdb_remote --board=${BOARD} --remote_pid=626 --remote=123.45.678.99
Verifying IP address 123.45.678.99 (this will take a few seconds)...
Starting up gdbserver on your remote device.
gdbserver is now running remotely. Output will be written to
/tmp/gdbserver.out on your remote device.
To connect to gdbserver, type 'remote_connect' at the gdb prompt.
GNU gdb (Gentoo 7.2 vanilla) 7.2-gg15
Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
Type "show copying" and "show warranty" for licensing/warranty details.
This GDB was configured as "--host=x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
0x73706424 in __kernel_vsyscall ()Troubleshooting
My build is failing, what's the problem?
If re-running doesn't help, check the buildbot to see if the problem exists there as well.
How do I fix network problems in the chroot?
inside the chroot, the command uses wget
to fetch packages. The wget process is run as the portage
user, and if that user is unable to talk on the network the command will be unable to resolve hostnames, among other things. This can happen if the machine is using a local firewall service such as UncomplicatedFireWall (ufw
package on Ubuntu) that limits network traffic to a specific set of users.$ sudo iptables -L ufw-after-output | grep owner
ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere owner UID match root
ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere owner UID match yourname
user to the list of allowed users:First, create the user on the build machine:
sudo useradd -d /var/tmp/portage -N -s /bin/false portage
and /etc/ufw/after6.rules
:# allow outbound connections by portage user for building chromiumos
-A ufw-after-output -m owner --uid-owner portage -j ACCEPT
sudo restart ufw
I lost my developer tools on the stateful partition, can I get them back?
$ cd /tmp
$ scp me@myworkstation:/path/to/chromiumos/chroot/build/x86-whatever/usr/bin/stateful_update .
$ sudo sh stateful_update
$ sudo reboot
$ cd /tmp
$ scp me@myworkstation:/path/to/chromiumos/chroot/build/x86-whatever/usr/bin/stateful_update .
$ sudo sh stateful_update --stateful_change=clean
$ sudo reboot
Running Tests
./image_to_vm.sh --board=${BOARD}
--test_image - When creating a VM image for testing purposes, it is highly recommended that you expand its stateful partition with the
parameter. Otherwise, certain autotest scenarios will run out of stateful partition disk space since its default size on ChromeOS image files is equal to rootfs size of 2G. TODO: Is this still needed? I don't think so now that the default stateful size is 2G. - If the directory already has a file called chromiumos_test_image.bin, that file is reused. That means that calling both image_to_usb.sh and image_to_vm.sh doesn't waste time by creating the test image twice.
Creating a recovery image that has been modified for test
./mod_image_for_recovery.sh \
--board=${BOARD} \
--nominimize_image \
--kernel_image ${RECOVERY_KERNEL} \
--image ~/trunk/src/build/images/${BOARD}/latest/chromiumos_test_image.bin \
--to ~/trunk/src/build/images/${BOARD}/latest/recovery_test_image.bin
./image_to_usb.sh --board=${BOARD} --image_name=recovery_test_image.bin --to=${MY_USB_KEY_LOCATION}
- Your USB image will be a recovery mode/test image, but the ordinary image in your directory will be a non-test image.
- If you use devserver, this will serve the non-test image not the test-image.
- This means a machine installed with a test-enabled USB image will update to a non-test-enabled one.
Additional information
Switching Toolchain Compilers
- For ARM: armv7a-cros-linux-gnueabi-gcc -v
- For x86: i686-pc-linux-gnu-gcc -v
- For amd64: x86_64-cros-linux-gnu-gcc -v
- src/platform/dev/cros_gcc_config -l
This will print the list of available compilers to switch to.
NOTE: If you use ./build_packages after switching the toolchain compiler, make sure to pass in --skip_toolchain_update.
Developer mode
flag. For the most part, the two actions enable the same set of things (like the shell command in crosh). Thus, you can think of either action as enabling developer mode.- Putting your hardware into developer mode makes
. It also makes the file/mnt/stateful_partition/.developer_mode
appear. - Building with the
flag creates a file called/root/.dev_mode
(in addition to adding a whole bunch of useful developer tools to your stateful partition). The presence of the /root/.dev_mode file enables developer mode and also prevents wiping of the stateful partition when you switch your hardware between developer mode and release mode.
Attribution requirements
When you produce a Chromium OS image, you need to fulfill various attribution requirements of third party licenses. Currently, the images generated by a build don't do this for you automatically. You must modify ~/chromium/src/chrome/browser/resources/chromeos/about_os_credits.html.Documentation on this site
- The Tips And Tricks for Chromium OS Developers page has a lot of useful information to help you optimize your workflow.
- If you haven't read the page about the devserver already, read it now.
- Learn about the Chromium OS directory structure.
- The Chromium OS developer FAQ might have useful info. TODO: Double-check that the FAQ is still accurate, and resolve it with this page.
- The Chromium OS portage build FAQ might also have useful info. TODO: Double-check that the FAQ is still accurate, and resolve it with this page.
- If you have questions about the
option, you might find answers on this thread on chromium-os-dev. - Running Smoke Suite on a VM Image has good information about how to get up and running with autotest tests and VMs.
- Debugging Tips contains information about how to debug the Chromium browser on your Chromium OS device. TODO: Validate that the instructions are still accurate.
- Working on a Branch has tips for working on branches.
- Git server-side information talks about adding new git repositories.
- The Portage Package Upgrade Process documents how our Portage packages can be upgraded when they fall out of date with respect to upstream.
External documentation
Below are a few links to external sites that you might also find helpful (somewhat ordered by relevance):- Definitely look at the Chromium OS dev group to see what people are talking about.
- Check out the Chromium OS bug tracker to report bugs, look for known issues, or look for things to fix.
- Get an idea of what's actively happening by looking at the Chromium Code Reviews site. (Note that this is the combined site for both Chromium and Chromium OS.)
- Browse the source code on the Chromium OS gitweb.
- Check the current status of the builds by looking at the Chromium OS build waterfall.
- Check out the #chromium-os channel on freenode.net (this is the IRC channel that Chromium OS developers like to hang out on).
- If you're learning git, check out Git for Computer Scientists, Git Magic, or the Git Manual.
- The Gentoo Development Guide might be useful for (TODO: short description)
- The Gentoo Embedded Handbook might be useful for (TODO: short description)
- The Gentoo Cross Development Guide might be useful for (TODO: short description)
- The Gentoo Wiki on Cross-Compiling might be useful for (TODO: short description)
- The Gentoo Package Manager Specification might be useful for (TODO: short description)
- The repo man page might help you if you're curious about repo. Or you can go straight to the repo source code.
- The repo-discuss group is a good place to talk about repo.


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Glomerulonephritis can damage your kidneys so that they lose their filtering ability. This can lead to the accumulation of dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes and waste in your body (called kidney failure) and deprive your bloodstream of necessary protein.
Complications of glomerulonephritis may include:
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Posted March 27, 2012 in News
Façonnable launches the new Monte Carlo Tennis Tournament Contest
Façonnable is stepping into a sporty mood by sponsoring the Façonnable Monte-Carlo Tennis Tournament that runs April 14 through April 22, 2012.
Tennis is a sport that perfectly embodies the spirit of the French brand so, as part of the project celebrating the exclusive Monte Carlo Country Club Collection, Façonnable has organized a contest in its flagship stores in France, Belgium and Monte Carlo, as well as through its e-commerce template, that features a dedicated page for online shoppers seeking to participate, from March 23 to April 3, 2012.
The prize is a week-end to attend the Finals of the Monte Carlo Tennis Tournament on April 21 and 22 and enjoy the seaside life in the renowned luxury haven.
Sophisticated ballot boxes a la Façonnable will be placed on the cash desks of the shops adhering to the initiative, enabling all Façonnable boutique guests and online visitors to participate in the contest with a subscription card bearing the logo of the Monte Carlo Country Club Collection. The winner will be announced on April 11, 2012.


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Byzantine Gold Coin - (Emperor Phocas) 602-610 AD NGC AU
We provide all our customers with a refund, return and/or exchange policy on everything we sell including all bullion and certified coins. If for any reason you have a problem, please feel free to call our offices. We will always do our best to accommodate you.
Gold | Bid: $1,365.80 | Ask: $1,367.80 |
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Product Description
AV Solidus! Over 1400 years old!
This Gold coin dates from the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Phocas (602 - 610 AD). It contains over 4.g actual Gold weignt and was produced at the Constantinople mint.
The obverse shows a facing bust of Phocas. dNN FOCAS PERP AVG
The reverse shows VICTORIA AVGY and an angel standing holding a long staff. CONOB appears below. Officinae I.
This coin is graded Almost Uncirculated by NGC. Strike and surface ratings are 4/5 & 2/5 respectively. It has been notated as being brushed, but is in a high state of preservation!
Find the best Gold value at APMEX. We offer low Gold prices and a wide selection of Gold coins to make buying Gold online easy.
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Product Specifications
Product ID: | 76009 |
Year: | 602-610 |
Grade: | AU |
Denomination: | Solidus |


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Welcome to the Hood Box Office CHUCKG1.
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text: Hey young true believers, ever wanted to ask your favorite Hero questions about their greatest battles? Or what they do for fun or what their favorite subject in school? Come meet the Arizona Avengers and get your chance to ask your heroes questions about things you were always curious about.


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Jon and Kate Gosselin are officially divorced!
The Gosselin divorce is a done deal, although deets are still coming in.
Jon and Kate Gosselin are totally and officially divorced. Now Kate can get on with her life and career and Jon can...
Wait. What is Jon going to do?
Especially now that he has reportedly has five-figure monthly child support payments that he needs to make.
TMZ reports that the judge has already signed the final papers, making Jon and Kate officially single people again.
Kate will continue to live in the family home with all eight of her children. And she sounds happy to have this chapter of her life over and done with. "I am very relieved that our divorce has been finalized, and I look forward to the New Year, focusing on our children."
Will the show go on? We have a feeling Jon will continue to embarrass Kate with his attention-getting antics. But since he screwed it up with TLC, he can't make a living doing reality TV shows anymore. Or can he?
What do you think? Is this is last we've seen of Jon Gosselin?
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More Jon Gosselin Dish:
Jon and Kate Gosselin's divorce terms final
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More Jon Gosselin Dish:
Jon and Kate Gosselin's divorce terms final
The Jon and Kate Gosselin arbitration: Days of whine and roses
Report: Jon Gosselin will countersue TLC
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thank goodness for small favors!!
These two are pathetic excuses for parents! They used their children for their own financial gain........while constantly claiming how difficult it was financially to cope, just to get FREEBIES!!! Now they are "Millionares" I wonder if each child has a TRUST FUND??
I have read enough about Jon and Kate. I like Kate and I feel sorry for Jon. People always have an opinion about someone they haven't even met. If you have 8 children to feed you do what you have to do to raise your children. I hope to see Kate back on T.V. along with the kids. Even Jon showing up once in awhile. Maybe they should do a show on Becoming friends after a divorce. Some people may learn from it. So leave them alone and get a life.
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New Richmond News
Council tables library site issue
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March 6, 2014
Inquiring Reporter: If you could talk to Mother Nature, what would you say to her right now?
"Bring on the heat!" — Jade Adams, New Richmond - "Enough Already!" — Jeff Cormell, New Richmond - "Thank you." — Marjan Schwartz, Star Prairie - "What is going on this winter? When is spring going to be here?" — Mike Strahlman, New...
March 6, 2014 - 10:34am
Letters to the Editor: March 6, 2014
Supports Library Board's choice To the Editor: As a concerned and interested citizen, I would like to share my feelings about the new library. First of all, I completely support the Library Board and its decision to build the new facility on the current site. It is beautiful,...
opinion / letters
March 6, 2014 - 10:24am
Our View: Dispose of unused prescription meds
The stories family members shared last week at the community heroin forum sponsored by the New Richmond Police Department, the New Richmond School District and the New Richmond Area Community Foundation, were heartbreaking. Their stories of addiction, pain, prison, recovery, relapse...
opinion / editorials
March 6, 2014 - 10:21am
February 27, 2014
Our View: Get involved in library building discussion
Last week, Cuningham Group presented four options for building a library at the Community Commons site. Those four options, along with an option the firm presented last year for building a new library at the site of the current library, will be presented at a New Richmond City Council...
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February 27, 2014 - 9:50am
Letters to the Editor: Feb. 27, 2014
Transparency needed on Somerset School Board To the Editor: I recently requested the January and February Board Packets in order to be more informed and better understand discussion and actions taken at the Somerset Board of Education meetings. This initial response I received...
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February 27, 2014 - 9:46am
Letters to the Editor: Feb. 27, 2014
Transparency needed on Somerset School Board To the Editor: I recently requested the January and February Board Packets in order to be more informed and better understand discussion and actions taken at the Somerset Board of Education meetings. This initial response I received was...
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February 27, 2014 - 9:46am
Inquiring Reporter: What is the first sign of spring for you?
"The beginning of spring for me is when I go get my baby chicks to begin raising my chickens. They always come right at the beginning of spring. I love my chickens. They're like my best friends." —Asha Willett, New Richmond "I'm doing a special garage sale this spring...
February 27, 2014 - 9:43am
February 13, 2014
OUR VIEW: New library director inherits building fray
Kimberly Hennings has her work cut out for her. Hennings will take over as director of New Richmond's Friday Memorial Library on Monday, and we already feel for her. She will jump directly into the center of a struggle more than a decade in the making to build a new library for...
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February 13, 2014 - 7:42am
November 27, 2013
Our View: Be the reason someone else is thankful
This time of year, everyone — from young schoolchildren to our most senior citizens — begins to take stock of what they are thankful for. Whether it's the company of family and friends, another year of good health, the football game, or even just food on a table before us on...
November 27, 2013 - 4:37pm
October 4, 2013
Book Report: Doing a father, and a graceful writer, proud
It's commonplace for Minnesota readers to get together and talk about the state's greatest novelists. Sinclair Lewis and F. Scott...
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October 4, 2013 - 12:01pm
September 27, 2013
EDITORIAL: City tagline needs a change
You have no doubt seen the current City of New Richmond logo: a leafy tree with fields of green and blue on either side atop blue wavy lines. Accompanying the logo is the tagline "actively inviting | naturally authentic." While the New Richmond City Council voted, 4-2, at its...
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September 27, 2013 - 2:48pm
September 13, 2013
EDITORIAL: More war? Vote must reflect public opinion
When President Obama asked for Congressional approval before taking military action against Syria, we presumed he was asking for approval from the American people. We, the people, are the constituents of U.S. senators and representatives, and therefore their vote on this critical...
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September 13, 2013 - 9:20am
EDITORIAL: You have the power at annual meeting
At the school district annual meeting on Monday, citizens -- not just school board members -- do the voting. This is the meeting where the 2013-14 budget is presented and adopted, and where the tax levy is set. Among the powers of the voting body of this meeting are the following,...
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September 13, 2013 - 9:18am
September 11, 2013
Growing up in New Richmond helps, hurts new editor
In some ways, growing up in New Richmond has given me a head start on my new job as editor at the New Richmond News, but in other ways it keeps me further behind. I lived here from 1984 to 1996, but don't ask me too much about who was mayor then, or any seemingly significant event....
opinion / columns
September 11, 2013 - 2:04pm
September 5, 2013
EDITORIAL: Keep safety in mind for new school year
Another school year is now underway in the New Richmond, Somerset and St. Croix Central school districts. For parents, teachers and school administrators, that means it's time to get accustomed to new routines, whether they include, waking up at a different time, putting on different...
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September 5, 2013 - 8:52am
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Cedar Rapids Weather
First Round of USHL Playoffs: Dubuque Wins, Waterloo FallsBy Josh Christensen
The first round of the USHL playoffs began on Wednesday night for both Waterloo and Dubuque. These two teams were hoping to take a 1-0 lead in the best of five series.
Dubuque hosted Muskegon, the Fighting Saints went 6-1 in the regular season versus the Lumberjacks. The Fighting Saints had no problems with them once again, they scored three goals in the first two periods. That would be enough as Dubuque won game one, 4-1, game two of the series will be on Friday at 7:35 p.m. As for the Waterloo Blackhawks, they were on the road taking on the Fargo Force. Waterloo faced Fargo four times in the regular season, but was defeated in all four games. The Blackhawks jumped to an early 1-0 lead after the first period from a goal by Zach Stepan. Fargo came back in the 2nd period with two goals to lead 2-1 after two periods. Waterloo tied it up in the 3rd period with a goal from Taylor Cammarata, but with 1:30 left, Austin Ortega scored the go ahead goal for the Force. Fargo took game one with a 3-2 win, game two will also be on Friday at 7:35 p.m. Conversation GuidelinesBe KindDon't use abusive, offensive, threatening, racist, vulgar or sexually-oriented language. Share KnowledgeBe truthful. Share what you know and what you are passionate about. Stay focusedPromote lively and healthy debate. Stay on topic. Ask questions and give feedback on the story's topic. Report TroubleHelp us maintain a quality comment section by reporting comments that are offensive. If you see a comment that is offensive, or you feel violates our guidelines, simply click on the "x" to the far right of the comment to report it. read the full guidelines here » Commenting will be disabled on stories dealing with the following subject matter: Crime, sexual abuse, property fires, automobile accidents, Amber Alerts, Operation Quickfinds and suicides. |
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I switched servers just two weeks ago. I started with setting the TTL to 300 seconds about 2 days before the transition.
When I changed the IP address to the new server, almost all human visitors picked up the new location in terms of minutes. Only some search engine bots, most noticeably Baidu and Yandex had cached the old IP address and hammered the old server for several hours. With this transition I haven't seen significant caching by ISPs anymore, which is a big improvement compared to transitions I did some years ago where human traffic to the old IP address died only after several hours to days.


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"Git 'R Done."
I can't even say that those are three words. At best, it's two-and-a-half, and one of them isn't even spelled correctly. But somehow, they ring appropriate after the Broncos took a vital first step towards the playoffs with Sunday's win.
They were the first words I noticed upon landing at Phoenix's Sky Harbor International Airport on Saturday. (And by the way, is there a cooler name for an airport?) One of the buses had the phrase brandished on its front with a novelty license plate. I found it a tad odd that the bus company would go for such personalization, but who am I to judge?
Still, all psuedo/wanna-be-Southern comedy aside (because Larry the Cable Guy is actually from Nebraska; you can look it up), I couldn't help but think that was the simple theme of the weekend — getting it done.
Mission accomplished. The four-game losing streak had culled the Broncos' 2006 campaign down to its most threadbare but essential goal — to win, by any means permissible within the rules. That meant going deep in the first three minutes, moving a cornerback-turned-safety back to his original position, providing a liberal dose of pass-rushing to an opposing rookie quarterback and being unafraid to turn to lesser-used players in crucial situations.
Mike Bell getting the majority of carries at tailback? It worked for two touchdowns.
Karl Paymah seeing copious playing time as the third cornerback? He merely led the Broncos in tackles and didn't yield the big play that Larry Fitzgerald and Anquan Boldin have made their habit in recent weeks.
David Kircus filling in on punt returns? He provided an early spark with a 16-yard sprint on his first return.
Quincy Morgan back on kickoff returns? All he did was give the Broncos their longest such runback in nearly three years.
Steve Cargile playing in his first NFL regular-season game? Four special-teams tackles later, he'd shown why he received the coach's call.
A collection of skill-position players around Jay Cutler that on some plays included Kircus and rookies Brandon Marshall and Bell, with a strong dose of Nate Jackson at tight end along with rookie Tony Scheffler? Using those backups helped the Broncos rest veterans like Javon Walker, Stephen Alexander and Rod Smith, while they continued moving the football all the while.
"Javon's shoulder (was) banged up a little bit (and) my calf cramped up a little bit, so we have no problem letting those guys in the game and going out there and doing what they can do," Smith said. "They get paid to go out there and go to work."
All that, and a win, too.
Now that how you "git 'r' done."
Tags: Arizona Cardinals, Road trips


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05/31/2012 2012 Spring Academic All-Big Ten Selections Announced102 Spartans student-athletes were recognized for having a 3.0 or better GPA. 05/17/2012 Kylene Hopkins Earns First Team All-Big TenJunior center fielder Kylene Hopkins receives All-Big Ten honors 05/12/2012 Softball Celebrates Senior DayMSU ended the 2012 season falling to IU 6-5, 6-5 05/11/2012 Softball Closes Out Regular Season With IndianaMSU will host Indiana in the final series of the 2012 season. 05/11/2012 Softball Edged by Indiana 4-2MSU fell narrowly to the Hoosiers 4-2 09/18/2012 Michigan State Softball Combat ClassicMichigan State Softball takes on UAB at the Combat Classic in Miami, Fla. Career Stats
2011: Big Ten Distinguished Scholar ... Academic All-Big Ten ... Started 42 of the 38 games she appeared in ... Appeared at bat 138 times ... Finished third in runs scored (32) and fourth in hits (41) ... Fifth highest batting average for the Spartans (.297) ... Registered three doubles and six RBIs for the season ... Second on the team stealing bases (13), also tied for second in sacrifice bunts (4) ... Ended the season with a slugging percentage of .319. 2010: Academic All-Big Ten honoree ... Finished the season tied for second in sacrifice bunts (six), tied for sixth in stolen bases (three) and tied for seventh in runs scored (seven) ... Registered two hits against Penn State (April 14) and Purdue (April 28) ... Had three putouts against Marshall (Feb. 12), Wright State (Feb. 19) and Illinois (May 1) ... Appeared in 44 games, starting 28. 2009: Started 43 of the 46 games she appeared in, spending most of her playing time in left field ... Recorded eight runs, 28 hits and two doubles ... Notched six multi-hit games ... Registered her first career hit with a single in the fourth inning against Fairfield (2/21) ... Tallied her first career multi-hit game against Samford (2/28) ... Posted an RBI against Elon and went 2-for-3 at the plate (3/8) ... Notched an RBI in a win at UNC Wilmington (3/11) ... Went 2-for-3 in the first game of a doubleheader with Detroit (3/25) ... Began a season-high five game hit streak on April 21 ... Posted two hits in a 3-0 win over Minnesota (4/25). High School: A four-year letterwinner at Lake Worth ... Served as captain her senior year ... Four-time first-team all-county and first-team all-conference selection ... Lead Palm Beach County in stolen bases all four years ... Recorded 100 stolen bases in her four-year varsity career ... Posted a .400 batting average her senior season, along with 32 stolen bases ... Also lettered four years in varsity flag football and three years in basketball. Club Softball: Played for the Lady Gators 18U Gold. Personal: Daughter of Paulina Perez ... Brother, Al Jaramillo, played baseball at Palm Beach Community College ... a criminal justice major. Loading...
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How To Donate
Build It Green!NYC is a 501c3 charitable organization whose mission is to facilitate affordable second-life applications for quality building materials with the purpose of generating green jobs and job training, supporting local environmental initiatives, and reducing our city's dependence on raw material consumption and landfilling.
Build It Green!NYC fulfills our mission through material donations from generous donors like you! We accept material donations via two methods:
Seven days a week at both our Queens and Brooklyn reuse centers. Large drop-offs must be approved and scheduled prior to delivery (more info below).
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Monday through Friday, only. Due to high demand, BIG!NYC consider offers per requirements listed below.
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Build It Green!NYC is primarily a supplier of construction-related materials, but due to the nature of our operations, we consider material donations of many varieties. For a better idea of materials that we traditionally accept, please visit our inventory page and search by category. Here is a list of materials that Build It Green!NYC DOES NOT ACCEPT.
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BIG!NYC is a 501c3 charitable organization. As such, all materials we receive as a donation are eligible for a tax deduction.
A signed digital Donation Receipt will be emailed to you within 7 days of receiving the donation. The tax deductible receipt will be an itemized inventory listing all the materials we received in as much detail as we can provide. BY IRS LAW, WE ARE NOT ALLOWED TO ASSIGN A MONETARY VALUE TO THE DONATED MATERIALS - THAT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE DONOR.
To learn more about how to value your materials and how the IRS defines In-Kind Charitable Contributions, please follow the links for Publication 526 and Publication 561.
If you would like to make a monetary donation, or donate a box truck or sprinter van, to help us better serve you, please email us at email@example.com.
What to donate to BIG!NYC:
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http://NOfearYEAR.com (online video devotional for overcoming fear) This is us performing the skit "The Stool" by onetimeblind during a church message called "Back to the LORD". We truly love performing their stuff! The extra laughter is because the girl is the pastor's daughter.
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Watchdog on Wallstreet brings to the public all the financial and political news that all the other business shows are afraid of.
Herman Cain grew up in Atlanta, Georgia. Today, as a former Republican candidate for the Presidency, and as the CEO of the newly formed Cain's Solutions Revolution, he is still a very active and outspoken voice for conservative issues.
The Ozarks only local Sunday call in show to speak what is on your mind.
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Hunger inside
Fiction, Authoritarian, Cheating, Cuckold, Cum Swallowing, Hardcore, Interracial, Job/Place-of-work, Lesbian, Threesome, Voyeurism
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Gender: Male Age: Secret Location: Somewhere in the Republic of Texas
Posted: 2012-03-12
This is a story requested from one of the visitors of the forum
Sorry this took so long to kick out hope you all enjoy it. Don't forget to vote and or Drop me a line let me know what you want me to write about or what you like... that you like my crap. Thx CJ
Carly called her boyfriend letting him know that she had to go and get some things from a friend of hers from work. She was stopped at a red light right behind him and she followed him as best she could till he stopped in front of a ranch style suburban house she pulled up to the curb and followed him inside. "Would you like a glass of wine to help unwind after today", he said.
Carly thought about it for a moment and then nodded. He poured the blood colored liquid into a glass and handed it to her after pouring one himself. "So what was it?"
"Oh right" he said "They are in the basement where I do most of my after work, work. She followed him; his name was Tom, down the stairs into a nicely appointed office. He pulled out a file box and set it on the desk "there you go"
"Oh Hell no!" a Contralto voice said from the doorway.
"What?" Tom said
"I come home and I find you fooling around with another woman?"
"Honey we…"
"Shut the hell up!" Carly turned and found her face buried in the biggest cleavage she had ever encountered in fact as she looked up she was facing the biggest woman she had ever encountered, Not big like wide, big like Amazonian, towering over her at what must have been close to seven feet tall, the buxom blonde gripped Carly by the hair. "Don't you say a fucking word I caught you in the act" The intimidating blonde said pulling her hair to emphasize the point. "So you like stealing another woman's cock? Or did he lure you in here telling you his cock was big?"
"I…" Carly stammered
"Shut up bitch!" she said as she pushed her down to her knees, this woman was no joke strong and Carly's knees buckled under the pressure "Well Tom let me see what you have been doing while I was out working"
"Tom, don't argue with me whip you're shit out" Samantha said. Tom looked down at Carly who was on her knees in front of him and mouthed "I'm sorry" as he unfastened his pants and let them drop to the floor he pulled his briefs down exposing a cock as big as Carly's arm. "Well come on slut show me what you do that I don't do for him". Carly gasped unable to move awed by the sheer size of Tom's member and almost afraid to touch it. "I don't have all day here bitch get going" Carly reached out a trembling hand and grasped Tom's cock it filled her entire hand and she couldn't close her fingers around it she looked up at Samantha "What are you looking at me for get to sucking, I know I have seen your lipstick on his cock!".
Carly brought her mouth in contact with the head of toms cock and she let her lips stretch around the tip. She couldn't fit it between her lips the purple head was almost the size of a soda can, here Samantha helped her by pushing her head down on Tom's hardening cock. She sucked barely able to get the first few inches past her lips and after a few frustrating minutes Samantha helped her again by pushing her head down on the now hard cock, Carly gagged and choked as the long thick piece of meat slid to the back of her throat. Samantha Slid her hands up Carly's back and peeled away her dress exposing her generous ripe breasts. Carly inhaled deeply when the other woman's fingers began to gently tweak her nipples. "Suck his cock you whore" Samantha hissed into her ear. Her hand traveled down between her legs to find her warm moist slit dripping with desire. "Tom, I don't think you have properly fucked this girl" Samantha said sucking Carly's juices from her fingers "I don't taste you." Samantha hopped up on the desk that was situated against the wall and having shed her clothes moments before.
Samantha used Carly's hair to pull Carly's face against her bare snatch as Tom positioned herself behind her. She groaned and moaned as tom stretched her insides her mouth and nose rubbing against the Samantha's slippery slot. "Suck my slit you slut" Samantha hissed between her jiggling melons, "If your gonna cum on my man's cock your damn well gonna make me cum too."
Carly Growled in primal lust as her tongue lapped at the sweet musky slit in front of her "Shit she's tight" Tom grunted as he slammed his cock into Carly. Samantha started humping Carly's face as Tom started thrusting into Carly's quivering quim. Carly's mouth clamped on Samantha's quivering clit as Tom slammed his cock into her again and again, she wordlessly howled in pleasure, as she felt the fire of an orgasm spreading out from her tightly stretched little box. She moaned loudly into Samantha's pussy as Tom kept his unrelenting pace the ebb of the orgasm was followed by the tide of another. Tom held her hip up as her legs gave way. Her whole body shook as the feelings exploded inside her a third time. She was wrenched onto the desk and Samantha turned her onto her back and sucked at her battered slit. Samantha lowered her own pussy onto Carly's face. Tom taking this as a queue came around and slid his cock into Samantha's pussy just inches from Carly's face, he thrust and Carly alternately licked Samantha's steaming gash and sucked on Tom's bloated balls. Tom Groaned finally and Carly could see his cream pumping into Samantha's slit slot. He pulled out his cock dribbling onto her face. She lapped at it and sucked it. She looked up to see Tom taking pictures of her licking his cock clean and cleaning out Samantha's flooded pussy. She didn't care it was so sexy she slurped until the last of the salty fluid was sucked from both tom's prick and Samantha's box.
"See you at work tomorrow" Tom said as Carly struggled into her clothes. She climbed the stairs out of the basement hearing the sounds of wild love making going on below she almost turned and came back for seconds. But she had to go home, she had to call Dave what would she tell him, nothing happened would be best for now she thought.
She climbed into the car and checked herself in the rear view mirror, she was a mess her hair was all over and there were bits of cum clinging in it, and her makeup was a total disaster. She fixed herself up as best she could and slowly drove home. She found herself walking gingerly from the soreness of her pussy a little bowlegged one might say.
She got up for work the next day feeling better but still sore and as she walked into work she felt men looking at her, she liked it her short skirt and halter top, Showed off just what she wanted to show with the promise of more.
It was lunchtime when she was heading to the bathroom. A large black man who she knew only as Leon pushed her into the men's room. "I hear you're a cock sucking slut," he whispered in her ear as he pushed her down on the wet floor in front of bank of sinks. She reached her knees to find herself confronted with a large thick piece of black cock; she looked up at him and licked her lips. "Oh yeah baby you know what to do" She took his cock in her hand and licked the tip "That's it baby" he said as she wrapped her lips around the tip. She was just getting into it when two other men she worked with came in.
"Oh damn" the first one named Kevin said
"That's what I'm talking about" The second one named Brian said. They quickly opened their pants and offered up their fat cocks for her empty hands. She loved the feel of so many cocks in her hands and the men's hands on her body her head and her breasts. She swallowed when Leon began to pump his thick creamy load into her mouth. She took Kevin's cock into her mouth just as he was about to shoot and she sucked and swallowed just as Brian blew his load all over the side of her face.
"Fucking awesome" Leon said.
"Yeah" Brian said
"Damn Straight" Kevin said as his limp cock slipped from between Carly's lips.
Carly straightened her clothes and scooped the congealing cock cream from the side of her face into her mouth. She cleaned up a little more in front of the mirror and exited a few minutes behind the men.
She was walking out to the parking lot after work. "Hey Baby don't walk away like that" it was Leon again.
"Oh hi Leon"
"Hey Carly" Kevin said coming up behind her and firmly grabbing her ass.
"Guys not in the parking lot"
"Okay then where?" Brian said coming up on the other side of her.
"Um… How about my boyfriend's flat he gave me the key and he shouldn't be home from work for a couple of hours"
"That's what I'm talking about I want a piece of that tail" Leon said.
They pulled up in three different cars in front of Dave's flat and Carly asked them to wait a few so she could make sure that Dave was indeed out. She found David in one of the two bedrooms. She quickly shooed him into a closet, it had one of those door where you could kind of see out of with the little slats running along its length. "Stay in there and be quiet" She hissed at him as she shut the door.
Carly led the three men into the bedroom and let them undress her first her top, she thrilled at the feeling of their large hands on her breasts and then as she stepped out of her shorts the hands on her ass and the finger or two probing her tight little twat. She opened the nearest pair of pants and pulled out the large piece of meat, and started stroking it. Dave watched from inside the closed as her lips wrapped around the thick piece of meat, she slurped loudly on it and as another cock appeared in her view she took it in hand and stroked it. The black man Leon pulled her to her feet and she had to bend over to keep slurping on the meat that she was obsessing over.
Leon took his time rubbing the head of his cock over her swollen and slick pussy lips she groaned around the cock in her mouth every time he teased her hole until she was bucking her hips back at him and he let her pussy envelop his hard cock. He slammed his cock deep inside her and she choked on the cock in her mouth as the two men pounded her from either end.
Dave watched as these perverts exploited his apparently willing girlfriend the black man's finger delved between the cheeks of her ass and she bucked wildly as he apparently found his mark. He pulled out and she took her mouth off the cock to whimper and look back at him as he sat on the bed situated in the middle of the room.
"Come sit on it" he said. She sashayed over her body glistening in a light sweat and she turned around and aimed her pussy at Leon's cock. "Not there" he said and moved his cock to the tight pink pucker of her ass.
"Ooh, you are nasty" she laughed and slowly impaled her ass on the long black cock. One of the other men moved between her spread legs and impaled her pussy while she was still getting comfortable on the large cock that was invading her insides. The two men pushed and pulled their respective cocks moving in and out of Carly's body the third man took her by the hair and brought his cock to her lips.
Dave watched as the three men fucked his girlfriend in every opening until one of them, the one buried in her pussy, pulled out and spurted long thick strings of hot cum onto her breasts. The one in her mouth lost it shortly thereafter and the first glob of cock cream shot into her throat, the second and third blasted across her face closing one of her eyes. The two men stood back as Leon physically used her masturbating his cock in her ass, his cock disappearing and reappearing every second until he clenched her to him. "Oh god" Carly cried "your cumming in my ass, oh shit oh shit". She got up and was shaky on her legs like a newborn colt, she gave each one a long lingering kiss and pulled the last drops of cum from their cock's onto her belly. "You better go," she said "I don't know when Dave will be home" the men nodded and left.
Carly opened the door to the closet hot goo sliding in droplets down her heaving breasts her nipples glistened with sweat and slime and were erect to the point of diamond hardness. Cum ran down her thighs, as she licked her lips like a lioness before devouring an antelope. "You had better have saved some for me!" as she pushed David down on the floor.
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5 comments
anonymous reader
2013-02-25 23:18:15
ya you should be shot asshole
anonymous reader
2013-02-25 23:17:28
rasists motherfucker i like women who fuck good i dont care if there black white or somewhere in the middle
2012-03-13 11:22:06
hell yes. . .another chapter !
2012-03-13 09:45:30
Kind of a brute force story, not my cup of tea - yet it gets to the point right out and the lady dominates. Ignore the critics, it was a good effort.
anonymous reader
2012-03-13 02:27:09
lousy story I hate white women who fuck and suck niggers
they have no self respect at all....... just fucking pigs and should be shot
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Dream Dictionary
Welcome to Dream Dictionary!
The general atmosphere of the kitchen governs the meaning of this dream. If it was modern and/or attractive and well kept, it predicts good news or happy social events; if it was messy, run down or bare, it indicates that your health may be a bit under par and a medical checkup might be in order.


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FX Movie Channel
FX Movie Channel | |
Launched | October 31, 1994 |
Network | FX Networks |
Owned by | Fox Entertainment Group (21st Century Fox) (FX Networks, LLC) |
Picture format | 720p (HDTV) 480i (SDTV/16:9 letterbox) |
Country | United States |
Language | American English |
Broadcast area | Nationwide |
Headquarters | Los Angeles, California |
Formerly called | fXM: Movies from Fox (1994-2000) Fox Movie Channel (2000–2013) |
Sister channel(s) | Fox FX FXX Movies! |
Website | www.fxnetworks.com/fxm |
Satellite | |
DirecTV | 258 (SD only) 1258 (VOD) |
Dish Network | 384 (SD only) |
Cable | |
Available on most U.S. cable providers | Check local listings |
Verizon FiOS | 232 (SD only) |
AT&T U-verse | 1792 (HD) 792 (SD) |
FX Movie Channel (FXM) is an American digital cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group, subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. The channel's programming consists largely of movies, primarily those from the 20th Century Fox library. As of August 2013, approximately 49,799,000 American households (43.61% of households with television) receive the FX Movie Channel.1
Originally intended to be titled "Fox Movie Studio" during the planning stages,2 the channel first launched on October 31, 1994 as fXM: Movies from Fox, the name taken from its sister cable channel FX.3 The channel officially switched to its name to Fox Movie Channel on March 1, 2000. Its primary competitors are Time Warner's Turner Classic Movies, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's MGM HD and Sony Pictures Entertainment's Sony Movie Channel, each of which likewise features films from its respective owner's inventory.
On January 1, 2012, Fox Movie Channel adopted a hybrid programming format with the debut of the shared-time service FX Movie Channel, which airs more recent theatrically released movies. The channel – which only ran promos for its programming as well as interstitials relating to its films – also began running traditional advertisements during the 12-hour block (which runs from the late afternoon to the early overnight hours); as a result, films broadcast on FMC as part of the FXM block are edited to allow commercial time, and for content. Fox Movie Channel still retains uncut and commercial-free broadcasts of its films.4
It was announced on March 27, 2013 that FXM would go from being a programming block on Fox Movie Channel to being a full scale network of the FX Networks family, which also includes FX and FXX.5 Some of the titles traditionally seen on Fox Movie Channel will likely transition to the free-to-air Movies! network, which is a joint venture between Fox Television Stations and Weigel Broadcasting.
High definition
FXM provides a high definition simulcast feed that broadcasts the channel's film content in the 720p resolution format, the company's default transmission format.
See also
- ^ Seidman, Robert (August 23, 2013). "List of How Many Homes Each Cable Networks Is In - Cable Network Coverage Estimates As Of August 2013". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
- ^ Katz, Richard (July 11, 1994). "fX the sequel: Fox Movie Studio coming soon". Multichannel News. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
- ^ Katz, Richard (October 3, 1994). "Fox flicks: second fX net sets program model". Multichannel News. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
- ^ Morabito, Andrea (September 19, 2011). "Fox Movie Channel to Rebrand with 'FXM' Block". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
- ^ "FX-FXX-FXM Press Release" (PDF) (Press release). FXX. Retrieved March 29, 2013.dead link
External links
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And then there were thirteen... and then, maybe fourteen. The Big Ten Network tweeted this morning that the University of Maryland will join the Big Ten conference effective with the 2014-15 season,with a University of Maryland news conference is scheduled for 2:30 pm today Eastern Time to make the announcement. Various media are also reporting that Rutgers University is expected to make a similar decision soon, to also join the Big Ten starting in 2014.
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West Liberty University
The Center for Arts and Education was established in July 2011 as a collaboration between the Appalachian Education Initiative and the Colleges of Education and Arts and Communication at West Liberty University with support from the Claude Worthington Benedum Foundation. The purpose of the Center is to provide innovative professional development programs and services to educators, students, teaching artists and others interested in the role of the arts in Pre-K to 12th grade education. We hope you will take every opportunity to participate in our programs and opportunities.
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text: On Sukkot, we remember our ancestors' struggles to balance their lives with the surrounding environment in order to produce a bountiful harvest each year. But most of us no longer grow our own food or live at the mercy of natural phenomena in the same ways. How can we maintain the integrity of our ancestral relationship with the Earth?


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CHARLESTON, W.Va. -- Coal operators should be more cautious about talking to government mine safety investigators to avoid being ensnared in increased criminal prosecutions in the wake of the Upper Big Branch Mine Disaster, according to the lawyer who defended a former Massey Energy security director convicted of lying in the disaster probe.
Former U.S. Attorney Bill Wilmoth told mining industry officials they should more strongly consider asserting their Fifth Amendment rights when called to answer questions by the federal Mine Safety and Health Administration's investigation teams.
"That's not something we considered much before," Wilmoth said during a presentation at the West Virginia Coal Mining Symposium in Charleston. "But we have to consider it now."
Wilmoth represented Hughie Elbert Stover, who was convicted in October by a jury that concluded Stover lied to investigators and then tried to destroy evidence about Massey's practice of warning underground workers when federal inspectors arrived at Upper Big Branch.
Prosecutors began their case against Stover when the security director testified under oath to MSHA investigators that he and other security guards did not provide workers of advance notice of government inspections.
The government did not charge Stover with the crime of providing advance notice -- which carries a lesser charge -- but with making a false statement and concealment of documents. Stover faces up to 25 years in prison. Sentencing is scheduled for Feb. 29 before U.S. District Judge Irene Berger in Beckley.
Wilmoth said Stover didn't think he was lying to investigators, because a Massey attorney had told him it was permissible to announce government inspectors arriving at the mine, as long as it was part of a policy to announce all visitors.
In its final report on the mine disaster, MSHA said warning workers about inspections played a major role in the April 5, 2010, explosion that killed 29 miners. MSHA said Massey's policy and practice of doing so allowed it to cover up some of the serious safety problems at the operation.
"It is my hope that coal companies will be very vigilant of whether their employees engage in the sort of conduct that Mr. Wilmoth's client engaged in," said U.S. Attorney Booth Goodwin. "Obviously, those sorts of practices place miners' lives in danger, and we will continue to be more aggressive in prosecuting anyone who puts miners' lives in danger."
More than a dozen top Massey executives and mine managers, including then-CEO Don Blankenship, asserted their Fifth Amendment rights and refused to talk to government investigators about the disaster.


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LouAnn Belcher June 22, 1940 ~ Feb. 16, 2013February 06, 2013, 9:05 am by Staff Reports LouAnn Belcher, 72, of Kingsland, passed away Feb. 16. She was a daughter of Joe and Leota (Hale) Rhodes, and was born on June 22, 1940 in Snyder, Texas. She was married to Jack Belcher in 1967, and was a member of the Baptist Church. Survivors include husband Jack Belcher of Kingsland; sons Donnie Max Belcher, Anthony S. Dawson, Maverick Dawson all of Kingsland, and Dusty and wife Elka Dawson of Richmond, Va.; five grandchildren; five great-grandchildren; sister Bessie Lamb; and brothers Joe Don Rhodes and Dwayne Norris. Belcher was preceded in death by her parents, Joe and Leota (Hale) Rhodes. Memorial services will be at a future date at Putnam Funeral Home in Kingsland. An online guest register may be signed at www.Putnam-Cares.com. Arrangements made by Putnam Funeral Home and Crematory in Kingsland. |
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text: Last month UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon [official website] requested an immediate investigation [JURIST report] into civilian deaths in Syria. Earlier in August the UN Supervision Mission in Syria (UNSMIS) [official website] ceased its work [JURIST report] in the country, with UN Assistant Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations Edmund Mulet stating that the mission's work had to be stopped because the two conditions required by the UN Security Council [official website] to renew the UNSMIS mandatethe cessation of the use of heavy weapons and the reduction in violence from all sideswere not met. Also in August UNSMIS chief Lieutenant General Babacar Gayee expressed concern [JURIST report] about the growing number of civilian casualties in violent clashes between government forces and armed opposition groups. In June a UN commission stated that Syrian forces may have been responsible [JURIST report] for the killing of more than 100 civilians in Al-Houla in May. President al-Assad denied [JURIST report] the allegations stating that "not even monsters" would carry out the attacks.