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ALPS—Ten Lessons from an International Workshop on a Genetic Disease of Apoptosis Immunity, Volume 32, Issue 3, 26 March 2010, Pages 291-295 Michael J. Lenardo, João B. Oliveira, Lixin Zheng and V. Koneti Rao Summary An international group of researchers investigating the molecular, cellular, immunological, and clinical aspects of the autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) met in Bethesda, Maryland on September 21-22, 2009 to discuss advances made over the past 15 years. Their discussions yielded ten broad messages applicable to genetic and immunological investigations of human disease. Summary | Full Text | PDF (204 kb) |
Disease causing mutations in the TNF and TNFR superfamilies: Focus on molecular mechanisms driving disease Trends in Molecular Medicine, Volume 17, Issue 9, 1 September 2011, Pages 494-505 Adrian A. Lobito, Tanit L. Gabriel, Jan Paul Medema and Fiona C. Kimberley Abstract The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamilies comprise multidomain proteins with diverse roles in cell activation, proliferation and cell death. These proteins play pivotal roles in the initiation, maintenance and termination of immune responses and have vital roles outside the immune system. The discovery and analysis of diseases associated with mutations in these families has revealed crucial mechanistic details of their normal functions. This review focuses on mutations causing four different diseases, which represent distinct pathological mechanisms that can exist within these superfamilies: autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS; FAS mutations), common variable immunodeficiency (CVID; TACI mutations), tumor necrosis factor receptor associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS; TNFR1 mutations) and hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED; EDA1/EDAR mutations). In particular, we highlight how mutations have revealed information about normal receptor–ligand function and how such studies might direct new therapeutic approaches. Abstract | Full Text | PDF (758 kb) |
Inherited Human Caspase 10 Mutations Underlie Defective Lymphocyte and Dendritic Cell Apoptosis in Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Type II Cell, Volume 98, Issue 1, 9 July 1999, Pages 47-58 Jin Wang, Lixin Zheng, Adrian Lobito, Francis Ka-Ming Chan, Janet Dale, Michael Sneller, Xu Yao, Jennifer M. Puck, Stephen E. Straus and Michael J. Lenardo Summary Caspases are cysteine proteases that mediate programmed cell death in phylogenetically diverse multicellular organisms. We report here two kindreds with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) type II, characterized by abnormal lymphocyte and dendritic cell homeostasis and immune regulatory defects, that harbor independent missense mutations in Caspase 10. These encode amino acid substitutions that decrease caspase activity and interfere with death receptor–induced apoptosis, particularly that stimulated by Fas ligand and TRAIL. These results provide evidence that inherited nonlethal caspase abnormalities cause pleiotropic apoptosis defects underlying autoimmunity in ALPS type II. Summary | Full Text | PDF (364 kb) |
Copyright © 1999 The American Society of Human Genetics All rights reserved.
The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 64, Issue 4, 1002-1014, 1 April 1999
Christine E. Jackson1, Roxanne E. Fischer1, Amy P. Hsu1, Stacie M. Anderson1, Youngnim Choi1, Jin Wang3, Janet K. Dale4, Thomas A. Fleisher6, Lindsay A. Middelton2, Michael C. Sneller5, Michael J. Lenardo3, Stephen E. Straus4 and Jennifer M. Puck1, ,
1 Branches of Genetics and Molecular Biology, National Human Genome Research Institute, Laboratories of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda
2 Branches of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Research Institute, Laboratories of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda
3 Branches of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda
4 Branches of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda
5 Branches of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda
6 Branches of Laboratory of Pathology, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a disorder of lymphocyte homeostasis and immunological tolerance. Most patients have a heterozygous mutation in the APT1 gene, which encodes Fas (CD95, APO-1), mediator of an apoptotic pathway crucial to lymphocyte homeostasis. Of 17 unique APT1 mutations in unrelated ALPS probands, 12 (71%) occurred in exons 7–9, which encode the intracellular portion of Fas. In vitro, activated lymphocytes from all 17 patients showed apoptotic defects when exposed to an anti–Fas agonist monoclonal antibody. Similar defects were found in a Fas-negative cell line transfected with cDNAs bearing each of the mutations. In cotransfection experiments, Fas constructs with either intra- or extracellular mutations caused dominant inhibition of apoptosis mediated by wild-type Fas. Two missense Fas variants, not restricted to patients with ALPS, were identified. Variant A(−1)T at the Fas signal-sequence cleavage site, which mediates apoptosis less well than wild-type Fas and is partially inhibitory, was present in 13% of African American alleles. Among the ALPS-associated Fas mutants, dominant inhibition of apoptosis was much more pronounced in mutants affecting the intracellular, versus extracellular, portion of the Fas receptor. Mutations causing disruption of the intracellular Fas death domain also showed a higher penetrance of ALPS phenotype features in mutation-bearing relatives. Significant ALPS-related morbidity occurred in 44% of relatives with intracellular mutations, versus 0% of relatives with extracellular mutations. Thus, the location of mutations within APT1 strongly influences the development and the severity of ALPS.


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Breaks and Vacation Information
Breaks and Vacation Information
During fall and spring breaks, all students that wish to remain on-campus must register to stay beforehand on the Residential and Commuter Life (RCL) website. During winter and summer break, all on-campus residence halls will be closed, and students must make alternative arrangements during that time. You can research the dates for these breaks on the academic calendar webpage. Many students choose to visit their families in their home country, family and friends in the United States, or travel. You are responsible for making your own arrangements for these times and for making sure that you keep all your travel documents with you.
Arrival Information
International Students are encouraged to take advantage of the free transportation to Longwood University from Richmond International Airport (RIC) that is provided at the beginning of each semester. If you wish to use this transportation you must arrive at Richmond International Airport on the scheduled date and send your flight information to Patti Trent (firstname.lastname@example.com), Director of International Student Services, at least one month in advance. The 2011-2012 academic year schedule is below:
Fall 2011
Arrival: August 15
Departure: December 10
Spring 2012
Arrival: January 14
Departure: May 5
Important Notes:
- You cannot arrive in the United States after the program start date on your I-20 or DS-2019 unless you receive a letter of approval from Longwood University!
- You have a 30 day grace period after the end date listed on your DS-2019 (or 60 days if you have an I-20) during which you may travel in the United States on your student visa.
Travel Information for Breaks:
The Office of International Affairs will provide free transportation to Richmond International Airport (RIC) for spring, winter and summer breaks, and will drop students off in Richmond at the Amtrak or bus stations that are on the route to the airport. Information that can help you get started with travel plans is below. Remember that you have a 30 day grace period after the end date listed on DS-2019 (or 60 days if you have an I-20) in which you may travel in the United States on your student visa.
- Kayak.com (website where you can research and purchase flights and make hotel reservations)
- Greyhound Bus service (bus stop in Farmville at the gas station on the corner of Third and South Street).
- Amtrak passenger rail service
Taxi Information
If you do not arrive at Longwood University on the scheduled free transportation date, then you must make alternative arrangements for transportation. You may be picked up by a friend or family member, or you may hire a taxi to take you to Farmville. However, please be advised that Longwood University is at least a one hour drive from Richmond International Airport, and that hiring a taxi will be very expensive.
Pay by cash or credit card
- Public Cab Inc.
Phone: (804) 248-0021
Pay by cash only
- Metro Taxicab
Phone: (804) 353-5000 - Yellow Cab
Phone: (804) 222-7300

subset: commoncrawl


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Food / Drink related clothing
I'm sure i'm not the only one with my share of this stuff, not talking aprons or footwear and such that has a kitchen-related purpose. Figured a fun thread was in order.
My PJ's gave me inspiration :D. "Nestle" brand, covered in candy names like Nerds, Tart n Tiny's, Runts.
I've proudly worn my share of beer-branded or bar t-shirts over time, and refuse to let go of the threadbare Molson t-shirt that i've had since college.
I have been vigilantly hunting for the elusive Johnny Cupcakes "Make Cupcakes, Not War" t-shirt, in my size.
I recently purchased a birthday gift t-shirt for a friend with sequined wine glasses across the front and "wines constantly" underneath.
My love of food spills over into lots of areas of my life :)
I wanted to resurrect this thread in time to lead up for the holidays, and also because I had a non-wearable, but a "do want" food-related item on my radar for a little while now.
re: im_nomad
You should know I love this thread, so glad you bumped it...I have wanted this t-shirt ever since I saw Rick Bayless wearing it. And so nice to see the women's (fitted) versions available instead of the oversized ones. :)
http://shop.cafepress.com/bacon-is-meat-candy"Bacon...it's what's for dinner" is cool, too, with the pig diagram!
The Vegas one is funny if you're into polo shirts:
http://www.cafepress.com/+vegas_bacon_ts,485814834Oh, no--bacon undies--hers and his, too, no less!
http://www.cafepress.com/+meat_is_murder_womens_boy_brief,431242298Wine, too...OK, I'm stopping now (sorry!):
tiny food jewelry is probably my favorite category.
I don't know if jewelry counts im nomad but I have a michael michaud necklace with three plump raspberries danging down the front, because I love raspberries so much! He has a lot of food designs I would buy if I could afford it, bartlett pears, cranberries, grapes, mint leaves, dang it now I'm hungry!
Fun thread.
I had a pair of Tabasco boxers.
The rest are t-shirts:
Hot Dicken Cider (picture of steaming kettle and apples)
Schwetty Weiners: Bigger is Better (picture of a dachshund)
Powered by Pancakes.
Who wants an Orange Whip? Orange Whip? Orange Whip? Three Orange Whips. (John Candy's classic line from The Blues Brothers)
You had Me at Jell-O, but it was the Wrestling Part That Sealed the Deal.
Fish and Chips (Ponch and John riding giant goldfish)
I'll have a bloody mary, a steak sandwich and a steak sandwich. (Chevy Chase in Fletch)
Coffee is For Closers. (Alec Baldwin in Glengary Glen Ross)
Tiger Beer (Vietnam)
I have several pairs of Nick and Nora PJs which are food-related--coffee cups and donuts, tropical drinks, and candy.
I also own tee-shirts from fine drinking establishments such as Jeffery's House of Foolishness, and Cactus (a bar by the Chicago Board of Trade with with warning "don't drink and trade" on the back.
Oh, and several items of clothing with retro 50's cherry prints.
just found this website...
have to order the Vegetarians are Hot shirt for my husband! -
Saw theses today when going through catalogues to see which ones to recycle.
re: lgss
One of my favorite T-shirts, besides the usual ones I wear (CIA, Jessica's Biscuit, Slow Food, various wineries) is from the Summer Shack group of seafood restaurants in New England. Across the back is their trademark logo "FOOD IS LOVE". Always gets comments at farmers markets, cooking classes, etc. I tell people it's my motto as well.
I can't believe that no one has said anything about Wearble Vegetables yet.
Desperate Housechives
Chairman of the Bordeaux
Shiitake Happens
Silence of the Yams -
"I recently purchased a birthday gift t-shirt for a friend with sequined wine glasses across the front and "wines constantly" underneath. " im_n.
My sequined wine glasses t-shirt says "group therapy" under it.
I had a coarse fabric Dos Equis "serape" that I loved and wore everywhere. Everywhere that is until it mysteriously vanished one night. I was pissed, but hope that someone, somewhere is enjoying it like I did.
Also I remember the "Grab a Heinie" t-shirts were very popular in high school, until they were banned.
I make many of my clothes, particularly shirts/ blouses. I often shop in the juvenile section of the fabric store. I made hot pepper shirts (of two different fabrics at two different times) for my husband and myself. I have a blueberry blouse, a mixed veggie top, a mixed fruit top, a blouse with avocados, walnuts, strawberries, and grapes on it, etc. My husband has a hot pepper necktie and hot pepper socks. I have also received as gifts a shirt with mixed fruit on it and a (night)shirt which says "Milk is a Natural?" and shows a man and a boy on their knees drinking directly from a cow's udders...
My favorite is my shirt from Hawai'ian Style Cafe in Waimea (Kamuela), HI. It has lots of bright hibiscus flowers and a petroglyph-syle line drawing of a guy on a surfboard holding a steaming plate lunch in one hand and a cold drink in the other. Best part is the caption: Fat Boys Club.
re: alanbarnes
Your post made me remember that Local Motion used to sell scented t-shirts--chocolate and coffee (I had a chocolate one). Checked their site, but guess it's just a memory now. I found these scented tees instead:
http://www.mimifroufrou.com/scentedsalamander/2008/05/scented_tshirts_by_vintage_55.htmlHey, alanbarnes, just for fun--theme song to your above-referenced Fat Boys Club:
"I like my women like I like my coffee, ground up and in the freezer"
I personally don't own it, but my old roommate did. -
I also just picked up this shirt -
Most people don't know what it means, so it's a conversation stimulator. -
A former gf got me a "Bacon is a Vegetable" t-shirt for Christmas one year, and I found an "Attack of the Killer Tomatoes" shirt on eBay.
http://store.dieselsweeties.com/produ... -
I bought my ex (a very gifted baker) a t-shirt that had a rolling pin on it. The caption read: This is how I roll.
re: Ima Wurdibitsch
Replying to my own post...
I just went to try and find a link to the t-shirt. I found it. There's also a t-shirt with a whisk that reads, "Just beat it."
re: Cookiefiend
I have a T-shirt with the molecular map for Theobromide - " Theobromine is the molecule that makes chocolate groovy. "
re: im_nomad
This website has them too. They have a full array of stuff with the caffeine map that I pine for whenever I surf their site like earrings and coffee mugs. They also have a shirt that says "Little Johnny took a drink but he shall drink no more. For what he thought was H2O Was H2SO4."
re: TampaAurora
It starts out Johnny was a chemist's son...
for those self-made crafters, patterns for knitting & crocheting food-wear abounds!
Some fun food related wearable trinkets.
Threadless t-shirts has a host of fun food inspired tees. -
Has anyone ever bought from cafepress.com? I'm interested in picking up a few and just wondered if anyone had positive/negative experiences. They appear to have some really fun tees.... pho done as an iphone app, "it's espresso not expresso" heh.
My son, who has been a cereal fiend ever since he was old enough to toddle (he's 27 now) and leave a trail of Cheerios behind him (much to the dog's delight), has a hoodie with a skull and crossed spoons that says "Cereal Killer".
Years ago I found, and gave to a friend as a baby gift, a white onesie that said on the front "got milk?' - correct font and all.
re: Caitlin McGrath
I gave my nephew that onesie when he was born, and his 3 sibs all wore it too, I think! :) Came in a milk carton box even! SO stinkin cute.
I just got a tshirt in chocolate brown that says chocolate, cocoa, etc, has images of chocolate on it. and some sparkles. gotta have sparkles. ;-)
DH has a couple Tabasco ties and tshirts.
There was one on Bourbon Street referring to a certain part of a certain gender as resembling a taco. Tacky, and I never have seen anyone wearing one. However, to move to something more widely acceptable, how about Hawaiian shirts with cocktails or pineapples on them? I have a glasses case with sushi on it, Plenty of shirts from eating places here and there. Ditto caps. Does jewelry count? Probably 20 pairs of food earrings, including sushi. Several brooches, including one made from crackers. Tried to persuade DH to get the sushi tie with no success.
My brother still has a "Where's the Beef? Here's the Beef!" t-shirt from the 80s (referencing the 1984 Wendy's ad campaign: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ug75di... ). The t-shirt has an arrow on it pointing to his chest.
Game on, im_nomad. ;) What a fun idea!
I have PJ bottoms with sushi on them.
Used to have socks with a recipe for chili on them. Also have sox with tropical drinks on them--festive for Fridays (along with my South Beach socks). And socks with a coffee and chocolate theme. I have a stuffed teddy bear (gift from an old beau) that says "I looooooooooove chocolate!" when you squeeze his paw.
I have a top with a sequined champagne flute for festive occasions.
A local clam shack has a t-shirt I want badly: "Frankly, Scallop, I don't give a clam." (Johnny Ad's, Old Saybrook, CT).
A local pizzeria has a shirt I would only wear if stakes were high enough on a bet--it reads:
"Take home a hot piece tonight!" (No Anchovies, Cromwell, CT) -


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Budget Accommodation Europe Italy Bergamo Bed & Breakfasts B&B La Collina dei Ciliegi
Mariarosa is de perfect host.
The breakfast in the garden is sublime.
Thanks for all!
Beautiful modern villa located in the green hills of Scanzorosciate near Bergamo, in a very quiet residential area.
The B&B is well situated for sightseeing in Bergamo and excursions in the surrounding hills and lakes.
The area provides a variety of restaurants and cantine of winemakers of the famous local passito wine Moscato di Scanzo.
Lakes Endine and Iseo are 30mins. by car; close to Valle Seriana and Trescore thermal baths.
The B&B is easy to reach from the airport and the motorway.
5A and 1A bus services are avaliable to train and bus stations and to the centre of the city.
Our B&B has two bright, separate flats on the top floor overlooking the hills.
Flat A: Bedroom with double bed, ensuite bath, living room with sofa bed, kitchen and balcony.
Flat B: Bedroom with sofa bed, kitchenette, bath and small balcony.
Access to garden and car park in the courtyard.
We provide transport service from and to 'Bergamo Orio al Serio' airport and train station on request.
Breakfast with organic food on request!
Customers can cancel their reservation free of charge up to 2 Days before arrival. After this date, charges will be applied by the property up to the full cost of the reservation. Deposits paid are non refundable.
Via S. Pezzotta no 5, Scanzorosciate
Click here to enlarge map
This is a Trusted Review. Why?
Mariarosa is de perfect host.
The breakfast in the garden is sublime.
Thanks for all!
Have you stayed here? Write a review
* The Customer Satisfaction score is based on a combination of ratings from Travellerspoint and external websites. The score of 92% for this property is based on ratings provided by 12 guests.
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If you prefer your accommodation on the rather grand scale, Jeddah Marriott Hotel could be right up your street. Having a 5-star rating, you can expect more here.
A restaurant and a coffee shop/café are two of the general areas of Jeddah Marriott Hotel. This accommodation has an outdoor swimming pool. Services you can use here include a limousine service and a concierge service in addition to a luggage storage. Find what you need; there is even a gift shop on site. You could use one of the 11 meeting rooms for your events. This property includes a generous assortment of business facilities, including a conference space, a secretarial service and an audio-visual equipment set. Book a stay in one of the 210 rooms. Transport is made easier during your stay as a paid airport shuttle bus is offered here (upon request). Another convenient facet, free parking can provide reassurance for car drivers.
The air at Jeddah Marriott Hotel is controlled by an advanced system, creating a nice temperature throughout the year. Guests are offered wireless high-speed Internet access (complimentary) to stay online. In the bathrooms you can find a bathroom amenities set, a magnifying mirror and a complimentary toiletries set. Rooms in this accommodation have views, for example a city view or a pool view. There are rooms here that have a refrigerator and cookware.
Show reviews
Check-in: | From 14:00 Check-out: Until 12:00 |
Internet: | Wireless high-speed Internet access (complimentary) |
Parking: | Parking (free) |
Airport shuttle: | Airport Transportation (surcharge) |
Rooms: | 210 |
Services: |
General facilities: |
Extra common areas: |
Business facilities: |
Activities: |
Wellness facilities: |
Shops: |
Swimming Facilities: |
Note: It is the responsibility of the hotel chain and/or the individual property to ensure the accuracy of the photos displayed. We are not responsible for any inaccuracies in the photos. | |
Please provide this reference number to our customer service center representative on request, so we can help you better


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Listen up: This is an emergency! Four years ago, Barack Obama's campaign slogan was "Hope and Change." Well, guess what? Too many Americans who are without jobs, others who can not earn enough to support their families, others who have retired and find their savings dwindled by economic disappointment due to mismanaged government, students who see no future jobs, citizens, who fear for our security in this terror fueled world, future generations burdened with a minimum $16 trillion debt, our country is tipping toward hopeless.
Change - what change? Our democracy is fast turning into a socialist country, when those in Europe have proven that socialism doesn't work. We can not let our founding fathers down, they gave us a constitution to limit government and encourage the individual to seek life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness: All our past generations have been willing to work hard, play by the rules, praise success and enjoy the fruits of our labor. As parents and grandparents, we encourage our offspring to study hard, compete in sports, in music, art and science, challenge ourselves and reach for the stars. If we take the incentive of success away, we will become homogenized. We must let the cream of the crop rise and set the example that performing well in whatever we choose will be rewarded not discouraged.
No, we do not want socialism. We want people to strive to be their best and earn good success; because human nature shows that successful people are more apt to share their wealth willingly, not forced by government.
This I sincerely encourage you - the American voters, to "Believe in America" and elect Mitt Romney for president of the United States of America 2012 and let's return our country to its former constitutional self.
Laurie H. Morris
Edwards, Colo.


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CHARLESTON, W.Va. -- In two weeks, City Council members are expected to adopt two plans that could change the face of Charleston over the next 10 to 20 years.
The new downtown redevelopment and comprehensive plans, more than 18 months in the making, were written by a pair of consulting companies after many meetings with a local steering committee and several public open houses.
Residents can read or download copies of the detailed plans at imaginecharleston.com under the "Exhibits" tab.
City officials haven't waited for the plans to be officially approved, though, said Planning Director Dan Vriendt.
"We did the urban agriculture ordinance," he said. "That was something that came up in the process, kind of like low-hanging fruit."
Approved by the council July 1, the ordinance sets out formal rules for what some folks have already been doing -- raising egg-laying hens or honeybees and planting community gardens.
In addition, engineers are drawing up final plans for a pair of east/west bike lanes along Kanawha Boulevard from Magic Island to Patrick Street, another Imagine Charleston concept unveiled at an open house last year. Construction could start next spring.
"We kind of feel like we've started taking action on this [plan]," Vriendt said. "The bike lanes -- that's something you can see." Changes in city code, like the urban agriculture rules, are less visible.
The comprehensive plan -- required by state law -- replaces an outdated 1996 version. The previous development guide for downtown, known as the American Cities plan, dates back to the early 1980s, when the opening of the Charleston Town Center mall was about to reshape retailing patterns.
The final versions of the new plans incorporate comments and suggestions the consultants gathered in June, after the release of draft versions. Besides an evening public meeting on the West Side, the consultants met with the steering committee's technical committees -- neighborhoods and land use, mobility and infrastructure, quality of life, downtown business and downtown livability, Vriendt said.
"At the public meeting there was some feedback, but most came from the subcommittees," he said. "None of it is big-ticket items, mainly clarifications."
One notable addition to the comprehensive plan is a list of eight key buildings considered ripe for redevelopment, called "signature implementation opportunities."
Several are vacant, like the Staats Hospital building on West Washington Street that West Side Main Street hopes to buy and rehab, and the long-empty Stone & Thomas department store downtown. Also included are JE Robins and Watts elementary schools, soon to be replaced by a new school.
The list also includes the building at 170-178 Summers St., at the corner of Brawley Walkway, which is privately owned and partly occupied. According to the plan, the property "has been significantly neglected and underutilized" but "is ideally situated for mixed-use development with retail space on the first floor . . . and residential or office space on the second floor."


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Please enter your travel dates.
Deluxe Room
- FREE Parking
Parking is included in your stay.
Deluxe Double Room, 2 Double Beds
- FREE Parking
Parking is included in your stay.
Executive Room
- FREE Parking
Parking is included in your stay.
Executive Suite, 1 King Bed
- FREE Parking
Parking is included in your stay.
Lavish hotel with rooftop pool and hot tub
In downtown Dubai
This hotel features striking modern architecture, a gleaming glass façade and a marbled atrium lobby; it is located in downtown Dubai, three kilometres from the waterfront.
Eleven restaurants
The hotel has a rooftop swimming pool as well as a hot tub and sauna; there are also 11 restaurants and a health club featuring beauty treatments and fitness classes with personal trainers available.
Flatsceen TVs
JW Marriott Hotel Dubai's guestrooms have teak and mahogany furnishings and modern decor; all have interactive flatscreen televisions with premium channels, climate control and minibars.
Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Hotel Amenities
- General
The JW Marriott Hotel Dubai has a health club with fitness equipment, sauna and jetted tub, and there is an outdoor rooftop swimming pool with terrace. In addition, the body-conscious can also take advantage of the beauty and massage treatments available. The air-conditioned public areas have high-speed wireless Internet access and complimentary newspapers are available in the lobby. The hotel has a concierge desk with multilingual staff and free valet parking is available to guests. Secretarial services are available at the hotel's business centre.
- Air-conditioned public areas
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Arcade/game room
- Business center
- 24-hour front desk
- Express check-out
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Total number of rooms - 351
- Hair salon
- ATM/banking
- Audiovisual equipment
- Babysitting or childcare
- Ballroom(s)
- Year Built 1993
- Banquet facilities
- Shopping on site
- Number of floors - 6
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Barbecue grill(s)
- Beauty services
- Billiards
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Cell phone/mobile rental
- Clubhouse
- Coffee shop or café
- Complimentary newspapers in lobby
- Computer rental
- Concierge desk
- Multiple large conference rooms
- Currency exchange
- Doorman/doorwoman
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Exhibit space
- Express check-in
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Health club
- Concierge services
- Swimming pool - outdoor
- Area shuttle (surcharge)
- Snack bar/deli
- Designated smoking areas
- Airport transportation
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Rooftop terrace
- Luggage storage
- Laundry facilities
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Massage - spa treatment room(s)
- Medical assistance available
- Multiple small meeting rooms
- Multilingual staff
- Secure parking
- Parking garage
- Poolside bar
- Porter/bellhop
- Room service (24 hours)
- Sauna
- Secretarial services
- Security guard
- Steam room
- Swimming pool - children's
- Swimming pool - indoor
- Tour assistance
- Translation services
- Wedding services
- Wireless Internet access - surcharge
- Free parking
- Free valet parking
- Internet
Available in all rooms: Wired high-speed Internet access (surcharge)
Available in some public areas: Wireless Internet access - surcharge
- Parking
Free parking, Secure parking, Free valet parking, Parking garage
- Room Amenities
- Premium TV channels
- Premium bedding
- Hair dryer
- Complimentary newspaper
- Climate control
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Direct-dial phone
- Voice mail
- Minibar
- Wake-up calls
- Daily housekeeping
- Extra towels/bedding
- Turndown service
- Private bathroom
- Bathrobes
- Complimentary toiletries
- Bathroom phone
- Makeup/shaving mirror
- In-room massage available
- Sewing kit
- Slippers
- Separate bathtub and shower
- Bathroom scale
- Shower/tub combination
- Bidet
- In-room childcare (surcharge)
- Electronic/magnetic keys
- Satellite TV service
- Welcome amenities
- Iron/ironing board
- In-room safe
- Desk
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Air conditioning
- Wired high-speed Internet access (surcharge)
- Dining
JW's Steakhouse - Serves fine cuts with exotic spices and sauces. Specialities include Maine lobsters, oysters and Dungeness crabs from the tank. The rich decor includes oversized armchairs and a lengthly mahogany bar.
Restaurant Cucina - Serving Italian cuisine, including wood-fired pizzas, anti-pastas and salads, home-made pastas, and risottos in a trattoria-style setting.
Market Place Restaurant - Open kitchens with live cooking stations serve pastas, meat and seafood prepared to order, complementing the buffet selection that includes sushi, oysters and flame-grilled mini steaks.
Champions Sports Bar - this American sports bar and restaurant serves up casual snacks amidst big screens showing sports events.
- Recreation
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or near the hotel; fees may apply.
- Golf - driving range nearby
- Golf - miniature nearby
- Golfing nearby
- Snowboarding nearby
- Ice skating nearby
- Windsurfing nearby
- Boat launch nearby
- Personal motorized watercraft on site
- Sailing nearby
- Scuba diving nearby
- Water skiing nearby
- Snorkeling nearby
- Boating nearby
- Tennis nearby
- Yoga classes/instruction nearby
- Parasailing nearby
- Helicopter/airplane tours nearby
- Horse riding/rental nearby
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To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
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The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.


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Questions & Answers: Search Results
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What if the battery dies?
If the battery dies while I'm using them. Can I just plug in the audio cable and use as normal headphones?
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Foxboro Blog Top 12: Week 16
Week 17 in the NFL is always a difficult thing to figure out. Which teams will play hard and which will rest? With that in mind, this Week 16 version of the rankings could very well be the most accurate we'll have heading into the playoffs. For the first time in a long time we have some turmoil at the top, with some shifting of the first four places. Some teams appear to be peaking at just the right time, while others are in turmoil.
The big riser this week is the Kansas City Chiefs, who swoop up three spots after putting together some dominating high-pressure wins. The playoffs essentially started two weeks ago for KC and they've handled the situation admirably. The big faller is also from the AFC West. The San Diego Chargers' roller coaster through the Top 12 continues as one week they look like contenders and complete failures the next. They drop six spots following their big loss to drop them out of the playoffs.


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A student at Grafton on the NSW north coast has finished his final year with a perfect attendance record. Nicholas Short has not missed a day of school in 13 years....Friday 20 September 2013
Explore by Topic
Latest Preschools stories on ABC North Coast NSW
Latest Preschools stories on ABC Online
Parents at Townsville's only limited-hours kindergarten are rallying to save their 'old school' preschool. ...Monday 17 February 2014
- A Queensland child-care centre for school-aged children is aiming to revolutionise the work-life balance by opening its doors on weekends for the first time. The move is part of a Commonwealth Childcare Flexibility Trial to gauge the needs of working families. ...Saturday 15 February 2014
A report launched this week in Bairnsdale shows what's not yet known about the needs of children and youth in East Gippsland. The State of East Gippsland's Children and Youth Report was compiled by not-for-profit family service Good Beginnings. ...Thursday 30 January 2014
Friday 13 December 2013
- At this time of year in Britain, the Christmas lights are going up and everyone's minds turn to holidays. But if parents in the UK want to extend their children's school breaks by even a few days, and the head-teachers don't agree, they face much tougher attitude than in Australia. The government's ...Sunday 17 November 2013


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29 May - 1 June
Royal Bath and West Show 2013
Our Conservation Officer for South West England will be hosting a bumblebee exhibit at the Royal Bath and West Show. Come along to our exhibit and learn more about the fascinating lives of bumblebees, their importance in our gardens and the wider countryside and what you can do to help protect them.
The Royal Bath and West Show takes place from May 29 to June 1 at the Showground in Shepton Mallet. It will feature the finest livestock, agricultural machinery, trade-stands, locally produced food and drink as well as activities for all the family.
Royal Bath and West Show
29 May - 1 June 2013
The Royal Bath & West of England Society
The Showground, Shepton Mallet
Somerset BA4 6QN


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Go Back to School!
Don't miss these great titles that inspire back-to-school spirit in your preschooler and kindergartener.
School Rules
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by Pam Munoz Ryan
Illustrated by Edwin Fotheringham
Tony Baloney is excited because "today he won't have to obey Bossy Big Sister Baloney. He won't have to play with the Bothersome Babies Baloney. Today, he is going to school!" Bossy Big Sister Baloney warns him that at school, you have to follow the rules. "Be a rule keeper, that's my motto," she tells him.
Arthur's Back to School Day
I Can Read 2
by Lillian Hoban
Illustrated by Lillian Hoban
"Brrr ... ing!" There's the school bell! It's the first day back at school for Arthur and Violet and all of their friends. Time for riding the school bus, going to class, and best of all, eating snacks and playing games at recess. But this year the first day is full of surprises.
Read More
Arthur's Back-To-School Surprise
Step into Reading 3
by Marc Tolon Brown
Arthur is all set for the first day back at school, but he no sooner sets foot in his new classroom when D.W's Mary Moo-Cow, a talking toy for preschoolers, falls out of his backpack in front of all his friends. His friends laugh and begin teasing poor embarrassed Arthur.
Read More
Lucky Goes to School
All Aboard Reading 1
by Gail Herman
Illustrated by Norman Gorbaty
It's the first day of school! But Lucky the puppy is worried-what will he do all day while his boy is in school? Emergent readers will be eager to find out how Lucky spends his day in this perfect for back-to-school level 1 book.
Read More
How Do Dinosaurs Go to School?
How Do Dinosaurs
by Jane Yolen
Illustrated by Mark Teague
Everyone's favorite dinosaurs are back — and this time they are going to school. More fun dinosaur antics await. These prehistoric pupils are in a class of their own!
Read More
If You Take a Mouse to School
by Laura Numeroff
Illustrated by Felicia Bond
If you take a mouse to school, he'll ask you for your lunch box. When you give him your lunch box, he'll want a sandwich to go in it. Then he'll need a notebook and some pencils. He'll probably want to share your backpack, too...
Read More
The New Bear at School
Read More
by Carrie Weston
It's hard enough being the new kid at school, but when you're a big bear like Boris, it's even worse! Poor Boris tries his best to be gentle, but his sharp-toothed smile scares away the other animals. How will he ever make a friend?


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You ain't seen nothin' yet!    |    about me. |    archive
Please Read: All images posted on this blog have been found and collected from the internet and are presented as visual inspiration for those viewing. These images are not presented as my own work, unless I note it under the specific post. Copyright still belongs to the owner / creator of each work. I don't have any financial benefit from posting them. Warnings:This tumblr may have adult content (18+) and NSFW
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Motorola DS4208 barcode scanner
Manufacturer: Motorola Part number: DS4208-HD00007WR
$233.80 at 1 online store
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- The DS4208 delivers the blazing speed typical of laser scanners on both 1D and 2D bar codes, allowing you to accommodate 2D bar codes without sacrificing scanning quality or performance. Users never need to take time to align the bar code with the scanner or pause between scans. And since you can capture bar codes printed on paper labels or ... Read more
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| In stock | Enter zip code to get total price: Price +Tax +Shipping =Total price | as of 03/16/2014 |
*Total price for the Motorola DS4208 barcode scanner are estimated and may vary slightly based on exact tax, shipping, manufacturer rebate or any sale/promotion on the merchant site.


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Practical mod_perl / HTML Book / | ||||
3.5.3. When DSOs Can Be Used |
If you want to build mod_perl as a DSO, you must make sure that Perl was built with the system's native malloc( ). If Perl was built with its own malloc( ) and -Dbincompat5005, it pollutes the main httpd program with free and malloc symbols. When httpd starts or restarts, any references in the main program to free and malloc become invalid, causing memory leaks and segfaults.
Notice that mod_perl's build system warns about this problem.
With Perl 5.6.0+ this pollution can be prevented by using -Ubincompat5005 or -Uusemymalloc for any version of Perl. However, there's a chance that -Uusemymalloc might hurt performance on your platform, so -Ubincompat5005 is likely a better choice.
If you get the following reports with Perl version 5.6.0+:
% perl -V:usemymalloc usemymalloc='y'; % perl -V:bincompat5005 bincompat5005='define';
rebuild Perl with -Ubincompat5005.
For pre-5.6.x Perl versions, if you get:
% perl -V:usemymalloc usemymalloc='y';
rebuild Perl with -Uusemymalloc.
Now rebuild mod_perl.
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mod_perl, modperl, Apache, perl, cgi, html, mod_perl, e-commerce, scalability, free, open source, OSS, apache, squid, high availability, modperl, linux, unix, Web, www, mod_perl, webserver, admin, apache, book, webmaster, tools, modperl, guide, docs, documentation, help, mod_perl, perl, information, apache, script, errata, eric cholet, perl, apache, mod-perl, stas bekman, mod_perl, cool, perl, Apache, performance, speed, choice
Other projects to check out: meta-religion.com is for those interested in Religious, Spiritual and Esoteric Phenomena. i-want-a-better.com is a community of people discussing what they would like to be improved in their lives and things they use and interact with. You may also want to find a healer in your area or read articles on variety of topics.


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Unused / unissued material - dates and locations unclear or unknown.
Crowds outside Buckingham Palace. L/S of Buckingham Palace with only a few people outside. M/S Police and special police in front of crowd. M/S The Mall, road empty, crowds line the road.
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Daily Lineup
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- Baltimore, MD
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WBAL Radio (1090 AM) is Maryland's dominant and most powerful radio station. Since 1925, generations of Marylanders have turned to WBAL Radio for news, weather, thought-provoking discussions and sports. As Maryland's only 50,000-watt AM station, WBAL's signal travels substantially further than any other station in the state and beyond.The station's news/talk format is both a source of information and entertainment. WBAL Radio also employs the largest news staff of any radio station in the state, providing in-depth reports on local and regional issues. WBAL Radio is also the flagship radio station for Baltimore Ravens football.


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Boise Concert 9/28/12
Growing up Lynard Skynard was my favorite band. Before tonight, my last Lynard Skynard (seen them 3 times total, before the tragedy) concert I attended was the summer of 1977. Since then, I have said many times, "Lynard Skynard was my favorite band." Thankfully, I can resume saying that Lynard Skynard is and has always been my favorite band and I won't miss another concert close to home. The new album is awesome and I can't wait for another. I grieved with you and feel free as a bird now. Thank you.


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Origami Cocktail Table
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FREE SHIPPING!- Brushed stainless steel frame
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An absolute geometric wonder for your home! The Origami cocktail table is made of brushed stainless steel and has a 12 mm tempered clear glass top. |
Manufacturer Information
Contemporary Furniture is something that Nuevo knows very well. For years, Nuevo has produced high quality furniture from Bar Stools to Home Accents.
Nuevo brings home Contemporary Styled Furniture at discounted prices. The quality craftsmanship involved in the building of Nuevo products is simple for the eye to see. See All Nuevo Items


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My Party
- 15 guests
- 01 April 2012
- Manly Dam / Sydney / NSW / Australia
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Party Recap...
Visit Ethan's Campsite, lots of fun and outdoor party games. Printables by Creativelittlestars.com.au and Cake by mylittlepartyplanner.com


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Regions with significant populations | |
Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh | |
Languages | |
Brahmin Tamil, Sankethi | |
Religion | |
Hinduism | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Pancha-Dravida Brahmins, Tamil people, Iyengar, Madhwa |
Iyer (also spelt as Ayyar, Aiyar, Ayer or Aiyer) is the title given to the caste of Hindu Brahmin communities of Tamil origin. Most Iyers are followers of the Advaita philosophy propounded by Adi Shankara.[1][2] The majority reside in Tamil Nadu, India.
The title 'Iyer' was used as a designation for all Tamil Smartha Brahmins[citation needed] during the medieval period,[citation needed] during which they were organised into single community .[citation needed] However, during the 11th century, a breakaway sect formed a new community called "Iyengars", worshipping Sri Vaishnava.[citation needed]
According to popular tradition, Iyers were thought of as descendants of Indo-Aryan migrants from North India. However, a recent study has shown that the Aryan migration theory is a myth.[3][4] Iyers are sub-divided into various sub-sects based on cultural and regional differences. Like all Brahmins, they are also classified based on their gotra, or patrilineal descent, and the Veda they follow.
Iyers fall under the Pancha Dravida Brahmin sub-classification of India's Brahmin community and share many customs and traditions with other Brahmins.[5] In recent times, they have felt affected by reservation policies[6] and the Self-Respect Movement in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. This has helped encourage a large migration to other parts of India and the English-speaking world.
Apart from the prevalent practice of using the title "Iyer" as surname, Iyers also use other surnames as Sāstri[7] or Bhattar.[8][9]
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Origin
- 3 Population and distribution
- 4 Subsects
- 5 Gotrās and Shākhas
- 6 Religious practices, ceremonies and festivals
- 7 Lifestyle and culture
- 8 Agrahāram
- 9 Language
- 10 Iyers today
- 11 Social and political issues
- 12 Criticism
- 13 Portrayal in popular media
- 14 Prominent individuals
- 15 See also
- 16 Notes
- 17 References
- 18 Further reading
- 19 External links
The word Iyer is derived from the title Ayyā which is often used by Tamils to designate respectable people. There are number of etymologies for the word Ayyā, generally it is thought to be derived from Proto-Dravidian term denoting an elder brother. It is used in that meaning in Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam.[10] Yet others derive the word Ayya as a Prakrit version of the Sanskrit word Aryā which means 'noble'.[11][12] "Ayar" is also the name of a Tamil Yadava sub-caste.[13] During the British Raj, Christian clergymen were also occasionally given the honorific surname "Ayyar".[14]
In ancient times, Iyers were also called Anthanar[15][16] or Pārppān,[17][18][19] though the usage of the word Pārppān is considered derogatory in modern times.[20] Until recent times, Kerala Iyers were called Pattars.[21] Like the term pārppān, the word Pattar too is considered derogatory.[22]
It has also been recorded that in the past, the Nayak kings of Madurai have held the title "Aiyar" while Brahmins have borne titles as Pillai or Mudali.[23]
Iyer marriage rites, especially, are a mixture of some customs regarded Aryan and some considered Dravidian.[24]
Population and distribution
Today, Iyers live all over South India, but an overwhelming majority of Iyers continue to thrive in Tamil Nadu. Tamil Brahmins form an estimated 3% of the state's total population and are distributed all over the state. However, accurate statistics on the population of the Iyer community are unavailable.[25]
They are concentrated mainly along the Cauvery Delta districts of Nagapattinam, Thanjavur, Tiruvarur[citation needed] and Tiruchirapalli where they form almost 10% of the total population.[26][27] In Northern Tamil Nadu they are found in the urban areas of Chennai,[28] Kanchipuram, Chengalpattu, Sriperumbudur and Vellore. They are almost non-existent in rural areas of Northern Tamil Nadu.[citation needed]
Iyers are also found in fairly appreciable number in Western and Southern districts of Tamil Nadu.[29] Iyers of the far south are called Tirunelveli Iyers[30] and speak the Tirunelveli Brahmin dialect.
Over the last few centuries, a large number of Iyers have also migrated and settled in parts of Karnataka. During the rule of the Mysore Maharajahs, a large number of Iyers from the then Madras province migrated to Mysore. The Ashtagrama Iyers are also a prominent group of Iyers in Karnataka.[31]
Iyers have been resident of the princely state of Travancore from ancient times. The Venad state (present Kanyakumari district) and the southern parts of Kerala was part of the Pandyan kingdom known as Then Pandi Nadu. There were also many Iyers in Venad which later on grew to be the Travancore state. The old capital of Travancore was Padmanabhapuram which is at present in Kanyakumari district. There has also been a continuous inflow from Tirunelveli and Ramnad districts of Tamil Nadu which are contiguous to the erstwhile princely state of Travancore. Many parts of the present Tirunelveli district were even part of the old Travancore state.[32] These Iyers are known today as Trivandrum Iyers. Some of these people migrated to Cochin and later to Palakkad and Kozhikode districts. There were also migrations from Tanjore district of Tamil Nadu to Palakkad. Their descendants are known today as Palakkad Iyers.[9][33]
These Iyers are collectively now called as Kerala Iyers.
There is no historical record of migration from Thirunelveli and Ramnad district. But the migration from Tanjore district to Palakkad is recorded in many documents.[34][35]
They speak a dialect of Tamil known as Kerala Tamil which is heavily influenced by Malayalam.[36] In Coimbatore, there are a large number of such Iyers due to its proximity to Kerala.[37]
Sri Lanka
According to the Buddhist scripture Mahavamsa, the presence of Brahmins have been recorded in Sri Lanka as early as 500BC when the first migrations from the Indian mainland supposedly took place. Currently, Brahmins are an important constituent of the Sri Lankan Tamil minority.[38][39] Tamil Brahmins are believed to have played a historic role in the formation of the Jaffna Kingdom.[39][40][41]
Recent migrations
Apart from South India, Iyers have also migrated to and settled in places in North India. There are significantly large Iyer communities in Mumbai,[42][43] and Delhi.[28] These migrations, which commenced during the British rule, were often undertaken in search of better prospects and contributed to the prosperity of the community.[6]
In recent times Iyers have also migrated in significant numbers to the United Kingdom, Europe and the United States[43] in search of better fortune.[44]
Iyers have many sub-sects among them, such as Vadama, Brahacharnam or Brahatcharanam, Vāthima, Sholiyar or Chozhiar, Ashtasahasram, Mukkāni, Gurukkal, Kāniyālar and Prathamasāki.[45] Each sub-sect is further subdivided according to the village or region of origin.
Iyers, just like other Brahmins were required to learn the Vedas. Iyers are also divided into different sects based on the Veda they follow.[46] Iyers belonging to the Yajur Veda sect usually follow the teachings of the Krishna Yajur Veda.[5][47]
Gotrās and Shākhas
Iyers, like all other Brahmins, trace their paternal ancestry to one of the eight rishis or sages.[48][49] Accordingly they are classified into eight gotrās based on the rishi they have descended from. A maiden in the family belongs to gotra of her father, but upon marriage takes the gotrā of her husband.
The Vedas are further sub-divided into shākhās or "branches" and followers of each Veda are further sub-divided based on the shākhā they adhere to. However, only a few of the shākhās are extant, the vast majority of them having disappeared.The different Vedas and the corresponding shākhās that exist today in Tamil Nadu are:[50]
Veda | shākhā |
Rig Veda | Shakala and Paingi |
Yajur Veda | Kanva and Taittiriya |
Sama Veda | Kauthuma, Jaiminiya/Talavakara, Shatyayaniya and Gautama |
Atharva Veda | Shaunakiya and Paippalada |
Religious practices, ceremonies and festivals
Iyer rituals comprise rites as described in Hindu scriptures such as Apastamba Sutra attributed to the Hindu sage Apastamba.[5] The most important rites are the Shodasa Samaskāras or the 16 duties.[51] Although many of the rites and rituals followed in antiquity are no longer practised, some have been retained.[52][53]
Iyers are initiated into rituals at the time of birth. In ancient times, rituals used to be performed when the baby was being separated from mother's umbilical cord. This ceremony is known as Jātakarma.[54] However, this practice is no longer observed. At birth, a horoscope is made for the child based on the position of the stars. The child is then given a ritual name.[54][55] On the child's birthday, a ritual is performed to ensure longevity. This ritual is known as Ayushya Homam. This ceremony is held on the child's birthday reckoned as per the Tamil calendar based on the position of the nakshatras or stars and not the Gregorian calendar.[55] The child's first birthday is the most important and is the time when the baby is formally initiated by piercing the ears of the boy or girl. From that day onwards a girl is expected to wear earrings.
A second initiation (for the male child in particular) follows when the child crosses the age of seven.[56] This is the Upanayana ceremony during which a Brahmana is said to be reborn.[56][57] A three-piece cotton thread is installed around the torso of the child encompassing the whole length of his body from the left shoulder to the right hip.[57][58][59] The Upanayana ceremony of initiation is solely performed for the members of the dvija or twice-born castes, generally when the individual is between 7 and 16 years of age.[60][61] In ancient times, the Upanayana was often considered as the ritual which marked the commencement of a boy's education,[62] which in those days consisted mostly of the study of the Vedas. However, with the Brahmins taking to other vocations than priesthood, this initiation has become more of a symbolic ritual. The neophyte was expected to perform the Sandhya Vandanam on a regular basis[63] and utter a prescribed set of prayers, three times a day: dawn, mid-day, and dusk. The most sacred and prominent of the prescribed set of prayers is the Gayatri Mantra,[63][64] which is as sacred to the Hindus as the Six Kalimas to the Muslims and Ahunwar to the Zoroastrians.[63] Once a year, Iyers change their sacred thread. This ritual is exclusive to South Indian Brahmins and the day is commemorated in Tamil Nadu as Āvani Avittam.[65][66]
Other important ceremonies for Iyers include the rites for the deceased.[67][68][69] All Iyers are cremated according to Vedic rites, usually within a day of the individual's death.[70][71] The death rites include a 13-day ceremony, and regular Tarpanam[72] (performed every month thereafter, on Amavasya day, or New Moon Day), for the ancestors.[70][73][74] There is also a yearly shrārddha, that must be performed.[74][75] These rituals are expected to be performed only by male descendants of the deceased. Married men who perform this ritual must be accompanied by their wives. The women are symbolically important in the ritual to give a "consent" to all the proceedings in it.[70][76]
Iyers celebrate almost all Hindu festivals like Deepavali, Navratri, Pongal, Vinayaka Chathurthi, Janmaashtami, Tamil New Year, Sivarathri and Karthika Deepam.
However, the most important festival which is exclusive to Brahmins of South India is the Āvani Avittam festival.[77]
A typical Iyer wedding consists of Sumangali Prārthanai (Hindu prayers for prosperous married life), Nāndi (homage to ancestors), Nischayadhārtham (Engagement)[59] and Mangalyadharanam (tying the knot).[78] The main events of an Iyer marriage include Vratam (fasting), Kasi Yatra (pilgrimage to Kasi), Oonjal (Swing), Kanyadanam (placing the bride in the groom's care), Mangalyadharanam, Pānigrahanam[79] and Saptapathi (or seven steps - the final and most important stage wherein the bride takes seven steps supported by the groom's palms thereby finalizing their union).[79] This is usually followed by Nalangu, which is a casual and informal event.[80][81]
Lifestyle and culture
Traditional ethics
Iyers generally lead orthodox lives and adhere steadfastly to their customs and traditions. However, of recent, they have started abandoning their traditional duties as temple priests for more secular vocations, causing contemporary Iyers to be more flexible than their ancestors.[citation needed] Iyers follow the Grihya Sutras of Apastamba and Baudhayana apart from the Manusmriti. The society is patriarchal but not feudal.[82]
Iyers are generally vegetarian. Some abjure onion and garlic on the grounds that they activate certain base senses.[83] Cow milk and milk products were approved.[citation needed] They were required to avoid alcohol and tobacco.[84]
Iyers follow elaborate purification rituals, both of self and the house. Men are forbidden from performing their "sixteen duties" while Women are forbidden from cooking food without having a purificatory bath in the morning.[83] Food is to be consumed only after making an offering to the deities.
The bathing was considered sufficiently purifying only if it confirmed to the rules of madi.[83] The word madi is used by Tamil Brahmins to indicate that a person is bodily pure. In order to practice madi, the Brahmin had to wear only clothes which had been recently washed and dried, and the clothes should remain untouched by any person who was not madi. Only after taking bath in cold water, and after wearing such clothes, would the person be in a state of madi.[85] This practice of madi is followed by Iyers even in modern times, before participating in any kind of religious ceremony.[83]
Until the turn of the last[clarification needed] century, an Iyer widow was never allowed to remarry.[88] Once her husband dies, an Iyer woman had to tonsure her head.[89] She had to remove the kunkumam or the vermilion mark on her forehead, and was required to smear her forehead with the sacred ashes. All these practices have, however, greatly dimimished with the enactment of reforms.[90]
Traditional attire
Iyer men traditionally wear veshtis or dhotis which cover them from waist to foot. These are made of cotton and sometimes silk. Veshtis are worn in different styles. Those worn in typical brahminical style are known as panchakacham (from the sanskrit terms pancha and gajam meaning "five yards" as the length of the panchakacham is five yards in contrast to the veshtis used in daily life which are four or eight cubits long). They sometimes wrap their shoulders with a single piece of cloth known as angavastram (body-garment). In earlier times, Iyer men who performed austerities also draped their waist or chests with deer skin or grass.[59]
The traditional Iyer woman is draped in a nine yard saree, also known as madisār.[91]
Patronage of art
For centuries, Iyers have taken a keen interest in preserving the arts and sciences. They undertook the responsibility of preserving the Bharata Natya Shastra, a monumental work on Bharatanatyam, the classical dance form of Tamil Nadu. During the early 20th century, dance was usually regarded as a degenerate art associated with devadasis. Rukmini Devi Arundale, however, revived the dying art form thereby breaking social and caste taboos about Brahmins taking part in the study and practice of the dance.[92][93]
However, compared to dance, the contribution of Iyers in field of music has been considerably noteworthy.[94][95] The Trinity of Carnatic Music were responsible for making some excellent compositions towards the end of the 18th century. Today, there are Iyers who give traditional renderings as well as playback singers in Indian films like Nithyashree Mahadevan, Usha Uthup, Shankar Mahadevan, Mahalaxmi Iyer, Hamsika Iyer and Naresh Iyer . Iyers have also contributed considerably to drama, short story and temple architecture.
In the field of literature and journalism, the Iyer community has produced individuals like R. K. Narayan, R. K. Laxman, Subramanya Bharathi, Kalki Krishnamurthy, Ulloor Parameswara Iyer, and Cho Ramaswamy to name a few. They have also contributed in an equal amount to Tamil language and literature.[96]
The main diet of Iyers is composed of vegetarian food,[97] mostly rice which is the staple diet for millions of South Indians. Vegetarian side dishes are frequently made in Iyer households apart from compulsory additions as rasam,sambar,etc. Home-made ghee is a staple addition to the diet, and traditional meals do not begin until ghee is poured over a heap of rice and lentils. While tasting delicious, the cuisine eschews the extent of spices and heat traditionally found in south Indian cuisine. Iyers are mostly known for their love for curd. Other South Indian delicacies such as dosas, idli, etc. are also relished by Iyers. Coffee amongst beverages and curd amongst food items form an indispensable part of the Iyer food menu.
The food is taken only after it is purified by a ritual called annashuddhi which means "purification of rice".[citation needed]
In ancient times, Iyers, along with Iyengars and other Tamil Brahmins, lived in exclusive Brahmin quarters of their village known as an agrahāram. Shiva and Vishnu temples were usually situated at the ends of an agrahāram. In most cases, there would also be a fast-flowing stream or river nearby.[98]
A typical agrahāram consisted of a temple and a street adjacent to it. The houses on either side of the street were exclusively peopled by Brahmins who followed a joint family system. All the houses were identical in design and architecture though not in size.[99]
With the arrival of the British and commencement of the Industrial Revolution, Iyers started moving to cities for their sustenance. Starting from the late 19th century, the agrahārams were gradually discarded as more and more Iyers moved to towns and cities to take up lucrative jobs in the provincial and judicial administration.[100]
However, there are still some agrahārams left where traditional Iyers continue to reside. In an Iyer residence, people wash their feet first with water on entering the house.[101][102]
Tamil is the mother tongue of most Iyers residing in India and elsewhere. However, Iyers speak a distinct dialect of Tamil unique to their community.[103][104][105] This dialect of Tamil is known as Brāhmik or Brahmin Tamil. Brahmin Tamil is highly Sanskritized and has often invited ridicule from Tamil nationalists due to its extensive usage of the Sanskrit vocabulary.[106] While Brahmin Tamil used to be the lingua franca for inter-caste communication between different Tamil communities during pre-independence times, it has been gradually discarded by Brahmin themselves in favour of regional dialects.[107] The Palakkad Iyers have a unique sub-dialect of their own.[108] Palakkad Tamil is characterized by the presence of a large number of words of Malayali origin.[108] The Sankethi Iyers speak Sankethi which borrows words from Kannada,Tamil and Sanskrit.
Iyers today
The traditional occupation of Iyers involved ministering in temples or performing Hindu religious rites. However, since ancient times, Iyers were never prohibited from taking to secular occupations. Iyers were frequently employed as administrators by ancient Tamil kings. During the rule of the Medieval Cholas, they even gave the kingdom its chief army commanders.
In addition to their earlier occupations, Iyers today have diversified into a variety of fields.[109] Three of India's Nobel laureates, Sir C. V. Raman, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan hail from the community.[110] It is a small percentage of Iyers who voluntarily choose, in this era, to pursue the traditional vocation of priesthood.[citation needed]
Social and political issues
Since ancient times, Iyers, as members of the privileged priestly class, exercised a near-complete domination over educational, religious and literary institutions in the Tamil country.[111] Their domination continued throughout the British Raj as they used their knowledge of the English language and education to dominate the political, administrative, judicial and intellectual spectrum. Upon India's independence in 1947, they tried to consolidate their hold on the administrative and judicial machinery . Such a situation led to resentment from the other castes in Tamil Nadu, an upshot of this atmosphere was an "non-Brahmin" movement and the formation of the Justice Party.[112] Periyar, who took over as Justice Party President in the 1940s, changed its name to Dravida Kazhagam, and formulated the view that Tamil Brahmins were Aryans as opposed to a majority of Tamils who were Dravidian based on Robert Caldwell's writings.[113] The ensuing anti-Brahmin propaganda and the rising unpopularity of the Rajaji Government left an indelible mark on the Tamil Brahmin community ending their political aspirations forever. In the 1960s the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (roughly translated as "Organisation for Progress of Dravidians") and its subgroups gained political ground on this platform forming state ministries, thereby wrenching control from the Indian National Congress, in which Iyers at that time were holding important party positions. Today, apart from a few exceptions, Iyers have virtually disappeared from the political arena.[114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121]
In 2006, the Tamil Nadu government took the decision to appoint non-Brahmin priests in Hindu temples in order to curb Brahmin ecclesiastical domination.[122] This created a huge controversy. Violence broke out in March 2008 when a non-Brahmin oduvar or reciter of Tamil idylls, empowered by the Government of Tamil Nadu, tried to make his way into the sanctum sanctorum of the Nataraja temple at Chidambaram.[123]
Relations with other communities
The legacy of Iyers have often been marred by accusations of racism and counter-racism against them by non-Brahmins and vice versa.
It was found that prior to Independence, the Pallars were never allowed to enter the residential areas of the caste Hindus particularly of the Brahmins. Whenever a Brahmin came out of his house, no Scheduled Caste person was expected to come in his vicinity as it would pollute his sanctity and if it happened by mistake, he would go back home cursing the latter. He would come out once again only after taking a bath and making sure that no such thing would be repeated.
However, as a mark of protest a few Pallars of this village deliberately used to appear before the Brahmin again and again. By doing so the Pallars forced the Brahmin to get back home once again to take a bath drawing water from deep well.[124]
Sir T. Muthuswamy Iyer, the first Indian judge of the Madras High Court, once made the controversially casteist remark:
Hindu temples were neither founded nor are kept up for the benefit of Mahomedans, outcastes and others who are outside the scope of it[125]
Grievances and alleged instances of discrimination by Brahmins are believed to be the main factors which fuelled the Dravidian Movement.[112] With the dawn of the 20th century, and the rapid penetration of western education and western ideas, there was a rise in consciousness amongst the lower castes who felt that rights which were legitimately theirs were being denied to them.[112] This led the non-Brahmins to agitate and form the Justice Party in 1916, which later became the Dravidar Kazhagam. The Justice Party banked on vehement anti-Hindu and anti-Brahmin propaganda to ease Brahmins out of their privileged positions. Gradually, the non-Brahmin replaced the Brahmin in every sphere and destroyed the monopoly over education and the administrative services which the Brahmin had previously held.[126]
However, with the destruction of Brahmin monopoly over the services and introduction of adequate representation for other communities, anti-Brahmin feelings did not subside.There were frequent allegations of casteism and racism against Brahmins very similar to the ones made by the lower castes against them in the decades before independence.
However, the very concept of "Brahmin atrocities" is refuted by some Tamil Brahmin historians who are keen to dismiss it as fictitious. They argue that allegations of casteism against Tamil Brahmins have been exaggerated and that even prior to the rise of the Dravida Kazhagam, a significant section of Tamil Brahmin society was liberal and anti-casteist. The Temple Entry Proclamation passed by the princely state of Travancore which gave people of all castes the right to enter Hindu temples in the princely state was due to the efforts of the Dewan of Travancore, Sir C. P. Ramaswamy Iyer who was an Iyer.[127]
Dalit leader and founder of political party Pudiya Tamizhagam, Dr.Krishnasamy admits that the Anti-Brahmin Movement had not succeeded up to the expectations and that there continues to be as much discrimination of Dalits as had been before.
So many movements have failed. In Tamil Nadu there was a movement in the name of anti-Brahmanism under the leadership of Periyar. It attracted Dalits, but after 30 years of power, the Dalits understand that they are as badly-off - or worse-off - as they were under the Brahmans. Under Dravidian rule, they have been attacked and killed, their due share in government service is not given, they are not allowed to rise.[128]
Alleged negative attitude towards Tamil language and culture
Iyers have been called Sanskritists who entertained a distorted and contemptuous attitude towards Tamil language, culture and civilization.[129][130]
The Dravidologist Kamil Zvelebil says that the Brahmin was chosen as a scapegoat to answer for the decline of Tamil civilization and culture in the medieval and post-medieval periods.[131][132] Agathiar, usually identified with the legendary Vedic sage Agastya is credited with compiling the first rules of grammar of the Tamil language.[133] Tolkappiar who wrote Tolkappiam, the oldest extant literary work in Tamil is believed to be a Tamil Brahmin and a disciple of Agathiar.[134] Moreover, individuals like U. V. Swaminatha Iyer and Subramanya Bharathi have made invaluable contributions to the Dravidian Movement.[135][136] Parithimar Kalaignar was the first to campaign for the recognition of Tamil as a classical language.[137]
Professor George L. Hart in a speech in 1997 on Tamil, Brahmins, & Sanskrit rubbishes the claims of anti Brahmins that Brahmins favored Sanskrit to Tamil.[citation needed]
Portrayal in popular media
There have been extensive portrayals of Iyers in popular media, both positive and negative. This is because despite the fact that Tamil Brahmins form just 3% of the Tamil population their distinct culture and unique practices and strange habits make them strong targets of criticism,both positive and negative.
Brahmins have been mentioned for the first time in the works of Sangam poets.[138] During the early Christian era, Brahmin saints have been frequently praised for their efforts in combating Buddhism.[138] In modern times, when Iyers and Iyengars control a significant percentage of the print and visual media, there has been an appreciable coverage of Brahmins and Brahmin culture in magazines and periodicals and a number of Brahmin characters in novels, tele serials and films.
The first known literary work in Tamil to heap criticism on Brahmins was the Tirumanthiram, a treatise on Yoga from the 13th century.[139] However, anti-Brahminism has been a more recent phenomenon and has been partly due to the efforts of Christian missionaries of the 19th century.[140] The writings and speeches of Iyothee Thass, Maraimalai Adigal, Periyar, Bharatidasan, C. N. Annadurai and the leaders of Justice Party in the early 20th century and of the Dravidar Kazhagam in more modern times constitute much of modern anti-Brahmin rhetoric.[141][142][143][144][145]
Starting from the 1940s onwards, Annadurai and the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam have been using films and the mass media for the propagation of their political ideology.[146] Most of the films made, including the 1952-blockbuster Parasakthi, are anti-Brahminical in character.[147]
Prominent individuals
Some of the early members of the community to gain prominence were sages and religious scholars like Agatthiar, Tholkappiyar, Parimelazhagar and Naccinarkiniyar.[133][134] Prior to the 19th century, almost all prominent members of this community hailed from religious or literary spheres.[148] Tyagaraja, Syama Sastri and Muthuswamy Dīkshitar, who constitute the "Trinity of Carnatic music" were probably the first verified historical personages from the community, as the accounts or biographies of those who lived earlier appear semi-legendary in character.[149][150] During the British Raj, Iyers and Iyengars dominated the services by their predominance in the legal and administrative professions.[151][152] Most of the Dewans of the princely state of Travancore during the 19th century were Tamil Brahmins (Iyers and Iyengars).[153] Some of the prominent individuals of the period as Seshayya Sastri, Sir T. Muthuswamy Iyer, Sir P. S. Sivaswami Iyer, Shungrasoobyer, Sir K. Seshadri Iyer, Sir S. Subramania Iyer and C. P. Ramaswamy Ayyar all had a legal background.[151] At the same time, they were also intimately associated with the Indian National Congress and the Indian independence movement. The most prominent freedom fighter from the community was Subrahmanya Bharati. Following independence, Iyers have diversified into a number of fields dominating the domain of classical arts in particular.
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- ^ A. Srivathsan (2006-06-12). "Films and the politics of convenience". Chennai, India: idlebrain.com. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
- ^ Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1966). A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar: from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. Oxford University Press. p. 289. ISBN 0-19-560686-8.
- ^ The Tamil Plutarch, pp. 57, 65
- ^ Ghose, Rajeshwari (1996). The Tyāgarāja cult in Tamilnāḍu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 10. ISBN 978-81-208-1391-5.
- ^ a b * Robert Eric Frykenberg (1968). Elite Formation in Nineteenth Century South India, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Tamil Culture and History. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaysia Press
- ^ Slater, Pg 168
- ^ Sivaraman, Mythily (2006). Fragments of a Life: A Family Archive. Zubaan. p. 4. ISBN 978-81-89013-11-0.
- Ghurye, G. S. (1991). Caste and Race in India. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. ISBN 0-8364-1837-9.
- Iyengar, P. T. Srinivasa (1929). History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to 600 A. D.
- E. Gover, Charles (1871). The Folk songs of Southern India. Madras: Higginbotham & Co.
- Thurston, Edgar; K. Rangachari (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India Volume I - A and B. Madras: Government Press.
- W. Clothey, Fred (2006). Ritualizing on the Boundaries: Continuity and Innovation in the Tamil Diaspora. University of South Carolina. ISBN 978-1-57003-647-7.
- Naicker, P. V. Manickam (1917). The Tamil Alphabet and its Mystic Aspect. Asian Educational Services,India. ISBN 81-206-0020-7.
- Slater, Gilbert (1924). The Dravidian Elements in Indian Culture. E. Benn Limited.
- Day, Francis (1861). Cochin, Its Past and its Present. Madras: Gantt Brothers.
- Pathmanathan (1978). The Kingdom of Jaffna. Arul M. Rajendran.
- Fuller, C. J.; Haripriya Narasimhan (2008). From Landlords to Software Engineers: Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans. London School of Economics and Political Science.
- Finnemore, John (1919). Home Life in India. A & C Black Ltd.
- Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). The Smile of Murugan on Tamil Literature of South India. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-03591-5.
- Zvelebil, Kamil V. (1992). Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-09365-6.
- Aiyangar, S. Krishnaswami (1919). Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture. University of Calcutta. ISBN 81-206-0999-9.
- Ghosh, G. K.; Shukla Ghosh (2003). Brahmin Women. Firma KLM. ISBN 9788171021079.
- Chitty, Simon Casie (1859). The Tamil Plutarch, containing a summary account of the lives of poets and poetesses of Southern India and Ceylon. Jaffna: Ripley & Strong.
- E. V. Ramasami (March 27, 1929). "Is this Nationalism?" (PDF). The Revolt.
Further reading
- Pandian, M. S. S. Pandian (2007). Brahmin & Non-Brahmin : genealogies of the Tamil political present. ISBN 8178241625.
- K. Duvvury, Vasumathi (1991). Play, Symbolism, and Ritual: A Study of Tamil Brahmin Women's Rites of Passage (American University Studies Series XI, Anthropology and Sociology) (Hardcover). Peter Lang Pub Inc. ISBN 978-0-8204-1108-8.
- Sadananda (1939). Origin and Early History of Śaivism in South India. University of Madras.
- Figueira, Dorothy Matilda (2002). Aryans, Jews, Brahmins: Theorizing Authority Through Myths of Identity. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5531-9.
- Sharma, Rajendra Nath (1977). Brahmins Through the Ages: Their Social, Religious, Cultural, Political, and Economic Life. Ajanta Publications.
- Pillai, K. N. Sivaraja. Agastya in the Tamil land. University of Madras.
- Subramaniam, Kuppu (1974). Brahmin Priest of Tamil Nadu. Wiley. ISBN 0-470-83535-4.
- W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, F. Smarandache, K. Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache (2005-12-01). "E. V. Ramasami's Writings and Speeches". Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Analysis of Periyar's Views on Untouchability (American Research Press). ISBN 978-1-931233-00-2. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- Haruka Yanagisawa (1996). A Century of Change: Caste and Irrigated Lands in Tamilnadu, 1860s-1970s. Manohar. ISBN 978-81-7304-159-4.
- Jacob Pandian (1987). Caste, Nationalism and Ethnicity: An Interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-0-86132-136-0.
- Pathmanathan, Sivasubramaniam (1974). The Kingdom of Jaffna:Origins and early affiliations. Colombo: Ceylon Institute of Tamil Studies. pp. 171–173.
External links
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Brahmin Tamil |
Find more about Iyer at Wikipedia's sister projects | |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary | |
Media from Commons | |
Quotations from Wikiquote | |
Source texts from Wikisource | |
Textbooks from Wikibooks | |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |


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I have written several times before about concerns re bone density loss for women taking any of the AIs. When you begin one of these hormonal therapies, it is a good idea to have a baseline bone density test, You and your doctor can then discuss how often the test should be repeated--the range generally between every one to two years while you are taking the medication.
Here is a brief summary from a study by Hines et al published recently in The Breast about the value of Zometa for women taking AIs. Note that these women were also taking calcium and Vit D. There are other oral bisphosphonates which are also helpful, so you and your doctor will have some options as you consider this concern.
Zoledronic acid for treatment of osteopenia and osteoporosis in women with primary breast cancer undergoing adjuvant aromatase inhibitor therapy
The Breast, 01/21/10 Hines SL et al.
Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis/osteopenia are at increased risk of fracture. Aromatase inhibitors further increase bone loss in these patients. This study evaluates whether zoledronic acid prevents the bone loss expected when these patients initiate letrozole. Zoledronic acid prevents bone loss in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis/osteopenia starting letrozole and is associated with improvements in BMD.
46 patients completed 1year of treatment
LS BMD increased by 2.66% (p=0.01), femoral neck (FN) by 4.81% , and any measured>