text:
Old Testament Studies Bundle, ver. 2, M (22 vols.)
by 21 authors John Drane, Athalya Brenner, R. N. Whybray, A. R. Pete Diamond, Randall C. Bailey, Stephen Lennox, William A. Ford, Norman K. Gottwald, Philip A. Brown II, Peter Leithart, Raymond Franklin Person Jr., Gwilym H. Jones, Eryl W. Davies, Michael D. Goulder, Diana Lipton, Layton Talbert, John J. Collins, Rainer Kessler, Gordon Mitchell, Walter Brueggemann, Hurowitz, Victor (Avigdor)
8 publishers Lion, JSOT Press, WPH, Wipf & Stock, Fortress Press, Bob Jones University Press, Canon Press, Sheffield Academic Press 1981–2009
Select a size:
Go deeper into the Old Testament's world with discussion of the social forces that shaped Israel in The Hebrew Bible: A Brief Socio-Literary Introduction and A Social History of Ancient Israel. Walter Brueggemann's An Unsettling God explores the challenging issue of God's relationship with Israel.
Key Features
- Leading textbook in Old Testament studies
- Concise introduction to the Hebrew scriptures
- Treatment of the spirituality and religious values of the Old Testament
- Discussion of the major deuterocanonical books
- Analysis of some of the ethical issues raised by the Old Testament in relation to contemporary concerns
A Short Introduction to the Hebrew Bible
John J. Collins's Introduction to the Hebrew Bible is a leading textbook in Old Testament studies. With this new, well-tailored abridgement of that larger work, Collins's erudition is now available to general readers and professors and students who prefer a shorter, more concise introduction to the Hebrew scriptures. Also includes new maps, images, and study questions that are especially designed for the college student.
A balanced and richly informative introduction that covers essential critical and comparative perspectives and sets up pertinent interpretive issues, leaving the instructor free to work with the class in any number of directions...This is a textbook written by someone who not only knows his students but who genuinely likes them—and likes to challenge them!
—Carol Newsom, professor of Old Testament, Candler School of Theology
John J. Collins is Holmes Professor of Old Testament Criticism and Interpretation at Yale Divinity School and author of many works.
The Hebrew Bible: A Brief Socio-Literary Introduction
One of the pioneers of the socioliterary study of the Hebrew Bible introduces the beginning student to the social forces that shaped ancient Israel's history and scriptures. Norman K. Gottwald brings new light to every book of the Hebrew Bible, and to the older traditions and sources on which those writings in part depend, paying particular attention to the rise and fall of empires and the social revolution achieved in Israel's beginnings.
Rebecca J. Kruger Gaudino has prepared a clear and concise abridgement of Gottwald's classic textbook, now thoroughly updated and lavishly illustrated with maps, diagrams, and photos.
Gottwald's introduction takes you into the world from which the Hebrew Bible emerges. He recreates the full sweep of empires and shows how their literary traditions shape the literary traditions of the Hebrew Bible...
—Steed V. Davidson, assistant professor, Old Testament, Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary
Norman K. Gottwald is a professor of Old Testament Emeritus at New York Theological Seminary. He is the author of numerous works, including The Tribes of Yahweh, All the Kingdoms of the Earth, A Light to the Nations, and The Politics of Ancient Israel.
Rebecca J. Kruger Gaudino is an ordained minister in the United Church of Christ and holds a doctorate in English.
The Social History of Ancient Israel: An Introduction
Histories of ancient Israel have usually focused attention on major figures in powerful positions: kings, prophets, and patriarchs. Kessler asks about the larger social patterns that shaped the everyday life of ordinary people, from the emergence of Israel in the hills of Canaan, to the Jewish populations of Greek city-states in the Hellenistic age.
The introductory section includes discussion of social history as discipline and as method, event history and the "long haul," the representation of social history, and the history of research. Two other sections explore the methods of the social history of Israel and the epochs of Israel's social history, including discussions of environment as living space, Israel's emergence as a kinship-based society, exile and its consequences, and more.
The Social History of Ancient Israel presents a coherent overarching social history that synthesizes the intensive work done on each of the major epochs of Israelite history from the tribal period to the Hellenistic era. It also helps to close the gap between continental and Anglo-American social critics of the Bible whose respective pursuits have not been widely shared with one another to date.
—Norman K. Gottwald, Pacific School of Religion
Rainer Kessler is a professor of Old Testament at the University of Marburg and author of a number of books in Hebrew Bible.
An Unsettling God: The Heart of the Hebrew Bible
In the pages of the Hebrew Bible, ancient Israel gave witness to its encounter with a profound and uncontrollable reality experienced through relationship. This book, drawn from the heart of foremost Old Testament theologian Walter Brueggemann's Theology of the Old Testament, distills a career's worth of insights into the core message of the Hebrew Bible. God is described there, Brueggemann observes, as engaging four "partners"—Israel, the nations, creation, and the human being—in the divine purpose. This volume presents Brueggemann at his most engaging, offering profound insights tailored especially for the beginning student of the Hebrew Bible.
A luminous and honest reading of the relationality that animates the Hebrew Scriptures. Brueggemann's masterful exposition of the fragility and resilience of covenant will leave readers unsettled indeed, for here we glimpse a God who is indescribably powerful yet 'deeply at risk' in relationships...
—Carolyn J. Sharp, associate professor, Hebrew Scriptures, Yale Divinity School
Walter Brueggemann, through his teaching, lecturing, and writing, has effectively demonstrated the significance of the Old Testament for our fractured world today. Recognized as the preeminent interpreter of the ancient texts in relation to questions posed by a variety of academic disciplines, he has shown the way toward a compelling understanding of the major components of the faith and life of ancient Israel, especially its Psalms, the prophets, and the narratives. His award-winning Theology of the Old Testament quickly became a foundational work in the field.
Professor Brueggemann, who holds the ThD from Union Seminary, New York, and the PhD from St. Louis University, is William Marcellus McPheeters Professor of Old Testament at Columbia Theological Seminary, Decatur, Georgia. He was previously Professor of Old Testament at Eden Theological Seminary, St. Louis. His many Augsburg Fortress books, including The Threat of Life: Sermons on Pain, Power, and Weakness, exhibit a fecund combination of imaginative power, sound scholarship, and a passion of justice and redemption.
On November 17, 2000 the Association of Theological Booksellers presented Walter Brueggemann and Augsburg Fortress with a Theologos Award for Best General Interest Book 2000 at a dinner in Brueggemann's honor. The award-winning book, Deep Memory, Exuberant Hope: Contested Truth in a Post-Christian World, which was edited by Patrick D. Miller, came out in July 2000.
Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture
This introduction attempts to offer a different model for the discipline from that currently represented. It seeks to describe the form and function of the Hebrew Bible in its role as sacred scripture for Israel. It argues the case that the biblical literature has not been correctly understood or interpreted because its role as religious literature has not been correctly assessed.
Child's Introduction stands as a monumental contribution to Old Testament scholarship. It will be, appropriately, a significant factor in biblcial studies for at least the balance of this century.
—John F. Priest, author
Brevard S. Childs is Sterling Professor of Divinity, Emeritus at Yale Divinity School (New Haven, Connecticut). He is the author of several Augsburg Fortress books, including Old Testament Theology in a Canonical Context and Biblical Theology of the Old and New Testaments.
The Hebrew Bible: A Comparative Approach
In The Hebrew Bible: A Comparative Approach, Christopher D. Stanley provides a Hebrew Bible textbook admirably suited to college and university courses in religious studies.
At once accessible and comprehensive, The Hebrew Bible approaches the Bible through the categories of comparative religion, carefully distinguishing the religion of ancient Israel from the religion represented in the Bible and discussing such dimensions of religion as the role of scripture, symbol and worldview, sacred narrative (myth), ritual and community, and the encounter with the holy.
Bravo! Finally, here is a thoughtful textbook on the Hebrew Bible and its context from the perspective of Religious Studies. This is a book that—without compromising academic rigor—caters to real students of the twenty-first centruy embarking on a semester-long course...
—Johanna Stiebert, associate professor, Hebrew Bible, University of Tennessee
Christopher D. Stanley is a professor of theology and teaches courses in Biblical studies and religion and culture at St. Bonaventure University. He is the author of numerous books and articles in biblical studies, including Paul and the Language of Scripture and Arguing with Scripture: The Rhetoric of Quotations in the Letters of Paul.
Beyond Suffering: Discovering the Message of Job
In the book of Job, a pain-torn man tries to understand the mind of God while his friends offer their human opinions on his suffering. But when the final answer comes, there are no more speeches. Not from them.
Rich with personal experience and examples drawn from the lives of great men, Layton Talbert's exploration of the book of Job deals with the depths of human suffering and the heights of God's supreme purpose. Dr. Talbert's thorough research, detailed examination of each speaker's perspective, and countless cross-references make Beyond Suffering an essential resource for any student of the Bible.
God's Story Revealed: A Guide for Understanding the Old Testament
Many people want to learn more about the Bible but don't know where to begin. Dr. Stephen Lennox solves that problem by showing how God's amazing plan unfolds through each of the thirty-nine books of the Old Testament. In this concise introduction, Lennox focuses on the big picture of the Old Testament while providing important information about the history and culture of ancient times. You will learn how each book fits into God's overall story and plan and how it impacts your life.
Hope Amidst Ruin: A Literary and Theological Analysis of Ezra
The book of Ezra deals with building the second temple, restoring the worship of Yahweh, and breaking the habits that undermined Israel's spiritual integrity. In Hope Amidst Ruin, A. Philip Brown II analyzes the book's use of chronology, plot, and point of view, demonstrating that Ezra composed the historical narrative to teach postexilic Israel about the goodness and holiness of their God. The themes of hope and holiness flow throughout the book as the returnees learn anew of God's promises to the just and of His wrath against those who abandon Him. Purification and separation from evil is necessary for the Israelites to be restored to true fellowship with Yahweh.
Brown frankly addresses various interpretation challenges in Ezra, such as its unique temporal ordering and disquieting finale. Concurrently, he offers evidence for the divine inspiration of the book. He also clarifies the relationship of historical events in the Persian Empire to Ezra's narrative. Brown's research and analysis make Hope Amidst Ruin an essential resource for Old Testament theologians and all students of Scripture. Ezra's focus on hope and holiness is just as appropriate for our world as it was for his.


text:
Do I need an AOL account to use Moviefone?
Do I need an AOL account to use Moviefone? |
Since we built it, everyone should come. Moviefone welcomes all batters to step up to the plate and use our field of features -- you don't need an AOL account to use most of them. That being said, there are certain member-only features that can only be accessed if you're signed in to the Moviefone site using an AOL account. Exhibit A: If you want to rate or review movies on Moviefone's Review page, you'll need to sign in using your AOL or AIM Username and Password. How do I obtain an AOL account? Registering for an AOL account allows you to rate and review movies on Moviefone. Sign up for free and start posting your stat sheet today. Remember: There's no crying in baseball, but we're cool with whatever on our home turf. Related Articles: |
About Moviefone Rating and reviewing a movie Using the Facebook social plugin on Moviefone.com |
About this article: |
Last updated: 03-24-2011 |
© 2013 AOL Inc. |

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Updated Dec 20, 2012 - 1:43 pm
ESPN analyst: Cardinals should give Brian Hoyer a look
The rookie out of San Diego State completed 14-of-21 passes for 104 yards and one interception. His numbers weren't great (they really weren't even good), but he did not make the game-changing mistake and ultimately earned his first NFL win. He is expected to get the start when the Cardinals host the Chicago Bears Sunday, though Jaworski told Arizona Sports 620's Burns and Gambo he thinks the Cardinals should give some playing time to recently-signed quarterback Brian Hoyer.
"I think eventually you need to see some Hoyer," he said. "You'd like to see him in a Cardinals uniform on the field in a real-live game.
Listen: Ron Jaworski, ESPN NFL Insider Jaws talked about what changes the AZ Cardinals need to make heading into next season. He also wants to see their new QB Brian Hoyer play the rest of this season!
Hoyer, 27, has played in parts of three NFL seasons with the New England Patriots. He has completed 27-of-43 passes for 286 yards with one touchdown and one interception.
- With Jared Veldheer signing, Steve Keim has done it again
- Numbers say Jared Veldheer is a big pickup for the Arizona Cardinals
- Team broadcaster 'mystified' that Raiders let Jared Veldheer go to Arizona Cardinals
- Arizona Cardinals benefit from the Carson Palmer effect
- It's official: Arizona Cardinals re-sign trio of players, release Daryn Colledge
- Tom Flores, Oakland Raiders radio color commentator - Tuesday March 11Tom Flores discusses Cardinals signing of left tackle Jared Veldheer.
- Mike Sando, ESPN NFL insider - Tuesday March 11Is Jim Harbaugh still welcome in San Francisco?
- Kent Somers, AZ Central Sports Cardinals beat writer - Monday March 10Kent Somers talks all things Cardinals free agency.
- Kent Somers, AZ Central Sports Cardinals beat writer - Thursday March 6Kent Somers discusses the Cardinals' efforts to sign Karlos Dansby.
- Pete Prisco, CBSSports.com NFL writer - Thursday March 6Pete Prisco of CBS Sports discusses the NFL offseason and the NFL draft.


text:
Headphones (or "head-phones" in the early days of telephony and radio) are a pair of small loudspeakers that are designed to be held in place close to a user's ears. They are also known as earspeakers, earphones[2] or, colloquially, cans.[3] The alternate in-ear versions are known as earbuds or earphones.[2] In the context of telecommunication, a headset is a combination of headphone and microphone. Headphones either have wires for connection to a signal source such as an audio amplifier, radio, CD player, portable media player, mobile phone, electronic musical instrument, or have a wireless device, which is used to pick up signal without using a cable.
Headphones originated from the earpiece, and were the only way to listen to electrical audio signals before amplifiers were developed. The first truly successful set was developed in 1910 by Nathaniel Baldwin, who made them by hand in his kitchen and sold them to the United States Navy.[4][5]
Some very sensitive headphones such as those manufactured by Brandes around 1919 were commonly used for early radio work. These early headphones used moving iron drivers, either single ended or balanced armature. The requirement for high sensitivity meant no damping was used, thus the sound quality was crude. They also had very poor comfort compared to modern types, usually having no padding and too often having excessive clamping force to the head. Their impedance varied; headphones used in telegraph and telephone work had an impedance of 75 ohms. Those used with early wireless radio had to be more sensitive and were made with more turns of finer wire; impedance of 1000 to 2000 ohms was common, which suited both crystal sets and triode receivers.
In early powered radios, the headphone was part of the vacuum tube's plate circuit and had dangerous voltages on it. It was normally connected directly to the positive high voltage battery terminal, and the other battery terminal was securely grounded. The use of bare electrical connections meant that users could be shocked if they touched the bare headphone connections while adjusting an uncomfortable headset.
In 1943, John C. Koss, an audiophile and jazz musician from Milwaukee, produced the first stereo headphones. Before that, the headphones were used only in industry by telephone operators and the like.
Headphones may be used both with fixed equipment such as CD or DVD players, home theater, personal computers and with portable devices (e.g. digital audio player/mp3 player, mobile phone, etc.). Cordless headphones are not connected via a wire, receiving a radio or infrared signal encoded using a radio or infrared transmission link, like FM, Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. These are powered receiver systems of which the headphone is only a component. Cordless headphones are used with events such as a Silent disco or Silent Gig.
In the professional audio sector headphones are used in live situations by disc jockeys with a DJ mixer and sound engineers for monitoring signal sources. In radio studios, DJs use a pair of headphones when talking to the microphone while the speakers are turned off, to eliminate acoustic feedback and monitor their own voice. In studio recordings, musicians and singers use headphones to play along to a backing track. In the military, audio signals of many varieties are monitored using headphones.
Wired headphones are attached to an audio source. The most common connectors are 6.35 mm (¼″) and 3.5 mm phone connectors. The larger 6.35 mm connector tending to be found on fixed location home or professional equipment. Sony introduced the smaller, and now widely used, 3.5 mm "minijack" stereo connector in 1979, adapting the older monophonic 3.5 mm connector for use with its Walkman portable stereo tape player. The 3.5 mm connector remains the common connector for portable application today. Adapters are available for converting between 6.35 mm and 3.5 mm devices.[6][7]
Electrical characteristics[edit]
Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers may be readily applied to headphones since most headphones are small dynamic loudspeakers.
Headphones are available with low or high impedance (typically measured at 1 kHz). Low-impedance headphones are in the range 16 to 32 ohms and high-impedance headphones are about 100-600 ohms.[2] As the impedance of a pair of headphones increases, more voltage but less current is required to drive it, and the loudness of the headphones for a given voltage decreases. In recent years, impedance of newer headphones has generally decreased to accommodate lower voltages available on battery powered CMOS-based portable electronics. This results in headphones that can be more efficiently driven by battery powered electronics. Consequently, newer amplifiers are based on designs with relatively low output impedance.
The impedance of headphones is of concern because of the output limitations of amplifiers. A modern pair of headphones is driven by an amplifier, with lower impedance headphones presenting a larger load. Amplifiers are not ideal; they also have some output impedance that limits the amount of power they can provide. In order to ensure an even frequency response, adequate damping factor, and undistorted sound, an amplifier should have an output impedance less than 1/8 that of the headphones it is driving (and ideally as low as possible).[8] If output impedance is large compared to the impedance of the headphones, significantly higher distortion will be present.[9] Therefore, lower impedance headphones will tend to be louder and more efficient, but will also demand a more capable amplifier. Higher impedance headphones will be more tolerant of amplifier limitations, but will produce less volume for a given output level.
Historically, many headphones had relatively high impedance, often over 500 ohms in order to operate well with high impedance tube amplifiers. In contrast, modern transistor amplifiers can have very low output impedance, enabling lower impedance headphones. Unfortunately, this means that older audio amplifiers or stereos often produce poor quality output on some modern, low impedance headphones. In this case, an external headphone amplifier may be beneficial.
Sensitivity is a measure of how effectively an earpiece converts an incoming electrical signal into an audible sound. It thus indicates how loud the headphones will be for a given electrical drive level. It can be measured in decibels of sound pressure level per milliwatt, or dB SPL/mW, which may be abbreviated to dB/mW. The sensitivity of headphones is usually between about 80 and 125 dB/mW.[10]
Headphone sensitivity may be measured in dB/mW or dB/V.[11] These are dB SPL (sound pressure level) measured in a standard ear for a 1 kHz sinusoidal headphone input of either one milliwatt or one volt. One can convert between these two units if the impedance of the earpiece is known.
Headphone size can affect the balance between fidelity and portability. Generally, headphone form factors can be divided into four separate categories: circumaural, supra-aural, earbud, and in-ear.
Circumaural headphones (sometimes called full size headphones) have circular or ellipsoid earpads that encompass the ears. Because these headphones completely surround the ear, circumaural headphones can be designed to fully seal against the head to attenuate external noise. Because of their size, circumaural headphones can be heavy and there are some sets that weigh over 500 grams (1 lb). Ergonomic headband and earpad design is required to reduce discomfort resulting from weight.[12]
Supra-aural headphones have pads that press against the ears, rather than around them. They were commonly bundled with personal stereos during the 1980s. This type of headphone generally tends to be smaller and lighter than circumaural headphones, resulting in less attenuation of outside noise. Supra-aural headphones can also lead to discomfort due to the pressure on the ear as compared to circumaural headphones that sit around the ear. Comfort may vary due to the earcup material.
Open or closed back[edit]
Both circumaural and supra-aural headphones can be further differentiated by the type of earcups:
Open-back headphones have the back of the earcups open. This leaks more sound out of the headphone and also lets more ambient sounds into the headphone, but gives a more natural or speaker-like sound and more spacious "soundstage" - the perception of distance from the source.
Closed-back (or sealed) styles have the back of the earcups closed. They usually block some of the ambient noise, but have a smaller soundstage, giving the wearer a perception that the sound is coming from within their head. Closed-back headphones tend to be able to produce stronger low frequencies than open-back headphones.
Semi-open headphones, have a design that can be considered as a compromise between Open-back headphones and Closed-back headphones. This may imply that the result combines all the positive properties of both designs. Some believe the term "Semi-open" is purely there for marketing purposes. While there is no exact definition for the term semi-open headphone, there are designs that can be considered as such. Where the open-back approach has hardly any measure to block sound at the outer side of the diaphragm, and the closed-back approach, really has a closed chamber at the outer side of the diaphragm, a semi-open headphone can have a chamber to block sound partially while leaving some sound through, via openings or vents.
Ear-fitting headphones[edit]
Earbuds refer to very small headphones that are fitted directly in the outer ear, facing but not inserted in the ear canal. Earbuds are portable and convenient, but many people consider them to be uncomfortable and prone to falling out.[13] They provide hardly any acoustic isolation and leave room for ambient noise to seep in; users may turn up the volume dangerously high to compensate, at the risk of causing hearing loss.[13][14] On the other hand, they let the user be better aware of their surroundings. Since the early days of the transistor radio, earbuds have commonly been bundled with personal music devices. They are sold at times with foam pads for comfort.
In-ear headphones[edit]
In-ear headphones, in-ear monitors(IEMs) or canalphones, (also earbuds by some manufacturers[15]), are small headphones with similar portability to earbuds which are inserted in the ear canal itself. IEMs are higher quality in-ear headphones and are used by audio engineers and musicians as well as audiophiles.
Because in-ear headphones engage the ear canal, they can be less prone to falling out and they block out much environmental noise. Lack of sound from the environment can be a problem when sound is a necessary cue for safety or other reasons, as when walking, driving, or riding near or in vehicular traffic.
Generic or custom fitting ear canal plugs are made from silicone rubber, elastomer, or foam. Custom in-ear headphones use castings of the ear canal to create custom-molded plugs that provide added comfort and noise isolation.[13]
A headset is a headphone combined with a microphone. Headsets provide the equivalent functionality of a telephone handset with hands-free operation. Among applications for headsets, besides telephone use, are aviation, theatre or television studio intercom systems, and console or PC gaming. Headsets are made with either a single-earpiece (mono) or a double-earpiece (mono to both ears or stereo). The microphone arm of headsets is either an external microphone type where the microphone is held in front of the user's mouth, or a voicetube type where the microphone is housed in the earpiece and speech reaches it by means of a hollow tube. Some headsets come in a choice of either behind-the-neck or no-headband design instead of the traditional over-the-head band.
Telephone headsets[edit]
Telephone headsets connect to a fixed-line telephone system. A telephone headset functions by replacing the handset of a telephone. Headsets for standard corded telephones are fitted with a standard 4P4C commonly called an RJ-9 connector. Headsets are also available with 2.5 mm jack sockets for many DECT phones and other applications. Cordless bluetooth headsets are available, and often used with mobile telephones. Headsets are widely used for telephone-intensive jobs, in particular by call centre workers. They are also used by anyone wishing to hold telephone conversations with both hands free.
For older models of telephones, the headset microphone impedance is different from that of the original handset, requiring a telephone amplifier for the telephone headset. A telephone amplifier provides basic pin-alignment similar to a telephone headset adaptor, but it also offers sound amplification for the microphone as well as the loudspeakers. Most models of telephone amplifiers offer volume control for loudspeaker as well as microphone, mute function and switching between headset and handset. Telephone amplifiers are powered by batteries or AC adaptors.
Ambient noise reduction[edit]
Unwanted sound from the environment can be reduced by excluding sound from the ear by passive noise isolation, or, often in conjunction with isolation, by active noise cancellation.
Passive noise isolation is essentially using the body of the earphone, either over or in the ear, as a passive earplug that simply blocks out sound. The headphone types that provide most attenuation are in-ear canal headphones and closed-back headphones, both circumaural and supra aural. Open-back and earbud headphones provide some passive noise isolation, but much less than the others. Typical closed-back headphones block 8 to 12 dB, and in-ears anywhere from 10 to 15 dB.
Active noise-cancelling headphones use a microphone, amplifier, and speaker to pick up, amplify, and play ambient noise in phase-reversed form; this to some extent cancels out unwanted noise from the environment without affecting the desired sound source, which is not picked up and reversed by the microphone. They require a power source, usually a battery, to drive their circuitry. Active noise cancelling headphones can attenuate ambient noise by 20 dB or more, but the active circuitry is mainly effective on constant sounds and at lower frequencies, rather than sharp sounds and voices. Some noise cancelling headphones are designed mainly to reduce low-frequency engine and travel noise in aircraft, trains, and automobiles, and are less effective in environments with other types of noise.
Transducer technology[edit]
Various types of transducer are used to convert electrical signals to sound in headphones.
The moving coil driver, more commonly referred to as a "dynamic" driver is the most common type used in headphones. The operating principle consists of a stationary magnetic element affixed to the frame of the headphone which sets up a static magnetic field. The magnetic element in headphones is typically composed of ferrite or neodymium. The diaphragm, typically fabricated from lightweight, high stiffness to mass ratio cellulose, polymer, carbon material, or the like, is attached to a coil of wire (voice coil) which is immersed in the static magnetic field of the stationary magnet. The diaphragm is actuated by the attached voice coil, when the varying current of an audio signal is passed through the coil. The alternating magnetic field produced by the current through the coil reacts against the static magnetic field in turn, causing the coil and attached diaphragm to move the air, thus producing sound. Modern moving-coil headphone drivers are derived from microphone capsule technology.
Electrostatic drivers consist of a thin, electrically charged diaphragm, typically a coated PET film membrane, suspended between two perforated metal plates (electrodes). The electrical sound signal is applied to the electrodes creating an electrical field; depending on the polarity of this field, the diaphragm is drawn towards one of the plates. Air is forced through the perforations; combined with a continuously changing electrical signal driving the membrane, a sound wave is generated. Electrostatic headphones are usually more expensive than moving-coil ones, and are comparatively uncommon. In addition, a special amplifier is required to amplify the signal to deflect the membrane, which often requires electrical potentials in the range of 100 to 1000 volts.
Due to the extremely thin and light diaphragm membrane, often only a few micrometers thick, and the complete absence of moving metalwork, the frequency response of electrostatic headphones usually extends well above the audible limit of approximately 20 kHz. The high frequency response means that the low midband distortion level is maintained to the top of the audible frequency band, which is generally not the case with moving coil drivers. Also, the frequency response peakiness regularly seen in the high frequency region with moving coil drivers is absent. Well-designed electrostatic headphones can produce significantly better sound quality than other types.
Electrostatic headphones require a voltage source generating 100 V to over 1 kV, and are on the user's head. They do not need to deliver significant electric current, which limits the electrical hazard to the wearer in case of fault.
An electret driver functions along the same electromechanical means as an electrostatic driver. However the electret driver has a permanent charge built into it, where electrostatics have the charge applied to the driver by an external generator. Electretand electrostatic headphones are relatively uncommon. They are also typically cheaper and lower in technical capability and fidelity than electrostatics.
Balanced armature[edit]
A balanced armature is a sound transducer design primarily intended to increase the electrical efficiency of the element by eliminating the stress on the diaphragm characteristic of many other magnetic transducer systems. As shown schematically in the first diagram, it consists of a moving magnetic armature that is pivoted so it can move in the field of the permanent magnet. When precisely centered in the magnetic field there is no net force on the armature, hence the term 'balanced.' As illustrated in the second diagram, when there is electric current through the coil, it magnetizes the armature one way or the other, causing it to rotate slightly one way or the other about the pivot thus moving the diaphragm to make sound.
The design is not mechanically stable; a slight imbalance makes the armature stick to one pole of the magnet. A fairly stiff restoring force is required to hold the armature in the 'balance' position. Although this reduces its efficiency, this design can still produce more sound from less power than any other[clarification needed]. Popularized in the 1920s as Baldwin Mica Diaphragm radio headphones, balanced armature transducers were refined during World War II for use in military sound powered telephones. Some of these achieved astonishing electro-acoustic conversion efficiencies, in the range of 20% to 40%, for narrow bandwidth voice signals.
Today they are typically used only in canalphones and hearing aids, where their diminutive size is a major advantage. They generally are limited at the extremes of the hearing spectrum (e.g. below 20 Hz and above 16 kHz) and require a better seal than other types of drivers to deliver their full potential. Higher-end models may employ multiple armature drivers, dividing the frequency ranges between them using a passive crossover network. A few combine an armature driver with a small moving-coil driver for increased bass output.
The earliest loudspeakers for radio receivers used balanced armature drivers for their cones.
Thermoacoustic technology[edit]
The thermoacoustic effect generates sound from the audio frequency Joule heating of the conductor, an effect which is not magnetic and does not vibrate the speaker. In 2013 a carbon nanotube thin-yarn earphone based on the thermoacoustic mechanism was demonstrated by a research group in Tsinghua University.[16] The as-produced CNT thin yarn earphone has a working element called CNT thin yarn thermoacoustic chip. Such a chip is composed of a layer of CNT thin yarn array supported by the silicon wafer, and periodic grooves with certain depth are made on the wafer by micro-fabrication methods to suppress the heat leakage from the CNT yarn to the substrate.
Other transducer technologies[edit]
Transducer technologies employed much less commonly for headphones include the Heil Air Motion Transformer (AMT); Piezoelectric film; Ribbon planar magnetic; Magnetostriction and Plasma-ionisation. The first Heil AMT headphone was marketed by ESS Laboratories and was essentially an ESS AMT tweeter from one of the company's speakers being driven at full range. Since the turn of the century, only Precide of Switzerland have manufactured an AMT headphone. Piezoelectric film headphones were first developed by Pioneer, their two models both used a flat sheet of film which limited the maximum volume of air that could be moved. Currently TakeT produce a piezoelectric film headphone which is shaped not unlike an AMT transducer but which like the driver Precide uses for their headphones, has a variation in the size of transducer folds over the diaphragm. It additionally incorporates a two way design by its inclusion of a dedicated tweeter/supertweeter panel. The folded shape of a diaphragm allows a transducer with a larger surface area to fit within smaller space constraints. This increases the total volume of air that can be moved on each excursion of the transducer given that radiating area.
Magnetostriction headphones, sometimes sold under the label of "Bonephones", are headphones that work via the transmission of vibrations against the side of head, transmitting the sound via bone conduction. This is particularly helpful in situations where the ears must be left unobstructed or when used by those who are deaf for reasons which do not affect the nervous apparatus of hearing. Magnetostriction headphones though, have greater limitations to their fidelity than conventional headphones which work via the normal workings of the ear. Additionally, there was also one attempt to market a plasma-ionisation headphone in the early 1990s by a French company called Plasmasonics. It is believed that there are no functioning examples left.
Benefits and limitations[edit]
Headphones may be used to prevent other people from hearing the sound either for privacy or to prevent disturbance, as in listening in a public library. They can also provide a level of sound fidelity greater than loudspeakers of similar cost. Part of their ability to do so comes from the lack of any need to perform room correction treatments with headphones. High quality headphones can have an extremely flat low-frequency response down to 20 Hz within 3dB. Marketed claims such as 'frequency response 4 Hz to 20 kHz' are usually overstatements; the product's response at frequencies lower than 20 Hz is typically very small. [17]
Headphones are also useful for video games that use 3D positional audio processing algorithms, as they allow players to better judge the position of an off-screen sound source (such as the footsteps of an opponent or their gun fire).
Although modern headphones have been particularly widely sold and used for listening to stereo recordings since the release of the Walkman, there is subjective debate regarding the nature of their reproduction of stereo sound. Stereo recordings represent the position of horizontal depth cues (stereo separation) via volume and phase differences of the sound in question between the two channels. When the sounds from two speakers mix, they create the phase difference the brain uses to locate direction. Through most headphones, because the right and left channels do not combine in this manner, the illusion of the phantom center can be perceived as lost. Hard panned sounds will also only be heard only in one ear rather than from one side.
Binaural recordings use a different microphone technique to encode direction directly as phase, with very little amplitude difference below 2 kHz, often using a dummy head, and can produce a surprisingly lifelike spatial impression through headphones. Commercial recordings almost always use stereo, rather than binaural, recording, because loudspeaker listening has been more popular than headphone listening.
It is possible to change the spatial effects of stereo sound on headphones to better approximate the presentation of speaker reproduction by using frequency-dependent cross-feed between the channels, or—better still—a Blumlein shuffler (a custom EQ employed to augment the low-frequency content of the difference information in a stereo signal).[citation needed]
Headsets can have ergonomic benefits over traditional telephone handsets. They allow call center agents to maintain better posture without needing to hand-hold a handset or tilt their head sideways to cradle it.[18]
Dangers and volume solutions[edit]
Using headphones at a sufficiently high volume level may cause temporary or permanent hearing impairment or deafness. The headphone volume often has to compete with the background noise, especially in loud places such as subway stations, aircraft, and large crowds. Extended periods of exposure to high sound pressure levels created by headphones at high volume settings may be damaging;[19][20] however, one hearing expert found that "fewer than 5% of users select volume levels and listen frequently enough to risk hearing loss."[21] Some manufacturers of portable music devices have attempted to introduce safety circuitry that limited output volume or warned the user when dangerous volume was being used, but the concept has been rejected by most of the buying public, which favors the personal choice of high volume. Koss introduced the "Safelite" line of cassette players in 1983 with such a warning light. The line was discontinued two years later for lack of interest.
The government of France has imposed[22] a limit on all music players sold in the country:[22] they must not be capable of producing more than 100dBA (the threshold of hearing damage during extended listening is 80dB, and the threshold of pain, or theoretically of immediate hearing loss, is 130dB).[23] Motorcycle and other power-sport riders benefit by wearing foam earplugs when legal to do so to avoid excessive road, engine, and wind noise, but their ability to hear music and intercom speech is enhanced when doing so. The ear can normally detect 1-billionth of an atmosphere of sound pressure level,[24] hence it is incredibly sensitive. At very high sound pressure levels, muscles in the ear tighten the tympanic membrane and this leads to a small change in the geometry of the ossicles and stirrup that results in lower transfer of force to the oval window of the inner ear (the acoustic reflex).[25]
Listening to music through headphones while exercising can be dangerous.[26] Blood may be diverted from the ears to the limbs leaving the inner ear more vulnerable to damage from loud sound.[27] A Finnish study[28] recommended that exercisers should set their headphone volumes to half of their normal loudness and only use them for half an hour.[27]
The usual way of limiting sound volume on devices driving headphones is by limiting output power. This has the additional undesirable effect of being dependent of the efficiency of the headphones; a device producing the maximum allowed power may not produce adequate volume in low-efficiency high-quality headphones, while possibly reaching dangerous levels in very efficient ones.
See also[edit]
- Bone conduction
- Digital audio player
- Headphone amplifier
- In-ear monitor
- Noise-cancelling headphone
- earpad
- ^ Kadner, Noah (2009). Red: The Ultimate Guide to Using the Revolutionary Camera. Peachpit Press. p. 93. ISBN 0-321-61768-1.
- ^ a b c "earphone". Retrieved 4 January 2014.
- ^ Stanley R. Alten Audio Basics Cengage 2011 ISBN 0-495-91356-1 page 63
- ^ The Early Radio Industry and the United States Navy
- ^ Utah History To Go. Ruin Followed Riches for a Utah Genius (Will Bagley for the Salt Lake Tribune, July 8, 2001)
- ^ http://www.audiovisualonline.co.uk/product/1572/avo-6-35mm-plug-3-5mm-jack-adapter/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=product-extensions&gclid=CPbV-6CC5bsCFdOWtAodIVoADg
- ^ http://www.audiovisualonline.co.uk/product/1570/avo-3-5mm-plug-6-35mm-jack-adapter/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=product-extensions&gclid=CJ6VnaGC5bsCFdOWtAodIVoADg
- ^ "Headphone & Amp Impedance". Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ Siau, John. "The "0-Ohm" Headphone Amplifier". Retrieved 26 June 2012.
- ^ "Understanding Earphone/Headphone Specifications". Shure Customer Help. Shure. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
- ^ http://gilmore2.chem.northwestern.edu/tech/dbohn1_tech.htm
- ^ Name (required). "Headphones | AudioBoost - Audio Review, Headphone Review, Amplifier Review, Music Album Review". AudioBoost. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
- ^ a b c Time magazine: custom-made headphones
- ^ Ear and Hearing - Abstract: Volume 25(6) December 2004 p 513-527 Output Levels of Commercially Available Portable Compact Disc Players and the Potential Risk to Hearing
- ^ The box for the "J2" from jbuds say they're noise isolating soft silicone earbuds with the latest cutting edge In-Ear design. Also, Koss' The Plug is "a stereo earbud" that "features ... a tubular port structure that is inserted on a soft expandable cushion into the ear canal." Skullcandy also sells "in-ear earbuds" - http://www.skullcandy.com/shop/skin/frontend/default/skullcandy_main-v3/images/ninjistics/in-ear.png
- ^ Yang Wei; Xiaoyang Lin, Kaili Jiang, Peng Liu, Qunqing Li, and Shoushan Fan (2013). "Thermoacoustic Chips with Carbon Nanotube Thin Yarn Arrays.". Nano Letters. doi:10.1021/nl402408j.
- ^ cnet reviews: Headphone Buying Guide "Even the flimsiest, cheap headphones routinely boast extremely low bass-response performance—15 or 20Hz—but almost always sound lightweight and bright."
- ^ United States Department of Labor. Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Computer Workstation. Checklist. Accessed February 2, 2009.
- ^ Ashaorg
- ^ NIH.gov
- ^ Audiologyonline.com
- ^ a b Europa.eu. Consumers: EU acts to limit health risks from exposure to noise from personal music players
- ^ "Medical Information Search (Cochlea • FAQ)". Lookformedical.com. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
- ^ A standard threshold of hearing at 1000 Hz for the human ear is 2 x 10-5 Pa (Marsh, Andrew (1999). "Human Ear and Hearing". Online Course on Acoustics. The School of Architecture and Fine Arts, The University of Western Australia. Retrieved 23 August 2010.); Standard atmospheric pressure is 101,325 Pa. 2 x 10-5 / 100,000 = 0.2 x 10-9, a ratio of less than a billionth.
- ^ GSU.edu
- ^ Greenfield, Paige (25 June 2011). "Deaf to Danger: The Perils of Earbuds". ABC News. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ a b Headwize.com. Preventing Hearing Damage When Listening With Headphones
- ^ Airo, Erkko; J. Pekkarinen; P. Olkinuora. "Listening to music with earphones: an assessment of noise exposure," Acustica–Acta Acustica, pp. 82, 885–894. (1996)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Headphones. |
Look up headphone, earphone, earpiece, stereophone, or canalphones in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |


text:
Debt Warning Signs |
Knowing the causes of financial crisis and the debt warning signs can help stop a small money management problem from growing into big debt trouble for you, a friend, or family member. Check the Causes of Financial Crisis to see if you might be at risk, and find out what you can do now to avoid a financial crisis. Learn More |


text: You can book out our studio spaceWe now have on online tool for you to book our studio spaces for your meeting, rehearsal, or writing group. For 25 years, The Annoyance Theatre has created some of Chicago's finest comedy. Home of the longest running musical Co-ed Prison Sluts, The Annoyance uses improvisation to create new and original plays, musicals, sketch-comedy and more in a vibrant, uncensored atmosphere. Under the guidance of Artistic Director Mick Napier, The Annoyance also provides excellent quality training in improvisation. Based on Napier's book Improvise. Scene From the Inside Out, the Annoyance philosophy focuses on the individual, giving students feedback and support to allow them to find and enhance their personal point of view and creative voice. COMPLETE CLASS & SCHEDULE INFO |


text:
Kinetics of Protein Adsorption and Desorption on Surfaces with Grafted Polymers Biophysical Journal, Volume 89, Issue 3, 1 September 2005, Pages 1516-1533 Fang Fang, Javier Satulovsky and Igal Szleifer Abstract The kinetics of protein adsorption are studied using a generalized diffusion approach which shows that the time-determining step in the adsorption is the crossing of the kinetic barrier presented by the polymers and already adsorbed proteins. The potential of mean-force between the adsorbing protein and the polymer-protein surface changes as a function of time due to the deformation of the polymer layers as the proteins adsorb. Furthermore, the range and strength of the repulsive interaction felt by the approaching proteins increases with grafted polymer molecular weight and surface coverage. The effect of molecular weight on the kinetics is very complex and different than its role on the equilibrium adsorption isotherms. The very large kinetic barriers make the timescale for the adsorption process very long and the computational effort increases with time, thus, an approximate kinetic approach is developed. The kinetic theory is based on the knowledge that the time-determining step is crossing the potential-of-mean-force barrier. Kinetic equations for two states (adsorbed and bulk) are written where the kinetic coefficients are the product of the Boltzmann factor for the free energy of adsorption (desorption) multiplied by a preexponential factor determined from a Kramers-like theory. The predictions from the kinetic approach are in excellent quantitative agreement with the full diffusion equation solutions demonstrating that the two most important physical processes are the crossing of the barrier and the changes in the barrier with time due to the deformation of the polymer layer as the proteins adsorb/desorb. The kinetic coefficients can be calculated a priori allowing for systematic calculations over very long timescales. It is found that, in many cases where the equilibrium adsorption shows a finite value, the kinetics of the process is so slow that the experimental system will show no adsorption. This effect is particularly important at high grafted polymer surface coverage. The construction of guidelines for molecular weight/surface coverage necessary for kinetic prevention of protein adsorption in a desired timescale is shown. The time-dependent desorption is also studied by modeling how adsorbed proteins leave the surface when in contact with a pure water solution. It is found that the kinetics of desorption are very slow and depend in a nonmonotonic way in the polymer chain length. When the polymer layer thickness is shorter than the size of the protein, increasing polymer chain length, at fixed surface coverage, makes the desorption process faster. For polymer layers with thickness larger than the protein size, increases in molecular weight results in a longer time for desorption. This is due to the grafted polymers trapping the adsorbed proteins and slowing down the desorption process. These results offer a possible explanation to some experimental data on adsorption. Limitations and extension of the developed approaches for practical applications are discussed. Abstract | Full Text | PDF (261 kb) |
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Protein Adsorption: A Generalized Molecular Theoretical Approach Biophysical Journal, Volume 80, Issue 6, 1 June 2001, Pages 2568-2589 Fang Fang and Igal Szleifer Abstract The thermodynamics and kinetics of protein adsorption are studied using a molecular theoretical approach. The cases studied include competitive adsorption from mixtures and the effect of conformational changes upon adsorption. The kinetic theory is based on a generalized diffusion equation in which the driving force for motion is the gradient of chemical potentials of the proteins. The time-dependent chemical potentials, as well as the equilibrium behavior of the system, are obtained using a molecular mean-field theory. The theory provides, within the same theoretical formulation, the diffusion and the kinetic (activated) controlled regimes. By separation of ideal and nonideal contributions to the chemical potential, the equation of motion shows a purely diffusive part and the motion of the particles in the potential of mean force resulting from the intermolecular interactions. The theory enables the calculation of the time-dependent surface coverage of proteins, the dynamic surface tension, and the structure of the adsorbed layer in contact with the approaching proteins. For the case of competitive adsorption from a solution containing a mixture of large and small proteins, a variety of different adsorption patterns are observed depending upon the bulk composition, the strength of the interaction between the particles, and the surface and size of the proteins. It is found that the experimentally observed Vroman sequence is predicted in the case that the bulk solution is at a composition with an excess of the small protein, and that the interaction between the large protein and the surface is much larger than that of the smaller protein. The effect of surface conformational changes of the adsorbed proteins in the time-dependent adsorption is studied in detail. The theory predicts regimes of constant density and dynamic surface tension that are long lived but are only intermediates before the final approach to equilibrium. The implications of the findings to the interpretation of experimental observations is discussed. Abstract | Full Text | PDF (347 kb) |
Protein Adsorption on Surfaces with Grafted Polymers Biophysical Journal, Volume 72, Issue 2, 1 February 1997, Pages 595-612 I. Szleifer Abstract A general theoretical framework for studying the adsorption of protein molecules on surfaces with grafted polymers is presented. The approach is a generalization of the single-chain mean-field theory, in which the grafted polymer-protein-solvent layer is assumed to be inhomogeneous in the direction perpendicular to the grafting surface. The theory enables the calculation of the adsorption isotherms of the protein as a function of the surface coverage of grafted polymers, concentration of protein in bulk, and type of solvent molecules. The potentials of mean force of the protein with the surface are calculated as a function of polymer surface coverage and amount of protein adsorbed. The theory is applied to model lysozyme on surfaces with grafted polyethylene oxide. The protein is modeled as spherical in solution, and it is assumed that the protein-polymer, protein-solvent, and polymer-solvent attractive interactions are all equal. Therefore, the interactions determining the structure of the layer (beyond the bare polymer-surface and protein-surface interactions) are purely repulsive. The bare surface-protein interaction is taken from atomistic calculations by Lee and Park. For surfaces that do not have preferential attractions with the grafted polymer segments, the adsorption isotherms of lysozyme are independent of the polymer length for chains with more than 50 ethylene oxide units. However, the potentials of mean force show strong variations with grafted polymer molecular weight. The competition between different conformations of the adsorbed protein is studied in detail. The adsorption isotherms change qualitatively for surfaces with attractive interactions with ethylene oxide monomers. The protein adsorption is a function of chain length—the longer the polymer the more effective it is in preventing protein adsorption. The structure of the layer and its deformation upon protein adsorption are very important in determining the adsorption isotherms and the potentials of mean force. Abstract | PDF (1844 kb) |
Copyright © 2005 The Biophysical Society All rights reserved.
Biophysical Journal, Volume 89, Issue 1, 22-31, 1 July 2005
Yevgeny Moskovitz and Simcha Srebnik,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
Two-dimensional mean-field lattice theory is used to model immobilization and stabilization of an enzyme on a hydrophobic surface using grafted polymers. Although the enzyme affords biofunctionality, the grafted polymers stabilize the enzyme and impart biocompatibility. The protein is modeled as a compact hydrophobic-polar polymer, designed to have a specific bulk conformation reproducing the catalytic cleft of natural enzymes. Three scenarios are modeled that have medical or industrial importance: 1), It is shown that short hydrophilic grafted polymers, such as polyethylene glycol, which are often used to provide biocompatibility, can also serve to protect a surface-immobilized enzyme from adsorption and denaturation on a hydrophobic surface. 2), Screening of the enzyme from the surface and nonspecific interactions with biomaterial in bulk solution requires a grafted layer composed of short hydrophilic polymers and long triblock copolymers. 3), Hydrophilic polymers grafted on a hydrophobic surface in contact with an organic solvent form a dense hydrophilic nanoenvironment near the surface that effectively shields and stabilizes the enzyme against both surface and solvent.


text:
This may be a little off topic but it does regard riding in Tasmania. I'll be visiting Australia in January and would like to go on an organized tour in Tasmania while I'm there. Ideal dates for my ride would be Jan 7-15. Any suggestions about tours or tour groups offering rides would be appreciated. Alternatively, I could just organize my own ride(s) and any suggestions about how best to create a week of riding (hopefully carrying very little gear) would also be helpful.
Bruce Hamilton
Seattle, WA USA


text:
Dan Panoz is one of the most successful people you�ve never heard of. Like fellow entrepreneur Roger Penske, Panoz has a Midas touch that has made him a legend in the business and racing worlds. The can-do Panoz has developed more than 300 pharmaceutical patents � including the nicotine patch � while making his racing mark as father of the Panoz race team, founder of the American LeMans racing series, and owner of Road Atlanta race track (where I have turned many a lap).
The soft-spoken Georgian�s latest project brought him to the North American International Auto Show in Detroit this week. If the Ford F-150 is the most radical production vehicle in show, Panoz�s Delta Wing is the most revolutionary design.
The sleek, silver race car lurks in the downstairs gallery in the Chevrolet Detroit Belle Isle Grand Prix display. It will be competing in the TUDOR Sports Car Championship race as part of the GP weekend, May 30-June 1. Panoz competed in the American LeMans race series last year with moderate success, and on January 25 the Delta Wing team enters the Daytona Rolex 24-hour endurance race as a dark horse to win. Panoz says his radical design could transform more than just America's most prestigious endurance race � it could transform the production car. He met with major automakers here about a partnership for a fuel-efficient sedan or sports car. The F-150 has innovative Ecoboost engine and aluminum solutions to fuel economy. Panoz has ideas of his own. And his ideas rarely miss. He joined me for a Q&Auto interview.
HP: What's your overall goal for this machine?
Panoz: The goal of the Delta Wing concept is to prove technology can win races. And when you view it in the context of today's world of meeting (government mpg) standards, this is a very good way forward. This car, at half the horsepower and half the weight and half the fuel, can be competitive. Its configuration means we can go a little further on fuel, we don't wear out tires, and when it wins � and it will win, we saw it lead races last year � it will be the technology that wins, not brute power.
HP: Diesel-powered race cars have achieved success because of better efficiency. How do you beat an Audi diesel?
Panoz: Let's look at in the sense of a road car. Our Delta Wing car would have the same performance as a hybrid but without any electric motors or batteries. We can do it with a diesel engine or a petrol engine. Our focus is on aerodynamics, weight distribution, lightweight materials that can benefit any power train. Put all of that into a hybrid and we could increase its mpg by 30-35 percent, we'd increase an electric by 30-35 percent.
HP: Upstairs at the show we see a Ford F-150. It's all about power-train efficiency and lightweight aluminum. What are the key elements of your car?
Panoz: The powertrain efficiency and the light-weight materials and all that stuff � and the configuration of the Delta Wing. It's a four-wheel car with the front wheels close together with just four inches of tread. Because of the special materials of this car, and because of the shape of this car � narrow in front, wide back � the weight distribution leads to tremendous braking, tremendous handling. We're very efficient on tire wear and fuel.
HP: Would you translate this design to a production car?
DP: Yes. This meets all FIA racing safety standards. This is a monocoque chassis (Ed. note: A space fame strengthened with riveted aluminum plate) that's very light, yet very strong and that could be produced in a very economical matter.
HP: What's your time line? When does this car win races?
Panoz: In about 10 days at the Daytona 24-Hour. We had some problems last year with the engine � the packaging and cooling � but that's all gone now.
HP: On a single lap how competitive are you?
Panoz: We're about 1.5 seconds off the quickest cars. This car is 320 horsepower, 2-liter, turbocharged 4-cylinder. The other cars are running 650-670 horsepower. But we get better fuel economy. Let's say they do 21 laps, we'll do 22 before a pit stop.
HP: What's the time line on a production car?
Panoz: We're doing the production on it now. One version seats four, another seats two. The size and length of the car is about that same as an Aston Martin DB9 � but this would be a very economical car. The 4-passenger (sedan) would be in the low $30,000s. Maybe high $20s. I can see the GT car maybe 80-90 (thousand). We will license these packages to an OEM. Our business plan is to establish a manufacturer as a partner and use their drive-train, their tail lamps, the look they may have � as long as they stay within the architecture of what we need to do. We've been negotiating with several OEMs. It helps with (federal mpg rules) and there are some companies that need that.
Henry Payne is The News� auto critic. Find him at email@example.com Twitter @HenryEPayne
The Delta Wing race car tests at Daytona in November / Photo courtesy Richard Dole / IMSA
More Henry Payne
- How Hyundai found its way in Santa Fe
- Taste test: McCamry or McMalibu?
- Q&Auto: Female phenom Legge on Danica, Detroit GP, and pickups
- 2015 Subaru WRX STI: Wild thing
- 2014 Chevy SS: Daytona stud on and off the track
- 2015 GM Heavy Duty pickups: Refined monsters
- Q&Auto: The General's pickup guru on Truck War strategy


text:
Star Trek Clock Widget
Star Trek Clock Widget V3.5.0
The Star Trek Clock Widget is a digital clock displaying the current time in a configurable Star Trek language and as stardate. For the ordinary widgets, you can choose from 20 different languages, 20 different background themes and from 6 different widget sizes. The text color and time format can be changed as well. There is an amazing LCARS widget displaying date/time, battery & SD card statistics and the stardate. This LCARS widget has four different background themes, including a brand new Into Darkness theme! Furthermore, audio effects are present for the LCARS widgets.
Star Trek Clock Widget Love the look of this app, best customer service I've ever had as well.
Scott, April 26th, 2013
Love it
This is great for all trekkie geeks just like me. Even better since you've added the extra sound affects.
Dave, January 1st, 2013
Just stumbled upon this app, decided to test it and am very happy I did! Was looking for a stardate display for a long time now. Makes my "tricorder" looks real, LOL!
March 29th, 2012
The following languages are available:
- Ba'ku
- Borg
- Fabrini
- Federation
- Gallaudet
- Gornathon
- Klingon
- Klinzhai
- Klinzhai Hollow
- Malcorian
- Medusan
- Preservers
- Romulan
- Son'a
- Starfleet
- Star Trek Binar
- Star Trek Next Generation
- Swiss 911 (LCARS look)
- Tholian
- Tkan
There are six different widget sizes available:
- Star Trek Clock Widget LCARS: 4x2 widget displaying the date/time, stardate and battery statistics.
- Star Trek Clock Widget Large: 3x2 widget displaying both the time and stardate.
- Star Trek Clock Widget Medium: 3x1 widget displaying only the time.
- Star Trek Clock Widget Small: 2x1 widget displaying only the time.
- Stardate Clock Widget Medium: 3x1 widget displaying only the stardate.
- Stardate Clock Widget Small: 2x1 widget displaying only the stardate.
LCARS Audio effect:
- Battery alert.
- Battery power (un)plugged.
- Battery level increasing (adjustable via Settings).
- Battery full.
- Time interval for 1, 5, 15 and 60 minutes.
- Change of settings (Other).
- Change of time or timezone (Other).
- Android 2.1 and above.
- 6 different widget sizes.
- 20 different Star Trek languages.
- 20 different backgrounds themes.
- 4 different amazing LCARS backgrounds themes.
- Stardate support.
- Adjustable text color.
- Adjustable time format (12/24 hours).
Read 'How to create a Clock Widget' to learn everything you need to known to develop an Android Clock Widget yourself.
Get the Star Trek Clock Widget directly from Google Play.


text:
Marjorie E. (Koivisto) LeMier 82, of Fargo, N.D., passed away Thursday, Jan. 17, 2013 surrounded by her family at Sanford Health, Fargo.
Marjorie E. (Koivisto) LeMier 82, of Fargo, N.D., passed away Thursday, Jan. 17, 2013 surrounded by her family at Sanford Health, Fargo.
Marjorie Eleanor was born March 3, 1930 in Duluth, to Lauri and Tynne Koivisto.
She went to Lowell Elementary Grade School and graduated from Central High School - Duluth.
She met and married Paul LeMier in Duluth on Aug. 28, 1948. Together they had five children: Anita (Gerlitz), Lauri LeMier, Lynn (Anderson), Iris (Bakke), and Eileen (Moseng). Paul was transferred to Fargo, N.D., in 1960 with Greyhound Bus Lines. Marjorie and their children later moved to join Paul in 1961.
Once their children had all graduated, she worked for S & L Department Store and Sgutt's Moody as a seamstress, later to work from home as a private seamstress.
After retiring, Marjorie enjoyed her gardening and spending time with their 9 grandchildren and 17 great-grandchildren. Marjorie and Paul celebrated 64 years happily married.
Marjorie is preceded in death by her parents, Lauri and Tynne Koivisto, and her sister, Marilyn (Dewey).
SERVICE: 2:30 p.m. Monday, Jan. 21, 2013, in Hanson-Runsvold Funeral Home, Fargo, N.D. Visitation two hours prior to services in Hanson-Runsvold. Burial at Sunset Memorial Gardens, Fargo, N.D.
Please feel free to sign the online guestbook at www.hansonrunsvold.com
Tags: obituaries
Comments posted on this page do not reflect opinions of Forum Communications Company. Forum Communications Company does not endorse and is not responsible for any statement, opinion, advice given or made. All replies are subject to approval and must follow Forum Communications Company guidelines concerning statements of libel, personal attacks or defamation of character. Replies in the "Talk About It" section that criticize a person by name may not be posted, unless that person is openly involved in a public issue. Comments written in all capital letters or bold print will not be considered for inclusion in the forum.


text:
West East Bistro
Our Story
Promos & Events
Gift Cards
Starting last January, we embarked on a holistic health journey which began with us only serving meats that were all-natural. That meant GRASS-FED BEEF and HORMONE/ANTIBIOTIC FREE POULTRY AND PORK. Then we expanded to include only SUSTAINABLY SOURCED FISH AND SEAFOOD. From there we expanded our wine list to include ORGANIC AND BIODYNAMIC WINES. And finally, we are pleased to share with you that we are now serving ORGANIC VEGETABLES AND PRODUCE.
Better Quality. Better Taste. Better Health.
Reserve Your Table Here


text:
Inter-modal transfers
Multi-modal hubs organize the breaking of load and transfer from means of conventional transportation by transferring people and merchandise to non-polluting collective modes.
At the heart of the Strasbourg metropolitan area, the creation of a modal transfer pole called a "hub of people" and an urban distribution center called a "hub of merchandise", contributes to the efficiency of the transportation offered by a single organizing authority.
At the crossroads of multiple transport infrastructures: road, rail, tramway, bus, the high-speed train station pole becomes the "hub of people". Stores and a wide range of services make it a place for meeting and living that rejuvenates the Gare Basse neighborhood.


text:
This setting lets you change the way you view articles. You can choose to have articles open in a dialog window, a new tab, or directly in the same window.
Open in Dialog
Open in New Tab
Open in same window
Open in New Tab
Open in same window
Journal of Economic Perspectives: Vol. 2 No. 3 (Summer 1988)
Quick Tools:
Print Article Summary Export Citation
Sign up for Email Alerts Follow us on Twitter
Variable Trends in Economic Time Series
Article Citation
Stock, James H., and
Mark W. Watson. 1988. "Variable Trends in Economic Time Series."
Journal of Economic Perspectives,
2(3): 147-174.
DOI: 10.1257/jep.2.3.147
DOI: 10.1257/jep.2.3.147
The two most striking historical features of aggregate output are its sustained long run growth and its recurrent fluctuations around this growth path. Over horizons of a few years, these shorter cyclical swings can be pronounced; for example, the 1953, 1957, and 1974 recessions are evident as substantial temporary declines in aggregate activity. These cyclical fluctuations are, however, dwarfed in magnitude by the secular expansion of output. But just as there are cyclical swings in output, so too are there variations in the growth trend: growth in GNP in the 1960s was much stronger than it was in the 1950s. Thus, changes in long-run patterns of growth are an important feature of postwar aggregate economic activity. In this article, we discuss the implications of changing trends in macroeconomic data from two perspectives. The first perspective is that of a macroeconomist reassessing the conventional dichotomy between growth and stabilization policies. As an empirical matter, does this dichotomy make sense for the postwar United States? What is the relative "importance" of changes in the trend and cyclical swings in explaining the quarterly movements in economic aggregates? We next adopt the perspective of an econometrician interpreting empirical evidence based on data that contain variable trends. The presence of variable trends in time series data can lead one to draw mistaken inferences using conventional econometric techniques. How can these techniques -- or our interpretation of them -- be modified to avoid these mistakes?
Article Full-Text Access
Full-text Article (Complimentary)
Stock, James H. (Unlisted)
Watson, Mark W. (Unlisted)
Watson, Mark W. (Unlisted)
JEL Classifications
211: Time Series and Spectral Analysis
131: Economic Fluctuations--Studies
221: National Income Accounts
131: Economic Fluctuations--Studies
221: National Income Accounts
View Comments on This Article (0) | Login to post a comment


text:
Use the dropdown to select your local office.
X Close
Choose your community
To help us serve you better, please use the dropdown to select your local office.
Phone: (530) 842-4228 Fax: (530) 842-2516
Office Hours: 8:00am-6:00pm (M-F)10:00am-3:00pm (Sa)
Street Address: 1836 Fort Jones RoadYreka, CA 96097
Mailing Address: P.O. Box 967Yreka, CA 96097
Powered By SlideDeck
All trademarks and copyrighted materials are the property of their respective owners.
Northland News


text:
1 to 8 of 8 results
The music you want, when you want it.
Listen to the world's radio
Welcome to a huge world of entertainment for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita and PSP, all delivered direct from PlayStation Store.
Play online games, access PlayStation Store, chat to friends and family around the world and surf the web - and all for free.*
Meet the slimmer, lighter PS Vita.
Sign up for exclusive updates on the latest games and features of PS Vita.
Bring the world into play.
Start getting even more from your PlayStation®3 and PlayStation®Vita.
1 to 8 of 8 results


text:
AccuWeather's exclusive Enhanced Infrared Satellite takes the last several dozen levels of white from the Standard Infrared image and translates them to eye-catching colors so the strongest storms easily stand out. This "raw" satellite image also allows the user to see more detail than the Standard Infrared, as well as land and sea surface temperatures.
The long-lasting and relentless winter season has broken seasonal maintenance expenditure records across much of the U.S.
Read Story >Think Mount Vesuvius was a one-off event? Think again. Though the odds of their erupting may be slim, plenty of powerful volcanoes lie just outside cities around the world.
Read Story >


text:
Go | New | Find | Notify | Tools | Reply |
I recently helped a client with choosing vanity sinks for both of her bathrooms - for the master we chose some really gorgeous glass undermount sinks but then when it came time to install them we had a hard time finding a plumbing company who knew how to do it. I'm not sure how long they've been around, but the plumber used by the granite fabricator (we also did new granite in her kitchen and both baths) had never seen them and a friend who owns a commercial plumbing company had never seen them. Just wanted to give y'all a heads up - we chose them because they were gorgeous (looked like crinkled cracked glass) and they had a color that matched one of the colors in the granite slab we were using - but the next time I'm going to be a bit more careful to make sure whatever we get doesn't end up being more of a problem for the client to have installed. | |||
doodles64: How were the glass sinks attached to the countertops? | ||||
Powered by Social Strata |
Please Wait. Your request is being processed... |


text:
Weekender 24/7
News and views from the Express-News' arts and entertainment writers.
Yearly Archive for 2011
Music notes: Taylor Swift coming to SA after all
San Antonio is among 16 dates Taylor Swift added to her massive Speak Now tour today.
[Read More]
Music notes: A Perfect Circle returning to S.A.
Alt-metal band A Perfect Circle will return to San Antonio this summer for its first show here in eight years.
[Read More]
Welcome to the Monster Ball
Lady Gaga and her Little Monsters take the AT&T Center by storm
[Read More]
Music notes: Who can resist Weedeater?
Experience SXSW without leaving San Antonio. Three metal bands showcasing in Austin are playing downtown at The Korova on Saturday, including Weedeater, which is a really scary name, if you ask me.
[Read More]
Movie notes: If you want blood …
The horror-flick shortage of late is being remedied this week with a new slasher flick and campy B-movie new to DVD.
[Read More]
Too late for print: Irish stuff, Lipizzaners
Have you heard? The St. Patrick's Day Festival is this weekend. The Lipizzaner Stallions will be at the Freeman on Saturday. It would have been helpful to have known this stuff just a bit earlier.
[Read More]
Concert notes: Things you might not know about Lady Gaga
Wanna know more about Lady Gaga? Some fun factoids for your amusement and enlightenment. Well, amusement…maybe.
[Read More]
Movie notes: A vote for 'The Adjustment Bureau'
Before you get distracted by this week's new movies, make it part of your plan to see "The Adjustment Bureau." Unless, of course, that's NOT in your plan.
[Read More]
Club notes: Better living through castanets
Saturday was a good night for loud guitars and Spanish percussion at the Phoenix Saloon in New Braunfels.
[Read More]
Music notes: Deftones NOT skipping SA after all
Dates for Deftones in Austin and Corpus Christi were announced a month ago, but a San Antonio date was conspicuous in its absence. The seemingly logical conclusion was that the band, having played here last August, was hitting other Texas markets it missed last time out. Turns out that's not the case. A June 3 date […]
[Read More]
Show More


text:
Marvelous! Share your favorites and earn zulily credit. see detailsconnect
Crafted in El Salvador, this unique set boasts heirloom quality in design and durability. The smocked appliqué, flutter sleeves and handy back closure on the top plus the comfy elastic waistband on the ruffle-hem shorts make for a picture- and playtime-perfect ensemble.


text:
Reduced $104,000! Newly Staged! Exquisitely updated Los Ranchos home w/new windows. Newer stucco! 4 living areas + chef's kitchen w/new granite/stainless; bar & nook,opening to FR. Floorplan really works - 1st impression is meandering! Opportunities for work-at-home or private suites adj.to casual living.Updated baths w/corian. Exercise/media near kitchen & in-law suite & bedroom wing. Private master retreat w/large bath. Gorgeous indoor pool. Horses allowed. No HOA or covenants
Make an Offer for 938 Green Valley Road NW
Are you a Buyer or an Agent?


text:
Share on: | |||
Other Media Options: | |||
Testing for International Student ApplicantsTOEFL® and IELTS™ are two internationally recognized tests of English qualification for entry into English-speaking universities. Applicants may take either the TOEFL or the IELTS exam and attain a minimum score (see below) in order to be considered for admission to State University of New York campuses. Additional admission requirements must be met. TOEFL®The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) program provides English proficiency testing for international students planning to pursue their studies in the United States. For more information about the TOEFL, please visit www.toefl.org. IELTS™The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) measures the ability to communicate in English across all four language skills, listening, reading, writing and speaking, or people who intend to study or work where English is the language of communication. For more information about IELTS, please visit www.ielts.org.
** Additional placement testing may be required. Contact the campus for more information. |


text:
Local businessman Mark Bitter thought he'd been invited to the Noon Kiwanis meeting last Wednesday to talk about the MyTown Project. Actually, the invitation was also extended so the club could surprise Bitter, the recipient of the Great Bend Greater Award.
The seventh annual Nex-Tech Zoo Fest will take place Saturday afternoon at the Great Bend Brit Spaugh Zoo.
Recently the Golden Belt Community Foundation awarded a $1,500 grant to the Dominican Sisters of Peace - Heartland Farm to support the 2011 Eco-Peace Camp. The camp will be held June 6-10 and is for ages 10-13. The camp provides an exciting outdoor experience with an emphasis on sustainable living. Activities focus on alternative energy, gardening and cooking, native Kansas nature study and interpersonal skills of cooperation and peacemaking. Those interested in attending the camp may call Heartland Farm at (620) 923-4595.
The newly formed Friends of the Library is assuming full responsibility for this year's annual fall book sale. A June meeting of the Friends will be devoted to a behind the scenes look at the preparations needed for the book sale. On Saturday, June 4, at 10 a.m. a trip to the basement archives of donated and weeded books will be conducted by Cara Negaard and Jerri Collins, members of the library staff. They will give instructions and demonstrations on how volunteer members of the Friends can help with the sale from beginning to end. Volunteers are needed ...
The SouthWest Kansas Area Agency on Aging is looking for volunteers for their new program, Peer Support. Peer Support is a volunteer program that pairs older adult volunteers with older adults who need support in:
STAFFORD COUNTY - Frances Fanshier has more than 60 years of experience watching severe weather in Stafford County.
On June 4 at 6 p.m., a June Jam and BBQ featuring vocalist Melanie Ryan will be held at Community Christian Church, 253 NE 30 Rd. with over 40 prize baskets for a donation available.
When the Barton Community College Foundation received memorial funds honoring the late Robert P. Keenan, his family asked that part of those funds be given to Barton's Learning Resource Center and they designated that the remainder go to help the college's Shafer Gallery in some way.
The retirement reception for Dr. Richard Preston has been scheduled for 2-4 p.m. Tuesday at St. Rose Ambulatory & Surgery Center. The event will be held in the atrium in the Medical Office Building on the west side of St. Rose.
Sunflower Diversified Services will host an activity-filled weekend to celebrate its 45th birthday and thank central Kansans for their support throughout the years.
The Young Swedish Singers, a 34-member gospel singing group from Hässleholm, Skåne, Sweden, will appear in concert at Trinity Lutheran Church, 24th and Adams, in Great Bend, at 6 p.m. Sunday, June 19. The group's tour includes stops in Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Nebraska and Iowa.
The annual crackdown on motorists not wearing their seat belts can sometimes lead to other things, Barton County Sheriff Greg Armstrong said. This week, one of his deputies stopped an unbuckled motorist and wound up arresting that person for driving with a suspended license.
Memorial Day Services Veterans Circle - Great Bend Cemetery
When Orion Edwards first started attending the Sunflower Diversified Services Early Education Center (EEC) in September last year, he wasn't using any words. He was just turning 2.
Golden Belt Home Health & Hospice (GBHH&H) will sponsor a new Thursday afternoon grief support group in Great Bend from March 13 through May 1. It will meet each Thursday from 1:30 to 3 p.m. in Conference Room 103 of the Medical Building at 3520 Lakin in Great Bend. Use the Lincoln Street entrance.
Kansas State University Opera presents the one-act operas "The Old Maid and the Thief" by Gian Carlo Menotti and "Trial by Jury" by W.S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan at 7:30 p.m. on March 6-8, and 2:30 p.m. on March 9, in the Mark A. Chapman Theatre in Nichols Hall.
Barton Community College hosted a blood drive Friday in the Case New Holland Training Facility. They received 32 units of blood. Barton Visitor Center Receptionist Reba Hickel, pictured, donated and said she does so as often as she can. "I want to help people in need," she said. "I wish more people would donate because it really does help save lives."
A benefit hog feed will be held from 4:30 to 7 p.m. on March 8 at Mom's Bar and Grill in Seward. Proceeds will benefit the Special Olympics Team "The Storm" and Kansas School of the Blind "KanLuvKids" program. Tickets are $8 per plate for adults and $5 per plate for kids 12 and under. A raffle will be held at 7:30 p.m. with an auction from 4:30 to 8:30 p.m. For more information or to purchase raffle tickets call Eddie at 620-786-5536 or B.J. at 620-617-1326.
Following the success of "On Broadway" during the 2007-08 Community Concert season, Matt Davenport Productions has created a brand new production, "Back on Broadway," and it's coming to Great Bend as the Golden Belt Community Concert Association's fifth concert of the 2013-14 season.
HOISINGTON - The third annual "Taste of Hoisington" will offer a variety of homemade soups and cakes from 11 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. Saturday, March 1 at the Hoisington Activity Center, 1200 Susank Rd. For a suggested $6 donation, guests will get two servings of soups, crackers, cake and drink. There will be a drawing for prizes.
First Congregational United Church of Christ will hold its 13th annual Monterrey Dinner next week. Serving will be from 5 to 8 p.m. Tuesday, March 4, at the church, 3400 21st St. in Great Bend. An accessible entrance is located on the Polk Street side.
The Great Bend Seventh-day Adventist School is taking orders for the spring shipment of Bithell Berries from Boring, Ore. The 14 pound boxes of fresh fruit are flash frozen so to better divide them upon arrival. Available now are Marion blackberries, red raspberries, boysenberries, blueberries, strawberries sliced with sugar, strawberries whole, loganberries, pie cherries, sweet cherries, peaches, apricots, apples and rhubarb. Also available are frozen jams of various flavors and puree. Orders must be in by Friday and will arrive late March/early April. For additional information call 620-791-7314.
WICHITA - Two weather systems are expected to impact south central Kansas Friday through Sunday.
"The Glass Menagerie" opens tonight at Sterling College
At Great Bend Health and Rehabilitation's Valentine party on Feb. 14, all residents were noted as kings and queens, however with a draw of names of residents attending event, LaVane Rohr and Claudine Ringwald represented them as king and queen. They were crowned as Walt Pennington entertained with music. All residents were presented a red rose compliments of Dillons and their customers and cookies and punch were provided by Epsilon Sigma Alpha (Zeta Gamma Chapter).
On Feb. 22, four students from Barton County participated in the Kansas State High School Activities Association State Piano Festival held at Wichita State University. These students include Kaylyn Oberle, Claflin "Central Plains", Hannah Wilborn, Hoisington, Melanie Maneth, Great Bend, and Katy Jerke, Great Bend. At the KSHSAA Piano Festival students must perform Classical Repertoire by memory. However, participants must first compete and receive "I" ratings at the Regional Contest held on Feb. 8. Adjudicators listen to the students and write a critique of their musical performance and assign a rating with "I" rating the highest possible score. Students receiving ...
The Great Bend High School Speech team placed in 11 events at the Nickerson Speech Tournament. Those placing were Makinna Dykes, Kris Gieck and Ashtin Heath. Ashtin placed in both of her events. Those placing in all of their events and qualifying for the State Speech Championship Tournament in May are Malia Clark, Jesus Sandoval and Carter Sheffield. Carter Sheffield also won the Triathlon Award by placing the highest in all three of his events. He placed 1st in Extemporaneous Speaking, 1st in Serious Solo Acting and 3rd in Impromptu Speaking. The team placed 3rd overall.


text:
about the ruin
Inspired by a a Hindu temple in Javan, this ruin looks like it was plucked right from the jungles and placed here in Southwest Florida. Check out the ornate reliefs sculpted into the stones leaned against the front of the ruin.
Skip Navigation and Search to Content


text: Queens/G-Unit rapper 50 Cent is still riding high off the success of his latest disc, The Lost Tape. He recently released the official visual to his latest single "Get Busy" Ft. Kidd Kidd. In the Eif Rivera-directed clip, Fif and Kidd Kidd whipped out the fast cars from the Vegas strip to the desert.


text:
An introduction to editing xorg.conf
On Display
Understanding xorg.conf makes it easy to tweak your graphical display setup.
Only a few years ago, if you wanted a graphical display on your Linux system, an xorg.conf file, or its predecessor XFree86-Config, was a necessity. Today, hotplugging and the XRandR extension have made screen display automatic on most Linux systems. However, now and then – just often enough that you feel a sense of betrayal – a keyboard or a video card might not be detected, or the maximum resolution for a video card isn't being used. When such problems appear, you can usually solve them by creating and editing an xorg.conf file on your system. You might also want to use an xorg.conf file to make specific settings the default.
xorg.conf is not the only way to set up your graphical display. You can also set it up using the Xorg or XRandR command or via your environment. But, because xorg.conf is a well-organized text file that you can edit when logged in as root user, it is by far the easiest way to make adjustments. Just make sure you back up any existing xorg.conf file so that you can easily recover from any mistakes.
Read full article as PDF:
Price $2.95
Direct Download
Read full article as PDF:
Price $2.95
Tag Cloud
New TLS Attack Takes the S out of HTTPS
Vulnerability affects many Linux web servers
Munich Adopts Kolab
The Bavarian capital shuns Microsoft, Google, and other alternatives to implement an open source groupware solution.
Canonical Announces Ubuntu Smartphones
Phone vendor partnerships bring Mark Shuttleworth's dream of Ubuntu on a phone a step closer to reality.
Piviti Seeks Funding
Donors will get to vote on new features for the free video editor.
Debian Tech Committee Votes for systemd
Debian project puts init out to pasture and says no to Ubuntu's Upstart.
The Mask: Scary New Face of Internet Intrusion
Ultra-sophisticated attack tool might have originated from a state-sponsored intelligence service.
Epoch 1.0 Released
New alternative for init comes with a small footprint and minimal configuration.
Wayland 1.4 Challenges X11
X marks the target for the next-generation windowing system.
Red Hat Adopts CentOS
Super-clone CentOS Linux gets beamed up to the mother ship.
W3C Promotes Media Source Extensions
HTML technology will enable new video editing and playback options.


text:
Kland bank robbery suspect linked with 3 moreFebruary 07, 2013, 9:00 pm by Adam Troxtell The man arrested and charged in connection with a Kingsland bank robbery last month has also been linked to three other bank robberies in Austin. Benton Paul Buratti, 29, was arrested Jan. 18 in Arlington, Texas, accused of robbing the American Bank of Texas in Kingsland on Jan. 4. He is being held in Llano County Jail without bail and is facing at least one robbery charge. But, a warrant affidavit from Travis County has linked Buratti with three other bank robberies in Austin. "Hell most likely face some charges out of Travis County in the next few days, Llano County Sheriff Bill Blackburn said. "He could be tried in a state court. Buratti has not yet been charged with robberies at any of the Austin banks. The warrant states video surveillance has led police to
suspect Buratti was involved in a Dec. 6 robbery at Frost Bank at 100 E.
Anderson Lane, another one on Dec. 22 at the Compass Bank at 2514 W. Parmer
Lane, and a third at Woodforest National Bank at 9300 N I-35 Frontage Road. For more of this story, see Friday's Highlander |
©2014 Burnet Bulletin. All rights reserved. All items contained on this site are property of the Burnet Bulletin.
220 South Main St., Burnet, TX 78611 - Phone: (512)756-6136 |


text:
From £71,310
Find out More Build your ownOur Warwickshire Design and Engineering Centre offers a variety of exciting experiences. At our brand new, purpose built centre you can tackle challenging multiple terrain courses and see behind the scenes at Land Rover's very own secret test facility... even entering a virtual reality world of new vehicle development. You're sure to be impressed, whether you have a big appetite for action or just want the thrill of adventure.
Jaguar Land Rover Limited: Registered Office: Abbey Road, Whitley, Coventry CV3 4LF Registered in England No: 1672070


text:
Relatives discover body in home
UPDATED 12:15 PM EST Jan 29, 2013Detectives are trying to figure out how a man died in Orange County.
The views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus


text:
Why ads?By KBB.com Editors - Updated Date: 2/6/2012
Since its 2001 resurrection and modernization by BMW, Mini has not only thrived, it's proliferated, going from success to success with a formula of unique styling and a consistently high fun-to-drive index. With the introduction of the 2012 Mini Roadster, the Mini line now embraces six different models, and there are more in the pipeline. Although there are now Minis competing in segments never envisioned during the long lifespan of the original – the Countryman crossover comes to mind, as does the new Roadster – the product planners have managed to maintain a unique persona that's consistent across the line. The success can be viewed as a microcosm of the guiding philosophy behind Mini's parent company. The BMW influence shows to exceptional advantage.
You'll Like This Car If...The Mini Roadster adds affordable sports car fun to what has been a 1-car segment, belonging to Mazda's MX-5 Miata. The Miata is competent and well made, but after 23 years, it lacks the sassy, distinctive persona of the Mini Roadster and the performance of the Roadster's turbocharged models.
You May Not Like This Car If...If practicality and all-around usefulness are important to you, the Mini Roadster could become a disappointment. Like any 2-seat sports car, it's essentially a toy, with limited luggage space, limited utility in winter climates, and, obviously, limited passenger accommodations.
What's Significant About This Car?The 2012 Mini Roadster is a first for Mini. Although there were open-top versions in the original range, and a 2+2 convertible among the current models, this is the first-ever 2-seater drophead (British for "convertible").
Driving It Driving ImpressionsA convertible created by removing a metal roof inevitably suffers in terms of structural rigidity and added weight. The 2012 Mini Roadster's structural reinforcements make it about 90 pounds heavier than the Coupe, but there are still some chassis quivers on bumpy stretches. Nevertheless, the Roadster's steering is sports car quick and tactile, with eager responses and very little body roll, even in the basic model. Like other Minis, the Roadster achieves its athletic responses with suspension tuning that's firm in the standard model and firmer still in the S and JCW versions. Combined with standard run-flat tires – there's no spare – this yields ride quality that can be harsh on even moderately rough pavement. Acceleration is modest in the basic Mini Roadster, but the pace picks up in the S and JCW versions, sprinting to 60 in the mid- and low-6-second range, respectively. The convertible top is unlined, and over 60 mph with the top up wind noise becomes excessive.
Favorite FeaturesOpenometer
Mini product planners are borderline obsessive in their insistence on fun, and the Openometer is a manifestation of this corporate mission. Unique to soft-top models, it tracks the percentage of time the car operates with the top down. The higher the percentage, the more fun you're having.
Through-Loading Trunk
The Mini Roadster has an 8.5-cubic-foot trunk, 2.0 cubic feet more than the Mini Convertible. It also has a unique feature – a small square trapdoor behind the seats that allows occupants to pop odds and ends into the trunk without stopping.
As you'd expect, the inner Mini Roadster is snug, reinforcing the sense of driver engagement that makes sports cars special. Elbow room is a bit limited, but legroom and headroom are abundant, and the bucket seats are comfortably supportive, particularly in the higher performance models. Interior materials are better than average, despite a lot of plastic, and the instrument panel maintains a uniquely Mini look with a bevy of retro toggle switches, the tachometer perched on the steering column and the center of the dash dominated by a pizza-size speedometer. The speedo also embraces an info screen and, when so equipped, the navigation system readout.
ExteriorAll current Minis are descended from the 3-door Mini Cooper hatchback-now known as the Hardtop – that made its debut in 2001. Most recently, there was the 2-seat Coupe, afflicted with an awkward-looking steel roof, and now the 2012 Mini Roadster, with a soft top that stows neatly behind the seats without intruding on cargo space. The front end is unmistakably Mini, and the profile says sports car, particularly with the top down, exposing the twin stainless-steel rollover hoops, and the rear wing deployed at the rear of the trunklid. The wing pops up at 50 mph, lending cornering stability at high speeds.
Notable Standard EquipmentThe basic Mini Roadster isn't terribly basic, and includes air conditioning, AM/FM/CD MP3-compatible audio, power mirrors and windows, leather-wrapped multifunction steering wheel, trip computer, foglights, and 16-inch aluminum-alloy wheels wearing 195/55 tires. The audio package includes a 1-year satellite radio subscription. Safety features include antilock braking, stability control, front airbags and seat-mounted side airbags, windshield frame reinforcement, and a pair of fixed stainless-steel rollover hoops behind the seats.
Notable Optional EquipmentEvery Mini option list is exceptionally long and tempting, and the Roadster's array of extra-cost features – many of them custom appearance items – is consistent with the brand. Navigation is offered as a standalone feature ($1,750), or in a package ($2,500) that includes Bluetooth, USB port and iPod/iPhone connectivity. Power top operation is $750, and a wind blocker, straddling the rollover hoops, is $250. Seat heaters are $500, and leather seating choices range from $1,000 to $2,250.
Under the HoodLike all members of the Mini collective, the Roadsters are propelled by one engine – a 1.6-liter DOHC direct injection inline 4-cylinder – offered in three states of tune. The basic engine is naturally aspirated, whereas the S and the higher performance John Cooper Works (JCW) versions are both turbocharged. The top torque rating for the S version of the engine is 192 lb.-ft. and 207 for the JCW. However, this is attainable only with extra turbo boost, and only for a few seconds. Normal peak torque is 177 lb.-ft. for the S, 192 for the JCW. The torque band is very broad for both versions of the engine, and throttle response is immediate. The standard transmission is a 6-speed manual, and a 6-speed Tiptronic automatic is optional on all but the JCW version.
1.6-liter inline-4
121 horsepower @ 6,000 rpm
114 lb.-ft. of torque @ 4,250 rpm
EPA city/highway fuel economy: 27/35
1.6-liter turbocharged inline-4
181 horsepower @ 5,500 rpm
192 lb.-ft. of torque @ 1,700 - 4,500 rpm
EPA city/highway fuel economy: 27/35
1.6-liter turbocharged inline-4
208 horsepower @ 6000 rpm
207 lb.-ft. of torque @ 1,700 - 4,500 rpm
EPA city/highway fuel economy: 25/33 (manual), 26/34 (automatic)
The 2012 Roadster vies with the 2+2 Convertible as the most expensive of Minis, with a Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) of $24,350 for the basic model. The turbocharged S version begins at $27,350, and ordering the optional automatic for either model adds $1,250. At top of the lineup, the hot-rod John Cooper Works (JCW) package starts at $34,500, and it's limited to a 6-speed manual transmission. Although the Mini Roadster's price range goes well beyond that of the Mazda MX-5 Miata, it's still well below the next tier of roadsters – Audi TT, BMW Z4, Porsche Boxster – which start well over $40,000. Before you leave the site, be sure to have a look at Kelley Blue Book's Fair Purchase Price to see what other Roadster buyers in your area are paying.