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Ongoing Series
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It's been three years since the devastating events of ALL HAIL MEGATRON. The Earth has been rebuilt, the AUTOBOTS are in hiding, and the next great era in the TRANSFORMERS saga is about to begin! Critically acclaimed writer Mike Costa is joined by superstar artist Don Figueroa for IDW's biggest book of the year—the launch of the first ongoing TRANSFORMERS title in five years! This volume collects issues 1-6 of the current ongoing Transformers series. Learn More -
Transformers, Vol. 2: International Incident
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Transformers #1 Hundred Penny Press Edition
$1.00Re-visiting the launch of the ongoing series that kick-started a brand new era for the TRANSFORMERS saga! The Earth has been rebuilt, the Autobots are in hiding, and fans will want to see where it all started! Learn More -
Transformers, Vol. 3: Revenge of the Decepticons
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Hate. Power. Order. These are things that drive MEGATRON. These are his fuel. And revenge is his goal. After suffering a nearly fatal blow at the hands of the AUTOBOTS and the humans working together, MEGATRON is finally set to return. And this time, he's stronger, faster, and more invulnerable than ever before. Targeting his most hated foes, there are no more long speeches. No more games. No more warnings. Revenge comes quickly to the AUTOBOTS. And nothing will ever be the same again. Learn More -
Transformers, Vol. 4: Heart of Darkness
$17.99GALVATRON RETURNS! A major power-house villain returns from the Dead Universe with a new purpose, new powers, and a brand new army! Blazing out of the events of INFESTATION and paving the way to TRANSFORMERS: CHAOS—HEART OF DARKNESS is an essential piece of the ongoing TRANSFORMERS saga and its by comic super-stars Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning (Annihilation, Legion of Super-Heroes) and artist sensation Ulises Farinas! Learn More -
TRANSFORMERS: The Death of Optimus Prime
$3.99Celebrating 125 issues of IDW's Transformers! After Chaos, Optimus Prime's fate was shrouded in mystery. Was he truly gone or could there be a way he had emerged unscathed? Now, Optimus sits in contemplation, in a place he does not recognize as home. And with the cost of the battle finally taking its brutal toll, does Optimus Prime even have the will to carry on? CHAOS changed everything, and Transformers #125 sets a new direction for the Autobot leader… Learn More -
Transformers, Vol. 5: Chaos Theory
$19.99The fate of RODIMUS and the Matrix of Leadership is finally revealed in this newest story arc of Transformers, "Chaos Theory." The situation on Earth continues to deteriorate while we shift focus to outer space where RODIMUS was last seen dead! But after crash landing on a strange planet, RODIMUS struggles to find a way back to Earth and the AUTOBOT forces... until a few familiar faces show up to help and a new threat to Cybertron is revealed! Learn More -
Transformers, Vol. 6: Police Action
$17.99While there is much "CHAOS" on Cybertron, there's no less bedlam here on Earth as our remaining Autobots investigate the accusation that Spike, their trusted human ally, murdered a TRANSFORMER. Prowl and Jazz take center stage as the alliance between the two races are on the brink. Also includes the Prowl Spotlight. Learn More -
Transformers, Vol. 7: Chaos
$19.99CHAOS IS HERE! The long-awaited event that will have TRANSFORMERS fans talking for years and have lasting repercussions on the lives of our heroes and villains! The Autobots land on Cybertron to discover Galvatron's plan is already in effect—but what is it he seeks in the heart of Cybertron? What could he possibly want on a dead planet? Optimus Prime must face off against Galvatron, in a battle where the fate of the whole planet rests on the outcome! Learn More


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Wendy Wang is a Research Associate at the Pew Research Center, where she assists in the development of survey questionnaires, performs statistical analyses, assembles tables and graphics, and helps write and review reports. She holds a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Maryland, where her research concentrated on demography and gender, work and family. Her dissertation looks at fathers' childcare time using the American Time Use Survey. She has published articles in Journal of Marriage and Family and Social Indicators Research.
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Breadwinner Moms
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Modern Parenthood
The way mothers and fathers spend their time has changed dramatically in the past half century. Dads are doing more housework and child care; moms more paid work outside the home. Neither has overtaken the other in their "traditional" realms, but their roles are converging, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of […]
Public Says a Secure Job Is the Ticket to the Middle Class
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Barely Half of U.S. Adults Are Married – A Record Low
Barely half of all adults in the United States—a record low—are currently married, and the median age at first marriage has never been higher for brides and grooms.
Women See Value and Benefits of College; Men Lag on Both Fronts, Survey Finds
At a time when women surpass men by record numbers in college enrollment and completion, they also have a more positive view than men about the value higher education provides.
For Millennials, Parenthood Trumps Marriage
Today's 18 to 29 year olds – members of the so-called Millennial Generation – see parenthood and marriage differently than today's thirty-somethings (members of Generation X) did back when they were in their late teens and twenties, according to a new analysis of Pew Research Center survey findings. Unlike their older counterparts, Millennials value parenthood much more than marriage.
The Fading Glory of the Television and Telephone
One day you're the brightest star in the galaxy. Then something new comes along — and suddenly you're a relic. It's a turn of fate that awaits sports heroes, movie stars, political leaders. And, yes, even household appliances.
One-in-Seven New U.S. Marriages is Interracial or Interethnic
This dramatic increase has been driven in part by the weakening of longstanding cultural taboos against intermarriage and in part by a large, multi-decade wave of immigrants from Latin America and Asia.

subset: commoncrawl


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Myopia | |
Classification and external resources | |
DiseasesDB | 8729 |
MedlinePlus | 001023 |
MeSH | D009216 |
Myopia (Ancient Greek: μυωπία, muōpia, from myein "to shut" – ops (gen. opos) "eye"[1]), commonly known as being nearsighted (American English) and shortsighted (British English), is a condition of the eye where the light that comes in does not directly focus on the retina but in front of it, causing the image that one sees when looking at a distant object to be out of focus, but in focus when looking at a close object.
Eye care professionals most commonly correct myopia through the use of corrective lenses, such as glasses or contact lenses. It may also be corrected by refractive surgery, though there are cases of associated side effects. The corrective lenses have a negative optical power (i.e. have a net concave effect) which compensates for the excessive positive diopters of the myopic eye. Negative diopters are generally used to describe the severity of the myopia, as this is value of the lens to correct the eye. High-degree myopia, or severe myopia, is defined as -6 diopters or worse.[2]
The opposite of myopia is hyperopia.
By cause[edit]
Borish and Duke-Elder classified myopia by cause:[3][4]
- Axial myopia is attributed to an increase in the eye's axial length.[5]
- Refractive myopia is attributed to the condition of the refractive elements of the eye.[5] Borish further subclassified refractive myopia:[3]
- Curvature myopia is attributed to excessive, or increased, curvature of one or more of the refractive surfaces of the eye, especially the cornea.[5] In those with Cohen syndrome, myopia appears to result from high corneal and lenticular power.[6]
- Index myopia is attributed to variation in the index of refraction of one or more of the ocular media.[5]
Elevation of blood-glucose levels can also cause edema (swelling) of the crystalline lens as a result of sorbitol (sugar alcohol) accumulating in the lens. This edema often causes temporary myopia (nearsightedness).
Clinical entity[edit]
Various forms of myopia have been described by their clinical appearance:[4][7]
- Simple myopia, more common than other types of myopia, is characterized by an eye that is too long for its optical power (which is determined by the cornea and crystalline lens) or optically too powerful for its axial length.[8] Both genetic and environmental factors, particularly significant amounts of near work, are thought to contribute to the development of simple myopia.[8]
- Degenerative myopia, also known as malignant, pathological, or progressive myopia, is characterized by marked fundus changes, such as posterior staphyloma, and associated with a high refractive error and subnormal visual acuity after correction.[5] This form of myopia gets progressively worse over time. Degenerative myopia has been reported as one of the main causes of visual impairment.[9]
- Nocturnal myopia, also known as night or twilight myopia, is a condition in which the eye has a greater difficulty seeing in low-illumination areas, even though its daytime vision is normal. Essentially, the eye's far point of an individual's focus varies with the level of light. Night myopia is believed to be caused by pupils dilating to let more light in, which adds aberrations, resulting in becoming more nearsighted. A stronger prescription for myopic night drivers is often needed. Younger people are more likely to be affected by night myopia than the elderly.[10][11]
- Pseudomyopia is the blurring of distance vision brought about by spasm of the ciliary muscle.[12]
- Induced myopia, also known as acquired myopia, results from exposure to various pharmaceuticals, increases in glucose levels, nuclear sclerosis, oxygen toxicity (e.g., from diving or from oxygen and hyperbaric therapy) or other anomalous conditions.[8] The encircling bands used in the repair of retinal detachments may induce myopia by increasing the axial length of the eye.[13]
- Index myopia is attributed to variation in the index of refraction of one or more of the ocular media.[5] Cataracts may lead to index myopia.[14]
- Form deprivation myopia occurs when the eyesight is deprived by limited illumination and vision range,[15] or the eye is modified with artificial lenses[16] or deprived of clear form vision.[17][18] In lower vertebrates, this kind of myopia seems to be reversible within short periods of time.[18] Myopia is often induced this way in various animal models to study the pathogenesis and mechanism of myopia development.[18]
- Nearwork-induced transient myopia (NITM) is defined as short-term myopic far point shift immediately following a sustained near visual task.[19] Some authors argue for a link between NITM and the development of permanent myopia.[20]
Myopia, which is measured in diopters by the strength or optical power of a corrective lens that focuses distant images on the retina, has also been classified by degree or severity:[21]
- Low myopia usually describes myopia of −3.00 diopters or less (i.e. closer to 0.00).[5]
- Medium myopia usually describes myopia between −3.00 and −6.00 diopters.[5] Those with moderate amounts of myopia are more likely to have pigment dispersion syndrome or pigmentary glaucoma.[22]
- High myopia usually describes myopia of −6.00 or more.[5] People with high myopia are more likely to have retinal detachments[23] and primary open angle glaucoma.[24] They are also more likely to experience floaters, shadow-like shapes which appear singly or in clusters in the field of vision.[25] Roughly 30% of myopes have high myopia.[26]
Age at onset[edit]
Myopia is sometimes classified by the age at onset:[21]
- Congenital myopia, also known as infantile myopia, is present at birth and persists through infancy.[8]
- Youth onset myopia occurs in the early childhood or teenage, and the ocular power can keep varying until the age of 21, before which any form of corrective surgery is usually not recommended by ophthalmic specialists around the world.[8]
- Adult onset myopia
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Myopia presents with blurry distance vision, but generally gives good near vision. In high myopia, even near vision is affected as objects must be extremely close to the eyes to see clearly, and patients cannot read without their glasses prescribed for distance. On fundoscopic examination of the eye, the optic nerve appears to be tilted and an area of white sclera could be seen on next to the disc with a line of hyperpigmentation separating this area from normal retina. The macula will have some retinal pigmentary changes and sometimes will have subretinal heamorrages. The retina in myopic patients is thin and thorough evaluation of the periphery might show retinal holes and lattice degeneration. In addition, myopic patients might develop choroidal neovascularization in the macula.
Education and IQ[edit]
A number of studies have shown the incidence of myopia increases with level of education,[28][29] and many studies[30] have shown a correlation between myopia and a higher intelligence quotient (IQ).
A 2008 literature review reported studies in several nations have found a relationship between myopia and higher IQ and between myopia and school achievement. A common explanation for myopia is near-work. Regarding the relationship to IQ, several explanations have been proposed. One is that the myopic child is better adapted at reading, and reads and studies more, which increases intelligence. The reverse explanation is that the intelligent and studious child reads more, which causes myopia. Still another explanation is that pleiotropic gene(s) affect the size of both brain and eyes simultaneously. According to the two most recent studies, higher IQ may be associated with myopia in schoolchildren, independent of books read per week.[31]
Other personal characteristics, such as value systems, school achievements, time spent in reading for pleasure, language abilities and time spent in sport activities correlated to the occurrence of myopia in studies.[32][33][34]
Other risk factors[edit]
Heredity appears as an important factor associated with juvenile myopia, with smaller contributions from more near work, higher school achievement and less time in sports activity.[33]
A diagnosis of myopia is typically confirmed during an eye examination performed by a specialized doctor who is an expert in refractive conditions of the eye, the optometrist, or by an ophthalmologist or orthoptist.[35] Frequently an autorefractor or retinoscope is used to give an initial objective assessment of the refractive status of each eye, then a phoropter is used to subjectively refine the patient's eyeglass prescription.
The National Institutes of Health says there is no known way of preventing myopia, and the use of glasses or contact lenses does not affect its progression.[36] There is no universally accepted method of preventing myopia; proposed procedures have not been studied for effectiveness.[8]
Commonly attempted preventive methods include wearing reading glasses, eye drops and participating in more outdoor activities as described below. Some clinicians and researchers recommend plus power (convex) lenses in the form of reading glasses when engaged in close work or reading instead of using single focal concave lens glasses commonly prescribed.[8] The reasoning behind a convex lens's possible effectiveness in preventing myopia is simple to understand: a convex lens's refractive property of converging light is used in reading glasses to help reduce the accommodation needed when reading and doing close work. Although accommodation is irrelevant in Medina's quantitative model of myopia, it reaches the same conclusion. The model teaches a very simple method to prevent myopia.[37]
For people with presbyopia, whose eyes' lenses can not accommodate enough for very near focus, reading glasses help converge the light before it enters the eye to complement the refractive power of the eye lens, so near objects focus clearly on the retina.[38] By reducing the focusing effort needed (accommodation), reading glasses or convex lenses essentially relax the focusing ciliary muscles and may consequently reduce chances of developing myopia.[39] Inexpensive nonprescription reading glasses are commonly sold in drug stores and dollar stores. Alternatively, reading glasses fitted by optometrists have a wider range of styles and lens choices.[40]
A Malaysian study reported in New Scientist[41] suggested undercorrection of myopia caused more rapid progression of myopia.[42] However, the reliability of these data has been called into question.[43] Many myopia treatment studies suffer from any of a number of design drawbacks: small numbers, lack of adequate control group, failure to mask examiners from knowledge of treatments used, etc.
Pirenzepine eyedrops had a limited effect on retarding myopic progression in a recent, placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective-controlled study.[44]
Researchers at the University of Cambridge have found that a lack of outdoor play could be linked to myopia.[45]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2013) |
Eyeglasses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery are the primary options to treat the visual symptoms of those with myopia. Lens implants are now available offering an alternative to glasses or contact lenses for myopics for whom laser surgery is not an option. Orthokeratology is the practice of using special rigid contact lenses to flatten the cornea to reduce myopia. Occasionally, pinhole glasses are used by patients with low-level myopia. These work by reducing the blur circle formed on the retina, but their adverse effects on peripheral vision, contrast and brightness make them unsuitable in most situations.
Glasses may have the potential to make the eyes worse, as they increase the accommodation needed by the eyes to focus.[citation needed] Evidence of this can be seen when people with higher prescriptions have a harder time with activities like reading because their eyes grow tired faster.[citation needed] Stronger prescriptions require a higher accommodation by the eyes to focus through them, which can, over time, worsen eyesight, requiring yet another prescription, in a continuous but quickening cycle.[citation needed] Contact lenses of equivalent prescription may not result in the same effect as eyeglasses, as they are closer to the eyes and may require less accommodation.[46]
Glasses work by using optical lenses bringing the image a viewer closer so that it can be focused by their myopic eyes. Large amounts of near work while wearing glasses can be very detrimental to the eyes and can be a cause of worsening nearsightedness.[citation needed] However, the eyestrain caused by not wearing glasses when they are needed can also be a risk factor. The best way to avoid needing new lenses is by reducing the amount of near work, which forces the eyes into a continuous near-focusing position that eventually causes or increases myopia, by taking frequent breaks from near work, and by only wearing glasses when they are needed.[citation needed] Reading glasses can also be worn during near work to decrease the strain on the eye, especially when already wearing corrective lenses, as they work in the opposite fashion to normal lenses.[47] Using this practice may have the potential to prevent nearsightedness or slow its progression.[citation needed]
For people with a high degree of myopia, very strong eyeglass prescriptions are needed to correct the focus error. However, strong eyeglass prescriptions have a negative side effect in that off-axis viewing of objects away from the center of the lens results in prismatic movement and separation of colors, known as chromatic aberration. This prismatic distortion is visible to the wearer as color fringes around strongly contrasting colors. The fringes move around as the wearer's gaze through the lenses changes, and the prismatic shifting reverses on either side, above, and below the exact center of the lenses. Color fringing can make accurate drawing and painting difficult for users of strong eyeglass prescriptions.
Strongly nearsighted wearers of contact lenses do not experience chromatic aberration because the lens moves with the cornea and always stays centered in the middle of the wearer's gaze.
Myopia control[edit]
Various methods have been employed in an attempt to decrease the progression of myopia.[48] Dr Chua Weihan and his team at National Eye Centre Singapore have conducted large scale studies on the effect of atropine of varying strength in stabilizing, and in some case, reducing myopia. The use of reading glasses when doing close work may provide success by reducing or eliminating the need to accommodate. Altering the use of eyeglasses between full-time, part-time, and not at all does not appear to alter myopia progression.[47][49] The American Optometric Association's Clinical Practice Guidelines for Myopia refers to numerous studies which indicated the effectiveness of bifocal lenses and recommends it as the method for "Myopia Control".[8] In some studies, bifocal and progressive lenses have not shown significant differences in altering the progression of myopia.[48] More recently, robust studies on children have shown orthokeratology[50] and centre distance bifocal contact lenses[51] may arrest myopic development.
Scleral reinforcement surgery is aimed to cover the thinning posterior pole with a supportive material to withstand intraocular pressure and prevent further progression of the posterior staphyloma. The strain is reduced, although damage from the pathological process cannot be reversed. By stopping the progression of the disease, vision may be maintained or improved.[52]
Alternative medicine[edit]
A number of alternative therapies exist including eye exercises and relaxation techniques, such as the Bates method. However, the efficacy of these practices is disputed by scientists and eye care practitioners.[53] A 2005 review of scientific papers on the subject concluded that there was "no clear scientific evidence" that eye exercises were effective in treating myopia.[54]
In the 1980s and 1990s, biofeedback created a flurry of interest as a possible treatment for myopia. A 1997 review of this biofeedback research concluded "controlled studies to validate such methods ... have been rare and contradictory."[55] One study found that myopes could improve their visual acuity with biofeedback training, but that this improvement was "instrument-specific" and did not generalize to other measures or situations.[56] In another study, an "improvement" in visual acuity was found, but the authors concluded this could be a result of subjects learning the task.[57] Finally, in an evaluation of a training system designed to improve acuity, "no significant difference was found between the control and experimental subjects".[58]
The global refractive errors has been estimated to affect 800 million to 2.3 billion.[59] The incidence of myopia within sampled population often varies with age, country, sex, race, ethnicity, occupation, environment, and other factors.[26][60] Variability in testing and data collection methods makes comparisons of prevalence and progression difficult.[61]
The prevalence of myopia has been reported as high as 70–90% in some Asian countries, 30–40% in Europe and the United States, and 10–20% in Africa.[60] Myopia is less common in African people and associated diaspora.[26] In Americans between the ages of 12 and 54, myopia has been found to affect African Americans less than Caucasians.[28]
In some parts of Asia, myopia is very common. Singapore is believed to have the highest prevalence of myopia in the world; up to 80% of people there have myopia, but the accurate figure is unknown.[62] China's myopia rate is 31%: 400 million of its 1.3 billion people are myopic. The prevalence of myopia in high school in China is 77.3%, and in college is more than 80%.[63] In some areas, such as China and Malaysia, up to 41% of the adult population is myopic to 1.00 dpt,[64] and up to 80% to 0.5 dpt.[65] A study of Jordanian adults aged 17 to 40 found over half (53.7%) were myopic.[66] However, some research suggests the prevalence of myopia in India in the general population is only 6.9%.[29][67]
In first-year undergraduate students in the United Kingdom found 50% of British whites and 53.4% of British Asians were myopic.[68] In Greece, the prevalence of myopia among 15- to 18-year-old students was found to be 36.8%.[29] A recent review found 26.6% of Western Europeans aged 40 or over have at least −1.00 diopters of myopia and 4.6% have at least −5.00 diopters.[69]
United States[edit]
Myopia is common in the United States, with research suggesting this condition has increased dramatically in recent decades. In 1971–1972, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey provided the earliest nationally representative estimates for myopia prevalence in the U.S., and found the prevalence in persons aged 12–54 was 25.0%. Using the same method, in 1999–2004, myopia prevalence was estimated to have climbed to 41.6%.[70]
A study of 2,523 children in grades 1 to 8 (age, 5–17 years) found nearly one in 10 (9.2%) have at least − 0.75 diopters of myopia .[71] In this study, 12.8% had at least +1.25 D hyperopia (farsightedness), and 28.4% had at least 1.00-D difference between the two principal meridians (cycloplegic autorefraction) astigmatism. For myopia, Asians had the highest prevalence (18.5%), followed by Hispanics (13.2%). Caucasian children had the lowest prevalence of myopia (4.4%), which was not significantly different from African Americans (6.6%).[71]
A recent review found 25.4% of Americans aged 40 or over have at least −1.00 diopters of myopia and 4.5% have at least −5.00 diopters.[69]
In Australia, the overall prevalence of myopia (worse than −0.50 diopters) has been estimated to be 17%.[72] In one recent study, less than one in 10 (8.4%) Australian children between the ages of four and 12 were found to have myopia greater than −0.50 diopters.[73] A recent review found 16.4% of Australians aged 40 or over have at least −1.00 diopters of myopia and 2.5% have at least −5.00 diopters.[69]
In Brazil, a 2005 study estimated 6.4% of Brazilians between the ages of 12 and 59 had −1.00 diopter of myopia or more, compared with 2.7% of the indigenous people in northwestern Brazil.[74] Another found nearly 1 in 8 (13.3%) of the students in the city of Natal were myopic.[75]
Society and culture[edit]
The terms "myopia" and "myopic" (or the common terms "shortsightedness" or "shortsighted", respectively) have been used metaphorically to refer to cognitive thinking and decision making that is narrow in scope or lacking in foresight or in concern for wider interests or for longer-term consequences.[76] It is often used to describe a decision that may be beneficial in the present, but detrimental in the future, or a viewpoint that fails to consider anything outside a very narrow and limited range. Hyperopia, the biological opposite of myopia, may also be used metaphorically for a value system or motivation that exhibits "farsighted" or possibly visionary thinking and behavior; that is, emphasizing long-term interests at the apparent expense of near-term benefit.[77]
Normally eye development is largely genetically controlled, but it has been shown that the visual environment is an important factor in determining ocular development .[citation needed] Some research suggests that myopia may be inherited from one's parents.[78]
Genetic basis for myopia[edit]
Genetically, linkage studies have identified 18 possible loci on 15 different chromosomes that are associated with myopia, but none of these loci are part of the candidate genes that cause myopia. Instead of a simple one-gene locus controlling the onset of myopia, a complex interaction of many mutated proteins acting in concert may be the cause. Instead of myopia being caused by a defect in a structural protein, defects in the control of these structural proteins might be the actual cause of myopia.[79] A collaboration of all myopia studies worldwide, identified 16 new loci for refractive error in individuals of European ancestry, of which 8 were shared with Asians. The new loci include candidate genes with functions in neurotransmission, ion transport, retinoic acid metabolism, extracellular matrix remodeling and eye development. The carriers of the high-risk genes have a tenfold increased risk of myopia.[80]
Visual environment[edit]
To induce myopia in lower as well as higher vertebrates, translucent goggles can be sutured over the eye, either before or after natural eye opening.[81] Form-deprived myopia (FDM) induced with a diffuser, like the goggles mentioned, shows significant myopic shifts.[82] Anatomically, the changes in axial length of the eye seem to be the major factor contributing to this type of myopia.[83] Diurnal growth rhythms of the eye have also been shown to play a large part in FDM. Chemically, daytime retinal dopamine levels drop about 30%.[84]
Normal eyes grow during the day and shrink during the night, but occluded eyes are shown to grow both during the day and the night. Because of this, FDM is a result of the lack of growth inhibition at night rather than the expected excessive growth during the day, when the actual light deprivation occurred.[85] Elevated levels of retinal dopamine transporter (which is directly involved in controlling retinal dopamine levels) in the RPE have been shown to be associated with FDM.[86]
Dopamine is a major neurotransmitter in the retina involved in signal transmission in the visual system. In the retinal inner nuclear layer, a dopaminergic neuronal network has been visualized in amacrine cells. Also, retinal dopamine is involved in the regulation of electrical coupling between horizontal cells and the retinomotor movement of photoreceptor cells.[87] Although FDM-related elongations in axial length and drops in dopamine levels are significant, after the diffuser is removed, a complete refraction recovery is seen within four days in some laboratory mice. Although significant, what is even more intriguing is that within just two days of diffuser removal, an early rise and eventual normalization of retinal dopamine levels in the eye are seen. This suggests dopamine participates in visually guided eye growth regulation, and these fluctuations are not just a response to the FDM.[88]
L-Dopa has been shown to re-establish circadian rhythms in animals whose circadian rhythms have been abolished. Dopamine, a major metabolite of levodopa, releases in response to light, and helps establish circadian clocks that drive daily rhythms of protein phosphorylation in photoreceptor cells. Because retinal dopamine levels are controlled on a circadian pattern, intravitreal injection of L-dopa in animals that have lost dopamine and circadian rhythms has been shown to correct these patterns, especially in heart rate, temperature, and locomotor activity.[84] The occluders block light completely for the animals, which does not allow them to establish correct circadian rhythms, which leads to dopamine depletion. This depletion can be rectified with injections of L-dopa and hopefully contribute to the recovery from FDM.
- L-Dopa metabolism is important to consider due to its extensive presystemic metabolism, rapid absorption in the proximal small intestine and short plasma half-life. The major metabolites of L-dopa are dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, and 3-O-methyldopa and 3-methoxytyramine.[89] Levodopa can be converted into dopamine in the presence of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (L-AAAD).[90] L-AAAD activity in rat retinas is modulated by environmental light,[91] and this modulation is associated with dopamine D1 receptors[92] and alpha 2 adrenoceptors.[93] Also, the synthesis and release of dopamine are light dependent, and light accelerates the formation of dopamine from exogenous L-Dopa.
- Past treatments with dopamine has been used as the gold-standard drug in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and low-dose administration of the drug has been the most effective treatment of Parkinson's. Possible treatments involving dopamine in preventing a decrease in visual acuity have been shown to be successful in the past. L-Dopa treatment in children with amblyopia showed an improvement in visual acuity.[94] In rabbits, injections of dopamine prevented the myopic shift and vitreous chamber and axial elongation typically associated with FDM.[95] In guinea pigs, systemic L-dopa has been shown to inhibit the myopic shift associated with FDM, and has compensated for the drop in retinal dopamine levels.[96] These experiments show promise in treating myopia in humans.
- Side effects of L-dopa have been experimentally determined. L-Dopa and some of its metabolites have been shown to have pro-oxidant properties, and oxidative stress has been shown to increase the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.[97] This promotion of free-radical formation by L-dopa does seem to directly affect its possible future treatment of myopia because free-radicals could cause further damage to those proteins responsible for controlling structural proteins in the eye. Levodopa and some of its metabolites such as dopa/dopamine quinone have also been shown to be toxic for nigral neurons.[98] This toxic effect must be analyzed before treatment with levodopa for myopia to prevent damaging effects to these neurons.
L-Dopa inhibits myopic shifts[edit]
In guinea pigs, intraperitoneal injections of L-dopa have shown to inhibit the myopic shift associated with FDM and have compensated to the drop in retinal dopamine levels. In this study specifically, 60 animals were used and the L-dopa treatments inhibited the myopic shift (from −3.62 ± 0.98 D to −1.50 ± 0.38 D; p < 0.001) due to goggles occluding and compensated retinal dopamine (from 0.65 ± 0.10 ng to 1.33 ± 0.23 ng; p < 0.001). Daily L-dopa (10 mg/kg) was shown to increase the dopamine content in striatum. The axial length and retinal dopamine changes were positively correlated in the normal control eyes, deprived eyes, and L-dopa-treated deprived eyes. The increase in retinal dopamine and subsequent retardation of myopia may be associated with the fact that exogenous L-dopa was converted into dopamine. This suggests retinal dopaminergic function in the development of form-deprivation myopia in guinea pigs. The inhibitory effect of L-dopa on FDM may be associated with the fact that retinal L-AAAD can convert it into dopamine to balance the deficiency in the retina of the deprived eyes.[96]
- Areas of future research include intraperitoneal injection of L-dopa; its use at 10 mg/kg could not completely suppress the development of form-deprivation myopia. Perhaps the dose may be too low to completely suppress myopia. Another possibility of the incomplete suppression of myopia may be because it is a complex process, and retinal dopamine content is only one factor. It is also unclear whether systemic application of L-dopa is able to suppress the development of form-deprivation myopia.
Evolutionary explanations[edit]
There are two main theories for the ultimate evolutionary cause for myopia with implications in evolutionary medicine. They both stem back to mismatch theory, which is the idea that the environment to which the human body was adapted over millions of years does not match our current environment. The transition from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle to the modern Western lifestyle has facilitated the development of chronic, noninfectious diseases such as myopia. Studies of modern hunter-gatherer populations in Africa and Inuit populations in the Arctic point to environmental factors as the leading cause of myopia [99][100] In ancestral populations, myopic genes would have been strongly selected against because of the survival disadvantage they caused.
"Near work" or "Close work" hypothesis[edit]
This hypothesis, also referred to as the "use-abuse theory" [101] states that many aspects of our modern environment involve near work, which strains our eyes. Examples include reading and looking at pixelated screens of computers and phones for long periods of time. A majority of people in the developed world spend most, if not all, of their days doing tasks defined as "close work", steadily building up a pressure in the eye, as the ciliary fibers that focus the eye are constantly contracting in an effort to follow words on a page.[102][103] This is especially exacerbated in children whose eyes are still developing; their eyes may grow permanently elongated and myopic. This hypothesis helps elucidate why some associations between myopia, intelligence, and education were made in some studies in the 20th century.[104] People who have more access to education likely read much more and likely score higher on intelligence tests, therefore creating a spurious association between intelligence and myopia. This spurious association further explains the social and geographical patterns and trends in rates of myopia worldwide. Some trends include Africans and people of African descent having lower rates of myopia while Asians and people of Jewish descent have higher rates of myopia, perhaps due to differential education opportunities.[101]
"Visual stimuli" hypothesis[edit]
Although not mutually exclusive with the other hypotheses presented, the visual stimuli hypothesis adds another layer of mismatch to explain the modern prevalence of myopia. There is evidence that lack of normal visual stimuli causes improper development of the eyeball. In this case, "normal" refers to the environmental stimuli that the eyeball evolved for over hundreds of millions of years.[102] These stimuli would include diverse natural environments—the ocean, the jungle, the forest, and the savannah plains, among other dynamic visually exciting environments. Modern humans who spend most of their time indoors, in dimly or fluorescently lit buildings are not giving their eyes the appropriate stimuli to which they had evolved and may contribute to the development of myopia.[102] Experiments where animals such as kittens and monkeys had their eyes sewn shut for long periods of time also show eyeball elongation, demonstrating that complete lack of stimuli also causes improper growth trajectories of the eyeball.[105][106] Further research shows that people, and children especially, who spend more time doing physical activity and outdoor activity have lower rates of myopia,[102][107][108] relating the increased magnitude and complexity of the visual stimuli encountered during these types of activities.
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- ^ Hattori, N.; Wang, M.; Taka, H.; Fujimura, T.; Yoritaka, A.; Kubo, S. I.; Mochizuki, H. (2009). "Toxic effects of dopamine metabolism in Parkinson's disease". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 15: S35–S38. doi:10.1016/S1353-8020(09)70010-0. PMID 19131041.
- ^ Holm, S. (1937) The ocular refraction state of the Palaeo-Negroids in Gabon, French Equatorial Africa. Acta Ophthalmology 13(suppl.): 1-299.
- ^ Young, F.A., et al. (1969). The transmission of refractive errors within Eskimo families. American Journal of Optometry and Archives of the American Academy of Optometry 46: 676-85.
- ^ a b Angle, John, and David A. Wissman (1980). Epidemiology of Myopia. American Journal of Epidemiology 111: 220-228.
- ^ a b c d Lieberman, Daniel E. The Story of the Human Body: Evolution, Health, and Disease. New York: Pantheon Books, 2013. Print
- ^ Shaw, Seang-Mei (2001). Nearwork in early-onset myopia. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 43: 332-339.
- ^ Nadell, M.C., and M.J. Hirsch (1958). The relationship between intelligence and the refractive state in a selected high school sample. American Journal of Optometry and Archives of AMerican Academy of Optometry 35: 321-326.
- ^ Smith III, E.L., G.W. Maguire, and J.T. Watson (1980). Axial lengths and refractive errors in kittens reared with an optically induced anisometropia. Investigate Ophthalmology and Vision Science 19: 1250-55.
- ^ Hubel D., T.N. Weisel (1985). Myopia and eye enlargement after neonatal lid fusion in monkeys. Nature 266: 485-88.
- ^ Dirani, M., et al. (2009). Outdoor activity and myopia in Singapore teenage children. British Journal of Ophthalmology 93: 997-1000.
- ^ Rose, K.A., et al. (2008). Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children. Ophthalmology 115: 1279-85.
External links[edit]
- Degenerative Myopia at Prevent Blindness
- pupilEyes – Learn how Myopia happens
- Myopia Manual — an impartial documentation of all the reasons, therapies and recommendations— a comprehensive summary of scientific publications, updated version January 2014, printed version ISBN 1-58961-271-X (2004, sorry, no longer up to date)
- VisionSimulations.com |What the world looks like to people with various diseases and conditions of the eye
- Scottish Sensory Centre – Medical Info on Myopia
- Generation specs: Stopping the short-sight epidemic Article reviewing latest research in New Scientist
- Why Up to 90% of Asian Schoolchildren Are Nearsighted Time Magazine 7 May 2012


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Hi all,
After the bad prodicted surf conditions did any of us UK surfers surf the weekend.
I went into North Walse, saterday was a blown out mess and I thought i'd wasted a trip. Sunday was clean and the head high sets just kept rolling in.
I love north Walse.
Did any one else get some good surf ??????


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Join Jan Dougherty, MS, RN, Director of Family Services for Banner Alzheimer's Institute for a free lecture on brain health. Learn the difference between Alzheimer's disease, related dementia and normal memory changes associated with aging. She will also describe interventions that will slow the progression of mild cognitive impairment.
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Fresh Abalone in SF
I'm arriving from the UK at the beginning of April and spending the month in California. I believe that Abalone will be in season in April. I was wondering if anyone could recommend a restaurant (preferably in San Francisco) where I could sample abalone? Many thanks.
Last Friday we were at Great Eastern in SF Chinatown (Jackson between Grant and Kearny) and they had a tank of abalone. We did not indulge so I do not know the price.
I'm sure it is farmed (uniform size), looked lively (crawling up the walls of the tank).We did enjoy a whole catfish, perfectly steamed, delicious, $18.
The Iron Gate in Belmont (about 20 miles S of San Francisco) has had fresh abalone on the menu for as long as I can remember -- subject to availabiity & priced at "market". You might call to check availbility: http://www.iron-gate.com/
I had live abalone at Koi Palace a few weeks ago. They still had a huge tank of them (fist sized). It's $20 for 3 which is quite reasonable. There are 5 preps available although having tried all 5, the garlic sauce is the best (surprisingly not the scallion and ginger version). It's steamed whole and done so it's just cooked through and still tender.
Manresa has an abalone dish on that you can choose on the a la carte menu for a small supplement. Grocerytrekker recently posted the chef's tasting which also contained abalone.
Although wild abalone may be in season in April, only farmed abalone is available for retail consumption (if you want wild abalone, you'll have to dive for it yourself or make good friends with someone who dives), so I don't think it's really seasonal anymore.
There was a mention a while back that Scoma's has abalone, although it's expensive. I really do think that Koi Palace (if you have a car) would be your best bet -- it will not only be fresh it will have been alive when you ordered it, and it will be expertly prepared in a way that will show off its distinctive character.
Funny that you should ask. The Chronicle did a store on abalone yesterday: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article...
They cited French Laundry, Manresa and Koi Palace outside of the city of SF and then "Bay Area Cantonese- and Hong Kong-style restaurants" which they didn't name. Anyone tried abalone in SF?


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My eyepieces are made from the waste product of exploding stars. 10XTi 102XLT ST80A(2" Focuser) XW: All; XO: 2.58 Televue: Naglers-T1 Smoothside-full set, 17T4,12T4,Ethos 17,4.7; plossels-40,32,20,17,&7.4mm; Pans-22,24mm; Delos-6,8,12,17.3mm ES100: 5.5,9*,14,20 ES82: full set ES68: 16,20,24,34 NLV: 5,9,10,15 Ortho: HD-7,9; OPS-9,12 Meade RG 7mm Other: Pentax 12.5K(.965), 10mm Parks Zoom: Nag3-6 *=on b/o DAS Dark Site
10" F/4.7 Modified Skywatcher Reflector, 38mm Orion Q70, 17mm Modified Ultima LX, 10mm TeleVue Delos, 7mm Pentax XL.
Refractors Reflectors Two Cats A few eyepieces
Binos: APM100 | Obie 20x80D3 | Resolux 15x70, 7x50 | Nikon AE 12x50, 7x35 | FMT-SX 10x50 | Canon 10x30 | Vanguard ED 8x42
Mounts: AVX | Orion Paragon | Tecnosky eLLe
Telescopes: XT8g | AT6RC | Onyx 80EDF | 102GT | ST80
1.25" EPs: Hyperion 8, 17mm | ES68º: 20, 24mm | ES82º: 4.7, 6.7, 8.8, 11, 14mm
2" EPs: Meade 5k 82º: 24, 30mm | ES100º: 5.5, 9, 14, 20mm
Quote:I would like to purchase the 14mm ES 100. They are out of stock on the ES website. Has anyone out there purchased one recently? Any idea of possible wait times? Is it best to place an order directly with ES?Thanks
- Rick
Cactus Patch Observatory / 14" LX200
"The four points of the compass be logic, knowledge, wisdom, and the unknown. Some do bow in that final direction. Others advance upon it. To bow before the one is to lose sight of the three."
Quote:EXPLORE SCIENTIFIC 9-ELEMENT 14MM 100° 9-ELEMENT AR PURGED WP EYEPIECE-2"Usually Ships in 24 HoursList Price: $499.99Our Price: $374.992013 Summer Comet Watch Sale $299.99Savings: $200.00(Out of Stock) Took me two whole clicks to find out. It's really easy to do! Takes a few seconds!
Blog: Astronomy & Living by Hernando
Quote:Dial up? You aren't serious are you? I didn't know it still existed, Brandons.....supposedly the best according to you...Plus you already own a 14mm ES 100....and you have "dial up"...LOOL !!!! C'mon Ricky-Poo....Watcha doin there? Just razzin ya Rick! Have a great weekend and clear skies!
Quote:Out-of-stock status must mean a healthy dose of demand for the 14mm ES-100's,Quote:.... or perhaps ES is running stock down prior to releasing the non-recessed eyelens version in the next production run
Quote:.... or perhaps ES is running stock down prior to releasing the non-recessed eyelens version in the next production run
EdgeHD 9.25, TSA-120
Sky-Watcher Pro 120ED iOptron iEQ45-AZ GEM Canon 60D (modified) http://www.astrobin.com/users/dc_robert/
Quote:Both sites show it as the Nitrogen-purged version. In fact, it's the Argon-purged version (which apparently only makes a difference if you plan to re-sell it).How do I know this?
Quote:Quote:Both sites show it as the Nitrogen-purged version. In fact, it's the Argon-purged version (which apparently only makes a difference if you plan to re-sell it).How do I know this? Interesting, why ?
"Great men are forged in fire. It is the privilege of lesser men to light the flame." --John Hurt, as The War Doctor12" f/4.9 Skywatcher Collapsible Dobsonian8" f/4.9 Orion Newtonian on alt-az mountOberwerk 15x70 BinocularsMinimalist Eyepiece Collection: 30mm ES-82, 22mm Vixen LVW, 14mm Delos, 10mm Delos, 7mm Pentax XW, 2X GSO 2" ED Barlow, 3X Explore Scientific Focal Extender, 4X Powermate
Quote: In this thread which discusses the differences between nitrogen and argon purging, someone made the comment that, "I have been attempting to sell several of my ES eyepieces. I have had a number of interested potential buyers willing to pay my asking price until they realized that the eyepieces are the "OLD" and therefore somehow "INFERIOR" N2 purged variety. Then no longer interested." Besides the consensus of the discussion participants that there was no practical difference between the two purging methods, I also learned that EPs can pass gas.
Quote:The older ES boxes are actually better than the fancy new ones. Sturdier, and the inside packing comes out nicely (or stays in) to fit into an eyepiece case. The newer boxes are flimsier and not as versatile. (They are pretty, though.)
Quote:Never used them side by side. My 14mm 100 deg ES cost 1/3 of an Ethos I'm not expecting a perfect EP. If I want superb CFOV sharpness and very little I'll get out some Brandons. In my longer focus scopes a Zeiss Huygens is a really good EP. The ES 14 is a great EP for the price. It weighs a ton though. Love it when you see one on the back of a 80mm or smaller APO.


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The unthinkable: Terryville-Thomaston combined forces
TERRYVILLE — If you check the cemeteries in the adjoining towns of Terryville and Thomaston this fall, you might find many of the burial plots look disturbed, the ground shaken by the bodies of people turning over in their graves. And over and over.
What would have been unthinkable years ago is happening. Terryville and Thomaston, the Hatfields and McCoys of the Berkshire League, will be playing on the same girls soccer team this season.
Golden Bears will be wearing orange (maybe), and the Kangaroos are greeting their archrivals not with sharpened elbows, but open arms. Imagine that.
A two-year cooperative agreement between the two schools has doubled the roster of the Terryville team, the co-op host, and given Thomaston's girls an opportunity to play soccer after three autumns without at their school, which dropped the sport on the eve of the 2009 season.
And if any old-timers are disgruntled by the idea of the two enemies consorting, they'll just have to get over it. The girls don't mind one bit.
"They're our biggest rivals, but I really want to play," said Thomaston senior Cassie Powell. "We've put that aside and we're all acting like the best of friends."
"They've all been so sweet. A lot of them have told us they're so happy to be on our team," said Terryville senior Sarah Smith.
And the Kangaroos are happy to have them, too. Handicapped by a slim roster, Terryville has struggled recently to compete in the Berkshire League. With only 14 girls a year ago, Terryville limped to an 0-15 record. The year before wasn't much better, 1-15.
"Winning wasn't even an option for us," said senior Chelsea Bourdeau.
The small squad made scrimmaging at practice impossible and competition for playing time nonexistent.
"No one had to work for their spot. You were just given it," Bourdeau added.
In the past, the girls tried to recruit other classmates to come out, but the newcomers would get discouraged by the Kangaroos' lack of success and quit. The lack of numbers fueled the losing, which fueled the lack of numbers. It was a vicious circle.
The solution, coach Tatum Sherwood decided, lay a few miles away.
Thomaston had also struggled in girls soccer, concluding the 2008 season at 0-16. When only 10 girls tried out the following year, athletic director Bill Ryan reluctantly canceled the program.
"I thought there had to be girls at Thomaston who wanted to play soccer," recalled Sherwood, in her second year as head coach. "We were low on numbers and I wanted players to build our program."
Terryville athletic director Linda Farrington approached Ryan, who was already being lobbied by girls at his school to restart the sport. He heartily agreed, and Terryville applied to the CIAC, which approved the co-op deal last spring.
So far, Powell said, "it's been awesome." There are 13 girls from Terryville High on the team, 13 from Thomaston and two freshmen from Terryville who attend the Waterbury Arts Magnet School, which also doesn't offer soccer.
The swollen roster means the program can field a junior varsity for the first time in three years. And practices are crisper and more competitive. Most of all, it's sparked a new enthusiasm.
"I'm excited," said Terryville senior Sarah Smith. "There are going to be teams better than us, but I definitely think we can give them a run for their money."
"We're all playing for the goal of having fun and winning," said Thomaston senior Heather Jones.
Now, about the whole idea of Terryville and Thomaston kids being (gasp) friendly with each other: Well, the concept of a blood feud makes for a good story, but actually exaggerates the current rivalry.
"I've been here my whole life. I'm deeply rooted in the Thomaston-Terryville rivalry. I've seen the intensity," said Ryan. "I'm interested to see how it goes. Our kids, outside of school, get along pretty well. The same thing happened with Gilbert and Northwestern. There's an intense rivalry, but they are able to play on the same football team pretty successfully."
Once the co-op was announced, the girls from both schools got busy. They've been communicating via a "THS girls soccer" Facebook page. They scheduled captains' practices in the summer. And this week the whole team will camp out overnight in Smith's backyard as a bonding ritual.
Now, about those uniforms. The road ones are white and say, "THS." The home unis, though, are orange. Would Golden Bears actually wear orange? They may not have to. One of the activities at the sleepover will be tie-dying T-shirts to wear at home games.
"They'll say, 'T-squared,'" said Bourdeau. "That's our thing now."
If things go as planned, the rivalry will be resurrected down the road. Farrington and Ryan both say the goal is to rekindle enough interest so that each school can field its own team again. For now, though, the two are playing as one.
"They're not our rivals," said Jones. "They're our teammates."
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- The unthinkable: Terryville-Thomaston combined forces
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- Palladino: Panthers sign off on last year's title
- Boys soccer: Torrington tops Woodland
- Girls soccer: Naugy nips Eagles


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Athletics: Most people don't care though our basketball teams have been doing really well lately. This might turn the tide for interest in sports on campus.
Athletics: I am a part of a Varsity sport on campus and the only thing that is lacking is the student support at some of the games. Besides the Bender Blue-Out during Welcome Week and various Bender games throughout the year, the school lacks student attendance at games.
Athletics: No school spirit, which is too bad for the great teams we do have. Some teams throw great parties, though!
Athletics: Athletics are not as exciting as some of the other big schools, but a fair number of support is giving to the varsity teams. The teams have done well over the years and you can see that each year the support for varsity sport grows.
Athletics: Basketball is the number one most followed sport on campus, but when it's not on no-one really follows sports.
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Written by Jesse MacDonald
Though the sports teams are Division I, and there are several intramural teams, sports do not receive the attention and notoriety that they would at some other schools. Many of the bigger sports fans on campus complain about the absence of a football team. AU is not a school where athletes receive celebrity-like attention or preferential treatment. While a football team is often the focal point of college life, there are many other ways to get involved at AU.
Some students are trying to get their peers more excited—a club known as the Blue Crew goes "all out" at the games, painting their faces and coming up with their own cheers. Basketball and volleyball are popular sports, and in the rare instance where a game is being televised, the turnout is better than usual.
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What's Up with Rand Paul's Hair: Have you been Randed? - Charleston City Paper
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Tags: Mark Sanford SC1 SC01 Politics Appalachian Trail
Football: The third rail of S.C. politics.
Full quote: "Wow… I went to the University of South Carolina, graduated from the College of Charleston, and work at Clemson. They're all great!"
Colbert Busch gets "Better know a district" pop quiz on MSNBC - Charleston City Paper
Tags: elizabeth colbert busch sc1 chuck todd daily rundown msnbc politics
Teddy Turner goes negative, urges "break up with career politicians" in new ad - Charleston City Paper
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Stephen talks up Charleston fundraiser for big sister's campaign
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Charleston artist Scott Debus is having a going away show at Big John's Tavern as he preps for a move to Austin. Maybe he had a feeling that Gov. Nikki Haley was going to make massive vetoes to state arts funding?
Tags: art charleston south carolina nikki haley news politics scott debus snake snakes
South Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley's autobiography Can't Is Not An Option, comes out today. She'll be in town on Monday signing copies at Blue Bicycle Books, but we're sure our Managing Editor Chris Haire will have read the memoir a thousand times by then — he won an AAN award for his piece on the governor last year.
Do you have plans to read the book?
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Lloyds Banking Group PLC on Tuesday said it is cutting close to 1,000 U.K. positions and closing some offices, as the bank continues to reduce costs and streamline its business.
The bank, in which the U.K. government has a 41% stake following a bailout after the 2008 and 2009 financial crisis, said it is cutting 990 positions at four sites across the U.K. at its group operations, group executive functions, risk, wholesale and insurance divisions.
Lloyds said its intention, where possible, is to reduce the positions through natural turnover and voluntary redundancy, but that some compulsory redundancies will likely be necessary.
Office sites in Newcastle, Romford and Scunthorpe in England will be closed. Further cuts will be made at an office in Leeds.
This is the latest tranche of headcount reductions announced as part of a strategy review presented by Chief Executive Antonio Horta-Osorio after he took the job in 2011. After these cuts, Lloyds will have eliminated close to 4,000 jobs.
The bank aims to reduce annual costs by roughly £1.5 billion within three years.
In addition to job cuts, Lloyds plans to make efficiency savings by improving processes and technology, reducing management layers and centralizing support functions. The bank said it will be able to invest an extra £2 billion between 2011 and 2014 to expand its core operations, which include retail banks Lloyds TSB, Halifax, Bank of Scotland and insurer Scottish Widows.
This story first appeared on WSJ.com.
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Several Foresters continue to compete
Five NAIA Nationals-bound track runners competed in the Dr. Keeler Invitational at North Central College on Thursday and Friday and each one turned in a personal best time in their respective event.
Lauren Davenport broke her own school record in the 800 with a winning time of 2:09.11. Nick Johnson set a new personal record in the 5000 with a time of 14:46.11 to finish 10th. Joseph Herber ran the 10,000 for the first time in his career and posted the second fastest time in HU history at 31:35.21. Dan Lindbloom improved his own school record in the 3000 meter steeplechase with a time of 9:15.96 to finish fifth and Luke Diehl established a new personal record in the steeplechase finishing 11th in 9:25.42.
For complete results, see Keeler Results.
On a windy Saturday, eleven Foresters competed at the MCC-WHAC Qualifier track meet. Davenport remained unbeaten on the season in the 800 with her winning time of 2:16.67. Bethany McGraw turned in a second place finish in the 400 in 1:01.05 and a third in the long jump with a leap of 17-01.50. Kelsey Green had a toss of 121-11 in the discus to finish third. Haleigh Osborne placed third in the shot put with a mark of 38-01.25 and Cassie Lehman ran a 15.53 in 100 to place fourth.
In men's action, Lucas Beach won both the shot put (51-06.25) and the hammer (159-02). Aaron Mills cleared 14-05.25 to win the pole vault with teammate Ryan Morris second with a height of 13-05.25. Sean LaFontaine placed second in the 400 hurdles with a time of 57.33. Kameron Bailey finished third in the 200 in 22.60 and Matthias Haller was ninth in the 800 with a time of 2:01.36.
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