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Philip Zimbardo
Philip George Zimbardo | |
Zimbardo speaking in Poland, 2009
Born | New York City, New York |
March 23, 1933
Nationality | American |
Alma mater | Brooklyn College Yale University |
Known for | Stanford prison experiment, Time paradox, Lucifer Effect, Abu Ghraib analysis, Time Perspective Therapy, Social Intensity Syndrome |
Spouse(s) | Christina Maslach |
Philip George Zimbardo, Ph.D. (born March 23, 1933) is a psychologist and a professor emeritus at Stanford University.[1] He became known for his 1971 Stanford prison experiment and has since authored various introductory psychology books, textbooks for college students, and other notable works, including The Lucifer Effect, The Time Paradox and the The Time Cure. He is also the founder and president of the Heroic Imagination Project.[2]
Early years[edit]
Zimbardo was born in New York City on March 23, 1933, from a family of Sicilian immigrants. He completed his BA with a triple major in psychology, sociology, and anthropology from Brooklyn College in 1954, where he graduated summa cum laude. He completed his M.S. (1955) and Ph.D (1959) in psychology from Yale University, where Neal E. Miller was his advisor.[3] He taught at Yale from 1959 to 1960. From 1960 to 1967, he was a professor of psychology at New York University. From 1967 to 1968, he taught at Columbia University. He joined the faculty at Stanford University in 1968.
Prison study[edit]
In 1971, Zimbardo accepted a tenured position as professor of psychology at Stanford University. With a government grant from the U.S. Office of Naval Research, he conducted the Stanford prison study in which 24 clinically sane individuals were randomly assigned to be "prisoners" or "guards" in a mock dungeon located in the basement of the psychology building at Stanford (three additional college students were selected as alternates, only one of whom participated[4] in the study). The planned two-week study into the psychology of prison life ended after only six days due to emotional trauma being experienced by the participants. The students quickly began acting out their roles, with "guards" becoming sadistic and "prisoners" showing extreme passivity and depression.
The volunteers knew they were being used in a study but they did not know when the study would be taking place, so the initial shock of being randomly arrested one morning and taken to the mock prison put them in a mild state of shock. On arrival, the "prisoners" were stripped, searched, shaved and deloused, which caused a great deal of humiliation. They were then issued uniforms, ID numbers, and escorted to their cells by the volunteer prison guards. The guards themselves were not given any specific instruction or guidelines for the way they were to treat the prisoners. Instead, the psychologists allowed them to do whatever was needed to keep order in the prison. They were dressed in identical uniforms, wore a whistle around their neck and carried a night stick.
At the beginning of the experiment, Zimbardo started off with nine guards and nine prisoners. All the original volunteers were kept as backups and three prisoners as well as three guards occupied the prison at a time. Their first night in the prison, the volunteer prisoners were awakened at 2:30 AM by the guards blowing their whistles.
The study shows that before the volunteer prisoners started showing signs of distress, they did not take the guards and their authority seriously. The prisoners mocked the guards, trying to regain their individuality. This, however, was short-lived. The prisoners soon realized that the attitude of the guards was very serious and that they demanded obedience. This began a long string of confrontational quarrels between the guards and prisoners. The guards used physical punishment and exercises, such as pushups, in order to show their authority to the prisoners.
In the morning of only the second day, a rebellion broke out among the volunteer prisoners. They ripped off their uniforms and locked themselves in their cells by pushing their beds up against the door. In response to this, the guards became very angry and called for backup. This surprised Zimbardo as well as the rest of the psychologists because they had not thought it would be taken this far. Guards who were not on duty were called in and the guards who were assigned to only the night shift stayed with the guards who came in all the way through their shift the next morning. The tactic the guards came up with was to fight back in order to discipline the unruly prisoners and make them obey. In response to the prisoners barricading themselves in their cells, the guards used fire extinguishers on them to get them away from the entrances.
Once the guards were able to get into the cells, they stripped the inmates naked, tore apart the beds and the cell, and put the prisoners who had started the rebellion in solitary confinement. As all nine guards could not be on duty at once, they began rewarding the prisoners for good behavior. The prisoners who had not been involved in starting the riot were allowed to lie in their beds, wash themselves and brush their teeth and eat while those who had started the riot were not allowed to. The guards continued to use tormenting tactics to break up the prisoners relations with each other to avoid further organized resistance. In the case with one prisoner, who was a smoker, the guards were able to control his behavior because they decided when and if he was allowed to smoke.
Less than two full days into the experiment, one inmate began suffering from depression, uncontrolled rage, crying and other mental dysfunctions. The prisoner was eventually released after screaming and acting unstable in front of the other inmates. This prisoner was replaced with one of the alternates.[4]
On the third day, the study allowed visiting hours for friends and family. The visitation was closely monitored and timed with many rules and restrictions.
The next event that added to the prison experiment "drama" was a rumored escape plan that the prisoners were planning on carrying out directly after visiting hours. The prisoner was going to have some of his friends round up, break into the prison and free all of the prisoners. After one of the guards overheard this plan, an informant was placed in among the prisoners and the escape never happened. The prisoners who had been thought to have organized the escape were disciplined and harassed with more pushups and toilet cleaning.
At some point, even the prisoners who were thought of as role models, those who obeyed all of the guards' commands were being punished. Going to the bathroom was considered a privilege rather than a necessity, and those who acted out against the guards were made to urinate and defecate in a bucket in their cell.
By the end of the experiment, there was no unification among prisoners as well as guards. The guards also had won complete control over all of their prisoners and were using their authority to its greatest extent. One prisoner had even gone as far as to go on a hunger strike. When he refused to eat, the guards put him into solitary confinement for three hours (even though their own rules stated the limit that a prisoner could be in solitary confinement was only one hour). Instead of the other prisoners looking at this inmate as a hero and following along in his strike, they chanted together that he was a bad prisoner and a troublemaker. Prisoners and guards had rapidly adapted to their roles, stepping beyond the boundaries of what had been predicted and leading to dangerous and psychologically damaging situations.
One-third of the guards were judged to have exhibited "genuine" sadistic tendencies, while many prisoners were emotionally traumatized and five had to be removed from the study early.
Zimbardo himself started to give in to the roles of the situation. He had to be shown the reality of the experiment by Christina Maslach, his girlfriend and future wife, who had just received her doctorate in psychology.[5]
At the end of the experiment, after all the prisoners had been released and the guards let go, everyone was brought back into the same room for evaluation and to be able to get their feelings out in the open towards one another. Ethical concerns surrounding the famous study often draw comparisons to the Milgram experiment, which was conducted in 1961 at Yale University by Stanley Milgram, Zimbardo's former high school friend.
Similar studies[edit]
There were many ethical and research issues with the original study. Subsequent studies with better controls and ethical standards have not reproduced the results of the Stanford study. This is important because reproducibility is an important part of the scientific process. One of these studies looked at the power of roles in selected situations.[6]
In 2006 a British Broadcasting Corporation study attempted to replicate the study by Zimbardo, other than for correcting some research and ethical issues.[7] This study, due to the fact that it was conducted in later times, had more restrictions. While there were restrictions, there were also great differences. The first of the differences was how the participants were filtered. The Stanford prison experiment only gave the participants interviews and then certain personality tests. The BBC study used first psychometric tests, which combined a series of personality, attitude and mood tests. These tests were self-report tests. The second measure to filter the participants was a telephone interview. If they had passed through the first two filters the final was a full clinical interview. The second difference was how the participants were labeled either to be guards or prisoners. The Stanford Prison Experiment used random assignment to arrange them into the two groups. The BBC study used the psychometric tests to sort the 15 participants into 5 groups of 3 based a profile that included psychological dimensions such as social dominance and authoritarianism. Of these 5 groups 1 person was randomly assigned to being a guard and 2 to being a prisoner so that both groups had a similar psychological make up. Stanford Prison Experiment prisoners were actually arrested for crimes which they did not commit. The BBC could not do this because it is illegal and considered unethical even when it was done. Doing so could also unnecessarily influence the results since it has little to do with what is being studied and is a form of the researchers controlling what happens.
The results of the BBC study was that there was more of a conflict within the two groups than between the two groups themselves.[8] Zimbardo attacked the BBC study, making claims that something must have been wrong since the results were different and even claiming they lied about how they selected who was assigned to being a prisoner or a guard.[9]
The Lucifer Effect[edit]
Zimbardo's book, The Lucifer Effect,[10] gets its title from the metamorphosis of Lucifer into Satan. According to Christian theology, Lucifer was once God's favorite angel until he challenged God's authority and was cast into Hell with all the other fallen angels. Thus, Zimbardo derives this title to explain how good people turn evil. Zimbardo's main assumption on why good people do awful things is due to situational influences and power given from authority.
The Lucifer Effect was written in response to his findings in the Stanford Prison Experiment. Zimbardo believes that personality characteristics could play a role in how violent or submissive actions are manifested. In the book, Zimbardo says that humans cannot be defined as "good" or "evil" because we have the ability to act as both especially at the hand of the situation. According to Zimbardo, "Good people can be induced, seduced, and initiated into behaving in evil ways. They can also be led to act in irrational, stupid, self-destructive, antisocial, and mindless ways when they are immersed in 'total situations' that impact human nature in ways that challenge our sense of the stability and consistency of individual personality, of character, and of morality."
He also notes that we as humans wish to believe in unchanging goodness of people and our power to resist situational and external pressures and temptations. In chapter 12, "Investigating Social Dynamics: Power, Conformity, and Obedience", Zimbardo discusses that peer pressure, the desire to be 'cool', the fear of rejection, and simply being a part of a group are the focal points to acting preposterous to your character.
In The Journal of the American Medical Association,[11] Zimbardo's situational perspective received support from other social situational experiments that demonstrated the same idea and concept. Almost ten years prior to the Stanford Prison Experiment (1971), Stanley Milgram conducted research on obedient behavior in 1965 that embraced situational forces. Milgram had "teachers" that delivered mock electric shocks to the "learner" for every wrong answer that was given in a multiple choice test. The teachers however did not know that the electric shocks weren't real but still continued to deliver them to the learner. At the end of the experiment, 65% of men ages 20–50 complied fully up to the very last voltage. In the same room as the teacher, there was a "confederate" that kept tabs on the teacher and if they were delivering the shocks to each wrong answer. In the beginning of the study, participants signed a waver that clearly explained the ability to opt-out of the experiment and not deliver the shocks. But with the surprising result rate of teachers who did continue to shock the learners, there was a situational force. The situational force that influenced the teachers to continue was the voice of the confederate egging them on by phrases such as, "I advise you to continue with this experiment" or "I am telling you to continue delivering the shocks" and the one that caught most teachers was "You must continue with the shocks." Although the teachers knew that they could leave the experiment at any point in time, they still continued when they felt uncomfortable because of the confederate's voice demanding to proceed.
Both Milgram and Zimbardo's experiment tested situational forces on an individual. Both results concluded that irrational behavior compared to one's character is plausible for any human because we have both tendencies in our nature.
In 2008, Zimbardo published his work with John Boyd about the Time Perspective Theory and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) in The Time Paradox: The New Psychology of Time That Will Change Your Life. In 2009, he met Richard Sword and started collaborating to turn the Time Perspective Theory into a clinical therapy. While a 4 year long pilot study and establishing Time Perspective Therapy,[12] the two published a book called The Time Cure.[13]
Heroic Imagination Project[edit]
Zimbardo is currently heading a movement for everyday heroism as the founder and director of the Heroic Imagination Project (HIP), a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting heroism in everyday life.[1] The project is currently collecting data from former American gang members and former individuals with ties to terrorism for comparison, in an attempt to better understand how individuals change violent behavior. This research portion of the project is co-headed by Rony Berger, Yotam Heineburg, and Leonard Beckum.[14] He published an article contrasting heroism and altruism in 2011 with Zeno Franco and Kathy Blau in the Review of General Psychology.[15]
Social Intensity Syndrome[edit]
In 2008, Zimbardo began working with Sarah Brunskill and Anthony Ferreras on a new theory called the Social Intensity Syndrome (SIS). SIS seeks to provide a better understanding of how the military works as a community and culture. Zimbardo and Brunskill presented the new theory and a preliminary factor analysis of it accompanying survey at the Western Psychological Association in 2013. Data collection is still in progress.
Other endeavors[edit]
After the prison experiment, Zimbardo decided to look for ways he could use psychology to help people; this led to the founding of The Shyness Clinic in Menlo Park, California, which treats shy behavior in adults and children. Zimbardo's research on shyness resulted in several bestselling books on the topic. Other subjects he has researched include mind control and cultic behavior.[16]
Zimbardo is the co-author of an introductory Psychology textbook entitled Psychology and Life, which is used in many American undergraduate psychology courses. He also hosted a PBS TV series titled Discovering Psychology which is used in many college telecourses.[17]
In 2002, Zimbardo was elected president of the American Psychological Association. Under his direction, the organization developed the website PsychologyMatters.org, a compendium of psychological research that has applications for everyday life. Also that year, he appeared in the British reality television show, The Human Zoo. Participants were observed inside a controlled setting while Zimbardo and a British psychologist analyzed their behavior.
In 2004, Zimbardo testified for the defense in the court martial of Sgt. Ivan "Chip" Frederick, a guard at Abu Ghraib prison. He argued that Frederick's sentence should be lessened due to mitigating circumstances, explaining that few individuals can resist the powerful situational pressures of a prison, particularly without proper training and supervision. The judge apparently disregarded Zimbardo's testimony, and gave Frederick the maximum 8-year sentence. Zimbardo drew on the knowledge he gained from his participation in the Frederick case to write a new book entitled, The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil, about the connections between Abu Ghraib and the prison experiments.[18]
In September 2006, Zimbardo joined the faculty at Palo Alto University as Professor of Psychology, where he teaches social psychology to doctoral students in the clinical psychology program.
Zimbardo's writing appeared in Greater Good Magazine, published by the Greater Good Science Center of the University of California, Berkeley. Zimbardo's contributions include the interpretation of scientific research into the roots of compassion, altruism, and peaceful human relationships. His most recent article with Greater Good magazine is entitled: "The Banality of Heroism",[19] which examines how ordinary people can become everyday heroes. In February 2010, Zimbardo was a guest presenter at the Science of a Meaningful Life seminar: Goodness, Evil, and Everyday Heroism, along with Greater Good Science Center Executive Director Dacher Keltner.
Zimbardo, who officially retired in 2003, gave his final "Exploring Human Nature" lecture on March 7, 2007, on the Stanford campus, bringing his teaching career of 50 years to a close. David Spiegel, professor of psychiatry at the Stanford University School of Medicine, called Zimbardo "a legendary teacher", saying that "he has changed the way we think about social influences."[20]
Though retired, Zimbardo still conducts research at Stanford University and teaches one class at the former Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, now Palo Alto University.
Zimbardo has made appearances on American TV, such as The Daily Show with Jon Stewart on March 29, 2007,[21] The Colbert Report on February 11, 2008 [22] and Dr. Phil on October 25, 2010. [23]
In 2012, Zimbardo received the American Psychological Association Gold Medal for Lifetime Achievement in the Science of Psychology.[24]
In 2005, he received the Dagmar and Václav Havel Foundation Vision 97 Award in Prague.
In 2003, Zimbardo, Gian Vittorio Caprara and Claudio Barbaranelli an academic of the University of Rome La Sapienza were awarded the sarcastic Ig Nobel Award for Psychology[25] for their report "Politicians' Uniquely Simple Personalities."[26]
- Influencing attitude and changing behavior: A basic introduction to relevant methodology, theory, and applications (Topics in social psychology), Addison Wesley, 1969
- The Cognitive Control of Motivation. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1969
- Stanford prison experiment: A simulation study of the psychology of imprisonment, Philip G. Zimbardo, Inc., 1972
- The psychology of imprisonment: privation, power and pathology, Stanford University, 1972
- Influencing Attitudes and Changing Behavior. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1969, ISBN 0-07-554809-7
- Canvassing for Peace: A Manual for Volunteers. Ann Arbor, MI: Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, 1970, ISBN
- Influencing Attitudes and Changing Behavior (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison Wesley., 1977, ISBN
- How to Overcome Shyness. Family Circle magazine, May 31, 1977 page 14 (with questionnaire)
- Cults go to high school: A theoretical and empirical analysis of the initial stage in the recruitment process, American Family Foundation, 1985
- Shyness: What It Is, What to Do About It, Addison Wesley, 1990, ISBN 0-201-55018-0
- The Psychology of Attitude Change and Social Influence. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991, ISBN 0-87722-852-3
- Psychology (3rd Edition), Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1999, ISBN 0-321-03432-5
- The Shy Child : Overcoming and Preventing Shyness from Infancy to Adulthood, Malor Books, 1999, ISBN 1-883536-21-9
- Violence Workers: Police Torturers and Murderers Reconstruct Brazilian Atrocities. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002, ISBN 0-520-23447-2
- Psychology - Core Concepts, 5/e, Allyn & Bacon Publishing, 2005, ISBN 0-205-47445-4
- Psychology And Life, 17/e, Allyn & Bacon Publishing, 2005, ISBN 0-205-41799-X
- The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil, Random House, New York, 2007, ISBN 1-4000-6411-2
- The Time Paradox: The New Psychology of Time That Will Change Your Life, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2008, ISBN 1-4165-4198-5
- The Journey from the Bronx to Stanford to Abu Ghraib, pp. 85–104 in "Journeys in Social Psychology: Looking Back to Inspire the Future", edited by Robert Levine, et al., CRC Press, 2008. ISBN 0-8058-6134-3
- Zimbardo, Philip G. " A Simulation Study of the Psychology of Imprisonment Conducted at Stanford University." The Stanford Prison Experiment. 2009. Web. 1 Dec 2009
- Psychology, AP* Edition, Zimbardo, Phil, Johnson, Robert, Weber, Ann, Gruber, Craig, Allyn & Bacon, Boston, 2010
- The Time Cure: Overcoming PTSD with the New Psychology of Time Perspective Therapy, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco 2012
- Salvatore Cianciabella (prefazione di Philip Zimbardo, nota introduttiva di Liliana De Curtis e collaborazione di Piero Bocchiaro). Siamo uomini e caporali. Psicologia della dis-obbedienza. Cammarata (AG), Philip G. Zimbardo Fund, 2012. ISBN 978-88-907081-4-5. http://www.siamouominiecaporali.it
See also[edit]
- ^ a b Tugend, Alina (January 10, 2014). "In Life and Business, Learning to Be Ethical". The New York Times. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
- ^ "Phil Zimbardo, Ph.D.". Heroic Imagination Project.
- ^ "Phil Zimbardo Remembers". Neal Miller. 1954-04-15. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
- ^ a b "The Stanford Prison Experiment". Retrieved 1/9/2012.
- ^ "The Stanford Prison Experiment: Still powerful after all these years (1/97)". News.stanford.edu. 1996-08-12. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
- ^ Myers, G. David. (2010). Social Psychology. New York, New York: McGraw Hall.
- ^ Reicher, S., & Haslam, S. (2006). Rethinking the psychology of tyranny: The BBC prison study. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45(1), 1-40. doi:10.1348/014466605X48998
- ^ "Welcome to the official site for the BBC Prison Study. Home". The BBC Prison Study. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
- ^ Zimbardo, P. G. (2006). On rethinking the psychology of tyranny: The BBC prison study. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45(1), 47-53. doi:10.1348/014466605X81720
- ^ Zimbardo, Philip (2007). The Lucifer Effect. New York: The Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6411-3.
- ^ "The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil". The Journal of The American Medical Association 298 (11): 1338–1340. 19 September 2007.
- ^ Sword, Richard M.; Sword, Rosemary K.M.; Brunskill, Sarah R.; Zimbardo, Philip G. (2013). "Time Perspective Therapy: A new time-based metaphor therapy for PTSD". Journal of Loss and Trauma. doi:10.1080/15325024.2013.763632.
- ^ Zimbardo, Philip G.; Sword, Richard M.; Sword, Rosemary K.M. (2012). The Time Cure: Overcoming PTSD with the New Psychology of Time Perspective Therapy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 1118205677.
- ^ "Heroic Imagination Project - Creating a Society of Heroes in Waiting". Heroicimagination.ning.com. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ Franco, Z., Blau, K. & Zimbardo, P. (2011). Heroism: A conceptual analysis and differentiation between heroic action and altruism. Review of General Psychology, 5(2), 99-113.
- ^ What messages are behind today's cults?, APA Monitor, May 1997
- ^ "Resource: Discovering Psychology: Updated Edition". Learner.org. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
- ^ James Bone Rome Updated 36 minutes ago. "The Times | UK News, World News and Opinion". Entertainment.timesonline.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
- ^ Franco, Z. & Zimbardo, P. (2006-2007) The banality of heroism. Greater Good, 3 (2), 30-35
- ^ Palo Alto News profile[dead link]
- ^ "Philip Zimbardo - The Daily Show with Jon Stewart - 03/29/07 - Video Clip | Comedy Central". Thedailyshow.com. 2007-03-29. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
- ^ "Philip Zimbardo on the Colbert Report". Thesituationist.wordpress.com. 2008-02-12. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
- ^ "Shows - When Good People Do Bad Things". Dr. Phil.com. 2010-12-22. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
- ^ "Award: Phil Zimbardo to receive the APA's Gold Medal Award". Stanford University Psychology Department. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
- ^ A simple choice, The Guardian, April 19, 2005
- ^ Politicians' uniquely simple personalities, Nature, February 6, 1997
External links[edit]
- Zimbardo's official website
- The Heroic Imagination Project
- Philip G. Zimbardo Papers (Stanford University Archives)
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Philip Zimbardo at TED
- Philip Zimbardo at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Philip Zimbardo in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Philip Zimbardo on the Lucifer Effect, in two parts

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Dates: | September 25, 2013 |
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Shippers and logistics companies bear a high degree of risk exposure to intellectual property infringement. To mitigate that risk, it's a good investment of time and effort to employ the full range of resources available to U.S. companies.


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ST. LOUIS — Over the last six years, Missouri has evolved into a national model for helping released prisoners re-enter society and not reoffend.
Pilot program credited for drop in Missouri prison population
Wednesday, June 4, 2008 | 6:57 p.m. CDT;
updated 10:10 p.m. CDT, Monday, July 21, 2008
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'Twilight's' Alex Meraz to Taylor Lautner: 'Valentine's Day' movie 'lame and desperate.'
More Taylor dish:
Taylor Lautner birthday countdown: 17 days to go
Taylor Lautner birthday countdown, 24 days to go
Taylor Lautner birthday countdown, 30 days to go
Taylor Lautner on 'SNL' gets hairy, keeps shirt on
'Twilight's' Taylor Lautner almost kisses Taylor Swift on 'SNL
Anyone who follows famous peoples tweets are just as pathetic as the famous people posting them!!
a NOBODY in a movie with sparkly vampires call another movie lame?
excuse me while i eat some kettle corn and smoke some pot!
Whoops, burning bridges much?
I don't even know this dude, but I've heard of Lautner. Get a second job and then you can talk trash.
Well that's supportive, needless to say... he had no right to say that, what a D**k. At least Lautner's been in more than one movie- His career is a helluva lot better than this Meraz dude's. bitterness ahoy.
Taylor Lautner is lame.
Good for him! Honesty in Hollywood...
sizzlestar is right, not a good idea for an unknown to burn bridges like this in Hollywood. You think those producers want to work with him when he calls their film lame? And you think he wouldn't have jumped at the chance to be in the movie if offered it? I doubt he'd mind the scheme if it they were paying him for it.
Bye bye Alex's career. What a tool.


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Assessing International Religious Freedom
The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom's (USCIRF) Katrina Lantos Swett and Elizabeth K. Cassidy discuss USCIRF's...
Speakers: Leonard A. Leo, Chair, U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom
Elizabeth H. Prodromou, Vice Chair, U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom
Presider: Irina A. Faskianos, Vice President, National Program & Outreach, Council on Foreign Relations
June 17, 2010
Leonard A. Leo and Elizabeth H. Prodromou discuss international religious freedom and U.S. foreign policy in light of the recent release of U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom's Eleventh Annual Report on Religious Freedom in the World, as part of CFR's Religion and Foreign Policy Conference Call series.
Learn more about CFR's Religion and Foreign Policy Initiative.
Terms of Use: I understand that I may access this audio and/or video file solely for my personal use. Any other use of the file and its content, including display, distribution, reproduction, or alteration in any form for any purpose, whether commercial, noncommercial, educational, or promotional, is expressly prohibited without the written permission of the copyright owner, the Council on Foreign Relations. For more information, write firstname.lastname@example.com.
How should the United States react to Al-Qaeda regaining influence in Iraq?
This clear and authoritative book presents a sweeping account of China's global resource quest and the unrivaled expansion of its economy. More
The story of the tragic and often tormented relationship between the United States and Pakistan, and a call to prepare for the worst, aim for the best, and avoid past mistakes. More
An authoritative and accessible look at what countries must do to build durable and prosperous democraciesand what the United States and others can do to help. More
This Independent Task Force report finds that as more people and services become interconnected and dependent on the Internet, societies are becoming increasingly vulnerable to cyberattacks.
This Independent Task Force asserts that Turkey is an increasingly influential regional and economic power and calls for the United States and Turkey to forge a new partnership.
The author examines Pakistan's complex role in U.S. foreign policy and advocates for a two-pronged approach that works to quarantine threats while integrating Pakistan into the broader U.S. agenda in Asia.
The authors assess the political, security, and economic challenges facing U.S. policymakers in Afghanistan and evaluate a range of policy options.
Special operations play a critical role in how the United States confronts irregular threats, but to have long-term strategic impact, the author argues, numerous shortfalls must be addressed.
The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom's (USCIRF) Katrina Lantos Swett and Elizabeth K. Cassidy discuss USCIRF's...
The State Department releases a yearly report, which gives a country-by-country overview on religious freedom, primarily focused on the...
UN Human Rights Commission adopted several resolutions on combating defamation of religions since 1999. Resolution 4/9 adopted on March 30,...


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- And it was kind of him to ask me, even after he'd had to wash jam out of his ear
What does the bold phrase mean, please?
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The Astronaut Psychology EP is Detox Junky's first official record release. Featuring six tracks of hard knock music fusing elements of hip-hop, dubstep, metal, and electronica, this EP is a taste of what the future holds for popular music. This is the next level.


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Definition of chromatic aberration in English:
chromatic aberration
Line breaks: chro|mat¦ic ab|er¦ra¦tionnoun
- The effect produced by the refraction of different wavelengths of light through slightly different angles, resulting in a failure to focus.More example sentences
- Typical aberrations that can impact imaging performance include astigmatism, chromatic aberration, and spherical aberration.
- For instance, a white-light profilometer system uses chromatic aberration or an interferometry and phase shift technique to measure surface roughness to 1 nm.
- The effects of spherical and chromatic aberration increase as the pupil expands.
More definitions of chromatic aberration
Definition of chromatic aberration in:- The US English dictionary


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A fresh and focused Julio Cesar Chavez Jr. left no doubt he's back in the running, outscoring Bryan Vera unanimously in their rematch. On the undercard, veteran warrior Orlando Salido stifled up and coming favorite Vasyl Lomachenko (SD 12).
Decision: Chavez Jr. UD 12
Sat Mar 29 at 10:00pm ET/PT
Boxing After Dark
Sat Apr 12 at 9:00pm ET/6:00pm PT
HBO Pay-Per-View
Go to the HBO Boxing blog for on-the-scene video and in-depth analysis updated all week long.
Live From Fight WeekHang out and trade jabs with fellow boxing-heads on HBO Boxing's Facebook page.
Connect on FacebookBreaking news, fan giveaways and more, all in 140 characters or less. Connect with @hboboxing.
HBO Boxing on TwitterWhere are the punches landing? Click to follow WCB and BAD fight stats live with HBO's PunchZone.
HBO PunchZoneSubscribe now to watch all the hard-hitting sports action HBO has to offer.
Don't Have HBO?A behind-the-scenes look at boxing's prolific and extraordinary ring announcer, Michael Buffer.
Cornered: Michael BufferWatch full episodes of 24/7, previous fights and more boxing programming anytime on HBO GO.
Available on HBO GO.


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May 26-27, 2012 - The Annual Ryan Bard Event
Aztec Speedway celebrated the memory of the 2007 Southern Sport Modified state champion, Ryan Bard last weekend. Ryan Bard lost his life in a firey crash in Texas that same year. The 5th annual Ryan Bard memorial saw two nights of very competitive racing in the IMCA sport modified and modified classes. Twenty eight cars signed in for the sport modified class with twenty cars qualifying by way of heat races and 'B' mains. After one pace lap with the missing man formation and all race fans holding up one finger, indicating Ryan's number, the green flag dropped. See the winners on May 26 and May 27.
2011 – Great racing as usual and a great bunch of fans participating in the tribute to Ryan Bard!! May 28-29, 2011
Saturday May 28, 2011 : We had SportMods, Modifieds, Stocks, Mini Stocks, Go Karts, Quarter Midgets. Read the race results for May 28.
Sunday May 29, 2011: Ryan Bard: We had SportMods, Modifieds, Stocks, Hobbys
Read the race results for May 29.
Ryan Bard Memorial Poster 2011
Driver Info for 2011.
The Ryan Bard Safety Foundation
As many folks know, Ryan Bard, an Aztec, N.M. native, died in a horrible fire following a racing accident at the Southern Challenge in Abilene, Texas on October 21st, 2007. This race took his life and changed many others, including mine. I'm Paul Lapaire, Ryan and my daughter Caley were to be married May 2nd of 2008. Us older folks lost a son, Caley lost her fiancé, and the sport lost a fierce competitor and a great young man. In the days following his death several questions came to mind…
- What can I do to try to prevent other families from experiencing the same profound loss we are?
- How can I keep the reality of his death on people's minds?
- How can I turn this tragedy into something positive?
- How do I honor Ryan?
Well, one thing was pretty obvious: I needed to set up a way to promote and encourage racer and racetrack safety! With the help and support of IMCA (the governing body of the sport), local (Aztec) and Abilene (TX) track owners, racers, and Ryan's father, I embarked on a program to raise funds to support safety awareness at the tracks. As I researched ways to accomplish this I met others who were also profoundly impacted by this untimely death, and who were also in pursuit of ways to promote driver safety, but mostly in the Texas area. They were able to hold a seminar with new safety equipment given away as door prizes, and have plans to continue doing so. As much as I would like to bring in people to do the same, I don't have the number of tracks to pull from that the Dallas area has, so I need to develop a different means of communicating the importance of safe racing. It is my intent to provide direct recognition of safe driving and pit practices by financial reward(s), Safe Driver of the Year, fire extinguisher utilization, and workshops with a rollover cage being built with help from colleagues. Future seminars, workshops, and events will be based on available funding. I wish to thank all who have supported this cause financially, and the tracks and drivers who have allowed me to be a participant. This is a great sport, and a great family, I wish you all the best! Please-RACE SAFE!!
Respectfully Submitted, Paul S. Lapaire
Founder, RBSF
505 486-3080


text: Shop on J-Thomas for Fuel Cans, Gas Cans and Gas Can Nozzles. We offer a variety of fuel cans and gas cans including the popular No-Spill Gas Can. Whether it is a 2 gallon can or 5 gallon can, shop for a gas with a size that fits your needs. Also, check out our variety of parts including: replacement nozzles, spouts and funnels. Whether you need to store gasoline or a 2 cycle mix, J-Thomas has the right gas can to fit your needs.


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Autumn color will be particularly glorious this season, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources predicted on Monday.Splashes of fall color will appear across Minnesota forests and prairies within the next seven or eight weeks, and the color that does grace each area is expected to be especially breathtaking this year due to this summer's adequate rainfall.
"We're predicting it will be a brilliant fall color season," said Patricia Arndt, communications and outreach manager for the Department of Natural Resources Division of Parks and Trails. "Although it's been dry lately, the trees got adequate rain earlier this season. Now we just need a combination of sunny days and cool nights in the weeks ahead to bring out the fall colors. We've timed many of our fall hiking, biking, geocaching and paddling programs at Minnesota state parks and trails to coincide with peak color, and we hope to see lots of people getting outdoors to enjoy this beautiful time of year."TRACK THE CHANGE
The statewide fall color report is updated every Thursday by staff at Minnesota state parks and recreation areas. These reports include percent of color change, peak color projections and three state park or trail destinations considered "hot picks" of the week.PEAK SEASON IN YOUR PART OF THE STATE
Northern third: Colors typically peak between mid-September and early OctoberCentral third: Colors peak between late September and early OctoberSouthern third (Minneapolis/St. Paul included): Colors peak between late September and mid-OctoberSEND YOUR PHOTOS
When the leaves do start to change, please send us your autumn photos to email@example.com


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Men's PR LD 4:10
Style #110135
Product Actions
Additional Information
Run fast and run alone in the awesomely light PR LD 4:10. Welded overlays provide light support structure on an extremely airy mesh upper and asymmetric construction wraps the foot and keeps it on platform. When 1600 meters or more stands between you and glory, lace up the PR LDs for seriously speedy performance.
Check out the entire PR Spike Collection >
Learn about the Brooks PR Invitational >
- Shoe Category: Spikes
- Pronation: None/Normal
- Platform: Curved Platform
- Surface: Road/Track
- Arch: Medium, High
- Body Build: Small, Medium
- DNA Layout: No DNA
- Competition: 1500 meters+
- Launch Date: December 1, 2012
- Weight: 4.0 oz


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Whatsapp nearby lets you find people nearby using whatsapp as well. Easy find and copy them into whatsapp to start chatting with them. Have found some nice people and want to stop using the service? simply remove your data and nobody can see you anymore! We've just begon but there are many more features comming. Let us know any bugs or fc. New ideas are ofcourse even more welcome!
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This was sort of a middle-ground product for me.
The Good:
*Pigmentation: great, no having to dig into the compact to get some actual color. Shows up with one swipe of the brush.
*Finish: Matte, no sparkles. Goes on pretty evenly, blends easily, doesn't look chalky or cakey.
*Powder Quality: Very nice. Light and finely-milled.
*Quantity and Price: Awesome! Generous sized pan and ridiculously cheap at $5.99.
The Not As Good:
*Color: Sort of somewhat customizable thanks to the mosaic style pan. For my fair skin, though, I wish there were more of the lighter blocks in this. It goes on a little too dark and leans a little orange/pink for my taste.
*Lastability: OK. Stays well in temperate weather for 4-5 hours but will move around or fade off after that.
*Skin: Makes my sensitive skin itch a little bit sometimes. Hasn't caused breakouts.
*Packaging: Chintzy and cheap but who justifiably expects more when it is so inexpensive? And I do appreciate that they don't waste space by including a crappy brush or mirror you wouldn't use anyway.
This hasn't dissuaded me from using my go-to, but it's certainly not the worst and is actually fairly impressive for the price point if you can get the color to work for you.
I like this product. It's a multitask product. It's very useful. The pigmentation is great, it stays on and applies evenly. The price? very inexpensive
I really like this bronzer and have been using it for about 2 years now. I'm not that into bronzers, this is the only one that I have ever purchased and I don't do contouring or any of that. I just wanted something that I could lightly dust on my cheeks and nose to give a bit of glow and color and this is perfect for that. It's inexpensive, easy to apply and wear, and looks very natural. I also love that it doesn't have any shimmer in it!
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
I have been using Erno Lazlo mosaic bronzer for years but it has been discontinued. Found this which look similar in the drugstore. It's perfect even better than the EL and at $4.99 compared to $50.00 unbelievable. Don"t waste your money on expensive bronzers.
I bought this back in August. I dont have much experience with bronzers, but I was looking for a nice, inexpensive, matte bronzer for contouring. The first day I tried it, it seemed like a pretty decent product. After using it for maybe a week, I really wasnt all that impressed anymore (and I dont have many other bronzers to compare it to). I get the impression that this face powder likes the pot it comes in and doesnt want to meet new faces. I'm not concerned with pigmentation when I say that, I just find that its a little difficult to get a smooth application and can look splotchy on my face. (This powder is shy). However, when I can get it to look right, the color does look pretty natural.
I needed a matte bronzer/contour and found this. It has a mosaic of colors that you can blend together or decide to go darker/lighter by picking up powder in certain areas of the wheel.
Bought it at Target for less than $5.
I gave the packaging a 4 because it does have a removable lid. I prefer it to be like a compact where the top hinges open, but its no biggie.
More reviews by UrbanObsession
I have searched the drugstore and department stores for many years looking for a believable bronzer. I've tried various brands and have not found one that I loved until I bought this. My main complaint about bronzer is all the darn glitter and sparkles in it, they look terrible on my skin because it makes it appear oily and fake. This bronzer has zero shimmer! Score! The shade is a very natural bronze for any skin tone because there is a mosaic of different shades that you blend together and it never looks streaky! It is pigmented and lasts throughout my day, I apply it in the morning and have been using it for months, but you can hardly tell because there's not a dent in product! Talk about a lot of bang for your buck. I rave about this stuff to friends and it is a must have, I'm thinking of buying the mosaic blush next!
I have a neutral skin tone and am currently slightly tan from the nice weather we have been having and I am a bronzer fanatic. However I am tired of spending large sums of money on it. This lead me to the drugstore, where I found this. I am extremely impressed. I had just bought "Too Faced" Chocolate Soleil bronzer and I must say I like this better. Its inexpensive, good amount of product, buttery smooth, and it gives a very believable tan.
There is no shimmer and that's what I was looking for. I have my shimmer bronzers for certain occasions and my matte for everyday where and this has become my go to bronzer. I gave it a 3 for packaging because you do get quiet a bit of product however the lid is not secured to the base in any twist on or snap shut form. But overall I will definitely keep repurchasing can't rave enough about it.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
This powder pretty good for the tiny price but it doesnt go well with my olive skin. It has too much of a red undertone to look natural on me. I kinda looks like i a have a bit of a sunburn. But its pretty good.


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As with d20 and OGL, Monster Initiative Cards have become a great in helping you keep all the important information on the monsters a party might face in once easy to location. Why shouldn't that be the same with The Pathfinder Roleplaying Game? Monster Initiative Cards make the task of keeping track of monster in fantasy combats easy by providing a place for the GMs to record all the information about the monster and their unique abilities that the GM needs during play. Monster Initiative Cards are an essential tool for tracking combat and gaming. No longer will you have to remember what the stats, attack or special abilities of a monster, the Monster Initiative Cards have all that information there. Every GM that plays The Pathfinder Roleplaying Game should be using the Monster Initiative Cards in their local gaming sessions and campaigns.
Pathfinder and associated marks and logos are trademarks of Paizo Publishing, LLC, and are used under license. See paizo.com/pathfinderRPG for more information on the Pathfinder Roleplaying Game.


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Dash's Cutie Mark
Note: The preview-image is darker than it should be – that's a problem on redbubble's end, i can't help that. The final product is brighter.
little pony, friendship, magic, mlp, fim, rainbow dash, my little pony, rainbow, lightning
Just a guy who likes ponies and makes shirts and posters. :)
You can see more stuff from me (well, mostly it's the same stuff as here) over at http://stinkehund.deviantart.com/


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Health Education Shannon Haselhuhn Health Education Coordinator Phone: (208) 885-4104 firstname.lastname@example.com Health Resource Room 1000 Paradise Creek Street Room 102 Moscow, ID 83844-1230 Phone: (208) 885-4146 firstname.lastname@example.com
Alcohol depresses the nervous system. This includes the ability to breathe and the gag reflex which prevents choking. High levels of alcohol can stop these functions. Even after someone stops drinking, alcohol is in the system and can be fatal. If you see someone experiencing the following symptoms, call for help immediately:
An interactive and entertaining demonstration of how alcohol effects judgement and coordination. More


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David Chamberlain, A Tribute
Once upon a time, long, long ago, before people like you and I had computers, I was spending many hours in university libraries in hot pursuit of research that would bolster my theory, based on clinical case material I had assembled over the years, that it was possible to remember events going back to birth, perhaps even before birth. Imagine my surprise when I discovered David's breakthrough research on reliability of birth memory in my Sunday newspaper! It was a feature about his report to the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis in Minneapolis. I began corresponding with David in March 1981 and immediately felt I had met a kindred spirit. In January 1982, we had our first chance to meet face-to-face during a promo tour for The Secret Life of the Unborn Child when I was a guest on the Merv Griffin Show in Los Angeles. I had invited David and Donna to be in the audience, and after the show we went out for dinner and non-stop excited conversation.
While in L.A., we decided to propose a symposium, "Prenatal Psychology Comes of Age," for the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association and also for the next annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. When neither of these large bodies could accept our offer, I suggested to David that we plan a conference of our own. We quickly agreed that it would be held in Toronto in the summer of 1983. I would make the arrangements, advance the funds and send out the invitations to potential speakers. David had an excellent list of names and addresses of leading scientists, many of whom he knew personally. We combined his list and mine—and the 1st International Congress on Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology turned out to be a glorious, enthusiastic and deeply moving event, successful beyond our wildest imaginations. At the conclusion of the Congress, a general meeting was held in which David was elected Vice President and I was elected president of the newly formed PPPANA (Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Association of North America), which ten years later was officially changed to Association for Pre- and Perinatal Psychology and Health (APPPAH). After the Toronto Congress I begged, entreated and cajoled David until he agreed to chair the next Congress, which he did with great skill in San Diego in 1985. In 1991 David succeeded me as president and led APPPAH brilliantly for the next eight years.
In 1988, David launched his popular book Babies Remember Birth, which focused on the drama and importance of birth and contained the largest number of birth memories ever published. On its 10th anniversary, he produced a larger, third edition and renamed it The Mind of Your Newborn Baby. To date there have been fourteen translations. From 1980 to 2011 the complete Chamberlain bibliography has grown to include sixty-one publications. His lectures and workshops have reached audiences in twenty countries (most recently in Ukraine, Chile, Belgium and Mexico). David is Founding Editor of birthpsychology.com, APPPAH's gateway on the internet. And of course, he has served continuously on the Board of APPPAH until his retirement after the November 2010 Congress—twenty-seven years.
David was, and I am sure will continue to be, a tireless ambassador of this Association and a charming and persuasive spokesperson for the humanity of unborn children. On the Board he will be missed, both for the wonderful person that he is, as well as for his unique knowledge and understanding of the bylaws and history of APPPAH. I would like to close by quoting from an address David gave at the 1999 APPPAH Congress. It tells you more about David than I ever could: "I marvel at how the Association has influenced my own life and work. What I realize now is that while I was busy investing my time and talent in the activities of the Association, the Association was building its investment in me. Had there been no Association, I cannot conceive how I could have done all this work. The truth is, the Association is the mother that nourishes us all. She generates energy and momentum, provides the structures for professional stimulation, enlightenment and support for pioneers David Chamberlain, PhD and enthusiasts like you."


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FIELD were invited by Matt Pyke to collaborate on this artwork for the Matt Pyke & Friends: Super Computer Romantics show at La Gaite Lyrique, the new venue for digital art and new music in Paris.
Hundreds of generative creatures are coming together in this hall-sized installation, to celebrate life in a massive communion.
To an amazing polyrhythmic soundtrack, they dance through an evolution from primitive organisms to a posse of limbed little creatures, each with an individual body shape and its own particular dance moves.
"An audio-visual
synesthetic experience"
Marcus Wendt, FIELD
"working with FIELD brought this artwork to life"
Matt Pyke,
Universal Everything
"Evolution has rarely been rendered with such joyful visual simplicity and technical prowess."
Super Computer Romantics
– Matt Pyke & Friends
22 April – 27 May 2011
Co-curated by Charlotte Léouzon
La Gaite Lyrique, Paris
AV@AR – Creative Futures
In December 2011, Communion was part of the Creative Futures exhibition at the China Museum of Digital Art (CModa) in Beijing on invitation of onedotzero. – images coming soon!
Behind the Scenes
Read on about the technical background of Communion in a comprehensive writeup on creativeapplications.net
Artistic Direction by Matt Pyke
Design and Code by FIELD
Original music by Simon Pyke, Freefarm
Photography by James Medcraft


text:
Login or Register
David Roberts is a senior staff writer at Grist.org, a Web site devoted to environmental news and commentary.
There's a tense scene in Eric Pooley's The Climate War when Jim Rogers, CEO of coal utility Duke Energy and leader of a shaky coalition of power companies, faces a moment of truth. Ten Fortune 500 companies and four major environmental groups are at the table. They've got a statement of legislative principles they can agree on and are ready to throw their collective weight behind a long-overdue comprehensive climate-change bill in the United States. They just need his sign-off. For Rogers, under intense pressure from his industry's biggest polluters, it amounts to a career-risking leap into the dark.
"OK," he says. "If you write it right, I'm in."
Schemes to reverse climate change through geoengineering attract an odd cast of characters.
How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the Audacious Quest to Fix Earth's Climate by Jeff Goodell Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 272 pages, $26.00
Cars, roads, and parking could be transformed completely. The technology is there, but is society ready?
Reinventing the Automobile: Personal Urban Mobility for the 21st Century by William J. Mitchell, Christopher E. Borroni-Bird, and Lawrence D. Burns, The MIT Press, 227 pages, $21.95
David Roberts reviews three new books on our environmental crisis, and wonders why newly minted greens sound more ambitious about the future than movement insiders.
Hot, Flat, and Crowded: Why We Need a Green Revolution -- and How It Can Renew America, by Thomas L. Friedman Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 438 pages, $27.95Earth: The Sequel: The Race To Reinvent Energy and Stop Global Warming, by Fred Krupp and Miriam Horn, W.W. Norton, 279 pages, $24.95Coming Clean: Breaking America's Addiction To Oil and Coal, by Michael Brune, Sierra Club Books, 269 pages, $14.95


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no minimum purchase required!*
Some exclusions may apply.
*No minimum purchase required. Use promotion code IPEB43H3 at checkout. Promotion/source code box is located in step 4 of checkout. Valid at eastbay.com, by phone or mail. Does not apply to prior purchases or open orders and cannot be combined with any other offers. May not be used toward purchase of GiftCards or team orders. Promotion may be modified or terminated at any time. Certain restrictions and exclusions may apply. Some items are not eligible for discount and will indicate "excluded from discount" on the product's description page. Offer expires 03/20/2014 (03:59 am CT).
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The Nike LunarFly+ 4 is a lower-profile running shoe for runners wanting the perfect blend of stability and cushioning. Lightweight mesh upper with highly crafted, stitched support overlays make for the best fitting LunarFly ever. Lunarlon cushioning system with Dynamic Support gives the runner just enough support while still remaining super lightweight and flexible. BRS 1000� carbon rubber in the heel with environmentally preferred rubber in the forefoot provides perfect traction in wet or dry conditions. Wt. 7.4 oz. |


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Hearts + Minds
U2 Shop
U2360° TOUR : Leg 3: 2011
Tour News
> 'Magic Night'
Leg 3: 2011
jump to another tour
360° Tour: 2011
360° Tour: 2010
360° Tour: 2009
Vertigo: 2005/06
Elevation: 2001
Lovetown: 1989/90
Joshua Tree: 1987
Amnesty International's Conspiracy of Hope: 1986
The Unforgettable Fire: 1985/86
War: 1983
Pre-War: 1982
European Dates + Festivals: 1982
October: 1981/82
Boy: 1980
11 0'Clock Tick Tock / UK & Ireland: 1980
U2-3 London: 1979
Irish + London Dates: 1979
Irish Dates: 1978/79
'Magic Night'
17 July 2011
'Magic Night'
The Ocean, 11 O'Clock Tick Tock, I Will Follow, An Cat Dubh, Into The Heart, Another Time Another Place... what a set list the band opened with in St Louis.
Actually, this was the one they opened with on another night in St Louis, thirty years ago when they first played here.
'Thanks for sticking with us, we've been here before,' recalled Bono. 'Unusual little venue, at the Graham Chapel, Washington University.'
He could remember the rest of the set list on that night too.
'The Cry, The Electric Co., Things To Make and Do, Stories for Boys, Boy-Girl, Out of Control, and the encore was… our big hit A Day Without Me, 11 O'Clock Tick Tock, The Ocean and I Will Follow ...again...
'That was a cool thing to dig up, so much has changed, so much has remained the same.'
The Busch Stadium was definitely hotter tonight than the Graham Chapel, boiling hot, and the temperature only rose when the band hit the stage with 'Real Thing' and the 'Kraut rock circa 1991' of The Fly.
'What sort of a magic night is this...
St Louis, Missouri ?
'A warm summer night where we celebrate our freedom...
'Somewhere in the world tonight that word freedom feels expensive...
'That word freedom feels like the end of the world...'
Until The End of the World, Mysterious Ways - it was ten years on from that first performance in St Louis that the Achtung Baby was born, and twenty years further on again, those songs on this tour are sounding like they might have been written yesterday. Some things haven't changed, reflected Bono.
'Larry is still upset over the fact that the name was changed from The Larry Mullen Band to U2.' And 'Adam Clayton still believes that being in this band is a great way to meet girls.'
Bono's needs too, remain those of a simple man: 'Just give me 200 trucks, 400 tonnes of equipment and 56,000 people and I feel great..'
It was so hot tonight you had to get undressed and for Elevation Bono invited on stage five shirtless guys who had the letters U, 2, 3, 6, 0 painted on their chests - clever! Pride, Miss Sarajevo, Zooropa ... can it really be true that in less than two weeks this tour will be done?
No-one was dwelling on that as St Louis became the City of Blinding Lights tonight.
'And I miss you when you're not around
I'm getting ready to leave the ground...'
Were you at the show tonight? How hot was the night and how hot was the band?
Add your own review and upload your photos to our tour pages.
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