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September 23, 2011
10:23 am
Buccaneer head coach, Raheem Morris, addressed the status of linebacker Quincy Black during his press conference on Thursday. Tampa Bay's starting Sam linebacker injured his ankle during last week's game at Minnesota against the Vikings. Black did not participate in workouts with his teammates again, however, his status is improving.
"Yes, he did not participate again," Morris said. "Still very hopeful. We will see where he is. He stayed behind [and] stayed with Todd the trainer and he is walking around. He is starting to run a little bit [and] starting to jog. We just have to see where he is."
Morris is not sure on which play his linebacker injured himself on; however, once he saw Black limping he pulled him and put linebacker Dekoda Watson in his place.
"I am not sure exactly," Morris said. "I didn't go back and look at it. I am kind of the next man up theory. Once I saw him get hurt [and] I saw him limping and I saw him really look bad on that one play in the flat because he couldn't bend [or] turn his ankle the way he normally would [so] we got him out of there [and] put Dekoda (Watson) out there. He tried to come back off of the injury. I remember in the game around what time, but I don't remember the exact play. I didn't go back and look and see a twist or anything. I know Todd did. That is kind of what had to do with reports in the league and all that type of stuff."
If Quincy Black is not available to play this Sunday against the Falcons, Morris said rookie linebacker Mason Foster will be the one calling the plays. The choice has nothing to do with Watson's play. On the contrary, the decision has to do with Morris seeing a smart player in Mason Foster.
"Mason will call the plays if Quincy doesn't go," Morris said. "He's not that deficient. I was just trying to take something off his plate. Mason is sharp, smart, he's dying to get the green thing in his helmet anyway. He wants all the information, but you know, he's doing well. He probably could have done it right from the beginning. I was just trying to make it easy on him. He's not that type of guy. He's a tough dude. He'll play all situations this week. He'll get a chance to be in nickel, he'll be in base, so he'll get a chance to wear the helmet."


text: Swan Lake Ballet Outfit (2002-2004) Aug 24, 2009 23:38:38 GMT -5 Quote Select PostDeselect PostLink to PostMemberGive GiftBack to Top Post by mommy23littlegirls on Aug 24, 2009 23:38:38 GMT -5 We have this outfit, and I love it too... for most of the same reasons as stated above; the two complete separate outfits, the practice leotard being black, etc. My main gripe is that the snaps almost never stay together on the behind/waist. Our outfit does not have any velcro that I am aware of (must pay more attention, although I feel certain I would have noticed b/c I really do not like how the newer ballet outfits, and all newer outfits in general use velcro on the delicate fabrics). I really just need to sew better snaps on and it would be perfect. Also, the feathers do not stay snapped in place on the bodice either. For that reason, I give it a B.

subset: commoncrawl


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AbiWord is a free word processing program similar to Microsoft Word. It is suitable for a wide variety of word processing tasks. It allows you to collaborate with multiple people on one document at the same time. It is tightly integrated with the AbiCollab.net Web service, which lets you store documents online, allows easy document sharing with your friends, and performs format conversions on the fly.
Achievo is a Web-based project management and tracking tool for small- to medium-sized companies, aiming to become a fully featured ERP-like system in the future. Features include a time registration module, scheduler, project management, todo's, and several statistical tools. Achievo is multi-language, fully customizable, and uses a modular system to allow future extensions.
Actionpoll is a simple PHP script which provides the standard functionality such as unlimited options, IP tracking of users, easy installation, and HTML and WML output. An event can be triggered if a certain number of votes is reached. Surveys can be stored either in a MySQL database or in text files.
Agora is a Web-based, threaded discussion tool, similar to Usenet newsgroups. Agora remembers each user's preferences, and allows threaded, unread-only browsing. It offers the ability to manage several different groups, with different themes, forums, and administrators for each group. Agora offers a basic Web-based ICQ client, as well as a Web-based notes system.
Aleph One is a 3D first-person shooter game based on the game Marathon 2 by Bungie Software. It is set in a Sci-Fi universe dominated by deviant computer AIs and features a well thought-out plot. Aleph One was originally a MacOS game, but a cross-platform version ("Aleph One/SDL") based on the Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL) library is currently under development which runs under Unix, BeOS, and Windows.
Alma is a software workshop for modeling and analyzing. It reads several sources (languages, models, etc.), helps you design for object-oriented modeling (definition of classes, relations, patterns, etc.), modifies the structure and the code, and outputs new sources, documentation, diagrams, etc. It is designed for object-oriented modeling (definition of classes and relations) and for migrating code in older languages. It meets two needs, offering a simplified software modeling workshop for small projects and making it easier to do rewrites, ports, and encapsulation of non-OO code.
Anteater is a log analyser for MTA logfiles (such as those produced by sendmail and postfix). The tool is written in 100% C++ and is very easy to customize. Input, output, and the analysis are modular class objects with a clear interface. Currently, there are modules for reading the syslog format of sendmail and postfix that do up to eight useful analyses and write the result in plain ASCII or HTML, to stdout or to files.


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Celebrity bear builds media presence with Web site, book deal
The world's youngest celebrity is building quite a media career. Five-month-old polar bear, Knut, is already a star at the Berlin Zoo. He also stars in more than two dozen YouTube videos, which have accumulated millions of plays. When you visit Knut's new personal Web site you'll see pictures and e-mails from adoring fans.
But today we learn that Knut and a human co-author have a book deal. One purpose of the book will be to draw attention to global warming, says the human writer. The book'll be published by Scholastic, which has a track record … Read more


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Stool Color Changes (cont.) Medical Author:
Siamak T. Nabili, MD, MPH
Siamak T. Nabili, MD, MPHDr. Nabili received his undergraduate degree from the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), majoring in chemistry and biochemistry. He then completed his graduate degree at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). His graduate training included a specialized fellowship in public health where his research focused on environmental health and health-care delivery and management. Medical Editor:
Jay W. Marks, MD
Jay W. Marks, MDJay W. Marks, MD, is a board-certified internist and gastroenterologist. He graduated from Yale University School of Medicine and trained in internal medicine and gastroenterology at UCLA/Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. IN THIS ARTICLE
Stool Color Change DiagnosisThe evaluation of changes in stool color typically begins with a thorough physical examination and personal medical history. The doctor may ask about intake of alcohol, smoking, and other habits. Family history of any cancers, particularly of the liver or pancreas or bleeding problems may be helpful. A review of medications that may affect the color of stool, including over-the-counter (OTC) medications, also is important. Any changes in bowel habits (constipation, diarrhea, and change in frequency) or any pertinent symptoms (pain with or without eating, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, etc.) can provide valuable clues in evaluating the underlying causes of changes in stool color. Diagnostic testing to find the cause of changes in stool color typically start with simple blood tests including complete blood count (CBC),blood chemistries, liver enzymes (comprehensive metabolic panel or CMP or SMA 19), and blood clotting assays (tests of coagulation). These tests can demonstrate anemia, liver disease, gallbladder disease, or other underlying conditions that may be responsible for the changes in stool color. Pancreatic enzymes--amylase and lipase--also can be measured to determine if pancreatic disease may be present. If bleeding from the stomach or intestines is suspected but the stool is not visibly black, red or maroon, occult stool blood testing (a small amount of blood that does not cause the color of stool to change much) can be done. This test is achieved by testing the stool directly for blood with a dye (fecal occult blood test or FOBT). This test relies on a chemical reaction between a solution (called guaiac) and hemoglobin in a sample of stool. In the presence of hemoglobin, the drop of solution will turn the stool sample (smeared onto a special paper which reacts chemically with the solution) blue. This test is part of the recommendation for screening for colon cancer, although in clinical practice, it is often used to determine if any bleeding is occurring in the gastrointestinal system. In addition to the test using guaiac, there is an immunological test for blood in the stool that uses an antibody to hemoglobin to detect the blood. Methods to evaluate a change in the color of stool are upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy or EGD) and colonoscopy. These tests are done by gastroenterologists to look inside the esophagus and stomach (EGD) and the colon (colonoscopy) with a video camera to detect the source of the bleeding or other abnormality that may explain the change in stool color. If necessary, biopsies can be taken with these techniques. More advanced endoscopic testing to look for obstruction of the biliary or pancreatic ducts is done by endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography or ERCP. This test is performed like an EGD except that during the test dye is injected into the biliary and pancreatic ducts to look with X-rays for obstruction of the ducts. Other imaging studies sometimes are necessary in order to find the cause of the change in stool color. Computerized tomography (CT scan) is ordered frequently by physicians if the change in stool color is believed to be related to underlying cancer, pancreatic disease, or obstructive conditions of the bile ducts and gallbladder. Ultrasound of the abdomen is a frequently used, relatively inexpensive and reliable test to evaluate for gallstones or blockage of the gallbladder. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen sometimes is done to look more closely at any obstructive disease of the biliary or pancreatic ducts. Next Page: Must Read Articles Related to Stool Color Changes
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Ohio State Buckeyes Gear
Ohio State Buckeyes Mens
Ohio State Buckeyes Mens Jackets
(51 items)
Product ID: 1071126
Main Content
Nothing can dampen your Buckeyes spirit when you sport this Bainbridge performance jacket from Cutter & Buck! It features an embroidered team logo on the left chest to let everyone know you root for Ohio State. Designed to keep you comfortable, this jacket also has patented CB WeatherTec fabric with wind and water-resistant properties. You will be prepared no matter what the weather brings when you wear this Buckeyes jacket!
- 100% Polyester fabric
- Lightweight full zip jacket
- Quality embroidery
- DryTec technology for ultimate comfort
- Two front zippered pockets
- Ventilation flap on back
- Imported
- Officially licensed collegiate product
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Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items
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Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite
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Make it easy on yourself and simplify your life with these practical accessories to match the Quinny pushchair of your choice.
Baby, it's cold out! This footmuff keeps your child up to 2 years snug and warm in freezing temperatures. Available end of May 2013.
Walking in sunshine? Absolutely! Just don't forget to protect your baby's sensitive skin from the sun.
Pack your bag, pack your stroller and off you go!
For your tall latte macchiato or junior's juice: this clip-on cupholder carries your drinks without spilling.


text: Most people are concerned about the appearance of their African American Wigs and strive to maintain beautiful when the amount of money consumers spend on hair care products annually is any indication,healthy and stylish locks.In fact, most will go to any lengths to achieve their desired look. From professional salon treatments to over-the-counter serums, hair care is a big business even for your wig! The only problem is,many people forget to follow basic hair care regimens that will guarantee the longevity African American Wigs while they are buying the right hair care products for their African American Wigs. Additionally, many are also causing needless damage to their wig by participating in unhealthy wig care behavior. What should you do to make sure that your wig stays healthy, shiny and strong? follow these 10 absolute don'ts of great hair care in order to avoid all African American Wigs care disasters. 1. Avoid unprofessional and over-the-counter hair care products as possible as you can. Many of these only offer false hopes and promises. 2. Do not cut your African American Wigs if you don't have plenty of experience. Leave all of your cutting needs, even bangs, to your hair care professional. 3. During the summer months,Avoid excessive sunshine, chlorine and salt water. Excessive exposure can cause severe damage that is irreversible even if you use the best wigs. 4. Do not use clarifying hair care products on your African American Wigs more than one time per four washes. 5. Do not visit a hair care salon before getting a recomment from someone else you can trust. Make sure that your hair care professional has experience with working with African American Wigss. 6. When considering coloring your wig, be sure to take it to someone that has experience in dying African American Wigss. 7. Don't stick with an outdated look because you are afraid of looking different. Styles change for a reason. Ask Divine African American Wigss to bring you into this decade with a new style. 8. Do not straighten your hair with a hot iron. this was so over in the 70s. We have straightening irons that won't damage your wig for this now. Look in the hair care isle. 9. Don't brush your hair or put too much tension when it is still wet. This will cause breakage and pulling from the weft. 10. Never use sun-lightening productsj,such as lemon juice or over-the-counter hair care products designed to lighten hair with the sun. African American Wigs is a very individualized and personal thing. Feel free to add your own flair and style to your hair care routine, please remember to include hair care principles that will benefit your own hair,and avoid those that will damage your 100 human hair wigs.


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Home ›3/17/2013 Sound Affects: A Radio Playground
Feature Presentation - The Last Game Show, Part 3. Norman Jayo's series where the corporations control everything and everyone. The Radio Pirates have penetrated the game show, The Big Gamble, and the authorities hope to trap them there. Comes to us from the National Asian-American Telecommunications Association.
Selected Shorts - Another episode in the Further Adventures of Captain Handsome of the Federated Space Rangers, Part 2. Captain Handsome and his sidekick, Billy Boy, meet up with a Super Villain intent on taking control of everything, and he uses a dimensional transporter to lead them a merry chase. Written by David Walbridge, and performed live at the Bryant Lake Bowl in the Big Fun Radio Funtime! show on March 8, 2013. A production of Fearless Comedy Productions.
From the rare Firesign Theatre album, Fighting Clowns, some short segments that show that good comedy is always right on target, no matter how times change.
Playlist Tracks:
Norman Jayo - The Last Game Show, Ep. 3
Album: The Last Game Show; Label: Nat. Asian-American Telecomm Assn
Album: The Last Game Show; Label: Nat. Asian-American Telecomm Assn
David Walbridge - Captain Handsome of the Federated Space Rangers, Part 2
Album: Big Fun Radio Funtime!; Label: fearlesscomedyproductions.com
Album: Big Fun Radio Funtime!; Label: fearlesscomedyproductions.com
Firesign Theatre - excerpts
Album: Fighting Clowns; Label: firesigntheatre.com
Album: Fighting Clowns; Label: firesigntheatre.com
Air Date:
March 17, 2013
Sound Affects: A Radio Playground Archives
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Event Registration
Family Drop-In Storytime | |
Event Type: Youth Program Date: 11/9/2013, 11/16/2013, 11/23/2013, 11/30/2013, 12/7/2013, 12/14/2013 Start Time: 10:30 AM End Time: 11:00 AM Description: A half hour of books, songs, and story activities for children between the ages of 2 and Kindergarten. Registration is not required.
Library: Lake Villa District LibraryLocation: Wilton Room Presenter: Ms. Elisa |


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Murrin Chair of Global Competitiveness, Beard Institute Director of Applied Sustainability & Associate Professor of Supply Chain Management
Donahue Graduate School of Business
Pittsburgh, PA, 15282
Phone: 412.396.1909 Fax: 412.396.4764
Robert Sroufe is an Associate Professor of Business Administration in the MBA+Sustainability program at the Donahue School. Professor Sroufe develops and teaches a course on Sustainability Theories and Models, covering the forces and models driving current decision making while integrating sustainable business practices into operations including Life Cycle Analysis. He also develops and teaches the spring case based Sustainable Tools and Processes for Driving Performance course with over a dozen guest speakers covering topics and assignments ranging from energy conservation to a Leading Electric and Environmental Design competition. During both the fall and spring he develops and co-instructs the Sustainability Consulting Field Project course and the Sustainability Consulting Practicum course overseeing student teams consulting with corporate clients. He received the University Creative Teaching Award, and the Decision Sciences Institute Instructional Innovation Award for the development and delivery of these courses. As a faculty member within the innovative and internationally top ranked MBA+Sustainability program, he is also a contributor to the faculty team awarded the Page Prize for Best U.S. Environmental Curriculum.
In his research, Professor Sroufe primarily aims to understand what drives sustainability performance and how firms can develop effective environmental management systems to enable the measurement and management of a triple bottom line. His work has been published in a number of journals, including the Journal of Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, the European Journal of Operations Research, Journal of Supply Chain Management, International Journal of Production Research, the Production and Inventory Management Journal, Greener Management International, and Business Strategy and the Environment, while also publishing the book Strategic Sustainability: The State of the Art in Corporate Environmental Management Systems. Professor Sroufe consults with a range of corporations, and conducts quantitative and qualitative research with firms including Alcoa, Baxter, Dow, Eco Labs, Ford, Gillette, GSA, Herman Miller, Intel, Interfaces, Lucent, and Steelcase.
Prior to joining the MBA+Sustainability program, Professor Sroufe was an Assistant Professor of Operations Management at Boston College. He holds a Ph.D. from Michigan State University in Operations and a dual M.B.A. in Materials and Logistics Management, along with Procurement from MSU.
Hobbies and personal interests: anything that will get me outdoors including, but not limited to camping, hiking, fly fishing, kayaking, golf, and training working dogs, primarily Labrador retrievers.


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An adult 21 years or over must be present to sign for delivery of alcoholic beverages. Order tracking numbers will be emailed to you upon shipment, so you'll know when to expect delivery. We offer the following options for your convenience:
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Light to medium bodied wines that are high in acid and light to medium fruit. Typically no oak.
Light to medium bodied wines with lots of juicy fruit, typically medium acid and medium oak.
Full bodied wines that have typically undergone malo-lactic fermentation and/or spent time in oak.
Conundrum is a true California wine, with grapes sourced from Napa, Monterey, Santa Barbara and Tulare counties. We often hear the phrase "exotic" when described. It's a fitting portrayal; there is no other wine quite like it.
Each lot of wine is treated separately to respect its unique flavor profile. This approach starts in our vineyards and continues in the cellar. We keep some lots in cool-temperature stainless steel to maintain fresh, crisp aromas and fruit flavors; and age some lots in a combination of French barrels.
Floral bouquet nose with a dominance of honeysuckle. Muscat is the defining/alluring factor in the aroma of this wine. Enters round with a Chardonnay weight to it then quickly lightens up to reveal the additional varietals. Sauvignon Blanc adds an herbal element while the Viognier adds a spicy character. The Chardonnay brings weight mid palate and Muscat adds an undeniable honey character to finish things off.
This unique, non-traditional white wine blend was created to offer full-flavored fruit and enough complexity to match the creative dishes being offered by today"s generation of chefs. Conundrum can be served with every course from appetizer to dessert, and pairs beautifully with spicy foods and full-flavored Asian cuisine. The conundrum, or puzzle, of this wine is in guessing...Read More About Conundrum
California has nearly 100 American Viticulture Areas (AVAs) and accounts for almost 90% of wine production in the United States. In our section of Other California, we include wines from smaller AVAs as well as wines from the California AVA. Here are a few smaller AVAs you may see on the label: Livermore Valley AVA, located right outside of San Francisco and home to...Read More About Other California
Other White Wine While there are a slew of other white varietals out there in the world, a few more worth knowing about... Albarino Mostly grown and drunk in the northwest part of Spain, Rias Baixas (in Galacia), this grape is loved by almost all who try it. A great alternative to Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay and every other white grape, Albarino is aromatically intense...Read More About Other White Blends
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The Two-Way Elinor Ostrom, First Woman To Win Nobel In Economics, Dies June 12, 2012 Her work on commonly managed property was honored. In 2009, she told NPR about how as a young woman she wasn't allowed to study trigonometry because it was thought she would be "barefoot and pregnant in the kitchen." She died today. Ostrom was 78. Listen Loading… Download Playlist
Planet Money Nobel Laureate: 'I've Been Wrong So Often, I Don't Find It Extraordinary At All' May 8, 2012 "I'm 101 at the moment," Ronald Coase told me. "I get older by the minute." Listen Loading… 3:42 Download Playlist
Planet Money Should Iceland Kill The Krona? April 13, 2012 Does it make sense for a country the size of Staten Island to have its own currency? Iceland wants to know. Listen Loading… Download Playlist
The Two-Way Three Share Peace Nobel For Women's Rights Work October 7, 2011 Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Liberian peace activist Leymah Roberta Gbowee and Yemeni protest leader Tawakkul Karman are being honored. Listen Loading… Download Playlist
The Two-Way Literature Nobel Goes To Swedish Poet Tomas Transtromer October 6, 2011 His work "gives us fresh access to reality," the Nobel committee says. The surrealist poet has also spent a career as a psychiatrist working with institutionalized children.
13.7: Cosmos And Culture Accelerating Universes, Nobel Prizes And A Revolution In Cosmology October 4, 2011 Nobody expected the result. Nobody knew what to do with it. It came as a complete surprise. It sent cosmologists back to their blackboards, rethinking the structure of the universe and its history. Now the work has earned a Nobel Prize.
The Two-Way Nobel Laureate Who Died Will Still Be Honored October 3, 2011 The prizes aren't normally given posthumously. But the committee didn't know that scientist Ralph Steinman had passed away.
The Two-Way Three Share Nobel Chemistry Prize October 6, 2010 Nobel Chemistry prize winner; NATO tanker trucks burned; Yemeni attacks;
The Two-Way British Infertility Researcher Robert Edwards Wins Nobel Prize October 4, 2010 Nobel Medicine Prize; Supreme Court opens; tankers attacked in Pakistan; Verizon Wireless to offer some refunds
The Two-Way Storm Kills Five, Drenches East Coast October 1, 2010 Remnants of Tropical Storm Nicole drench east coast; insurgents attack tanker trucks in Pakistan; Nobel Prize laureates to be announced next week.
Blog Of The Nation This Just In: American Authors Insufficient October 6, 2008 Nobel official Horace Engdahl made it clear he does not think much of American literature. Listen Loading… Download Playlist
Blog Of The Nation Emmy, Oscar, Nobel (?!) October 16, 2007 Do you think Former Vice President Al Gore deserves the Nobel Peace Prize? Listen Loading… Download Playlist
Blog Of The Nation October 16th Show October 16, 2007 On today's show, genetic testing, Al Gore and the Peace Prize debate, Thomas Paine, abstract art prodigies, and your letters.
Blog Of The Nation And The Nobel Goes To... October 11, 2007 This year's Nobel Prize in literature goes to Doris Lessing...


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Photo by KNS Archive, Knoxville News Sentinel // Buy this photo
The Farragut town flag is flying at half staff in memory of Robert H. Leonard, six-term mayor and one of the town's founding fathers.
Mr. Leonard, the town's first mayor — serving 1980-93 — died Monday at age 87.
"Bob had a vision, and what you see today is the result of that vision," said former Farragut Mayor Eddy Ford.
The job of guiding the town through its early years turned out to be much more difficult than the group of fledgling leaders ever anticipated, recalled current Farragut Mayor Ralph McGill.
"I'm not sure those involved realized how hard it would be. We were being sued right and left," McGill said.
Mr. Leonard spent many late nights working into the early-morning hours with town attorney David Rogers to defend against the various suits filed by the city of Knoxville and Knox County.
Mary Lou Koepp, retired town recorder and the town's first employee, said she remembers that the lawsuits only added to the significant burden the town leaders already faced.
"All the planning and zoning ordinances had to be written and put on the books," she said.
Mr. Leonard was responsible for setting a tone of fiscal responsibility that has become one of the hallmarks of the town's identity, she said. Without a property tax, and with few businesses in the town to provide sales-tax revenue, the town was on a tight budget, she said.
One of Mr. Leonard's early visions involved putting a park in every quadrant of the town. His legacy as a proponent of town parks was preserved for future generations through the creation of Mayor Bob Leonard Park in 1991, Ford said.
A passion for history led to Mr. Leonard's involvement in the creation of the Farragut Folklife Museum. He was active with the museum right up until his death, friends said.
"If it wasn't for Bob, we wouldn't have the museum," Koepp said.
Mr. Leonard was honored by the Tennessee Municipal League as Tennessee's Mayor of the Year in 1991. He'd said at the time, "I never thought that such an honor could come to a volunteer, unpaid mayor of a small, new town like Farragut."
A graduate of the University of Tennessee Law School in 1946, Mr. Leonard was elected president of the Knoxville Bar Association in 1964, and he served as general counsel for First Utility District for 55 years. He was senior partner in the law firm of Leonard & Kaserman when he retired in 2010.
An expert on real property law, Mr. Leonard was active in the Optimist Club of Knoxville for many years, holding several local and national offices in the organization, said his law partner Barton Kaserman.
Mr. Leonard is survived by his wife, Marie; daughter, Elizabeth; and sons, Robert and Patrick.


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Stone 5" x 7" Frame by Lenox
This handsome frame is crafted of handloom-woven palm tree fibers, and accented with black pebbles along the inner border. A very exciting gift idea. Holds a 5" x 7" photo.
- Crafted of woven palm tree fibers
- Height: 11 3/4"
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Amy's Tulips T-shirt
The Amy Adele bee buzzes around pink tulips on this sweet baby one-piece outfit. Made of 100% cotton, this fine 1x1 rib knit one piece outfit snaps at the bottom and can be personalized with your own text! . Our baby outfits will shrink an average of one size when put in the dryer. Please choose your sizes accordingly, using our SIZING CHART.
Your satisfaction is guaranteed.
artist: Amy Adele
style: t-shirt
size: t shirt
paper type: heavy
printing method: Digital Direct to Garment
printing method: Digital Direct to Garment
font shown: Novella
font color shown: black
item code: ts031i
(see matching items below for return address printing)
Quantity Price
1 $15.95
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Customer Reviews
By: Twin Nana
from Rochester, NY
Cute, Cute, Cute
PROS: Perfectly personalized, Timely Arrival
BEST USES: Excellent gift
Comments about Amy's Tulips T-shirt:
Couldn't be more pleased with purchase. Ordered 2 t-shirts for newborn twin granddaughters. Can't wait to give them as part of their First Easter gifts.
BOTTOM LINE Yes, I would recommend this to a friend.
By: Alisen W.
from Flower Mound, TX
So soft!
Comments about Amy's Tulips T-shirt:
This little onesie is soft and sweet! Perfect for those first several months when all baby really needs is a comfy onesie and a cozy wrap!
BOTTOM LINE Yes, I would recommend this to a friend.


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Couristan Natures Elements Wind and Khaki 71820011 Area Rug
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In Chicago and Northern Illinois
CHICAGO, IL- January 31, 2011 - For florists Valentine's Day means big bucks. It is a bigger holiday than Mothers Day, Easter, and Christmas; which makes it their busiest day of the year. For consumers it means be careful.
The Better Business Bureau (BBB) serving Chicago and Northern Illinois reports complaints about florist shot up 61% in 2010 compared to 2009. Last year 358 individuals filed complaints; in 2009 that number was 221.
According to the National Retail Federation overall spending this Valentine's Day is expected to increase by 11% with flower purchases leading the way.
"When buying flowers consumers should be careful especially when making the purchase online or over the phone," said Steve J. Bernas, president & CEO of the Better Business Bureau serving Chicago and Northern Illinois. "Consumers need to review the description of the floral arrangement or any other gift you are purchasing on the Web site or in your conversation with the florist or sales person."
Pay careful attention to the options offered such as size of arrangement, color of flowers, color of vase, delivery in a box or vase, and inclusion of an enclosure or gift card. Note that all the options mentioned may not be available on all sites or may involve additional charges. While you think you're ordering from a local florist, you may actually be on the phone with someone hundreds or thousands of miles away.
"Another important point is to make sure that your order is clear and detailed. Review the guarantee on the site or with the salesperson. This will help alleviate your concerns about quality or delivery," states Bernas.
Again this year e-cards will be as popular as ever. Millions of electronic greeting will be sent, however the recipients need to be careful when they receive an e-card. Instead of carrying words of love it might contain a computer virus.
The BBB offers the following tips on how to survive this Valentine's Day:
For more information on shopping with companies you can trust, visit www.bbb.org
As a private, non-profit organization, the purpose of the Better Business Bureau is to promote an ethical marketplace. BBBs help resolve buyer/seller complaints by means of conciliation, mediation and arbitration. BBBs also review advertising claims, online business practices and charitable organizations. BBBs develop and issue reports on businesses and nonprofit organizations and encourage people to check out a company or charity before making a purchase or donation.


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James Braid (surgeon)
James Braid | |
James Braid
Born | Portmoak, Kinross-shire, Scotland |
19 June 1795
Died | 25 March 1860 Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, England |
(aged 64)
Nationality | Scotland |
Fields | medicine, natural history |
Institutions | Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Wernerian Natural History Society |
Alma mater | University of Edinburgh |
Known for | surgery, hypnotism |
Influences | Thomas Brown, Charles Lafontaine |
Influenced | Étienne Eugène Azam, Pierre Paul Broca, Joseph Pierre Durand de Gros, Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault, John Milne Bramwell |
James Braid (19 June 1795 – 25 March 1860) was a Scottish surgeon and "gentleman scientist". He was a significant innovator in the treatment of club-foot and an important and influential pioneer of hypnotism and hypnotherapy. He is regarded by many as the first genuine "hypnotherapist" and the "Father of Modern Hypnotism".[1]
"Although Braid believed that hypnotic suggestion was a valuable remedy in functional nervous disorders, he did not regard it as a rival to other forms of treatment, nor wish in any way to separate its practice from that of medicine in general. He held that whoever talked of a "universal remedy" was either a fool or a knave: similar diseases often arose from opposite pathological conditions, and the treatment ought to be varied accordingly. He objected being called a hypnotist; he was, he said, no more a "hypnotic" than a "castor-oil" doctor." — John Milne Bramwell (1852–1925)[2]
- 1 Family
- 2 Education, etc.
- 3 Surgeon
- 4 Mesmerism
- 5 Hypnotism
- 6 Hugh M'Neile's "Satanic Agency and Mesmerism" sermon
- 7 British Association for the Advancement of Science
- 8 Terminology
- 9 Induction
- 10 Death
- 11 Influence
- 12 James Braid Society
- 13 Works
- 14 Bramwell: promoter and defender of Braid's heritage
- 15 Notes
- 16 Sources
Braid was the third son, and the seventh and youngest child, of James Braid (c1761-184?) and Anne Suttie (c.1761-?). He was born at Ryelaw House, in the parish of Portmoak, Kinross, Scotland on 19 June 1795.[3]
On 17 November 1813, at the age of 18, Braid married Margaret Mason (1792–1869), aged 21, the daughter of Robert Mason (?-1813) and Helen Mason, née Smith. They had four children, all of whom were born at Leadhills in Lanarkshire. Two died in their infancy: James Braid (born 1816) and Charles Anderson Braid (born 1818). Two survived: Anne Daniel, née Braid (1820–1881) and James Braid (1822–1882).
Education, etc.[edit]
Braid was apprenticed to Leith surgeons Charles Anderson (i.e., both the father and the son), and attended the University of Edinburgh from 1812–1814,[4] where he was also influenced by Thomas Brown, M.D. (1778–1820), who held the chair of Moral Philosophy at Edinburgh from 1808 to 1820.
Braid obtained the diploma of the Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of the City of Edinburgh, the Lic.R.C.S. (Edin), in 1815, which entitled him to refer to himself as a member of the college (rather than a fellow).
Braid was appointed surgeon to Lord Hopetoun's mines at Leadhills, Lanarkshire, in 1816; and in 1825 he set up in private practice at Dumfries. One of his patients, Alexander Petty (1778–1864), a Scot, employed as a traveller for Scarr, Petty and Swain, a firm of Manchester tailors, invited Braid to move his practice to Manchester, England. Braid moved to Manchester in 1828,[5] continuing to practise from there until his death in 1860.
Braid was a member of both the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, a Corresponding Member Member of both the Wernerian Natural History Society of Edinburgh (in 1824),[6] and the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh (in 1854), a Member of the Manchester Athenæum, and the Honorary Curator of the museum of the Manchester Natural History Society.
Braid was a highly skilled and very successful surgeon, educated at Edinburgh University, and a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons (M.R.C.S.).
- "[and] though he was best known in the medical world for his theory and practice of hypnotism, he had also obtained wonderfully successful results by operation in cases of club foot and other deformities, which brought him patients from every part of the kingdom. Up to 1841 he had operated on 262 cases of talipes, 700 cases of strabismus, and 23 cases of spinal curvature."[7]
Braid first observed the operation of animal magnetism, when he attended a public performance by the travelling Swiss magnetic demonstrator Charles Lafontaine (1803–1892),[8] at the Manchester Athenæum, on Saturday, 13 November 1841.[9][10]
In particular, Braid was amongst the medical men who were invited onto the platform by Lafontaine. Braid examined the physical condition of Lafontaine's magnetised subjects (especially their eyes and their eyelids) and concluded that they were, indeed, in quite a different physical state.
The first who investigated the matter [of mesmerism] in a scientific way,
and who deserves more honour than he has yet received, was … James Braid, a
Manchester surgeon. At first a sceptic, holding that the whole of the so-called
magnetic phenomena were the results of illusion, delusion, or excited imagination,
he found in 1841 that one, at least, of the characteristic symptoms could not be
accounted for in this manner: viz., the fact that many of the mesmerized individuals
are quite unable to open their eyes.
Braid was much puzzled by this discovery, until he found that the "magnetic
trance" could be induced, with many of its marvellous symptoms of catalepsy,
aphasia, exaltation and depression of the sensory functions, by merely concentrating
the patient's attention on one object or one idea, and preventing all interruption or
distraction whatever.
But in the state thus produced, none of the so-called higher phenomena of the
mesmerists, such as the reading of sealed and hidden letters, the contents of which
were unknown to the mesmerised person, could ever be brought about.
To the well defined assemblage of symptoms which Braid observed in patients
who had steadily gazed for eight or twelve minutes with attention concentrated
upon a small bright object, and which were different from those of the so-called
magnetic trance, Braid gave the name of Hypnotism …
W. T. Preyer (1880: address to British Medical Association's Annual Meeting).
Braid attended two more of Lafontaine's demonstrations; and, by the third demonstration (on Saturday 20 November 1841), Braid was convinced of the veracity of some of Lafontaine's effects and phenomena. In particular, whilst he was convinced that a transformation from, so to speak, condition1 to condition2, and back to condition1 had really taken place, he was convinced that no magnetic agency of any sort (as Lafontaine claimed) was responsible for these veridical events. He also rejected outright the assertion that the transformation in question had "proceeded from, or [had been] excited into action by another [person]" (Neurypnology, p. 32).
Braid then performed his experimentum crucis.[12] Operating on the principle of Occam's Razor (that 'entities ought not to be multiplied beyond necessity'), and recognising that he could diminish, rather than multiply entities, he made an extraordinary decision to perform a role-reversal and treat the operator-subject interaction as subject-internal, operator-guided procedure; rather than, as Lafontaine supposed, an operator-centred, subject-external procedure. Braid emphatically proved his point by his self-experimentation with his "upwards and inwards squint". The exceptional success of Braid's use of 'self-' or 'auto-hypnotism' (rather than 'hetero-hypnotism'), entirely by himself, on himself, and within his own home, clearly demonstrated that it had nothing whatsoever to do with the 'gaze', 'charisma', or 'magnetism' of the operator; all it needed was a subject's 'fixity of vision' on an 'object of concentration' at such a height and such a distance from the bridge of their nose that the desired 'upwards and inwards squint' was achieved. And, at the same time, by using himself as a subject, Braid also conclusively proved that none of Lafontaine's phenomena were due to magnetic agency.
Braid conducted a number of experiments with self-hypnotization upon himself, and, by now convinced that he had discovered the natural psycho-physiological mechanism underlying these quite genuine effects, he performed his first act of hetero-hypnotization at his own residence, before several witnesses, including Captain Thomas Brown (1785–1862) on Monday 22 November 1841 – his first hypnotic subject was Mr. J. A. Walker. (see Neurypnology, pp.16–20.)
The following Saturday, (27 November 1841) Braid delivered his first public lecture at the Manchester Athenæum, in which, amongst other things, he was able to demonstrate that he could replicate the effects produced by Lafontaine, without the need for any sort of physical contact between the operator and the subject.
Modern Hypnotism owes it name and its appearance in the realm
of science to the investigations made by Braid.
He is its true creator; he made it what it is; and above all, he gave
emphasis to the experimental truth by means of which he proved that,
when hypnotic phenomena are called into play, they are wholly
independent of any supposed influence of the hypnotist upon the
hypnotised, and that the hypnotised person simply reacts upon
himself by reason of latent capacities in him which are artificially
Braid demonstrated that … hypnotism, acting upon a human
subject as upon a fallow field, merely set in motion a string of silent
faculties which only needed its assistance to reach their development.
Jules Bernard Luys (1828–1897).
Hugh M'Neile's "Satanic Agency and Mesmerism" sermon[edit]
On the evening of Sunday, 10 April 1842, at St Jude's Church, Liverpool, the controversial cleric Hugh M'Neile preached a sermon against Mesmerism for more than ninety minutes to a capacity congregation;[14] and, according to most critics, it was a poorly argued and unimpressive performance.[15]
M'Neile's core argument was that scripture asserts the existence of "satanic agency"; and, in the process of delivering his sermon, he provided examples of the various instantiations that "satanic agency" might manifest (observing times,[16] divination, necromancy, etc.), and claimed that these were all forms of "witchcraft";[17] and, further, he asserted that, because scripture asserts that, as "latter times" approach,[18] more and more evidence of "satanic agency" will appear, it was, ipso facto, transparently obvious that the exhibitions of Lafontaine and Braid, in Liverpool, at that very moment, were concrete examples of those particular instantiations. He then, moved into a confusing admixture of philippic (against Braid and Lafontaine), and polemic (against animal magnetism), wherein he concluded that all mesmeric phenomena were due to "satanic agency".[72]
In particular, he attacked Braid as a man, a scientist, a philosopher, and a medical professional. He claimed that Braid and Lafontaine were one and the same kind. He also threatened Braid's professional and social position by associating him with Satan; and, in the most ill informed way, condemned Braid's important therapeutic work as having no clinical efficacy whatsoever.
The sermon was reported on at some length in the Liverpool Standard, two days later.[19] Once Braid became fully aware of the newspaper reports of the conglomeration of matters that were reportedly raised in M'Neile's sermon, and the misrepresentations and outright errors of fact that it allegedly contained, as well as the vicious nature of the insults, and the implicit and explicit threats which were levelled against Braid's own personal, spiritual, and professional well-being by M'Neile, he sent a detailed private letter to M'Neile accompanied by a newspaper account of a lecture he had delivered on the preceding Wednesday evening (13 April) at Macclesfield,[20] and a cordial invitation (plus a free admission ticket) for M'Neile to attend Braid's Liverpool lecture, on Thursday, 21 April.
Yet, despite Braid's courtesy, in raising his deeply felt concerns directly to M'Neile, in private correspondence, M'Neile did not acknowledge Braid's letter nor did he attend Braid's lecture. Further, in the face of all the evidence Braid had presented, and seemingly, without the slightest correction of its original contents, M'Neile allowed the entire text of his original sermon, as it had been transcribed by a stenographer (more than 7,500 words), to be published on Wednesday, 4 May 1842.[21] It was this 'most ungentlemanly' act of M'Neile towards Braid, that forced Braid to publish his own response as a pamphlet; which he did on Saturday, 4 June 1842;[22] a pamphlet which, in Crabtree's opinion is "a work of the greatest significance in the history of hypnotism, and of utmost rarity" (1988, p. 121).
British Association for the Advancement of Science[edit]
Soon after, he also wrote a report entitled "Practical Essay on the Curative Agency of Neuro-Hypnotism", which he applied to have read before the British Association for the Advancement of Science in June 1842. Despite being initially accepted for presentation, the paper was controversially rejected at the last moment; but Braid arranged for a series of Conversaziones [2] at which he presented its contents. Braid summarised and contrasted his own view with the other views prevailing at that time:
- "The various theories at present entertained regarding the phenomena of mesmerism may be arranged thus:— First, those who believe them to be owing entirely to a system of collusion and delusion; and a great majority of society may be ranked under this head. Second, those who believe them to be real phenomena, but produced solely by imagination, sympathy, and imitation. Third, the animal magnetists, or those who believe in some magnetic medium set in motion as the exciting cause of the mesmeric phenomena. Fourth, those who have adopted my views, that the phenomena are solely attributable to a peculiar physiological state of the brain and the spinal cord."[23]
By, at least, 28 February 1842, Braid was using "Neurohypnology" (which he later shortened to "Neurypnology");[24] and, in a public lecture on Saturday, 12 March 1842, at the Manchester Athenæum, Braid explained his terminological developments as follows:[25]
- I therefore think it desirable to assume another name [than animal magnetism] for the phenomena, and have adopted neurohypnology – a word which will at once convey to every one at all acquainted with Greek, that it is the rationale or doctrine of nervous sleep; sleep being the most constant attendant and natural analogy to the primary phenomena of mesmerism; the prefix "nervous" distinguishing it from natural sleep. There are only two other words I propose by way of innovation, and those are hypnotism for magnetism and mesmerism, and hypnotised for magnetised and mesmerised.
It is important to recognise three things: (a) that Braid was only using the term "sleep" metaphorically; (b) that Braid did not, even on a single occasion, use the term hypnosis; and (c) that the term 'hypnosis' comes from the work of the Nancy School in the 1880s.
Although Braid was the first to use the terms hypnotism, hypnotise and hypnotist in English, the cognate terms hypnotique, hypnotisme, hypnotiste had been intentionally used by the French magnetist Baron Etienne Félix d'Henin de Cuvillers (1755–1841) at least as early as 1820.[26] Braid, moreover, was the first person to use "hypnotism" in its modern sense, referring to a "psycho-physiological" theory rather than the "occult" theories of the magnetists.
In a letter written to the editor of The Lancet in 1845, Braid emphatically states that:
- "I adopted[27] the term "hypnotism" to prevent my being confounded with those who entertain those extreme notions [sc. that a mesmeriser's will has an "irresistible power… over his subjects" and that clairvoyance and other "higher phenomena" are routinely manifested by those in the mesmeric state], as well as to get rid of the erroneous theory about a magnetic fluid, or exoteric influence of any description being the cause of the sleep. I distinctly avowed that hypnotism laid no claim to produce any phenomena which were not "quite reconcilable with well-established physiological and psychological principles"; pointed out the various sources of fallacy which might have misled the mesmerists; [and] was the first to give a public explanation of the trick [by which a fraudulent subject had been able to deceive his mesmeriser]…
- [Further, I have never been] a supporter of the imagination theory — i.e., that the induction of [hypnosis] in the first instance is merely the result of imagination. My belief is quite the contrary. I attribute it to the induction of a habit of intense abstraction, or concentration of attention, and maintain that it is most readily induced by causing the patient to fix his thoughts and sight on an object, and suppress his respiration.
"Braid later changed his physiological theory to a psychological one which emphasized mental concentration on a single idea, giving this the name of monoideism in 1847".[28]
In his first publication, he had also stressed the importance of the subject concentrating both vision and thought, referring to "the continued fixation of the mental and visual eye"[29] as a means of engaging a natural physiological mechanism that was already hard-wired into each human being:
- "I shall merely add, that my experiments go to prove that it is a law in the animal economy that, by the continued fixation of the mental and visual eye on any object in itself not of an exciting nature, with absolute repose of body and general quietude, they become wearied; and, provided the patients rather favour than resist the feeling of stupor which they feel creeping over them during such experiment, a state of somnolency is induced, and that peculiar state of brain, and mobility of the nervous system, which render the patient liable to be directed so as to manifest the mesmeric phenomena. I consider it not so much the optic, as the motor and sympathetic nerves, and the mind, through which the impression is made. Such is the position I assume; and I feel so thoroughly convinced that it is a law of the animal economy, that such effects should follow such condition of mind and body, that I fear not to state, as my deliberate opinion, that this is a fact which cannot be controverted."[30]
In 1843 he published Neurypnology; or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep Considered in Relation with Animal Magnetism…, his first and only book-length exposition of his views. According to Bramwell (1896, p. 91) the work was popular from the outset, selling 800 copies within a few months of its publication.
Braid thought of hypnotism as producing a "nervous sleep" which differed from ordinary sleep. The most efficient way to produce it was through visual fixation on a small bright object held eighteen inches above and in front of the eyes. Braid regarded the physiological condition underlying hypnotism to be the over-exercising of the eye muscles through the straining of attention.
He completely rejected Franz Mesmer's idea that a magnetic fluid caused hypnotic phenomena, because anyone could produce them in "himself by attending strictly to the simple rules" that he had laid down. Braidism is a synonym for hypnotism, though it is used infrequently.
Braid maintained an active interest in hypnotism until his death.
"I consider the hypnotic mode of treating certain disorders is a most important ascertained fact, and a real solid addition to practical therapeutics, for there is a variety of cases in which it is really most successful, and to which it is most particularly adapted; and those are the very cases in which ordinary medical means are least successful, or altogether unavailing. Still, I repudiate the notion of holding up hypnotism as a panacaea or universal remedy. As formerly remarked, I use hypnotism ALONE only in a certain class of cases, to which I consider it peculiarly adapted – and I use it in conjunction with medical treatment, in some other cases; but, in the great majority of cases, I do not use hypnotism at all, but depend entirely upon the efficacy of medical, moral, dietetic, and hygienic treatment, prescribing active medicines in such doses as are calculated to produce obvious effects" — James Braid[31]
Just three days before his death he sent a (now lost) manuscript, that was written in English – usually referred to as On hypnotism — to the French surgeon Étienne Eugène Azam.[32]
Braid died on 25 March 1860, in Manchester, after just a few hours of illness. According to some contemporary accounts he died from "apoplexy", and according to others he died from "heart disease".[33] He was survived by his wife, his son James (a general practitioner, rather than a surgeon), and his daughter.
"It was due to the researches of Braid that hypnosis was placed on a scientific basis, and his coining and application of the terms hypnotism and hypnosis [sic., Braid never used "hypnosis"] to the phenomenon instead of the misnomer of Mesmerism facilitated its acceptance by the medical profession. In the course of his investigations Braid reached the conclusion that hypnotism was wholly a matter of suggestion, which constituted the first attempt at a scientific and psychological explanation. He made a detailed study of the technique of hypnosis and the various phenomena obtained in trances. He was a prolific writer and left extensive treatises which are surprisingly modern in their conceptions. — Milton H. Erickson[34]" |
Braid's work had a strong influence on a number of important French medical figures, especially Étienne Eugène Azam (1822–1899) of Bordeaux (Braid's principal French "disciple"), the anatomist Pierre Paul Broca (1824–1880),[35] the physiologist Joseph Pierre Durand de Gros (1826–1901), and the eminent hypnotherapist and co-founder of the Nancy School Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault (1823–1904).
Braid hypnotised the English Swedenborgian writer J.J.G. Wilkinson, who observed him hypnotising others several times, and began using hypnotism himself. Wilkinson soon became a passionate advocate of Braid's work and his published remarks on hypnotism were quoted enthusiastically by Braid several times in his later writings. However, Braid's legacy was maintained in Great Britain largely by John Milne Bramwell who collected all of his available works and published a biography and account of Braid's theory and practice as well as several books on hypnotism of his own.
James Braid Society[edit]
In 1997 Braid's part in developing hypnosis for therapeutic purposes was recognised and commemorated by the creation of the James Braid Society, a discussion group for those "involved or concerned in the ethical uses of hypnosis". The society meets once a month in central London, usually for a presentation on some aspect of hypnotherapy.
Student Record for James Braid Source: University of Edinburgh, Centre for Research Collections, Individual Records, Students of Medicine (1762–1826) |
Entry for both James Braid and his son in the (first) U.K. medical register of 1859 (bottom of page 38), indicating that Braid never held a M.D., and that he was a surgeon. |
Braid published many letters and articles and several small books and booklets. His first major publication was Neurypnology, or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep (1843), written less than two years after his discovery of hypnotism. He continually revised his theory and practice and carried out many, albeit primitive, experiments on hypnosis.
In April 2009, Robertson published a reconstructed English version, backward translated from the French, of Braid's last (lost) manuscript, On Hypnotism, addressed by Braid to the French Academy of Sciences.[36]
Apart from Neurypnology, his first book, all of Braid's works have been out of print since his death. The 2009 publication of Robertson, Discovery of Hypnosis, contains all of Braid's major works and many letters and articles by him, including "On Hypnotism".
Bramwell: promoter and defender of Braid's heritage[edit]
John Milne Bramwell, M.B. C.M., a talented specialist medical hypnotist and hypnotherapist himself, made a deep study of Braid's works and helped to revive and maintain Braid's legacy in Great Britain.
Bramwell had studied medicine at Edinburgh University in the same student cohort as Braid's grandson, Charles.
Consequently, due to his Edinburgh studies, especially with by John Hughes Bennett (1812–1875), author of The Mesmeric Mania of 1851, With a Physiological Explanation of the Phenomena Produced (1851), he was very familiar with Braid and his work; and, more significantly, through Charles Braid, he had access to publications, records, papers, etc. of Braid that were still held by the Braid family. He was, perhaps, second only to Preyer in his wide-ranging familiarity with Braid and his works.
In 1896 Bramwell noted that,[37] "[Braid's name] is familiar to all students of hypnotism and is rarely mentioned by them without due credit being given to the important part he played in rescuing that science from ignorance and superstition". He found that almost all of those students believed that Braid "held many erroneous views" and that "the researches of more recent investigators [had] disproved [those erroneous views]".
Finding that "few seem to be acquainted with any of [Braid's] works except Neurypnology or with the fact that [Neurypnology] was only one of a long series on the subject of hypnotism, and that in the later ones his views completely changed", Bramwell was convinced that this ignorance of Braid, which sprang from "imperfect knowledge of his writings", was further compounded by at least three "universally adopted opinions"; viz., that Braid was English (Braid was a Scot), "believed in phrenology" (Braid did not), and "knew nothing of suggestion" (when, in fact, Braid was its strongest advocate, and, also, was first to apply the term "suggestion" to the practice).[38]
The view that Braid knew nothing of suggestion, and that the entire 'history' of suggestive therapeutics began with the Nancy "Suggestion" School in the late 1880s, had been widely promoted by Hippolyte Bernheim:
- The difference between Braid and the Nancy School, with regard to suggestion, is entirely one of theory, not of practice. Braid employed verbal suggestion in hypnosis just as intelligently as any member of the Nancy school.
- This fact is denied by Bernheim, who says: "It is strange that Braid did not think of applying suggestion in its most natural form — suggestion by speech — to bring about hypnosis and its therapeutic effects. He did not dream of explaining the curative effects of hypnotism by means of the psychical influence of suggestion, but made use of suggestion without knowing it."
- This statement has its sole origin in [Bernheim's] ignorance of Braid's later works…
- [Unlike Bernheim, Braid] did not consider [verbal] suggestion as explanatory of hypnotic phenomena, but… [he] looked upon it simply as an artifice used to excite [those phenomena].
- [Braid] considered that the mental phenomena were only rendered possible by previous physical changes; and, as the result of these, the operator was enabled to act like an engineer, and to direct the forces which existed in the subject's own person. (Bramwell, 1903, pp.338–339)
In 1897, Bramwell wrote on Braid's work for an important French hypnotism journal ("James Braid: son œuvre et ses écrits"). He also wrote on hypnotism and suggestion, strongly emphasising the importance of Braid and his work ("La Valeur Therapeutique de l'Hypnotisme et de la Suggestion"). In his response, Bernheim repeated his entirely mistaken view that Braid knew nothing of suggestion (""A propos de l'étude sur James Braid par le Dr. Milne Bramwell, etc."). Bramwell's response ("James Braid et la Suggestion, etc.") to Bernheim's misrepresentation was emphatic:
- "I answered [Bernheim], giving quotations from Braid's published works, which clearly showed that he not only employed suggestion as intelligently as the members of the Nancy school now do, but also that his conception of its nature was clearer than theirs" (Hypnotism, etc. (1913), p.28).[39]
- ^ Kroger, W.S. The Practice of Hypnotism, 2000: 3; Robertson (2009)
- ^ Bramwell, Hypnotism and Treatment by Suggestion, (1910), p.203
- ^ As a consequence of the straightening and the re-routing of the course of the River Leven, Fife between 1826 and 1836 – the River Leven having been, for many years, the designated boundary between Kinross and Fife – the area known as "The Ryelaw" was officially transferred from the Parish of Portmoak, in the county of Kinross (into which Braid had been born), to the Parish of Kinglassie, in the county of Fife on 15 May 1891 (41 years after his death).
- ^ The medical faculty of University of Edinburgh was also the alma mater of Thomas Brown (1778—1820), John Elliotson (1791—1868), James Esdaile (1808–1859), William Benjamin Carpenter (1813–1885), and John Milne Bramwell (1852–1925).
- ^ In Manchester he became friends with the English surgeon, Daniel Noble (1810—1885), who had trained at the University of St Andrews in Scotland, and who lived and conducted his practise in Manchester.
- ^ Hence the letters "C.M.W.S." in several of Braid's publications.
- ^ Bramwell, James Braid: Surgeon and Hypnotist, p.107.
- ^ "Magnetic demonstrator" — Gauld's term (Gauld, 1992p.204) — accurately describes Lafontaine. Whilst in the U.K. Lafontaine only demonstrated "magnetic" phenomena; he did not demonstrate the treat of patients at any time (in public or private).
- ^ Braid always maintained that he had gone to Lafontaine's demonstration as an open-minded sceptic, eager to examine the evidence and, then, form a considered opinion of Lafontaine's work. He was neither a closed-minded cynic intent on destroying Lafontaine, nor a deluded and naïvely credulous believer seeking authorization of his already formed belief (Neurypnology (1843), p.2.
- ^ For an extended account of the interactions between Braid and Lafontaine, see Yeates (2013), pp.103–308 passim.
- ^ Preyer's address to the 'psychology section' of the B.M.A. is quoted, verbatim, in Tuke, D.H. [1880], "British Medical Association Annual Meeting, Cambridge, 1880: Section of Psychology: Discussion on Sleep and Hypnotism", The Journal of Mental Science, Vol.26, No.79, (October 1880), pp.471–474.
- ^ In his Novum Organum of 1620, Francis Bacon spoke of an instantia crucis ('crucial instance'), an experiment that proves one of two competing hypotheses and disproves the other. The term crucis, derived from crux ('cross'), delivers a sense of the guidepost that gives directions when a single roadway splits into two. The equivalent term, experimentum cruces ('crucial experiment'), was certainly used by Isaac Newton, and may have been introduced by Robert Boyle.
- ^ Luys, J., "The Latest Discoveries in Hypnotism", Fortnightly Review, Vol.47, No.282, (June 1890), pp.896–921, at p.896.
- ^ For the interactions between Braid, Lafontaine, and M'Neile see Yeates (2013), pp.273–308. The entire text of the contemporary stenographer's transcription of M'Neile's sermon has been annotated for the modern reader at Yeates (2013), pp.621–670.
- ^ The text of twelve of these critiques, made over a period of ten years, have been transcribed at Yeates (2013), pp.701–739.
- ^ An observer of times was one who maintained (a) that certain days were auspicious and others inauspicious, and (b) that their occurrence, and their degree of auspiciousness or inauspiciousness could be foretold.
- ^ The term "witchcraft", which appears 15 times in the sermon, was M'Neile's own term; it is not a scriptural term. The two times that "witch" occurs in the King James version of the Bible – Exodus 22:18 and Deuteronomy 18:10 – is a mis-translation of the original Hebrew. The correct translations are "enchantress", and "enchanter" respectively (Easton, 1893, p.694).
- ^ M'Neile's steadfast belief that the "latter days" — following which, Christ would return to Earth, and peace would reign for 1,000 years, (viz., "the second coming of Christ to Earth") — were already approaching was not unique to M'Neile, or to his congregation.
- ^ "The Rev. Hugh M'Neile on Mesmerism", The Liverpool Standard, No.970, (Tuesday, 12 April 1842), p.3, col.G: the corrected text of the article is at Yeates (2013), pp.591–598.
- ^ "Neurohypnology: Mr. Braid's Lecture at Macclesfield", The Macclesfield Courier & Herald, Congleton Gazette, Stockport Express, and Cheshire Advertiser, No.1781, (Saturday, 16 April 1842), p.3, col.A: the corrected text of the article is at Yeates (2013), pp.599–620.
- ^ M'Neile, H., "Satanic Agency and Mesmerism; A Sermon Preached at St Jude's Church, Liverpool, by the Rev. Hugh M'Neile, M.A., on the Evening of Sunday, April 10, 1842", The Penny Pulpit: A Collection of Accurately-Reported Sermons by the Most Eminent Ministers of Various Denominations, Nos.599–600, (1842), pp.141–152: the corrected text of the publication is at Yeates (2013), pp.621–670.
- ^ Braid, J., Satanic Agency and Mesmerism Reviewed, In A Letter To The Reverend H. Mc. Neile, A.M., of Liverpool, in Reply to a Sermon Preached by Him in St. Jude's Church, Liverpool, on Sunday, 10 April 1842, by James Braid, Surgeon, Manchester, Simms and Dinham; Galt and Anderson, (Manchester), 1842: the corrected text of the publication is at Yeates (2013), pp.671–700.
- ^ Tinterow (1970), p.320.
- ^ Braid's advertisement for his Hanover Square Rooms, London, lecture on 1 March 1842, "Public Notice: Neurohypnology; or, The Rationale of Nervous Sleep", The Times, No.17918, (Monday, 28 February 1842), p.1, col.B.
- ^ "Mr. Braid's Lecture on Neurypnology", The Manchester Guardian, No.1375, (Wednesday, 16 March 1842), p.4, col.D.
- ^ Gravitz & Gerton (1984), p.109.
- ^ Note the very specific and unequivocal use of the term adopted, rather than the term "coined" used by later commentators on Braid.
- ^ Gravitz & Gerton (1984), p.108, citing Braid's Physiology of Fascination as their source.
- ^ The notion of a "mind's eye" goes back at least to Cicero's mentis oculi.[1] The concept of the mind's eye first appeared in English in Chaucer's Man of Law's Tale in his Canterbury Tales, where he speaks of a man "who was blind, and could only see with the eyes of his mind, with which all men see after they go blind".Line 551
- ^ Braid, Satanic Agency, Tinterow (1970), p.321.
- ^ Braid, Magic, Witchcraft, Animal Magnetism, Hypnotism, and Electro-Biology, etc., (1852), pp.90–91 (emphasis in the original).
- ^ Preyer, Die Entdeckung des Hypnotismus (1881), pp.61–62; Bramwell, Hypnotism (1913), p.29.
- ^ Bramwell, Hypnotism (1913), p.29.
- ^ Erickson, M.H. 'Historical Sketch', Medical Record, December 5, 1934.
- ^ According to a lengthy report (dated 16 December 1859), "Hypnotism – Important Medical Discovery" from the anonymous "Paris correspondent" of the New York Herald, in the Thursday, 5 January 1860 edition of the Herald (p.5), Azam had introduced Braid's techniques to Broca; and Broca subsequently performed a number of operations using Braid's hypnotic techniques (i.e., rather than using mesmerism as Esdaile had done) for anaesthesia, and the eminent French surgeon, Velpeau (1795–1867) was so impressed that he read a paper on Broca's experiments to the French Academy of Sciences on Broca's behalf.
- ^ The title page of Simon's 1883 translation of Braid's Neurpnology into French – viz., "Neurypnology: Treatise on Nervous Sleep or Hypnotism by James Braid, translated from the English by Dr. Jules Simon, with a preface by C. E. Brown-Séquard" — gives a misleading impression.
Simon is unequivocally clear in his "Translator's notes", at pp.xi-xv, that his (Simon's) version of the item conventionally designated "On Hypnotism" (viz., appended to Neurpnology at pp.227–262) is a translation, into French, of the German text of William Thierry Preyer's (1881) translation of Braid's original text (as "Über den Hypnotismus" at pp.59–96).
The English text had been given to Preyer, by George Miller Beard, who had received it from Étienne Eugène Azam (the original recipient).
Simon had never seen the original English text of Braid's manuscript.
Braid's son, James Braid, M.D., confirmed to Preyer that the English manuscript that he (Preyer) had translated had been written in his father's own hand ("Der Sohn, Dr. James Braid, erkannte sogleich die Handschrift seines Vaters, als ihm das Schriftstück vorlegt", Preyer (1881), p.62). - ^ "James Braid: His Work and Writings" (1896), p.129.
- ^ In fact, rather than Braid "believing in" phrenology, it is most important to note that Braid's own experiments proved eventually that there was no basis for either phrenology or phreno-mesmerism (see Braid's "Sources of Fallacy" at Bramwell, Hypnotism, etc. (1903), p.144; and Braid, J., "Experimental Inquiry, to Determine whether Hypnotic and Mesmeric Manifestations can be Adduced in Proof of Phrenology", The Medical Times, Vol.11, No.271, (30 November 1844), pp.181–182.
- ^ In 1896, Bramwell spoke of perusing the collection of "800 works by nearly 500 authors", listed in Dessoir's Bibliographie des Modernen Hypnotismus ['Bibliography of Modern Hypnotism'] (1888), and finding that "little of value has been discovered [by any of them] which can justly be considered as supplementary to Braid's later work" and that "much has been lost through [their] ignorance of his researches" ("On the Evolution of Hypnotic Theory" (1896), p.459). Moreover, Bramwell found "the Nancy theories [of "Bernheim and his colleagues" in] themselves are but an imperfect reproduction of Braid's later ones" ("On the Evolution of Hypnotic Theory", p.459). In 1913, Bramwell expressed the same opinion of Dessoir's later (1890) collection of 1182 works by 774 authors (Hypnotism, etc. (1913), pp.274–275).
Braid's publications[edit]
- Braid, J., "Experimental Inquiry, to Determine whether Hypnotic and Mesmeric Manifestations can be Adduced in Proof of Phrenology", The Medical Times, Vol.11, No.271, (30 November 1844), pp.181–182.
- Braid, J. "Magic, Mesmerism, Hypnotism, etc., Historically and Physiologically Considered", Medical Times, Vol.11, No.272, (7 December 1844), pp. 203–204, No.273, (14 December 1844), pp. 224–227, No.275, (28 December 1844), pp. 270–273, No.276, (4 January 1845), pp. 296–299, No.277, (11 January 1845), pp. 318–320, No.281, (8 February 1845), pp. 399–400, No.283, (22 February 1845), pp. 439–441.
- Braid, J. (Preyer, W., ed.) Der Hypnotismus. Ausgewählte Schriften von J. Braid. Deutsch herausgegeben von W. Preyer [On Hypnotism; Selected Writings of J. Braid, in German, edited by W. Preyer.], Verlag von Gebrüder Paetel, (Berlin), 1882.
- Braid, J., "Electro-Biological Phenomena Physiologically and Psychologically Considered, by James Braid, M.R.C.S. Edinburgh, &c. &c. (Lecture delivered at the Royal Institution, Manchester, March 26, 1851)", The Monthly Journal of Medical Science, Vol.12, (June 1851), pp. 511–530.
- Braid, J., "Experimental Inquiry to determine whether Hypnotic and Mesmeric Manifestations can be adduced in proof of Phrenology. By James Braid, M.R.C.S.E., Manchester. (From the "Medical Times", No.271, 30 November 1844)", The Phrenological Journal, and Magazine of Moral Science, Vol.18, No.83, (1845), pp.156–162.
- Braid, J., "Facts and Observations as to the Relative Value of Mesmeric and Hypnotic Coma, and Ethereal Narcotism, for the Mitigation or Entire Prevention of Pain during Surgical Operations", The Medical Times, Vol.15, No.385, (13 February 1847), pp. 381–382, Vol.16, No.387, (27 February 1847), pp. 10–11.
- Braid, J., "Hypnotic Therapeutics, Illustrated by Cases. By JAMES BRAID, Esq., Surgeon, of Manchester", The Monthly Journal of Medical Science, Vol.17, (July 1853), pp. 14–47.
- Braid, J., "Hypnotism" (Letter to the Editor), The Lancet, Vol.45, No.1135, (31 May 1845), pp. 627–628.
- Braid, J., "Letter to the Editor of The British Record of Obstetric Medicine and Surgery (on the use of ether and chloroform for surgical and obstetric purposes)", The British Record of Obstetric Medicine and Surgery, Vol.2, (1849), pp. 55–59.
- Braid, J., Magic, Witchcraft, Animal Magnetism, Hypnotism, and Electro-Biology; Being a Digest of the Latest Views of the Author on these Subjects (Third Edition), John Churchill, (London), 1852.
- Braid, J., Neurypnology or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep Considered in Relation with Animal Magnetism Illustrated by Numerous Cases of its Successful Application in the Relief and Cure of Disease, John Churchill, (London), 1843.
- N.B. Braid's Errata, detailing a number of important corrections that need to be made to the foregoing text, is on the un-numbered page following p.265.
- Braid, J., "Observations on Mesmeric and Hypnotic Phenomena", The Medical Times, Vol.10, No.238, (13 April 1844), pp. 31–32, (20 April 1844), pp. 47–49.
- Braid, J. [1843f], "Observations on the Phenomena of Phreno-Mesmerism", The Medical Times, Vol.9, No.216, (11 November 1843), pp. 74–75; reprinted at The Phrenological Journal, and Magazine of Moral Science, Vol.17, No.78, (January 1844), pp.18–26.
- Braid, J., Observations on Trance; or, Human Hybernation, John Churchill, (London), 1850.
- Braid, J., "Physiological Explanation of Some Mesmeric Phenomena", The Medical Times, Vol.10, No.258, (31 August 1844), pp. 450–451;[3] reprinted as "Remarks on Mr. Simpson's Letter on Hypnotism, published in the Phrenological Journal for July 1844", The Phrenological Journal, and Magazine of Moral Science, Vol.17, No.81, (October 1844), pp. 359–365.
- Braid, J., Satanic Agency and Mesmerism Reviewed, In A Letter to the Reverend H. Mc. Neile, A.M., of Liverpool, in Reply to a Sermon Preached by Him in St. Jude's Church, Liverpool, on Sunday, 10 April 1842, by James Braid, Surgeon, Manchester, Simms and Dinham, and Galt and Anderson, (Manchester), 1842.
- A transcription of the text of Braid's pamphlet is presented at Volgyesi, (Winter 1955), "Discovery of Medical Hypnotism: Part 2"; Volgyesi's transcription is reprinted at Robertson (Discovery of Hypnosis), pp. 375–381. Another transcription is presented at Tinterow (Foundations of Hypnosis), pp. 317–330. Both of these transcriptions have errors; a complete transcription, corrected with direct reference to an original copy of Braid's pamphlet, and annotated for the modern reader is at Yeates (2013), pp. 671–700. N.B. Braid intended that his pamphlet was to be read in association with the newspaper report in the Macclesfield Courier of Saturday, 16 April 1842. A complete transcription of the newspaper article, annotated for the modern reader is at Yeates (2013), pp. 599–620.
- Braid, J., "The Effect of Garlic on the Magnetic Needle", The Medical Times, Vol.10, No.241, (4 May 1844), pp.98–99.
- Braid, J., "The Physiology of Fascination" (Miscellaneous Contribution to the Botany and Zoology including Physiology Section), Report of the Twenty-Fifth Meeting of the British Association; Held at Glasgow in September 1855, John Murray, (London), 1856, pp. 120–121.
- Braid, J., The Physiology of Fascination, and the Critics Criticised [a two-part pamphlet], John Murray, (Manchester), 1855.
- Braid, J., "The Power of the Mind over the Body: An Experimental Inquiry into the Nature and Cause of the Phenomena Attributed by Baron Reichenbach and Others to a "New Imponderable". By JAMES BRAID, M.R.C.S. Edin., &c., Manchester", The Medical Times, Vol.14, No.350, (13 June 1846), pp. 214–216, No.352, (27 June 1846), pp. 252–254, No.353, (4 July 1846), pp. 273–274.
- Braid, J., The Power of the Mind over the Body: An Experimental Inquiry into the Nature and Cause of the Phenomena Attributed by Baron Reichenbach and Others to a "New Imponderable", John Churchill, (London), 1846. (A note, in Braid's handwriting is at p. 3).
Other editions of Braid's publications[edit]
- Preyer, W., Der Hypnotismus: Vorlesungen gehalten an der K. Friedrich-Wilhelm's-Universität zu Berlin, von W. Preyer. Nebst Anmerkungen und einer nachgelassenen Abhandlung von Braid aus dem Jahre 1845 [Hypnotism: Lectures delivered at the Emperor Frederick William's University at Berlin by W. Preyer. With Notes and a Posthumous Paper of Braid From the Year 1845. ], Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1890.
- Preyer, W., Die Entdeckung des Hypnotismus. Dargestellt von W. Preyer … Nebst einer ungedruckten Original-Abhandlung von Braid in Deutscher Uebersetzung [The Discovery of Hypnotism, presented by W. Preyer, together with a hithertofore unpublished paper by Braid in its German translation], Verlag von Gebrüder Paetel, (Berlin), 1881.
- Robertson D (April 2009). ""On hypnotism" (1860) De l'hypnotisme". The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 57 (2): 133–61. doi:10.1080/00207140802665377. PMID 19234963.
- Robertson, D. (ed), The Discovery of Hypnosis: The Complete Writings of James Braid, The Father of Hypnotherapy, National Council for Hypnotherapy, (Studley), 2009.(ISBN 0956057004)[4]
- Braid, J. (Simon, J. trans.), Neurypnologie: Traité du Sommeil Nerveux, ou, Hypnotisme par James Braid; Traduit de l'anglais par le Dr Jules Simon; Avec preface de C. E. Brown-Séquard (Neurypnology: Treatise on Nervous Sleep or Hypnotism by James Braid, translated from the English by Dr. Jules Simon, with a preface by C. E. Brown-Séquard.), Adrien Delhaye et Émile Lecrosnier, (Paris), 1883.
- Tinterow, M.M., Foundations of Hypnosis: From Mesmer to Freud, Charles C. Thomas, (Springfield), 1970. (contains transcription of Braid's "Satanic Agency and Mesmerism") [5]
- Volgyesi, F.A., "Discovery of Medical Hypnotism:— J. Braid: "Satanic Agency and Mesmerism", etc. Preface and Interpretation by Dr. F. A. Volgyesi (Budapest). Part I", The British Journal of Medical Hypnotism, Vol.7, No.1, (Autumn 1955), pp. 2–13; "Part 2", No.2, (Winter 1955), pp. 25–34; "Part 3", No.3, (Spring 1956), pp. 25–31.
- Waite, A.E., Braid on Hypnotism: Neurypnology. A New Edition, Edited with an Introduction, Biographical and Bibliographical, Embodying the Author's Later Views and Further Evidence on the Subject by Arthur Edward Waite, George Redway, (London), 1899.
- A re-issue of the 1899 edition of Waite, with an additional foreword by "J.H. Conn, M.D., Pres., Society for Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, The Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltomore, Md." was released in 1960 as: Braid, J., Braid on Hypnotism: The Beginnings of Modern Hypnosis, The Julian Press, (New York), 1960. N.B.: The (1960) book's title page, cover, and dust jacket all mistakenly refer to "James Braid, M.D." (instead of the 1899 original's "James Braid, M.R.C.S., C.M.W.S., &c.").
Other Sources[edit]
- Anon, "Abstract of a Lecture on Electro-Biology, delivered at the Royal Institution, Manchester, on the 26th March 1851. By James Braid, M.R.C.S., Edinburgh, C.M.W.S., &c. &c.", Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol.76, No.188, (1 July 1851), pp. 239–248.
- Anon, "Hypnotism – Important Medical Discovery", The New York Herald, (Thursday, 5 January 1860), p. 5, col B.
- Anon, "Sudden Death of Mr. James Braid, Surgeon, of Manchester", The Lancet, Vol.75, No.1909, (31 March 1860), p. 335.
- Bernheim, H., "A propos de l'étude sur James Braid par le Dr. Milne Bramwell, et de son rapport lu au Congrès de Bruxelles [With Regard to the Study of James Braid by Dr. Milne Bramwell, and his Report Read to the Congress at Brussels]", Revue de l'Hypnotisme Expérimentale & Thérapeutique, Vol.12, No.5, (November 1897), pp.137–145.
- Bramwell, J.M., "James Braid: His Work and Writings", Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, Vol.12, Supplement, (1896), pp. 127–166.
- Bramwell, J.M., "Personally Observed Hypnotic Phenomena", Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, Vol.12, Supplement, (1896), pp. 176–203.
- Bramwell, J.M., "James Braid: Surgeon and Hypnotist", Brain, Vol.19, No.1, (1896), pp.90–116.
- Bramwell, J.M., "On the Evolution of Hypnotic Theory", Brain, Vol.19, No.4, (1896), pp.459–568.
- Bramwell, M., "James Braid: son œuvre et ses écrits [James Braid: His Work and Writings]", Revue de l'Hypnotisme Expérimentale & Thérapeutique, Vol.12, No.1, (July 1897), pp.27–30; No.2, (August 1897), pp.60–63; (September 1897), pp.87–91.
- Bramwell, M., "La Valeur Therapeutique de l'Hypnotisme et de la Suggestion [The Therapeutic Value of Hypnotism and Suggestion]", Revue de l'Hypnotisme Revue de l'Hypnotisme, Vol.12, No.5, (November 1897), pp.129–137.
- Bramwell, J.M., "James Braid et la Suggestion: Réponse à M. le Professeur Bernheim (de Nancy) par M. le Dr. Milne-Bramwell (de Londres) [James Braid and Suggestion: A Response to Professor Bernheim (of Nancy) from Dr. Milne-Bramwell (of London)]", Revue de l'Hypnotisme Expérimentale & Thérapeutique, Vol.12, No.12, (June 1898), pp.353–361.
- Bramwell, J.M., Hypnotic and Post-hypnotic Appreciation of Time: Secondary and Multiplex Personalities, Brain, Vol.23, No.2, (1900), pp.161–238.
- Bramwell, J.M., "Hypnotism: An Outline Sketch – Being a Lecture delivered before the King's College Medical Society", The Clinical Journal, Vol.20, No.3, (Wednesday, 7 May 1902), pp.41–45; No.4, (Wednesday, 14 May 1902), pp.60–64.
- Bramwell, J.M., Hypnotism: Its History, Practice and Theory, Grant Richards, (London), 1903.
- Bramwell, J.M., Hypnotism: Its History, Practice and Theory (Second Edition), De La More Press, (London), 1906.
- Hypnotism and Treatment by Suggestion (1910)
- Bramwell, J.M., Hypnotism: Its History, Practice and Theory (Third Edition), William Rider & Son, (London), 1913.
- Carpenter, W.B., "On the Influence of Suggestion in Modifying and directing Muscular Movement, independently of Volition", Royal Institution of Great Britain, (Proceedings), 1852, (12 March 1852), pp. 147–153.
- Easton, M.G., Illustrated Bible Dictionary: And Treasury of Biblical History, Biography, Geography, Doctrine and Literature, T. Nelson, (London), 1893.
- Edmonston, W.E., The Induction of Hypnosis, John Wiley & Sons, (New York), 1986.
- Gauld, A., A History of Hypnotism, Cambridge University Press, 1992.[6]
- Gauld, A., "Braid, James (1795–1860)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.[7]
- Gravitz, M.A. & Gerton, M.I., "Origins of the Term Hypnotism Prior to Braid", American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, Vol.27, No.2, (October 1984), pp. 107–110.
- Kravis NM (October 1988). "James Braid's psychophysiology: a turning point in the history of dynamic psychiatry". The American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (10): 1191–206. PMID 3048116.
- Noble, D., Elements of Psychological Medicine: An Introduction to the Practical Study of Insanity Adapted for Students and Junior Practitioners, John Churchill, (London), 1853.
- Simpson, J., "Letter from Mr. Simpson on Hypnotism, and Mr Braid's Theory of Phreno-Mesmeric Manifestations", The Phrenological Journal, and Magazine of Moral Science, Vol.17, No.80, (July 1844), pp. 260–272.[8]
- Sutton, C.W., "Braid, James (1795?–1860)", pp.198–199 in Lee, S. (ed), Dictionary of National Biography, Vol.VI: Bottomley-Browell, Smith, Elder, & Co., (London), 1886.
- Tinterow MM (July 1993). "Satanic agency and mesmerism reviewed—James Braid". The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 36 (1): 3–6. PMID 8368194.
- Volgyesi, F.A., "James Braid's Discoveries and Psycho-Therapeutic Merits", British Journal of Medical Hypnotism, Vol.3, No.4, (1952), pp. 2–10.
- Weitzenhoffer, A.M., Gough, P.B. & Landes, J., "A Study of the Braid Effect: Hypnosis by Visual Fixation", Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, Vol.47, (January 1959), pp. 67–80.
- Williamson, W.C.(Williamson, A.C., ed.), Reminiscences of a Yorkshire Naturalist, George Redway, (London), 1896.
- Yeates, L.B., James Braid: Surgeon, Gentleman Scientist, and Hypnotist, Ph.D. Dissertation, School of History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, January 2013.


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Lancaster Campus
Ohio University Lancaster Assistant Professor of History Ping-Yuan Wang will travel to Belgium during Spring Break to work on a research project sponsored by the Ohio University Research Committee. The purpose of the trip is to explore the rich collection of religious texts at the Ruusbroec Institute.
Ohio University Lancaster I Pickerington Adjunct English Professor Robert Cooperman is directing the world premiere of the full-length play "Kate 'n' Spence." Cooperman also wrote the play. It's being produced by the Evolution Theatre Company in Columbus in late February.
Ohio University Lancaster | Pickerington Budget Manager Gwen Whitehead was recently recognized for 25 years of service to Ohio University. Congratulations Gwen!
Issac Duncan is one of the March Students of the Month at Ohio University Lancaster | Pickerington. Duncan is majoring in Specialized Studies Deaf Communication. He is an officer in the OUL American Sign Language Club and has been on overseas missions in Africa.
Ohio University Lancaster Adjunct Instructor of Art Chris Eaton has two paintings featured in Athens Paints, an exhibition at the Dairy Barn Arts Center in Athens. The exhibit features more than 40 notable painters of yesterday and today who are living, working, or studying in Athens.
Nicole Roberts is one of the Ohio University Lancaster | Pickerington Students of the Month for March. Her major is History. Nicole interned at the Fairfield Heritage Association. She also has been on OUL's dean's list.
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Cedar Rapids Weather
Journey of Discovery Continues With Rudock
IOWA CITY — Kirk Ferentz isn't looking for a new quarterback. Jake Rudock doesn't have to look over his shoulder.
Yes, Rudock's interception late in the fourth quarter set up Northern Illinois for Mathew Sims' game-winning 36-yard field goal in Saturday's 30-27 loss at Kinnick Stadium. Yes, there was that. NIU safety Jimmie Ward's pick of a pass intended for wide receiver Kevonte Martin-Manley was the topic in the postgame. "It was one of those where it was man-to-man, I thought I had the out route," said Rudock, who played in his first football game since his senior season at St. Thomas Aquinas in Fort Lauderdale, Fla., in 2010. "The guy made a really great play and I threw behind him. That combination doesn't usually work out very well." C.J. Beathard, Iowa's No. 2 QB, had headphones on the whole game. Rudock made few errors, but the late interception was a physical miss and it cost Iowa dearly. Ferentz will stick with Rudock going into Saturday's game against Missouri State (0-1). "No, I don't think so," Ferentz said when asked if Rudock showed anything to consider a change. "I thought Jake did a lot of positive things out there, made good decisions, made a good run on that touchdown play [6-yard scramble in the second quarter]. "I thought he did a lot of really good things. I thought his composure was good out there, his presence, so I'm really encouraged. I'm expecting nothing but improvement from him just like I would like to see from our whole team." The out route was troublesome. Rudock missed on three where the defender broke on the ball and had a shot at an interception. The Big Ten Network had former Iowa quarterbacks Paul Burmeister and Chuck Long, whose name went up on the Wall of Honor in Kinnick in a ceremony before the game, in the booth, with Burmeister handling play-by-play and Long as analyst. During an out route intended for wide receiver Jacob Hillyer in the first quarter, NIU corner Marlon Moore got under the ball and nearly picked it. Burmeister: "How many times, Chuck, did you hear a quarterback coach here at Iowa or in the NFL say, don't throw late to the sideline?" Long: "Well, it started with Hayden Fry, remember Paul? . . . Hey, they're lucky they got that pass broken up instead of an interception." Rudock hopped twice and was late on the throw. It's a throw Rudock has. You don't make it to starting QB in the Big Ten without being able to throw an out route. "Yes," said Rudock, who ended up 21 of 37 for 256 yards, a TD and two interceptions. "We don't want to throw over guys, we'd rather throw right in front of them so they can't really make a play on it." Rudock's timing was perfect on the next two out routes, completing both, including one while rolling the pocket, to Martin-Manley. One was for 15 yards and the drive ended with a TD. In a bit of foreshadow, Rudock was pressured and threw a late sideline out to Martin-Manley with less than five minutes left. Ward got in front of Martin-Manley, but the ball sailed high and out of bounds. It drew an "oh" out of the Kinnick crowd. The one Ward got is generally regarded as one of the toughest throws for a QB — from the opposite hash marks to outside the field numbers. A small window was there if Rudock would've hit the target on the outside. It was underthrown and behind Martin-Manley. "I don't know about that," Ferentz said when asked about the three risky throws, "but obviously if we knew it was going to get picked, I don't think Jake would have thrown it. That's football." It was an aggressive play call. The game was tied 27-27 with 1:24 left. Iowa had first down at its 45. Ferentz said Iowa was going for the win. "Absolutely," he said, "we were trying to complete a pass, move the ball down the field and I thought we had a good situation there, really did, but turnovers are tough to overcome, and we had three of them today. At the end of the day that makes it hard." That was Rudock's first snap in the college game. The discovery phase continues this week. What did Rudock learn against Northern Illinois? "I hate losing more than anybody, I can learn from that," he said. - See more at: http://thegazette.com/2013/09/01/journey-of-discovery-continues-with-rudock/#sthash.PKMwRYI2.dpuf Conversation GuidelinesBe KindDon't use abusive, offensive, threatening, racist, vulgar or sexually-oriented language. Share KnowledgeBe truthful. Share what you know and what you are passionate about. Stay focusedPromote lively and healthy debate. Stay on topic. Ask questions and give feedback on the story's topic. Report TroubleHelp us maintain a quality comment section by reporting comments that are offensive. If you see a comment that is offensive, or you feel violates our guidelines, simply click on the "x" to the far right of the comment to report it. read the full guidelines here » Commenting will be disabled on stories dealing with the following subject matter: Crime, sexual abuse, property fires, automobile accidents, Amber Alerts, Operation Quickfinds and suicides. |
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