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July 16, 2009
Testimony of John O. McGinnis
Stanford Clinton, Sr. Professor of Law
Northwestern University
Before the Senate Judiciary Committee
Re: Nomination of Judge Sonia Sotomayor to be an
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court
Thank you, Chairman Leahy and Ranking Member Sessions, for the opportunity to address you at the hearing on the nomination of Sonia Sotomayor to be a justice of the Supreme Court. My subject is the use of foreign and international law in constitutional interpretation and Judge Sotomayor's approach to this issue. I believe the use of international and foreign and international law is a subject of contemporary importance, because the ease of access to foreign and international law may tempt justices to use such sources in constitutional interpretation. Such reliance distorts the meaning of our constitution, undermines domestic democracy, and alienates Americans from a document that is our common bond. Sadly, I see the decision by some, including certain Supreme Court justices, to give weight to foreign and international law as the latest in long line of attempts by those who do not like our constitutional principles or the results of the democratic process to substitute principles and results more to their liking.
At the outset, I want to make clear that I am taking no position on Judge Sotomayor's nomination. What is important in the constitutional conversation offered by this hearing is to identify correct constitutional principles and to measure a nominee's adherence to those principles. It is not to engage in any kind of partisan or personal attack on an Article III judge who has my respect and good wishes. Thus, I will first set out the constitutional principles that should govern in this area: contemporary international or foreign law should generally be given no weight in constitutional analysis. I will then briefly turn to a speech that Judge Sotomayor gave to the ACLU which may suggest she does believe that foreign and international law may have some weight in constitutional analysis.
To be sure, however, this speech is not pellucid and perhaps Judge Sotomayor will have articulated what I believe to be the correct principles in her testimony to you. In particular, I would be most interested to know whether Justice Sotomayor, as she indicated in her speech, continues to agree more with Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg rather than Justice Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas on this subject, because, as I will note, Justice Ginsburg is perhaps the foremost proponent of using foreign and international law on the Supreme Court. I would also be interested in learning whether she still agrees with the Supreme Court's use of a decision by the European Court of Human Rights in Lawrence v. Texas, because, as I also discuss, that use is a prime example of giving weight to foreign law in constitutional interpretation. Most importantly, I would want to know if she thinks there is any distinction between being bound by international law and foreign law and giving it any weight in her decisionmaking, because that appears to me the false distinction that some use to justify importing foreign and international law into our jurisprudence.
I turn now to a general discussion of the proper constitutional principles relating to international and foreign law as a source of authority in constitutional interpretation. First, I will discuss what it means to use foreign or international law as authority in the interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. Second, I will assume the truth of originalism as a theory of constitutional interpretation and show why the use of contemporary foreign or international law is incompatible with that theory. I will then show that the use of foreign and international law is also objectionable under even theories of constitutional interpretation that purport to be more pragmatic than originalism.
1. Giving Weight to Foreign and International Law
First, what does it mean to use international law or foreign law as an authority in helping to construe the Constitution? This question has itself been a source of confusion. A court uses foreign or international law as authority whenever it gives any weight in American constitutional law to propositions because they are part of international or foreign law
It is sometimes said by the apologists for the use of international and foreign law that, of course, such propositions have no authority so long as a court is not treating them as binding. But that defense misunderstands the nature of legal decisionmaking. Even Supreme Court precedent does not bind the Supreme Court. Such precedent may be overruled and yet few would deny that precedent has authority in constitutional law. The real question is whether propositions of international or foreign law are going to be given any weight (i.e. whether their existence or absence could make any difference to the way the Court comes out). If propositions of international and foreign law are not going to be given any weight, I do not believe it is a deep error for a court to cite them.
I still think, however, the better practice is not to cite such materials. Multiplying citations to legal propositions that do not make a difference to the outcome makes it harder to figure out what are the authorities that are doing the work in reaching the result. Certainly if a judge is not giving foreign or international materials weight, the judge should make clear that foreign and international legal material is being included for some reason other than its weight. It is otherwise natural for the reader to believe that citation to legal material means that material might have made a difference to the outcome.
Second, my objections are limited to propositions that are given weight by virtue of their presence in foreign or international law. Depending on their theory of constitutional interpretation, Justices may have other reasons to use a proposition that happens to occur in foreign or international law as a source of authority in constitutional interpretation. For instance, Justices may consider moral principles relevant to constitutional interpretation and may believe the proposition that happens to be contained in international and foreign law is a morally good one. But in that case the methodological question is what weight morality should have in constitutional construction, not the relevance of foreign or international law.
Let me make some clarifying analogies. Justices generally give our own domestic precedent weight, regardless of whether precedent is itself soundly reasoned. Justices could simply look at precedent to determine whether it contains reasoning that they judge to be good by some metric provided by the correct theory of constitutional interpretation. That would just be using precedent for informational value. But Justices generally do use a precedent as authority as well, i.e. for its disposition value. Whatever its informational value, a precedent will make subsequent court opinions more likely to come out in its direction simply because it is precedent.
Or take another example. A justice trying to discern the meaning of word that appears ambiguous at the time of the Framing might consult dictionaries at the time to ascertain the better interpretation. If most dictionaries pointed to one meaning rather than the other and the Justice therefore chose that meaning as the proper legal construction, he would be giving weight to those dictionaries in his reasoning. If most dictionaries had favored the other meaning, he would presumably have chosen that other one. It is giving such weight to foreign or international law that is objectionable.
I think the prime example where the Supreme Court has given dispositional value to foreign or international law came in Lawrence v. Texas. There the Court cited a case from the European Court of Human Rights, which constitutionally protected homosexual conduct and stated: "The right the petitioners seek in this case has been accepted as an integral part of human freedom in many other countries. There has been no showing that in this country the governmental interest in circumscribing personal choice is somehow more legitimate or urgent." In that case the Court used the decision in the European Union to support the view that our Constitution should also protect homosexual conduct. Ironically, the Court's reliance on European precedent came in a case when it overruled its own precedent. It also ignored the precedent from many other nations whose Constitutions permitted the regulation of sexual conduct.
2. Originalist Objections to Giving Weight to Foreign or International Law
Having defined what it is to deploy foreign and international law, the next question is what is wrong with giving any weight to these materials? If one is an originalist, as I am, the objections to this use of contemporary international or foreign law are straightforward. Originalists believe that the meaning of the Constitution is established at the time a provision is ratified. From the perspective of originalism, the problem thus with contemporary international or foreign law is the fact that it is contemporary, not the fact that it is foreign or international. Originalists would be pleased to consider Blackstone, or other foreign and international sources from the time of framing that shed light on what a reasonable person at that time would have thought the Constitution meant.
Now, there may be some exceptions to this general rule, but they are exceptions that prove the rule. It may be, for instance, that the intent of the Framers was to have a word in a constitutional provision, like "treaty," be defined by whatever international law of the current day meant it to be. In that case originalism would use international law to construe the meaning of treaty. But in general originalists do not believe as a matter of fact that the Framers meant to define words according to some future meaning. Thus, contemporary foreign or international law is simply not relevant to construing the vast majority of constitutional provisions.
3. Pragmatic Objections to Giving Weight to Foreign or International Law
But one should also object to the use of foreign or international law in constitutional interpretation, even if one is a self-styled pragmatist about constitutional theory. Pragmatists believe that the Constitution should invalidate our laws, only if our laws have bad consequences. But does a conflict between our law and international or foreign law give us substantial reason to believe the consequences of our law are bad consequences? That is the central question for a pragmatic view of the relevance of foreign or international law, because we begin with some presumption that our democratically made legislation is beneficent and thus has good consequences for Americans. I do not have time to go into why we have that presumption about democratic legislation, but it is a default rule of our system.
A. The Case of Foreign Law A rule of foreign law is not appropriately used to create doubt about the beneficence of our own law, because it is not formulated to be good with respect to the United States. Even assuming that the foreign nation has a flourishing political system, foreign law is formulated to be good for that foreign nation. There may be many differences between that foreign land and the United States that make its law appropriate for that nation and our law appropriate for ours. Indeed, foreign law viewed in isolation may seem contrary to our own, but that difference may be itself delusive. A proposition of foreign law represents the tip of an iceberg of some complex set of social norms in that nation. There may well be other norms within their system that make the legal proposition in question good for those nations. But since the United States does not share in those other norms, importing this single legal proposition may have bad consequences for the United States.
Moreover, the United States and many other nations are differently situated in a variety of ways. For instance, the United States is more entrepreneurial and far more religious than most European nations and it would be hardly surprising if a different set of rules is optimal for its people. Finally, it is very hard to see how one could draw any conclusion from looking at the foreign law of selected nations, because selective attention would ignore many nations that have norms that accord with ours. Perhaps as a matter of theory we could look at the law of all foreign nations on a constitutional issue and try to come up with kind of a weighted average of all that law as a standard of comparison for our own, but the courts are not institutionally competent to do that. That would be the work for the entire lifetime of a scholar.
B. The Case of International Law International law is different from foreign law, because international law at least purports to claim some kind of universality, which foreign law does not. Here I address giving weight to any international law that has not been ratified by our political process to create actual domestic obligations. Such "raw" international law includes the use of treaties the United States has not signed, customary international law, and the decisions of the International Court of Justice. In my view, any discrepancy between international law and our law should not cast doubt on the beneficence of our own law. The basic reason is that international law does not purport to be democratic and thus its results do not impeach the product of our own democratic processes. International law reflects the consent of nation states, not the peoples of the world or global demos.
The democratic deficit of international law is not a mere theoretical problem. Take, for instance, the many human rights treaties that are basis of modern human rights law, but that have not been ratified by the United States. These treaties, including treaties on civil rights and human rights, were fabricated during the time when the Soviet Union and its allies were important actors on the international stage. The provisions of treaties that required the give and take of negotiations with totalitarian nations cannot be presumed beneficial by virtue of the process that generated them. These provisions may be beneficial for some other reason, but are not good simply because they are a part of international law.
Customary international law in fact faces democratic deficits beyond the fact that nondemocratic nations are involved at many points in influencing its fabrication. Customary international law is not written down, and thus its principles depend on inferences about the propositions to which nation states have consented. Those responsible for inferring these principles from the confusing welter of state practices and declarations are not democratically chosen. These fabricators include publicists and international courts. International law professors are publicists. But we have strong evidence that international law professors are not very representative of their fellow citizens, at least in the United States, because they contribute to one of our political parties over the other by a ratio of more than five to one. International courts are not representative either, both because some members are appointed by authoritarian nations and because even those appointed by democratic government are appointed through processes that are unlikely to elicit the consensus of their societies. If we have such ideologically skewed groups choosing norms, we will get ideologically skewed norms.
C. Other Pragmatic Objections These concerns about the democratic bona fides of foreign and international law that should give us pause before permitting these sources to be used as a factor in overturning our own domestic law. But additional pragmatic reasons militate against the systematic use of international or foreign law as a factor in constitutional construction. While I generally focus on the problematic consequences for Americans of using foreign or international law to construe our Constitution, another pragmatic concern focuses on the welfare of foreign nationals as well. The systematic use of foreign and international law to interpret our Constitution will move United States' law, at the margin, to converge to the law of the rest of the world. It is at all not clear that such convergence through constitutional fiat is good. Competition among different laws in different jurisdictions often has advantages. The differences generate information about the effects of laws, and as a result democratic branches are better positioned to choose better laws for themselves. Particularly, if one believes in American exceptionalism, one will think it a loss to entire world to have our distinctive norms prematurely extinguished through the operation of a constitutional law constructed along the lines of international and foreign law.
Indeed, I cannot resist responding to those like, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who use the "decent respect for the opinions of mankind language" in the Declaration of Independence as an argument for construing our Constitution in light of foreign laws. If Thomas Jefferson had looked to the law of Louis XVI France or any republic on the European continent at the time he would have found support for a regime antithetical to the principles of the Declaration, but none for the self-evident truths which he proclaimed and which eventually diffused throughout the world.
Another pragmatic objection is rooted in the protection of our own sovereign democratic processes. If one takes the use of foreign or international in constitutional interpretation seriously, international or foreign law will have, at the margin, authority to change our law. It suddenly gives people in other nations some ability to affect the shape of our polity. It seems problematic to allow people in other nations to be able to consciously think about how they are changing their law to change our own law. Perhaps, even worse, our own domestic interests groups will have another way of getting a second bite at the apple, because they will be more effective than ordinary citizens in working in foreign and international forums to make law that will have a blowback effect on the United States. Once again I would cite the Declaration of Independence in support of this position. One of the Declaration's charges was as follows: "King George the III has conspired with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our Constitution." I do not want to suggest that a judge relying on foreign law is exactly like King George the III! But a practice of giving weight to foreign law does permit people who are foreign to our jurisdiction to have some conscious influence over the content of our law.
My final kind of pragmatic concern goes back to Alexis de Tocqueville. Tocqueville was very impressed by how much the Americans paid attention to their laws, and in particular, to their Constitution--how much reverence they felt to their system. He came, of course, from the country that had recently been under the ancien regime, under a much more top down structure of social ordering, where people were indifferent or contemptuous of the laws that oppressed them. Tocqueville thought that one of the reasons that Americans were so psychologically invested in their law was because it was their own. Americans' creation of their own Constitution remains an important reason for people's enthusiasm for their founding documents.
Thus, a systematic reliance on the authority of foreign or international may have the effect of alienating Americans from the fundamental law that is the source of our stability and prosperity. I certainly fear that politicians in the long run will exploit that alienation to discredit the Court. Reliance on foreign and international authorities may seem chic, but that high style comes with a high price.
Thus, for a wide variety of powerful reasons, the use of foreign or international law is of doubtful benefit even under pragmatic theories of constitutional interpretation. Regardless of whether a judge is an originalist or a pragmatist, he or she should keep contemporary foreign and international law, as interesting as those laws may be and useful as they may be in other contexts, separate from the construction of the Constitution that we Americans have made.
4. Judge Sotomayor's Thoughts on the Subject
Judge Sotomayor's most comprehensive statement on the use of international and foreign law came in speech to the American Civil Liberties Union in Puerto Rico. I confess that I found the speech not entirely clear and thus I would be interested in any clarification that Judge Sotomayor might have offered in her testimony to this committee or otherwise. I am also at a disadvantage in that I have not found an authorized transcript of that speech and thus I am basing my remarks on having listened to it. As I understand the speech, her position depends on propositions that seem to me in some tension. Jude Sotomayor stated that Justices should not use "foreign or international law" but they should "consider the ideas" they find in foreign and international law in their decisionmaking.
What I find confusing about this general position is that foreign and international law may well contain good ideas, but so do many novels, books of philosophical speculation, and the speeches of members of this committee. Despite the good ideas contained in such disparate sources, judges in my view should not rely on such material as a guide to legal interpretation. To put the question in perspective, undoubtedly the Bible, the Koran, and other religious texts have many good ideas, but we would be rightly concerned if judges used them as guidance for interpreting the Constitution, even if they stated they did not find such guidance binding.
I think many would even be uncomfortable if judges routinely cited religious texts for their good ideas. Such a practice would lessen our confidence that the judges were actually making decisions based on the legally relevant material. Depending on what text a judge cited and what she omitted, we might think she was biased in favor of one tradition at the expense of others. The first problem is present in the citation of international law and both problems are present in the citation of foreign law.
Of course, it may be that the good ideas contained in foreign or international law have an independent bearing on constitutional law, but, if so, one needs some formal justification for their relevance other than their presence in foreign and international law. Indeed, what disturbs me a little about Judge Sotomayor's speech is not only some of its reflections on the use of foreign and international law, but its premise that this material may became a source to aid judicial decisionmaking, even although she correctly concludes that our jurisprudence does not endow this material with formal authority. The rule of law itself in my view is founded on the proposition that only material that is formally relevant should have weight in a judge's decisions.
I recognize that some might think that Judge Sotomayor is not saying that foreign law and international law should have any weight, but simply suggesting that judges should be aware of it. There is some possible support for this unexceptionable view. Judge Sotomayor spends a good deal of the speech showing that international law and foreign law are generally not binding. In particular, she rightly praises the result in the Medellin v. Texas, which clearly holds the only the political branches can make international decisions binding on our land. I think this part of the speech is well done, and in particular, I appreciate her praise for the Supreme Court's excellent decision in Medellin, a decision which has been criticized by those who would like to permit judges to converge our own law to international decisions.
But in my view, the better interpretation of this speech rests on a distinction between her rejection of the proposition that international or foreign law can dictate the result or bind a court and her acceptance of the proposition that consideration of such law may have some weight in judicial decisionmaking, including interpreting the constitution.
I have several reasons for this construction of Judge Sotomayor's remarks. At one point she appears to suggest that such materials can "help us decide our issues." She also cites Justices Ginsburg's views on this matter favorably, and Justice Ginsburg has suggested that we should view foreign decisions as "basic denominators of common fairness between the governors and the governed." Finally and most importantly, she favorably mentions the Supreme Court's reliance on foreign law in Lawrence v. Texas--the case that in my view is the prime example of one in which the Court improperly gives weight to foreign law. Thus, I think the better interpretation of Judge Sotomayor's speech is that she would give weight to ideas of foreign and international law in at least some circumstances even while disclaiming that such material could formally bind the Court.
For reasons I have described I believe this approach misguided, because contemporary foreign and international legal material deserves no weight in American jurisprudence, unless the Constitution itself calls for such material to be given weight. If the material has no proper weight even citing it can lead to confusion, because such a citation make Supreme Court opinions less transparent. Indeed, citation to foreign or international law in this context is worse than citation to a novel, because law of any kind intrinsically seems to carry with it a patina of authority. Citizens then are left in doubt as what is actually doing the analytic work justifying the decision.
Some have suggested that citing foreign or international law is like citing to a law review article. But there are differences. No one thinks that a law review article could have any intrinsic weight because it purports on its face to be just an opinion of an author without authority. Second, at least in most circumstances, a law review article cited offers reasoning directly about the provision in the United States Constitution at issue. It is thus natural to understand the citation as an acknowledgement of the author's work on the issue. That is not the case with a foreign or international legal opinion, because it is not addressed to a provision of the American constitution.
At one point, Judge Sotomayor justifies looking to foreign law on the theory that such consideration will encourage other nations to look at our law in making their own decisions. This justification may be called the "you scratch my back and I will scratch yours" justification for considering foreign law. I believe that this justification is plainly invalid. First, I am unaware of any evidence that foreign nations are more likely to rely on our law if we rely on theirs. I am skeptical that such evidence will be forthcoming: other nations are likely to make their decisions about what materials to rely on in their national interest, not ours. Second, the President may want to signal his displeasure with another nation's regime and isolate it. Our highest Court's favorable invocation of the legal system of that regime may send the opposite signal, thus undermining the President's ability to speak with one voice on behalf of the nation. Finally, and most fundamentally, the Supreme Court simply has no authority to decide cases in a way that maximizes its influence overseas. The Supreme Court is many things, but not an organ of our foreign policy. The Court should confine itself to umpire our disputes and not act like a secretary state authorized to shade decisions or even formulate opinions to burnish the Court's reputation in foreign lands.
I want to close these written remarks by emphasizing that Judge Sotomayor may well have clarified her views in her testimony. I do not believe we should necessarily hold mistaken comments in speeches against a judicial nominee, particularly if he or she corrects them. Constitutional law is a complex enterprise in which men and women of good will are often mistaken. I know I have been on more than one occasion.
Once again many thanks for the opportunity to participate and I look forward to your questions.


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Welcome to the School of Library and Information Sciences.
We invite students, alumni, visitors, and potential students to explore our webpages to learn more about the School of Library and Information Sciences.
We have had some recent initiatives that I would like to share with you.
Our emphasis on understanding diversity emphasized in three IMLS Grants has grown from students understanding diversity locally and nationally to understanding diversity globally. Dr. Ismail Abdullahi who teaches our Global Library Systems course has enhanced that diversity by instituting in 2007 a Study Abroad program to the Royal School of Library and Information Studies in Denmark.
Other initiatives in the SLIS include the establishment also in 2007, our first Digital Libraries course which has now led to a new concentration for our program bringing our total number of concentrations to 6 (Academic Libraries, Archives and Records Management, Digital Libraries, Public Libraries, Media Specialists (School Libraries), and Special Libraries). There are two concentrations in the Master of Information Sciences program (Networking and Communications and Strategic Information Management). The SLIS continues with its two Joint Degree Programs, the JD/MLS (with the School of Law) and the MBA/MIS (with the School of Business). To further our efforts in Digital Librarianship, future plans include the development of a Certificate Program in Digital Librarianship for persons who have already received the MLS to come back and re-tool for the current market. . The SLIS also plans to build upon its grants from the National Library of Medicine and the UNCF, and a mini-grant from North Carolina government by developing a Health Informatics concentration for MIS degree students. Dr. Deborah Swain and Dr. Gabriel Peterson are developing a proposal to provide courses and specialty training to improve skills and knowledge of health, nursing, medical, and clinical informatics, including the collection, storage, and access to various kinds of electronic health records. In response to a growth in healthcare electronic records and medical care analysis of data, this program would expand opportunities for SLIS students in a new, vital area of information expertise.
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The Lakota West boys' soccer program will have to go through Wayne (13-4-2) Wednesday night if it wants to advance to its second straight regional final.
The game appears to be a good matchup of offense against defense.
On one side, Lakota West (16-1-2) has won its games with defense – shutting out its opponents in all 16 of its wins. The 16 shutouts by senior goalkeeper Joe McClanahan is a school record. Previously, the record was 14 set by Jason Chambers.
Meanwhile, senior Marquis Payton, who led the Greater Western Ohio Conference with 28 goals, charges the Warriors offense.
"We work hard as a team and we are getting goals from everywhere, but our defense will be challenged on Wednesday night," Lakota West head coach Rick Cooper said. "Dayton Wayne has a very strong attack, led by Marquis Payton.
"We will really need to stay organized and defend well and once again find a way to score goals."
If Lakota West wins the game, which will take place at Sycamore Junior High at 7 p.m., it will mark the seventh time that the program advanced to final eight in the state tournament (regional final).
That regional final will take place Saturday at noon at a site to be determined. The winner of this game will face the winner of Mason/St. Xavier.
WestChesterBuzz.com will provide an update from this match
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"You didn't elect me to tell you what you wanted to hear. You elected me to tell you the truth."
— President Obama at the Democratic National Convention, Sept. 6
Is anyone in America gullible enough to believe this? What defines this campaign, in part, is a yawning gap between the political rhetoric and the country's budget problems. And it's not just Obama. Mitt Romney is also playing. The consequences are that the victor will either sidestep those problems or, by attacking them forcefully, shock an unprepared public. Perhaps the first presidential debate (Wednesday, Oct. 3) will unmask and discredit the consensus against candor, though this seems doubtful.
It is said of war that truth is the first casualty; that also applies to this campaign. Let's imagine what Obama would have to say to merit his claim of ruthless truth-telling.
Fellow Americans. For years, your leaders — including me — have misled you. Your government has made more promises than it can keep, even if the economy returns to full employment. Your taxes are going up and your public services are going down.
As you know, the great driver here is the retirement of baby boomers. Between 2011 and 2025, the number of retirees on Social Security will grow by nearly 50 percent to 66 million people; Medicare experiences a similar rise. The resulting spending surge perpetuates huge budget deficits. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that present policies would result in cumulative deficits of $10 trillion from 2013 to 2022. In 2022, the annual deficit is $1.4 trillion, or 5.5 percent of the economy, our gross domestic product. I have no credible plan to control Medicare and Social Security spending.
I have also misled by implying that making millionaires and billionaires pay their fair share will solve much of the problem. It won't. My proposals would increase today's 33 percent and 35 percent top tax rates to 36 percent and 39.6 percent for couples with incomes exceeding $250,000. The nonpartisan Tax Policy Center estimates this would raise $440 billion over a decade. Remember that projected deficits total $10 trillion. I have also supported higher rates than today's 15 percent on dividends and capital gains. These changes would raise $236 billion over the decade, says the Tax Policy Center.
Can't we just tax the rich even more? Unfortunately, this won't work either. Third Way — a liberal group, mind you — estimated the effects of top income tax rates of 49.6 percent and 41 percent and a top capital gains rate of 38.8 percent. The budget still doesn't balance; by 2040, the deficit is $3.3 trillion in today's dollars. Third Way concludes that if Social Security and Medicare "are left on autopilot, burdensome middle-class tax hikes" — about 60 percent — "become inevitable."
I reluctantly agree. We must reduce benefits for healthier and wealthier retirees to minimize deficits, other program cuts and tax increases. Here's what I propose. ...
Romney also participates in the charade. Suppose he wins. Here's what a President Romney might say on truth serum.
Fellow Americans. The budget outlook is worse than I've acknowledged. In the campaign, I pledged to reduce federal spending to 20 percent of GDP. This won't happen: The required cuts for important programs — the FBI, highways, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Border Patrol and others — would be too great.
For the past 40 years, federal spending has averaged 21 percent of GDP, so my goal of 20 percent seems reasonable. And we should eliminate low-priority programs, such as Amtrak. But savings will be more than offset by an aging population and health costs. From 1972 to 2011, Social Security and major federal health programs averaged 7 percent of GDP; in 2020, they're estimated at 12 percent of GDP. Unless we control these programs, they will strangle the rest of government.
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Phillips de Pury & Company Street Art Auction
September 5, 2008 by Staff , Posted in Art, Tagged
Phillips de Pury & Company
"Phillips de Pury & Company is holding an auction of street art pieces on September 6th, as part of their Saturday at Phillips series. On sale will be a large collection of pieces ranging from paintings, photographs, jewelry, toys, and other various pieces from well-known artists like Banksy, Delta, Helmut Newton, Damien Hirst, Jeff Koons, Chris Johanson, Kaws, Keith Haring, Martin Parr, Barry McGee, Takashi Murakami, Richard Prince Robert Indiana, Roy Lichtenstein amongst others. The auction represents the growing popularity of the street art movement, the influence of which can be seen on fashion shows, advertising, and galleries and museums in the contemporary art world."
Thanks to Art Observed for the info.
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Mr. Peabody & Sherman 3D (Rated PG)
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I want to try the aneros but am very nervous; I am in my 50's and have only fingered my butt in the pass;
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When Gordo and Nicholas started house hunting, no one thought these fans of modern architecture would buy Gordo's childhood home. But Gordo's parents needed to move into a place more suitable to their needs, so the couple bought the place and made the best out of the old family home at the foot of the mountain. For Gordo, it's like stepping back in time, but the house itself leaves much to be desired and Nicholas thinks it's time to start over in their own family home. To stop the stalemate, enter serious competitors Jillian and Todd. Designer Jillian and her team hope to modernize the old family home in the hills while Realtor Todd hopes to move mountains by selling them a stylish new place. Done with politely begging to differ over Gordo's outdated family home, Nicholas and Gordo are wondering whether they will love their home again or will they list it?


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Deputies: Teen pulled down pants, exposed himself inside Sodus Central HS
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Roderick Morris, 16, is charged with public lewdness and endangering the welfare of a child.
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'Agent Century 21′ to start filming in November
October 29, 2012 | Agent Century 21 | 0 Comments |
Just a quick update on the status of Agent Century 21 (first reported back in May). According to USA Production News' Twitter account, the movie starring Cameron Diaz and Benicio Del Toro is scheduled to be shot in New Mexico and Louisiana in November. More on the movie when information is available.


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Tag-Archive for » Ska «
So the saying 'be careful what you wish for' has to come to pass in my life. Before I started this blog I didn't know what I was going to write about. I mean I did stuff, but I didn't feel like I had enough things to talk about to keep anyone interested in the 'Vegas Soulcialite'. I'm a long haul type of girl.
Well looky here, I have been so busy doing stuff I haven' had time to tell [ ... ]
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Community Opinion & Comments
How did the teams perform?
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Messi, aguero, di maria, higuain, lavezzi, palacio, tevez, lamela, milito... the depth and versatility of the argentine attack is just unfair. If sabella can support it with a well organised defence, they are a serious chance to win the cup.
I would not go that far. There is no doubt of the individual talent of this team but their players are all scattered around in Europe. I don't see all playing as a team. If you look at Peru, their defence was just horrible no man marking, infact they did not even clear the ball. Right now Aguero is trying to be the play maker. He is getting good at it but thats not much of his style. I feel like the coach does not really understand how to play Messi as the central role. And does not have a defence plan and there is no training for the goalkeeper.
Hopefully they get better as the build up for the world cup
Hopefully they get better as the build up for the world cup
You realize that Argentina was missing Higuain, Messi, Gago, Mascherano and like 4 other starters from this game? This was the first time that these players play together as starters (Lavezi, Palacio, Aguero, Banega, Biglia, etc). They did great considering this is Argentinas C team. And Peru is a MUCH stronger team than Belarus or all the other laughable teams in the Euro groups.
I am not talking about who they are missing. If you see their previous games, you don't see a compact all players involved kind of game. Its more like free for all and if two players happen to connect in the 18yrd box things end-up happen. But you cannot go the world cup in this kind of haphazard form.
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Results 1 to 10 of 12
Been running radiance , the light simulation renderer, with Blender and so far so good.
I use Franscesco Anselmo's Brad python script to translate Blender scene geometry into Radiance then ...
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- 06-28-2007 #1
- Join Date
- Jan 2005
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- 146
Linux and Radiance
Been running radiance, the light simulation renderer, with Blender and so far so good.
I use Franscesco Anselmo's Brad python script to translate Blender scene geometry into Radiance then render straight from blender.
My hardware is an old pentium 2 running Ubuntu 5.04!
Just to let anyone know it can be done. Radiance actualy beats the pants off many renderers by being physically accurate and rendering so efficiently; the software runs on old hardware like mine.
Now I plan on upgrading to AMD X2 or Interl Core Duo and was wondering if anyone knows how to get radiance to parallel render on multi core processors?? I know it's been done with sparc stations.
- 06-29-2007 #2
Wow, this is a blast from the past, for me! I had a summer internship at LBL where I made a simple NeWS interface for Radiance so it could be used on Silicon Graphics machines. I also made a couple Radiance models for Greg Ward--a chair and a tennis ball. At the time, I don't think Radiance supported textures and in any case Greg wanted a "real" fuzzy model with all of the individual loose threads individually modeled.
Isaac Kuo, ICQ 29055726 or Yahoo mechdan
- 07-01-2007 #3
- Join Date
- Jan 2005
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- 146
Well Im just getting my teeth into Radiance and I have to admit it is quite complicated! Luckily materials and textures now are abundant by trawling the net.
Are you familiar with MGF ? (material geometry format) it seems to have promise but the mgf2rad syntax has me stumped. From I understand of that protocol, material textures 'scanned' with a spectrometer and the nano scale readings can be converted into a format Radiance understands. That's new stuff buddy holla if it rings a bell!
- 07-02-2007 #4
I'm sorry--while it was an honor to work for Greg Ward, it was a long time ago and I can hardly remember any specifics. When I made those models, I did the chair by manually plotting out cross sections on graph paper and typing in coordinates. In the curved areas, I wrote a small C program to calcuate coordinates (approximating curves with numerous flat rectangles). That gave me enough practice to write a C program to create the fuzzy tennis ball model.
This was all tedious and done on a very low level. What I did wasn't really a practical thing to do, other than as a small research curiousity.Isaac Kuo, ICQ 29055726 or Yahoo mechdan
- 07-02-2007 #5
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- Jan 2005
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Doing texture procedurals from scratch sounds tricky. That tennis trick was it an invoked 'cal' function? Im no programmer, but it is easy see how a texture like could be layered with another to make interesting combinations..
- 07-03-2007 #6
Back when I was working on it, I don't think Radiance had any support for textures. Each "hair" of the tennis ball was individually modeled as three thin cylinders forming a shallow arc. I came up with a handful of interesting ideas on how to chose the starting point and hair direction randomly (with an even distribution), as well as a particular 48-fold symmetry which meshed well with the way Radiance worked. An interesting thing was that despite the fact that the model was symmetrical, it looked completely random because of the way light hits each symmetrical patch of "fuzz" differently.
Bear in mind that this was back when a 25mhz 68030 was blazing fast...Isaac Kuo, ICQ 29055726 or Yahoo mechdan
- 07-05-2007 #7
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- Jan 2005
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- 146
Oh yeah those 030s were hot stuff then. I remember waitings days for renders on my amiga.
Now with faster and faster processors, procedural modeling of textures with micro scales meshes like you did might catch on. It'd be interesting to see a blender python script of code for such 'fuzzy' textures.
Other examples:
shag carpet (back in style now)
cactus porcupine spines
real mesh tile arrays in any size with grout (instead of mere grids)
mesh orange peel textures with random size spheres embedded on surface
- 07-06-2007 #8
Back in the late '80s and early '90s, I think most of us expected real time raytracing would become commonplace once processors got fast enough. But in fact, the closest we ever came to that was the "2d" version of ray tracing called "raycasting"--used in games like Wolfenstein 3d and Doom.
After that, 3d accelerated graphics hardware took over. It seems that high resolution textures give more "bang for the buck" than high resolution modeling, even now. We're still at the stage where 3d models are almost universally hollow shells made of flat triangles and fake bumps (bump textures). This is a suprise to me.
I had an Amiga back when I did that internship at LBL, and I wanted to port Radiance to it. However, at the time the Amiga OS had only named pipes, with a syntax completely different from Unix style <command>|<filter>|<filter>... syntax. The Amiga shell scripts were different enough from Unix style scripts to make a port difficult to accomplish and impossible to maintain.Isaac Kuo, ICQ 29055726 or Yahoo mechdan
- 07-07-2007 #9
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Radiance has alot going for it: it can render credible results very fast on limited hardware. Unlike decorative renderers that strive to produce realistic looking results, radiance relies on physics to produce a result that is a close representation of the physical behavior of light.
Yet this rendering on an old Pentium 2 @ 266Mhz, took only 15minutes!
- 07-09-2007 #10
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- Jan 2005
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- 146
This one took just over 6hrs on the same hardware to provide enhanced image quality.
Radiance like all renderers can easily use up CPU cycles when more resolution and less interpolation (more accuracy) is required. On my old amiga the same would have taken weeks to calculate!
it's all relative: yesterday's high tech is today's anachronism...


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I read git manual, FAQ, Git - SVN crash course, etc. and they all explain this and that, but nowhere can you find a simple instruction like:
SVN repository in: svn://myserver/path/to/svn/repos
Git repository in: git://myserver/path/to/git/repos
git-do-the-magic-svn-import-with-history svn://myserver/path/to/svn/repos git://myserver/path/to/git/repos
I don't expect it to be that simple, and I don't expect it to be a single command. But I do expect it not to try to explain anything - just to say what steps to take given this example.


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Feral Swine
APHIS is preparing an Environmental Impact Statement to evaluate the environmental impacts of alternatives for reducing feral swine damage in the U.S., Guam, American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands. Click here to learn about the Environmental Impact Statement and get involved in the environmental review of feral swine damage management. This page will be updated as notices and new information become available.
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Many states have phone, internet sites, or methods for the public to report sightings of feral swine, especially where they cause damage.
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- Home >
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- Academic Skills and Strategies to Promote Success
Academic Skills and Strategies to Promote Success
The Academic Coaching & Engagement program offers all students at the University an opportunity to learn and apply the skills needed to be successful in college. ACE coaches meet one-on-one with students to create either an academic or engagement plan, learn skills and strategies for success, practice methods to effectively study, and set goals for success within and beyond the classroom.
The "Academic Skills and Strategies to Promote Success" presentation is interactive and engaging; incorporating self-assessments, in-class activities, and reflection activities to cover the selected topic. ACE Coaches facilitate the session and guide students to engage in conversation and learn from one another, in addition to learning new skills and strategies from the coach.
ACE offers University 101 instructors a choice of four presentations that focus on time management, basic study skills, learning styles, or exam preparation.
Learning Outcomes
The Academic Skills and Strategies to Promote Success presentation supports University 101 learning outcomes:
I. Foster Academic Success
a. Adapt and apply appropriate academic strategies to their courses and learning experiences.
Each presentation has a wide variety of study strategies, handouts, and tips in order to improve their current study habits.
e. Identify and apply strategies to effectively manage time and priorities.
In the time management presentation specifically, the ACE Coach uses self-assessments to begin the presentation and then uses active practice strategies to help students learn better ways to manage time and priorities.
II. Help Students Discover and Connect With the University of South Carolina
Identify appropriate campus resources and opportunities that contribute to their educational experience, goals, and campus engagement.
The ACE Coach will inform each student about campus resources and help them to know where to receive academic support on campus.
As a result of attending this presentation students will:
- Identify skills and strategies needed to perform well at the University
- Apply strategies that can further promote their success at the University
- List resources that can benefit their academic success and personal development
Presentation Description
The presenters are ACE Coaches, who are trained graduate students primarily from the Higher Education and Student Affairs program. Coaches are able to transfer their skills used in one-on-one sessions with students and developed in training to working in a classroom setting. ACE Coaches are provided several resources to format their presentation. Lesson plan templates are provided for coaches to encourage consistency within the various study skills. All presentations include interactive Q&A as well as handouts and resources students can use in class.
The available presentations are outlined below:
Learning Styles - This presentation focuses on the importance of learning styles. The presenter will work with self-assessments and show how to integrate different learning styles into students' study routines. This presentation will also introduce note taking techniques and test anxiety strategies.
Time Management- This presentation will cover time management in detail. The presenter will discuss effective techniques for managing a busy college student schedule while maintaining a healthy balance between academics and extracurricular activities. Goal setting, procrastination, and grades will also be explained during the session.
Basic Study Skills-This presentation is an in-depth analysis of some of the basic study skills necessary to succeed at a college level. The presenter will cover concentration, memory, listening and reading comprehension skills through various activities that work on practicing and developing these basic study skills.
Exam Preparation- This presentation focuses on exam preparation. The presenter will discuss study strategies for different types of tests, as well as effective study plans and time management for significant exams. We will also go over note taking techniques. Again, ACE provides Coaches with suggested lesson plans and active learning strategies for each presentation topic as well as clicker presentations for most topics.
Presentation Length
50 minutes


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You may not be feeling so great today -- but that's okay. In fact, you're creating the negativity by misinterpreting something someone has told you recently. Ask around or think things through.
I continue to marvel how accurate these readings have been..it's almost scary!
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it blows my mind! How's it going for others?
this just keeps getting better (or worse-which ever way you look at it!).
I am in dire need of de-cluttering! I read books on it and that's as far as I get because I am so overwhelmed and don't know where to begin!
Not only was I born on the cusp between Libra and Scorpio (Oct 18th), when I had my chart done, I was really surprised. Libra is my sun sign, but my moon, mars and venus planets are in Scorpio. Thank goodness for Libra in my chart as it mellows me out
March 8, 2014
Today is both 'International Women's Day' and 'International Working Women's Day' -- am I the only one sensing a theme here? Either way, the estrogen has it! So whether you're a working woman or not, this day honors you! Feng Shui says that you... More
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Sarah Wert specializes in contemporary portraits of children and custom books through Blurb. She also offers additional custom products including slipcases to protect and showcase your books.
Sarah looks forward to working with you to customize a book for your family, business, or organization.
Publish Date April 01, 2009
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Category Children
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Published September 11, 2009
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Published February 09, 2009


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Two main categories of molecule transport exist in cells, active transport and passive transport (shown below). For small molecules such as oxygen, ethanol, and carbon dioxide, the molecules could easily cross the membrane via passive transport, in the form of simple diffusion through a concentration gradient. However, the means that cells use to transfer small molecules are not sufficient for transporting macromolecules, which include proteins, polynucleotides, and polysaccharides. To transport these macromolecules, cells rely on active transport. There are two basic means of active transport - by exocytosis and by endocytosis. Exocytosis involves sending macromolecules out of the cell, while the opposite applies to endocytosis.
Macromolecules that are released don't simply drift towards the cell's membrane and squeeze their way out. They are actually packaged in a vesicle that separates them out from the rest of the cell. he vesicle fuses with its specific membrane structure and its contents are released without the vesicle, which is incorporated back into the cell's membrane.
Proteins, for example, that are to be secreted from the cell are made on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). They are then transported to the Golgi complex by ER induced vesicles. The Golgi complex sorts and packages the proteins into vesicles that separate themselves off the Golgi complex and eventually fuse with the cellular membrane.
Some molecules are secreted continually from the cell, but others are selectively secreted. To control secretion, specific substances are stored in secretory vesicles, which are released when triggered by an extracellular signal. The signal, hormones being an example, binds to its specific cell surface receptor. Then the concentration of free Ca2+ is increased in the cell. The increased concentration of the Ca2+ triggers exocytosis, causing the secretory vesicles to fuse with the cellular membrane, releasing the substances outside the cell.
There are two types of endocytosis. Pinocytosis involves ingesting small molecules and/or fluids surrounding the cell in a process known as fluid-phase endocytosis. Phagocytosis involves the ingestion of large molecules, such as microorganisms or cell debris using large vesicles, or vacuoles.
Eukaryotic cells are nearly continuously ingesting the surrounding fluids and molecules. In doing so they are also ingesting their own cellular membrane at a rapid rate. Macrophages, for example ingest 3% of its cellular membrane each minute, or 100% each half and hour! Obviously the membrane is being added by exocytosis at about the same rate it is being removed by endocytosis.
Microscope image of cell undergoing endocytosis. A. The cell membrane begins to sink in. B. The membrane is attempting to envelop the material. C. The material has been captured inside of a capsule of cell membrane. D. Endocytosis is complete.
Most of the ingested molecules, which are surrounded by small vesicles called the primary vesicle, are fused with secondary lysosomes. The molecules that have been ingested are then deposited at the cytosol, where the cell uses them and most of the vesicle is reintegrated into the cellular membrane. In some cases the vesicle bypasses the secondary lysosome and goes directly to its target.
Often, a cell needs to selectively ingest a molecule. For this case it uses a special process, called receptor-mediated endocytosis. The molecules ingested bind to specific cell surface receptors and are internalized at a greater rate than fluid is by fluid-phase endocytosis. An example receptor-mediated endocytosis is the intake of low-density lipoproteins, or LDL. When a cell needs cholesterol to make more membranes it makes receptors for LDL and places them in the cellular membrane. The LDL then binds to the receptors and is rapidly taken in by the cell.
Some people contain defective genes for making the cell surface receptor for LDL. These people are unable to ingest LDL and thus have a higher concentration of LDL in their bloodstream, giving them a high cholesterol rate. These people are more likely to die from heart disease at an early age.
White blood cells use phagocytosis to remove foreign particles from the blood stream. These cells will literally engulf foreign particles that are the same size as itself. There are two types of white blood cells which act as phagocytes: macrophages and polymorphic leucocytes. To be phagocytosed, particles need to bind to the receptors on the phagocyte. Then the particle is engulfed and absorbed.
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I was searching for a while, and foun d this. iPad fits perfectly, and some extra pockets for a few other things. very small footprint. My iPad is in the apple case and then into the bag.
9981 Men's Messenger Mini Briefcase Leather ETOILE Bags on eBay.ca (item 220633625769 end time 11-Jul-10 12:38:37 EDT)


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MIGHTY BRIGHT-Lighted Magnifier. This 5-inch round magnifying glass has a 2x magnifying lens with a 6x bifocal. Bright white energy efficient LEDs provide up to 100000 hours of light. One AAA battery (included) is housed inside the ergonomic handle and will last for up to 5 hours of use. This package contains one lighted magnifier and one battery. Imported.


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September 2013
The answer is yes, according to a new study out today in the Milbank Quarterly. In fact, where older adults rank in the "big five" personality traits correlates to how frequently they use a range of additional expensive health services such as hospital stays, hospital-based rehabilitation, and skilled nursing home care.
The goal of this blog is to bring more medical research stories to light and provide our readers with timely and engaging coverage of scientific and medical developments here in Rochester and beyond.
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Rona Yefman - Visiting Assistant Professor | ||
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Rona YefmanVisiting Assistant ProfessorFine Arts firstname.lastname@example.com (718) 636-3634 Brooklyn Campus South Hall 1 |
EducationM.F.A., Columbia University, 2009 BiographyRona Yefman was born in Israel and lives and works in New York City. In 2009 she received her M.F.A from Columbia University. She has a Bachelor's degree in photography, video and digital media and has completed her post graduate studies from Bezalel Academy of Art and Design, Jerusalem. Yefman recent solo exhibitions at, Sommer Gallery, TLV (2012), Derek Eller Gallery, New York (2011-12), The Sculpture Center, New York (2011) and at Participant, Inc., New York (2010-11). Yefman has been included in many shows; at the John Michael Kohler Arts Center, WI, USA, La Mep Museum, Paris, The Jewish Museum, N.Y, Ronald Feldman Gallery, N.Y, Kunsthalle Wien, Austria, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, MoCA Cleveland, OH, Museum Marco, Vigo, Spain, Annie Wharton Los Angeles, Lombard fried project, N.Y, and in a site specific project curated by Shamim Monin for the 2010 Miami Art Basel. Her work will be on view this coming year at the Weatherspoon Museum, N.C and at the Addison Gallery of American Art, M.A. Yefman won the Rema Hort Mann Scholarship, N.Y, The Lotos Club Award, N.Y, Grants from Artis, The Camera Club of New York and Smack Mellon Studio residency, BK, N.Y. She is the recipient of The Ingeborg Bachmann Scholarship established by Anselm Kiefer and awarded by the Wolf Foundation, Gerard Levy Prize awarded by the Israel Museum, An experimental film Grant from the New Israeli Foundation for Cinema & T.V for, Israel, the New Creation award and the Young Artist Prize from the Ministry of Education & Culture in Israel. Her work has been featured in Art Forum (2012 and 2009), Art in America (2012), Modern Painters (2011, 2012), The New York Times (2011, 2010, 2008), New York time Magazine, Bomb Magazine (2011), and Frieze (2009). Yefman currently is a visiting assistant professor at the Graduate program, of Partt Institute, School of Art & Design, Brooklyn, N.Y, and teaching an Advanced Photography and Video seminar at the Camera Club of New York. |


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NJ News 12 Covers Cooking for Kids Event
The Sixth Annual Cooking for Kids Gourmet Fair from Everywhere is being held on Wednesday March 20th at Westmount Country Club in Woodland Park and runs from 6:30 p.m. - 9:30 p.m. Timothy Barr is Vice President for Development and Executive Director of the Foundation of St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center and will be calling in to provide more details.
"This year we have moved over to the Westmount Country Club we think it has great amenities as well as good parking and we also moved it so that we could accomodate the Napa Valley Vintners who are in town in March and we were looking for a date where they could participate and are really looking forward to it. This year we have 50 or more restaurants and beverage providers and we have Pig & Prince, Morris Tap and Grill, and some new restaurants this year we are happy to welcome The Bernard's Inn, Maritime Parc, and the French Quarter gourmet food truck which is very popular this year.
People buy their tickets online and can go to our website and buy tickets and from there. It's a tasting menu so all of these restaurants bring their favorite dish and you get to taste and sip and the vintners will provide those matching wines that will make the food that much better.
It's a night where we really focus and celebrate all the work that goes on at St. Joseph's Children's Hospital and we acknowledge the Doctors and Nurses who provide that care everyday. The event helps us raise awareness about what happens at The Children's Hospital and we hope that if we're ever needed we're be the Hospital of choice for the region in Pediatric Care. The funds that we raise at the evening go to support these programs and for that reason alone its important for the community and the patients we serve.
We've raised hundreds of thousands of dollars over the past few years and we usually have about 500-600 people or more every year so it's been a great success it's really helped us to raise a lot of money and awareness for a very worthy cause.


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Upcoming UTC C2C Event!
Posted on October 15, 2012 | No CommentsHey guys, I'm here to tell you about a really great program that is coming up in just under two weeks from October 26th-29th. The C2C Fellows program will be […] -
C2C Fellows at University of Tennessee, Chattanooga!
Posted on September 26, 2012 | No CommentsYou're cordially invited to the C2C Fellows program's next meeting! This time we will be gathering at the University of Tennessee, Chattanooga from October 26th-28th. College students and recent graduates […]


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An historical portside city, metro Baltimore stands as one of Maryland's most populous regions. Ryan Homes provides an abundance of new homes near Baltimore, and our home communities are located atop premier Maryland real estate. Baltimore itself is home to over 620,000 residents, and the city carries both a rich history and a wide range of professional opportunities.
Contemporary Baltimore stands as one of the Atlantic Seaboard's major coastal metros, and is one of the Mid-Atlantic's most prominent portside cities. Historically, Baltimore has served as a transfer point for immigrants crossing the Atlantic to reach the United States, and throughout the early 1900s emerged as a hub of cultural convergence as Europeans made their way overseas. In addition to the human influx, Baltimore's position at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay brought it immense development and wealth from shipping and transport. Our new constructions near Baltimore are spread generously throughout the surrounding suburbs, and many are located on Maryland real estate within easy drive of the shoreline.
Perched along the coast, Baltimore is immersed in the serene climate and pleasant temperatures brought by the nearby ocean. Our Baltimore home communities are located not too far inland from the Atlantic itself, and the temperate year-round conditions are exceptionally pleasant while helping mitigate Maryland's swampy summers. Ryan Homes' new constructions near Baltimore are settled in a variety of local neighborhoods, with our developments placed through local Elkridge, Columbia, and Glen Burnie. In addition to its agreeable climate, the greater Baltimore area is home to a generous collection of parks and attractions, with the Soldiers Delight National Protected Area providing gorgeous natural scenery.
While Baltimore's status as a port city diminished somewhat throughout the second half of the 20th century, the greater metropolitan region has grown much in wealth and opportunity over the past decade. Our new homes in Baltimore provide a special appeal for scientific and technical professionals, with both Johns Hopkins University and an array of local institutions offering ample opportunity for professionals holding a background in scientific and medical research.


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The Seattle School of Theology & Psychology has renamed its Master of Arts in Christian Studies degree to Master of Arts in Theology & Culture (MATC). The MATC invites students to engage the biblical text, the human soul and the complexity of culture for the sake of compassionately and creatively living in the world in various vocational capacities. This name more accurately captures the educational aims of the MATC degree program.
There are three tracks available in our Master of Arts in Theology & Culture program:
The Theology, Imagination, and the Arts Track prepares students for the prophetic role of the artist within the church. Students explore the intersection of theology and art in order to live into their artistic calling – the transformation of people and culture through the production of artwork and creative experiences.
The Global and Social Partnership Track trains students in developing a mutual relationship with the world based on humility, curiosity, and context while advocating on behalf of God, humanity, and creation. Students learn to engage their local community with a global perspective, marked by the Gospel of Jesus Christ, while mindful of the shift toward a postcolonial context.
The Interdisciplinary Studies Track offers students improved skills in interpersonal relationships and an enhancement of the biblical and theological categories that undergird the framework of relationships. This degree offers holistic training for ministry in the church while allowing a student to fully customize their program by having the most open electives of any degree program offered.
Our mission is unique in its emphasis and interdisciplinary study of text, soul and culture. The MATC curriculum is structured around the assumption that good leaders and thinkers are those that have learned to "read" well, whether that be the Scriptures, their own stories, the lives of others, even good films and literature.
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What piece of art changed your life? How did it affect you?
My favorite book is [William Golding's] Lord of the Flies. It introduced me to the darker side of human nature—something I explore in my music, but try to keep at bay in my real life.
Mayer Hawthorne hails from Ann Arbor, Michigan, not far from Detroit, and Motor City soul permeates his blissfully retro tunes. His Stones Throw debut, A Strange Arrangement, sounds like long-lost Motown from Barry Gordy's secret stash. Hawthorne plays the Ottobar on March 6.


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I remember when center-console designs began to catch on in the early 1970s. Our family's first was a 20-footer — about average for the time. It was a Swiss Army knife of boats — perfect for fishing, diving or simply sunset cruising. By the 1990s, towed center consoles were replacing traditional tenders as yachts grew larger and owners longed to remain close to the water. Now it's common to see boats like Pursuit's new ST 310 on a leash following the lead of a large motoryacht. This is the market Pursuit had in mind when it penned the ST (Sport Tender) 310.
As center consoles go, the 310 falls into what I consider a sweet spot for the breed, since it needs no more than two stout outboards to deliver first-rate performance. When it comes to outboards, size really does matter. Powering a planing boat with just enough horsepower can result in false economy, since smaller motors must work harder at higher rpm and may burn more fuel. Numbers matter as well. Two of anything mechanical usually lends to redundancy — a plan B. Three of anything mechanical leads to more expense and complication. What's more, transmitting horsepower through a third lower unit adds drag and reduces efficiency. Ergo, the 310's size is perfect for a twin-engine application.
Pursuit's choice of Yamaha F300s is also right on target. These 4.2-liter four-stroke V-6s have the muscle to power the 310 at performance-boat speeds; however, at wiser throttle settings they are relatively efficient. I measured a top speed of 47.4 knots at full throttle, and the Yamaha electronics indicated a burn of 52.4 gallons per hour. I recorded 26.8 knots at 3500 rpm and a fuel burn of 16 gallons per hour — not bad for an 8,890-pound (dry) ride. According to Pursuit's data, cruising at about this speed is optimum for the 310 and should yield 1.71 miles per gallon or a range of 400 miles from its 260-gallon fuel capacity. This is more than enough to wander the Bahamas without visiting every fuel depot.
I collected our data on the St. Lucie River in Stuart, Florida. While the conditions were not challenging, there was enough wind and chop to gain a feel for the 310's ride. When easing it ahead it begins to transition to a plane at about 2500 rpm, exhibiting a modest degree of bow rise — Pursuit's numbers suggest a maximum of six degrees. If you put the throttles down hard it gets up and goes with dispatch. I noted maximum rpm in less than 15 seconds. At speed, it runs cleanly, and its trim angle of 1.5 degrees is perfect. The 310 has a steady track, and helm input is precise. I would opt to mount the Yamaha instrument display on the dash, instead of the overhead; it's easier on the neck.
See a complete photo gallery here.
While the term deep-V is a popular marketing tool, the 310's 24-degree transom deadrise is the real deal. Marketing director David Glenn recently delivered a 310 to a new owner in the Bahamas. The trip included a single day's run of 185 miles from Fort Pierce, Florida, to Chub Cay, Bahamas. On the first 83-mile leg, Glenn crossed the Gulf Stream to West End, averaging about 28 knots in seas of two to four feet and 15-knot winds — typical crossing weather. After clearing customs he pushed on to Chub, holding his speed in beam seas of four to six feet. Including the break in West End for paperwork, the trip took nine hours.
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Support SB 1029 (Hancock) for successful reentry in CA.
California bans some ex-offenders from receiving food and employment benefits, which increases recidivism & poverty
California bans some ex-offenders from receiving food and employment benefits, which increases recidivism & poverty
During 30 years of war in Afghanistan more than 1.5 million people have been killed, and 4 million have fled as refugees
Because no one has yet come up with a solution like this presented by the Worldwide United Foundation
Millions of Americans live on minimum wage, but it has fallen behind the times leaving many Americans in poverty.
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Last year, lawmakers passed SB562, which ordered DEP to write new rules for "evaluating the holistic health of the aquatic ecosystem," a move that agency Secretary Randy Huffman has said he supports.
"I'm glad they did that," Huffman said. "I supported that."
Top DEP officials opposed EPA's version of a biological impairment test, and Huffman said he also believed that the state's WVSCI should also not be the only measure used in making such determinations. And while state officials come up with a new method and write rules to govern it, DEP decided not to make any new impaired stream listings based on either of the current tests.
When environmental groups examined state records and data, they found that DEP's latest list did not include 173 streams that would have been included if the state's old formula had been used to measure their biological health. They also found that more than 540 streams weren't listed that would have been if EPA's method had been used.
In a report on its listing decisions, DEP said that, in response to SB562, it was "not adding new biological impairments" to the list until the new rules are written. When the new rules become effective, DEP cautioned, "delisting ... may occur if the application of the methodology demonstrates a non-impaired condition."
The DEP's latest list -- without those streams -- was submitted to EPA for federal review on Dec. 21. Under the law, EPA had 30 days to either approve or reject the list. EPA did neither. Instead, federal officials asked to schedule a conference call with EPA staffers about the matter.
"That response is not only legally deficient; it also reinforces the state's recalcitrance," wrote Appalachian Mountain Advocates lawyer Joe Lovett, who filed the formal lawsuit notice with EPA on behalf of citizen groups. "EPA's passivity towards WVDEP's refusal to enforce the Clean Water Act not only harms our environment, but weakens the rule of law in our region."
Reach Ken Ward Jr. at kw...@wvgazette.com or 304-348-1702.


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It use to be that video game developers were geeks in their basements crunching code for hours on end until their eyes bled, with hardly a business plan behind them, never mind a justifiable business case that would support making a career out of their artform. In fact, gaming itself only really took off in the mass market as recent as the past ten years or so. Let's face it, back then, with a customer base of predominantly kids in their teens or less, the average PC or Console game consumer just didn't have the disposable income to support anything more than a niche' market. Likewise, if you were a gifted computer programmer, cinematographer or the like, you probably wouldn't have thought of devoting your career to something as trivial as a "video game". It's almost hard to believe how insignificant the computer gaming industry was back then and how times certainly have changed now.
These days, there is obviously big money in the video game industry and with a market opportuntity in the tens of billions of dollars, brand-name universities are sitting up and taking notice. Investing in this relatively new form of entertainment that now spans generations with a customer and fan base that easily rivals professional sports and the movie industry, makes perfect business sense and more than a few of the big schools now have big programs. Take USC Viterbi School of Engineering's GamePipe Lab for example and you'll know higher education has seen the light (and the green) with respect to the legitimacy of the video game development industry. Perhaps a Master of Science in Game Development is in your future?
University of Southern California Viterbi GamePipe Lab
Image, courtesy: USC
And don't think for a minute that it's all fun and games. From 3D Graphics Rendering, to Analysis of Algorithms and Artificial Intelligence, you can bet the cirriculum is challenging, exhausting and requires the usual herculean acts of caffeine-infused cram-a-thons in the lab and library. A team-based approach, Carnegie Mellon's Jesse Schell, a Professor in Game Design notes game design is, "...mind-bending technology, combined with clever game design, combined with glorious artwork, combined with beautiful audio,"... "There's no one person on the team who can do it all. We think of it like team inventing."
Carnegie Mellon's ETC
Entertainment Technology Center
According to the LA Times, "About one-third of Carnegie Mellon's graduates go directly to work at EA (Electronic Arts), said Cindy Nicola, the company's vice president of talent acquisition. The Redwood City, Calif., company soaks up close to 300 new graduates each year from various universities."
Alas it certainly does appear that the "age of the geek" has arrived. Just ask game developer rock stars like John Carmack, driving his Ferrari to work, if they made the right career decision. That's right kids, stay in school, get good grades, and maybe you too can play games for a living -- or better yet, create them.
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Video Game,
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University of Maryland recently created a "game track" within their CS department, and it was much harder than a normal CS degree. I wish it had been available to students when I got in a couple years ago; I would have been all over it. |
Yes, a CS major can be a whole lot of fun these days but I'm sure it's a lot of work too! |
I havent been in school since the early 10,s I wished the technology would have been there at the rate it is now I would have changed my occupation.Great oppurtunities are out there for younger America! |
>> "About one-third of Carnegie Mellon's graduates go directly to work at EA" << "...where they are summarily laid-off each year: http://blog.wired.com/games/2007/10/ea-describes-up.html, just in time for Christmas." Still, I wish there had been a track like this when I was in school. |
Nice to see game development becoming more and more legit. Most people who try their hand at it soon realize the scope of it all is beyond them though. Who knew you'd need to be so well versed in vector calculus among other things? :)


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This winter is finally passing by and it will leave us with spring, and the long awaited and much anticipated summer months. What will your kids be doing?
Today is sunny, bright, and cold with a current temp of a balmy 12 degrees at MD Resort in Aurora, TX, North Fort Worth Texas. It is not your typical January weather. Usually by this time of the year, our lows are in the upper 50s when the weather is not cooperating. Thanks to arctic weather spreading its reach much farther than usual, most of the US is starting this year with unusual wintery if not a record breaking cold start to the New Years. Texas just happens to be one of the warmest states in the United States.


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The Pirates! Band of Misfits(2012)With a rag-tag crew at his side, and seemingly blind to the impossible odds stacked against him, the Pirate Captain has one dream: to beat his bitter rivals Black Bellamy and Cutlass Liz to the much coveted Pirate of the Year Award. It's a quest that takes our heroes from the shores of exotic Blood Island to the foggy streets of Victorian London. Along the way they battle a diabolical queen and team up with a young Charles Darwin. Starring: Hugh Grant, Martin Freeman, Imelda Staunton, David Tennant, Jeremy Piven, Salma Hayek Directors: Peter Lord, Jeff Newitt » See full cast & crew The Pirates! Band of Misfits Blu-ray ReviewNo review exists for this particular release, however, it exists for the other following editions/regions/countries:
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Week of
Nov. 26th |
Week |
Searched |
1 | - | SEC Championship |
2 | - | One Direction |
3 | - | BCS Bowl |
4 | - | Justin Bieber |
5 | - | Taylor Swift |
6 | - | Trans Siberian Orchestra |
7 | - | Miami Heat |
8 | - | Rush |
9 | - | Eric Clapton |
10 | - | Bon Jovi |
It appears searchers are savoring the anticipation of Sunday's bowl announcements, as they are noticeably absent this week. The only exception, making it to #3 this week, is the BCS, and that is likely because Norte Dame has a "presumptive" lock on it. The Fighting Irish haven't been to the National Championship Game for quite some time, so fans are eager to see them make some history at Sun Life Stadium this January.
The Irish in question will likely be fighting the winner of the #1 entry this week, the SEC Championship. The Crimson Tide and the Georgia flavored Bulldogs take to the field at the Georgia Dome this Saturday.
Squeezed between these testosterone fueled spectacles, 1D lands in the #2 spot. With the exception of the Heat holding over from before the Thanksgiving holiday, the remainder of the countdown is filled with concert performers. The holiday concert season is in full swing, as evidenced by the return of noted holiday favorite Trans Siberian Orchestra in the #6 spot. TSO's show this season is based on their 2004 album The Lost Christmas Eve.
Some classic rock rounding things out this week, as both Rush and Clapton make an appearance. Clapton is playing shows with the somewhat freshly reunited Wallflowers next spring.
I'm sure next week we will be seeing some more bowl entries. Will be interesting to see who comes out on top.