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Cobb–Douglas production function
In economics, the Cobb–Douglas production function is a particular functional form of the production function, widely used to represent the technological relationship between the amounts of two or more inputs, particularly physical capital and labor, and the amount of output that can be produced by those inputs. The Cobb-Douglas form was developed and tested against statistical evidence by Charles Cobb and Paul Douglas during 1927–1947.
In its most standard form for production of a single good with two factors, the function is
- Y = total production (the real value of all goods produced in a year)
- L = labor input (the total number of person-hours worked in a year)
- K = capital input (the real value of all machinery, equipment, and buildings)
- A = total factor productivity
- α and β are the output elasticities of capital and labor, respectively. These values are constants determined by available technology.
Output elasticity measures the responsiveness of output to a change in levels of either labor or capital used in production, ceteris paribus. For example if α = 0.45, a 1% increase in capital usage would lead to approximately a 0.45% increase in output.
Further, if
- α + β = 1,
the production function has constant returns to scale, meaning that doubling the usage of capital K and labor L will also double output Y. If
- α + β < 1,
returns to scale are decreasing, and if
- α + β > 1
returns to scale are increasing. Assuming perfect competition and α + β = 1, α and β can be shown to be capital's and labor's shares of output.
Cobb and Douglas were influenced by statistical evidence that appeared to show that labor and capital shares of total output were constant over time in developed countries; they explained this by statistical fitting least-squares regression of their production function. There is now doubt over whether constancy over time exists.
Paul Douglas explained that his first formulation of the Cobb–Douglas production function was developed in 1927; when seeking a functional form to relate estimates he had calculated for workers and capital, he spoke with mathematician and colleague Charles Cobb, who suggested a function of the form , previously used by Knut Wicksell. Estimating this using least squares, he obtained a result for the exponent of labour of 0.75—which was subsequently confirmed by the National Bureau of Economic Research to be 0.741. Later work in the 1940s prompted them to allow for the exponents on K and L to vary, resulting in estimates that subsequently proved to be very close to improved measure of productivity developed at that time.[1]
A major criticism at the time was that estimates of the production function, although seemingly accurate, were based on such sparse data that it was hard to give them much credibility. Douglas remarked "I must admit I was discouraged by this criticism and thought of giving up the effort, but there was something which told me I should hold on."[1] The breakthrough came in using US census data, which was cross-sectional and provided a large number of observations. Douglas presented the results of these findings, along with those for other countries, at his 1947 address as president of the American Economic Association. Shortly afterwards, Douglas went into politics and was stricken by ill health—resulting in little further development on his side. However, two decades later, his production function was widely used, being adopted by economists such as Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow.[1] The Cobb–Douglas production function is especially notable for being the first time an aggregate or economy-wide production function had been developed, estimated, and then presented to the profession for analysis; it marked a landmark change in how economists approached macroeconomics.[2]
Difficulties and criticisms[edit]
Dimensional analysis[edit]
The Cobb–Douglas model is criticized by some Austrian economists on the basis of dimensional analysis. They argue it does not have meaningful or economically reasonable units of measurement unless (implying unreasonably highly increasing return to scale).[3] However, other economists in reply to Barnett have argued that the units used are not fundamentally more unnatural than other units commonly used in physics such as log temperature or distance squared.[4]
Lack of microfoundations[edit]
The Cobb–Douglas production function was not developed on the basis of any knowledge of engineering, technology, or management of the production process. It was instead developed because it had attractive mathematical characteristics, such as diminishing marginal returns to either factor of production and the property that expenditure on any given input is a constant fraction of total cost. Crucially, there are no microfoundations for it. In the modern era, economists try to build models up from individual agents acting, rather than imposing a functional form on an entire economy. However, many modern authors have developed models which give Cobb–Douglas production function from the micro level; many New Keynesian models, for example.[5] It is nevertheless a mathematical mistake to assume that just because the Cobb–Douglas function applies at the micro-level, it also always applies at the macro-level. Similarly, it is not necessarily the case that a macro Cobb–Douglas applies at the disaggregated level. An early microfoundation of the aggregate Cobb–Douglas technology based on linear activities is derived in Houthakker (1955).[6]
Some applications[edit]
Nonetheless, the Cobb–Douglas function has been applied to many other contexts besides production. It can be applied to utility[7] as follows: U(x1,x2)=x1αx2β; where x1 and x2 are the quantities consumed of good #1 and good #2.
In its generalized form, where x1, x2, ..., xL are the quantities consumed of good #1, good #2, ..., good #L, a utility function representing the Cobb–Douglas preferences may be written as:
with x = (x1, x2, ..., xL). Setting and because the function is strictly monotone for x > 0, it follows that represents the same preferences. Setting it can be shown that The utility may be maximized by looking at the logarithm of the utility which makes the consumer's optimization problem:
This has the solution that:
which has the interpretation that the per-unit fraction of the consumers incomes used in purchasing good j is exactly the marginal term
Various representations of the production function[edit]
The Cobb–Douglas function form can be estimated as a linear relationship using the following expression:
The model can also be written as
As noted, the common Cobb–Douglas function used in macroeconomic modeling is
where K is capital and L is labor. When the model exponents sum to one, the production function is first-order homogeneous, which implies constant returns to scale—that is, if all inputs are scaled by a common factor greater than zero, output will be scaled by the same factor.
Translog (transcendental logarithmic) production function[edit]
The translog production function is a generalization of the Cobb–Douglas production function. The name translog stands for 'transcendental logarithmic'.
The three factor translog production function is:
where A = total factor productivity, L = labor, K = capital, M = materials and supplies, and Y = output.
Derived from a CES function[edit]
The constant elasticity of substitution (CES) function is
in which the limiting case corresponds to a Cobb–Douglas function, with constant returns to scale.
To see this, the log of the CES function,
can be taken to the limit by applying l'Hôpital's rule:
Therefore, .
See also[edit]
- Leontief production function
- Microeconomics
- Outline of industrial organization
- Production-possibility frontier
- Production theory
- ^ a b c "The Cobb-Douglas Production Function Once Again: Its History, Its Testing, and Some New Empirical Values". Journal of Political Economy 84 (5): 903–916. October 1976.
- ^ Jesus Filipe and Gerard Adams (2005). "The Estimation of the Cobb Douglas Function". Eastern Economic Journal 31 (3): 427–445.
- ^ (Barnett 2007, p. 96)
- ^ (Barnett 2007, p. 102)
- ^ Walsh, Carl (2003). Monetary Theory and Policy (2nd ed.). Cambridge: MIT Press.
- ^ Houthakker, H.S. (1955), "The Pareto Distribution and the Cobb–Douglas Production Function in Activity Analysis", The Review of Economic Studies 23 (1): 27–31
- ^ Brenes, Adrián (2011). Cobb-Douglas Utility Function.
- William Barnett II (2007). "Dimensions and Economics: Some Problems". Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics 7 (1).
- Cobb, C. W.; Douglas, P. H. (1928). "A Theory of Production". American Economic Review 18 (Supplement): 139–165.
External links[edit]
- Anatomy of Cobb-Douglas Type Production Functions in 3D
- Analysis of the Cobb-Douglas as a utility function
- Closed Form Solution for a firm with an N-input production function


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Thanks for stopping by the 2012 Diva Holiday Gift Guide from Party Plan Divas! Every day in November I will be highlighting some of the hottest products from the Direct Sales Industry – along with tons of great giveaways – from Independent Consultants across the USA. Help support small businesses this Holiday Season by shopping from Party Plan Consultants and make a difference in someone's life! You are going to be shopping this season for your loved ones, why not help some one directly by buying through an Independent Consultant in Party Plan? Thanks for stopping by! Happy Shopping!
Next up in the Diva Holiday Gift Guide is an item that as soon as I opened the box I fell in love. The Odyssey Necklace from Jewels by Park Lane is absolutely stunning. Karen Doniere, Independent Consultant for Jewels by Park Lane could not have picked a more perfect piece for me to feature. Though looking through her catalog she truly had her work cut out for her – every single piece in the Jewels by Park Lane catalog I could see myself wearing.
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I love that the Odyssey can be dressed up or dressed down to go with just about everything in my closet. Since receiving the necklace I have worn it with a dress to a school event for Little Diva as well as out for a night on the town with my girlfriends. Each time I was complimented on how it sparkled. Pictures just do not do this piece justice. Its gorgeous and would be a great gift for any woman on your Holiday Shopping List.
Jewels by Park Lane began in Chicago back in 1955 by husband and wife team Arthur and Shirley LeVin. Their love of jewelry and commitment to The American Dream has helped make Jewels by Park Lane one of the Direct Sales industry leaders. From the "Bonus Item" program for customers to the generous Hostess Program and Opportunity, its no wonder Jewels by Park Lane has been going strong for over 50 years.

subset: commoncrawl


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thing is... it WONT be good. New coach, new system, no consistency for Russell, McFadden, etc.
Kiff said it in the beginning when he said he didn't have the talent on offense. We should have beat SD, and Buffalo. The debacle on the opening Monday night aside, The raiders are as good as anyone. They just didn't have the talent on the offensive side of the ball to convert on 3rd downs. McFadden is hurt, Fargas is hurt, the OL isn't good and nobody expected them to be good.
Kiffin was the closest thing to improvement we'll see until Mr. Al Davis passes away.


text:
Pink Sugar Sensual Perfume
By Aquolina for Women
Pink Sugar Sensual Perfume by Aquolina, Launched in 2009 this is a sweet and seductive fragrance for women and an oriental vanilla version of the original . Top notes are black currant, tangerine and bergamot, heart notes are orange blossom, light nuances of pink jasmine petals and tiare flowers. Base notes are alluring and seduce with the sweetness of vanilla, black sugar and woody accords of sandalwood. All products are original, authentic name brands. We do not sell knockoffs or imitations.
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- Great smell (18)
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- Evening (9)
- Daily use (7)
- Signature fragrance (3)
- Reviewer Profile:
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Sweet and sassy, sexy and bold. It it not too strong right off the bat. I really love this fragrance, however it doesn't hold very long. I don't usually go for the sweet...Read complete review
Sweet and sassy, sexy and bold. It it not too strong right off the bat. I really love this fragrance, however it doesn't hold very long. I don't usually go for the sweet ones, but this is delicious!
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Sugary and vanilla, young fragrance
I enjoy this fragrance, its a little too musky for me, though every time I sprayed it before I bought it, I loved it, but when I received it, I thought it smelt...Read complete review
I enjoy this fragrance, its a little too musky for me, though every time I sprayed it before I bought it, I loved it, but when I received it, I thought it smelt a whole lot like a bathroom deodorizer. Anyway, I determined to like it, and now think it smells like gummy bears and rich vanilla at other times. It had to grow on me. I don't think its very sensual though. That's just me. It's not something I can't live without.
its definitely a younger girl's fragrance and too potent to wear out, with that being said, it also does not have good sillage or lasting power either though. i think i might be embarrassed to wear this in the office, maybe for more casual get togethers though. it smells like something that would be at a *young* teenagers store.
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good as a light everyday perfume
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I love this fragrance cause it smell sooo good and the lasting power is superb
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even better than pink sugar plain.I loved it from the first time
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I spray this on day and night and even use it on my linens.
People shopping around me say "something smells nice around here"and it's such good fun to hear and keep shopping.
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[JURIST] Turkey's Supreme Court on Friday announced that the corruption trial of former Prime Minister Mesut Yilmaz [personal website; Wikipedia profile] has been indefinitely suspended, meaning that the charges against Yilmaz will be dropped if he does not face similar accusations within the next five years. Yilmaz and former Economics Minister Gunes Taner were accused of pre-determining the winner [JURIST report] of a process to privatize Turkey's state bank and of using a mafia leader to scare off unwanted bids.Yilmaz is the first former Turkish leader to face criminal prosecution. Prime minister three times in the 1990s, he finally left public office in 2002, but said after the suspension of his case Friday that he is considering a return to the political arena. AP has more.
[JURIST] Canada authorities confirmed Friday that they had asked Germany to detain Iranian prosecutor Saeed Mortazavi [Wikipedia backgrounder] if he passed through German territory after attending the inaugural meeting of the UN Human Rights Council [official website] in Geneva, Switzerland, as an observer. Mortazavi is widely suspected of being present in July 2003 when Iranian-Canadian photojournalist Zahra Kazemi [CBC backgrounder] died from a blow to her head while in Iranian custody, and of orchestrating a cover-up of the incident. Iran Thursday received nearly universal condemnation [JURIST report] for sending Mortazavi to the human rights meeting. Canadian Foreign Minister Peter Mackay reportedly asked German officials to detain Mortazavi if he came though Germany so that he might be prosecuted for crimes against humanity. Mortazavi ended up flying directly to Tehran from Geneva, but Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper [official website] said Friday that Canada would continue to press a case against him: "We're appealing to the international community to use all manner of law available to detain this individual, and have him face justice." AFP has more. Canadian Press has additional coverage.
[JURIST] The US Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on Friday struck down a US Securities and Exchange Commission [official website] rule [PDF text; JURIST report] regulating hedge funds. The rule required hedge fund advisors responsible for at least $30 million in assets to register with the SEC, thus subjecting them to legal scrutiny for potential fraud. In a unanimous decision [PDF text] Friday in Goldstein v. SEC, Judge A. Raymond Randolph wrote that hedge funds escape SEC regulation under the Investment Company Act of 1940 [PDF text] because "investment vehicles that remain private and available only to highly sophisticated private investors have historically been understood not to present the same dangers to public markets as more widely available public investment companies."Responding to the decision, SEC Chairman Christopher Cox said the SEC will work on drafting alternative rules [press release] to oversee hedge fund activity to "protect investors, maintain fair and orderly markets, and promote capital formation." The Managed Funds Association [advocacy website], a trade organization of hedge funds, has previously criticized the SEC rule [MFA comment paper] as overburdensome in cost and unnecessary given other reporting requirements already imposed by other regulatory bodies on hedge funds. Bloomberg has more.
[JURIST] UK Prime Minister Tony Blair [official website] on Friday called for new laws to narrow the gap between the public's desire for justice and outcomes that are perceived to unfairly favor defendants, in a a major criminal justice policy speech [transcript] delivered in Bristol. Citing public concern over recent controversial decisions [JURIST report] involving sentences for sex offenders, Blair said:
The public are anxious for a perfectly good reason: they think they play fair and play by the rules and they see too many people who don't, getting away with it. By the public I don't mean the "hang 'em and flog 'em" brigade. I mean ordinary, decent law-abiding folk, who believe in rehabilitation as well as punishment, understand there are deep-rooted causes of crime and know that no Government can eliminate it. But they think the political and legal establishment are out of touch on the issue and they are right.So when we introduced ASB [anti-social behavior] legislation, it was ridiculed and in part watered down. Each piece of asylum and criminal justice legislation has been diluted, sometimes fundamentally in the Houses of Parliament. Each law on terrorism has been attacked, in one case as posing more threat to the country's safety than the terrorism itself...I have come to the conclusion that part of the problem in this whole area has been the absence of a proper, considered intellectual and political debate about the nature of liberty in the modern world...The problem with the reform movement was not that it failed. On the contrary it succeeded. And, out of the great achievements of 19th century penal and legal reform, flowed an unintended consequence: the ideal of being a liberal in this field became associated, subtly and insidiously, with ensuring the fair treatment of suspects and criminals, detached from an equivalent concern with victims.
[JURIST] A UK Court of Appeal on Friday dismissed [opinion text] a case arguing that Britain's ban on fox hunting with dogs infringed on human rights. The Countryside Alliance [advocacy website] challenged a Hunting Act 2004 [text], saying it was unnecessary for a democratic society and that it violates human rights that protect the right to private and family life, peaceful assembly and the freedom of association. Sir Anthony Clarke, Master of Rolls, rejected Countryside's argument without considering whether a right had been infringed, calling it a "legitimate and proportionate" exercise of government power.Countryside has mounted several challenges to the law seeking to overturn it. Last year, Countryside lost [JURIST report] another challenge questioning the legality of the 1949 Parliament Act [BBC backgrounder] that the House of Lords used to push the Hunting Act through the legislature. Reuters has more. The Times has local coverage.
[JURIST] Liberia's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) [UN Mission in Liberia news release, PDF] formally began its work Thursday to investigate and document human rights abuses occurring in Liberia from 1979 to 2003. The TRC was inaugurated [JURIST report] in February by Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf [BBC profile], who said that the commission is intended to heal the war-torn country and uncover the truth about the 14-year-long Liberian civil war [Globalsecurity.org backgrounder].The TRC has been criticized by human rights groups [JURIST report] who instead advocate a Liberian human rights court because the TRC cannot prosecute war crimes violations. The TRC was mandated by the 2003 Liberian peace accord [text] that officially ended the civil war. AP has more. The Analyst of Monrovia has local coverage.
[JURIST] The US Department of Justice announced the arrest of seven men [press release] Friday for conspiring to bomb the Sears Tower in Chicago and the FBI headquarters in Miami. A federal grand jury returned a four-count indictment [PDF text] Friday charging the seven defendants with conspiring to provide material support to al Qaeda; conspiring to provide material support, training, and resources to terrorists; conspiring to maliciously damage and destroy by means of an explosive; and conspiring to levy war against the government of the United States. The indictment alleges that Narseal Batiste recruited the six other defendants to "organize and train for a mission to wage war against the United States government," and that they pledged an oath to al Qaeda in an attempt to secure financial and logistical backing. To show support for al Qaeda, the defendants took photographs of the FBI building in Miami and other federal buildings in Miami, their hometown. Instead of working with a true al Qaeda representative, however, the men were dealing with an informant with the South Florida Joint Terrorism Task Force. The last contact the informant had with Batiste was on May 24, when he told the informant that "he was experiencing delays because of various problems within his organization but that he wanted to continue his mission and maintain his relationship with al Qaeda."In a statement [text] Friday, US Attorney General Alberto Gonzales [official profile] said that the "case clearly demonstrates our commitment to preventing terrorism through energetic law enforcement efforts aimed at detecting and thwarting terrorist acts." According to a DOJ fact sheet [text] released Friday, DOJ anti-terror efforts have resulted in the conviction [DOJ examples] or guilty pleas of 261 defendants since the Sept. 11 terror attacks and charges have been brought against another 180 defendants. AP has more.
[JURIST] UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Louise Arbour [official profile] denounced human rights abuses committed during the war on terror Friday, urging governments to give terror suspects a fair trial and reminding them of the "absolute ban on torture" in remarks to the UN Human Rights Council (HRC) [official website; JURIST news archive]. In her statement [transcript; recorded video], Arbour said:
International law requires that the prohibition of torture be ensured by active measures: in addition to not engaging in acts of torture themselves, states have a positive obligation to protect individuals from exposure to torture. No cogent argument, whether normative or empirical, has been advanced to support a departure from the torture prohibition in the fight against terrorism. Whatever its asserted effectiveness, torture delegitimizes State action to the point where the State can no longer assert its moral authority.
[JURIST] UN Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs Nicolas Michel [official profile] stressed the importance of not sacrificing justice by "granting amnesty in ending conflicts" at a UN Security Council meeting Thursday on strengthening international law [UN summary; recorded video]. Michel said that ending impunity for war criminals is one of the most important developments in international law over the last 15 years and welcomed preparations for a war crimes trial for former Liberian President Charles Taylor [BBC profile; JURIST news archive], currently underway at The Hague. Taylor has been indicted [PDF text] for crimes against humanity and violations of international humanitarian law, including murder, rape and the recruitment and use of child soldiers during the war in Sierra Leone. The UN News Centre has more.Also at Thursday's Security Council session, Denmark's Foreign Minister Per Stig Moeller criticized the UN's process of imposing sanctions against al Qaeda and Taliban leaders. Moeller said the process of adding names to the sanctions list [UN backgrounder] and the difficulty of removing or correcting entries threatens to undermine the rule of law. Moeller called on the Security Council to "improve due process guarantees" and "reduce the risk of innocent third parties becoming victims of such measures." Reuters has more.
[JURIST] Iraq released 500 detainees from Abu Ghraib prison [JURIST news archive] Friday as part of an ongoing national reconciliation plan [JURIST report] first announced by new Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri Maliki [BBC profile] earlier this month. Maliki promised that 2,500 prisoners held in US detention facilities and under Iraqi custody would be released if the detainees "are not Saddam Hussein loyalists or terrorists or anyone who has Iraqi blood on their hands." Friday's release follows the release of nearly 300 prisoners two weeks ago, and 600 prisoners [JURIST reports] prior to that. Lieutenant Colonel Keir-Kevin Curry, a spokesman for the US detention facilities in Iraq, said that about 2,300 prisoners have been released since Maliki announced the plan on June 7.People view Maliki's national reconciliation move as an attempt by the hardline Shiite prime minister to appease the Sunni minority, which is largely responsible for the insurgency against the Iraqi government. Maliki made releasing detainees who were detained mistakenly or without sufficient evidence a priority when he began his term [JURIST report] in May. AFP has more.
[JURIST] The Japanese Supreme Court [official website, in Japanese] Friday dismissed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi's visits to the Yasukuni shrine [shrine website], according to a court spokesperson who did not provide details on the ruling. The suit was brought by 338 plaintiff survivors of South Korean, Japanese, and Chinese soldiers killed during wars involving Japan, who say the Prime Minister visited the shrine in 2001 in an official capacity, impermissibly violating Japan's constitutional barriers between church and state. Article 20 of the Japan Constitution [text] reads:
Freedom of religion is guaranteed to all. No religious organization shall receive any privileges from the State, nor exercise any political authority. No person shall be compelled to take part in any religious acts, celebration, rite or practice. The State and its organs shall refrain from religious education or any other religious activity.
[JURIST] Two Russian officials switched roles Thursday, as President Vladimir Putin appointed former Prosecutor General Vladimir Ustinov [MosNews profile] to the justice minister post several hours after former Justice Minister Yury Chaika was approved as the new prosecutor general in a 91-1 vote by the Federation Council [official website], the upper house of parliament. Ustinov resigned from the justice minister post [JURIST report] on June 2, and Chaika was nominated by Putin [JURIST report] on Monday. Though both Putin and Federation Council members stressed Friday that Ustinov's June 2 resignation was a non-political decision, he stepped down after the Council, acting on Putin's recommendation, unanimously called for his removal. Ustinov spent the majority of his time as Prosecutor General embroiled in the criminal case against former Russian oil magnate Mikhail Khodorkovsky [MosNews profile; JURIST news archive] who was convicted of tax evasion and is now incarcerated in a Siberian prison [JURIST reports]. RIA Novosti has local coverage of the Ustinov and Chaika installations.
[JURIST] The Beijing No. 2 Intermediate People's Court has delayed the verdict in the trial of Zhao Yan [HRIC profile, PDF], a former New York Times researcher, a defense lawyer said Friday. Zhao has been indicted for "providing state secrets to foreigners" following a 2004 New York Times report [text] that revealed the resignation of Jiang Zemin as head of the military before it was formally announced and his trial finished last week. Zhao's lawyer said Friday the verdict has been delayed for one month, with an answer expected by July 25, adding that it is common for a delay in a case "where there is a great discrepancy between prosecutors and defense lawyers."China first formally indicted Zhao on the state secrets charges in December, but dropped the charges in March while continuing to detain Zhao [JURIST reports]. China has insisted that Zhao's continued detention is legal [JURIST report] under the Chinese Criminal Procedure Law [text]. Zhao's retrial had been postponed in early June, with no indication at the time of when the trial would take place. AP has more.
[JURIST] Republican House leaders Thursday clarified the timing and purpose of proposed nationwide immigration hearings [JURIST report], deflecting criticism that the hearings were intended to delay a House vote on comprehensive immigration reform [JURIST news archive] until after November elections. Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert [official website] told a news conference Thursday that hearings will begin the first week in July and will extend through mid-August, and will invite public comment on immigration issues. Hastert suggested that a Senate-House compromise immigration bill could be worked out before the elections, but that the bill should not be rushed through either chamber. There are few similarities between the Senate bill [S 2611 summary; JURIST report] and the House version [HR 4437 summary; JURIST report], which must be reconciled before a bill can be presented to the President. In a speech earlier this month, President Bush called on lawmakers to find a "rational middle ground" between the Senate version, which includes a pathway to citizenship favored by Bush, and the House bill, which focuses on law enforcement. The New York Times has more.
[JURIST] Canadian Justice Minister Vic Toews [official website] introduced a bill [text; legislative materials] in the Canadian House of Commons Thursday that would raise the age of sexual consent to 16 in a bid to crack down on Internet predators [CBC report]. If the legislation is passed, it would mark the first time Canada has changed the age of consent since it was set at 14 over 100 years ago [Library of Parliament background paper]. The bill includes a near-age exception, allowing a 14 or 15-year-old to consent to sexual activities if their partner is no more than five years older. Toews said [press release] Thursday that the bill is not meant to "criminalize teenage youth who may be involved in sexual activity with their peers," but rather that it seeks to protect "vulnerable young people from adult sexual predators."The Canadian Federation for Sexual Health [advocacy website] has criticized the proposed legislation, saying that there is no proof that an older age of consent will protect youths from adult sexual predators, and expressing fear that young adults will be deterred from seeking consultation on safe sexual practices. Debate on the bill will not take place until Parliament resumes in the fall. Reuters has more. CTV has local coverage.
[JURIST] European Union [official website] diplomats on Thursday agreed to revive an agreement with the United States that compels European airlines to disclose information about passengers flying from Europe to the US. The EU and US first reached such an agreement in 2004, but the European Court of Justice [official website] struck down the agreement [opinion; JURIST report] last month as illegal because the passenger name records deal [BBC Q&A] did not have an appropriate legal basis. The EU Presidency and European Commission [official website] will draft a new agreement containing similar language as the 2004 agreement, but relying on a different legal basis and some negotiators say that the new agreement will be based on security and organized crime laws. The new agreement is expected to be completed by October 1. The passenger name records deal requires European airlines to reveal the name, address, credit card information, and itinerary details of passengers to US officials within 15 minutes of a flight's departure. Information that could reveal the passenger's religion or ethnicity, such as meal preferences, is deleted from the record before handing the information over to US authorities. The agreement was negotiated to resolve concerns that US requirements that airlines operating flights to the US provide US authorities access to passenger data would conflict with EU data protection legislation. Reuters has more.
[JURIST] Saddam Hussein [JURIST news archive] and his seven co-defendants ended a brief hunger strike late Thursday after Hussein missed only one meal. Hussein began the hunger strike [JURIST report] in protest of the murder [JURIST report] of one of his defense lawyers early Wednesday morning and to highlight the need for additional security. At the outset of the hunger strike, leading defense counsel Khalil al-Dulaimi said the defendants would end their strike when additional security is provided to the defense team. Hussein threatened to boycott the trial[JURIST report] last year if additional security demands were not met by his Iraqi and US captors.Armed gunmen abducted and killed Hussein defense lawyer Khamis al-Obeidi Wednesday, just two days after the prosecution presented their closing arguments in the trial, calling for the death penalty [JURIST report] for Hussein and four of his co-defendants. The defense is currently scheduled to present its closing arguments on July 10. He and his seven co-defendants face crimes against humanity charges [JURIST report] for killing, torturing and illegally detaining Dujail residents and for committing other inhumane acts in response to an alleged 1982 assassination attempt on Hussein's life. Reuters has more.
[JURIST] US Central Intelligence Agency [official website] counterterrorism agents secretly reviewed financial records of Americans listed in an international database after the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks [JURIST news archive], focusing on people with links to al Qaeda, according to reports by the New York Times late Thursday and the Los Angeles Times Friday. The database, from a Belgian cooperative named Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) [corporate website; Wikipedia backgrounder] central to the global banking industry, primarily contains international wire transfers, and excludes most routine banking transactions. The tracking program is run by the CIA and overseen by the US Treasury Department [official website]. Stuart Levey, Treasury under secretary for terrorism and financial intelligence, has defended the program's legality and other officials have said the SWIFT database is exempt from American laws because SWIFT is considered a messaging service, and not actually a bank or financial institution. Other officials involved in the program have expressed skepticism, however, calling the legality of the program a "gray area."Treasury Secretary John Snow promptly issued a statement [press release] defending the Department's Terrorist Finance Tracking Program
Let me be clear what this program is, and what it is not. It is an essential tool in the war on terror, based on appropriate legal authorities with effective oversight and safeguards. It is not "data mining", or trolling through the private financial records of Americans. It is not a "fishing expedition", but rather a sharp harpoon aimed at the heart of terrorist activity. That fact makes today's disclosure so regrettable, because the public dissemination of our sources and methods of fighting terrorists not only harms national security but also degrades the government's efforts to prevent terrorist activity in the future.
JURIST offers a news ticker and preformatted headline boxes updated in real time. Get the code.
Feedroll provides free Paper Chase news boxes with headlines or digests precisely tailored to your website's look and feel, with content updated every 15 minutes. Customize and get the code.


text:
Pero Organic Dog Treats 225g
Product Description
Why choose organic? * Because your dog deserves it That wagging tail, excitable bark and jump for joy that greets you every time you return from work or pick up the lead, there's just no hiding a dog's emotion. Faithful, trusting, loving and instinctively protective of you and your family - dogs are special. So reward that bond by giving your dog the wholesome, fresh goodness that is Pero Organic Dog Food, the best complete truly dog food available. * A better alternative Put simply, organic food contains more of the good stuff - like vitamins, minerals and cancer-fighting antioxidants - and less of the bad stuff - pesticides, additive and drugs. Animals fed organically produced feed are healthier in terms of growth, reproductive health and recovery from illness than those fed on non-organic feed, even over successive generations. (Soil Association) * Better for the environment Overall organic farming supports more farmland wildlife than non-organic farming. The UK government has said that it is better for wildlife, causes lower pollution from sprays, produces less carbon dioxide - the main global warming gas - and less dangerous wastes. (Soil Association) Organic Farmers & Growers.
Product Information
Store in a cool dry place
Country of Origin
Package Type
Cardboard box.
Recycling Information
Recyclable Cardboard.
Other Information
Not tested on animals & against animal testing. Free from artificial colours, flavours & preservatives. Free from genetically modified ingredients. Free from wheat gluten..
Organic Fresh Chicken (min 26%), Organic Rice (min 26%), Organic Oats, Organic Barley, Fish Meal, Organic Full Fat Soya, Organic Peas, Organic Skimmed Milk, Organic Herbs, Organic Honey, Vitamins & Minerals.
Nutritional Data
Typical Values | per 100g |
Sodium | 0.09g |
Protein | 22% |
Oil | 12% |
Ash | 7% |
Fibre | 4.5% |
Calcium | 0.79% |
Copper | 20mg/kg |
Customer Reviews
10 January 2012
3 of 3 found this review helpful.
Dogs favourite
Tried these treats last week for first time & dogs absolutely love them. I like that there is no GM in them
02 July 2010
3 of 3 found this review helpful.
Excellent to find a wheat free dog treat - no other supermarket has one!
- Disclaimer
- These summary details have been prepared for information purposes only, and are designed to enhance your shopping experience on the Ocado website. While we have taken care in preparing this summary and believe it is accurate, it is not a substitute for your reading the product packaging and label prior to use. You should note that products and their ingredients are subject to change. If you do require precise ingredient information you should consult the manufacturer, whose contact details will appear on the packaging or label.
- Ocado is therefore unable to accept liability for any incorrect information. Where this description contains a link to another party's website for further information on the product, please note that Ocado has no control over and no liability for the contents of that website.
- You should also note that the picture images show only our serving suggestions of how to prepare your food - all table accessories and additional items and/or ingredients pictured with the product you are purchasing are not included.
- This data is supplied for personal use only. It may not be reproduced in any way whatsoever without Ocado Limited's prior consent, nor without due acknowledgement.


text:
Most people think if cash is no good they use a debit or credit card!
Comments (Page 167)
Judged: 1 Most people think if cash is no good they use a debit or credit card! |
Since: Nov 12 2,581 Location hidden |
Judged: 1 1 1 Agree completely. I vote Republican because they are closest to my conservative views, but the Republican "establishment" makes me sick to my stomach. And hasn't Washington been proved sadly right. Those once elected are first and foremost committed to their reelection and retention of power, their constituency second (maybe third, fourth...). Term limits would solve SO many problems. |
Judged: 1 1 1 Thanks Don't worry. Those who object to our message don't know the difference between socialism, capitalism, or libertarianism, or a short slant pass to half back slipping out of the backfield after assuring there was no blitz. If they ever understood the illogical nature of their contradictory positions they'd be too embarrassed to post here. And we'd lose all this entertainment. |
Judged: 1 agreed,with jefferson and hamilton,it may have been as much personal as political.from hamiltons' point of view- he could see through jeffersons' genteel facade and recognized him for what he really was- a 'down and dirty,bare-knuckles politician.as for jefferson,he seemed to loathe hamilton as crude and something of a simpleton.anyway,it just got to be too much for washington and jefferson ended up resigning. |
Judged: 2 2 1 Surely you're joking. This from a Right Winger protecting us from the scourge of socialism, that threatens to overtake our entire country by next Tuesday ! Yea, wouldn't it be horrible to cut the War Department's budget. Damn, we might have to bring our troops home and not give them the chance to die to protect Exxon-Mobil's and Halliburton's profits. What a shame that would be - how who would force Iraq and Saudi Arabia to sign oil contracts with the chosen monopolies. Why we might even have to - Gasp !- conserve energy. Lord save us. And as a good capitalist - surely you look forward to the death of the horrible Socialist Security. Those damn liberal Democraps invented that Socialist Security and the liberal Medicare, and keep fighting Romney, Cantor, McConnell, Gingrich, and the gang of Right thinkin 'Mericans who know we gotta stop those damn wiild eyed liberals. |
Judged: 1 As long as you root for the Big 10 at the Rose Bowl - that's what matters most - unless of course it's Michigan. |
Judged: 1 1 1 You WERE the dictionary poster...please limit those. Especially the loooong ones. I was scrolling so fast past them, yours and the reply by OMTE, I was dizzy. Now, your posts are good, but note that we think independently. Again, you will NEVER have such mind control on this forum, just so you know. Now, carry on. |
Judged: 1 1 1 How about some facts to support your ideology ? Maybe explain why, if cutting taxes on the rich, and higher corporate profits, lead to less unemployment and higher incomes for the working man, yet every time we cut taxes for the rich, and corporate profits explode, unemployment increases and the working man's income drops ? Or just insult anyone who points out the facts support the liberal/progressives. |
where's the 'big' in the big ten,info-op? what are they now, two in the last twenty against sec teams? |
Judged: 1 1 1 DIZZY, not delusional. And I may or may not agree with ALL your posts. I don't expect you to care. Not me. |
Hey, I pay property in both taxes in Florida and Georgia, so I get to claim both. Grew up in the Midwest and sent one kid to undergrad school up there the - memories of them too. |
Judged: 1 Good point though. Agree that the SEC is the strongest conference. Big Ten hasn't been too impressive lately. |
Judged: 2 2 1 Great post. Politicians should be faithful to the country - not to the extremes that seek to control the primary process. |
Judged: 1 1 1 You're as windy as informed opinion. |
Judged: 2 1 1 Seriously, get over yourself. I would venture to say that EVERYONE here knows what a fiat currency is and how it works. No need for your (sic) "definions". You're actually working at a very rudimentary level. |
like what lou holtz said,everyone complains about the sec but nobody can beat them.(altho i think he borrowed the line from mark twain,or will rodgers@weather). |
Judged: 1 1 1 That Holtz is a smart man. I like that we get bragging rights every year. Either the Gators or the Dawgs are usually doing well. At my age, you gotta take joy where you can find it. Thank God for that "prepaid" college funds. |
Judged: 1 1 1 not sure what the final tally was,but for most of the year about 5 of the the top 10 or so teams were sec.that is pretty impressive,especially when you consider that there are 4 or 5 major conferences and 130 +or-, teams in all. |
Since: Nov 08 13,601 Location hidden |
Judged: 1 +1 Excellent post! |
Since: Nov 08 13,601 Location hidden |
Judged: 2 VERY WELL said. I concur. Term limits is such wishful thinking. That would mess up the SCAM that's going on in Washington. |
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text:
Updated home screens:
Using pure calendar grid widget, weather widgets v2, beautiful widgets. Also using AppOrganizer to create labels (aka folders) with custom icons that have related apps in them (i.e. games, work, etc) All on home++
<Now With 2.0.1 Goodness!>
- Mega
Under wallpaper and "Tux" section
Just downloaded it. I had been hoping that you could changed the different volume levels by just tapping their respective places on the widget, but that doesn't seem to be the case. Pressing the widget anywhere just opens an application where you can make the adjustments. Still -- kinda useful.
yeah I suppose definitely not as cool as it seems lol


text:
Moderators: adafruit_support_bill, adafruit
DISPLAY DRIVER (x3 per board)
Mfg Part: AS1107WL
URL: http://search.digikey.com/us/en/products/AS1107WL-T/AS1107WL-TCT-ND/2334782
Package: 24-SOIC
Supply Voltage Range: 2.7 to 5.5V
Brightness Control: Digital and Analog
DigiKey O/H: 2,385
DigiKey Price @1500: $4.07
DigiKey O/H: 2000 (1000/reel)
DigiKey Price @1000: $3.33
Future Electronics O/H: 850 (1000/reel)
FE Price @1000: $3.49
Used for: LED Matrix driving
CAPACITOR TANTALUM 10uF 10V 20% 1206 SMD
Mfg Part: TCJA106M010R0300
URL: http://search.digikey.com/us/en/products/TCJA106M010R0300/478-3127-1-ND/827213
ESR: 300 mOhm
DigiKey O/H @1000: 18,829
Price @1000: $0.38745
DigiKey O/H @2000: 18,000
Price @1000: $0.274
Used for: Supply filtering
Mfg Part: GRM319R71H104KA01D
URL: http://search.digikey.com/us/en/products/GRM319R71H104KA01D/490-1775-2-ND/586815
DigiKey O/H: 310439
Price @12000: $0.0134
Used for: Power In/Out, Decoupling, etc
Why not just include a real BOM!
westfw wrote:I'm not really very fond of BOMs that have meaningless manufacturer part numbers instead of calling out the important features of the part (very common in manufacturer "reference designs.")
westfw wrote:Also negative result info: "don't use a 1/8W resistor here, because it's actually dissipating more than 1/8W!")
westfw wrote:FIghtCube's example is great. (well, almost great; it looks like the links don't work (digikey's fault for tying "search" to a session?)) I do notice that it apparently took several months to put together!)
westfw wrote:Why not just include a real BOM!
Well, for instance, freeduino was designed without specific parts in mind, and the prototypes were built largely with "surplus" components of unknown part numbers and usually unknown manufacturer (and not always matching the schematic. I have a partial reel of 9.19k resistors that were used in place of the 10k reset pullup on the 1206 version, and a big bag of .22uF and .33uF ceramic caps that I used instead of .1uF bypass caps. You're lucky the schematic values aren't "bypass cap" and "pullup resistor" (Hmm. I think I actually did "LED current limiting resistor" rather than specifying an actual value.))
FightCube wrote:I just created a spreadsheet for my Arduino Pro Mini v12/v13 (5V) BOM. If you are interested check it out here:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc ... mE1YlN5MUE
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 2 guests


text:
Global Lessons from Fitzgerald: From State and National to Global Integrity Systems
There are no files associated with this record.
Title | Global Lessons from Fitzgerald: From State and National to Global Integrity Systems |
Author | Sampford, Charles John |
Book Title | The Fitzgerald Legacy: Reforming Public Life in Australia and Beyond |
Editor | Colleen lewis, Janet Ransley and Ross Homel |
Year Published | 2010 |
Citation | Brisbane: Australian Academic Press pp. 212-235 |
Peer Reviewed | Yes |
Published | Yes |
Publisher URI | https://www.australianacademicpress.com.au/books/details/134/The_Fitzgerald_Legacy_Reforming_Public_Life_in_Australia_and_Beyond |
Alternative URI | http://www.australianacademicpress.com.au/ |
Copyright Statement | Self-archiving is not yet supported by this publisher. Please refer to the publisher's website or contact the author(s) for more information. |
Research Centre | Key Centre for Ethics, Law, Justice and Governance |
Faculty | Arts, Education and Law |
Publication Type | Book Chapters |
Please use this identifier to cite this record: http://hdl.handle.net/10072/34668
Griffith University copyright notice
Copyright in individual works within the repository belongs to their authors or publishers. You may make a print or digital copy of a work for your personal non-commercial use. All other rights are reserved, except for fair dealings or other user rights granted by the copyright laws of your country.


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We have stayed in this area many times but usually nearer Marina di Massa. Only booked at the last minute and paid 750 euros for 7 nights stay Bed and breakfast. Check in good and fast. Rooms all seem to be on one side of hotel with small balcony, Rooms and bathrooms clean but very,very small. Hardly any room between... More
- Also Known As:
- Nedy Hotel Ronchi
Italy >
Tuscany >
Province of Massa Carrara >
Marina Di Massa
Business Center
Fitness Center
Free Parking
Swimming Pool
Ranked #7 of 35 hotels in Marina Di Massa
Price Range (Based on Average Rates):
Hotel Class:3 star — Hotel Nedy 3*
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- The Nedy Hotel, completely renovated by its new owners, is a 3-star, full-service hotel. It is surrounded by greenery, only 400 meters from the beach and is the perfect spot for either a relaxing vacation or work-related activities. Just four kilometers from the major centers of Forte dei Marmi and Marina di Massa, the hotel is conveniently located close to artistic, cultural and recreational attractions, including Versilia's nightlife,€" making it the perfect spot for young people, people who love to have fun and for families. The family atmosphere is warm and welcoming, and attention will be paid to your every need. The Nedy Hotel is waiting to welcome you and give you a vacation that truly lives up to your expectations. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Travelocity, Hotels.com, Priceline, Venere and Expedia so you can book your Hotel Nedy reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


text:
Acquerello Portofino Watercolor Sheets
Portofino is the hot-press companion to Italia Acquerello's fine cold-press papers.It delivers a beautiful, silky smooth surface that gives traditional wet techniques a new look. Portofino is designed specifically for wet media.
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Moulin du Roy is a mouldmade, 100% cotton, French watercolor paper that features enhanced surface cohesion to allow the application of several layers of paint without damaging the surface. Special mass and surface sizing provide wet strength and allow for easy, even spreading of pigments.
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Multimedia/Aquarelle Paper
Use any painting and drawing media you choose on this fine quality, crisp white paper! Multimedia/Aquarelle Paper consists of 100% cotton fiber, is acid-free, and has a neutral pH. The paper is 140 lb (300 gsm) weight, and has an uneven textured surface.
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Saunders Waterford is an exquisite, professional-quality, cold press watercolor paper made from 100% cotton fibers. This 140 lb paper is buffered with calcium carbonate to protect finished artwork from discoloration caused by atmospheric pollution.
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Saunders Waterford Watercolor Sheets
Professionals love this paper's superb performance and resistance to distortion. Mouldmade of 100% cotton, Saunders Waterford is gelatin sized. Neutral pH. Each sheet has two natural and two tear deckles. Endorsed by the English Royal Watercolor Society.
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Schut Noblesse Watercolor Paper
Developed using a hybrid manufacturing process, the surface of Schut Noblesse paper has undergone a proprietary gelatin sizing process that delivers extraordinarily brillant colors. Made from 100% cotton, this acid-free, off-white paper is best suited for experienced artists. 140 lb (300 gsm).
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Stephen Quiller Watercolor Sheets
A new watercolor sheet designed by renowned watercolorist Stephen Quiller in partnership with Jack Richeson. This paper is both internally and externally sized. The external sizing allows the lifting of color from the surface. The cotton sheet is white.
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Strathmore Aquarius II Watercolor Paper
Strathmore Aquarius II Watercolor Paper is made with an innovative combination of cotton and synthetic fibers that work beautifully with all watercolor techniques. This lightweight 80 lb (170 gsm) sheet was created to reduce buckling and swelling.
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Thaddeus Mason Pope is Director of the Health Law Institute and an Associate Professor of Law at Hamline University. He is also Adjunct Associate Professor of Law at Albany Medical College, where he teaches both M.S. courses and CME for the Alden March Bioethics Institute. During 2013-2014, Professor Pope is a Network Fellow at the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics at Harvard University.
In his scholarship, Professor Pope has focused on three main areas: (1) patient rights, (2) end-of-life medicine and (3) public health ethics. Whether addressing medical futility disputes or smoking bans Professor Pope is especially concerned with exploring the justifiability of private and public limitations on individual liberty.
Professor Pope's nearly 100 publications have been printed in: law reviews, bar journals, medical journals, nursing journals, bioethics journals, and book chapters. He authors a regular column for the Journal of Clinical Ethics. And he writes about legislative, judicial, regulatory, medical, and other developments concerning end-of-life medical treatment conflicts for the Medical Futility Blog and Bioethics.net.
Professor Pope's engagement with these issues goes well beyond scholarship. For example, he has participated both as appellate counsel and as expert witness in cutting-edge healthcare litigation. He has been invited to testify before both the President's Council on Bioethics and the Texas House of Representatives. He is a member of MEDCAC, the Medicare Evidence Development & Coverage Advisory Committee. He has served as legal consultant to several Policy Statement groups of the American Thoracic Society. And Professor Pope helped draft MOLST regulations for the state of Delaware.
Before joining Hamline in 2012, Professor Pope taught at the Widener University School of Law from 2007 to 2011, and at the University of Memphis from 2005 to 2007. Before joining academia, he clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit and practiced for seven years as a corporate litigator with Arnold & Porter LLP in Los Angeles and Washington, DC. Professor Pope was graduated from Georgetown University, where he received both his J.D. and a Ph.D. in philosophy and bioethics. He earned his B.A. (in philosophy) from the University of Pittsburgh with highest honors and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.
Health Law Bioethics Patient Rights Clinical Ethics
Torts Medical Liability End-of-Life Decisions Informed Consent
Research Focus


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PREVIEW: City out to prove worth in BVB tie
Manchester City boss Roberto Mancini feels his team must improve quickly if they are to qualify for the Champions League knockout rounds.
Nonetheless, he believes they do have it in them to go on and win the competition.
City, beaten 3-2 by Real Madrid at the Bernabeu in their Group D opener last month, are looking to get their European season kick-started on Wednesday when they take on German champions Borussia Dortmund at the Etihad Stadium.
With Dortmund having begun with a 1-0 win over Ajax, the pressure is on the Blues to secure all three points if they are to avoid a repeat of their maiden Champions League campaign last term, which ended in failure to qualify from another difficult group.
While acknowledging the club are relatively inexperienced at this level, Mancini accepts there is a considerable weight of expectation on City to make major strides on the European stage, and has stressed the importance of his players cutting out the kind of mistakes he felt allowed Real to snatch victory against them.
The Italian is optimistic, though, that if City do manage to up their game and make it beyond the group stage, there is no reason why they cannot then go all the way.
"This is the second year for us in the Champions League and the second year that we got the worst group," Mancini said.
"Like we have improved (over the years) in the Premier League, we need time to improve in the Champions League, but we don't have a lot of time - only five more games, and we need to improve quickly.
"We need to not concede easy goals to drop points like we did against Real Madrid. If we want to go through, we need to improve very quickly."
Asked if he felt he was still learning about Champions League football on a personal level, Mancini said: "I don't need to learn.
"The Champions League is a difficult competition, but football is the same. It doesn't change - it is still 11 players against 11.
"The problem is that you are always playing against the best team from another country and every game is difficult.
"I hope I can improve my record in the Champions League, and I think we have arrived at the time where we can win the Champions League."
Dortmund coach Jurgen Klopp, meanwhile, feels his team have taken valuable lessons from their experiences in the tournament last season and has made it clear they are looking to get something out of Wednesday's clash.
Dortmund returned to the competition last term for the first time in eight years, but had a disappointing time of it, finishing bottom of their group after suffering four defeats in their six games.
The German outfit are back again in 2012-13 after securing a second successive Bundesliga title under Klopp, who feels they are wiser for their experiences in Europe of a year ago.
So far this time out they have made a positive start in Group D by beating Dutch league winners Ajax 1-0 at home, and while the 45-year-old is expecting Wednesday's assignment to be a tough one, he is optimistic Dortmund can emerge from it with a positive result.
Asked if he felt his side were getting used to the Champions League, Klopp said: "We have taken a step forward and we have learned a lot from defeats in past Champions League campaigns.
"Tomorrow [Wednesday] will be a different question. But at the end of the day, we have come here to get something out of the game.
"We are fully focused, we want to get a result tomorrow [Wednesday] night and that is what we will be playing for."


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You Silly 'Lil Dwarf: Detailed Images Of Pluto
Remember when Pluto was a planet? Me neither, I drink too much. And, I don't know if we can really trust anything NASA tells us anymore, but these are allegedly the most detailed images of Pluto ever taken. As you can see, we still have a long ways to go.
NASA today released the most detailed set of images ever taken of the distant dwarf planet Pluto. The images taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope show an icy and dark molasses-colored, mottled world that is undergoing seasonal changes in its surface color and brightness. Pluto has become significantly redder, while its illuminated northern hemisphere is getting brighter. These changes are most likely consequences of surface ices sublimating on the sunlit pole and then refreezing on the other pole as the dwarf planet heads into the next phase of its 248-year-long seasonal cycle. The dramatic change in color apparently took place in a two-year period, from 2000 to 2002.
Jesus, a two-year period? Somebody rocket that dwarf planet some sanitary napkins!
New Hubble Maps of Pluto Show Surface Changes [nasa]
Most Detailed View of Pluto to Date [gizmodo]
Listen bro, nothing's 100%. There are only two things in life that are given and that's regret and depression. Because one time I studied for an exam so hard I KNEW I was gonna get a 100%. You know what I got? A f***ing 0. I kept snoozing my alarm and never left the dorm. ... / Continue →
Allegedly this is a picture of the internet (high-res version HERE). Only thing is, I freaking live in the internet and it doesn't look all that familiar. I mean, where are all the naked ladies? Everybody knows the internet is at least 40% naked ladies. AND men. I just shy... / Continue →
A Google Maps van hit a deer while out on the prowl -- and recorded and uploaded the whole damn thing to the live version of Google Maps! WTF!? The Google employee had to have known that they hit the deer but the more interesting thought is why did they proceed to upload the ... / Continue →


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Archive for October 2009
Trip to Berlin
I'm writing this on the train heading home from Berlin — the coolest city in Europe, if you ask me. Visiting Berlin is always something I look forward to: my mom lives there, and there is always something interesting going on in the city.
This time, it was the Festival of Lights — an annual event when many landmarks and buildings are lit using all kinds of creative lighting. This was also the first time I decided to do some serious photographing — now that I'm the proud owner of a Nikon D60 DSLR. As you would expect from a first-timer, I made a few beginner's mistakes. The most grave one was the decision to pack a Velbon CX Mini instead of a "full-size" tripod. Since D60 lacks the live preview feature, I literally had to crawl on all fours when composing a shot. On the positive side, I found the Nikkor 18-55mm VR kit lens extremely versatile, so much so that I decided to postpone purchasing additional lenses for the time being. To be honest, I don't think that my night photo walks yielded any decent photos, but it was a valuable learning experience.
The next item on my todo list was a visit to Berlin's botanic garden. I've been there before with the missus, but I had only my point-and-shoot with me, and one of the most interesting pavilions was closed for renovation. This time, I spent almost four hours shooting flowers, but I did have a few problems in the process. Firstly, as soon as I walked into a green house with tropical plants, the lens became covered with condensation, and I had to wait 15-20 minutes before I could use my camera. So here is my question: Is there any way to avoid or mitigate condensation? The botanic garden has an excellent collection of cacti. Unfortunately, the most interesting ones were behind the glass, and I'd like to hear your tips and tricks on shooting through the glass. Despite all these annoyances, I managed to take over two hundred photos. I used RawTherapee to transfer photos to my laptop and quickly review them.
Speaking of the laptop, I planned to take a netbook on my trip, but it turned out that RawTherapee (or any of my favorite photo applications) was pretty unusable on the small screen. So I had to pack my HP production laptop. When going through my photos from the botanic garden, I realized that I made another mistake: I didn't write down the names of the flowers I photographed. Now all of them go by names like "pretty flower", "yellow flower", "flower that looks like a star", and so on. So next time, I have to remember to write down the name of each plant I photograph, or — even better — take a picture of the sign with info about the plant.
All in all, the trip was a success. Despite a couple of rookie mistakes, I'm heading home with an SD card chock-full of photos and a few valuable lessons. I'll be slowly posting photos from my trip to Berlin on my Flickr page, so stay tuned.
Garden Guests: Spider
We have got a new quest in our garden — a spider. Yes, I know, not the most welcome guest, but I was thoroughly impressed by how resilient this little creature is. Last week the weather was pretty terrible. I mean not like "I have to remember my umbrella," but rather "There is no freaking way I'm going out today." It wasn't particularly cold, but the cocktail of nasty wind and rain made any outdoor activity a miserable experience. Well, we could at least stay at home, and a warm plaid and copious amounts of tea made the existence more tolerable. All the poor spider had was a delicate web it managed to weave a few days before. For several straight days, the spider was dangling in its own web, exposed to the merciless wind and rain.
After four days of grueling weather, we thought that the unfortunate creature was dead. But as soon as the weather improved, the brave survivor woke up and started working on its web as if nothing had happened. Unfortunately, it decided to expand its woven empire from the window to a garden chair, so when I went out to refill our bird feeder, I accidentally tore a large portion of the web apart. The spider did look slightly disappointed, but it went to work once again, now focusing on areas around the window.
I've never been particularly fond of spiders — no matter their size and color — but I do now have a lot of respect for this little fella. There is one thing that still puzzles me, though. All this time, I haven't seen any catch in its web. Either it's a lousy hunter, or its diet doesn't include flies and small insects. Also, does anyone know what kind of spider this is?
Garden Guests: Sparrows
Even though a small 10x3m (about 30x10ft) patch of grass is not a garden in the true sense of the word, thanks to all the work the missus put into it, the once-empty spot now looks like a miniature version of an English garden which attracts quite a few guests, including blackbirds, green finches, wood pigeons, and sparrows.
I love sparrows. Despite their unassuming plumage, these tiny creatures have a lot of personality. I can literally spend hours watching them feeding, socializing, bickering, and sand bathing in our garden. It took us several attempts to make sparrows feel at home in our garden. For some reason they voted down the feeder mounted on a pole, but a simple wooden board on the ground proved to be a huge success.
When summer arrives, the sparrows build nests under our roof, so it's rather convenient for them to have the fly-in restaurant nearby. In the morning, a sparrow's nest sounds like any other family: a cacophony of hungry kids demanding breakfast and parents arguing about whose turn it is to clean the house and find food. The hardships of raising kids don't seem to affect the parents much: they are always in good spirits, cheeky, and ready for some action.
Sparrows in Berlin are a particularly cheeky bunch. One day I was enjoying my tea and cheese cake al fresco, when suddenly a couple of hungry rascals landed right next to the plate and started nibbling my cake. These sparrows were cheeky but not stupid: before the raid, they spent a great deal of time on the roof planning the operation, solving the risk/reward equation and assessing the chances of success. You could see them coordinating the action and sending signals to each other right before the attack. It was funny to watch them hurriedly consuming the cake — with cream all over their beaks — looking at me every now and then as if they were apologizing for their bad manners.
Sparrows in our garden rarely pay attention to the guy who spends most of the day pecking on the keyboard. Occasionally, though, they come close to the glass terrace door just to see if there is anything interesting going on inside the house. Or they just sit on the garden table, cleaning their beaks and relaxing. That's when I grab my camera and try to take a few shots. They don't seem to mind, and that I'm really grateful for.
Manfrotto Modopocket
The Manfrotto Modopocket tripod is probably the most useful accessory in my photo bag (and it's the only Manfrotto product I can afford).
Technically speaking, Modopocket is not a tripod, but a cleverly engineered foldable stand for stabilizing your camera. The clever part? You can attach Modopocket to your camera and just leave it there. The tripod weighs a mere 50 grams, and once folded, it doesn't take up much space. Better yet, Modopocket sports its own mount thread, so you can use your camera with a regular tripod without removing Modopocket.
Few Examples of Lomography
My very first camera was ЛОМО Смена 8М, and I got it when I was ten. So I guess I was doing lomography long before it became a bit of a photography cult. Unfortunately, my Смена 8М is long gone, but its spirit lives in many lomography photos.
Lomography Store, Sheung Wan, Hong Kong
Thirsty for more? Visit the LOMO group on Flickr.


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Original link: http://www.lushstories.com/stories/incest/daddys-turn.aspx
Tags: crossdrressing, incest, dad
Added: 18 Aug 2008 Views: 26972 Avg Score: 4.75
Well onve dad started lending me out to friends and "clients" I think he started to feel left out. Like he was missing something.
It was Saturday night and I had a date with one of his coworker's and I got dressed and waited for him to pick me up. Dad was staying in that night,said he was tired and was going to bed early.
"Jack" comes and picks me up,he is a older married man in his 40's and works in construction with my dad.
We drive and head out to a fast food place and grab some food and head out to a local park.
As we sit there in his car and eat our food he tells me he has a daughter my age and he often fantasized about fucking her.
He tells me that he jerks off in her panties when she is at school.
He can't take his eyes off of me,staring at me in my plaid mini skirt and white blouse,white thigh highs and black pumps,blonde wig,make up done to perfection.
He reaches over and lifts up my mini skirt and looks at my white satin bikini panties and takes his hand and rubs my cock.
"Your dad tells me that you like to fuck,is that true?" "Oh,absolutely" I tell him.
He tells me his wife and kids are out of town for the weekend and that we are going back to his house.
I say "o.k.".
We head back and once we get in the garage we go in and imediately head upstairs. We pass his daughter's bedroom on the way to the master bedroom.
I look in and stop. "You should fuck me in here."
He turns and smiles and we go into her room.
I sit down on her bed which was covered in a pink flower print blanket with matching sheets and pillows.
Stuffed animals adorned the whole room. Since he had already told me his daughter's name I tell him he can call me by her name if he wants, which is Haley.
His cock is now fully erect and straining to get out of his pants.
I say to him "daddy,why don't you take off your clothes and let me help you relax?"
He strips down and walks over to the side of the bed where I was sitting.His cock staring me in the face. I take him in my mouth and start slowly sucking his hard meat.
His eyes close as he grabs my head and starts fucking my mouth, "god Haley,I always knew you were a good cock sucker".
A few moments go by and he lays me down on the pink bedspread of his daughter's bed and start's making out with me. Kissing,his tingue jetting in and out of my mouth as his hands run up and down my body.
My cock is wetting my panties with pre cum as his hand stops to grab it and jerk it a few times.
He lifts my ass up enough to slide my panties off and then grabs the lube and applies it to his hard cock and my ass.
He picks me up by my hips and puts me ontop of his thighs,my back pinned to the bed. His hard cock now trying to get into my ass.
As the head of his cock enters my love hole,my dad enter's the room and sits down in a chair at her desk.
They had this planned all along. I thought my dad would be there just to watch,but they had more in mind I think.
As "Jack" enter's me he starts pounding me hard and fast,I tell him to slow down a bit,that there is no hurry.
I glance over at dad and he is stroking his cock in the chair.
"Dad come here,let me suck that for you" I tell him.
He hesitates for a moment. "Please,let me please you Dad".
Dad get's up and walks over to the bed and I grab his cock with my hand and lead it toward my mouth and take him deep into my throat.
All three of us moan in unison as my dad's cock glides in and out of my mouth.
Daddy finally get's his crossdressing son,he get's to experience what other's already have.
"Jack" pulls out and looks at my dad "your turn".
"Come on dad,fuck me please".
"Jack" puts me on all fours and my dad get's behind me and sticks his hard cock into my ass.
As I feel my dad's cock slide in and out of me I start cumming on "Haley's" bedspread. Jack strokes his cock moaning as he watches my dad and I fuck.
I think nervous excitement got to my dad,before long he started cummming and just filled my ass up with his love seed.
And now I know why dad is so popular with the guys he fucks,it is because he shoots alot,ALOT of cum.
As he bucked wildly and grunted loudly I felt every spurt of his cum filling me up.
I think it took a minute for him to stop cumming,or atleast it seemed like it.
As he pulled out,cum started flowing out of my ass and onto the bed.
"Jack" comes over and lays me on my back and pushes my legs all the way behind my ears and slams his cock into my cum filled ass.
The sound is awesome,as his cock slides in and out,the squishing sound of dad's cum drives me crazy.
Dad tell's "Jack","she's a good gurl","Jack" smiles and say's that he had hoped I was.
As soon as "Jack" is ready to cum he pulls out and moves toward to my face and I take his cum soaked cock into my mouth.
Dad's cum on his cock taste's good and he soon rewards me with his load,shooting it down my throat.
Once he finished cumming,I swallowed every bit of it. We all talk for awhile and dad and I soon leave afterward. On the way home not much was said.
The next morning I gave my dad an early morning blowjob and tahnked him for last night.


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GameDB • Xbox 360 • Borderlands 2 • Articles
Man on fire: an afternoon with Borderlands 2's new psycho class
Assassin Krieg.
Article 14/05/2013 40
Saturday Soapbox: The (first) DLC generation
Has the content pack come of age?
Article 19/01/2013 79
Deathtrap Dudgeon: 90 minutes with Borderlands 2's Mechromancer
What can we all expect from this cyborg valley girl?
Article 10/10/2012 19
Would you like any side quests with that?
For Borderlands 2 and Torchlight 2, the greatest adventures often lie outside of the campaign.
Article 08/10/2012 32
How Gearbox broke the bank for Borderlands 2
With Half-Life ports a distant memory, we explore the Texas developer's 12th floor.
Article 14/09/2012 52


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Night-Night, Spot
Eric Hill - Author
ISBN 9780448464565 | 24 pages | 25 Oct 2012 | Warne | 9.25 x 6.25in | 3 - 5 years
Summary of Night-Night, Spot
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Spot never looks forward to bedtime. He'd much rather stay up late and play with his toys instead! Will Spot ever be sleepy enough to go to bed? |
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Get the latest reviews and news in your inbox! >>
One of the biggest things anyone can do to make a computer feel faster is to slap the OS, applications, and games onto an SSD. Boot times drop, programs start faster, and loading times get dramatically reduced. Kingston's HyperX SSD is the right choice for a Blackintosh, combining the latest SandForce controller with premium NAND Flash.
Full details and current pricing.
>> Kingston HyperX 240GB SATA III SSD Review & Benchmarks
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The Associated Press (AP) has launched a Video Hub to allow faster delivery of news content to online publishers.
Though still in beta, the Video Hub will give AP's digital customers access to world news, sport and lifestyle video.
Journalists in the field will be able to upload content via mobile, where it will then be curated and linked to relevant footage from AP's archive.
The organisation says that the interface is "simple and intuitive" for users and includes an integration with Twitter so customers can follow a particular story then be updated when new content is available.
Read more...
by David Moth 11 April 2012 15:00pm 0 comments


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Renovated Triplex Convertible 2-Bedroom Available in well-maintained Gramercy Park Doorman Building
Renovated Triplex 1 Bedroom, Convertible to a 2 Bedroom, Available Immediately in a well-maintained Gramercy Park Doorman Building Apartment Features: This beautifully renovated Triplex 1 Bedroom offers both the charm of a Townhouse and the feel of a Loft, all at the affordable price of $3500. The 1st Floor of this great apartment includes a separate kitchen with brand new Stainless-Steel Dishwasher, Refrigerator and Stove and Separate Half-Bathroom. The HUGE Dining Area, with Walk-In closet, can easily and comfortably be converted to a real 2nd bedroom (full wall with door) without sacrificing a Living Room. The 2nd Floor boasts a spacious sun-filled Living Room with gleaming hard-wood floors, double-height ceilings and sliding-glass exterior doors. The 3rd Floor offers a Queen-size Bedroom with Full-Bathroom, Walk-In Closet and comfortably fits the largest of bedroom furniture. Building Amenities: -- Part-time doorman (18-hours; 8:00am-2:00am) -- Live-in super and great maintenance team -- Laundry room on every floor with brand new card operated Washers/Dryers -- Pet friendly 321 East 22nd Street is conveniently located 2.5 blocks from the 22nd Street 6 Train entrance, steps from the crosstown 23rd Street bus, uptown/downtown 2nd/1st Avenue buses and a short walk to the N/R Trains at Madison Square Park and express 4/5/Q Trains at Union Square. Gramercy neighborhood offers the perfect mix of pre-war elegance, amazing restaurants and eclectic nightlife. To view please contact the exclusive 321 East 22nd Street on-site leasing agent Haley Ensley at with preferred appointment day/time.


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We often get Elk behind our house, but rarely is the sun still out and one with that rack in front of the fall leaves. It was a good shot and fog was beginning to roll in as well. Taken 10/24/2011
Autum in my back yard
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February Half Term Family Holidays
Reinvigorate the family with a February Half-Term Family Holiday! Escape the winter blues and blow away those winter cobwebs… you and the kids could be snorkelling, windsurfing and riding camels in Egypt, tracking tigers in India or trekking in the foothills of the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Please book early as flight availability is always limited for Exodus February Half-Term Family Holidays.


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Clues and you don't mix, apparently.
Very possible, but equally possible is that you have more 'take home' than I. NY might as well hook up an IV needle and drain blood, at the rate they're going; schools are closing because people are fleeing the state, but the feckin' Progressives fight bitter lawsuits about the drop in population causing a drop in political representation.
It's good, but you should consider it the Republican version of green tech. It still requires a truckload of subsidy.
I was pretty sure you couldn't convert, but looks like I'm wrong. Cherish these moments; they're very rare. You CAN buy LP (natural) gas vehicles.
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Thread: Russian Meteor Impacts
27-02-2013, 13:14 #41
Re: Russian Meteor Impacts
27-02-2013, 13:31 #42
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Re: Russian Meteor Impacts
True, Merv, you were only wrong once last year.
That was a long year.
27-02-2013, 14:36 #43
27-02-2013, 14:40 #44
Re: Russian Meteor Impacts
Except on trivial matters. You could have been right on them as well if you wished, but you chose not be like that because of the first commandment .
D3 Trading Forums: Europe - America
Diablo Wiki / Arreat Summit / ATMA / Forum Rules / Adria
You know I'm born to lose / and gambling is for fools / but that's the way I like it, baby / I don't want to live forever!
27-02-2013, 14:48 #45
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28-02-2013, 03:36 #46
28-02-2013, 14:00 #47
01-03-2013, 05:14 #48
03-03-2013, 01:53 #49
Re: Russian Meteor Impacts
i don't think places like Airgas are that hard to find. Google maps says they're all over the place. i imagine they sell fuel as well as co2 and whatnot.
03-03-2013, 03:35 #50
Re: Russian Meteor Impacts


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We are Australia's leading consumer organisation with over 160,000 members.
Set up by consumers for consumers, CHOICE is the consumer advocate that provides Australians with information and advice, free from commercial bias.
As vital today as when we were founded in 1959, CHOICE continues to fight for consumers and uncover the truth.
By mobilising Australia's largest and loudest consumer movement, CHOICE fights to hold industry and government accountable and achieve real change on the issues that matter most.
CHOICE doesn't accept advertising or sponsorship. This means we can uncover the truth about everyday consumer issues and provide practical advice to help consumers cut through the crap.
CHOICE is Australia's largest source of expert reviews. Based on unbiased analysis and rigorous testing, we help consumers compare products and services and select what's best for them.
Australians deserve food labels that enable them to make informed decisions about what they eat. CHOICE is campaigning for industry and governments around Australia to act on the recommendations of a major, independent review of food labelling. This is a once-in-a-generation opportunity to give consumers better food labelling.
Australia's food and health ministers have handed down their decisions on the future of food labelling, and the menu contains mixed results for consumers. While the ministers took some big strides in the right direction, they also missed a number of major opportunities to help consumers make informed decisions about what they eat. Read more...
Shame the Claim has now closed and the worst offenders have been hung on the Wall of Shame.
RSPCA 'Good Egg Awards' draw attention to free range standards - 25/11/2011
The RSPCA held its national Good Egg Awards on Wednesday 23rd November, highlighting the need for standards underpinning 'free range' and similar claims. More...
New logo shows need for reform of country of origin - 18/11/2011
Following last week's update on Australian Made Australian Grown's campaign, another country of origin logo was launched in Sydney's Martin Place this week by Riverina Citrus. More...
New campaign shows need for improved country of origin labelling - 11/11/2011
The recent advertising blitz from 'Australian Made, Australian Grown' (AMAG) which highlighted imported foods that failed tests by the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS), draws attention to the need to improve mandatory country of origin labelling rules. More...
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