text:
Gluten Free Rye Bread
Cuisinart Original RecipeIngredients
nonstick cooking spray
1½ cups reduced-fat milk, warm (105°F to 110°F)
2¼ teaspoons yeast, active dry yeast instant or bread machine
¾ teaspoon orange zest
1½ teaspoons kosher salt
1½ cups brown rice flour
1⁄3 cup cornstarch
1⁄3 cup potato starch
1⁄3 cup sorghum flour
2 tablespoons quinoa flour
2 tablespoons firmly packed light brown sugar
1½ tablespoons caraway seeds
2 teaspoons xanthan gum
½ teaspoon gelatin
3 tablespoons unsalted butter, room temperature, cut into ½-inch cubes
2 large eggs, room temperature
¾ teaspoon cider vinegar
Preheat oven to 350°F. Lightly coat a 9x3-inch loaf pan with nonstick cooking spray; reserve.Put warm milk and yeast into a large mixing bowl. Stir to dissolve yeast and let stand 5 to 10 minutes. Mixture will foam and bubble – this means the yeast is active and alive. In a separate bowl, combine the remaining dry ingredients (the zest through the gelatin in the list). Insert the mixing beaters into the Cuisinart® Hand Mixer. Mix on speeds 1 to 3 until fully combined. Add to the milk/yeast mixture, along with the butter, and mix until fully combined. While running on speed 3, add the eggs, one at a time, and the vinegar. Mix until fully combined. Pour batter into prepared pan. Bake in preheated oven for 40 to 45 minutes, or until a cake tester inserted into the bread comes out mostly clean (a few crumbs is ideal, indicating the bread is not dry). Remove from loaf pan and cool on a wire rack. Bread slices best when allowed to cool completely before cutting.
Makes one 1½ pound loafNutritional Information
Per Serving
Nutritional information per slice: Calories 171 (26% from fat) • carb. 28g • pro. 5g • fat 5g • sat. fat 2g • chol. 45mg • sod. 304mg • calc. 67mg • fiber 2g
This recipe can be prepared using the following Cuisinart® products:
Power Advantage® PLUS 9-Speed Hand Mixer with Storage Case


text:
My fellow Marine and I were trapped. We found out later that they were sending four 12-foot john boats, each equipped with a five horsepower engine. Several hours later they arrived at our position. The first boat went beside the pontoon bridge and a second boat went a short distance farther up the river. The third boat stayed back, and the fourth boat came to the bank, allowing us to board. We all turned slowly and set out for Main Side.
Back at Main Side, my fellow Marine and I were given several large books to look through. From those pictures, we identified the Russian tank.
We had not eaten for several hours, so we went to the Mess Hall and then to our barracks. After some time, the siren sounded. We filed by the utility room, grabbed a haversack and boarded the trucks for the trench lines. We spread out through the lines and the sand bag bunker that we had built previously. We stayed that night and the next day. We were told that the president would make a speech over the radio and television.
A few of us had the old hand-held transistor radios and some of these were able to pick up WWVA Wheeling and listen to music. When evening came and President Kennedy came on the radio, he stated that he had ordered a blockade be placed around the island of Cuba.
Our mission changed after that speech. A lot of things took place. We were issued more ammunition and hand grenades and were briefed on what was happening. Our remaining battalion that had been around the island of Viaques for training was immediately brought back to reinforce us. A great number of aircraft started flying in, and huge amounts of supplies were unloaded. We had been pulled back to allow the Navy's Mobile Construction Battalion 4 to build 18-inch reinforced concrete bunkers for the Marines. After a brief period behind the lines, we went back to the bunkers and remained there until the crisis was past.
At one time, we had been pulled back to another position for what was called R&R. We had makeshift shelters to stay out of the weather, which was unpredictable. We were taken in a detail of about 13 men or three Marine fire teams to an area set up as portable showers. We could shower, put our clothes back on, and go to our positions, allowing other Marines to use the facility. At one time the American Red Cross came and gave us new fatigues, underwear and socks. According to the Red Cross speech, they were from the people back home thanking us for being there.
With our new bunkers and new clothes, we spent the next few months waiting for something to happen. We had all been trained and were ready to complete any mission that our commander-in-chief deemed necessary.
Some time in November we received word that we were going home to Camp Lejeune. There we were given our back pay and went to pick up our leave papers. We found, to our disappointment, that a Red Cross representative was on hand to collect the cost of the clothes that we thought were a gift of the American people. After paying him, we were given our leave papers.
I honor the Marines of Echo Company, 2nd Battalion, 2nd Marines, 2nd Marine Division of Camp Lejeune, N.C. I would have liked to thank President John F. Kennedy for taking quick action, when he found that not only missiles but also tanks and other equipment were on the island of Cuba, to avert the possibility of all-out nuclear war. Unfortunately his untimely death prevented it.

subset: commoncrawl


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University of Edinburgh Medical School
University of Edinburgh Medical School | |
Established | 1726 |
Type | Medical school |
Dean | Prof Sir John Savill |
Admin. staff | 1244 (2007/8; includes Support Staff) |
Students | 2,218 (2007/8) |
Undergraduates | 1,328 (2007/8) |
Postgraduates | 890 (2007/8) |
Location | Edinburgh, Scotland |
Campus | The Medical School, Teviot Place Chancellor's Building, RIE Western General Hospital Royal Hospital for Sick Children |
Colours | Dark Red, Light Red and Pale Yellow (or "Liver, Blood and Pus" according to the history books) |
Affiliations | University of Edinburgh |
Website | http://www.mvm.ed.ac.uk/ |
The University of Edinburgh Medical School also known as Edinburgh Medical School or Edinburgh University Medical School is part of the College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. It was established in 1726, during the Scottish Enlightenment, and soon attracted students from across Britain and the American colonies. It is one of the oldest medical schools in the English-speaking world and today is widely regarded as one of the best medical schools in the UK. In 2013 and 2014, it ranked 1st in Scotland and 3rd in the UK by the Guardian University Guide,[1] The Times Good University Guide.[2] and the Complete University Guide. It ranked 1st in the UK in research according to the most recent RAE in 2008, 27th in the world by both the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2013-14 and the QS World University Rankings 2013. According to the Saga Healthcare Survey, the medical school's main teaching hospital, the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, is ranked as the best hospital in Scotland.[3]
As of 2013 the school accepts 190 European Union medical students per year and an additional 17 students from outwith the EU.[4] Admission is very competitive, with an acceptance rate of 11.5% for the 2012-13 admissions year.[5] The matriculation rate, the percentage of people who are accepted who choose to attend, is 71% for the 2012-13 admissions year.[6] The school requires the 3rd highest entry grades in the UK according to the Guardian University Guide 2014.[7]
The medical school is associated with 6 Nobel Prize winners, 5 winners of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and 1 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
The medical school is also associated with 5 Victoria Cross recipients, 3 US Senators, 1 Founding Father of the United States and 1 Prime Minister of Canada.
Graduates of the medical school have founded medical schools and universities all over the world including 5 out of the 7 Ivy League medical schools (Pennsylvania, Yale, Columbia, Harvard and Dartmouth), University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, University of Melbourne Medical School, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Université de Montréal Faculty of Medicine and the London School of Medicine for Women (now UCL Medical School).
Although the University of Edinburgh's Faculty of Medicine was not formally organised until 1726, medicine had been taught at Edinburgh since the beginning of the sixteenth century. Its chief sponsor was Archibald Campbell (1682-1761), duke of Argyll, Scotland's most influential political leader.[8] Its formation was dependent on the incorporation of the Surgeons and Barber Surgeons, in 1505 and the foundation of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1681.
The University was modelled on the University of Bologna, but medical teaching was based on that of the sixteenth century University of Padua, and later on the University of Leiden (where most of the founders of the faculty had studied) in an attempt to attract foreign students, and maintain potential Scottish students in Scotland.
Since the Renaissance the primary facet of medical teaching here was anatomy and therefore in 1720, Alexander Monro was appointed Professor of Anatomy. Later his son and grandson (both of the same name) would hold the position, a reign of Professor Alexander Monros lasting 128 years. In subsequent years four further chairs completed the faculty allowing it to grant the qualification of Doctor of Medicine (MD) without the assistance of the Royal College of Physicians.
Success in the teaching of medicine and surgery through the eighteenth century was achieved thanks to the first teaching hospital, town physicians and the town guild of Barber Surgeons (later to become the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh). By 1764 the number of medical students was so great that a new 200-seat Anatomy Theatre was built in the College Garden. Throughout the 18th century until the First World War the Edinburgh Medical School was widely considered the best medical school in the English speaking world.[9] Students were attracted to the Edinburgh Medical School from Ireland, America and the Colonies by a succession of brilliant teachers, such as William Cullen, James Gregory and Joseph Black, the Medical Society and a flourishing Extra-Mural School. Graduates of the medical school went on to found the University of Pennsylvania Medical School, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Yale School of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Université de Montréal Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, University of Vermont College of Medicine and Harvard Medical School.
The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh[edit]
The origins of the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary began in a small house, opposite the head of Robertson's Close, in today's Infirmary Street. Only four beds were available from 6 August 1729 and medical students' visits were limited to two tickets only per student (to prevent crowding). This was clearly inadequate, and in 1741, shortly after the foundation of the college, a 228-bed purpose-built hospital was designed by William Adam. Due to overcrowding throughout this High School Yards site, David Bryce was commissioned to design a new hospital - the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh on Lauriston Place close to the university and next door to where the medical school buildings would be built in 1880.
In August 1998 a contract was signed to build a new Royal Infirmary at Little France, a replacement hospital on a mostly green field site in the south-east of the city. In May 2001 the original 20-acre (81,000 m2) Lauriston Place site was bought for £30 million by Southside Capital Ltd., a consortium comprising Taylor Woodrow, Kilmartin Property Group, and the Bank of Scotland. It is to be redeveloped as the Quartermile housing, shopping, leisure and hotel development.
The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh is the oldest voluntary hospital in Scotland.
The Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh[edit]
The Edinburgh Botanic Garden was created in 1670 for study of medicinal plants by Dr Robert Sibbald (later first Professor of Medicine at Edinburgh University) and Dr Andrew Balfour. It gave a base for the development of study of Pharmacology (Materia Medica) and Chemistry. Originally at St Anne's Yards adjacent to Holyrood Palace, the garden measured a meagre 40 square feet (3.7 m2). It moved subsequently to the ground now occupied by Waverley Station and in the 1760s was again relocated to Shrubhill between Edinburgh and Leith. It was not until after 1820 that the garden and its contents began the move to its present day location in Inverleith ('The Inverleith Garden') by Robert Graham (appointed Regius Keeper, 1820–45). It is currently recognised as the second oldest botanic garden in Britain after Oxford (OBG founded in 1620).
The nineteenth century saw a growth of new sciences at Edinburgh, notably of Physiology and Pathology, and the development of Public Health and Psychiatry. Midwifery was finally admitted as an essential part of the compulsory medical curriculum.
Women and Medical School[edit]
In 1869 Sophia Jex-Blake was reluctantly accepted to attend a limited number of classes in the School of Medicine, enrolling Edinburgh in the heated international battle for women to enter medicine. Full equality between the sexes was not achieved at Edinburgh Medical School until 20 years later. British medical schools openly refused to accept women students at this time. Jex-Blake persuaded Edinburgh University to allow not only herself, but also her friend, Edith Pechy, to attend medical lectures.
The Medical School at Teviot Place[edit]
In the 1860s the medical school was constrained within the Old College and by 1880 the new Royal Infirmary had been built on Lauriston Place. The construction of new medical buildings began and they were completed by 1888, in Teviot Place, adjacent to the Royal Infirmary. Together they housed the Medical Faculty with proper facilities for teaching, scientific research and practical laboratories. This complex came to be known as the "New Quad," in contrast to the Old College (sometimes known as the "Old Quad") and New College, which was not originally part of the university.
The competition to design the University's new buildings was won by the architect Sir Robert Rowand Anderson in 1877 (who later designed the dome of the Robert Adam/William Henry Playfair Old College building). After extensive European travel, he decided upon a 'Cinquecento' Italian Renaissance style which he judged "more suitable than Greek or Palladian, where the interior would have been constrained by the formal exterior, or mediaeval, which would have been out of keeping with the spirit of scientific medical enquiry".[citation needed] Initially the design incorporated a new University Graduation Hall, but as this was seen as too ambitious. A separate building was constructed for the purpose, the McEwan Hall, also designed by Anderson, after funds were made available by the brewer Sir William McEwan in 1894. The final grand structure took three years to decorate including elaborate ceiling murals and organ.
The Medical School was designed around two courts, with a grand public quadrangle at the front and, for discreet delivery of cadavers to the dissection rooms, a second private yard entered from the lane behind. The Professor of Anatomy, Sir William Turner (Professor 1867 to 1903, Principal 1903 to 1917) was placed in charge of the project leading to the construction of a three-storey galleried Anatomy Museum with displays of everything from whales to apes as well as human anatomy, an associated library and a whole series of dissecting rooms, laboratories, and a grand anatomy lecture theatre (based on that at Padua) with steeply raked benches rising above the central dissecting table. The Anatomy Museum has since been plastered and its remnants are now a student study space, off-limits to the general public, although the grand elephant skeletons that were once the hallmark of the museums entrance still remain in the east wing.
Today the medical buildings at Teviot Place focus on the teaching of pre-clinical subjects such as biochemistry and anatomy. The building still holds the anatomy teaching laboratory (although prosection has replaced dissection) and anatomy resource centre (a scaled down version of the anatomy museum) and the original lecture theatre. The building also hosts the Biomedical Teaching Organisation, where subjects allied to medicine (such as physiology and forensic science) are taught to senior biology students and to medical students taking intercalated degrees.
There are also currently plans to hand the West Wing of the medical school to the History Department of Edinburgh University, as the previous occupants (the Department of Medical Microbiology) have moved to the new campus at Little France.
The Medical School at Little France[edit]
The Chancellor's Building was opened on 12 August 2002 by The Duke of Edinburgh and houses the new £40 million Medical School at the New Royal Infirmary in Little France. It was a joint project between private finance, the local authorities and the University to create a large modern hospital, veterinary clinic and research institute and thus the University is currently (2003) in the process of moving its Veterinary and Medical Faculties there (and quite possibly also the School of Nursing). It has two large lecture theatres and a medical library. It is connected to the new Edinburgh Royal Infirmary by a series of corridors.
The Polish School of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh[edit]
The Polish School of Medicine was established in 1941 as a "a wartime testament to this spirit of enlightenment". Students were to be those drawn from the Polish army to Britain and were taught in Polish. Classes in pre-clinical subjects were held at the Medical School Clinical teaching was carried out mainly at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh in Lauriston Place. A separate building, the Paderewski Hospital, was built in the grounds of the Western General to provided care for members of the Polish armed forces and civilians.[10]
The project was initiated by Lt. Col. Professor Francis Crew, then Commanding Officer at the Military Hospital in Edinburgh Castle, and Lt. Col. Dr Antoni Jurasz, the School's organiser and first Dean.
The school was closed in September 1950. 336 students matriculated of which 227 students graduated with the equivalent of an MBChB. A total of 19 doctors obtained a doctorate or MD. A bronze plaque commemorating the existence of the Polish School of Medicine is located in the Quadrangle of the Medical School in Teviot Place.[10]
The Edinburgh Model[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2013) |
The Edinburgh Model was a model of medical teaching developed by the University of Edinburgh in the 18th century and widely emulated around the world including at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and the McGill University Faculty of Medicine. It was a two-tiered education model, revolutionary and well suited to the medical system of the UK at the time. First, the model offered its students studies in all branches of science, not just medicine. According to Mary Hewson, "every branch of science was regularly taught, and drawn together so compactly from one to the other."[11] Edinburgh offered the most extensive selection of courses in any university in Britain.
Furthermore, it had a two-tiered education model which allowed a great number of students to matriculate, but allowed few to graduate. The requirements for an MD were very stringent. Students had to attend all lectures with the exception of midwifery (although it was strongly encouraged nonetheless), they had to study for at minimum 3 years, had to write a series of oral and written examinations in Latin and had to compose a Latin thesis and defend it before the whole faculty. Consequently, the majority of students attended Edinburgh with the intention of learning medicine for 1 year before leaving due to the costs of a degree and the fact that a MD degree was not required to practice medicine. Between 1765 and 1825, only 20% of Edinburgh students graduated with an MD.[11]
This pedagogical model allowed Edinburgh to train many physicians and have a large network of alumni. Under this model, Edinburgh flourished as the leading medical institution in the world throughout the 18th and first half of the 19th centuries.
Gaining admission to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh is quite difficult with around 90% of applicants not offered a place.
The minimum entry qualifications include:
SQA Highers: AAAAB. AAAAB at one sitting to include Chemistry and two of Biology, Maths or Physics. Students unable to take two of Biology, Maths, Physics in S5 may take the missing subject(s) in S6. Human Biology may replace Biology. Standard Grade Credit (or Intermediate 2) in Biology, Chemistry, English, Maths.
GCE A Levels: AAA. AAA plus grade B at AS-level. A levels must include Chemistry and one of Biology, Maths or Physics. Biology at AS level required as minimum. Only one of Maths or Further Maths will be considered. Human Biology may replace Biology. GCSE grade B in Biology, Chemistry, English, Maths. Double Award Combined Sciences at grade BB may replace GCSE grades in sciences.
International Baccalaureate: 37 points. Including 667 at Higher Level with Chemistry and at least one other science subject (Biology preferred). For the 2012 admissions year, no offer was given to a student who achieved below 41 IB points with 776 at Higher Level.[12]
Additional requirements include the UK Clinical Aptitude Test (UKCAT) is a mandatory requirement for all students applying to study Medicine at Edinburgh and applicants are required to sit the test during the summer prior to application.
Most applicants including overseas applicants are not interviewed prior to admission.[13]
The 5 year MBChB course can extend a pre-entry year for applicants without adequate subject choice but with the right qualifications who otherwise would be admitted on to the 5 year programme, or an extra 'intercalated year' between years 2 and 3 to gain a BSc or BMedSci in a separate scientific discipline.
The Current Course and Curriculum[edit]
Degrees available for study: Medical Sciences (BSc), Medicine (5-year course) (MBChB) with optional intercalated Medical Sciences (BMedSci).
MBChB: Years 1 & 2[edit]
Students undertake the study of Biomedical Science and Health and Society, which provide an introduction to the scientific, sociological and behavioural principles for the practice of medicine. Practical clinical and resuscitation skills are also taught. Contact is made with patients and their families in Talking with Families and Health Needs of Older People and will have the opportunity to work in a clinical setting and investigate a chosen healthcare issue.
In year 2, students undertake basic history-taking and examination in teaching general practices.
Intercalated year[edit]
This optional year achieves the student an intercalated Bachelor of Medical Sciences honours degree. 18 fields of scientific study are available and covered in great depth.
Years 3 & 4[edit]
Clinical attachments are undertaken, and an understanding of clinical medicine is taught. Bedside teaching is enhanced with lectures and opportunities are made available to students within the Royal Infirmary.
Year 5[edit]
Recovers all the topics of year's 1-4 and includes an elective period of eight weeks, when many students broaden their clinical experience by studying overseas.
Undergraduate teaching through year 1 and 2 center mainly in the Medical School buildings on Teviot Row in the university quarter of Edinburgh city centre. Clinical years, 3, 4 and 5 are spent spread across the three main teaching hospitals in Edinburgh, the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (RIE) in Little France, in the city's southern Green Belt; the Western General Hospital just west of the city centre, and the Royal Hospital for Sick Children in the centre of the city.
The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh is the main clinical teaching environment of the Medical School. The Chancellor's Building at Little France, next to the new Royal Infirmary was opened on 12 August 2002 by HRH Prince Phillip Duke of Edinburgh, Chancellor to the University.
- The Biological Sciences and Hospital-based Clinical Subjects both gained a 5 rating.
- Only two other UK undergraduate medical schools also achieved a 5 rating in Hospital-based Clinical Subjects
Edinburgh Electronic Medical Curriculum[edit]
Edinburgh Electronic Medical Curriculum is an online virtual learning environment (VLE) which allows students securely protected access direct to any of the information on or for the MBChB course. It also encompasses announcements, discussions and the use the tools embedded in EEMeC to facilitate and manage students' progress through the course including exam results and computer aided learning programmes. Created in 1998 this was one of the first of its kind in the world and has since provided a model for other medical schools to follow. In 2005 The University of Edinburgh was awarded a Queen's Anniversary Prize for EEMeC and The Virtual Hospital Online.
Edinburgh University is a member of the Russell Group of universities, receiving a quanta of a third of British research funding. In the last UK-wide Research Assessment Exercise, three quarters of the College's research staff were in academic units rated 5 or 5 star (the maximum possible ratings). This was more noteworthy in view of the large size of the College's research groupings. The College has average research income in excess of £45 million/annum, and the figure has been steadily increasing each year.
Main sources of research funding include UK research councils, UK medical and veterinary medical charities, industry and commerce and European Union bodies.
Royal Medical Society[edit]
The Royal Medical Society, the medical society at the University of Edinburgh is the oldest Medical Society in the UK. Known originally as 'the Medical Society' from 1734 it became known as 'the Royal Medical Society' from 1777. It has its own premises and a fine library built up throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, unfortunately sold at 3 sales at Sotheby's London in 1969. Much of the collection was purchased by the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Ties to the United States[edit]
The Edinburgh Medical School has very strong ties to the United States. Graduates of the medical school went on to found 5 out of the 7 Ivy League medical schools (Pennsylvania, Yale, Columbia, Harvard and Dartmouth). Graduates became senators, representatives and participated in the American Revolutionary War. A great number of the early presidential physicians and surgeon generals were trained at Edinburgh. Today, the medical school maintains the strong ties through an exchange program with the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.[14]
Famous alumni[edit]
Pioneers in Medicine
Name | Class year | Notability | Reference(s) |
John Fothergill | MD 1736 | Scottish physician, first identified and named trigeminal neuralgia | |
James Lind | MD 1748 | Scottish military surgeon, pioneer of naval hygiene, conducted the first ever clinical trial, developed cure for scurvy and typhus, first proposed fresh water could be obtained from distilling sea water | |
Alexander Monro | MD 1755 | Scottish physician and anatomist, described the lymphatic system, elucidated the musculo-skeletal system, described the foramen of Monro | |
William Withering | MD 1766 | English botanist and physician, discovered Digoxin | |
Benjamin Bell | 1767 | Scottish surgeon, Father of Edinburgh's school of surgery, first to suggest syphilis and gonnorhea were not the same disease | |
Philip Syng Physick | MD 1792 | American surgeon, "Father of American surgery", pioneered the use of the stomach pump, designed needle forceps | |
John Cheyne | MD 1795 | Scottish physician, discovered Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Physician General to the British Armed Forces in Ireland | |
Charles Bell | MD 1798 | Scottish anatomist and neurologist, discovered Bell's palsy | |
John Collins Warren | MD 1801 | American surgeon, performed the first surgery under ether anesthesia in 1846, first dean of Harvard Medical School, co-founder of Massachusetts General Hospital | |
James Blundell | MD 1813 | English obstetrician, who performed the first successful human to human blood transfusion | |
Richard Bright | MD 1813 | English physician, discovered Bright's disease, known as the "father of nephrology" | |
Thomas Addison | MD 1815 | English physician, discovered Addison's disease, pernicious anemia and Addison-Schilder syndrome | |
Robert Liston | 1815 | Scottish surgeon, inventor of artery forceps and the Liston knife, known as "the fastest surgeon alive" | |
James Begbie | MD 1821 | Scottish physician, first described Graves' Disease also known as Begbie's disease, President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh | |
Thomas Hodgkin | MD 1823 | English pathologist, described Hodgkin's lymphoma | |
Sir William Brooke O'Shaughnessy | MD 1829 | Irish physician, introduced Cannabis, also known as medical marijuana, into Western medicine, inventor of IV therapy, pioneered work on telegraphy and installed 3500 miles of telegraph lines in India | |
Sir James Young Simpson | MD 1832 | discovered chloroform anaesthesia in 1847, revolutionising obstetric and surgical practice | |
James Spence | 1832, Prof. Systemic Surgery 1864-1882 | Scottish surgeon, President of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh, the tail of Spence is named after him | |
John Murray Carnochan | 1834 | American neurosurgeon, performed the world's first successful surgery for trigeminal neuralgia | |
John Hughes Bennett | MD 1837 | English physician, first to describe aspergillosis and first identified leukaemia as a blood disorder | |
William Budd | MD 1838 | Scottish physician, first recognized that infectious disease was contagious and could be spread through feces | |
Alexander Wood | MD 1839 | Scottish physician, invented the first hypodermic syringe | |
John Struthers | MD 1845 | Scottish anatomist, discovered and described the vestigial organ Ligament of Struthers which was used by Charles Darwin to argue the case for evolution | |
Sir Thomas Lauder Brunton | BSc 1867, MD 1768, DSc 1870 | discovered organic nitrates had the ability to alleviate angina pectoris | |
Robert Marcus Gunn | MB 1873, CM 1873 | Scottish ophthalmologist, discovered Gunn's Sign and the Marcus Gunn pupil | |
James Rutherford Morison | MB 1874, CM 1874 | Scottish surgeon, discovered Morison's pouch | |
Sir George Beatson | MD 1878 | surgical oncologist who pioneered oophorectomy, the removal of the ovaries in the treatment of breast cancer | [15] |
David Bruce | MB 1881, CM 1881 | Scottish pathologist, identified the cause of sleeping sickness and discovered Malta fever and brucellosis | |
John Scott Haldane | MB 1884, CM 1884 | Scottish physiologist, invented the decompression chamber, first proposed placing a "canary in the coal mine" to warn of dangerous carbon monoxide levels, international authority on ether and respiration, discovered the Haldane effect on hemoglobin | |
James Hogarth Pringle | MB 1885, CM 1885 | Scottish surgeon, developed the Pringle manoeuvre a technique of occluding the portal triad to control hemorrhage, first surgeon in Britain to carry out a saphenous vein graft, pioneered the hindquarter amputation | |
Harold Stiles | MB 1885, CM 1885, FRCS(Edin) 1889 | British surgeon, known for research in tuberculosis and breast cancer, performed first pyloromyotomy | |
John Clarence Webster | MB 1888, CM 1888 | Canadian OB/GYN, known for the Baldy-Webster operation to retrovert the uterus by shortening the round ligaments | |
Percy Theodore Herring | MB 1896, CM 1896, MD 1899 | English physician, discovered herring bodies | |
Samuel Wilson | MB 1902, BSc 1903, MD 1912 | British neurologist, described Wilson's disease | |
Thomas Addis | MB 1905, MD 1908 | Scottish-American physician, described the pathogenesis of haemophilia as well as the concept of renal clearance, demonstrated that normal blood plasma could correct the defect in haemophilia | |
William John Adie | MB 1911, ChB 1911, MD 1926 | British physician, described Adie syndrome and narcolepsy | |
Cuthbert Dukes | MD 1914 | English pathologist, devised the Dukes classification system for colorectal cancer | |
Robert Edwards | PhD 1955 | British physiologist, developed in-vitro fertilisation (IVF), awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | |
Randy Schekman | 1970 | American cell biologist, discovered cell membrane trafficking, discovered machinery regulating vesicle traffic, awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | |
Peter C. Doherty | PhD 1970 | Australian veterinary surgeon, discovered how T cells recognize antigens in combination with major histocompatibility complex proteins, awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | |
Adrian Peter Bird | PhD 1970, Buchanan Prof. of Genetics 1990-Present | British geneticist, discovered the protein MeCP2 involved in DNA methylation, awarded the 2011 Gairdner Foundation International Award for discoveries in DNA methylation and gene expression | [16] |
Valentin Fuster | PhD 1971, Research Fellow 1968-1971 | Prominent Spanish cardiologist, only cardiologist to receive the 2 highest gold medals and all 4 major research awards from the world's four major cardiovascular organizations, named as "one of the best doctors in America and New York" since 1992, leader of the CNIC-Ferrer polypill project, demonstrated platelets role in CABG occlusion | |
Ian Frazer | BSc 1974, MB 1977, ChB 1977 | Scottish-Australian physician, discovered the link between HPV and cervical cancer, co-invented the HPV vaccine for cervical cancer, CEO and Director of Research at the Translational Institute of Research, University of Queensland | |
David Baulcombe | PhD 1977 | British plant scientist, discovered small interfering RNA, awarded the 2008 Lasker Award and the 2010 Wolf Prize in Agriculture. | |
Richard Eastell | MB 1977, ChB 1977, MD 1984 | British physician, pioneered treatments in osteoporosis | |
Olivier James Garden | BSc 1974 MB 1977, ChB 1977, MD 1987, FRCS(Edin) 1994, Regius Chair of Clinical Surgery 2000-present | British surgeon, performed the first liver transplant in Scotland in 1992, president of the International Hepato-Pancreto-Biliary Association 2012-2014 | [17] |
Nanshan Zhong | MD 1981 | Chinese pulmonologist, discovered the SARS virus in 2003, President of the Chinese Medical Association | |
Gordon Wishart | MB 1983, ChB 1983, MD 1992 | British breast surgeon, identified P-glycoprotein in breast cancer, introduced early patient discharge following breast surgery, pioneered minimally invasive parathyroid surgery, pioneered pre-operative axillary lymph node breast cancer staging |
Founders of Medical Schools and Universities
Leaders in Medicine
Name | Class year | Notability | Reference(s) |
Robert Whytt | 1734 | President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, First physician to the King in Scotland, wrote book on diseases of the nervous system | |
William Cullen | 1736, Prof. Physiology 1756-89 | President of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (1746-7), President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (1773-75), first physician to the King in Scotland | |
Francis Home | MD 1750, Prof. Materia Medica 1768-1798 | President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, co-founder of the Royal Medical Society, made the first attempt to vaccinate against measles | |
James Craik | MD 1750 | Physician General of the Continental Army, Personal Physician and close friend of George Washington | |
William Shippen Jr. | MD 1761 | Surgeon General of the Continental Army, co-founder and president of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia | |
Andrew Duncan Sr. | 1768, Prof. Medicine 1773-1824 | President of the Royal Medical Society and the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, First physician to the King in Scotland, founder of the Harveian Society, founder of the first lunatic asylum in Edinburgh | |
Adam Kuhn | MD 1768 | Co-founder and President of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, founding Professor of Materia Medica at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine | |
John Coakley Lettsom | 1768 | Philanthropist, Founder of the Medical Society of London | |
Sir Gilbert Blane | 1773 | Physician to the King (George IV and William IV) and the Prince of Wales, instituted health reform in the Royal Navy | |
Caspar Wistar | MD 1786 | American physician and anatomist, described the posterior part of the ethmoid bone, President of the American Philosophical Society and Society for the Abolition of Slavery | |
Sir James McGrigor, 1st Baronet | 1788 | Founder of the Royal Army Medical Corps | |
James Gregory | MD 1774 | President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, and author | |
Andrew Duncan Jr. | MA 1793, MD 1794, Prof. Med Jurisprudence 1807-1832 | Creator of the journal Edinburgh New Dispensatory, Chief Editor of the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal | |
John Abercrombie | MD 1803 | Wrote the Pathological and Practical Researches on Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord the first textbook on neuropathology, known for Abercrombie's degeneration, the deposition of amyloid between cells | |
David Maclagan | MD 1805 | Physician to the Forces, President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh | |
William Alison | MD 1811, Prof. Medicine and Physic 1822-1856 | Scottish physician, President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, advocate of preventative social medicine | |
Robert Christison | MD 1819, Prof. Medical Jurisprudence 1822-1832, Prof. Materia Medica and Therapeutics 1832-1877 | Scottish physician, President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, President of the British Medical Association, Physician in Ordinary to the Queen in Scotland, expert in toxicology and key witness in the Burke and Hare trial. | |
Thomas Graham Balfour | MD 1834 | Scottish physician, President of the Royal Statistical Society, Staff Surgeon at the Royal Military Asylum | |
William Tennant Gairdner | MD 1845 | President of the British Medical Association | |
John Smith | MD 1847 | Founder of the Edinburgh school of dentistry, President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, President of the British Dental Association, co-founder of the Royal Hospital for Sick Children | |
Huang Kuan | MD 1855, PhD 1857 | First Chinese student to study medicine in the west, Deputy-Chief of Boji Hospital | |
Joseph Bell | MD 1859 | Scottish surgeon, lecturer at the University of Edinburgh Medical School and personal surgeon to Queen Victoria, served as the inspiration for Sherlock Holmes | |
Frederick Montizambert | MD 1865 | Canadian physician, first Director-General of Public Health in Canada, President of the Canadian Medical Association, President of the American Public Health Association, inductee to the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame | |
Robert Muir | MA 1884, MB 1888, CM 1888, MD 1890 | Scottish pathologist, author of Muir's Textbook of Pathology | |
Lim Boon Keng | MB 1892, CM 1892 | Singaporean physician, co-founder of the Singapore Chinese Girls' School, recipient of the Order of the British Empire as an officer, President of Xiamen University | |
Andrew Balfour | MB 1894, CM 1894, MD 1898, BSc 1900 | Scottish physician, Medical Officer of Health in Khartoum, Director of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine | |
George Newman | MD 1895 | English physician, Chief Medical Officer of England | |
J.C. Boileau Grant | MB 1908, ChB 1908 | Anatomist, author of Grant's Atlas of Anatomy | |
Alexander Biggam | MB 1911, ChB 1911, MD 1942 | Scottish physician, Major General in the British Army, Honorary physician to King George VI | |
Sydney Smith | MB 1912, ChB 1912, MD 1914, Regius Chair of Forensic Medicine 1928-1953, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine 1931-1953, Rector of the University of Edinburgh 1954-57 | Scottish forensic pathologist, published the textbook Textbook of Forensic Medicine in 1925 | |
Stanley Davidson | MB 1919, ChB 1919, Chair of Medicine 1938-1959 | British physician, author of Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine, the first medical textbook to sell over a million copies | |
Robert Lim | MB 1919, ChB 1919, PhD 1920, DSc 1924 | Singaporean physician, Lieutenant General and Surgeon General of the Army of the Republic of China | |
Charles Illingworth | MB 1922, ChB 1922, MD 1929, ChM 1939 | President of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, Surgeon to the Queen in Scotland | |
John George Macleod | MB 1938, ChB 1938 | Scottish physician, author of Macleod's Clinical Examination | |
Ekkehard von Kuenssberg | MB 1939, ChB 1939 | Founder and President of the Royal College of General Practitioners | |
Yao Zhen | PhD 1949 | Co-founder and editor-in-chief of the journal Cell Research, first president of the Asian-Pacific Organization for Cell Biology | |
Sydney Selwyn | BSc, MB, ChB, MD | Authority on the history of medicine, designed the Florence Nightingale 10 pound note, pioneer in bone marrow transplantation | |
Sheila Sherlock | MB 1941, ChB 1941, MD 1945 | First woman in the UK to be appointed professor of medicine, published over 600 papers, founded the liver unit at London's Royal Free Hospital | |
Yao Zhen | PhD 1949 | Co-founder and editor in chief of the journal Cell Research, first president of the Asia-Pacific Organization for Cell Biology | |
Seneka Bibile | PhD 1952 | Founder of the Sri Lanka National Pharmaceuticals Policy | |
Philip Raffaelli | MB 1979, ChB 1979 | Surgeon General of the British Armed Forces, Vice Admiral in the Royal Navy, Governor of the University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust |
Pioneers in Science and Humanities
Name | Class year | Notability | Reference(s) |
James Hutton | 1747 | Scottish physician, geologist, known for theories on Deep time and Gaia Hypothesis | |
Joseph Black | MD 1754 | Scottish physician and chemist, discoverer of carbon dioxide, latent heat and specific heat | |
Erasmus Darwin | 1755 | physician, poet, author and evolutionary biologist. | |
Daniel Rutherford | MD 1772, Prof. Medicine and Botany 1786-1819 | Scottish physician, chemist and botanist, first to isolate nitrogen in 1772 | |
Thomas Charles Hope | MD 1787, Prof. Medicine and Chemistry 1799-1843 | Scottish physician, chemist, discovered the element strontium, demonstrated that water reached its maximum density at 4C in an experiment called Hope's experiment, President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh | |
Robert Brown | 1793 | Scottish botanist, named and described the cell nucleus and cytoplasmic streaming, discovered Brownian motion, discovered the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms | |
Thomas Brown | MD 1803 | Scottish metaphysician | |
William Prout | MD 1811 | English physician and chemist, known for Prout's hypothesis, discovered hydrochloric acid in the stomach and improved the barometer | |
James Braid | 1814 | Scottish surgeon, pioneer of hypnotism and hypnotherapy | |
Robert Edmond Grant | MD 1814 | Scottish physician, biologist, mentor of Charles Darwin | |
Richard Owen | 1825 | English biologist, coined the word Dinosauria, opponent of the theory of evolution | |
Charles Darwin | 1827 | English naturalist, published the theory of evolution, author of On the Origin of Species and The Descent of Man | |
David Boswell Reid | MD 1830 | Scottish physician, inventor, expert on ventilation, President of the Royal Medical Society | |
Charles Wyville Thomson | MD 1845 | Chief scientist of the Challenger expedition, discovered animal life at depths of 1200m | |
John Kirk | MD 1854 | Scottish physician, botanist, companion of David Livingstone, identified the Zanzibar Red Colobus, British Consul in Zanzibar | |
Alexander Crum Brown | MA 1858, MD 1861, Prof. Chemistry 1869-1908 | Scottish physician and chemist, discovered the double bond of ethylene, introduced the name kerogen for insoluble organic matter in oil shale. | |
John Anderson | MD 1862 | Scottish zoologist, first curator of the Indian Museum in Calcutta | |
Neil Gordon Munro | MB 1888, CM 1888, MD 1909 | Scottish physician, anthropologist, one of the first people to study the Ainu people of Hokkaido |
Non-Medical Accomplishments
Name | Class year | Notability | Reference(s) |
John Moultrie | MD 1749 | American politician, acting governor of East Florida | |
Samuel Seabury | 1753 | first American Episcopal bishop, first bishop of Connecticut | |
Oliver Goldsmith | 1754 | Anglo-Irish novelist, playwright, author of the novel The Vicar of Wakefield and the children's tale of The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes | |
William Buchan | MD 1761 | Author of the book "Domestic Medicine" | |
Gustavus Richard Brown | MD 1768 | United States Representative from Maryland, physician at George Washington's deathbed. | |
Thomas Tudor Tucker | MD 1770 | United States Representative from South Carolina, longest serving Treasurer of the United States, presidential physician to James Madison | |
Henry Latimer | MD 1775 | United States Senator from Delaware | |
George Logan | MD 1779 | United States Senator from Pennsylvania | |
William Crawford | MD 1781 | United States Representative from Pennsylvania's 5th and 6th Congressional districts | |
Samuel L. Mitchill | MD 1786 | United States Senator from New York | |
James Jones | MD 1796 | United States Representative from Virginia | |
William Jardine | MD 1802 | Co-founder of Hong Kong conglomerate Jardine, Matheson and Company, Whig MP for Ashburton | |
John Crawfurd | MD 1803 | Scottish physician, Governor of Singapore | |
James C. Crow | MD 1822 | Scottish inventor of the sour mash proceess for creating Bourbon whiskey, creator of the Old Crow brand of Bourbon whiskey | |
Samuel Smiles | MD 1832 | Scottish author and biographer, wrote the book Self-Help | |
John Rae | MD 1833 | Scottish explorer, discovered the fate of the Franklin Expedition, discovered Rae Straight, showed that King William Land was an island | |
David Monro | MD 1835 | Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives, MP representing Waimea | |
William Johnston Almon | 1836 | Nova Scotian physician, Canadian Senator from Nova Scotia, Canadian MP for Halifax | |
Logan Campbell | MD 1839 | New Zealand physician, Mayor of Auckland, co-founder of Auckland Savings Bank, Superintendent of Auckland, known as the "Father of Auckland" | |
Sir Charles Tupper | MD 1843 | 6th Prime Minister of Canada and father of confederation | |
Valentine Munbee McMaster | MD 1853 | British army surgeon, recipient of the Victoria Cross, for the intrepidity with which he exposed himself to the fire of the enemy, in bringing in, and attending to, the wounded, on the 25th of September, at Lucknow | [18] |
William Henry Thomas Sylvester | LRCS(Edin) 1853 | British army surgeon, recipient of the Victoria Cross, for coming to the aid of an officer who was mortally wounded and remained with him, dressing his wounds, in a most dangerous and exposed situation on the 8th of September, and again on the 18th of September. | [19] |
Campbell Mellis Douglas | MD 1861 | Canadian army surgeon, recipient of the Victoria Cross, for risking their lives in manning a boat and proceeding through dangerous surf to rescue some of their comrades who had been sent to the island to find out the fate of the commander and seven of the crew. | [20] |
Henry Halcro Johnston | MB 1880, CM 1880, MD 1893, BSc 1893, DSc 1894 | Scottish botanist, represented Scotland internationally in rugby union, Colonel in the British Army | |
William Babtie | LRCP(Edin) 1880, LRCS(Edin) 1880 | Scottish surgeon, recipient of the Victoria Cross, he exposed himself to heavy fire to tend to the wounded including going with Captain Walter Norris Congreve to bring in Lieutenant Frederick Hugh Sherston (The Hon.) Roberts who was lying wounded on the veldt during the Second Boer War, Lieutenant General in the British Army | |
Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle | MB 1881, CM 1881, MD 1885 | novelist, creator of the character Sherlock Holmes | |
John Batty Tuke | MB 1881, CM 1881, MD 1890 | Scottish psychiatrist, Conservative MP for the University of Edinburgh and St Andrews | |
Robert Stirton Thornton | MB 1884, CM 1884 | Minister of Education for Manitoba, President of the Medical Council of Canada | |
George Ernest Morrison | MD 1895 | Australian adventurer, The Times correspondent in Peking during Boxer Rebellion | |
Henry Edward Manning Douglas | LRCP(Edin) 1898, LRCS(Edin) 1898 | Scottish surgeon, recipient of the Victoria Cross, he showed great gallantry and devotion under a very severe fire in advancing in the open and attending to Captain Gordon, Gordon Highlanders, who was wounded, and also attending to Major Robinson and other wounded men under a fearful fire. Many similar acts of devotion and gallantry were performed by Lieutenant Douglas on the same day, Major General in the British Army | |
Bernard Friedman | MB 1921, ChB 1921 | South African surgeon, co-founder of the anti-apartheid Progressive Party | |
Robert McIntyre | MB 1938, ChB 1938 | Scottish politician, leader of the Scottish National Party from 1947-56, first SNP MP for Motherwell | |
Lim Chong Eu | MB 1944, ChB 1944 | Malaysian politician, served as Chief Minister of Penang for a record 21 years, co-founder and president of Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia | |
Kerry Lang | MB 1998, ChB 1998 | British triathelete, British Triathlon Vice Champion of the Year 2009 |
List only includes faculty who were not graduates of the medical school
Name | Department | Notability | Reference |
Robert Sibbald | Prof. of Medicine 1685-1722, | Scottish physician, first described the blue whale, founder of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh | |
William Cullen | Prof. of Chemistry and Medicine 1755-1766, Prof. of Institutes of Medicine 1766-1773, Prof. of Medicine 1773-1790 | Scottish physician, first demonstrated artificial refrigeration | |
James Syme | Prof. Clinical Surgery 1833-1848, FRCS(Edin) 1823, | Scottish surgeon, invented Mackintosh, conducted the first exarticulation of the hip, known for Syme's amputation | |
Joseph Lister | Prof. Clinical Surgery 1869-1877, FRCS(Edin) 1855, | Scottish surgeon, introduced carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments | |
Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer | Chair of Physiology 1883-1933 | English physiologist, regarded as the founder of endocrinology, discovered adrenaline, coined the terms endocrine and insulin | |
George Barger | Prof. Chemistry in Relation to Medicine 1919-1937, | British chemist, identified tyramine, contributed to the synthesis of thyroxine and Vitamin B1 | |
Vincent du Vigneaud | National Research Council Fellow 1928-1929, | American biochemist, discovered oxytocin, awarded the 1955 Nobel Prize in Chemistry | |
Hermann Joseph Muller | Post-doctoral researcher 1937-1940, | American geneticist, discovered that mutations could be caused by X-rays, awarded the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | |
John Gaddum | Chair of Materia Medica 1942-1958, | British pharmacologist, discovered Substance P, a neuropeptide | |
James Learmonth | Chair of Surgery 1939-1956, | Scottish surgeon, performed lumbar sympathectomy on King George VI to treat his vascular disease | |
John Crofton | Prof. Respiratory Disease and Tuberculosis 1952-1977, | British physician, pioneered the treatment of tuberculosis, which was known as the Edinburgh method. | [21] |
Michael Woodruff | Chair of Surgical Science 1957-1976, | British transplant surgeon, performed the first ever kidney transplant in the UK at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary in 1960. | |
Kenneth Murray | Head of Molecular Biology 1967-84, Biogen Professor of Molecular Biology 1984-1998, FRSE 2000 | Developed recombinant DNA technology, developed the vaccine for Hepatitis B, co-founder of biotechnology company Biogen | [22] |
Paul Nurse | Post-doctoral researcher 1973-1979 | Discovered the proteins cyclin and cdk as well as the genes cdc2 and cdk1 that are involved in the cell cycle, awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | [23] |
Andrew H. Wyllie | Prof. Experimental Pathology 1992-1998, FRS 1995, | Scottish pathologist, discovered the importance of programmed cell death and coined the term apoptosis | |
Matthew Kaufman | Prof. Anatomy 1985-2007, FRS(Edin) 2008 | First to derive embryonic stem cells from mouse embryos | |
Sir Ian Wilmut | Prof. Emeritus 2006-Present, FRS(Edin) 2000 | Scottish embryologist, first to clone a mammal, a Finn Dorset lamb named Dolly |
In popular culture[edit]
- In the television show NCIS, the chief medical examiner Dr. Donald "Ducky" Mallard studied medicine at Edinburgh.
- In the BBC soap opera Doctors, Dr. Emma Reid studied medicine at Edinburgh
- The character Sherlock Holmes, created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, himself a graduate of Edinburgh, was based on Dr. Joseph Bell, a graduate and lecturer at Edinburgh.
Doctors Pub[edit]
Situated directly across the road from the medical school buildings and the old Royal Infirmary, "Doctors" has been the refuge since the 1970s of many Edinburgh Medical School graduates and students. History drapes the walls in the forms of plaques and photographs.[24]
- ^ "University guide 2012: Medicine". The Guardian (London). 2011-05-17. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
- ^ Watson, Roland; Elliott, Francis; Foster, Patrick. "Good University Guide 2010". The Times (London).
- ^ [1]
- ^ pageid=stats "University of Edinburgh Medicine". www.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
- ^ "FOI request Edinburgh Medicine A100". Retrieved 23 August 2013.
- ^ "http://www.ed.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.104225!/fileManager/2012%20for%20web.pdf".
- ^ "University guide 2014: league table for medicine". Guardian University Guide. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- ^ Roger L. Emerson, "The Founding of the Edinburgh Medical School," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences (2004) 59#2 pp 183-218 in Project MUSE
- ^ "Edinburgh 1880-1914". Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ a b "The Polish School of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh". Retrieved 2009-03-02.
- ^ a b "Thistle on the Delaware: Edinburgh Medical Education and Philadelphia Practice, 1800-1825". Retrieved 2013-02-13.
- ^ "FOI University of Edinburgh A100 Medicine". Retrieved 23 August 2013.
- ^ http://www.mvm.ed.ac.uk/studying/admissions/MBChB%20Applications%20FAQ.pdf
- ^ "International Exchange Programs Columbia". Retrieved 2013-07-07.
- ^ "George Beatson". Retrieved 2013-02-13.
- ^ "Prof. Adrian P. Bird". zoominfo. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
- ^ "Professor O James Garden". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
- ^ . London Gazette http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/23828/pages/595/page.pdf. Retrieved 15 November 2013. Missing or empty
(help) - ^ . europepmc http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2337460/pdf/brmedj06762-0034a.pdf. Retrieved 15 November 2013. Missing or empty
(help) - ^ "Three Licentiates of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh who were decorated with the Victoria Cross.". PubMed.
- ^ "John Crofton". Retrieved 2013-02-13.
- ^ "Professor Sir Kenneth Murray". Retrieved 2013-04-17.
- ^ "Paul Nurse". Retrieved 2013-08-10.
- ^ "Edinburgh Doctors". Retrieved 2009-03-01.
Further reading[edit]
Matthew Kaufman, Medical Teaching in Edinburgh during the 18th and 19th Centuries (Edinburgh, the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 2003), ISBN 0-9503620-8-5 [2]
Tara Womersley, Dorothy H Crawford, Bodysnatchers to Lifesavers: Three Centuries of Medicine in Edinburgh (Luath Press Ltd, Edinburgh, 2010), ISBN 978-1-906817-58-9
External links[edit]
- The Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh
- The Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh
- Sophia Jex-Blake
- Admission FAQ's
Coordinates: 55°55′19.42″N 3°8′11.86″W / 55.9220611°N 3.1366278°W


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The following is an announcement from Liz Kelley Kerstens:
Ancestry has discontinued its magazine Genealogical Computing, effective with the July/August/September 2006 issue that is currently in the mail. As editor of GC for the past nearly seven years, I still believe there's a need for a magazine devoted to genealogy and technology. To that end, I am starting my own magazine later this year. It will be called Digital Genealogist and will be delivered to subscribers as a PDF. It will be similar in format and content to Genealogical Computing. In fact, a lot of the authors and columnists will continue to write for me in the new publication, including Drew Smith, popular Cybrarian columnist. The first issue of Digital Genealogist will be sent out via PDF attachment to subscribers in November 2006.
The annual subscription rate is $20. You can subscribe at http://www.digitalgenealogist.com. Payments are being taken through PayPal by clicking on the PayPal button on the Digital Genealogist website. Subscriptions will begin with the first issue. Those who don't want to use PayPal can send checks or money orders for $20 to Digital Genealogist, LLC, P.O. Box 6386, Plymouth, MI 48170-8486.
One of the advantages to subscribers of a PDF is that the URLs in both articles and ads will be live links, allowing you to immediately explore ideas suggested by authors and websites of advertisers.
Liz Kelley Kerstens, CG, CGL
Editor, Digital Genealogist


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BRLT brings back holiday classic 'Carol'
Like old car batteries, people's Christmas spirits sometimes need a boost. Baton Rouge Little Theater offers jumper cables through this weekend.
"A Christmas Carol," perhaps the most beloved story of the season that doesn't include a manger scene, is back on BRLT's main stage. After several years of trying out other Christmas productions, last year the theater went with this Charles Dickens classic. It was so well-performed and, apparently, well-received that BRLT has decided to make it a local Christmas tradition.
Keith Dixon directs largely the same cast this time as the first, and it delivers the same satisfying result.
Veteran actor Mike Katchmer remains an outstanding Ebenezer Scrooge, the tight-fisted businessman whose love of money above all else has turned him mean and hard to all that makes life worth living. Experiencing this attitude most directly are his nephew, Fred (Travis H. Williams), and his poorly paid employee, Bob Cratchit (Davis Hotard). As the Christmas Eve workday ends, Scrooge greatly resents even giving Cratchit his only paid holiday on Christmas Day, much less the seasonal merry-making and appeals to help the poor.
The story, of course, takes a dramatic turn that night when the ghost of Scrooge's deceased partner, Jacob Marley (Ronnie Stutes) shows up in Scrooge's bedroom to warn him that three spirits will visit that night, giving Scrooge a chance to mend his ways.
The Ghost of Christmas Past (Lily McGill) shows how Scrooge became a miserable miser, having a chance at love with Belle (Michele Taylor), the beautiful niece of his employer, Mr. Fezziwig (Lee Allen). Taylor, Allen and Kelly Martin (as Mrs. Fezziwig) shine during this exploration of Scrooge's background.
Kurt Hauschild is outstanding as the Ghost of Christmas Present — a hail fellow whose abundant good cheer stands in stark contrast with his dour pupil. He shows Scrooge how his skinflint ways affect the Cratchit family, about whom Scrooge seems to know nothing, even of the youngest child, Tiny Tim (Virginia Moore), who seems doomed to die in childhood from health problems. Theater-goers who do not read the playbill closely will not notice that Tiny Tim and the Boy Caroler (Caroline Feduccia) are played by girls.
The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come (Anthony Pierre) silently shows Scrooge his fate should he not change his ways.
The production is lushly costumed (designed by Crystal Brown), and the elaborate sets (designed by Chris Adams and Kenneth Mayfield) flow seamlessly from Scrooge's room, to the inside and outside of his office, to the outside of his home, to the Cratchit household and other key sites. It all comes together in a little under two hours, with a 15-minute intermission, and is a delight.
If anyone who tells you different, say, "Humbug!"


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Simply confirm your registered email address below and click "Reset Password." We will immediately email you a link back to the site where you can enter a new password for this account.
Part of the Triple Play Concerts!
Mayor Baldermann is happy to announce the return of the Triple Play Concerts to the New Lenox Commons for the 5th Season. Concert dates for this extremely popular concert series are Saturday, June 29th – Bad Company, Saturday July 20th – Rick Springfield and Saturday, August 31st – Foreigner. The gates open at 5:30pm. Tickets go on sale April 1st through May 10th to New Lenox residents for $50.00 for all three concerts. Beginning May 13th tickets go on sale to the general public for $60.00 for all three concerts. We encourage residents to buy their tickets early since we know the concert series, like last year's concert series, will sell out.


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Splendiferous! Share your favorites and earn zulily credit. see detailsconnect
This supremely posh piece looks like two but is really one! It lends itself to formulating the perfect Monday through Friday ensemble. Business lunch, power meetings and everything in-between have never looked better with a lustrous, satiny top and a back zipper closure.


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Clinical Significance of Smear or Culture Positive for Candida Spp. From Sputum Three Times a Week
The recruitment status of this study is unknown because the information has not been verified recently.
Verified July 2009 by Capital Medical University.
Recruitment status was Recruiting
Recruitment status was Recruiting
Capital Medical University
Information provided by:
Capital Medical University
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: October 1, 2007
Last updated: December 13, 2010
Last verified: July 2009
- Full Text View
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- No Study Results Posted
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- How to Read a Study Record
The definition of pulmonary candidiasis is still unclear.In China, isolation of candida spp. form sputum twice or three times a week has been regarded as the microbiological evidence of pulmonary candidiasis. The investigators hypothesize that patients who present respiratory symptoms and lung infiltrates together with smear of culture positive for candida spp. from sputum three times a week can not be diagnosed as pulmonary candidiasis.
Condition | Intervention | Phase |
Pulmonary Candidiasis |
Drug: fluconazole |
Phase 4 |
Study Type: | Interventional |
Study Design: | Allocation: Randomized Endpoint Classification: Bio-equivalence Study Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment Masking: Open Label Primary Purpose: Diagnostic |
Official Title: | Diagnosis of Pulmonary Candidiasis |
Resource links provided by NLM:
MedlinePlus related topics:
Yeast Infections
Drug Information available for:
U.S. FDA Resources
Further study details as provided by Capital Medical University:
Primary Outcome Measures:
- invasive candidiasis [ Time Frame: in hospital ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
Estimated Enrollment: | 200 |
Study Start Date: | September 2007 |
Estimated Study Completion Date: | December 2011 |
Estimated Primary Completion Date: | December 2010 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure) |
Intervention Details:
Drug: fluconazole
Intravenous or oral 400 md/d
Ages Eligible for Study: | 14 Years to 85 Years |
Genders Eligible for Study: | Both |
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | No |
Inclusion Criteria:
- 85ys>age>14ys
- Lung infiltrates together with at least one of the following symptoms:cough, sputum, dyspnea with or without fever
- smear or culture positive for candida spp. from sputum
Exclusion Criteria:
- Pregnancy
- Hypersensitivity to fluconazole
- Isolated candida was non-sensitive to fluconazole
- Severe liver or renal diseases who can not tolerate fluconazole treatment
- With at least one of the following high risk factors:organ transplantation, neutropenia>10ds, long term glucocorticoids therapy(equal to prednisone 30mg/d longer than 2 weeks), immunosuppressive therapy within 30ds, AIDS
- With one of the microbiological evidence:isolation of candida spp. from blood or other kinds of sterile site(not including urine), filamentous fungi isolated from sputum or BALF, cryptococcus isolated from sputum or CSF, galactomannan antigen positive twice for blood
- Probable or possible pulmonary aspergillosis
- Definite oral or esophageal candidiasis
Contacts and Locations
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00537888
Contact: Bin Cao, doctor | 8610-85231130 | firstname.lastname@example.com |
China, Beijing | |
Beijing Chaoyang Hospital,Affiliate of Capital Medical University | Recruiting |
Beijing, Beijing, China, 100020 | |
Contact: Bin Cao, doctor |
Sponsors and Collaborators
Capital Medical University
Principal Investigator: | Bin Cao, Doctor | Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Affiliate of Capital Medical University |
More Information
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on March 10, 2014
Responsible Party: | Capital Medical University, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital |
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT00537888 History of Changes |
Other Study ID Numbers: | CYH-CMU |
Study First Received: | October 1, 2007 |
Last Updated: | December 13, 2010 |
Health Authority: | China: Ethics Committee |
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Candidiasis Mycoses Fluconazole Antifungal Agents Anti-Infective Agents |
Therapeutic Uses Pharmacologic Actions 14-alpha Demethylase Inhibitors Enzyme Inhibitors Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action |
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on March 10, 2014


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Advantage for Cats
Advantage (OTC) Advantage flea control is a once-a-month topical flea treatment cats seven weeks and older. Advantage kills 98-100 percent of fleas on your pet within 12 hours and prevents further flea infestation for up to four weeks. 6 per Pack.
Select a size from the drop-down box.$70.54 - $71.21


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Tom Marioni
American (Cincinnati, Ohio, 1937)FREE BEER (The Act of Drinking Beer with Friends is the Highest Form of Art)
refrigerator, framed print, shelf, beer bottles, and lightbulb
The SFMOMA building is closed for expansion. Many of the works in our collection are on view at other institutions as part of our On the Go program.
114 in. x 114 in. x 60 in. (289.56 cm x 289.56 cm x 152.4 cm)
Acquired 1999
Collection SFMOMA
Anonymous gift
© Tom Marioni


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Editor's Choice in Plant Biology
New types of biological filaments are turning up in yeast, fly, bacterial cells and in rat neurons, and they may yield clues to how the cytoskeleton evolved from metabolically active enzymes.
A young botanist pays tribute to his mentor by naming a newly discovered, rare species in his honor.
A guide to free software for constructing and assessing species relationships
To ensure high-quality clinical trials of a malaria vaccine, organizers in rural Africa must first upgrade electrical and research infrastructures.
Gut bacteria may be the missing piece that explains the connection between diet and cancer risk.
A US federal appeals court says human genes are patentable.
Protein interaction networks in Arabidopsis give clues to plant evolution and immunity.


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kool pic mike :)
Hi everybody. Where are u guys ? why all offline these days xD did u fans should turn off all connections :3
hello faceparkers wzup with you? i still cant believe their ew album is sooo amaziingg
Man, nice group pic......Where have got this??
Thanks For The Invite Mike :D ^^
yo sup everybody?
Yeah! That's new! Yo Faceparkers............
i joined!!
hello faceparkers how are u?
nice group mike
John Mia Online
zorrocaven Online
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although many purist may hate it, BMW, after years of high performance NA engines, have well and truly joined the turbo flock.
Available as… short sleeve, long sleeve, v-neck, girly fit and hoodie… baby grows, baby & kids t-shirts…..and iPhone case!
Don't forget… All garments can be printed front or back, and your choice of colour shirt!
All of our iPhone cases are printed with TATT™, which embeds the design into the case – so no fading or peeling, ever.
bmw, m3, m power, m5, 1m, m6, x1, x3, x5, car, beemer, bimmer, motorsport, racing, f1, fast, turbo, f10
As I've always had a passion for design of all aspects, I thought I would share some of my images.
I work part time as a freelance graphic designer, specializing in logo & banner design.
Any inquires, for personal or business work, please don't hesitate to contact me.
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fanbo of the year 2014 award goes to....
Why are the Apple haters trolling here anyways? You provide nothing to this thread!
I'll be a productive hater and ask, can someone post a similar specced Windows lappy at half the price? Please not a POS because I'll pay extra $ for quality, but agree with most that Apple's premium is $100-200 always too much. I've owned too many windows PCs laptops since 2001, ranging from $300-1500. I've replaced each one every year because they just felt obsolete after a short time. My longest lasting one, weirdly enough, was my Dell $300 netbook. It was slow as hell but was a tank. I bought my first Apple computer in 2009, which is a c2d MacBook Pro. I'm using it to this day and it runs gw2 strongly (but at about 20-30 fps). I upgraded RAM and installed two SSDs in it so its running pretty well still. I don't need to replace it but I have some extra $$ to spend and want to run gw2 on a stronger, portable laptop. I will say this about MacBook Pros: they are solid builds and are tough as heck, so if you recommend a POS PC, sorry you lose. I've dropped my MBP so many times, stupidly, and it doesn't show any signs of it. I dropped my PCs too, and something always gives in. One other thing about MBP, I like how even at almost four years old, I don't feel like the new ones are a major upgrade, so I don't feel like I have an outdated product. Maybe that's the SSDs talking. My PCs feel outdated as soon as 3-6 months later, the same PC company comes out with a new line of products and that upsets me very much. Haters goin hate, but both macs and PCs have their pros and cons, and if you feel like either one wins in all categories, you are mistaken. I'm freaking ranting now, I'll end it here. |
Dell Precisions , IBM / lenovo ThinkPads , Hp Elitebooks , Panasonic Toughbooks are all good lines of WIndows based machines If you think any Apple laptop has the build quality of a Panasonic Toughbook , you are out of your mind. |
A ThinkPad X230 would be similar in cost, but would have about the same hardware (no GPU, same i5, same low resolution screen) and that would hardly be a significantly better build quality. President Hugo Chávez was a hero.
Do you support safe gun use? Prove it. [convio.net] There are millions of homeless and formerly abused pets out there, and if everyone on Slickdeals donated just 5% of the money they saved here to help them, we could make a big difference. [aspca.org] |
I can compare a ThinkPad Carbon X1 to a MBA and the X1 will win in most cases because it's a business laptop. Apple's "consumer" laptops are in the same price range as a business laptop so that's why I chose that comparison. People seem to think that a $300 Dell is supposed to compete with a $1000 Apple laptop. When people say that Apple makes the best built laptop , that's is a lie. If they said Apple makes the best build laptop in the consumer market , that's another thing. Last edited by dubleo; 03-23-2013 at 03:07 PM.. |
For me personally, the MBP felt like a good choice and I haven't regretted it since. I hate iSheep too, but most use the term without knowing what it really means. An iSheep isn't anyone who buys an Apple product, it's someone who blindly does so. Like when I show a friend or coworker my iPhone, next day they get one. Or someone who has owned an iPhone for months or years and still doesn't know wtf theyre doing. That's an iSheep. Full disclosure, Samsung Androids are pretty good too. I've had my iPhone since day 1, which leaves me pretty much stuck with the iTunes bull. If I didn't buy it, I'd for sure would have bought almost all androids that came out, and would have an S3 and soon to be S4. Tryna get to youuuuu and that booty
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From UCLA back to UCLA: The Adventure of a Thai Foreign Minister
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Professor Suphamongkhon received a BA in Political Science from UCLA, master's from American University and Ph.D. from USC. He has been interviewed and cited on such programs and periodicals as CNN, BBC News, and ABC, as well as the Washington Post, Financial Times and Time Magazine. He has been a diplomat at the United Nations and has also contributed to the Six Party Talks regarding the Korean Peninsula, among other things.
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by SkinnyScoop Team, posted to Relationships
We might not be as shallow as Hal but we all have them: dating deal breakers. Whether its something as serious as smoking to as silly as webbed running shoes, what sends you running for the hills?
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Vibram Five Fingers
We've polled the SkinnyScoop office, and none of us find these webbed running shoes even the slightest bit sexy. In fact, silly as it is, we vote them to be a huge turnoff.
Eden Godsoe: Agreed. These freak me out for some reason...kinda like clowns & mimes.
Beatriz Sandoval: Agree! scary looking fingers.
Going Dutch on a First Date
If you are asked out by a guy, then it should be assumed that he will...more
Suggested by Claudia
If my date goes dutch on a first date that will most likely be my last date. I once went on a date where I paid for my own meal and he took MY leftovers home. I went running!
Eden Godsoe: That is crazy...I think I wouldn't have let him take my leftovers - better to give to a homeless person.
Picky Eaters / Calorie Counters
Suggested by Eden Godsoe
I have heard men don't like when women order salads on a dinner date. Even worse is a man who is a picky eater and only orders a salad (dressing on the side.) Makes me wonder how uptight the guy is about other aspects of his life...
julie: Seriously! I dated a picky eater... never again! I don't want to feel like hes judging me every time we eat
I Can't Fit In His Jeans
I'm happily married now and my husband is 6'3 and 200+ pounds, so my husband's clothing is huge on me...and that's the way I like it. Back in the day when I was dating, I had this rule - if I can't fit in his jeans (with room to spare) then we couldn't date.
Krista: It's true - I don't think there's anything that makes me feel more uncomfortable than being bigger than the guy I'm seeing. I wish I didn't care, but I can't help but feel super self-concious!
Flaking on a Date
There's nothing more annoying when you've set aside time for that date and the guy flakes. Unless he has a reasonable excuse I wouldn't hold back on dating the next guy that comes your way.
Takes Longer Than Me To Get Ready
Suggested by Erin
I find it to be annoying when a guy takes too long to get ready or seems to be overly primping. Of course you want them to look good, but know when to say when.
Claudia: Totally agree! Of course I want him to look great but if I can get it down to under 20 min so should he!
Beatriz Sandoval: Yep, NO guy should take longer than 30min.. seriously !
Suggested by Larissa
I think it's incredibly rude when guys check their phone, text, are Facebooking, or take calls.
Claudia: Yes, this is so rude!
Beatriz Sandoval: I guess this just means he's not interested ?. ugh! men.
Cheap With Tipping
Suggested by CatK
If a guy pulls out a tip calculator to figure out exactly how much 15% is or if he under tips, he won't get a second date.
Disrespectful to Bartenders, Waitstaff, etc.
Suggested by Krista
Kindness and respect are high on my list of must have characteristics, so I just can't tolerate when someone is short, disrespectful or downright rude to bartenders, waitstaff, cab drivers, etc.
Bad Kissers
Suggested by Amy Catherine
Bad Kissers send me running for the hills...
CatK: So true - bad kissing is a deal breaker. You really can't teach a grown man how to kiss...he should have figured that out in his teen years.
Sports Slackers
Suggested by julie
My deal breaker is baseball. If they do not like it, I lose interest. Really, if they don't like sports I lose interest. If I know more about sports and baseball than him and he can't keep up with me in a conversation about the Dodgers, I am immediately turned off and don't want to pursue anything.
Men Who Bash Their Ex's
Suggested by Rosalind Sedacca
If a guy is still so emotionally charged about his divorce and hates his ex, he has serious inner work to do before dating again. It's not healthy to date a guy with so much energy focused on disparaging another woman.
He Puts Me in Charge
A man needs to be a man.
Suggested by feasttofamine
If a man gives me his phone number rather than asking for mine, or insists I choose the location of the first date, I know he is not the man for me. I need a guy who is comfortable taking the lead.
Eden Godsoe: Agreed. While I don't want a guy who controls everything (I'll order for myself and happy to suggest ideas for later dates), I hate wishy washy guys.
RELATED LINK: 15 Dating Deal Breakers
Suggested by LorneCaplan
Years of experience good and bad and as an expert in relationships in the scent, music and food areas, I know there is so much more we can all to to build on our intimacy, romance and passion and this is a good place to start avoiding the initial pitfalls.
Poor Grammar
Correct grammar and proper spelling can be a challenge, and their...more
I might be too picky, but I have a tough time with men who use poor grammar or sound unintelligent.
Bad Manners
– Unless it's your personal preference to be around people who...more
Suggested by eloveceo
People have different definitions of acceptable behavior. Different genders might also view things differently. Some people swear in front of everybody, whether they know them or not. Others are more refined.
Keep the eyes here
Wandering eyes are a no-no. If you can't focus on your date on the...more
It's about respect. You go out on a date with somebody, that's who you are with for the night. Checking out other women sends a clear message about you and what you think of your date.
Not getting along with his mother.
He MUST be on good terms with his mother.
Suggested by Haley
Age old advice that we all seem to ignore: watch the way a man treats his mother, it's likely to be the way he treats all the women in his life.
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PIERRE — A man who caused a fatal accident while texting behind the wheel and the widow of the man who died told state lawmakers Friday it's time for South Dakota to join the other 39 states that have banned texting while driving.
Justin Iburg of Mitchell said he was texting in September 2010 when he rammed into other vehicles stopped in a construction zone. Iburg, who was 20 at the time of the crash and later convicted of reckless driving, showed a Senate committee a slideshow of photos of the accident scene and of the victim, Jon Christensen.
Christensen's widow, Janean, said her 44-year-old husband was killed while riding his motorcycle home after the family ate at a restaurant to celebrate their son's 13th birthday. She cried as she said her husband would still be alive if Iburg had been paying attention to the road instead of his phone.
''Telling my children that their dad was gone was one of the hardest things I've ever had to do,'' said Christensen, who also lives in Mitchell. ''It is time something is done so other families won't have to go through the pain.''
Iburg, who gives presentations about the crash to young people as part of his criminal sentence, added: ''On that day, so many lives were changed. . . . It's not worth dying for. Don't let this be you.''
The Senate Transportation Committee heeded the message, voting 5-2 to endorse a proposed texting ban similar to measures that have been repeatedly rejected in recent years. The bill next goes to the full Senate.
Supporters hope lawmakers will look more favorably on the idea now because four South Dakota cities in the past year have imposed their own bans on texting while driving. Thirty-nine states and the District of Columbia have already banned texting behind the wheel.
The bill would prohibit typing, sending or reading a text message while driving, but it would continue to allow drivers to make cellphone calls and use hands-free electronic devices. It also would prevent cities from imposing any ordinance that varies from state law, a provision lawmakers said is needed to prevent a patchwork of varying texting bans across the state.
A violation of the texting ban would be a misdemeanor punishable by up to 30 days in jail and a $500 fine.
The measure's main sponsor, Sen. Mike Vehle, R-Mitchell, acknowledged that enforcement could be difficult, but said a law would deter people from texting while driving simply because it would be illegal.
''For me, it's not about tickets. It's not about fines. It's about creating a culture of not texting while driving,'' said Vehle, chairman of the committee. ''How do you change that culture? You need to pass a law first.''
Terry Sorensen of Sioux Falls also told the committee how his son was killed last year in an accident caused by a texting driver, saying: ''It needs to stop.'' Representatives of insurance companies, trucking companies, police chiefs and prosecutors also urged the committee to pass the bill.
U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood is trying to get the remaining 11 states to enact bans, citing statistics that indicate texting while driving is dangerous. A 2009 study of commercial-vehicle drivers found that those texting while driving were 23 times more likely than non-texting drivers to be involved in crashes, near crashes or other risky behavior such as drifting into another lane, according to the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Sen. David Omdahl, R-Sioux Falls, said he voted against the measure because he thinks a texting ban would be difficult to enforce. He said he believes the state should instead increase enforcement of an existing law banning careless driving.
Mitchell Police Chief Lyndon Overweg said enforcing the careless driving law requires seeing a driver do something dangerous, and by that time it's often too late to prevent an accident. But he said law officers in 39 other states are enforcing texting bans, so South Dakota officers will also be able to do so.


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and found 5 items
749cc, 120bhp, 160mph, Insurance group 17
Like the race version, Honda's road-going RC45 doesn't quite hit the spot, but it's still an impressive piece of exquisite engineering. As the ultimate '90s Superbike, the Honda RC45 lacks the pure focus of a Yamaha R1, the visceral punch of a Ducati 916 or the exotic edginess of a Bimota SB6R. Also, people might think your Honda RC45 is a Honda RVF400 ...
1064cc, 102bhp, 145mph, Insurance group 13
The Moto Guzzi Daytona was always the pure, no messin' about, Dr John race replica in the range, whether in 1000cc form, or the with the later 1100 motor. Fuelling problems spoil the performance a little bit, but there's a brutal elegance about the Daytona and true collector value.
599cc, 106bhp, 163mph, Insurance group 14
With its genuine 163mph top speed, six-piston brakes, low'ish insurance group and evil induction noise the Kawasaki ZX-6R G-series is the bike that overnight made the 750cc superbikes look superfluous. Even today it's still considered a capable performer, though the suspension and stoppers will doubtless welcome a fettle.
599cc, 109bhp, 163mph, Insurance group 14
Kawasaki's new-for-2000 ZX-6R got a new swingarm, a revised rear shock and engine internals and a facelift – not good enough to compete with Yamaha's stunning R6 on the track nor Honda's new ally-framed CBR600 on the road. In 2002 it got a beefier 636cc motor, which made it a much improved road tool.
904cc, 86bhp, 125mph, Insurance group 16
"What the hell is that?" is likely to be the first comment from anyone who sees you ride into town on a Bimota Mantra. But don't be scared, underneath designer Sacha Lakic's tribute to Buck Rogers sci-fi there's a sensible Ducati-engined cruiser/roadster. A claimed 85bhp from the old 904cc Duke motor, plus classy suspension and chassis detailing make the Bimota ...
Save money by comparing quotes. It's quick and easy
Compare and buy 100s of bargain priced products for you and your bike


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January 22nd, 2013, 04:11 AM | #1 |
your mom likes me best
troybilt tiller...pic`s added
i have a rear tine tiller for sale runs good $400 obo not looking for trades need the space. no pic`s at the moment but could dig it out of the garage this weekend if interested. comes with attachment for making rows. it has a newer 5 horse brigg`s motor. couldn`t find a model # on it but have pic`s on my phone and will try to did it out to take some with camera this weekend.
thanks Last edited by BIG UGLY; February 24th, 2013 at 04:14 PM. |
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Operation Summary for October 19, 2009 - October 21, 2009 |
Monday Oct. 19 The day shift began with Tevatron (TeV) personnel and operators investigating the TeV quench, with Operations monitoring the Recycler stash (106.3E10), with the Antiproton Source stacking (21.7E10), with the Linac, Booster, and Main Injector (MI) operating normally, with the NuMI and MiniBooNE experiments taking beam, and with the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) and D-Zero (D0) experiments waiting for the next store. During the day shift, TeV personnel continued to investigate the loss of store 7278. Operations reported that a TeV quadrupole power supply (D0Q2) developed an internal LCW leak; EE Support personnel repaired the leak. Operations began the TeV turn-on and checked the orbits. Operations put the TeV in HEP shot setup at 11 AM and established store 7282 at 2:30 PM with an average initial luminosity (AIL) of 172.8E30. During the evening shift, a Booster RF station (BRF18), a Linac Klystron RF station (KRF3), and a MI sweeper magnet power supply tripped off; they all reset. Tuesday Oct. 20 The midnight shift began with Operations monitoring store 7282 (66.56E30) and the stash (242.2E10), with Pbar stacking (18.7E10), and with NuMI and MiniBooNE taking beam. During the midnight shift, Operations terminated store 7282 at 6:30 AM. Operations put the TeV into shot setup, but then reported a short delay to swap out the cryo system wet engine controller cards at TeV sectorA1. During the day shift, Operations established store 7283 at 9:15 AM with an AIL of 269E30. Various beam studies were conducted throughout the shift. Operations received permission to deliver beam to the Meson M01 enclosure. During the evening shift, the Linac controls front end (LIP611) suffered a hardware failure that required a new crate and power supply. Wednesday Oct. 21 The midnight shift began with Operations monitoring store 7283 (71.18E30) and the stash (324.8E10), with Pbar stacking (25.7E10), and with NuMI and MiniBooNE taking beam. During the midnight shift, Operations terminated store 7283 at 2 AM. The heat exchanger for the D0 #2 helium compressor was back flushed. Operations put the TeV into shot setup and established store 7284 at 4:15 AM with an AIL of 251E30. The Plans for Wednesday The plans for today are to stack, stash, and store. The Run Coordinator will allow Preaccelerator personnel to flush the I- Source column. |
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