text:
Percy Lavon Julian
Percy Lavon Julian | |
Julian circa 1940–1950
Born | Montgomery, Alabama |
April 11, 1899
Died | April 19, 1975 Waukegan, Illinois |
(aged 76)
Occupation | Chemist |
Spouse(s) | Anna Roselle Johnson |
Children | Percy Lavon Julian, Jr. (1940–2008) Faith Roselle Julian (1944– ) |
Parents | Elizabeth Lena Adams (1878–?) James Sumner Julian (1871–1951) |
Percy Lavon Julian (April 11, 1899, Montgomery, Al. – April 19, 1975, Waukegan, Illinois) was a U.S. research chemist and a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants.[1] He was the first to synthesize the natural product physostigmine, and a pioneer in the industrial large-scale chemical synthesis of the human hormones, steroids, progesterone, and testosterone, from plant sterols such as stigmasterol and sitosterol. His work would lay the foundation for the steroid drug industry's production of cortisone, other corticosteroids, and birth control pills.[2][3][4][5]
He later started his own company to synthesize steroid intermediates from the Mexican wild yam. His work helped greatly reduce the cost of steroid intermediates to large multinational pharmaceutical companies, helping to significantly expand the use of several important drugs.[6][7]
During his lifetime he received more than 130 chemical patents. Julian was one of the first African-Americans to receive a doctorate in chemistry. He was the first African-American chemist inducted into the National Academy of Sciences, and the second African-American scientist inducted from any field.[6]
Early life and education[edit]
Percy Julian was born in Montgomery, Alabama as the first child of six born to James Sumner Julian and Elizabeth Lena Julian, née Adams. James, like his wife, a graduate of what was to be Alabama State University was employed as a clerk in the Railway Service of the United States Post Office, and his father was a slave.[8][9][10] Elizabeth worked as a school teacher. Percy Julian grew up in the time of the racist Jim Crow laws culture in the United States. Among his childhood memories was finding a lynched man hung from a tree while walking in the woods near his home. While it was generally unheard of for African-Americans at the time to pursue an education beyond the eighth grade, Julian's parents steered all of their children toward higher education.
Julian attended DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana. The college accepted few African-American students. The segregated nature of the town forced social humiliations. Julian was not allowed to live in the college dormitories and first stayed in an off-campus boarding home, which refused to serve him meals. It took him days before Julian found an establishment where he could eat. He worked firing the furnace, as a waiter, and doing other odd jobs in a fraternity house. In return, he was allowed to sleep in the attic and eat at the house. Julian graduated from DePauw in 1920 Phi Beta Kappa and valedictorian.[11] By 1930 Julian's father had moved the entire family to Greencastle, Indiana so that all his children could attend college at DePauw. The father was still working as a railroad postal clerk.[8]
Julian wanted to obtain his doctorate in chemistry, but learned it would be difficult for an African-American. After graduating from DePauw, Julian became a chemistry instructor at Fisk University. He then received an Austin Fellowship in Chemistry and went to Harvard University in 1923 for his M.S. Worried that white students would resent being taught by an African-American, Harvard withdrew Julian's teaching assistantship. He was unable to complete his Ph.D. at Harvard.
In 1929, while an instructor at Howard University, Julian received a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship to continue his graduate work at the University of Vienna, where he earned his PhD in 1931. He studied under Ernst Späth and was considered an impressive student. In Europe, he found freedom from the racial prejudices that had nearly stifled him in the States. He freely participated in intellectual social gatherings, went to the opera and found greater acceptance among his peers.[12][13] Julian was one of the first African-Americans to receive a PhD in chemistry, after St. Elmo Brady and Edward M. A. Chandler.[6][14] During Julian's lifetime he earned more than 138 chemical patents for his work. He was the first African-American chemist inducted into the National Academy of Sciences, and the second African-American scientist inducted from any field.
After returning from Vienna, Julian taught at Howard University for one year, where he met his future wife, Anna Roselle Johnson (PhD in Sociology, 1937, University of Pennsylvania). They married on December 24, 1935 and had two children: Percy Lavon Julian, Jr. (August 31, 1940 – February 24, 2008), who became a prestigious civil rights lawyer in Madison, Wisconsin;[15] and Faith Roselle Julian (1944– ), who still resides in their Oak Park home and often makes moving speeches about her father and his contributions to science.[11]
At Howard, Julian got involved in university politics and set off an embarrassing chain of events. After he goaded, at the University President's request, a white chemist named Jacob Shohan into resigning, Shohan retaliated by releasing to the local African-American newspaper the letters Julian had written to him from Vienna. The letters contained accounts of Julian's sex life, and criticism of individual Howard faculty members. Julian's laboratory assistant, Robert Thompson, also charged he had found his wife and Julian together in a sexual tryst. When Thompson was fired for filing a lawsuit against the University, he also gave the paper racy letters which Julian had written to him from Vienna. Through the summer of 1932, the Baltimore Afro-American published all of Julian's letters. Eventually, the scandal, and its accompanying pressure, forced Julian to resign. He lost his position, and everything he had worked for.[6]
After the scandal, Julian's mentor, William Blanchard, threw him a much-needed lifeline at the lowest point in Julian's career. Blanchard offered Julian a position to teach organic chemistry at DePauw University in 1932. Julian helped Josef Pikl, a fellow student at the University of Vienna, to come to the United States to work with him at DePauw. In 1935 Julian and Pikl completed the total synthesis of physostigmine, and confirmed the structural formula assigned to it. Robert Robinson of Oxford University in the U.K. was the first to publish a synthesis of physostigmine, but Julian noticed that the melting point of Robinson's end product was wrong, indicating that he had not, in fact, created it. When Julian completed his synthesis, the melting point matched the correct one for natural physostigmine from the calabar bean.[6]
Julian also extracted stigmasterol, which took its name from Physostigma venenosum, the west African calabar bean that he hoped could serve as raw material for synthesis of human steroidal hormones. At about this time in 1934, Butenandt, and Fernholz, in Germany,[16][17] had shown that stigmasterol, isolated from soybean oil, could be converted to progesterone by synthetic organic chemistry.
Private sector work: Glidden[edit]
After being denied a professorship at DePauw in 1936 for racial reasons, Julian applied for a job at the Institute of Paper Chemistry (IPC) in Wisconsin. However, the Wisconsin city of Appleton where the institute was located, was a sundown town, forbidding African-Americans from staying overnight, stating directly "No Negro should be bed or boarded overnight in Appleton". DuPauw had offered a job to fellow chemist Josef Pikl, but declined to hire Julian, who had superlative qualifications as an organic chemist, apologizing that they were "unaware he was a Negro".[18]
Julian wrote to the Glidden Company, a supplier of soybean oil products, in part because his wife was suffering infertility, to request a five gallon sample of the oil to use as his starting point for the synthesis of human steroidal sex hormones.[3] After receiving the request, W.J. O'Brien, a vice-president at Glidden made a telephone call to Julian, offering him the position of director of research at Glidden's Soya Products Division in Chicago. He was very likely offered the job by O'Brien because he was fluent in German and Glidden had just purchased a modern continuous countercurrent solvent extraction plant from Germany for the extraction of vegetable oil from soybeans for paints and other uses.[6]
Julian supervised the assembly of the plant at Glidden when he arrived in 1936. He then designed and supervised construction of the world's first plant for the production of industrial-grade, isolated soy protein from oil-free soybean meal. Isolated soy protein could replace the more expensive milk casein in industrial applications such as coating and sizing of paper, glue for making Douglas fir plywood, and in the manufacture of water-based paints.
At the start of World War II Glidden sent a sample of Julian's isolated soy protein to National Foam System Inc. (today a unit of Kidde Fire Fighting) of Philadelphia, PA which used it to develop Aer-O-Foam,[19][20] the U.S. Navy's beloved fire-fighting "bean soup"; and while not exactly the Julian's brainchild, was given the meticulous care in the preparation of the soy protein that made the fire fighting foam possible. When a hydrolyzate of isolated soy protein was fed into a water stream, the mixture was converted into a foam by means of an aerating nozzle. The soy protein foam was used to smother oil and gasoline fires aboard ships and was particularly useful on aircraft carriers. It saved the lives of thousands of sailors.[20] Citing this, in 1947 the NAACP awarded him the Spingarn Medal, its highest honor.
Julian's research at Glidden changed direction in 1940 when he began work on synthesizing progesterone, estrogen and testosterone from the plant sterols, stigmasterol and sitosterol, isolated from soybean oil by a foam technique he invented and patented.[2][3][21] At that time clinicians were discovering many uses for the newly discovered hormones. However, only minute quantities could be produced from the extraction of hundreds of pounds of spinal cords.
In 1940 Julian was able to produce 100 lb of mixed soy sterols daily, which had a value of $10,000, in sex hormones. Julian was soon ozonizing 100 pounds daily of mixed sterol dibromides. The result was the female hormone progesterone which was put on the U.S. market in bulk for the first time.The soy stigmasterol was easily converted into commercial quantities of the female hormone, progesterone, and the first pound of progesterone he made, valued at $63,500 was shipped to the buyer in an armored car.[5] Production of other sex hormones soon followed.[22]
His work made possible the production of these hormones on a larger (kilogram) industrial scale, with the potential of reducing the cost of treating hormonal deficiencies. Julian and his co-workers obtained patents for Glidden on key processes for the preparation of progesterone and testosterone from soybean plant sterols. Product patents held by a former cartel of European pharmaceutical companies prevented a significant reduction in wholesale and retail prices for clinical use of these hormones in the 1940s[23][24][25]
On April 13, 1949, rheumatologist Philip Hench at the Mayo Clinic announced the dramatic effectiveness of cortisone in treating rheumatoid arthritis. The cortisone was produced by Merck at great expense using a complex 36-step synthesis developed by chemist Lewis Sarett. It started with deoxycholic acid from cattle bile acids. On September 30, 1949, Julian announced an improvement in the process of producing cortisone.[26][27][28][29] This eliminated the need to use osmium tetroxide, which was a rare and expensive chemical.[26] By 1950, Glidden could begin producing closely related compounds which may have partial cortisone activity. Julian also announced the synthesis, starting with the cheap and readily available pregnenolone synthesized from the soybean oil sterol, stigmasterol of the steroid cortexolone (also known as Reichstein's Substance S), a molecule that differed from cortisone by a single missing oxygen atom; and possibly 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and pregnenetriolone, which he hoped might also be effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis,[26][27][28][29][30] but unfortunately they were not.[29]
On April 5, 1952, biochemist Durey Peterson and microbiologist Herbert Murray at Upjohn published the first report of a fermentation process for the microbial 11α-oxygenation of steroids in a single step (by common molds of the order Mucorales). Their fermentation process could produce 11α-hydroxyprogesterone or 11α-hydroxycortisone from progesterone or Compound S, respectively, which could then by further chemical steps be converted to cortisone or 11β-hydroxycortisone (cortisol).[31]
After two years, Glidden abandoned production of cortisone to concentrate on Substance S. Julian developed an excellent multistep process for conversion of pregnenolone, available in abundance from soybean oil sterols to cortexolone. In 1952, Glidden, which had been producing progesterone and other steroids from soybean oil, shut down its own production and began importing them from Mexico through an arrangement with Diosynth (a small Mexican company founded in 1947 by Russell Marker after leaving Syntex). Glidden's cost of production of cortexolone was relatively high, so Upjohn decided to use progesterone, available in large quantity at low cost from Syntex, to produce cortisone and hydro cortisone.[29]
In 1953, Glidden decided to leave the steroid business which had been relatively unprofitable over the years despite Julian's innovative work.[32] On December 1, 1953, Julian left Glidden after 18 years, giving up a salary of nearly $50,000 a year, to found his own company, Julian Laboratories, Inc., taking over the small, concrete-block building of Suburban Chemical Company in Franklin Park, Illinois.[33][34]
On December 2, 1953, Pfizer acquired exclusive licenses of Glidden patents for the synthesis of Substance S. Pfizer had developed a fermentation process for microbial 11β-oxygenation of steroids in a single step that could convert Substance S directly to 11β-hydrocortisone (cortisol), with Syntex undertaking large-scale production of cortexolone at very low cost.[29]
Oak Park and Julian Laboratories[edit]
Around 1950 Julian moved his family from Chicago to the village of Oak Park, Illinois, where the Julians were the first African-American family.[35] Although some residents welcomed them into the community, there was also opposition by some. Their home was fire-bombed on Thanksgiving Day, 1950, before they moved in. After the Julians had moved to Oak Park, the house was attacked with dynamite on June 12, 1951. The attacks galvanized the community and a community group was formed to support the Julians.[36] Julian's son later recounted that during these times, he and his father often kept watch over the family's property by sitting in a tree with a shotgun.[6]
In 1953, Julian founded his own research firm, Julian Laboratories, Inc. He brought many of his best chemists, including African-Americans and women, from Glidden to his own company. Julian won a contract to provide Upjohn with $2 million worth of progesterone. To compete against Syntex, he would have to use the same Mexican yam as his starting material. Julian used his own money and borrowed from friends to build a processing plant in Mexico, but he could not get a permit from the government to harvest the yams. Abraham Zlotnik, a former Jewish University of Vienna classmate whom Julian had helped escape from the Nazi European holocaust, led a search to find a new source of the yam in Guatemala for the company.
In July 1956, Julian and executives of two other American companies trying to enter the Mexican steroid intermediates market appeared before a U.S. Senate subcommittee. They testified that Syntex was using undue influence to monopolize access to the Mexican yam.[25][37] The hearings resulted in Syntex signing a consent decree with the U.S. Justice Department. While it did not admit to restraining trade, it promised not to do so in the future.[25] Within five years, large American multinational pharmaceutical companies had acquired all six producers of steroid intermediates in Mexico. Four had been Mexican-owned.[25]
Syntex reduced the cost of bulk progesterone as an intermediate more than 250-fold over twelve years, from $80 per gram in 1943 to $0.31 per gram in 1955.[25][37] Competition from Upjohn and General Mills, who had together made very substantial improvements in the production of progesterone from stigmasterol, forced the price of Mexican progesterone down to less than $0.15 per gram in 1957. The price continued to fall, bottoming out at $0.08 per gram in 1968.[25][29]
In 1958, Upjohn purchased 6,900 kg of progesterone from Syntex at $0.135 per gram, 6,201 kg of progesterone from Searle (who had acquired Pesa) at $0.143 per gram, 5,150 kg of progesterone from Julian Laboratories at $0.14 per gram, and 1,925 kg of progesterone from General Mills (who had acquired Protex) at $0.142 per gram.[38]
Despite continually falling bulk prices of steroid intermediates, an oligopoly of large American multinational pharmaceutical companies kept the wholesale prices of corticosteroid drugs fixed and unchanged into the 1960s. Cortisone was fixed at $5.48 per gram from 1954, hydrocortisone fixed at $7.99 per gram from 1954, and prednisone fixed at $35.80 per gram from 1956.[25][38] Merck and Roussel Uclaf concentrated on improving the production of corticosteroids from cattle bile acids. In 1960 Roussel produced almost one-third of the world's corticosteroids from bile acids.[29]
One year Julian Laboratories chemists found a way to quadruple the yield on a product on which they were barely breaking even. Julian reduced their price for the product from $4,000 per kg down to $400 per kg.[6] He sold the company in 1961, for $2.3 million.[39] The U.S. and Mexico facilities were purchased by Smith Kline and Julian's chemical plant in Guatemala was purchased by Upjohn.
In 1964, Julian founded Julian Associates and Julian Research Institute, which he managed for the rest of his life.[40]
National Academy of Sciences[edit]
He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1973 in recognition of his scientific achievements.[6] He became the second African-American to be inducted, after David Blackwell.
Julian died of liver cancer on April 19, 1975 in St. Theresa's Hospital in Waukegan, Illinois and was buried in Elm Lawn Cemetery in Elmhurst, Illinois.[9][41][42]
Legacy and honors[edit]
- In 1950, the Chicago Sun-Times named Percy Julian the Chicagoan of the Year.[11]
- From 1975, the National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers has presented the Percy L. Julian Award for Pure and Applied Research in Science and Engineering.[43]
- In 1975, Percy L. Julian High School was opened on the south side of Chicago, Illinois as a Chicago Public High School.
- In 1985, Hawthorne School in Oak Park, Chicago, was renamed Percy Julian Middle School in his honor.[44]
- In 1980, the science and mathematics building on the DePauw University campus was rededicated as the Percy L. Julian Mathematics and Science Center. In Greencastle, Indiana, where DePauw is located, a street was named after Julian.
- Illinois State University, where Julian served on the board of trustees, named a hall after him.[45]
- In 1990, he was inducted into National Inventors Hall of Fame.[46]
- In 1993 Julian was honored on a stamp issued by the United States Postal Service.[47]
- In 1999, the American Chemical Society recognized Julian's synthesis of physostigmine as a National Historic Chemical Landmark.[48]
- In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Percy Lavon Julian on his list of 100 Greatest African-Americans.[49]
- In 2011, the Qualifying Exam preparation committee at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine was named for Percy Julian
Nova documentary[edit]
Ruben Santiago-Hudson portrayed Percy Julian in the Public Broadcasting Service Nova documentary about his life, called Forgotten Genius. It was presented on the PBS network on February 6, 2007, with initial sponsorship by the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation and further funding by the National Endowment for the Humanities. Approximately sixty of Julian's family members, friends, and work associates were interviewed for the docudrama.[6][50]
Production on the biopic began at DePauw University's Greencastle campus in May 2002, and included video of Julian's bust on display in the atrium of university's Percy Lavon Julian Science and Mathematics Center. Completion and broadcasting of the documentary program was delayed in order for Nova to commission and publish a matching book on Julian's life.[51]
According to University of Illinois historian James Anderson in the film, "His story is a story of great accomplishment, of heroic efforts and overcoming tremendous odds... ...a story about who we are and what we stand for, and the challenges that have been there, and the challenges that are still with us."[50]
The Percy Lavon Julian family papers are archived at DePauw University.[52]
- U.S. Patent 2,218,971, October 22, 1940, Recovery of sterols
- U.S. Patent 2,373,686; Jul 15, 1942; Phosphatide Product And Method Of Making
- U.S. Patent 2,752,339, June 26, 1956, Preparation of cortisone
- U.S. Patent 3,149,132, September 15, 1964, 16-Aminomenthyl-17-alkyltestosterone derivatives
- U.S. Patent 3,274,178, September 20, 1966, Method for preparing 16(alpha)-hydroxypregnenes and intermediates obtained therein
- U.S. Patent 3,761,469; September 25, 1973; Process For The Manufacture Of Steroid Chlorohydrins; with Arnold Lippert Hirsch
- Studies in the Indole Series. I. The Synthesis of Alpha-Benzylindoles; Percy L. Julian, Josef Pikl; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55(5), pp 2105–2110.
- Studies in the Indole Series. V. The Complete Synthesis of Physostigmine (Eserine); Percy L. Julian, Josef Pikl; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1935, 57(4), pp 755–757.
See also[edit]
- ^ Stille, Darlene R. Percy Lavon Julian: Pioneering Chemist (Signature Lives series), Capstone, 2009, ISBN 0756540895, ISBN 978-0756540890.
- ^ a b WGBH-PBS. People and Discoveries: Percy Julian, 1899 - 1975, WGBH-PBS, 1998. Retrieved from PBS.org website.
- ^ a b c Chemical Heritage Foundation. Restoring And Regulating The Body's Biochemistry: Percy Lavon Julian, Russell Earl Marker, Carl Djerassi, Chemical Heritage Foundation website, 2010.
- ^ "Giants of the Past: Percy Lavon Julian (1899-1975) A Forgotten Pioneer in Soy". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
- ^ a b "Lipid Library: Percy Lavon Julian (1899-1975)". American Oil Chemists' Society. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "NOVA: Forgotten Genius". NOVA (TV series). Retrieved February 13, 2007.
- ^ Cobb, W.M. Medical History: Percy Lavon Julian, Ph.D., Sc.D., LL.D., L.H.H.D., 1899- , Journal of the National Medical Association, March 1971; Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 143–150, PMCID: PMC2609845.
- ^ a b 1930 US Census; Greencastle, Indiana with Julians; James owned his own home valued at $3,000. Percy Julian's siblings were James Sumner Julian II (1903–?) (Honorary Depauw 1970); Mattie Julian Brown (c1905-1992) (Depauw 1926); Elizabeth Julian White (c1907-2007) (Depauw 1928); Irma D. Julian Raybon (1912–1990) (Depauw 1933); and Emerson R. Julian (1917–1978) (Depauw 1938).
- ^ a b "Milestones". Time. May 5, 1975. Retrieved February 14, 2007. "Died. Percy L. Julian, 76, prolific black research chemist; of Harvard and the University of Vienna on his way to garnering over 130 chemical patents."
- ^ Julian family in the 1900 U.S. Census; Montgomery, Alabama; He lived with his wife's siblings: Mather P. Adams (1884–? ); George Adams (1886–? ); Carrie L. Adams (1891–? ); Ethel M. Adams (1893–? ). James is listed as a mail carrier.
- ^ a b c "Life Chronology". DePauw University. Retrieved February 14, 2007.[dead link]
- ^ "Percy L. Julian Is Awarded Doctorate in Chemistry.". Washington Post. August 2, 1931. "Percy L. Julian, associate professor and acting head of the department of chemistry of Howard University, has been awarded his doctorate in chemistry at the University of Vienna, his achievement being a combination of two years' residence abroad and the transfer of graduate credit from Harvard University."
- ^ "Julian Will Do Research in Chemistry in Austrian Universities.". Washington Post. June 9, 1929. "Nine members of the faculty of the college of liberal arts of Howard University have been granted leaves of absence for graduate study during 1929–1930, and one for two years beginning with the fall of 1929. Percy L. Julian will study organic chemistry and microanalysis at the University of Vienna and at Graz University."
- ^ "St. Elmo Brady". University of Illinois. Archived from the original on September 3, 2006. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
- ^ Lamb, Yvonne Shinhoster (March 26, 2008). "Civil Rights Lawyer Percy Julian Jr., 67". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
- ^ A. Butenandt, U. Westphal and H.Cobler, Berichte Deutsche chemische Gesellschaft, Vol. 67, 1934, pp. 1611–1616, 2085–2087.
- ^ E. Fernholz. Berichte Deutsche chemische Gesellschaft, Vol. 67, 1934, pp. 2027–2031. (German)
- ^ DePauw University. The Life of Percy Lavon Julian '20 DePauw University News & Media Office website, February 19, 2009. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
- ^ Aer-O-Foam MSDS, S.O.S. Rubber International website.
- ^ a b "Production: Navy Bean Soup". Time. December 6, 1943. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- ^ U.S. Patent 2,273,046
- ^ Bernhard Witkop. "Percy Lavon Julian. 1899–1975." in Biographical Memoirs. National Academy of Sciences, 1980, Vol. 52, pp. 223–266.
- ^ "Sex Hormones In Legal Battle". Business Week: 46–50. December 22, 1945.
- ^ "Mexican hormones". Fortune 43 (5): 86–90, 161–2, 166, 168. May 1951.
- ^ a b c d e f g Gereffi, Gary (1983). The pharmaceutical industry and dependency in the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 53–163. ISBN 0-691-09401-2.
- ^ a b c Gibbons, Roy (September 30, 1949). "Science gets synthetic key to rare drug; discovery is made in Chicago". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. "Dr. Julian's new method for synthesizing the anti-arthritis compound, cortisone, is less costly than present methods, because it eliminates the need for utilizing osmium tetroxide, a rare and expensive chemical, the Glidden company declared...But whether has Dr. Julian has also synthesized cortisone from soybeans neither he nor the Glidden company would reveal."
- ^ a b . (October 10, 1949). "News of the week: New cortisone synthesis". Chemical & Engineering News 27 (41): 2936. "Quote: A new synthesis of cortisone, eliminating the need for expensive osmium tetroxide, and the synthesis of three other compounds related to cortisone, which may possible be useful in the treatment of arthritis, have been announced by Percy L. Julian, director of research of the soya products division of the Glidden Co., Chicago. No statement was made as to further details of the new synthesis, but it was revealed that soybean products were not involved...all three [other compounds] were made from soybean sterols."
- ^ a b Lehman, R.W.; Embree, N.D. (1951). "Soybean oil by-products". In Markley, Klare S. (ed.). Soybeans and soybean products, vol. 2. New York: Interscience Publishers. p. 846. OCLC 1573228. "Cortisone has been synthesized81d from bile acids having unsaturation or oxygenation in ring "C" which can give rise to a keto group at C11. Its synthesis from soybean oil sterols has not been reported, but the preparation from these sterols of closely related compounds which may have partial activity has been announced by Julian.81e"
- ^ a b c d e f g Applezweig, Norman (1962). Steroid drugs. New York: Blakiston Division, McGraw-Hill. pp. vii–xi, 9–83. "
p. 26:
The pregnenolone experience also served to show that the older hormone producers using cholesterol and stigmasterol could not hope to become suppliers of the vast new quantities of pregnane compounds which the cortical hormones might require. In 1952 the Glidden Co., which until then had been producing progesterone and other steroids from stigmasterol, shifted over to Mexican sources through an arrangement with Diosynth and closed down its own production. The Glidden research director, Percy Julian, and his staff had worked out an excellent synthesis for Compound "S" which started from 16-dehydropregnenolone. The latter compound was directly available from diosgenin but would have been of prohibitive cost if prepared from soya sterols. Since Compound "S" differed from cortisone only by the absence of an oxygen at 11, there were high hopes that Compound "S" would succeed where pregnenolone had failed, as a substitute for cortisone. Compound "S" also proved to be an ineffective precursor when fed to patients with arthritic disease; in fact, it aggravated rather than relieved their symptoms.
p. 30:
The Glidden Company also ventured further afield from its soya sterols to exploit some of the researches of Julian, which were designed to improve the conversion of desoxycholic acid to cortisone. After 2 years, Glidden decided to abandon the production of cortisone from bile acid and to concentrate instead on Compound "S," which now loomed as a competitor for progesterone in processes which could convert it via fermentation to cortisone and hydrocortisone.
Since Glidden's cost of production of Compound "S" was still relatively high, the progesterone group won out, and progesterone [from diosgenin] still remains the raw material of choice at Upjohn." - ^ Witkop, Bernhard. Percy Lavon Julian: April 11, 1899 – April 19, 1975 (Biographical Memoir), National Academy Press, National Academy of Sciences, (undated). Retrieved February 23, 2013.
- ^ Peterson, D.H., Murray, H.C. (1952). "Microbiological Oxygenation of Steroids At Carbon11" (PDF). Journal of the American Chemical Society 74 (7): 1871–2. doi:10.1021/ja01127a531.
- ^ Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2004). "History of the Glidden Company's Soya Products / Chemurgy Division". Lafayette, Calif.: SoyInfo Center. Retrieved February 24, 2007.
- ^ "Julian leaves Glidden. Will Head Own Firm.". Chicago Tribune. December 2, 1953. pp. C6.
- ^ Gowran, Clay (January 6, 1963). "Julian aids mankind with his knowledge". Chicago Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ "From Dreams to Determination: The Legacy of Doctors Percy and Anna Julian". Dusable Museum. Retrieved February 13, 2007.
- ^ "Arson Fails at Home of Negro Scientist.". New York Times. November 23, 1950. "Chicago, November 22, 1950. Quote: An attempt was made tonight to burn down the expensive home that Dr. Percy Julian, 51 years old, internationally known Negro research chemist, recently purchased in one of the most exclusive sections in suburban Oak Park."
- ^ a b United States Senate (1957). Wonder drugs : Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 84th Congress, 2nd session, pursuant to S. Res. 167, on licensing of United States Government owned patents; removal of obstacles to the production of essential materials from the cheapest source for the manufacture of cortisone and other hormones. July 5 and 6, 1956. Washington: US Government Printing Office. pp. 114–5.
- ^ a b United States Senate (1960). Administered prices : hearings before the Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly of the Committee on the Judiciary, US Senate, 86th Congress, 1st session, pursuant to S. Res. 57; Part 14: Administered Prices in the Drug Industry (Corticosteroids). December 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, 1959. Washington: US Government Printing Office. pp. 7884, 8296.
- ^ "Inflation calculator". Retrieved February 14, 2007. "Worth $15.6 million in inflation adjusted 2007 dollars"
- ^ "DePauw Archives biography". Depauw University. Retrieved February 13, 2007.[dead link]
- ^ "Dr. Percy Julian, Chemist, 76, Dies.". New York Times. April 21, 1975. "Leader in the Fight for Civil Rights Was Synthesizer of Cortisone Drugs. Dr. Percy L. Julian, an internationally known research chemist and a leader in the fight for civil rights, died Saturday in St. Theresa's Hospital, Waukegan, Illinois. He was 76 years old and lived in Oak Park, Illinois."
- ^ "Dr. Percy Julian, Chemist, Dies". The Washington Post. April 22, 1975. "Dr. Percy Lavon Julian, 76, an internationally known organic chemist and noted civil rights leader, died Saturday in St. Theresa's Hospital in Waukegan, Illinois."
- ^ NOBCChE. NOBCChe Percy L. Julian Award Recipients (not awarded every year), National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers (NOBCChE) website.
- ^ History of Percy Julian Middle School, Oak Park, Illinois: Oak Park Elementary School District 97.
- ^ "Percy L. Julian High School, Chicago". Retrieved February 13, 2007.
- ^ National Inventors Hall of Fame
- ^ "Black Heritage Stamps". International Information Programs. U.S. Department of State. 2005. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
- ^ "Percy L. Julian and the Synthesis of Physostigmine". National Historic Chemical Landmarks. American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
- ^ Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
- ^ a b Taylor, Percy. Percy Julian: Against the Odds, Humanities, published by the National Endowment for the Humanities, January–February 2007, Vol. 28, No. 1.
- ^ DePauw University NOVA Back on Campus as Work on Percy Julian Documentary Continues, Depauw University News & Media Office website, June 22, 2004. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
- ^ "Percy Lavon Julian (1899–1975) archive". Depauw University. Archived from the original on February 6, 2007. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
Further reading[edit]
- Arora, Namit et al. Percy Julian, Chemist Extraordinaire (biography), Shunya's Notes website, June 24, 2007.
- Cobb, W.M. (1971). "Percy Lavon Julian, PhD, Sc.D., LL.D., L.H.D., 1899–". Journal of the National Medical Association 63 (2) (March 1971). pp. 143–50. PMC 2609845. PMID 4928023.
- Glidden Co. Soy Information Center, Glidden Company.
- Cullen, Katherine E. Chemistry: The People Behind the Science (Pioneers In Science), Chapter 8: Percy Julian (1899-1975): Synthesis of Glaucoma Drug and Sterols from Natural Plant Products, Infobase Publishing, 2006, pp. 103–114, ISBN 0816072221, ISBN 978-0816072224.
- Kyle, R A; Shampo, M A (1996). "Stamp vignette on medical science. Percy Lavon Julian—industrial chemist". Mayo Clin. Proc. 71 (12) (Dec 1996). p. 1170. PMID 8945489.
- Weissmann, Gerald (2005). "Cortisone and the burning cross. The story of Percy Julian". The Pharos of Alpha Omega Alpha-Honor Medical Society. Alpha Omega Alpha 68 (1). pp. 13–6. PMID 15792073.
External links[edit]
- Percy Julian Chemistry and Civil Rights Resources from Teachers' Domain
- The Life and Science of Percy Julian
- Bernhard Witkop memoir of Julian
- Profile of Percy Julian – The Black Inventor Online Museum
- Percy Julian at Find-A-Grave
- Percy Julian Archives at DePauw University
- PBS Nova documentary and video
- Video of a talk by Nova producer Steve Lyons on the creation of the Percy Julian PBS documentary
- "Glidden Company History". Glidden Company. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
- 1899 births
- 1975 deaths
- African-American academics
- African-American scientists
- American chemists
- DePauw University alumni
- Fisk University faculty
- Harvard University alumni
- Howard University faculty
- Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
- People from Oak Park, Illinois
- People from Montgomery, Alabama
- Spingarn Medal winners
- University of Vienna alumni


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The Office of Domestic Violence and Sex Offender Management (ODVSOM) is part of the Division of Criminal Justice, under the command of the Colorado Department of Public Safety and administers the Domestic Violence and Sex Offender Management Boards and their respective legislatively mandated work.
For domestic violence offender information, please see the Domestic Violence Offender Management section of this site.
In 1992, the Colorado General Assembly passed legislation that created a Sex Offender Management Board (SOMB) in the Division of Criminal Justice. The SOMB was charged to develop standards and guidelines for the evaluation, treatment, and behavioral monitoring of sex offenders. Currently, the SOMB consists of personnel representing the following domains: the Department of Corrections, the judicial department, law enforcement, the Public Defender's office, private criminal defense attorneys, rural and urban county commissioners, clinical polygraph examiners, the Department of Public Safety, district attorneys, Department of Human Services, licensed mental health professionals with expertise in treating sex offenders, the victim services community, and community corrections.
The combined efforts of the Sex Offender Management Board members are focused toward developing a basis for systematic management and treatment of adult and juvenile sex offenders. The Standards and Guidelines for the Assessment, Evaluation, Treatment, and Behavioral Monitoring of Adult Sex Offenders were created in 1996. The primary goal of these Standards is to improve community safety, and protect citizens. The Standards were revised in 2008. The Standards are based on the best practices known today for managing and treating sex offenders.
In June of 1999, the Standards were revised to include Lifetime Supervision Criteria, and Standards for Community Entities that Provide Supervision and Treatment for Adult Sex Offenders Who Have Developmental Disabilities.
In 2002, The Standards and Guidelines for the Evaluation, Assessment, Treatment and Supervision of Juveniles Who Have Committed Sexual Offenses were published. The Juvenile Standards are based on a victim centered approach, and focus on the rehabilitation of the juveniles.

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May 13, 2010 10:38 am | by Bio-Medicine.Org | News | CommentsWOONSOCKET, R.I. , May 13 /- CVS Caremark Corporation (NYSE: CVS ) today announced that members of its senior management team will be speaking to investors at the Citi Investment Research 2010 Food & Drug Retail Conference on May 25, 2010 . Tom Ryan , Chairman and Chief Executive...
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May 13, 2010 10:10 am | by The Associated Press | News | CommentsNoveko International Inc., a maker of antimicrobial surgical masks and hand sanitizer products, says its third-quarter loss fell to $5.2 million from a year-earlier loss of $5.7 million as revenue advanced 15 per cent.The Montreal-based company said Thursday the loss for the quarter ended March...
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May 13, 2010 9:21 am | Blogs | CommentsTo summarize, the Boston Globe reported that "alarm fatigue'' was found to be a contributing factor in the death of a heart patient at Massachusetts General Hospital.
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May 13, 2010 9:14 am | Blogs | CommentsA couple of weeks ago, I attended the Human Factors Committee meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) in Nashville, TN.
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May 13, 2010 8:56 am | by Patrick Yi, CEO | Blogs | CommentsThere's an old saying that "the first million is the hardest." Presumably, that "million" refers to money and wealth, accumulated by individuals, businesses, or both.
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May 13, 2010 7:50 am | Podcasts | CommentsHosts: Marc Pelletier and Vincent Racaniello A look into RNA viruses and more. Guest: Dr. Karla Kirkegaard, professor and chair of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Stanford University School of Medicine Show notes Comments and suggestions on Futures in Biotech. For a...
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May 13, 2010 7:50 am | Podcasts | CommentsHosts: Marc Pelletier and George W. Farr, Ph.D., vice president of biochemistry and biophysics at Aeromics and adjunct professor of physiology and biophysics at Case Western Reserve University How prion proteins can act in non-mendelian inheritance, or evolution without DNA. Guests:...
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May 13, 2010 7:50 am | Podcasts | CommentsHosts: Marc Pelletier and Vincent Racaniello, Ph.D., Professor of Microbiology & Host of This Week in Virology, Host of This Week in Parasitism, Columbia University, New York, NY. Feeding the world with indoor vertical farming. Guest: Dickson D. Despommier, Ph.D., Professor of...
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May 13, 2010 7:50 am | Podcasts | CommentsPodcast 13 is the fourth in our series about the cranial nerves - see www.instantanatomy.net for more details


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Mails On Wenger, Scholes, Penii And More
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What's Wrong With Optimism?
I keep reading mails questioning the optimism of Arsenal fans in particular and I was just wondering what is everybody's problem exactly? Ok yes Arsenal haven't won a trophy for a long time now and yes we have gotten a bit over excited with the signing of Ozil and the great start to the season, but does that deserve such vitriol from everybody?
What is it about us British that whenever someone is happy for a change we have to immediately shoot them down. You're top of the table but obviously that wont last and you just wont win anything anyway so shut up ner ner ner ner ner. This might end up being the case, but what if it isn't? What if Arsenal maintain their form and mount a serious title challenge? What if they win the F.A. Cup or the League Cup? Can't we at least just be happy for once please? Can't you just let us have this moment, why do you want us to be so miserable?
Andrew (Never mailed before, but you need to answer all my questions)
The Difference Between England And Clubs
Finding it interesting to read and listen to comments about how Utd's draw in Donetsk last night was actually a good result. The performance wasn't the greatest but, as has been pointed out by many people, they went to a tricky place yet didn't lose. A point's a point. I happen to agree and think they did well.
Now...let's imagine for a moment England had to play an important game in Ukraine and despite playing poorly, managed to earn a point. How would fans and the media react to them playing poorly yet not losing !? Sorry? you say that happened and everyone lost the collective sh*t about England lacking quality and basically being a bit rubbish?
Why is it fans view England games so negatively yet, those same same fans are often pragmatic when it comes to their club side?
Neil (Manager Flatmate = Leonardo. Imagine the sorts he'd bring home with him?) Surrey
Hart The Scapegoat
It is astounding that Joe Hart is being made the scape goat for what was an extraordinary display of football of the highest caliber by Munich. Yes we did make some poor defensive errors. I don't see Clichy hanging from the yard arm this morning just Joe. Munich are an exceptional side. The off the ball movement which you cannot see on the TV was wonderful and they hunt in packs. We at the moment may have the squad but we do not have the experience or the understanding that Munich have. Joe is being hung out to dry by the press. Shut up Gary Neville your bias shows through yet again just as it did through the last 3 months of the premier league last year. Yes your eulogy about the City performance in the Derby was noted but what you should have been saying is United were woeful. Get off Joe's back.
Do I care if Joe ever plays for our useless international team Absolutely not. We are dreadful. Every time he plays he runs the risk of being injured. So if all you moaning whiners want Foster go get him because for sure when he makes his first mistake he will be hung out to dry. Do we want Joe as our goalkeeper every day of the week.
Souness was last night the only voice of reason.
Ena Parkinson
Bayern Not 'Too Good'
I have to completely disagree with Nick Miller's conclusion about City against Bayern. Throwing up your hands because Bayern is just simply too good is the same defeatist BS that we always heard from people about Barcelona, and it's going to lead to people being equally sick of hearing about them.
It's not the case that Bayern were simply too good for City. Pellegrini set up a side that was flat, and had two strikers who didn't help out defensively at all against a side with 5 in midfield. He simply lost the tactical battle straight out. The individual errors were silly, but that's inexcusable for a side with as much talent as City has.
Pep's Bayern, just like his Barcelona, are only too good if you play right into their hands. A good manager wouldn't do that.
Derby NYBlues
City's Kids Won't Play In The First Team
Interesting mail from Gavin MCFC regarding Man City's youth team thrashing Bayern's 6-0. Unfortunately though I found this email thoroughly sad. Not because I'm an arch Bayern fan but because it seems something of a footballing tragedy that not one of this obviously very talented, mostly English, team will get the chance to become a first team regular at Man City. The next Lionel Messi might be in that side, but that's irrelevant, he won't ever be given enough of an opportunity to prove it when City can just buy an established, but possibly worse, player for £30million.
People who say that the overuse of foreign players by certain top clubs (mainly City and Chelsea) can stunt the England team are often derided as having some insular, anti-foreign agenda but is there not some level of truth in it? This great City youth team are simply not going to be given a chance at City whereas if they happened to be born in Bavaria or Catalonia they would potentially go on to be world class players, clearly benefitting the German and Spanish national sides in the process. Suppose that Barcelona and Bayern had the same 'buy good-but-not-great players rather than give our youngsters a chance' mentality that the likes of Man City have? The Spanish and German national sides would potentially be without the likes of Iniesta, Xavi, Müller, Lahm, Schweinsteiger etc.
Man City's 'throw money at it' philosophy is clearly not working as they would have hoped. I'm very much aware that Barca and Bayern also spend a shedload of money on their teams, but the fact that City were utterly outclassed last night by a Bayern team that started with several players that had come through their youth system should be a sign that giving a chance to youngsters can work spectacularly well. Barcelona, the most successful and lauded team of the past 20 years, would be another rather good example that you don't necessarily have to spend tens of millions on every position, something that clearing isn't working wonders for City given their stuttering start in the Premier League and Champions League. There's nothing in the water in Munich and Barcelona that creates top class players that isn't in Manchester also.
Matt, Bognor Regis
A Good Result For A Small Club?
Not trying to start a war here, but I can't quite believe that a number of United's fans writing in are actually happy with that performance yesterday.
The game I was watching last night displayed a United side that was completely shorn of creativity, attacking nous and perhaps more worrying - A lack of belief from the players and a lack of ambition from Moyes. RVP was the only player that seemed intent on winning the match, and even he must have been disappointed by the lack of attacking intent around him - Fellaini was deployed as an advanced No. 10, with the role of winning headers and long balls. While Carrick and Cleverley offered little going forward and was mostly working on the defensive side of the game.
Midway through the game, one of my mates mentioned the irony that United are playing nothing like a top seed of a group, which is quite true. I hear that Ferguson would be happy with a point away at Shahktar, but that is really besides the point. United considers (& markets ) themselves to be among the biggest European clubs in the world - Bayern, Barcelona, Madrid - but you just won't see any of these clubs looking happy with a draw in the group stage. While nicking a draw here and there may lead to qualification from the group stages, we're always more likely to getting found out when in the knock-out stages.
Yes, a draw is a good result - Especially in UCL group stages where a draw denies competitors of 3 points - but what I'm really disappointed with is how Moyes went into the game with that lack of ambition. When you look at United's starting midfield last night; More than half of the midfield were filled with players that generally contributes more defensively than attacking. Contrast this to an arsenal midfield (when fit) who contributes offensively; Ozil, Ramsay, Rosicky, Cazorla, Walcott and to a lesser extent, Wilshere - It's not surprising that United are finding it hard to score goals from open play.
Point is, Manchester United as a big club, thrives on the culture and expectation to "win every single game". The lauded "Fear Factor" of a big team really comes with the innate ambition to win every single game they play, and that ruthlessness of Mourinho's early Chelsea, Wenger's invincibles, United's treble team fully epitomises that.
If Moyes is truly looking to have United create more chances and start winning their games, perhaps he should show more ambition and start playing naturally attacking players instead.
Gabriel, Singapore.
In the midst of all the Moyes misery (Moyesry?) around Old Trafford at the moment one thing should be a comfort to all their glum and dejected fans: United are actually playing well in Europe at the moment. Like, really well.
It's difficult to explain why this is exactly is. Perhaps Moyes' defensive, containing tactics suit the European competition better or maybe the players feel less under the microscope than in the domestic league. Whatever the reason, United have actually played some decent, free flowing football in Europe this season and, as a non-United fan, I've been impressed by the way they transition from defence into counter-attack much quicker and with much more aggressivity (thank you José) than in the league.
Which leads me to my point (I know, get on with it!) - I think United will do very well in Europe this season. They might, whisper it, even go on and win the bloody thing. It's definitely got that feeling about it. The same feeling some people had when Liverpool seemed unstoppable in 2005 or when Chelsea's name seemed pre-etched on the trophy even in the semi-final against Barcelona. United are playing the same brand of containing, defensive minded tactics as both Liverpool and Chelsea and when you take into consideration Moyes' statement that they won't win the Champions League it only starts to feel like another reason why they just might. Destiny can be a fickle bitch like that sometimes!
I wonder would United fans be satisfied with a CL semi-final/win but a mid-table finish?
N O'Reilly
(Fully expect this mail to be deservedly quoted back when United go out in the Knockout Stage!)
Yikes Indeed
Liam - MUFC - Brisbane complained about Ashley Young being left on the bench.... Yikes
Ricky P, London
Liam - MUFC - Brisbane
Apart from Moyes being to attractive football what King Herod was to child-minding, there's a very simple reason why United aren't particularly creative at the moment: Vidic. Vidic is absolutely central to United, as a defender, leader, and organiser, and looks to be back to something like his pre-injury best. However, he's long since lost what pace he had, and (much like Terry at Chelsea), therefore forces United to play deeper. This was avoided earlier in his career partly because he was quicker (though still never had any real recovery pace), partly because the defence and midfield were generally better than they are now, and so United had more of the ball, and partly because he had Ferdinand, Evra and Brown alongside him, all of whom were rapid c.2008/9. With Ferdinand and Evra significantly slower, and Rafael, though quick, more attacking than any full-back United had in the Ronaldo team, United are therefore very, very vulnerable on the break. Hence how they were picked off by City in the 6-1, in the schooling by Bilbao, and (albeit earlier) in the 4-1 defeat to Benitez' Liverpool.
United are therefore forced to play ten or twenty yards deeper than they were five years ago, which firstly inhibits them as losing the ball in their own half is more dangerous than losing it in the oppositions, and secondly because what creative players they have are trying to create from much deeper, and without the players to hit on the break. Of Fergie and Moyes' preferred 11, Rooney and van Persie don't have real pace, and Young and Valencia can run fast, but get confused by the round thing at their feet. So United are relatively impotent on the break, but don't have the resources to securely play further up the pitch against high level opposition.
This was particularly obvious against Shakhtar, because they have Douglas Costa (remember when United signed Valencia and Obertan instead of him? Inspired idea), Taison, and Alex Teixeira, all of whom are vaporous. But the problem is hard-wired into United's squad, and until a replacement for Ferdinand is found (and cudos to Moyes for pushing Smalling, he was bought to replace Rio), United will remain uncreative and unthreatening.
Chris MUFC
'The Great Robert Jones'
While I can't help but admire an attempt to quote Blackadder at every possible opportunity, I have to object to the Mediawatch dismissing of the great Robert Jones' Liverpool career. The man was ten (exaggeration) times the player Gary Neville ever was and would, legend states, still be playing for England now if not for a series of unlucky injuries. No Liverpool fan over the age of 30 will ever forget THAT debut - when he marked a teenage Ryan Giggs (the immense winger version, not the current incarnation) out of the game in front of the TV cameras.
Shame on ye all.
Love from
On Arsenal And Optimism
Nick Miller has once again written an article warning Arsenal fans about our apparent over positivity this season after what he terms six games. Now, I've had issues with some of what he's written about Arsenal being unnecessarily negative but never felt the need to actually write in and respond.
First things first, this run of form by Arsenal is at least 6 months going. We've kept churning out wins for what seems like an age with this team . so Mr Miller, we're not knee jerking, you are because we've lost just one game since March.
My next point is this, if as an Arsenal fan, I can't enjoy this, what's the f*cking point of supporting a club?
Dondeon (I enjoy it when Flamini commits a foul)
Wazzing On Some Chips
Not to spoil the mood for fellow Arsenal fans, but for the equivalent fixtures from last year's Premier League (home games against Spurs, Stoke, Aston Villa + away games against Fulham, Sunderland and Swansea City), Arsenal won all 6 of them, picking up 18 out of 18 points. So we've already dropped 3 points more than we did last season for the same fixtures!
Of course, the momentum is very different this year vs. last year, but just making a point to keep calm, and keep winning. It's too early to hyping up ourselves as title challengers.
Zulfi Shah, Berkeley, California
Who's That Guy?
Dear MC,
This might be slightly out of context bearing in mind its all Manchestah today but I've been meaning to ask this question of Sundlund fans all week. Does anyone know personally that slightly chubby bloke with the glasses and spikey hair that pouted and shrugged at Paolo Di Canio when he was doing his latino sign language/dance thing at his last game for Sunderland? You know, the one that gets replayed every single time there is any mention of Sunderland or even football for that matter? Anyway, I am curious to know whether he is delighted with his fame or whether he is embarrassed. Is he even a Sunderland fan? Was he actually not even bothered about what happened to Di Canio (even though he is now personally to blame for his sacking it would seem)? Does he get teased or congratulated like a hero for his powerful shrug?
I wonder how many more times that footage will be played before the end of the season (when there will DEFINITELY be a montage involving him).
JazGooner (And why did Di Canio make a sign that was implying he was pregnant?)
Players Going To Sh*t
To answer an excellent question by Lindsay, Melbourne... Let me introduce you to this left-back named Paul Konchesky.
He scored an absolute belter for West Ham against Liverpool in FA Cup Final 2006. He brought Fulham all the way to UEFA Cup Final.
However, after his blockbuster move to Anfield, Liverpool.... well, he's just simply turned to sh*t.
You're welcome.
Vincentius, Newcastle upon Tyne
...Sure you'll get his a lot in response to Lindsay, Melbourne's email but the most dramatic I can think of is the dismantling of the then probable best right back in the world Maicon by Bale.
Never the same player after those two games.
Lee, (annoying Napoli fans scared my dog on Tuesday night!!) Islington
...In reply to Lindsay's missive this morning regarding Joe Hart and Pirlo's penalty there is one game and one individual that springs to mind.
Old Trafford, October 2004. A game infamous for the end of Arsenal's unbeaten league run. It was also where the Neville brothers exacted a terrible targeted attack on young Jose. Every time he was near the ball he was clattered, barged, kicked and fouled while the ref' looked on in admiration at the Nevilles' bare faced cheek and ignorance of the rules. By the end of the game Arsenal had lost, an era was over and Reyes was a shadow. He never recovered.
Tom (I'm sure United fans have a different perspective on this - but they're wrong) Cheshire Gooner


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Richard Dreyfuss stars as cable worker Roy Neary, who along with several other stunned bystanders experience a close encounter of the first kind - witnessing UFOs soaring across the night sky. After this life changing event, the inexplicable vision of a strange, mountain-like formation haunts him. He becomes obsessed with discovering what it represents, much to the dismay of his wife and family. Meanwhile, bizarre occurences are happening around the world. Government agents have close encounters of the second kind - discovering physical evidence of extraterrestrial visitors in the form of a lost fighter aircraft from World War II and a stranded military ship that disappeared decades earlier only to suddenly reappear in unusual places. Roy continues to chase his vision to a remote area where he and the agents follow the clues that have drawn them to reach a site where they will have a close encounter of the third kind - contact.
We are not alone.
Director: | Steven Spielberg |
Writers: | Steven Spielberg, Hal Barwood, Jerry Belson, John Hill, Matthew Robbins |
Richard Dreyfuss
as Roy Neary
François Truffaut
as Claude Lacombe
Teri Garr
as Ronnie Neary
Melinda Dillon
as Jillian Guiler |
Backdrops Show All
Production Companies
Columbia Pictures Corporation, EMI Films, Julia Phillips and Michael Phillips Productions
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On View: Portrait of Jean de Carondelet
Vermeyen served the imperial Habsburg courts of Margaret of Austria and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, earning renown for skilled portrai...
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Hiroshige's One Hundred Famous Views of Edo
Hiroshige's 118 woodblock landscape and genre scenes of mid-nineteenth-century Tokyo, is one of the greatest achievements of Japanese art.
On View: Inlaid Tomahawk Pipe Bowl
THE JARVIS COLLECTION The articles in this case and the adjacent clothing case [see 50.67.6] are some of the earliest and finest East...
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Any mention of this project must provide a link to www.zieak.com with credit to Ryan McFarland.
Step 1: Gather materials
A bicycle
Shopping cart
Socket set
Hex key set
Dremel tool
Utility knife
Zip ties
A note on shopping carts: Please don't steal them. This one happened to be floating around our downtown area for over a week before I grabbed it. The bicycle is almost ten years old and still works fine but I just bought the bike shop in town so suddenly have access to plenty of cycling materials.
Step 2: Remove the handlebars and shopping cart handle
Step 3: Install the brakes
Seems to me you are comprimising the ridability of the bike and your safety by using the shopping trolley on the front end. If the basket is what you want then wouldn't it be safer to hack the unroadworthy trolley wheels and frame off, get a short axle and put some bicycle wheels (or lightweight bigger diameter wheels) onto the basket, then fashion a tube hitch and use it as a bicycle trailer?
Probem with this design is that shopping trolleys are relatively heavy, and only designed for short trips on smoothish surfaces. For anything to do with bikes you want something as lightweight as possible.
Years ago, when people still returned shopping carts back to the front of the store, I was doing just that, and because I was in a hurry, I was moving at a pretty good trot, and I hit a nicely cut little trench cut into the pavement of the parking lot, filled with asphalt to a couple of inches below the rest of the pavement. The handle of the cart got rammed back into my stomach, pinning my hands to my stomach, and I went head first into the cart as it went end over end with me in it.
Having entertained my friends during my misspent youth by taking head-first tumbles down staircases and walking away as if nothing happened, I was well prepared for the shopping-cart mishap, and didn't get hurt, but for those without specialized skills for rolling around on pavement, this sort of thing could be painful, especially with the higher speed of a bicycle.
This bike requires more alertness to conditions than most, and while it might be OK for short trips, ti wouldn't be good for commuting. Safety-wise, this project has "Don't try this at home" written all over it. But other-wise, it shows some great, um, imagination.
@cubesquaredtothe1 there are classes, but I think a lot of people just learn. I took a couple Aikido classes a while back, and am comfortable with my ability to roll on pavement from a standing position.
You could put just a single larger wheel under the cart, maybe like from a wheel barrow with bolt on brackets.
Cool idea.
on many shopping carts the wheels are real cheap and squeak a lot. maybe theirs a way to upgrade the wheels with some sort of small bike or training wheel
I thin kyou need a new username, because obviously you arn't "easily amused".
I don´t think the first comment was inappropriate.


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Travelers Crinkle Animal Scarf
Our scarf goes on an exotic safari with big-cat spots and zebra stripes.
- Intentionally crinkled for fabulous texture.
- Measurements: 28" by 72" .
- 100% polyester.
- Machine wash. Imported.
We're so sorry: this item sold out sooner than expected. For an equally chic substitute, please call our Personal Service Associates at 1.888.855.4986. Or click on Chico's Chat below for immediate assistance.


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Spicy Stuffed Peppers Recipe
- 4 green peppers, tops and seeds removed
- 1 pound lean ground beef
- 1 cup finely chopped onion
- 1/2 cup cooked rice
- 1 teaspoon celery salt
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1/4 teaspoon pepper
- Dash cayenne pepper
- 1 jar (8 ounces) picante sauce
- Cook peppers in boiling salted water for 3 minutes. Drain and rinse with cold water. Combine ground beef, onion, rice and seasonings; spoon into peppers. Place in a greased baking dish; top with picante sauce. Bake, uncovered, at 375° for 35-40 minutes or until meat is no longer pink. Yield: 4 servings.
Reviews for Spicy Stuffed Peppers(9)
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This was a very tasty and easy recipe. I added cheddar cheese and it was a hit with the kids.
Delicious! I used red peppers, added 1 large seeded & minced jalapeno, sprinkled tex-mex cheese on each pepper before adding the salsa then once cooked more cheese and back in the oven to melt. Served them w/ sour cream - oh so good! Very filling and juicy. A keeper!
I didn't have celery salt, so I used seed & that was a bit much. I think it was quite good otherwise.
My husband loved this recipe. I will try some of the tips that the other members suggested. Think it would be great with the cheese. Will try next time. I wonder how they would be to make ahead and freeze them or if the peppers would be to mushy that way?
My husband said these were the BEST stuffed peppers I've ever made. I chose to add a combination of mozzarella and Mexican cheese to top each pepper after the baking time and returning it to the warm oven for a couple of minutes.


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A computer software bug that will cause programs to cease functioning properly when confronted with dates in the year 2038 and beyond.
Example Citation:
"First it was Y2K. Then the Euro conversion. And now, as if the Y2K and Euro problems weren't bad enough, there's the year 2038 bug. Dr. GUI got a letter from Mahmoud Saleh alerting him (reminding him, actually) of a similar problem that will face C and C++ programmers in coming years: we can call it the Y2.038K bug.
The problem stems from the common definition of the time_t as an integer containing the number of seconds since midnight, January 1, 1970. Most C/C++ runtime libraries define time_t as a long int. On most systems, long int is 32 bits, which means that we've got a range of 2^31-1 (2,147,483,647) secondsuntil sometime on January 18, 2038. (Assuming Dr. GUI's Windows CE Palm-size PC has it right, that's a Monday. Figures.)
Since the number is signed, when the clock rolls over the time will be a very large negative number, giving us a time warp of a little over 136 yearswe'll flip back to sometime late in December, 1901."
Dr. GUI, "All Ready for 2000 and the Euro? What About 2038?," MSDN Online Buzz
Related Words:
9999 bug
D10K problem
Y2K leap year bug
Y2K problem
9999 bug
D10K problem
Y2K leap year bug
Y2K problem


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Instant Pot 7-in-1 multicooker adds it all up
Kitchen appliances seem to add more functionality every time you turn around. In fact, considering the amount of connected appliances that keep appearing, one doesn't even have to turn around; your updates will appear in the notification panel. Having appliances that talk to each other (as well as to your smartphone) will continue to trend as evidenced by this year's crop of smart appliances at CES 2014. But sometimes, they up the ante the old-fashioned way -- by piling on more features.
This is the third-generation of the multicooker from Canadian company Double Insight Inc. The new device … Read more


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What's the weirdest, most fun way to tour West Palm Beach? #TCPalmSocial columnist Jennifer M. Trefelner finds out.
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There is more than one way to read a magazine
If you visit our website
you will see that our March 2011 issue has its editorial content already on there. I think that it looks great.
You may prefer to read a printed magazine, so do I. You may also prefer our digital edition to the web content, so do I. However, our website does offer very user-friendly content and it is available anywhere you have a connection.
Furthermore, several years of past editions of
Hydraulics & Pneumatics
editorial content. So, if you have not done so already, I invite you to check out our magazine content on our website. You will also find that our archived content is available by product in our Technology Zones and by end-use markets in our Industry Zones.
In addition, all of the product reviews appear as in these Zones as well. All in all, you probably won't find more fluid power content anywhere. However, I still prefer the printed word.
Source URL:


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Freebie: Popular applications icon set, (high quality finishing)
17Here's another great freebie for you guys, this time a full set of icons featuring the most popular applications nowadays, it includes some nice applications like: dribbble, 280 slides, android, osx, dropbox, google plus and much more. These set was done by the design team behind iconshock , which is the artist hand in the shock family
Don't miss all other 300 sets from iconshock!
Some other freebies:
this page is full of detailed and useful creative icons. big thanks for your efforts and sharing. Great work !!!
Pari - August 3, 2012
Awesome…. I am User experience manager..and this will surely help me a lot in my work… thanks this page made a place for itself in my Favourites
These are great looking icons. I wish I had seen these before, because I just paid a designer 99 euro to create some of these. And they aren't as good as these. Bummer.
Will check back to your site when I need more graphics, that's for sure.
These are really great looking icons!!. I wish I had seen these before also, because I just paid a designer way too much money to get those.. And they aren't as good as these. Bummer.
I will return on this site if i need more Graphics & Designs (-:
I have saved it in my favorites.Jarco


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Reviewed by 1 customer
Displaying review 1
Best Uses
Comments about MLB American Needle Boston Braves 1946-52 Cooperstown Fitted Cap:
This cap is a definitive Braves cap design that was continued in the Milwaukee Braves cap and, in the late 1980's, was adopted as the main cap design for the Atlanta Braves. (Yes, I have all three!) Sizing is a little loose (at least for the 7 3/4). But, still, a comfortable, stylish cap.
Displaying review 1


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Bonjour, J'ai un iPod touch 8GB, et mes paramètres wifi sont parfaitement réglés puisque je peux accéder à internet depuis mon iPod. Cependant, je ne parviens pas à me connecter à iMessages. Je fais démarrer, je tape mon identifiant Apple ainsi quebmon mdp Apple et ensuite ils me demandent quelle adresse mail je veux utiliser, je la tape, et ensuite cela me met vérification et ça revient à la page précédente. Et ce éternellement.. Parfois ils me demandenr un mdp après mon adresse mail mais je ne sais ps lequel mettre. J'ai essayé mon mdp Apple, le mdp de mon adresse mail. Rien n'y fait. Aidez moi s'il vous plait. Merci d'avance pour vos réponses. ( J'ai le même problème avec Facetime. )
Euh.. Oui et vous ? Mais pourquoi vous me demandez ça ? Vous pouvez répondre à mon problème ? Vous êtes anglais ? Ou américain ?
Premièrement, essayez d'utiliser un ID différent d'Apple Si cela ne fonctionne pas, essayez de restaurer via iTunes. Cela peut résoudre le problème.
Bonjour, Je me appelle Thibault, cava ? Hahaha en tout cas je suis un vrai Français moi xD Bref essaye d'utiliser les DNS publics de google (en gros tu les paramètres DNS de ton wifi (dans les paramètres wifi) par ceux de google : 126.96.36.199, 18.104.22.168 (Il faut bien mettre les deux séparés par une virgule ) J'ai eu le même problème que toi avec mon 3gs et je l'ai résolu comme ça ^^
Bonjour, je me appelle Sarah, ca va ? Comme cela semblait etre la procédure, je l'ai fait. J'ai essayé de changer d'identifiant ID mais rien ne marche.. J'ai essayé les paramètres DNS de google mais rien ne marche.. Je n'ai pas restauré mon iPod de peur de perdre des trucs importants que je n'ai nulle part ailleurs. Merci pour vos réponses, mais il me semble que je suis destinée a ne pas utiliser Facetime et iMessages. Voila voila, bonne journée a tous.
http://www.*******************/cookies/35/b/happy.gif With today's release of iOS 5, Apple has added a significant new feature to their Messages app with the introduction of iMessage. Seamlessly integrating into the existing Messages application, iMessage is a new service from Apple that acts as a replacement for the traditional text message service that comes with mobile phones. In actual fact, a more accurate description of the Messages app with iMessage on iOS 5 would be that it improves on the traditional text messaging service whilst maintaining compatibility with it. The new iMessage service works by associating a person with an Apple ID – rather than a particular device or SIM card as the traditional text message service does. This is one of iMessage's advantages, you are not restricted to a single device and you can now use your iPad or iPod touch (and hopefully Mac soon) for receiving and sending messages to other people. Jump the break to read the rest of our iMessage overview. The Most Complete Personal Organization App. Period. How it works The Messages app on iOS 5 can send either an iMessage or a traditional text message, which one is used will depend entirely on who you are sending the message to. If the person you are sending the message to is also signed up for iMessage (determined by whether their phone number is on Apple's database) then your message will be sent through iMessage – if they aren't on Apple's iMessage database it will go through the traditional text messaging service. This selection process and database check is done automatically and instantly, with no user action required. An important piece of information to convey here is that unlike the traditional text messaging service, iMessage is not tied to a particular device or SIM card – it uses an Apple ID. Consequently the Apple ID you entered during the iOS 5 set-up phase will be the one used, by default, for iMessage. The Apple ID can be changed from within the Settings app, but more importantly you can also set up "proxy" email addresses through which you can receive iMessages. These proxy addresses act as gateways through which iMessages can be funnelled into your Apple ID, which is what actually stores your messages. If you have an iPhone your phone number is also added automatically to this list of "proxies". When sending an iMessage, it doesn't matter whether you have that person's Apple ID email, one of their proxy addresses or even their phone number – as long as they have associated it with their Apple ID, it will be sent to them through iMessage. Obviously if they do not have iMessage and you enter their email address, your message will not be sent, but if you enter their phone number the Messages app will revert to sending via the traditional text messaging service. The key point here is that the Messages app will default to sending messages through iMessage and revert back to the traditional text messaging service if iMessage isn't available. iMessage = Traditional Text Message There really isn't much difference between an iMessage and a traditional text message. Both can send text to one or more people whilst also supporting the transfer of images and videos. The only real difference is that there is a much higher word limit per iMessage and everything is transferred through the internet via the iMessage service, rather than a carrier – meaning no exorbitant costs for sending images or video. Similarly, any iMessage will be delivered with a push notification from the Messages app, just as it would be done if it was a traditional text message. From my experience, iMessage is as quick at sending and receiving messages – perhaps even a bit quicker, especially with multimedia. The iMessage service is fully encrypted and the service will display a "Delivered" note next to each message to indicate a successful delivery and there is also the option of sending 'read receipts' – these simply allow the other person (who sent the iMessage) to know that you have read their message. Messages on all your iOS devices A consequence of developing iMessage is that Apple can now offer the Messages app on the iPad and iPod touch because the service needs nothing more than an internet connection. It could well be (and it is my belief) that Apple specifically developed iMessage in order to get a good messaging service on the iPad. Apple is intent on seeing the iPad be the Post-PC device that is core to our digital lives and they have inched it closer to that reality with every iOS update. iOS 5′s big push has of course been the PC-Free and iCloud features which sever the shackles between the PC and the iPad – and iMessage should be seen as part of Apple's move to make the iPad independent and distinct from other products. Text messaging is an increasingly important way of communication and for it to be restricted only to a mobile phone seems increasingly absurd with the advent of Facebook messaging, Twitter direct messages and a thriving selection of apps in the App Store. Independently those options work fine, but the user experience is not optimal, because users must remember what service to use for contacting a specific person. iMessage should help significantly reduce this confusion, and has potential to be even more significant if Apple plays its cards right. One shouldn't discount the fact that the iPod touch also gets iMessage, making the device even more useful – particularly for older children and young teens who can now communicate with each other without parents worrying about giving their kids a phone and all the associated text messaging costs, when perhaps they don't really need one yet.


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Responses to " PRIME TIME & OSCARS "
Daniel P. says:
Jane, darling this is why I love You. I was so damn ecstatic for Meryl winning. As you said, the highlight of the show. Although you haven't said this, I'm just about 100% certain you voted for her. I'm not saying that I'm that sorry for Viola (I also love her as a human being and as a brilliant actress), but I feel she will have many more chances to win. This was Meryl's time to shine. The only I feel quite sorry for, is Great Glenn, who now has lost six times (the most times since Deborah Kerr and Thelma Ritter) though she had no chance of winning now. I want her to win an Oscar ASAP so badly. She's probably my second favorite living actress after You-Know-Who (YOU LOL).
BTW, I thank you Jane. I saw an after party photo with you and Great Glenn embracing each other in it. Oh my… Oh my… Just imagine my reaction!
However, Meryl gave the greatest performance this year (along with Jean Dujardin) and I was rooting quite badly for her.
Scott Feinberg says:
Hi Ms. Fonda,
This is Scott Feinberg from The Hollywood Reporter — I can't imagine that you remember me, but I had the privilege of interviewing you a few months ago over the phone about "Peace, Love, & Misunderstanding."
I just wanted to tell you how much I enjoy reading your blog (I always enjoy the interesting tidbits that you include, like putting Annette Bening in the same league as Meryl Streep in this post), and also how impressed I am with your son's work on "Boss," which I believe is the best new show on television (it's clear that your family's acting genes will live on for many more years).
All my best,
Jane says:
Tanks, Scott. Yes, I remember you and liked what you wrote. Thanks for that and for your comment. xx
steve says:
Hi Jane,
Just have to say how fabulous you look here, if anyone wants Hollywood glamour they need to look no further than you!
SusanKorzetz says:
I, too, was extremely excited that Meryl Streep won. Her performance in "Iron Lady" was incredible. She has a way of drawing you into the character she is playing and is so diverse in the roles she takes. Fantastic women performances in many movies, but yay for Meryl Streep. I loved her acceptance speech too. And I think it's great that Billy Crystal was back. They keep trying to draw in a younger audience, but I don't think a host is going to do that. True movie-goers will watch, the others will not. That's just the way it is. Bravo to Billy for bringing class to the Oscars.
Take care of yourself, Jane, and don't over do it. I don't care how old a person is, trying to do your schedule would be extremely tiring.
So people actually watch the Oscars at those viewing parties? I always pictured people just socializing through the whole show.
Oh, and isn't it great that Meryl Streep's make-up artist won too!!! -
Isabel Lau says:
I have all four of the DVDs and love them. I loved your exercise workouts in the 80s, and I am so pleased that you have had the calling to address the needs of our aging population.
So many of the gyms haven't learned, yet!! I say yet because I know that once they see how popular your new workouts are they are going to jump on the bandwagon. Young folks aren't the only people interested in exercising and maintaining good health.
I call your Firm & Burn DVD the Zumba for PrimeTimers. I hope to see more of these coming from you.
Thank you again. With love, a loyal fan.
Julia Fraser says:
Forget the Oscars. I just opened your aeorbics DVD that I got for XMAS and started dancing. I can make it through all 3 workouts but need a sweatband to get through them. It's perfect. Thanks.
Jane says:
Hooray, Julia. Thanks for this feedback. You go girl!
Trudy Rosenberg says:
Hi Jane…am liking your book very much …words and resources really resound and also looking for purpose and meaning …turning 70 in Oct. ..looking forward to your DVD…am a movement junkie also…doing yoga(restorative,etc.) and loving it…also other workouts…Glad you found Rick…I was at the U of M thevsame time and hung out with him and another woman, Carol Owens…we were all just having fun together… He was a doll then and probably is still now, or you wouldn't be with him…say hi and congrats for his musical producer's accomplishments and finding some like you…best ,Trudy Rosenberg…I will con't to follow your blog and want to volunteer at your woman's org, besides donating!
Jane says:
Thanks, Trudy. I'm passing this on to Richard. Never heard him called Rick before. His friends often call him Coach cause he gives good practical advice. xx
Dannie Wright says:
Jane, I am so excited to find your blog. I was getting up from coffee and Sunday morning to head into work……that was 3 hours ago..ha. I have been thoroughly enjoying all your stories and photos. I cried all the way through your piece about Spencer. I am 43, and have been a fan of yours for over 20 years. I was 12 when I read your fathers autobiography "Fonda, My Life" I still have it. It turned me into a film fanatic…he made such an impression on me. When he died I sent a card and you were so incredibly kind and thoughtful that you sent me a thank you card with a picture of him on the front from his role in the Grapes of Wrath. I also have an autographed photo you sent a few years later.
I was reading Tom Hayden Book…New Visions Beyond the Reagan Administration when I was in middle school. lol I ended up in DC as an intelligence analyst in later years.
I love your work in and out of film. You are an amazing, beautiful, generous woman with a giant heart. I am so excited to read what you post next.
Love and light you!
Seonaid McArthur says:
Jane…as someone who sat on the airport runway in Santa Barbara as part of the Vietnam War protests…I have ALWAYS admired you. Now that I see you have a blog I thought you would enjoy knowing that I just received an email from friends in Paris that your new film If We All Lived Together is the rage. Now…I must see if it is playing near La Jolla, CA! I am Executive Director of the American Friends of the Musee d'Orsay. I am in Paris June – October. Please, if you make it back, contact me so we can give you some VIP treatment. With admiration…
Eva Paulina says:
Hi Jane,
I loved your first book and I am sure will love the new one as well. I simply admire you how beautiful and smart you are. Loved the interview with you at CBC – actually I have seen it 3 times.
I am sure I will watch it again! -
Eden says:
Jane, You and Richard look so beautiful on Oscar night. I was hoping you would post pictures. Took me 2 weeks to check them out. (3 kids!!) It's "me" time now. I have two favorite blogs, yours and John Contratti's cooking blog. Have you heard of him? He's a Long Island school teacher who reinvented himself by teaching his students through cooking. But apparently the real story is, this guy "can cook". He has the coolest recipes and did a whole "Oscar Theme" week. All of his recipes were geared to the Oscar nominated films. Ex: Black and White Cookies for "The Artist", Southern Fried Beer Chicken for "The Help", the cutest Red Velvet Baseball Cupcakes for "Moneyball", etc. I chatted with him on a Live Oscar Blog. Conversation were movies and food. (Two great things!!) I asked him to name his favorite actors. Your name was the first he said. I wanted to pass it on to you and his website. http://www.cookingwithmrc.tumblr.com If you scroll down and click on "Older Posts" it will take you back to Oscar Week. I also believe he has cooked on the Hallmark Channel on a show produced by Martha Stewart. I just thought of you when he instantly said you have always been the greatest actress out there. He raved about your Broadway show of a few years back. I hope you share more recipes on your site. xxxxooo Eden
Doralee Nationiii says:
the spook Quinn is running the Limbaugh destruction. This is our hit. oh yes Sally Quinn knows the debate we typed to her years ago (she was destroyed with the rest of the iac.) (kind of makes you see A The Presidents Men in a different light). the correspondent spook Jon Meecham was running Newsweek hes going to jail for his crimes of the consttution.(they reroted us the danni text their using the mets third basemen to represent them.)
sarah says:
Hello Jane! I just finished reading Prime Time and I have to tell you that I LOVED it!! Initially, I thought the book was geared towards, well, let's say more mature individuals, but I realized that is not the case. I am 41 and have to say that I gained incredible insight into how are bodies change and evolve as we age. Bravo!!!
I have always admired your strength and courage and that you stand up for what you believe in. I would love to be able to sit down with you and have a conversation about life. Maybe one day….
Sheila says:
I have just seen 'Et Si On vivait Tous Ensemble' which I loved. I didn't know you spoke French
celia Huggins says:
Dear Jane
I feel sort of silly. I have been a huge fan of yours both in film and in Fitness. I found a tape that I used to work out to and I put in my vcr and I started excersing again. I am a mother of 1 and 41 years old. You inspire me. Thank you Celia
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