text: [Federal Register: March 19, 2002 (Volume 67, Number 53)] [Proposed Rules] [Page 12789-12797] From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov] [DOCID:fr19mr02-37] [[Page 12789]] ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Part VII Department of Transportation ----------------------------------------------------------------------- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 49 CFR Part 567 Retroactive Certification of Commercial Vehicles by Motor Vehicle Manufacturers; Proposed Rule [[Page 12790]] ----------------------------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 49 CFR Part 567 [Docket No. NHTSA 02-11594; Notice 1] RIN 2127-AI59 Retroactive Certification of Commercial Vehicles by Motor Vehicle Manufacturers AGENCY: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), DOT. ACTION: Proposed policy statement; request for comments. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: NHTSA seeks comment on a draft policy statement. The policy is part of the Department of Transportation's efforts to ensure that the interests of safety are protected as the United States takes the steps necessary to comply with its obligations under the North American Free Trade Agreement regarding the access of Mexico-domiciled motor carriers to the United States. The policy statement is being issued pursuant to the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, codified at 49 U.S.C. Chapter 301, which provides for the issuance of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSSs), requires all vehicles imported into the United States or introduced into interstate commerce to have been manufactured in compliance with those standards, and requires that a label bearing a statement certifying that compliance be attached to each vehicle. These requirements apply to new motor vehicles that vehicle manufacturers produce for sale in the United States. New or used motor vehicles imported into the United States that were not originally manufactured in compliance with all applicable FMVSSs must also be certified after they have been brought into compliance with those standards. NHTSA has long interpreted ``import'' to include bringing a commercial motor vehicle into the United States for the purpose of transporting cargo or passengers. The policy statement addresses commercial motor vehicles that were not originally manufactured for sale in the United States, and thus were not required at the time of manufacture to be certified as complying with the FMVSSs, but are subsequently sought to be imported into the United States. The statement provides that a vehicle manufacturer may, if it has sufficient basis for doing so, retroactively apply a label to a commercial motor vehicle certifying that the vehicle complied with all applicable FMVSSs in effect at the time it was originally manufactured. The purpose of this policy statement is to facilitate compliance by motor carriers domiciled in other countries, primarily those in Mexico and Canada, with the above statute and a companion notice of proposed rulemaking by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). In its document, FMCSA will be proposing to promote the effective enforcement of that statute by requiring that all commercial motor vehicles operating in the United States have labels certifying their compliance with the FMVSSs in effect when they were built. NHTSA has been advised that there are many commercial motor vehicles used by motor carriers in Mexico and Canada that were manufactured in accordance with the FMVSSs, but were not certified as complying with those standards because the vehicles were manufactured for sale in Canada or Mexico. In two separate documents, NHTSA will be proposing recordkeeping requirements for foreign manufacturers that retroactively certify vehicles, and proposing to codify its interpretation of the term ``import,'' as used in the statute, by incorporating that interpretation into its primary regulation concerning the importation of vehicles. DATES: Comment closing date: You should submit your comments early enough to ensure that Docket Management receives them not later than May 20, 2002. ADDRESSES: For purposes of identification, please mention the docket number of this document in your comments. You may submit those comments in writing to: Docket Management, Room PL-401, 400 Seventh Street, SW., Washington, DC 20590. Alternatively, you may submit your comments by e- mail at http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/leaving.cgi?from=leavingFR.html&log=linklog&to=http://dms.dot.gov. You may call Docket Management at (202) 366-9324, or you may visit the Docket from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday through Friday. The Docket is located at the Plaza level of this building, northeast entrance. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For technical issues: Mr. George Entwistle, Chief, Equipment and Imports Division, Certification Branch, Office of Safety Assurance, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 400 Seventh Street, SW., Washington, DC 20590; telephone (202) 366-5291; telefax (202) 366-1024. For legal issues: Ms. Rebecca MacPherson, Office of the Chief Counsel, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 400 Seventh Street, SW., Washington, DC 20590; telephone (202) 366-2992; telefax (202) 366-3820. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Table of Contents I. Background A. NAFTA provisions for cross border operation of commercial motor vehicles B. Implementation of the NAFTA provisions in a manner consistent with safety 1. NHTSA 2. FMCSA II. FMCSA proposal to require all commercial motor vehicles to bear a FMVSS certification label III. NHTSA draft policy statement on retroactive certification of the compliance of commercial motor vehicles with the FMVSSs IV. Companion NHTSA actions V. Request for comments VI. Rulemaking analysis and notices VII. Submission of comments Appendix to Preamble--FMVSSs applicable to commercial motor vehicles Text to be added to the Code of Federal Regulations I. Background A. NAFTA Provisions for Cross Border Operation of Commercial Motor Vehicles On December 17, 1992, the United States, Canada and Mexico signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Following Congressional approval, the Agreement entered into force on January 1, 1994. Since 1982, a statutory moratorium in the United States on the issuance operating authority to Mexico-domiciled motor carriers had, with a few exceptions, limited the operations of such carriers to municipalities and commercial zones along the United States-Mexico border (``border zone''). Annex I of NAFTA called for liberalization of access for Mexico-domiciled motor carriers on a phased schedule. Pursuant to this schedule, Mexico-domiciled charter and tour bus operations were permitted beyond the border zone on January 1, 1994. Truck operations were to have been permitted in the four United States border states in December 1995, and throughout the United States on January 1, 2000; scheduled bus operations were to have been permitted throughout the United States on January 1, 1997. Because of concerns about safety, the United States postponed implementation with respect to Mexico-domiciled truck and scheduled bus service and continued its blanket moratorium on processing applications [[Page 12791]] by these Mexico-domiciled motor carriers for authority to operate in the United States outside the border zone. On February 6, 2001, a NAFTA dispute resolution panel ruled that the blanket moratorium violated the United States' commitments under NAFTA. B. Implementation of the NAFTA Provisions in a Manner Consistent With Safety The Department of Transportation (DOT) is now preparing for the implementation of these NAFTA provisions. The Department's NHTSA and FMCSA are committed to taking the steps necessary to ensure that the NAFTA provisions are implemented in a manner consistent with the interests of safety. 1. NHTSA While NHTSA does not have any enforcement authority over motor carriers, it does administer a statute that affects the operations in the United States of motor carriers domiciled in other countries. The statute requires that motor vehicles manufactured for sale in the United States or imported into the United States, i.e., vehicles that are driven on the public roads and highways of the United States, be manufactured so as to reduce the likelihood of motor vehicle crashes and of deaths and injuries when crashes do occur. That statute is the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 (``Vehicle Safety Act'') (codified as 49 U.S.C. 30101, et seq.). One of the agency's most important functions under that Act is to issue and enforce the FMVSSs. Many of these standards specify safety performance requirements for motor vehicles, while others do so for items of motor vehicle equipment. Manufacturers of motor vehicles must certify compliance with all applicable safety standards and permanently affix a label to each vehicle stating that the vehicle complies with all applicable FMVSSs.\1\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ The Vehicle Safety Act requires that motor vehicle manufacturers certify the compliance of motor vehicles with the FMVSS before introducing them into interstate commerce, offering them for sale or selling them. Vehicles are not subject to pre- introduction, pre-offer, or pre-sale approval by NHTSA. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Vehicle Safety Act specifies that: A manufacturer or distributor of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment shall certify to the distributor or dealer at delivery that the vehicle or equipment complies with the applicable motor vehicle safety standards prescribed under this chapter. A person may not issue a certificate if, in exercising reasonable care, the person has reason to know the certificate is false or misleading in a material respect. Certification of a vehicle must be shown by a label or tag permanently fixed to the vehicle. (49 U.S.C. 30115.) The Vehicle Safety Act further provides that, subject to specific exemptions,\2\ \2\ For example, our regulations provide that exemptions may be issued for motor vehicles or items of motor vehicle equipment that are necessary for research, investigations, demonstration, training, competitive racing events, show, or display; vehicles being temporarily imported for personal use; and vehicles being temporarily imported by individuals who are attached to the military or diplomatic service of another country or to an international organization (49 CFR Part 591, Importation of Vehicles and Equipment Subject to Federal Safety, Bumper and Theft Prevention Standards.) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- a person may not manufacture for sale, offer to sell, introduce or deliver for introduction in interstate commerce, or import into the United States, any motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment manufactured on or after the date an applicable motor vehicle safety standard * * * takes effect unless the vehicle or equipment complies with the standard and is covered by a certification issued under section 30115 of this title. (49 U.S.C. 30112.) Since 1975, NHTSA has interpreted this provision of section 30112 as applying to all vehicles entering the United States. In a letter from the NHTSA Administrator to the Canadian Trucking Association, the agency stated that commercial vehicles transporting cargo into and within the United States are imports within the context of 49 U.S.C. 30112 and must be certified.\3\ Although the 1975 letter did not address the issue of Mexico-domiciled motor carriers, its rationale applied equally to those carriers. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \3\ See letter dated May 9, 1975 from NHTSA Administrator James B. Gregory to M. C. Carruth, Docket No. NHTSA-02-11594. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- In 1995, DOT publicized this interpretation in connection with its efforts to prepare for the implementation of NAFTA. DOT did so by incorporating the interpretation in a NAFTA Operating Requirements Handbook, which was printed in three languages and distributed to all participants at a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) conference held in San Antonio, TX on November 14-16, 1995. The handbook stated that all commercial vehicles entering the United States must have been manufactured in compliance with all applicable FMVSSs and must bear a label certifying such compliance. A list of the FMVSSs that are applicable to commercial motor vehicles, as well as a brief synopsis of those standards, may be found in the appendix to the preamble of this document. (We have placed a copy of the relevant portions of the Handbook in the docket for this document.) Following the decision of the NAFTA panel in February of this year, NHTSA reviewed its 1975 interpretation. As noted below in the section on ``Companion NHTSA actions,'' after consulting with the Office of Regulations and Rulings of the United States Customs Service (USCS), NHTSA has reaffirmed that interpretation and is seeking public comment on codifying it in the Code of Federal Regulations. 2. FMCSA FMCSA is the agency within the Department of Transportation that is responsible for oversight of commercial motor carriers. It regulates the operation of vehicles used to transport both cargo (primarily on heavy trucks and trailers) and passengers (primarily in heavy buses). Its regulations address both the commercial motor vehicles and drivers of those vehicles. The regulations also require commercial motor carriers, i.e., those businesses that engage in the transport of cargo or passengers, to meet specified operating requirements. The condition of safety equipment and features on commercial motor vehicles is governed by 49 CFR Part 393, Parts and Accessories Necessary for Safe Operation. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs) in Part 393 currently cross-reference most of the FMVSSs applicable to heavy trucks and buses. (Part 393 does not currently require that commercial motor vehicles have a FMVSS certification label.) The FMCSRs require that motor carriers operating in the United States, including Mexico-domiciled carriers, must maintain much of the safety equipment and features that NHTSA requires vehicle manufacturers to install. Generally, enforcement of the FMVSSs incorporated in the FMCSRs by FMCSA and its Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Act grant partners is accomplished through roadside inspections. If the violations are discovered during a roadside inspection, a citation may be issued under Part 393 or conforming State laws and regulations. If violations are serious enough to meet the out-of-service criteria used in roadside inspections (i.e., the condition of the vehicle is likely to cause a crash or cause the vehicle to break down), the vehicle would be placed out of service until the necessary repairs are made. The roadside inspection procedure is the same for all commercial motor vehicles operated in the United States, regardless [[Page 12792]] of the country in which a motor carrier is domiciled. The FMCSA also has the option of imposing civil penalties for violations of Part 393. Any violations of the FMVSSs that also constitute violations of Part 393 could subject motor carriers to a maximum civil penalty of up to $10,000 per violation. FMCSA has the statutory authority to prohibit the operation of commercial motor vehicles by motor carriers that fail to pay civil penalties for violations of the FMCSRs. If the FMCSA determines that a Mexico-domiciled carrier is operating vehicles that do not comply with the applicable FMVSSs, this information could be used to take appropriate enforcement action against the carrier for making a false certification on its application under 49 CFR Part 365, Rules Governing Applications for Operating Authority, for a Certificate of Registration or operating authority. Such action could include suspension or even revocation of such registration or authority. FMCSA is issuing four final rules to ensure that the interests of safety are protected in granting authority for Mexico-domiciled motor carriers to operate within the United States. Two of the final rules revise FMCSA's regulations and the forms governing applications by those carriers for such authority. The forms require additional information about each applicant's business and operating practices to help FMCSA to determine if the applicant is capable of meeting the safety requirements established for operating in interstate commerce in the United States. Among other things, a carrier must certify on its application form that its vehicles were manufactured in compliance with the applicable FMVSSs. The third final rule, being issued on an interim basis, establishes a safety monitoring system and compliance initiative to further aid FMCSA in determining whether Mexico-domiciled carriers applying to operate anywhere in the United States have the capability to comply with applicable safety regulations and conduct safe operations. The fourth final rule, also being issued on an interim basis, establishes procedures to certify and maintain certification for auditors and investigators. II. FMCSA Proposal To Require All Commercial Motor Vehicles Have a FMVSS Certification Label FMCSA is taking steps to help enforce the prohibition against importing into this country motor vehicles that do not have labels certifying their compliance with the FMVSSs. Specifically, FMCSA is proposing to amend Part 393 to require that all commercial motor vehicles operating within the United States, including those operated by Canada- and Mexico-domiciled carriers, bear a FMVSS certification label. As with all existing requirements in Part 393, the new requirement would apply to all commercial motor vehicles engaged in transporting passengers or cargo in the United States, regardless of where they are domiciled. If Part 393 is ultimately amended to include a requirement that each commercial motor vehicle have a FMVSS certification label, civil penalties could be assessed against a motor carrier operating a vehicle without a FMVSS certification label. However, FMCSA would not place a commercial motor vehicle out of service solely because it lacks a FMVSS certification label, since such a violation would not meet the out-of-service criteria established by that agency. III. NHTSA Draft Policy Statement on Retroactive Certification of Commercial Motor Vehicles With the FMVSSs NHTSA has been advised that many of the vehicles currently operated by Mexico- and Canada-domiciled motor carriers may meet all applicable FMVSSs even if they were manufactured for use in Mexico and Canada and thus were not required to, and do not, bear a FMVSS certification label. In general, these are vehicles that were built at the same assembly plants and according to the same design specifications as vehicles manufactured for sale in the United States and certified to the FMVSSs. They may bear a label certifying compliance to Canadian standards or, in the instance of vehicles manufactured for the Mexican market, may bear no certification label at all. If these vehicles were manufactured to comply with the FMVSSs, they could be as safe as vehicles manufactured for sale in the United States. Nevertheless, it would be a violation of the Vehicle Safety Act to bring these vehicles into the United States because they do not bear a FMVSS certification label. The agency already has an informal policy in place that addresses a similar situation. Since 1999, NHTSA has allowed, in certain circumstances, Canadian vehicle manufacturers to place certification labels retroactively on previously leased passenger cars and light trucks that would have met all applicable FMVSSs after minor modifications, such as changing the odometer from mph to km/h. These leased vehicles were essentially identical to ones manufactured for sale in the United States by the same manufacturers. We note that only those manufacturers that have produced vehicles for sale in the United States are likely to have generated the type of data and analysis necessary to enable them to certify their vehicles to the FMVSSs, whether contemporaneously or retroactively. NHTSA and FMCSA representatives met with representatives of the Mexican and Canadian governments, and Mexican manufacturers and trucking industry associations, in Mexico City on June 20, 2001. NHTSA and FMCSA were told then by Mexican vehicle manufacturers that many Mexican commercial vehicles built since 1994 were built in conformity with applicable FMVSSs. NHTSA was advised that of the approximately 400,000 trucks and buses that operate on the Federal roads in Mexico, about 130,000 may comply with all applicable FMVSSs. Most of these 130,000 trucks and buses, however, do not have a FMVSS certification label because it is not required for vehicles manufactured for sale in Mexico. NHTSA, FMCSA, USCS, the Environmental Protection Agency and Transport Canada conducted a follow-up seminar in Mexico on August 2-3, 2001, to tell representatives of Mexican vehicle manufacturers and the motor carrier industry about the requirements of the United States. During the seminar, the Mexican vehicle manufacturers indicated that they would consider affixing a certification label retroactively, depending on the results of their review of vehicle test data, and on their ability to make a determination that a particular vehicle or group of vehicles met all applicable FMVSSs in effect on the date of manufacture. NHTSA tentatively concludes that extending the agency's policy on retroactive certification to vehicles that are engaged in the transport of goods or passengers across Canadian or Mexican borders would facilitate the compliance of Mexico- and Canada-domiciled motor carriers with the requirement for operating FMVSS-certified vehicles in the United States, without any adverse effects on safety, while also helping the United States to meet its obligations under NAFTA. Absent such an extension, Mexico- and Canada-domiciled carriers could not use any of their existing vehicles lacking a FMVSS certification label in the United States, even those that complied with the FMVSSs at the time of their manufacture. [[Page 12793]] Under NHTSA's draft policy statement, a manufacturer wishing to certify a commercial motor vehicle retroactively and affix a FMVSS certification label to that vehicle would have to assure itself that the vehicle did, in fact, comply with all applicable FMVSSs in effect at the time of original manufacture or that it could be readily modified so that the vehicle, as modified, would have met the standards in effect at the time the vehicle was originally manufactured. In order to certify compliance retroactively, it is likely that the manufacturer would engage in a multi-step evaluation process. In most, if not all, cases, it would need to identify a substantially similar vehicle (``paired vehicle'') that it certified, at the time of manufacture, as complying with all applicable FMVSSs and then determine whether there are any design, production, or other differences between the paired vehicle and the candidate vehicle. This determination would likely include an assessment of whether the component parts of the two vehicles are substantially similar. A manufacturer would then need to determine whether any of those differences preclude the candidate vehicle from being in compliance with all applicable FMVSSs. If modifications were needed to bring the vehicle into compliance with applicable FMVSSs, the manufacturer would have to make those modifications. Likewise, if either NHTSA or the manufacturer had decided, subsequent to the certification of the paired vehicle, that that vehicle did not comply with one or more applicable FMVSSs, the manufacturer would have to correct any similar noncompliances in the candidate vehicle before certifying compliance. Once the evaluation process is complete and the manufacturer has made any necessary repairs or modifications, it may apply the retroactive certification label to the commercial motor vehicle. The label must be applied by the manufacturer because the certification responsibility belongs to the vehicle manufacturer under the Vehicle Safety Act. The label cannot be applied by other parties such as owner, lessee, or operator of the vehicle. The label must meet the requirements of Part 567. It must state the month and year of original manufacture of the vehicle. It must also state the month and year in which it was affixed to the vehicle. NHTSA anticipates that the need for retroactive certification of commercial vehicles will eventually disappear. The expanded policy is intended to be a short-term solution to a short-term problem. In the long run, the simplest course of action for Mexico- and Canada- domiciled motor carriers would be to buy or lease vehicles certified at the time of manufacture as complying with all applicable FMVSSs. Likewise, the simplest course of action for Mexican and Canadian vehicle manufacturers would be to place FMVSS certification labels on any FMVSS compliant vehicles at the time of manufacture even if they are not certain whether the vehicles will be used in cross-border operations. NHTSA believes that manufacturers will quickly be able to determine whether vehicles they are currently manufacturing comply with all applicable FMVSS, and to bring them into compliance promptly if they are not. Thus, the opportunity under the expanded policy to certify commercial vehicles retroactively would be limited to vehicles manufactured before August 31, 2002. Additionally, NHTSA believes manufacturers do not need an unlimited amount of time to determine whether existing vehicles complied with all applicable safety standards in effect at the time of manufacture. Likewise, motor carriers do not need an unlimited amount of time to determine whether they need to request a manufacturer to retroactively certify a particular vehicle. Accordingly, NHTSA is proposing to terminate this policy of allowing retroactive certification for commercial vehicles on September 1, 2005. If a motor carrier wishes to use a heavy truck or bus manufactured after August 31, 2002 in its operations within the United States, the vehicle would be required to comply with the applicable FMVSS and have a FMVSS certification label applied by the vehicle manufacturer at the time of manufacture. If the carrier does not intend to operate the vehicle in the United States, then there would, of course, be no requirement that the vehicle bear a FMVSS certification label. Vehicle manufacturers would not be required to retroactively certify the compliance of a motor vehicle and in many instances would be unable to do so. This inability would stem from the fact that the certification of a vehicle would in most, if not all, cases be based on data that the manufacturer generated at the time the vehicle was originally built. As a practical matter, only those manufacturers that produced and certified substantially similar vehicles for sale in the United States at the same time that the non-certified vehicle was manufactured are likely to have generated this information. Should a vehicle manufacturer decline to certify a motor carrier's vehicle retroactively, the carrier may be able to have the vehicle certified by a registered importer. An individual or business registered with NHTSA as a registered importer under 49 CFR Part 592, Registered Importers of Vehicles Not Originally Manufactured to Conform to the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, may import non-complying motor vehicles into the United States. However, a registered importer may do so only if NHTSA has determined under 49 CFR Part 593, Determinations that a Vehicle Not Originally Manufactured to Conform to the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards is Eligible for Importation, that the vehicles are capable of being readily altered to comply with all applicable standards in effect at the time the vehicle is imported. As of this date, NHTSA has not made any such determination regarding any vehicle that would be covered by the draft policy statement. Furthermore, the registered importer must provide the Federal Government with a bond equal to 1.5 times the dutiable value of the vehicle before it can be imported and must bring the vehicle into full compliance before any vehicle may be sold or released for highway use and the bond released. For detailed information on NHTSA's registered importer program, please refer to http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/leaving.cgi?from=leavingFR.html&log=linklog&to=http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/maninfo/. IV. Companion NHTSA Actions As noted above, in two separate documents, NHTSA will be proposing recordkeeping requirements for manufacturers that retroactively certify vehicles, and to codify its interpretation of the term ``import,'' as used in the Vehicle Safety Act. The first document will propose requiring that manufacturers that retroactively certify their vehicles maintain information sufficient to identify those vehicles. This information would include any vehicle identification number (VIN) on each vehicle, or comparable information if the vehicle does not have a VIN. The other document will discuss the basis for our 1975 interpretation of the term ``import'' as including bringing commercial vehicles into the United States for the purpose of transporting cargo or passengers, and propose to codify that interpretation in Part 591. V. Request for Comments This draft policy statement is not subject to the notice and comment requirements of the Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. 553(b)(A)). [[Page 12794]] Nevertheless, NHTSA is seeking public comment on the draft statement before publishing a final version. (1) Please comment on whether a termination date of August 31, 2005 would provide sufficient time to accommodate the needs of the Mexico- and Canada-domiciled motor carriers. (2) Please comment on whether retroactive certification should be permitted in instances in which the vehicle must be modified significantly, such as modifications that would entail additional testing by the manufacturer to assure that the vehicle, as modified, would have complied with the FMVSSs in effect when the vehicle was originally manufactured. VI. Rulemaking Analyses and Notices A. Executive Order 12866 and DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures NHTSA has considered the impact of this draft policy statement under Executive Order 12866 and the Department of Transportation's regulatory policies and procedures. This draft policy statement was not reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget under E.O. 12866, ``Regulatory Planning and Review.'' This action is not ``significant'' under the Department of Transportation's regulatory policies and procedures. This draft policy statement would not mandate compliance with any new requirements or the expenditure of any resources. Instead, it would facilitate compliance with the requirement in the Vehicle Safety Act for imported vehicles to be certified as complying with all applicable FMVSS and with a proposal that FMCSA will issue to require that all commercial motor vehicles operating in the United States to be so certified. B. Regulatory Flexibility Act NHTSA has considered the effects of this draft policy statement under the Regulatory Flexibility Act. I hereby certify that it would not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. The statement would primarily affect manufacturers of motor vehicle, and secondarily affect motor carriers. Few motor vehicle manufacturers qualify as small businesses. The Small Business Administration's regulations define a small business, in part, as a business entity ``which operates primarily within the United States.'' (13 CFR part 121.105(a)) SBA's size standards are organized according to Standard Industrial Classification Codes (SIC). SIC Code 3711 ``Motor Vehicles and Passenger Car Bodies'' has a small business size standard of 1,000 employees or fewer. SIC Code 3714 ``Motor Vehicle Parts and Accessories'' has a small business size standard of 750 employees or fewer. As noted above, this draft policy statement would not mandate compliance with any new requirements or the expenditure of any resources. Instead, it would facilitate compliance with the requirement in the Vehicle Safety Act for imported vehicles to be certified as complying with all applicable FMVSS and with a proposal that FMCSA will issue to require that all commercial motor vehicles operating in the United States to be so certified. C. National Environmental Policy Act NHTSA has analyzed this draft policy statement for the purposes of the National Environmental Policy Act and determined that it would not have any significant impact on the quality of the human environment. D. Executive Order 13132 (Federalism) The agency has analyzed this draft policy statement in accordance with the principles and criteria contained in Executive Order 13132 and has determined that it would not have sufficient Federal implications to warrant consultation with State and local officials or the preparation of a federalism summary impact statement. The statement would not have any substantial impact on the States, or on the current Federal-State relationship, or on the current distribution of power and responsibilities among the various local officials. E. Unfunded Mandates Act The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 requires agencies to prepare a written assessment of the costs, benefits and other effects of proposed or final rules that include a Federal mandate likely to result in the expenditure by State, local or tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of more than $100 million annually (adjusted annually for inflation with base year of 1995). Adjusting this amount by the implicit gross domestic product price deflator for the year 2000 results in $109 million (106.99/98.11=1.09). The assessment may be included in conjunction with other assessments. This draft policy statement would not mandate any expenditures by State, local or tribal governments. VII. Submission of Comments How Do I Prepare and Submit Comments? Your comments must be written and in English. To ensure that your comments are correctly filed in the Docket, please include the docket number of this document in your comments. Your comments must not be more than 15 pages long. (49 CFR 553.21). We established this limit to encourage you to write your primary comments in a concise fashion. However, you may attach necessary additional documents to your comments. There is no limit on the length of the attachments. Please submit two copies of your comments, including the attachments, to Docket Management at the address given above under ADDRESSES. How Can I Be Sure That My Comments Were Received? If you wish Docket Management to notify you upon its receipt of your comments, enclose a self-addressed, stamped postcard in the envelope containing your comments. Upon receiving your comments, Docket Management will return the postcard by mail. How Do I Submit Confidential Business Information? If you wish to submit any information under a claim of confidentiality, you should submit three copies of your complete submission, including the information you claim to be confidential business information, to the Chief Counsel, NHTSA, at the address given above under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. In addition, you should submit two copies, from which you have deleted the claimed confidential business information, to Docket Management at the address given above under ADDRESSES. When you send a comment containing information claimed to be confidential business information, you should include a cover letter setting forth the information specified in our confidential business information regulation. (49 CFR part 512.) Will the Agency Consider Late Comments? We will consider all comments that Docket Management receives before the close of business on the comment closing date indicated above under DATES. To the extent possible, we will also consider comments that Docket Management receives after that date. If Docket Management receives a comment too late for us to consider it in developing a final rule (assuming that one is issued), we will consider that comment as an informal suggestion for future rulemaking action. [[Page 12795]] How Can I Read the Comments Submitted by Other People? You may read the comments received by Docket Management at the address given above under ADDRESSES. The hours of the Docket are indicated above in the same location. You may also see the comments on the Internet. To read the comments on the Internet, take the following steps: Go to the Docket Management System (DMS) Web page of the Department of Transportation (http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/leaving.cgi?from=leavingFR.html&log=linklog&to=http://dms.dot.gov/). On that page, click on ``search.'' On the next page (http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/leaving.cgi?from=leavingFR.html&log=linklog&to=http://dms.dot.gov/search/), type in the four-digit docket number shown at the beginning of this document. Example: If the docket number were ``NHTSA-1998-1234,'' you would type ``1234.'' After typing the docket number, click on ``search.'' On the next page, which contains docket summary information for the docket you selected, click on the desired comments. You may download the comments. Please note that even after the comment closing date, we will continue to file relevant information in the Docket as it becomes available. Further, some people may submit late comments. Accordingly, we recommend that you periodically check the Docket for new material. Appendix to Preamble--FMVSS Applicable to Commercial Motor Vehicles The following table sets forth the FMVSSs that are applicable to heavy trucks, heavy buses (other than school buses), and trailers. A brief synopsis of each standard is presented after the table. All three vehicle classifications apply to vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating greater than 4,536 kg. While there may be some commercial motor vehicles that are not classified as a heavy truck, heavy bus, or trailer, the vast majority of commercial motor vehicles will fit into one of these categories. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- FMVSS Title Heavy trucks Heavy buses Trailers ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101................. Controls and displays... yes................. yes................. no. 102................. Transmission shift lever yes................. yes................. no. device. 103................. Windshield defrosting yes................. yes................. no. and defogging. 104................. Windshield wiping and yes................. yes................. no. washing. 105................. Hydraulic and electric yes *............... yes*................ no. brake systems. 106................. Brake hoses............. yes................. yes................. yes. 108................. Lamps, reflective yes................. yes................. yes. devices, and associated equipment. 111................. Rearview mirrors........ yes................. yes................. no. 113................. Hood latch systems...... yes................. yes................. no. 116................. Hydraulic brake fluids.. yes *............... yes *............... yes. 119................. New pneumatic tires for yes................. yes................. yes. vehicles other than passenger cars. 120................. Tire selection and rims yes................. yes................. no. for vehicles other than passenger cars. 121................. Air brake systems....... yes**............... yes**............... yes. ** 124................. Accelerator control yes................. yes................. no. systems. 205................. Glazing materials....... yes................. yes................. no. 206................. Door locks and retention yes................. no.................. no. systems. 207................. Seating systems......... yes................. yes................. no. 208................. Occupant crash yes................. yes................. no. protection. 209................. Seat belt assemblies.... yes................. yes................. no. 210................. Seat belt assembly yes................. yes................. no. anchorages. 217................. Bus emergency exits and no.................. yes................. no. window retention. 223................. Rear impact guards...... no.................. no.................. yes. 224................. Rear impact protection.. no.................. no.................. yes. 302................. Flammability of interior yes................. yes................. no. materials. 304................. CNG tanks............... yes++............... yes++............... no. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *If equipped with hydraulic brakes. **If equipped with air brakes. ++If engine is powered by CNG. Synopsis of FMVSSs Applicable to Heavy Trucks, Buses and Trailers FMVSS No. 101, Controls and Displays Effective date: September 1, 1972. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new heavy trucks and buses: Equipment: If equipped with a control listed in the standard, shall meet the requirements for the location, identification, and illumination of the control. No requirements exist for displays, e.g., hazard warning telltale. Examples of controls: Turn signal, windshield defroster, and heating and air conditioning system. Location: Controls must be operable by the driver wearing his/ her seat belt. Identification: Symbol, if listed in the standard; wording if stated in the standard. Illumination: For the controls listed in the standard with some exceptions, e.g., controls that are foot operated or located on the floor, floor console, or steering column, or in the windshield header area. Brightness must be adjustable. FMVSS No. 102, Transmission Shift Lever Sequence, Starter Interlock, and Transmission Braking Effect Effective date: September 1, 1968. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new heavy trucks and buses: Equipment: If equipped with an automatic transmission, must have a transmission braking effect, starter interlock, and identification of shift lever positions. If equipped with a manual transmission, must identify the shift pattern. Automatic transmission shift lever identification: The position selected, e.g., drive, and other positions, e.g., neutral, in front of and in clear view of the driver. Manual transmission shift pattern: All except 3-speed, H pattern, in driver's view. FMVSS No. 103, Windshield Defrosting and Defogging Systems Effective date: January 1, 1968. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new heavy trucks and buses: Equipment: A defrosting and defogging system. FMVSS No. 104, Windshield Wiping and Washing Systems Effective date: January 1, 1968. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new heavy trucks and buses: Equipment: Power driven windshield wipers and washer system. FMVSS No. 105, Hydraulic and Electric Brake Systems Effective date: September 1, 1983. Recent amendments: Brakes must have automatic adjustment, October 20, 1993. [[Page 12796]] Antilock brake system equipment requirement, effective March 1, 1999. Requirements for new heavy trucks and buses: Equipment: Service brakes on all wheels, automatic adjusters (drum type brakes), and an antilock brake system that directly controls the wheels of at least one front and rear axle. FMVSS No. 106, Brake Hoses Effective date: January 1, 1968. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new heavy trucks, trailers, and buses: Equipment: Aftermarket hoses must be labeled according to the standard. FMVSS No. 108, Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated Equipment Effective date: January 1, 1968. Recent amendments: Conspicuity systems: trailers must be equipped with retroreflective sheeting and/or reflectors, December 1, 1993; truck tractors, July 1, 1997. Requirements for new heavy trucks, trailers, and buses: Equipment: As shown in the wall poster, the lamps, reflective devices, and associated equipment, e.g., retroreflective strips and/ or reflex reflectors for the rear of trailers and truck tractors and the side of trailers, must be located as specified in the standard. FMVSS No. 111, Rearview Mirrors Effective date: January 1, 1968. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new heavy trucks and buses: Equipment: Outside mirrors of unit magnification, each with not less than 323 sq cm of reflective surface, on both sides of the vehicle, adjustable both in the horizontal and vertical directions to view the rearward scene. FMVSS No. 113, Hood Latch Systems Effective date: January 1, 1969. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new heavy trucks and buses: Equipment: Each hood must have a hood latch system; a front opening hood that could obstruct the driver's view must have a second latch. FMVSS No. 116, Hydraulic Brake Fluid Effective date: January 1, 1968. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new heavy trucks, buses, and trailers, if equipped with hydraulic brakes: Equipment: Fluid used in these vehicles must have been manufactured and packaged according to the requirements in the standard. FMVSS No. 119, New Pneumatic Tires for Vehicles Other Than Passenger Cars. Effective date: March 1, 1975. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new heavy trucks, trailers, and buses: Equipment: Tires on these vehicles must have required markings, e.g., the symbol DOT certifying that the tire complies with applicable FMVSS, tire identification number, tire size designation, maximum load rating and corresponding inflation pressure, any speed restriction, the number of plies and ply composition, the words ``tubeless'' or ``tube type,'' ``regroovable,'' and ``radial,'' as applicable, and the letter designating load range. FMVSS No. 120, Tire Selection and Rims for Motor Vehicles Other Than Passenger Cars Effective date: August 1, 1976. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for heavy trucks, trailers, and buses: Equipment: Sum of tire load ratings of tires on an axle must be equal to or greater than the axle's GAWR; rims must be permanently marked including size, e.g., 20 x 5.5 (inches) and DOT; a label on the vehicle must display, for each axle, a tire size and inflation pressure appropriate for the GAWR. FMVSS No. 121, Air Brake Systems Effective date: January 1, 1975; Note: stopping distance requirements rescinded effective August 9, 1979, but reinstated as shown below. Recent amendments: Equipment: Brakes must have automatic adjustment, October 20, 1994. Antilock brake system including malfunction indicator required for truck tractors, March 1, 1997, and for trucks and buses, March 1, 1998. Vehicles that tow another air-braked vehicle shall have an electrical circuit for the other vehicle's ABS. Towing vehicles shall have an electrical circuit for indicating a malfunction in the other vehicle's ABS, March 1, 2001. ABS on trailers and malfunction signal, March 1, 1998, and external malfunction indicator lamp, from March 1, 1998 through end of February 2009. Requirements for new heavy trucks and buses: Equipment: Compressor, reservoirs, towing vehicle protection, pressure gauge, warning signal, ABS with malfunction indicator, brakes on all wheels, automatic brake adjustment with indicator. Requirements for new trailers with air brakes: Equipment: Reservoirs, ABS with malfunction signal and external lamp, brakes on all wheels, automatic brake adjustment with indicator. FMVSS No. 124, Accelerator Control Systems Effective date: September 1, 1993. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new heavy trucks and buses: Equipment: At least two sources of energy returning throttle to idle. FMVSS No. 205, Glazing Materials Effective date: January 1, 1968. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new heavy trucks and buses: Equipment: Must be labeled as to type, e.g., windshields must be marked ``AS-1.'' FMVSS No. 206, Door Locks and Door Retention Components Effective date: January 1, 1972. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new heavy trucks: Equipment: Side doors must have a fully latched and a secondary latched position. FMVSS No. 207, Seating Systems Effective date: January 1, 1972. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new heavy trucks (all seating positions) and buses (driver's seat only): Equipment: Vehicle must have a driver's seat; a hinged or folding seat must have a self-locking device. FMVSS No. 208, Occupant Crash Protection Effective date: January 1, 1972. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for heavy trucks (all seats) and buses (driver's seat only): Equipment: Each seat shall be equipped with a Type 1 (lap) or Type 2 (lap and shoulder) seat belt assembly that conforms to FMVSS 209. Seat belt assembly includes either an emergency locking retractor or automatic locking retractor. If an automatic locking retractor is used on a suspension seat, it must be attached to the seat structure. FMVSS No. 209, Seat Belt Assemblies Effective date: March 1, 1967. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new heavy trucks and buses: Equipment: Each seat belt assembly shall be for use by one person and must be adjustable to fit a range of occupant sizes from 5th percentile females to 95th percentile males; labeled as to date of manufacture, model No., and trademark of manufacturer, distributor, or importer. FMVSS No. 210, Seat Belt Assembly Anchorages Effective date: July 1, 1971. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new heavy trucks (all seating positions) and buses (driver's seat only): Equipment: Anchorages located in the vehicle must be within the dimensions and angles stated in the standard, referenced from the seating reference point; anchorages for each seat belt assembly shall be at least 165 mm apart. FMVSS No. 217, Bus Emergency Exits and Window Retention and Release Effective date: September 1, 1973. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new heavy buses other than school buses: Equipment: Total emergency exit area (unobstructed openings for emergency exits) in sq cm must be at least 432 times the number of designated seating positions on the bus; at least 40 percent of the total area shall be on each side of the bus; no single exit is credited with more than 3,458 sq cm; each bus shall have a rear exit unless the bus configuration precludes one, then the bus shall have a roof exit in the rear half of the bus; emergency exits can have one or two release mechanisms, and at least one must be operated in a different direction from the motion to open the exit by 90-180 degrees; each exit shall be labeled emergency exit or emergency door and provide operating instructions. [[Page 12797]] FMVSS No. 223, Rear Impact Guards Effective date: January 26, 1998. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new trailers: Equipment: Guard shall be permanently labeled, e.g., manufacturer's name and address, month and year of manufacture, and must be certified by the symbol DOT, and located as specified in the standard; installation instructions shall be provided specifying the vehicles on which it can be installed and the method to properly install it. FMVSS No. 224, Rear Impact Protection Effective date: January 26, 1998. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new trailers: Equipment: Rear impact guard meeting FMVSS 223 shall be installed. Location and dimensional requirements are specified. Some trailers are excluded. FMVSS No. 302, Flammability of Interior Materials Effective date: September 1, 1972. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new heavy trucks and buses: Equipment: Any single or composite material located within 13 mm of the occupant compartment air space shall meet performance requirements. FMVSS No. 304, Compressed Natural Gas Fuel Container Integrity Effective date: March 27, 1995. Recent amendments: None. Requirements for new heavy trucks and buses if operated using CNG: Equipment: Each CNG fuel container shall be labeled with the manufacturer's name, address, and telephone number, month and year of manufacture, service pressure, and other informational statements. It must also be certified with the symbol DOT. List of Subjects in 49 CFR Part 567 Imports, Motor vehicle safety, Motor vehicles. In consideration of the foregoing, NHTSA proposes to amend 49 CFR Part 567 as follows: PART 567--CERTIFICATION 1. The authority citation for Part 567 continues to read as follows: Authority: 49 U.S.C. 322, 30111, 30115, 30117, 30166, 32502, 32504, 33101-33104, and 33109; delegation of authority at 49 CFR 1.50. 2. Add Appendix A to 49 CFR Part 567 to read as follows: Appendix A to Part 567--Statement of Policy: Retroactive Certification of Commercial Motor Vehicles I. Agency policy on retroactive certification. It is the policy of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to allow a vehicle manufacturer to retroactively apply a label to a used commercial motor vehicle that it originally manufactured, certifying the compliance of that motor vehicle with all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards that were in effect when the vehicle was originally manufactured. II. Application. This policy applies to commercial motor vehicles that were manufactured for sale in Mexico or Canada before August 31, 2002 and were not certified at the time that they were originally manufactured as complying with all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards. Any commercial motor vehicle certified pursuant to this policy statement must be certified on or before August 31, 2005. III. Conditions. A vehicle manufacturer may retroactively certify the compliance of a commercial motor vehicle with the Federal motor vehicle safety standards if the manufacturer meets the following conditions: A. Determines that the vehicle complied with all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards in effect at the time the vehicle was originally manufactured, or has been modified such that it complies with those standards. B. Affixes a certification label meeting the requirements of 49 U.S.C. Sec. 30115 and 49 CFR Part 567. Such label shall state the month and year of original manufacture and the month and year of the retroactive certification. C. Maintains any records required by NHTSA in 49 CFR Part 576, Subpart B. D. Provides, upon request, any records required by 49 CFR Part 576, Subpart B. Issued on: March 6, 2002. Kenneth N. Weinstein, Associate Administrator for Safety Assurance. [FR Doc. 02-5897 Filed 3-14-02; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4910-59-P


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Thursday, December 9th @ 7:00pm
Anthony Dean Griffey Concert
Where: Carmel Country Club
Event description: Wingate University presents a special evening featuring Department of Music Faculty, Wingate opera students, and Anthony Dean Griffey.
Mr. Griffey is a Metropolitan opera star, four-time Grammy award winner, Wingate alum, and graduate of the Eastman School of Music and The Julliard School.
Enjoy full hors d'oeuvres and a concert featuring Holiday music and opera favorites. The gala benefits Wingate University Friends of Music.
Cost is only $90 per person, limited seating. To order tickets, call 704.332.8828.

subset: commoncrawl


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"Communication – the human connection – is the key to personal and career success."
– Paul J. Meyer
Most of us engage in communication every day. Most of us also know that communicating with others can be a difficult and frustrating experience. There are times when we mean well, but because of the way we say what we say, our message is misunderstood, with unintended and undesirable consequences.
Below are four of the most common mistakes we can make in interpersonal communication, which often lead to conflict and worsening of relationships. The good news is that once we become aware of these poor habits, we can change the way we communicate, resulting in improved relationships. This article focuses mainly on recognizing ineffective communication. For tips on effective communication, download free excerpts of my publications (click on titles) "How to Communicate Effectively and Handle Difficult People" and "Communication Success with Four Personality Types."


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SKU: 236237 Weight: 0.04
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List Price:$13.75 Your Price:$9.40 You Save: $4.35 (32%) International customers, please view our shipping page for information on additional shipping fees. CLICK HERE
STAMPING BELLA-Unmounted Rubber Stamps. Adorable designs and high- quality rubber make these stamps must-haves for any stamper! This package includes Em's Lantern Flowers: a set of unmounted rubber stamps in a 6-3/4x4-1/2 inch package. Imported.


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Chinese Checkers Online
[Grand Update, Must Download!] or you will miss the new features here:
Optimize the 5 jumper AIs;
Add Onine Game Hall, you can play it with your friends;
Add Tips, FootSteps;
Add Fast Paced Jump to jump over multiple empty grids.
Especially, you can enjoy all above free!
The most popular Chinese Checkers on App Store for iPad, over 1 000 000 downlaods worldwide, and now has its iPhone version! We use auto-scale to fit into iPhone's small screen size.
To move the pieces:
1) click on any one of your pieces
2) there will be some hints to move to
3) click on any hints to move on
4) the piece will jump to the hint
The most intelligent Chinese Checkers on App Store! With 5 different AI levels, support players from 1 to 6!
Chinese checkers is a board game that can be played by two, three, four, or six people, playing individually or with partners. The game is a modern and simplified variation of Halma. The objective is to be first to race one's pieces across the hexagram-shaped game board into "home" – the corner of the star opposite one's starting corner – using single-step moves or moves which jump over other pieces. Others keep playing to establish 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and last place finishers. The game involves some strategy but is popular even among young children.
A basic strategy is to find the longest hopping path that leads closest to, or immediately into, "home" – the destination star point at the opposite side of the board. (Multiple-jump moves are obviously faster to relocate pieces than step-by-step moves.) Since either player can make use of any hopping 'ladder' or 'chain' created, more advanced strategy involves hindering an opposing player, in addition to helping oneself find jumps across the board. Of equal importance are the players' strategies for emptying and filling their starting and home corners. Games between experts are rarely decided by more than a couple of moves.
Differing numbers of players result in different game layouts. Each layout imposes a different best-game strategy. For example, if a player's "home" or destination corner is empty (not an opponent's starting corner), the player can freely arrange his/her pieces to serve as a 'ladder' or 'bridge' between the two opposite ends. But if a player's opponent occupies the home destination corner, the player might be better advised to play a "waiting game" until all pieces have moved out.
What's new
Optimize the 5 jumper AIs;
Add Onine Game Hall, you can play it with your friends;
Add Tips, FootSteps;
Add Fast Paced Jump to jump over multiple empty grids.
Especially, you can enjoy all above free!
Share with Others
- Last changed:
- Feb 03, 2014
- Category:
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- Developer:
- CronlyGames Inc.
- Version:
- 2.0.0
- Average Rating:
- 4.00 (17)
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People of Northwest Public Radio
Gingrich Criticizes Obama
5:50 pm
Thu February 23, 2012
Gingrich Astonished By President Obama's Apology To Afghan Officials
Newt Gingrich told fans in Spokane today he's astonished President Obama apologized to Afghan authorities for the burning of Muslim Holy Books by U.S. soldiers. Obama expressed remorse this morning that a military base burned copies of the Quran in a garbage pile.
Gingrich opened his rally at Spokane's Bing Crosby theatre with outrage that after a base destroyed – quote – "radical Islamist materials" and Quran's, two American soldiers were killed as repercussion. He says the destroying of suspicious literature has been blown into a huge incident.
"The president apologized for the burning, but I haven't seen the president demand that the government of Afghanistan apologize for the killing of two young Americans".
Gingrich says religious intolerance occurs around the world, and it's not the President's responsibility to offer apologies.
Gingrich says Washington State can make a big difference in the GOP presidential campaign because it hosts the last caucus before Super Tuesday. Washington's caucus occurs March 3rd.
Copyright 2011 Spokane Public Radio


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Green & Black's Organic Vanilla Ice Cream 100ml
Product Description
Vanilla Ice cream with real bourbon vanilla.
Spoon included
Product Information
- Brands: Green & Black's
- Dietary & Lifestyle: Organic, Vegetarian
Keep Frozen
Country of Origin
Green & Black's Ltd,
2 Valentine Place,
Package Type
Allergen Information
- Contains: Lactose, Milk
- May Contain: Nut, Gluten, Wheat, Soya
Organic Whole Milk, Organic Whipping Cream (26%), Organic Sugar, Organic Whole Egg, Organic Skimmed Milk Powder, Organic Bourbon Vanilla Powder (0.16%), Organic Lemon Juice, Stabilisers (Guar Gum, Xanthan Gum, Locust Bean Gum), Organic Vanilla Extract (0.05%).
Customer Reviews
24 July 2010
Absolutely Delicious
Vanilla ice cream as it should be - rich, creamy and full of flavour. You can definitely tell good quality produce has gone into creating this product.
11 July 2010
best vanilla ice cream in the world
If you like vanilla and you like cream you'll love this. There's loads of fresh vanilla seeds that you can see throughout the ice cream.
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Community Building! It's an Art!
by The SoS Radio in Radio
Tags: Community Building Arts Education Menes Yahudah SoS Radio
*Due to unforseen circumstances, Monday's show is being rescheduled to Wednesday 10/23/13
On Wednesday morning, 10/23/13, at 7am we will be discussing the fine Art of Community Building with special guest, Menes Yahudah. Menes is a percussionist, teacher, and Director/Founder of Urbanfoli Arts. We will discuss what it takes to build a healthy community, what art has to do with it, and what we can all do to get involved. Let's Be About It! JOIN THE CONVERSATION! 347-215-9773
What is Building the Community?
by Building The Community in Culture
Tags: Community Awareness Activism Development Evolution
Join the Building the Community Team by participating in discussions and provide ideas on the importance of Community. Get to know what Build The Coummity is and its purpose What does a healthy community look like to you Do you think that your community (environment) has a tremendous impact on your growth and personal evolution During the challenging economic times do you think developing or moving into a Self Sustainable Community a possibility We want to hear from you on this and other topics that are important to the development of the individual's wellbeing.
We look forward to your participation and lively discussion.
BTC Team
Show time is Monday, October 15th
Guest Call-in: (347) 838-8264
8:00P to 9:30P CST /9:00P to 10:30P EST
WINNERS! America's Best Art Fair Survey
Tags: art fairs Best Art Fairs Art Fair Calendar art fair survey Best Art Fair Awards
ArtFairCalendar.com has just finished its 1st annual "America's Best Art Fairs" survey and we are announcing the winners on this podcast.
We asked our mailing list of nearly 50,000 art fair patrons what was the best art fair in the country and had an amazing response from across the nation. Nearly 96% completed the lengthy 22 question survey and the answers were both expected and intriguing.
Not surprising: people love to attend art fairs and many travel long distances to do so and plan them as part of their vacations. The overall conclusion is: Art is Alive and Well in America and attendance at the nations shows is proof.
Listen to find out what are the Top 50 shows in the country as voted on by the people who attend them and collect art. Find out which they have chosen as the best regional fairs, best urban fair, bestt small market show and the best cities for art fairs.
We'll share the survey answers on:
what makes a show "Best" why people say they attend an art fair how art fair goers find out about shows to attend why they don't attend shows they used to love how far they travel to art fairs their suggestions for show organizers The Best Art Fairs Awards is the first national online survey of the nation's juried fairs, designed to reward those festivals that create opportunities connecting artists and communities to celebrate the arts.
The mission of ArtFairCalendar.com is to promote the American tradition of art fairs by showcasing the events where art collectors can find hand-crafted, one-of-a-kind fine art pieces for sale by the professional artist community and encourage the interaction of client and creator.
The Role of a Community College in an Urban Area
by Community CollegeNow in Education
Tags: Dr Susan Gardner Mott Community College Michael Simon Community College Education
Join your host, Dr. Susan Gardner and Michael Simon, Manager Office of the President and Board of Trustees at Mott Community College in Flint, Michigan for an in-depth conversation regarding how community colleges impact economically challenged urban areas. From community involvement and board relations to legislative affairs at the municipal and state levels and workforce development--Susan and Michael will be talking about how community colleges change and impact the counties and states where they are located.
AMO Art Chat/TRAC-The Vision of Representational Art
by AMO Art Chat with Linda Fisler in Art
Tags: Juliette Aristides Vision of Representational Art 21st Century Representational Art Michael Pearce The Representational Art Conference
**If you cannot get the show to play when you select the button, please go to http://www.buzzsprout.com/5915 where you will be able to listen. My apologies on behalf of BTR for the inconvenience.**
AMO Art Chat and The Representational Art Conference are partnering to bring you a series of discussions concerning the aesthetic values of Representational Art in the 21st Century. These discussions are an avenue to start the conversation that will continue at the conference March 2nd-5th, 2014 in Ventura, California. For more information on the conference, go to www.trac2014.org.
Join Michael Pearce and Linda Fisler as they interview one of the keynote speakers of the conference, Juliette Aristides, about the vision of representational art in the 21st Century. Juliette talks with us about the history of representational art which provided the foundation of our exploration today, the effect of the "want it now" and "meme" culture on art and what the world needs today. Join us for this very insightful conversation!
Community College Now: Student Engagement
by Community CollegeNow in Education
Tags: Dr Susan Gardner Chris Conzen Suffolk County Community College Community College Education
Dr. Susan Gardner, host of Community College Now discusses student engagement at the community college challenges and opportunities. Her guest is Chris Conzen, Director of Campus Activities and Student Leadership at Suffolk County Community College (NY)
Christopher Conzen is the Director of Campus Activities and Student Leadership Development at Suffolk County Community College's Eastern Campus, where he has been for the past 7 years. Under Chris' supervision are campus activities and programs, orientation, leadership development, recreation, campus reservations, Federal Work Study, and student center management. Christopher is a doctoral candidate in Higher Education Administration at Nova Southeastern University. Christopher earned his M.Ed. in College Student Personnel from the University of Maryland College Park and his BA in Social Work from The Catholic University of America. Christopher has been a directorate member of the ACPA Commission for Student Development in the Two Year College and is currently the chair of a joint task force through ACPA and NASPA exploring student involvement in the community college. In addition, Christopher will serve as the chair for the NASPA Region II conference in June. Christopher's interests are in the use of technology in higher education, leadership development, and student success initiatives in the community college sector.
Path Community Open Forum
by The Path Community in Spirituality
Tags: Path Community Coach Greg Reich Coach Kim Skaggs Holistic Life The Path
Welcome to the Path Community. Our mission is to connect each person to their mission. We are committed to walking the path with you as you learn more about your mission. We are passionate about the stories of life, purpose and calling that make their home inside the Path Community. Each story is relevant, accepted and appreciated. There is no one else like you! You are unique, gifted and called to greatness. Join us this week as we we create the Open Forum session where you can connect on your path, meet the coaches, and move towards your path and desired future. It is often a tempatation to compartmentalize our lifes making goals and objectives that move us forward in one area but may very well stagnate us in another. This week we will be discussing why life needs to be viewed through a holistic lens instead of one that is constantly segmented.
Art of Love Radio Host Ashley Davene Co/Host Arjuna Ra
by Art Of Love in Spirituality
Tags: Art Love Essence Passion Expression
Welcome back Arists of Love! Our topic is "The Magic" embracing the magic of life! From divine synchronicity, to the fact that actual magic exists every moment around us! The seeds bursting forth to seedling, to every magical moment you connect to your deepest relationship...your breath, life is magic! You are love.
With Host Ashley Davene Artist, Author, Spiritual/Relationship Counselor, Journalist, Media and crafter of fairytales.
Special guest co/host, a returning house favorite Arjuna Ra aka Marcus Armijo- Teacher, Tantra Teacher, Shaman, and artist
Immersing in conversations of the HeART, Art of Love covers ALL topics for men, women, all beings!! So tune in, turn it on, and lets all get activated friends!
Art Fair Alternatives - Part II: Art Studio Tours
Tags: art studio tour Robert Briscoe Jan Richardson St Croix Valley Pottery Studio Tour Peninsula Arts Association
Our guests are potters Jan Richardson and Robert Briscoe, well known in the artist community not only for their fine work but their generosity in developing opportunities for other artists.
Living in rural Maryland Jan developed the Valley Craft Network in 1982, a tour that continues to bring buyers from nearby Baltimore and Washington, DC, into the region to visit studios.
After a move to Washington State about six years ago she found few opportunities for selling her work and since then has worked within that community, creating art shows and the Peninsula Artists Studio Tour.
Robert Briscoe has been exhibiting his functional beautiful pottery at art festivals since 1970. In 1992 together with 7 of his friends they started the St. Croix Valley Pottery Studio Tour, which has become a national pottery phenomenon.
It started as a simple idea: bring together a group of potters to create an event that would be larger in scope than any individual's studio sale. In its' 22nd year it has grown to include 50 potters (43 of them invited from elsewhere).
The studios are within an hours' drive of Minneapolis. Collectors and pottery lovers come from all over N. America to enjoy the celebration and collect this fine handmade work.
by Art of Joyful Living in Self Help
Tags: Dr Bernie Siegel Love Medicine and Miracles The Art of Healing Peace Love and Healing How to Live Between Office Visits
Dr. Bernie Siegel returns to the Art of Joyful Living and this time, it's to discuss his brilliant new book: The Art of Healing: Uncovering Your Inner Wisdom and Potential for Self-Healing.
Dr. Siegel retired from general and pediatric surgical practice in 1989 and has since dedicated himself to humanizing the medical establishment's approach to patients and empowering patients to induce their own healing.
In this interview, Dr. Siegel will reveal:
The connection between dreams and healing How to tap the body's potential to heal The one piece of advice he would share with those who are facing end-of-life transitions For many, Dr. Bernard Siegel—or Bernie, as he prefers to be called—needs no introduction. He has touched many lives all over the Planet and Cindy and Linda are delighted to welcome him back to the show!
Community Talk
by Community Expressions in Politics
Tags: community school self help religion family
Dial (646)-716-7641 To Speak With The Host Shuana Tillman-Fletcher On "School Drop-Out Prevention and Improving Student Peformance In Struggling School Districts. " Keynote Speaker "George Jones from Access Training Inc. Jackson, MS. "
Chapter 6: Mulattos - Rouge Elements In Our Community
by Self Help Library Black Community in Self Help
Tags: Black Israelite Negro Diaspora Community
Mulatto, biracial, mixed breed. What does this mean? We analyze the effects of this group on the so called Black Community. Are the effects detrimental or Positive? and Why or why not?
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Authentic Chanel Caviar White East West Flap Bag and Made In Italy. Your Chanel East West bag is a highly coveted and popular model in fashion today. It is crafted in Chanel white caviar leather and paired with shiny silver hardware. The interwoven strap is iconic of Chanel. This purse has the coveted "CC" twist lock, that reveals a spacious interior featuring three open slip pockets. Your bag will be accompanied with original Chanel box, authenticity card, dustbag, and booklet. Don't miss this opportunity to own an absolute complete set.
-Chanel Box
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-Serial Number: 10661442
In has been gently used and remains in pristine condition. Light marks to the interior. Please see photos.
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For our layaway plan, a 50% deposit is due at the time of checkout and the remaining balance is due in 30 days. Please see our payment page for more details.


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The Value Line Toddler Cot Carrier holds up to 24 cots (intended for use with the Value Line Toddler Cots by Angeles). It is made of metal with wheels for easy maneuvering.
The Value Line Toddler Cots by Angeles are easy to assemble and stackable, providing much convenience for your home, day care or preschool. The toddler cot's cover is made of super tough vinyl-coated mesh that's easy to wipe clean. This child cot is specially designed for child care centers, with a "super grip" closure at the foot end to enable you to pull it taut. When not in use, the toddler beds stack on top of each other for space-efficient storage.


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"My experience in ordering an electronic whiteboard from Clary Business Machines was super easy. I did some research online and decided Clary had the Panaboard that we needed. I placed the order online a week and a half ago and the board was delivered today. I hope the guys around here can figure out how to install it!!"
Jetstream Rollerball Pen features an innovative ink system that unites the smoothness of a gel and the quick-drying of a ballpoint for high-speed writing performance. Pen writes amazingly smooth while providing crisp, vivid lines. Uni Super Ink helps resist smearing and prevent check and document fraud. Pigment-based ink contains particles that form an indelible bond that cannot be broken. Quick-drying ink helps prevent smearing. Rollerball pen also offers embossed grip and stainless steel accents for an elegant look.


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Moog in Singapore
Moog is a designer, manufacturer, and integrator of precision motion control products and solutions. Our high-performance systems control military and commercial aircraft, satellites and space vehicles, launch vehicles, missiles, industrial machinery, wind energy, marine applications, and medical equipment.
Our world-class product lines in servo and proportional valves, servo motors and drives, servo actuators, motion systems, controllers and software, and slip rings for data and power transmission provide the highest performance for hydraulic, electric, and hybrid systems.
In Singapore, our products and solutions provide the highest performance for hydraulic, electric, and hybrid systems widely found in wind turbines, gas and steam turbines, testing and simulation, plastic packaging, steel production and other industrial machineries. In addition to the Industrial segment, our wide range of products and solutions span several other business segments and industries.


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Scuba Gear Reviews by Jose C.Rating: compact and bright!!! 4/10/2008 More like mighty light on steriods. Was this review helpful? Yes No
Sherwood High Pressure Thermoplastic Hose (Pigtail)
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Scuba BC Knife
Rating: Awesome small tool 7/20/2007 This BC knife is a great product for the price that is was offered at. Its compact but, very durable. The sheath is made of hard plastic, which can crack easily. I highly recommended for someone wanting to have a tool mounted on their BCD or hoses. Was this review helpful? Yes No Product Information Questions? Contact our certified instructors E-mail our instructors at email@example.com
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This 1953 Buick Skylark is even more amazing today than when it rolled off the assembly line in 1953. The body is smooth... More
Buick, established in 1903, is the oldest American automobile manufacturer in existence. This 1956 Buick Super Series 50 Riviera coupe, sports the 255 horsepower "Nailhead"... More
1957 Buick Caballero Wagon Chassis Number: 8D1063552 This extremely rare and beautiful example was restored by multiple Pebble Beach award winner, Mike Fennel. It has been tastefully... More
1950 Buick Super Convertible, Straight 8 with Dynaflow automatic transmission, power top, windows and seat. Oklahoma car with good exterior body requiring a full... More
1954 Buick Skylark Convertible •Fresh frame up restoration •Correct interior •Spent part of its life in Europe before coming back to the US to be SOLD at AUCTION... More
The sale will be held at The Palace at 301 Norwalk St. Greensboro, NC 27407. This facility offers 24/7 security during the sale... More
1957 Buick Roadmaster Convertible This '57 Roadmaster Convertible is extremely original with less than 76,000 correct miles. It has had very minimal sympathetic restoration only... More
1953 Buick Super Riviera - Private Seller! Personal Vehicle owned over 27 years! Last and best car in my collection. UNRESTORED! UNMOLESTED! Just out of 23 year dry... More
1950 Buick Roadmaster Convertible – Complete older restoration completed in mid-90's. Immaculate condition inside and out. Straight eight Fireball 8 engine, and Dynaflow transmission. ... More
1954 Buick Roadmaster Convertible •Model 76 CX •Detailed & Smooth Running 322ci V8 •Dynaflow Automatic Transmission •Refinished in Matador Red Paint •Like New Canvas Power Top •Power Assist Windows •Power Bench... More
1953 Buick Skylark ConvertibleTo be OFFERED AT AUCTION. ... More
1955 Buick Special - 2014 World Of Wheels category winner. This is a 1 year old complete restoration with no expense spared. This was... More
1953 Buick Skylark ConvertibleTo be OFFERED AT AUCTION at RM's Amelia Island event, March 8, 2014. Click here to view this listing on... More
Buick 1950 Super Riviera sedan, excellent condition, completely original, third owner, amazing survivor, Imperial blue metallic, gray herringbone cloth interior, 39,392 miles, Dynaflow automatic... More
1957 Buick Special Riviera 2 Dr. Hard Top frame-off restoration in fresh and beautiful factory colors - two-tone ``Dresden Blue`` with ``Dover White``finish... More


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If you go
What: Pat Benatar and Neil Giraldo
When: 8 p.m. Sunday
Where: Clay Center
Cost: $43 to $78
Info: www.theclaycenter.org or 304-561-3570
When MTV launched during the early moments of Aug. 1, 1981, Pat Benatar's "You Better Run" was the second video to be aired on the fledgling cable channel.
While the American audience instantly fell in love with Benatar's brand of made-for-TV anthemic rock, her heart already belonged to one of the men backing her in the video.
Only a few short months after her MTV debut, Benatar married her guitarist, Neil Giraldo, forging
a romantic and professional partnership that has endured three decades.
Benatar and Giraldo perform together Sunday at the Clay Center.


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We are so excited to announce our first virtual book club, hosted […]
by Laura O. Foster
Hello, I'm an eBook! ATTENTION: This item is an eBook. It can be read on iOS, Android, MAC and PC's with a supported eReader. It is not a physical book. eBooks are available via download immediately after you've checked out.
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Goodwill Books OR, USA
Magers and Quinn Booksellers MN, USA
indoo.com NJ, USA
Powell's Books OR, USA
Super Book Deals
Alibris NV, USA
Russell Books BC, CAN
From the inspired creator of the beloved "Portland Hill Walks" comes a rich collection of twenty eye-opening walks exploring the backstreets and back stories of the neighborhoods of Portland and five nearby towns. Laura Foster's new walking routes are easy to follow, self-guided, and accessible by public transportation. They also include plenty of snacks and offbeat treasures along the way. From Goose Hollow to Garden Home, Laurelhurst to Lake Oswego, Forest Grove to Vancouver, walks range in length from 2 to 6 miles, with alternate loops for flexibility. Want to explore architecture and engineering? Walks include a centuries-old farmhouse nestled in a city neighborhood and a track made from 20,000 Nike athletic shoes. Interested in the stories of historic Portland businesses? Walks include fun facts about Captain John Couch, William Lair Hill, Fred Meyer, Guy Carr, and Michael Powell. "Portland City Walks" lets readers peel back the layers of history as they walk the stories of a city's neighborhoods and experience its joys as never before.
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11:16 am
Fri March 23, 2012
VIDEO: World Bank Nominee Channels Will-I-Am
By Eyder Peralta
Earlier, today, President Obama nominated Jim Yong Kim to head the World Bank.
As Mark reported, his C.V. says he's been the Dartmouth College president since 2009. He's taught at Harvard and led the Department of HIV/AIDS at the World Health Organization.
But a video made for the 2011 for Dartmouth's version of American Idol shows a whole other side of the man... a rapping, neon, let it all hang out side of Kim.
Skip to the 2:05 minute mark to see Kim's part:
h/t: NPR's Avie Schneider
Copyright 2012 National Public Radio. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.


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Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
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Team group Elite series' latest SO-DIMM product has attained the highest spec in the industry with DDRIII 1600Mhz. It conforms to JEDEC standards and adopts highly stable die from the original manufacturer which has been tested and verified to reach 100% reliability. The product's outstanding quality, performance, stability and compatibility make it the ideal choice for notebook users.
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greatPros: Everything is working. made my puter boot slightly faster. Cons: none 0 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
Work fine in 2012 15" MacBook ProPros: They work fine in my 2012 15" MacBook Pro. Passed every test I threw at them, and while it's only been a few days, usually if they're going to have a problem it'll be right off the bat. Usually. Cons: RAM for Macs can be hit and miss, so be prepared to have to send them back if you get some that don't work right. It happens. It shouldn't, but it does. Other Thoughts: Got them on sale. Usually don't go with the very cheapest, but these were in this case and I got lucky. Haven't been in the past. Warranties are usually pretty good though. 1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
Got em' on the cheapPros: Work lie they are supposed to. Cons: none Other Thoughts: I'm glad I bought them last winter for less than $80.00 0 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
Worked exactly as I expected, ReliablePros: Product worked exactly as I expected on Lenovo T430. Removed both old modules, (one under keyboard) Cons: The only con I would say is that the packaging doesnt look that great, but I guess it was a "cost saving measure" Other Thoughts: Text from CPUZ (CPUID) on the Memory SPD: 1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
Pros: best investment we made to max out our new laptop. very easy to install Cons: i have nothing negative about the ram just wish I waited a extra day to get cheaper Did you find this review helpful? |
Works great with my 2012 Mac MiniPros: Installed in my new 2012 Mac Mini, passed all memory tests and works perfectly. Cons: None. 1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
No prob in Alienware m17x R3Pros: Price, the least costly DDR3 1600 mem at the time I bought. It's CAS11 but I checked factory memory and it was CAS11 also. No problems so far with anything, can't tell any difference in performance of apps other then now I have 20GB instead of just 8GB. The laptop came with 4 - 2GB sticks. Comes with factory profiles that show a little headroom for OC but I don't plan to OC. Cons: Not cheaper or tighter CAS settings would have been nice. Other Thoughts: I don't care about super expensive low latency modules because all tests I have ever seen when overclocking memory never yields more than a few seconds off any given synthetic tests which mean nothing for real world performance. You are better spending on faster CPU or GPU then faster mem. which is why I bought the fastest CPU and GPU available for my m17x. Did you find this review helpful? |
Great price for 16GB!Pros: -Doesn't run any hotter than the stock mem in my mid-2012 MacBook Pro. Cons: -None so far. It has passed both mem tests that I have run and doesn't seem to be running any hotter than the stock RAM in a laptop that is notorious for running hot. Other Thoughts: I'm a data storage and virtualization consultant, so you can imagine that I tend to put a bit of stress on my machines at work. That stress is probably multiplied by the gaming that I do with it once I get home (through Bootcamp, of course). This upgrade has been solid and allowed me to get quite a bit more out of this laptop. I highly recommend it to anyone that is looking for 16GB RAM on a budget. 1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
Works well in early-2011 MacBook ProPros: PassedAppleextendedmemorytest,unliketwootherlesscostlybrandsthatitried.CAS9isbetter,intheoryanyway.Photoshopneverslowsdownnow. Cons: Costsabitmorethanotheroptions. Other Thoughts: Replaced 8GB HyperX with 16GB. No heat spreaders but fit is better without them; modules with heat spreaders were a little tight going in. Machine does get warm when encoding video, but seems no worse than with 8GB. 2 out of 5 people found this review helpful. Did you? |


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IndyCar Series race number 10 of 17 Sunday, July 12, 2009 at Exhibition Place, Toronto, Ontario 85 laps on a 1.755 mile street course (149.2 miles)
Glossary 2009 IndyCar Series results / 2009 standings
All times are shown in seconds. * - includes time spent in garage.
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By HOWARD BALABAN email@example.com
Medina Journal-Register
Medina Journal-Register — Tonight's shared services meeting of the Towns of Ridgeway and Shelby and the Village of Medina is at 7 p.m. at the offices on Salt Works Road. Once again, leadership from the three communities will discuss sharing services in the best way possible for the people of the area. Friday, the Journal-Register ran a story on how the supervisors in the towns viewed the services. Today is part two, and it features village leadership opinion.
With Western New York winters normally dumping plenty of snow on the area, snow plowing is a costly budget item in all three municipalities. However, as it currently stands, Mayor Andrew Meier said the amount of money taxpayers spend on snow plowing is "fundamentally inequitable."
He explained, "(The village) approached the towns and requested an exemption. Why should a village resident have to pay for the plowing of the town roads outside the village?"
The exemption was only one solution to the plowing costs that was discussed, but if it were to move forward, village residents could see their tax rates drop by nearly a dollar.
"Over a year, that is real money," Meier said.
Instead of an exemption, the discussion with the towns moved toward having take over snow plowing completely, thereby handling the roads in the town and in the village.
However, cost estimates for that to happen have come in rather high, and as of the last shared services meeting snow plowing talks were at a standstill because of those numbers. The estimates included costs for the towns to acquire the equipment necessary to plow village streets, and it is equipment the village already possesses.
Meier said there could be savings through an agreement with the village to use that equipment, or perhaps an exemption could be back on the table.
"I'm sure we could work something out," he said.
There are three municipalities, three water administrators, and three water billing systems.
On the surface, Meier said combining them makes perfect sense. The question, though, is how?
"We haven't gotten too far with this," he said. "There are software differences and we're all maintaining separate systems."
Merging the water system among the three entities is something Meier said he "definitely" supports, but he noted that it would be very hard to do.
"This is an example of where shared services seems to have its limits," he said. If done on a larger scale, there could be significant savings in local budgets and improved water function, and not just through billing.
"We would need one joint water department to make it work best and make the most sense," he said. "Billing is just the tip of the iceberg."
The towns currently employ a shared code enforcement officer who also does work for the Town of Yates. That officer has been offered to the village for a few hours a week.
Meier said the time available was not conducive to village needs.
"He only had four hours to give us, and that's not what we need," he said. The village's denser concentration of buildings means more safety inspections are necessary. By using the shared code enforcement officer, the village would be decreasing its code enforcement hours by a drastic amount.
"It would cost us less money, but he'd be working less, too," Meier said. "It would not be an efficient result."
The Medina Police Department employs about a dozen full-time officers. Those officers maintain a visible presence in the community and, through mutual aid, assist the Orleans County Sheriff's Department in cases outside the village limits.
"People in the village are not the only ones receiving police protection," Meier said.
Still, people in the village pay taxes and a vary large portion of those taxes pay for the police department. How could that cost go down?
Like the town supervisors, Meier agreed that a countywide police department is an idea with merit and is "worth exploring."
"I don't want to have to cut staff to save money," he said. A countywide force, with substations in Albion, Medina, and Holley, could theoretically work but only after a plethora of details were worked out, Meier noted. If it worked, it could provide a major savings.
The Medina Fire Department also employs roughly a dozen full-time firefighters. There is also an on-call roster with "plenty" of names.
Meier said he would not be worried should any part of local government consolidate because he has never heard of a firefighter worrying about where a fire is located.
"The study we had conducted said that we should maintain the fire districts and continue with mutual aid," Meier said. Should talk of dissolving the village move forward, Meier said he doubted fire department response times and practices would not change among the Shelby, Ridgeway, or Medina companies.
"They don't worry about where people are now," he said. "If there's a fire, they respond."
As for how the department is funded, Meier said he "would expect" that residents in designated fire districts would pay for their respective department. Those in the town could still have a volunteer company.