text:
Coordinates: 53°47′20″N 2°14′53″W / 53.789°N 2.248°W
Burnley | |
Burnley Town Hall, Manchester Road (1884-8, by Holtom & Fox of Dewsbury) |
Burnley shown within Lancashire |
Area | 15.82 km2 (6.11 sq mi) 1 |
Population | 73,021 (2001 Census) |
- Density | 11,955 /sq mi (4,616 /km2) |
OS grid reference | SD836326 |
- London | 181 mi (291 km) SSE |
District | Burnley |
Shire county | Lancashire |
Region | North West |
Country | England |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Post town | BURNLEY |
Postcode district | BB10-12 |
Dialling code | 01282 |
Police | Lancashire |
Fire | Lancashire |
Ambulance | North West |
EU Parliament | North West England |
UK Parliament | Burnley |
Website | http://www.burnley.co.uk |
Burnley (/ˈbɜrnli/) is a market town in Lancashire, England, with a population of around 73,500. It is 21 miles (34 km) north of Manchester and 20 miles (32 km) east of Preston, at the confluence of the River Calder and River Brun. The town began to develop in the early medieval period as a number of farming hamlets surrounded by manor houses and royal forests, and has held a market for more than 700 years. During the Industrial Revolution it became one of Lancashire's most prominent mill towns; at its peak it was one of the world's largest producers of cotton cloth, and a major centre of engineering. Burnley now has a post-industrial economy and landscape, and is increasingly a dormitory town for Manchester, Leeds and the M65 corridor.2 In 2013 Burnley was received an Enterprising Britain award by the UK Government for being the 'Most Enterprising Area in the UK'.3
The name Burnley is believed to have been derived from Brun Lea meaning "meadow by the River Brun".4 Various other spellings have been used: Bronley (1241), Brunley (1251) and commonly Brumleye (1294)5
Stone Age flint tools and weapons have been found on the moors around the town,4 as have numerous tumuli, stone circles, and some hill forts (see: Castercliff, which dates from around 600 BC). Modern-day Back Lane, Sump Hall Lane and Noggarth Road broadly follow the route of a classic ridgeway running east-west to the north of the town, suggesting that the area was populated during pre-history and probably controlled by the Brigantes.
Limited coin finds indicate a Roman presence, but no evidence of a settlement has been found in the town. Gorple Road (running east from Worsthorne) appears to follow the route of a Roman road that may have crossed the present-day centre of town on the way to the fort at Ribchester. It has been claimed that the nearby earthworks of Ring Stones Camp (53°47′35″N 2°10′26″W / 53.793°N 2.174°W),6 Twist Castle (53°48′00″N 2°10′16″W / 53.800°N 2.171°W)7 and Beadle Hill (53°48′11″N 2°10′08″W / 53.803°N 2.169°W)8 are of Roman origin, but little supporting archaeological information has been published.
Following the Roman period the area became part of the kingdom of Rheged, and then the kingdom of Northumbria. Local place names Padiham and Habergham show the influence of the Angles, suggesting that some had settled in the area by the early 7th century;4 some time later the land became part of the hundred of Blackburnshire.
There is no definitive record of a settlement until after the Norman conquest of England. In 1122 a charter granted the church of Burnley to the monks of Pontefract Abbey.4 In its early days, Burnley was a small farming community, gaining a corn mill in 1290,9 a market in 1294, and a fulling mill in 1296. At this point, it was within the manor of Ightenhill, one of five that made up the Honor of Clitheroe, then a far more significant settlement, and consisted of no more than 50 families. Little survives of early Burnley apart from the Market Cross, erected in 1295, which now stands in the grounds of the old grammar school, which is now an annexe of Burnley College.4
Over the next three centuries, Burnley grew in size to about 1200 inhabitants by 1550, still centred around the church, St Peter's, in what is now known as "Top o' th' Town". Prosperous residents built larger houses, including Gawthorpe Hall in Padiham and Towneley Hall, and in 1532 St Peter's Church was largely rebuilt. Burnley's grammar school was founded in 1559, and moved into its own schoolhouse next to the church in 1602. Burnley began to develop in this period into a small market town. It is known that weaving was established in the town by the middle of the 17th century and in 1617 a new Market House was built. The town continued to be centred on St Peter's Church until the market was moved to the bottom of what is today Manchester Road at the end of the 18th century.4
Industrial Revolution
In the second half of the 18th century, the manufacture of cotton began to replace that of wool. Burnley's earliest known factories – dating from the mid-century – stood on the banks of the River Calder close to where it is joined by the River Brun, and relied on water power to drive the spinning machines. The first turnpike road through Burnley was begun in 1754, linking the town to Blackburn and Colne, and by the early 19th century there were daily stagecoach journeys to Blackburn, Skipton and Manchester, the last taking just over two hours.4
The 18th century also saw the rapid development of coal mining: the drift mines and shallow bell-pits of earlier centuries were replaced by deeper shafts meeting industrial as well as domestic demand locally, and by 1800 there were over a dozen pits in the modern-day centre of the town alone.4
The arrival of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1796 made possible transportation of goods in bulk, bringing a huge boost to the town's economy. Dozens of new mills were constructed, along with many foundries and ironworks that supplied the cotton mills and coal mines with machinery and cast and wrought iron for construction. The town became renowned for its mill-engines and the Burnley Loom was recognised as one of the best in the world.
Disaster struck the town in 1824, when first its only local bank (known as Holgate's) collapsed,10 forcing the closure of some of the largest mills. This was followed by a summer drought, which caused serious problems for many of the others, leading to high levels of unemployment and possibly contributing to the national financial crisis of 1825.
By 1830 there were 32 steam engines in cotton mills throughout the rapidly expanding town,4 an example of which, originally installed at Harle Syke Mill, is on display in the Science Museum (London).11
The Irish Potato Famine led to an influx of Irish families during the 1840s, who formed a community in one of the poorest districts. At one time the Park district (modern-day town centre, around Parker St.) was known as Irish Park.
In 1848 the East Lancashire Railway Company's extension from Accrington linked the town to the nation's nascent railway network for the first time. This was another significant boost to the local economy and, by 1851, the town's population had reached almost 21,000.4
The Cotton Famine of 1861–1865, caused by the American Civil War, was again disastrous for the town. However, the resumption of trade led to a quick recovery and, by 1866, the town was the largest producer of cotton cloth in the world.12 By the 1880s the town was manufacturing more looms than anywhere in the country.13
The Burnley Electric Lighting Order was granted in 1890, giving Burnley Corporation (which already controlled the supply of water and the making and sale of gas) a monopoly in the generation and sale of electricity in the town. The building of the coal-powered Electricity Works, in Grimshaw Street, began in 1891, close to the canal (the site of the modern-day Tesco supermarket) and the first supply was achieved on 22 August 1893, initially genering electricity for street lighting.14
The start of the 20th century saw Burnley's textile industry at the height of its prosperity. By 1910, there were approximately 99,000 power looms in the town,15 and it reached its peak population of over 100,000 in 1911. However, the First World War heralded the beginning of the collapse of the English textiles industry and the start of a steady decline in the town's population.16
The town has a total of 191 listed buildings – one Grade I (Towneley Hall), two Grade II* (St Peter's Church and Burnley Mechanics) and 188 Grade II.17
World Wars
Over 4000 men from Burnley were killed in the First World War, about 15 per cent of the male working-age population.18 250 volunteers, known as the Burnley Pals, made up Z Company of 11th Battalion, the East Lancashire Regiment, a battalion that as a whole became known by the far more infamous name of the Accrington Pals. Victoria Crosses were awarded to two soldiers from the town, Hugh Colvin and Thomas Whitham, along with a third to resident (and only son of the chief constable) Alfred Victor Smith. In 1926 a memorial to the fallen was erected in Towneley Park, funded by Caleb Thornber, former mayor and alderman of the borough to ensure the sacrifice of the men lost was commemorated. The local school of art created pages of vellum with the names of the fallen inscribed. These were framed in a rotating carousel in Towneley Hall for visitors to see. There were 2000 names inscribed - less than half the number of real casualties.
In the Second World War, two Distinguished Service Orders and eight Distinguished Conduct Medals, along with a large number of lesser awards, were awarded to servicemen from the town. At Heights Farm was a bombing decoy nicknamed "Manchester on the moors". Burnley escaped the bombing, largely because it was near the limit of German bomber range and close to higher value targets in Manchester. Although the blackout was enforced, most of the aircraft in the sky above the town would have been friendly and on training missions, or returning to the factories for maintenance. Aircraft crashes did occur, however: In September 1942 a P-38 Lightning from the 14th Fighter Group USAAF crashed near Cliviger, and Black Hameldon Hill claimed a Halifax from No. 51 Squadron RAF in January 1943 and also a B-24 Liberator from the 491st Bombardment Group USAAF in February 1945. Lucas Industries set up shadow factories, producing a wide range of electrical parts for the war effort. Notably they were involved with the Rover Company's failed attempts (and Rolls-Royce's later successful ones) to produce Frank Whittle's pioneering jet engine design, the W.2 (Rolls-Royce Welland) in Barnoldswick. Magnesium Elektron's factory in Lowerhouse became the largest magnesium production facility in Britain.19 An unexpected benefit of the conflict for the residents of Burnley occurred in 1940. The Old Vic Theatre Company and the Sadler's Wells Opera and Ballet Companies moved from London to the town's Victoria Theatre. Burnley's main war memorial stands in Place de Vitry sur Seine next to the central library.
Post-Second World War
The Queen, together with Prince Philip, first visited the town as well as Nelson and the Mullard valve factory at Simonstone near Padiham in 1955.20
There were widespread celebrations in the town in the summer of 1960, when Burnley FC won the old first division to become Football League champions.
The Queen paid a second official visit to the town in summer 1961, marking the 100th anniversary of Burnley's borough status. The rest of the decade saw large scale redevelopment in the town. Many buildings were demolished including the market hall, the cattle market, the Odeon cinema and hundreds of houses. New construction projects included the Charter Walk shopping centre, Centenary way and its flyover, the Keirby Hotel, a new central bus station, Trafalgar flats, and a number of office blocks. The town's largest coal mine, Bank Hall colliery, closed in April 1971 resulting in the loss of 571 jobs. The area of the mine has been restored as a park.21
In 1980 Burnley was connected to the motorway network, through the construction of the first and second sections of the M65. Although the route, next to the railway and over the former Clifton colliery site, was chosen to minimise the clearance of occupied land, Yatefield, Olive Mount and Whittlefield Mills, the Barracks, and several hundred more terrace houses had to be demolished. Unusually this route passed close to the town centre and had a partitioning effect on the districts of Gannow, Ightenhill, Whittlefield, Rose Grove and Lowerhouse to the north. The 1980s and '90s saw massive expansion of Ightenhill and Whittlefield. Developers such as Bovis, Barratt and Wainhomes built large housing estates, predominantly on greenfield land.
In summer 1992, the town came to national attention following rioting on the Stoops and Hargher Clough council estates in the south west of the town.22
The millennium brought some improvement projects, notably the "Forest of Burnley" scheme,23 which planted approximately a million trees throughout the town and its outskirts, and the creation of the Lowerhouse Lodges local nature reserve.24
In June 2001, during the 2001 England riots, the town again received national attention following a series of violent disturbances arising from racial tensions between some of its White and Asian residents.25
Burnley was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1861, and became, under the Local Government Act 1888, a county borough outside the administrative county of Lancashire. Under the Local Government Act 1972 Burnley's county borough status was abolished, and it was incorporated with neighbouring areas into the non-metropolitan district of Burnley.
Burnley has three tiers of government: Local government responsibilities are shared by Burnley Borough Council and Lancashire County Council; at a national level the town gives its name to a seat in the United Kingdom parliament and as a result is subject to the European Parliament. While the town itself is unparished, the rest of the borough has one further, bottom tier of government, the parish or town council.26
Burnley Borough Council has been governed since 2008 by the Liberal Democrats led, between 2006 and 2010, by Gordon Birtwistle. The mayor – a ceremonial post, which rotates annually – is currently Tony Lambert (Labour).
The borough comprises 15 wards, 12 of which – Bank Hall, Briercliffe, Brunshaw, Coal Clough with Deerplay, Daneshouse with Stoneyholme, Gannow, Lanehead, Queensgate, Rosegrove with Lowerhouse, Rosehill with Burnley Wood, Trinity, and Whittlefield with Ightenhill – fall within the town itself. The remaining three – Cliviger with Worsthorne, Gawthorpe, and Hapton with Park, cover the neighbouring town of Padiham and a number of villages.27
Lancashire County Council was controlled by Labour from 1981 until the Conservative Party won control in the local council elections in June 2009.2829 The borough is represented on the council in six divisions: Burnley Central East, Burnley Central West, Burnley North East, Burnley Rural, Burnley South West, and Padiham & Burnley West.30 In 2009 Liberal Democrats won five of the six county seats and the British National Party has a single councillor.31 The election of BNP candidate Sharon Wilkinson to the council seat of Padiham and Burnley West made her the BNP's first County Councillor.32
The town elects a single Member of Parliament, which since the general election in 2010 has been Gordon Birtwistle (Liberal Democrats). Richard Shaw was the town's first MP in 1868. Arguably its most notable MP was former leader of the Labour Party and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Arthur Henderson. All but one of the seven MPs elected by Burnley between the First World War and 2010 have been from the Labour party.
Burnley lies within the North West England European Parliament constituency, which elects nine MEPs by proportional representation – currently three Conservative, two Labour, one Liberal Democrat, one UKIP and one BNP.
Stonyhurst College (Nearest climate station to Burnley) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The town lies in a natural three-forked valley at the confluence of the River Brun and the River Calder, surrounded by open fields, with wild moorland at higher altitudes. To the west of Burnley lie the towns of Padiham, Accrington and Blackburn, with Nelson and Colne to the north. The centre of the town stands at approximately 387 feet (118 m) above sea level and 30 miles (48 km) east of the Irish Sea coast.
Areas in the town include: Burnley Wood, Rose Hill, Harle Syke, Haggate, Daneshouse, Stoneyholme, Burnley Lane, Heasandford, Brunshaw, Pike Hill, Gannow, Ightenhill, Whittlefield, Rose Grove, Habergham, and Lowerhouse. Although Reedley is considered to be a suburb of the town, it is actually part of the neighbouring borough of Pendle.
To the north west of the town, and home of the Pendle Witches, is the imposing Pendle Hill, which rises to 1,827 feet (557 m), beyond which lie Clitheroe and the Ribble Valley. To the south west, the Hameldon Hills rise to 1,342 feet (409 m), on top of which are the Met Office north west England weather radar, a BBC radio transmitter, and a number of microwave communication towers. This site was the first place in the UK chosen for an unmanned weather radar, beginning operation in 1979; it is one of 18 that cover the British Isles.33 Also since 2007 the three turbines of the Hameldon Hill wind farm have stood on its northern flank. To the east of the town lie the 1,677 feet (511 m) Boulsworth Hill and the moors of the South Pennines, and to the south, the Forest of Rossendale. On the hills above the Cliviger area to the south east of the town stands Coal Clough wind farm, whose white turbines are visible from most of the town. Built in 1992 amidst local controversy, it was one of the first wind farm projects in the UK. Nearby, the landmark RIBA-award winning Panopticon Singing Ringing Tree, overlooking the town from the hills at Crown Point, was installed in 2006.34
Due to its hilly terrain and mining history, rural areas of modern Burnley encroach the urban ones to within a mile of the town centre on the south, north west and north east.
The Pennine Way passes six miles (10 km) east of Burnley; the Mary Towneley Loop, part of the Pennine Bridleway, the Brontë Way and the Burnley Way offer riders and walkers clearly-signed routes through the countryside immediately surrounding the town.
Burnley has a temperate maritime climate, with relatively cool summers and mild winters. There is regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year, contributing to a relatively high humidity level. While snowfall occasionally occurs during the winter months, the temperature is rarely low enough for it to build up on the ground in any quantity. The town is believed to be the first place in the UK where regular rainfall measurements were taken (by Richard Towneley, beginning in 1677).
The Borough of Burnley compared | |||
UK Census 200135 | Burnley | NW England | England |
Total population | 89,542 | 6,729,764 | 49,138,831 |
Foreign born | 5.7% | 5.1% | 9.2% |
White | 91.8% | 94.4% | 90.9% |
Asian | 7.2% | 4.5% | 4.6% |
Black | 0.1% | 0.6% | 2.3% |
Christian | 74.5% | 78.0% | 71.7% |
Muslim | 6.6% | 3.0% | 3.1% |
Hindu | 0.3% | 0.4% | 1.1% |
No religion | 11.0% | 10.5% | 14.6% |
Under 18 years old | 25.6% | 23.3% | 22.7% |
Over 65 years old | 15.1% | 16.0% | 15.9% |
Unemployed | 3.1% | 3.6% | 3.3% |
Perm. sick / disabled | 8.9% | 7.7% | 5.3% |
The United Kingdom Census 2001 showed a total resident population for Burnley of 73,021. The town is the main population centre in the Burnley-Nelson urban area, which has an estimated population of 149,796; for comparison purposes, this is about the same size as Oxford, Swindon or Slough36
The racial composition of the borough is 91.77% White and 7.16% South Asian or South Asian / British, predominantly from Pakistan. The largest religious groups are Christian (74.46%) and Muslim (6.58%). 59.02% of adults between the ages of 16 and 74 are classed as economically active and in work.37
The town is noticeably segregated, with the majority of its Asian residents living in the neighbouring Daneshouse and Stoneyholme districts. In total, the size of its Asian community is much smaller than those in nearby towns such as Blackburn and Oldham.
In early 2010, the Lancashire Telegraph reported that Burnley topped Home Office figures for the highest number of burglaries per head in England and Wales between April 2008 – April 2009.38 This claim (minus the dates) was repeated during one of the questions in the first of the televised 2010 general election debates.39 However, in May 2010 the NPIA Local Crime Mapping System (believed to be the source of the data in the report) listed a 49.5% drop in this rate on the previous year.
Burnley has some of the lowest property prices in the country, with numerous streets appearing in the annual mouseprice.com most affordable streets in England & Wales report.40414243 These streets are concentrated in areas of terrace housing in poorer neighbourhoods adjacent to the town centre. Between 2005 and 2010 approximately £65m of government funds was invested into these areas through the Elevate East Lancashire housing market renewal company (replaced by Regenerate Pennine Lancashire in 2010).
Year | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | 1939 | 1951 | 1961 | 1971 | 2001 | |||||||||||||
Population | 106,322 | 103,157 | 89,258 | 85,400 | 84,987 | 80,559 | 76,489 | 73,021 | |||||||||||||
44 |
In 2013 Burnley was awarded an Enterprising Britain award from the UK Government for being the 'Most Enterprising Area in the UK'. This accolade subsequently received praise from the British Prime Minister, David Cameron,45 and His Royal Highness, the Prince of Wales.46
A series of high profile regeneration schemes including: a direct rail link to Manchester,47 an aerospace supply village 48 and multi-million pound investment in the former Victorian industrial heartland through a project called 'On The Banks' 49 are radically transforming the economy of the Lancashire town, replacing traditional manufacturing which had been in decline for several decades.
The last deep coal mine, Hapton Valley Colliery, closed in February 1981 and the last steam-powered mill, Queen Street Mill, in 1982. Over the next two decades, Burnley's three largest manufacturers closed their factories: BEP in 1992, Prestige in July 1997 and Michelin in 2002.5051 The town has struggled to recover: its employment growth between 1995 and 2004 placed it 55th of England's 56 largest towns and cities,52 and as of 2007 it was the 21st most deprived local authority (out of 354) in the United Kingdom.53 13% of its working age population currently claims incapacity benefit (national average 7%).54 The largest employment sector in the town is now public administration, education and health (31.2%), followed by manufacturing (21.9%).55
Home shopping firm Shop Direct announced in January 2010 that it was to close its Burnley call centre with the loss of 450 jobs.56 The company, which owns Littlewoods, Additions Direct, Very, Empire Stores and Marshall Ward, had been in the town for over 30 years, originally as Great Universal Stores but now known as GUS plc.
Modern economic developments have been industrial estates and business parks with the following currently in Burnley:57 Heasandford, Rossendale Road, and Healeywood Industrial Estates; Network 65, Shuttleworth Mead, Smallshaw & Chestnut, Elm Street, and Gannow Business Parks; and Burnham Gate Trading Estate. A further large business park, provisionally called Burnley Bridge, is being developed on a site near Hapton formerly belonging to Hepworth Plastics.58
Key manufacturing employers today are in highly specialised fields: Safran Aircelle (aerospace), GE subsidiary Unison Engine Components (aerospace), AMS Neve (professional audio), and TRW Automotive and Futaba-Tenneco UK (automotive components).59 In 2011 Gardner Aerospace, which made parts or the Eurofighter Typhoon, closed its site, with the loss of 120 jobs.60 The town has also had a long association with Endsleigh Insurance Services, providing its main training facility and an important call centre. It also hosts the head office of The Original Factory Shop chain. In 2004, the Lancashire Digital Technology Centre was opened by Sir Digby Jones on land formerly occupied by the Michelin factory, to provide support and incubation space for start-up technology companies.61
Burnley is a sub-regional shopping destination, and is ranked in a similar position to nearby Blackburn in most consumer spending and footfall rankings.citation neededclarification needed The town's main shopping area is St James Street, along with the nearby Charter Walk Shopping Centre. The YMCA claimed to have opened the largest charity shop in the UK in 2009, when they temporarily took over the former Woolworths store in the centre.62 The shopping centre was sold in 2001 by Great Portland Estates to Sapphire Retail Fund, which was 50% owned by the Reuben Bothers. The centre was bought in March 2011 by Addington Capital following the 2010 collapse of Sapphire Retail Fund.63 The centre incorporates the council-run market which is open four days a week.64
The town centre is home to a large number of high street multiples, along with other shops, including specialist food shops, independent record shops and an independent bookshop. On the edge of the town centre, there are four retail parks; there are also a number of mill shops. Plans have been in place since 2004 to construct a second town centre shopping centre, originally called 'The Oval'.65 By the time a sufficient number of tenants had signed up to begin construction, the effects of the financial crisis cast doubts over the project. In early 2011 fresh plans were released for a considerably smaller scheme involving a cluster of retail units,66 however until the financial situation improves, construction is unlikely to start. As well as Woolworths, the financial crisis has also led to the closure of several other shops in the last few years, including T J Hughes, Miss Selfridge, and HMV.
As well as traditional motor dealerships, the town is home to the second Motorpoint car supermarket in the UK,67
The local brewery, Moorhouse's, which was founded in 1865, produces a range of award-winning beers – including the very popular Pride of Pendle and Blond Witch – and currently operates six pubs in the area. The Worsthorne Brewing Company produces a number of cask ales including Chestnut Mare, Packhorse, Foxstones Bitter, Some Like It Blonde, Old Trout, Collier's Clog and Winter Ales.68 The Moonstone Brewery is operated within the "Ministry of Ale", Burnley's first Brewpub.69
St Peter's Church, around which the town developed, dates from the 15th century, and is designated a Grade II* listed building by English Heritage. St Andrew's Church on Colne Road was built in 1866–67, to a design by J. Medland Taylor, and was restored in 1898 by the Lancaster architects Austin and Paley. It is designated a Grade II listed building. There are many other places of worship including those for Roman Catholics, Baptists, United Reformed Church, Methodists, Jehova's Witnesses, Mormons and Spiritualists.70
The chapel at Towneley Hall was the centre for Roman Catholic worship in Burnley until modern times.71 Well before the Industrial Revolution, the town saw the emergence of many non-conformist churches and chapels. In 1891 the town was the location of the meeting which saw the creation of the Baptist Union of Great Britain and Ireland.
Burnley has ten mosques,72 with the first purpose-built premises opening in 2009.73 A total of 17 religious building or structures which are designated as listed buildings – all Grade II by English Heritage.74
Leeds and Liverpool Canal
Along the Burnley section of the canal are a number of notable features. The 3,675-foot (1,120 m) long and up to 60-foot (18.25 m) high almost perfectly level embankment, known as the Straight Mile, was built between 1796 and 1801 (before the invention of the steam shovel), to avoid the need for locks. It is regarded as one of the original seven wonders of the British waterways.75 The much more modern (1980) Whittlefield motorway aqueduct is believed to be the first time a canal aqueduct was constructed over a motorway in the UK.
Singing Ringing Tree
The Singing Ringing Tree is a wind powered sound sculpture resembling a tree, set in the landscape of the Pennines, 2 miles south of Burnley town centre.
Completed in 2006, it is part of the series of four sculptures within the Panopticons arts and regeneration project created by the East Lancashire Environmental Arts Network (ELEAN). The project was set up to erect a series of 21st-century landmarks, or Panopticons (structures providing a comprehensive view), across East Lancashire as symbols of the renaissance of the area.
Designed by architects Mike Tonkin and Anna Liu of Tonkin Liu, the Singing Ringing Tree is a 9.8-foot (3 m) tall construction comprising pipes of galvanised steel, which harness the energy of the wind to produce a slightly discordant and penetrating choral sound covering a range of several octaves. Some of the pipes are primarily structural and aesthetic elements, while others have been cut across their width enabling the sound. The harmonic and singing qualities of the tree were produced by tuning the pipes according to their length by adding holes to the underside of each.
In 2007 the sculpture was one of 14 winners of the National Award of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) for architectural excellence.
Towneley Hall
Towneley Hall was the home of the Towneley family for more than 500 years. The male line of the family died out in 1878 and in 1901 one of the daughters, Lady O'Hagan, sold the house together with 62 acres (25 ha) of land to Burnley Corporation.76 The hall contains the 15th-century Whalley Abbey vestments and has its own chapel, which contains a finely carved altarpiece made in Antwerp in about 1525.
Burnley is served by Junctions 9, 10 and 11 of the M65 motorway, which runs west to Accrington, Blackburn and Preston (where it connects to the M6), and northeast to Nelson and Colne. From the town centre, the A646 runs to Todmorden, the A679 to Accrington, the A671 to Clitheroe, and the A682 (a nearby rural section of which has been classified as Britain's most dangerous road)77 south to Rawtenstall and north east to Nelson and the Yorkshire Dales. The A56 dual carriageway skirts the western edge of the town, linking to the M66 motorway heading towards Manchester and the M62.
Rail services to and from Burnley are provided by Northern Rail. The town has four railway stations: Burnley Manchester Road, Burnley Central, Burnley Barracks and Rose Grove. A fifth station, Hapton, serves Padiham and Hapton to the west of the town, but inside the borough. Manchester Road station has an hourly semi-fast service west to Preston (the nearest station on the West Coast Main Line) and Blackpool North, and east to Leeds and York, whilst the Central and Barracks stations provide an hourly stopping service west to Blackpool South and Preston, and east to Nelson and Colne.
From March 2014 a direct train service to Manchester will be reinstated. This will provide a direct route to Manchester Victoria for the first time in over fifty years with the construction of a short section of track at the Hall Royd Junction of the Caldervale Line (known as the Todmorden curve). This will reduce the journey time between Burnley and central Manchester from around 1 hour and 25 minutes via Blackburn and Bolton and 1 hour and 4 minutes via Hebden Bridge to approximately 45 minutes via Todmorden and Rochdale where Metrolink tram connections via Oldham will be possible.78 In preparation for this new direct service a new Manchester Road station building including a ticket office and waiting rooms is being constructed, which will make Manchester Road the new principal station for the town 79
Burnley bus station, designed by Manchester-based SBS Architects,80 won the UK Bus Award for Infrastructure in 2003.81 The main bus operator is Transdev Burnley & Pendle, with Tyrer Bus operating some tendered town services. Other services are provided by Coastlinks Express (X27 to Southport), First (589 to Rochdale, 592 to Halifax), Transdev Lancashire United (152 to Preston), Pennine (215 to Skipton), and Rossendale Transport (483 to Bury). National Express operates three coach services to London each day, and one to Birmingham. The town has good bus links into Manchester. The X43/X44 Witch Way service (operated by Burnley & Pendle) runs from Nelson to Manchester via Burnley and Rawtenstall, using a fleet of specially branded double-decker buses. The fastest journeys take 59 minutes.
Burnley does not have an airport, but there are four international airports within an hour's travel of the town: Manchester Airport at 31 miles (50 km), Liverpool John Lennon Airport at 41 miles (66 km), Leeds Bradford Airport at 24 miles (39 km), and Blackpool Airport at 33 miles (53 km).
Since 2009, the Reedley Marina has provided a 100-berth facility, on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal on the northern edge of town.82
The town's sporting scene is dominated by Burnley Football Club, founded in 1882. The club has played its home matches at Turf Moor since 1883, where attendance currently averages over 14,000. The club is very well supported in the town, and holds the record for the highest ratio of match attendance to town population in the country.83 It was one of the 12 founder members of the Football League in 1888 and is one of only three English league clubs to have been champions of all four professional league divisions (along with Wolves and Preston). Nicknamed the Clarets, they played the 2009/10 season in the Premier League, 33 years since they last played in the top flight of English football, and 50 years since they won it (List of English football champions). Burnley's current manager, Sean Dyche, is one of the up-and-coming managers in the Football League, after joining in November 2012.
There are two members of the Lancashire Cricket League in the town. Burnley Cricket Club play their home matches at Turf Moor, their ground being adjacent to the football ground, while Lowerhouse Cricket Club play at Liverpool Road. The Burnley-born England Cricketer James Anderson started his career at Burnley Cricket Club.
Burnley is also home to Burnley Rugby Club (formerly Calder Vale Rugby Club 1926–2001). They field three senior sides, with teams at most junior age groups, and play at Holden Road, the site of Belvedere and Calder Vale Sports Club.
Burnley briefly had a speedway team in 1929 at Towneley Stadium, but withdrew from competition in mid-season, never to be seen again.
Burnley has good public sporting facilities for a town of its size. The £29m St Peter's Centre (opened in 2006) offers swimming, squash courts and a fitness suite, while the nearby Spirit of Sport complex includes a large sports hall, and several indoor courts and outdoor synthetic pitches.84 There is an outdoor athletics track at Barden Lane, where the Burnley Athletic Club meets.85 For golfers, there are both 9-hole and 18-hole municipal golf courses at Towneley Park, along with an 18-hole pitch and putt course.86 Burnley Golf Club have a private course, established in 1905 above the town in Habergham Eaves.87 There are tennis courts at Towneley Park, and at the Burnley Lawn Tennis Club,88 as well as eleven bowling greens around the town,89 and a £235,000 skate park at Queens Park, which opened in 2003. There are also basketball,90 caving91 and judo92 clubs in the town. In 2001, the private Crow Wood centre was established in countryside on the edge of the town, offering a combination of spa and fitness facilities, and racquet and equestrian sports.93
Culture and Entertainment
Museums and galleries
On the outskirts of the town there are galleries in two stately homes, the Burnley council owned Towneley Hall, and Gawthorpe Hall in Padiham, which is owned by Lancashire County Council and managed by the National Trust. There are also two local museums: the Weavers' Triangle Trust operates the Visitor Centre and Museum of Local History in the historic surroundings of the Weavers' Triangle, while the Queen Street Mill Textile Museum is unique as the worlds only surviving steam driven cotton weaving shed.
Mid Pennine Arts were instrumental in the Panopticons project and run exhibitions and creative learning projects across the town and wider area.94
There are several large parks in the town, including Towneley Park, once the deer park for the 15th century Towneley Hall, and three winners of the Green Flag Award, including Queens Park, which hosts a summer season of brass band concerts each year, and Thompson Park, which has a boating lake and miniature railway.95
There is a modern 24-lane ten pin bowling centre on Finsley Gate, operated by 1st Bowl. A 9-screen multiplex cinema opened in 1995 (with 3 3D screens as of 2010), operated by Apollo Cinemas (it has since been sold to - and is now operated by - Reel Cinemas). The town's theatre, named after its former use as a Mechanics Institute,96 hosts touring comedians and musical acts and amateur dramatics. In 2005, Burnley Youth Theatre moved into a second, purpose-built £1.5 million performance space next to Queens Park, one of only two purpose-built youth theatres in the UK.97
Each year Burnley hosts the two-day Burnley International Rock and Blues Festival, which started as the Burnley National Blues Festival in 1988.98 The renamed festival moved from Easter to the early May Bank Holiday. The festival introduced a new logo, website and branding in a bid to attract new and younger audiences, and to encourage cross-town participation with a 'Little America' theme. It is one of the largest blues festivals in the country, drawing fans from all over Britain and beyond to venues spread across the town. In the 1970s the town was also an important venue for Northern soul99 and several local pubs still hold regular Northern soul nights. In recent years the town has also hosted the annual Burnley Balloon Festival in Towneley Park. A funfair is usually held around the second weekend in July at Fulledge Recreation Ground, which is also the venue for the town's main Guy Fawkes Night celebration.
Burnley has a lively nightlife, drawing clubbers from all over the North West. The town is dominated by the club Lava Ignite; other major bars and nightclubs include BB11, Barcode, Fusion, Koko's, The Mix, Pharaoh's, Posh, Red Room, Rewind, Inside-Out, Sanctuary Rock Bar and Smackwater Jacks. There are also chain-owned bars, such as Wetherspoons and Walkabout.
Curzon Street in Burnley was also the site of the legendary "Angels" nightclub.
Burnley has a small gay scene, centred on the "Guys as Dolls" showbar in St James Street.[6]100 In 1971 the granting of a license to the town's first gay club, "The Esquire", caused considerable controversy, with Tory Deputy council leader, Alderman Frank Bailey, suggesting that the building be bought by the corporation to stop the plan.101
Bénédictine and hot water, known locally as "Bene 'n' Hot" is a popular drink in east Lancashire, after soldiers stationed in Normandy during the first World War brought back a taste for the drink. The Burnley Miners' Club is the world's largest consumer of the French liqueur, and has its own Bénédictine Lounge.102103104105
Local radio for Burnley and its surrounding area is currently provided by 2BR and BBC Radio Lancashire.
There are two local newspapers: the Burnley Express, published on Tuesdays and Fridays, and the daily Lancashire Telegraph, which publishes a local edition for Burnley and Pendle. There are also two free advertisement-supported newspapers called The Citizen and The Reporter, both of which are posted to homes throughout the town.
Burnley was one of seven sites chosen to be part of Channel 4's The Big Art project in which a group of 15 young people from all over the town commissioned artist Greyworld to create a piece of public art. The artwork, named "Invisible", is a series of UV paintings placed all around the town centre displaying "public heroes".
Parts of the 1961 British film Whistle Down the Wind, and the two BBC television series All Quiet on the Preston Front and Juliet Bravo, were filmed in the town. (For example, Burnley Fire Station was the location of Social Services in the first series of Juliet Bravo, and Burnley Library was used for exterior shots of the magistrates' court in the same series.) Numerous locations in the town were used in the 1996–1998 BBC comedy drama Hetty Wainthropp Investigates.
Queen Street Mill textile museum was used for a scene in the 2010 Oscar winning film The King's Speech,106 and for scenes in the 2004 BBC dramatisation of Elizabeth Gaskell's North and South, as well as Life on Mars (S1 E3; 2006). It has also featured in the following BBC documentaries: Fred Dibnah's Industrial Age (E2; 1999), Adam Hart-Davies' What the Victorians Did for Us (E1; 2001), and Jeremy Paxman's The Victorians (2009), as well as Who Do You Think You Are? (Bill Oddie episode), Flog It and UKTV History's The Re-Inventors (2006).
Towneley Hall featured in the BBC comedy drama Casanova (2005) and the BBC antiques quiz Antiques Master is currently filmed there.107
The canal embankment featured in the 2007 ITV documentary Locks and Quays (S2 E9) and two families in Burnley have been featured in the ITV series 60 Minute Makeover (S6 E28 and S7 E70).
Burnley Grammar School was first established in St Peter's Church in 1559, with its first headmaster a former chantry priest, Gilbert Fairbank. In 1602, one of the governors, John Towneley, paid for a new schoolhouse to be built in the churchyard;108 the school moved again in 1876 to a new building on Bank Parade, which can still be seen today.109 The first technical school, in Elizabeth Street, was erected in 1892. The equivalent school for girls, Burnley Girls' High School, was established in 1909 on a site in Ormerod Road (along with the Technical School and Art School)109 later moving to Kiddrow Lane in the 1960s. The tripartite system of Education established by the Education Act 1944 affected Burnley in the following ways: Heasandford Technical High School for Girls and Towneley Technical High School for Boys were established (Burnley Technical High School was formed in 1956 by the merger of the two),110 as were Barden, Burnley Wood, Rosegrove & St. Mary's (Roman Catholic) Secondary Modern Schools.
The borough completed the move to comprehensive education in 1981,111
Secondary Schools: Habergham (mixed), Ivy Bank (mixed), Gawthorpe (mixed), Towneley (mixed), Barden (boys), Walshaw (girls), St Theodores RC (boys), St Hilda's RC (Girls).
Further education: Habergham and St Theodores Sixth Forms and Burnley College (all mixed).
In 2003 a plan was devised to replace all the secondary schools in the town as part of the first wave of a nationwide programme funded by the Department for Education and Skills called Building Schools for the Future. Funding was secured in 2004112 and in 2006 the new schools opened (in the buildings of their predecessors).
Today there are still five 11–16 secondary schools:
School | Locality | Description | Ofsted | Website |
Blessed Trinity RC Community College | Burnley | Secondary school | 134997 | website |
Hameldon Community College | Burnley | Secondary school | 134995 | website |
Sir John Thursby Community College | Burnley | Secondary school | 134996 | website |
Shuttleworth College | Padiham | Secondary school | 134994 | website |
Unity College | Burnley | Secondary school | 135003 | website |
Shuttleworth College moved into new buildings in 2008, Sir John Thursby in 2009, and Blessed Trinity, Hameldon and Unity in 2010.
Thomas Whitham Sixth Form, which forms a sixth element of the BSF programme, offers sixth form provision at its Burnley campus (opened 2008) on Barden Lane.
Visions Learning Trust is a university technical college for 14 - 16 year olds opened in Burnley in September 2013.
Burnley College has its heritage in the mid 19th century and is the borough's main tertiary education (post 16) provider, offering a comprehensive range of 40 A Levels, a range of Advanced vocational courses and professional training. Apprenticeship courses provided over 1000 local Apprenticeship places in 2013, within businesses across Pennine Lancashire. Burnley College in partnership with the University of Central Lancashire (UCLan Burnley) also provides adult education, and 70 degree courses.
Burnley College moved to a new £80 million campus, (in partnership with the University of Central Lancashire), off Princess Way in 2009. Having achieved 'outstanding' status in that year's OFSTED inspection.113 The inspection awarded the College 54 out of 54 areas grade one status.
The Mohiuddin Trust charity subsequently purchased the former College site for £2m, and opened the Mohiuddin International Girls' College in October 2010.114
The town's educational attainment has continued to improve over the last few years. In 2012, 82% of children at the end of Key Stage 2 achieved Level 4 or above in English and 81% in Mathematics.115
In 2012 59% of students at the end of Key Stage 4 achieved A*-C grades or above at GCSE 116 and in 2012 Burnley College reported a 99.8% A Level pass rate and a record number of A and A* grades.117
Twin towns
Burnley is twinned with:
- Vitry-sur-Seine, France (since 1958)118119
Keith Coventry, the winner of the 2010 John Moores Painting Prize, was born and educated in the town. He is one of the leading lights of the YBA (Young British Artists) movement of the 1990s, along with Damien Hirst and Tracey Emin, and his work appears in many important public collections, including the Tate galleries.
Probably the best-known Burnley figure in the field of entertainment is actor and gay rights activist Sir Ian McKellen who was born in the town in 1939. There is a blue plaque on the house where he lived, but where he says he wasn't born.120 Other actors born in the town include Mary Mackenzie, Irene Sutcliffe and Julia Haworth (Coronation Street), Richard Moore121 (Emmerdale), Alice Barry122 and Jody Latham123 (Shameless), Kathy Jamieson, Hannah Hobley (Benidorm), Natalie Gumede (Ideal and Coronation Street) and film actor Lee Ingleby. Screenwriter Paul Abbott, creator of Shameless, television producer and executive Peter Salmon124 and comedian Jeff Brown were also born in Burnley, as was journalist and broadcaster Louise Hulland. Coronation Street regular Malcolm Hebden also grew up in the town.
Musicians born in the town include Danbert Nobacon, Alice Nutter, Lou Watts and Boff Whalley (all of Chumbawamba),125 Eric Haydock (bassist in The Hollies), classical composer John Pickard126 and the DJ Anne Savage.
The 19th century author and clergyman Silas Hocking127 wrote his most famous work, Her Benny (1879), while living in Burnley. Crime writer Stephen Booth is another native of the town,128 as is journalist and broadcaster Tony Livesey and visual artist Keith Coventry.
Young British soprano Hollie Steel was also born in Burnley.129
Politics and the church
Phil Willis,130 Liberal Democrat MP for Harrogate & Knaresborough, and Sir Vincent Fean,131 HM ambassador to Libya, were born in Burnley, as was the 16th century Catholic martyr Robert Nutter.132 Suffragette Ada Nield Chew died in Burnley in 1945. Baron Waddington of Read, the Home Secretary during the Poll Tax Riots and former Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords, was also born in Burnley, as was the 16th century theologian William Whitaker.
James Yorke Scarlett, commander of the Heavy Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava, was married to a Hargreaves coal heiress and lived at Bank Hall. 2nd Lieutenant Hugh Colvin VC and Private Thomas Whitham VC who both served during World War I.
Burnley and the Royal Family
" | Recent years have not been at all kind to Burnley and all sorts of difficulties and challenges are placed in its way. But I hope my charities can make what small contribution they can, in partnership with the borough council and the NWDA, in this really crucial project to give, I hope, Burnley the future it deserves. | " |
Charles, Prince of Wales occasionally visits the town to undertake inspections on the youth programme that the Prince's Trust has in place to help 350 disadvantaged 14–25-year olds get their lives back on track in the borough. Prince Charles has set Burnley at the top of his priority list for his charity. The prince has focused his regeneration efforts on deprived parts of the country since a bid to improve Halifax in the 1980s. Prince Charles' interest in Burnley stems from a visit in 2005, when he saw first-hand the work being done to regenerate the town, at the time describing Burnley as a "remarkable town".
Science and industry
Engineer Sir Willis Jackson133 was born and educated in the town. James Drake a pioneer of British motorways was also born here. 17th century mathematician Sir Jonas Moore was from Higham but is believed to have been educated at the Grammar School. Scottish cardiology pioneer Sir James Mackenzie lived and practised medicine in the town for more than a quarter of a century.
Burnley's sporting figures include Premier League striker Jay Rodriguez (currently of Southampton FC) England and Lancashire cricketer James Anderson,134 England and Everton Women's goalkeeper Rachel Brown,135 Pakistan and Tranmere Rovers midfielder Adnan Ahmed, Ex-Bury FC manager Chris Casper,136 Commonwealth Games Gold Medal-winning gymnast Craig Heap,137 Antipodean racing driver Fabian Coulthard and Neil Hodgson, 2003 World Superbike champion. Ron Greenwood, former manager of the England football team, was born in Worsthorne.
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- ^ "Prestige: some jobs are saved". Lancashire Evening Telegraph, 5 July 1997. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
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Hall, Brian (1977), Burnley: A Short History, Burnley Historical Society, ISBN 978-0-9500695-3-1
- Brian Hall, Burnley: A Short History, Burnley Historical Society, 2002
- Brian Hall & Ken Spencer, Burnley: A Pictorial History, Phillimore, 1993 ISBN 0-85033-866-2
- Guy Rickards, 'Icarus Soaring: The Music of John Pickard' in Tempo, n.s., 201 (July 1997), pp. 2–5
- Kev Roberts, Northern Soul Top 500, Goldmine Publications, 2000 ISBN 0-9539291-0-8
Further reading
- Walter Bennett, The History of Burnley, 4 vols., Burnley Corporation, 1946–1951
- Ken Bolton & Roger Frost, Burnley, Francis Frith, 2006 ISBN 1-84589-131-7
- Mike Townend, Burnley, Tempus Publishing, 2004 ISBN 0-7524-1566-2
- Mike Townend, Burnley Revisited, Tempus Publishing, 2006 ISBN 0-7524-3996-0
External links
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Burnley. |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Burnley. |
General information
- Burnley Borough Council Official council site
- Visit Burnley Official tourism site
Maps and photographs
- Ordnance Survey Map of Eastern Burnley in 1890
- Ordnance Survey Map of Western Burnley in 1890
- Ordnance Survey Map of Burnley in 1910
- Ordnance Survey Map of Burnley in 1953–55
- Photographs of Burnley at Geograph (UK)
- Burnley in 2007 | Photographs of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in Burnley
- Image Burnley
HPTS - Area Progetti - Edu-Soft - JavaEdu - N.Saperi - Ass.Scuola.. - TS BCTV - TS VideoRes - TSODP - TRTWE | ||


text:
Hardware news tagged Qualcomm
Tuesday, January 28, 2014
Amazon Readies Its Own Video Game Console – Report.
Amazon to Rival Microsoft, Sony and Nintendo
Monday, January 27, 2014
Qualcomm Is Working on Eight-Core 64-Bit System-on-Chip.
Qualcomm Readies Many-Core 64-Bit Processor
Thursday, January 23, 2014
Qualcomm Acquires Mobile OS-Related Patents from Hewlett-Packard.
Qualcomm Buys Bitfone, iPaq and Palm Patents from HP
Monday, January 6, 2014
GlobalFoundries Names Ex-Motorola Mobility CEO Its New Chief Executive Officer.
GlobalFoundries Appoints New Chief Executive Officer
Monday, December 30, 2013
SK Hynix Begins to Ship LPDDR4 Samples to Customers.
SK Hynix Reveals Its First LPDDR4 Chips
Wednesday, December 25, 2013
A Look Into 2014: Microprocessors.
Predictions and Expectations for 2014
Tuesday, December 17, 2013
Apple's 64-Bit A7 Chip Caught Qualcomm Unexpected – Insider.
Qualcomm Insider: Apple A7 Chip "Hit Us in the Gut"
Friday, December 13, 2013
Qualcomm Names Steve Mollenkopf CEO and President.
Former Microsoft CEO Candidate Gets Promotion
Monday, December 9, 2013
Qualcomm Announces Its First 64-Bit Application Processor for Mainstream Smartphones.
Qualcomm Snapdragon 410 Fuses 64-Bit Processing, 4G/LTE with Mainstream Pricing
Wednesday, November 20, 2013
Qualcomm Unleashes High-End Mobile Application Processor with 4K Video Support.
Qualcomm Introduces Snapdragon 805 System-on-Chip: Four Cores, New Graphics, Quad-Channel Memory, New Technologies
Tuesday, November 19, 2013
Qualcomm Announces Availability of Qualcomm Toq Smartwatch.
Qualcomm Toq Set to Become Available Early Next Month
Monday, October 28, 2013
LG Electronics Unveils Smartphones with Curved Display.
LG Introduces LG G Flex Smartphone
Thursday, October 17, 2013
Intel Readies Low-Cost Atom "Bay Trail-T" Chips to Compete Against ARM.
Intel Plans to Offer Atom "Bay Trail-T" at $15 - $20 Price-Point Next Year
Wednesday, October 16, 2013
Microsoft Unwraps Third Iteration of Windows Phone 8: New Displays and App Processors Finally Supported.
Microsoft Brings Support for High-Def Screens, Multi-Core SoCs with Windows Phone GDR3
Monday, October 7, 2013
HTC Could Introduce Smartphones with Two Operating Systems – Report.
Microsoft Wants HTC to Load Windows Phone into Google Android-Based Handsets
Thursday, October 3, 2013
Apple's 64-Bit A7 Chip – Marketing Gimmick, Says Qualcomm Executive.
Anand Chandrasekher Does Not Believe In Apple's 64-Bit Application Processor
Thursday, September 5, 2013
Chinese Manufacturer Xiaomi Unveils World's First Nvidia Tegra 4-Based Super Phone.
Industry's First Nvidia Tegra 4-Powered Smartphone Is Out
Wednesday, September 4, 2013
Qualcomm Launches the Toq Smartwatch Featuring Mirasol Display.
Qualcomm Enters Smartwatch Market with Toq Watch
Tuesday, September 3, 2013
LG Unveils Its First Media Tablet in Years: LG G Pad 8.3".
LG's G Pad 8.3" Media Tablet Features Full-HD Display
Tuesday, August 13, 2013
x86 Microprocessors Continue to Command over Half of the $61 Billion Processor Market.
Tablet and Cellphone Processors Offset PC MPU Weakness, But x86 Still Dominate
Monday, August 12, 2013
ZTE to Sell FireFox OS-Based Smartphone on Ebay for $80.
ZTE to Sell ZTE Open FireFox OS Phone in the U.S. and the UK

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Bond's greatest villains
Le Chiffre (Casino Royale: 2006 & 1967)
Rex FeaturesShow Thumbnails
Mads Mikkelsen as Le Chiffre (left) proved a worthy adversary to Daniel Craig in his first outing as Bond in Casino Royale (2006). The mathematical genius and expert poker player also turned out to be a dab hand at bondage and genital-thrashing, as Bond was to find out. He also may be one of the most devilishly handsome men ever to have cried blood.
Orson Welles (right) also took on the role of Le Chiffre in the much-derided 1967 comedy adaptation of Casino Royale.


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Empty sella syndrome is common in women who are overweight or have high blood pressure. Characterized by an enlarged bony structure (sella turcica) that houses the pituitary gland at the base of the brain, the disorders sometimes results in high fluid pressure inside the skull. The pituitary gland is usually normal size or small.
There may not be any symptoms of empty sella syndrome, or symptoms such as impotence, reduced sexual desire, and irregular menstruation may occur. Symptoms vary from person to person and depend on age and what caused the syndrome.
In addition to a complete medical history and medical examination, diagnostic procedures for empty sella syndrome may include:
The symptoms of empty sella syndrome may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your doctor for a diagnosis.
Specific treatment for empty sella syndrome will be determined by your doctor based on:
If there are no other symptoms, and if the pituitary gland is not enlarged, treatment may not be necessary for empty sella syndrome.
Click here to view the Online Resources of Endocrinology


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Spring 12: Arc Halfmoon - Go Through & Amaze John's signature style for the Spring 12 season is a bold and daring clog. Incredibly tall, beautifully curved, wrapped in luxurious leathers, the Arc Halfmoon clogs will turn heads wherever they stroll. This brief is closed. We are no longer accepting submissions for this brief. Click here to view the list of submissions for this brief! |
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Mace Key Case Pepper Spray 11 Gram Aerosol Includes Key Ring 10% OC Plus UV Dye
Product Family #: 2932238834
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- Cold Steel INFERNO Pepper Spray 8% OC and 2% Black Pepper Foam... $8.89 - $44.99 Select Options
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Product Information
The Key Case Pepper Spray by Mace allows you to protect yourself from attack with 10% Pepper Spray maximum strength pepper spray formulation. Mace hard key case personal defense pepper spray product fits easily in a pocket or purse and is ideal for women self defense. The glow-in-the-dark locking safety cap makes it easier to find and use in the dark. This formula also contains UV dye to invisibly mark an assailant which may aid in identification. The 11 gram stream unit contains 5 short bursts that spray up to 10 feet.
Technical Information
Technical Information
- Formula:10% OC Pepper Spray
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- Safety: Glowing Twist Lock
- Shelf Life: Three Years
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Artist / Filmaker. Internationally, her work has been exhibited at The New Museum Of Contemp
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Missouri to pay more for state worker pensions
Missouri will chip in nearly $330 million next year to pay for state worker pensions.
The St. Louis Post-Dispatch reports state government will pay about 20 percent more than in the current year largely because of lower investment returns and longer life expectancies. The board for the Missouri State Employees Retirement System approved the increase by a 10-1 vote.
State Budget Director Linda Luebbering says the increased payment is not a surprise.
The state employee retirement system covers about 51,300 state workers and 37,300 retired workers. It includes state lawmakers and judges.
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Wednesday 12 March 2014
The Due Process Oversight Committee (DPOC) meeting was held during the Trustees' meeting in London on 31 March.
A summary of the March 2011 meeting is available, please click here.
Below are papers and further information relating to the DPOC.
To see the papers for the whole Trustees' meeting, click here


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BeerAdvocate on your phone?! True story. Try the beta now.
Tickets for American Craft Beer Fest are on sale now! (May 30 & 31 in Boston, MA)
Edelweiss Kristallklar Weissbier - Hofbräu Kaltenhausen (Brau Union)
Displayed for educational use only; do not reuse. |
Ratings: 6 | Reviews: 5 | Show All Ratings:
South Carolina
2.53/5 rDev -19.4%
look: 1.5 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 2 | feel: 2.5 | overall: 3
Just as the label suggests, crystal clear. Thin. Head dissipates after a few seconds.
Very light taste with some honey. Weak and dumbed down. Some yeast in the finish. Trademark weiss flavors are there - clove, banana, etc, but way subdued.
What is the point of making a weiss if you're going to filter everything out of it?
Serving type: bottle
05-30-2010 04:06:30 | More by BucBasil
3/5 rDev -4.5%
look: 3 | smell: 3 | taste: 3 | feel: 3 | overall: 3
Very assertive, seemed too highly hopped for the style.
Serving type: bottle
08-17-2001 00:19:55 | More by Brent
3.23/5 rDev +2.9%
look: 3.5 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 3 | feel: 3 | overall: 3.5
Got three bottles of Edelweiss from my father and this Kristallklar is the first one i taste. It has a clear straw colour and pours a big white fluffy head. But the head disappears quickly leaving just a thin lace. It has a little sweet smell and hints from bananas and wheat. You have the bananas in the taste too. It has a bit sweet taste too and hints of wheat in the aftertaste. This is not one of the best weissbier i have tasted. But i like hefe weissbier better.
Serving type: bottle
08-28-2004 16:49:25 | More by anders36
3.33/5 rDev +6.1%
look: 3 | smell: 3 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 3 | overall: 3.5
The beer emerges from the 50cl brown bottle a limpid gold color with a prestigious white head that is semi-creamy in texture, as it slowly erodes the resultant lace a thin coating upon the glass. Nose is dominated by the malt, sweet and crisp with the start pleasantly malted and somewhat sweet, the top is light to middling in feel. Finish nicely hopped, dry, mildly acidic and a clean drinking beer even if it is a 'Bit' light for me, none the less very drinkable.
Serving type: bottle
07-28-2004 20:22:31 | More by Gusler
3.53/5 rDev +12.4%
look: 3 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 3 | overall: 4
Edelweiss, Edelweiss . Why cant I get that bloody song out of my head?
Well probably because I picked up 3 of their offerings tonight. All are Weißbiers, and all have the same generic looking label, but each with a different color tab, and of course, a different name on the label. This one is blue & cream and called Kristallklar. There is only one other review for this beer, and I am no expert, but I am sure it translates as crystal clear.
Well it pours an extremely light golden straw color, like watered down Hoegaarden. And it is indeed crystal clear, for there is definitely no trademark hazy look here. Head is white, starts big but settles quickly to a thin 1/8 but stays that way. A quick swirl of the beer reveals high inherent carbonation, which contributes nicely to a medium mouthfull.
Has a nice wheat nose, reveals fresh fruits, creamy tasting at first with a very light banana aroma and spicy cloves. Lovely introduction in the beginning reveals a clean drinking wheat beer with some sweetness and banana-clove cloyness balanced by a mild bitterness towards the end. A different, very crisp drinking and quite quaffable I have to say. A reasonably good, clear wheat beer, perhaps a bit lacking in "strength of taste" if there is any complaint.
A 1 Pint 0.9 fl.oz. Brown Glass Bottle, dated 02.2003.
All in all, for just $2.09, its not that bad really.
Serving type: bottle
11-16-2002 20:04:03 | More by TheLongBeachBum
Edelweiss Kristallklar Weissbier from Hofbräu Kaltenhausen (Brau Union)
out of 100
based on 6 ratings.


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HoneywellÔÇÖs New Rugged Enterprise Hybrid Device Brings┬á Smart Phone Looks, Ease of Use to Field Professionals, Logistics, Health Care and Retail Workers
- Pocket-Sized Device Scans, Accesses Internet, Captures Data, and Can Withstand Drops, Dust and Submersion in Water
- Features Include Ruggedized Design,  up to 12-Hours Battery Life, Enterprise-Grade Area-Imager for Scanning Barcodes
Miami and Fort Mill, S.C. ÔÇô Oct. 23, 2012ÔÇöConsumer smart phones donÔÇÖt last long in many field-based work environments ÔÇô not because service contracts are too short, but because the phones arenÔÇÖt tough enough to withstand drops on concrete, lack adequate battery life or donÔÇÖt have enterprise scanning capabilities. TodayÔÇÖs mobile workers have a new option: HoneywellÔÇÖs (NYSE: HON) first-ever rugged Enterprise Hybrid Device (EHD), the Dolphin 70e Black.
The rugged smart device was created for traditional auto-identification and data capture customers who want something sleeker and lighter than a typical AIDC industrial device, but need something tougher than a consumer-grade phone. The Dolphin 70e Black is targeted to meet the needs of the growing mobile workforce, which is projected to reach 1.3 billion by 2015 (source: IDC).
Field professionals can go from the warehouse to the job site and provide better, faster service because of the enhanced communication capability of the smart device.  A nurse in a hospital can downsize from carrying a phone, pager and scanner to a single device that goes from triage to office. For retail workers, the device can access product information, look at inventory or be used to call another employee inside or outside the store for assistance.
ÔÇťHoneywell has decades of experience in rugged design manufacturing and we are proud to introduce the AIDC industryÔÇÖs newest rugged hybrid device,ÔÇŁ said John Waldron, president of Honeywell Scanning & Mobility. ÔÇťDolphin Black reflects two device trends in todayÔÇÖs industrial world: consolidation and consumerization. Workers and enterprises are looking for a single device that can do the work of several. They also want their devices to be as intuitive and easy to use as their personal mobile phones and tablets, but rugged enough to survive the environment of todayÔÇÖs mobile professional.ÔÇŁ
Input from many of HoneywellÔÇÖs customers guided the Dolphin 70e BlackÔÇÖs development and led to many of the features to improve enterprise productivity, security and durability. Among them are:
- IP67 rating allows for submersion in water and is completely dust-proof
- Enterprise-class area-imaging scanner
- Large 4.3ÔÇÖ capacitive touch display that can be viewed in direct sunlight
- Up to 12 hours of battery life with a user replaceable battery
- At 7 ounces and around ┬ż inches thick, is lightweight and compact enough to fit in a workerÔÇÖs pocket
ÔÇŁOur GeoLogistics and navigation software solutions are used by thousands of logistics workers globally. We had the opportunity to test our CoPilot Live Professional navigation solution on a beta version of Dolphin Black, and from a developer perspective, we were tremendously impressed with the implementation of our application. Our customers value accuracy and efficiency in a convenient form factor and with the Dolphin BlackÔÇÖs lightning quick performance and stunning product design, Honeywell is in a strong position to meet our customersÔÇÖ needs,ÔÇŁ said Dan Popkin, vice president of business development of enterprise solutions at ALK Technologies.
The Dolphin Black will begin shipping with Windows operating systems in February 2013. The Dolphin Black for AndroidÔäó 4.0 OS will launch in mid-2013.
For more information, please visit: www.honeywellaidc.com


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Search our database of handpicked sites
Looking for a great physics site? We've tracked down the very best and checked them for accuracy. Just fill out the fields below and we'll do the rest.
You searched for "gravitational wave"
We found 16 results on physics.org and 198 results in our database of sites
(of which
192 are Websites,
2 are Videos,
and 4 are Experiments)
Search results on physics.org
What is superposition?
How are waves reflected?
Snake Power
Setting Hearts Aflutter
Aunt Sally's video
How does technology know where in the world we are?
Wanted: Your computer's spare time
Listening to stars twinkle
A beginners' guide to exoplanets
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How does GPS work?
The physics of Santa
Keep your ears peeled
Why is there more matter than antimatter?
Time Twins
Gravitational waves
Short article about gravitational waves and how they might be detected, including by the LISA mission.
Elementary Einstein: Gravitational waves
The basics of gravitational waves explained in simple terms.
Gravitational Waves - Einstein's elusive children
Short article on the hunt for gravitational waves - distortions or the warping of the very fabric of space-time, which Einstein described as different aspects of reality itself.
Waves and wave motion
An introduction to longitudinal and transverse waves, and period and frequency.
The nature and properties of waves are discussed and illustrated with the standing wave being introduced and explained. Clear explanation and appropriate graphics.
Wave Interference 1
This applet demonstrates several superpositions of simple wave forms. The waves can be rectangular, elliptical, square or a triangle. A basic site which gives a basic understanding of the principle ...
Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational potential energy is energy an object possesses because of its position in a gravitational field.
Einstein Online
A great site about Einstein's ideas with lots of information on special and general relativity, cosmology, gravitational waves, black holes.
Light Waves and Colour
Useful information driven site which provides details on both how light can be considered a wave and the relationship between waves and colour.


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On Tue, Mar 19, 2013 at 7:50 PM, Warren said:
Hey Guys, I'm 2nd row center and would love to get a meet and greet. How do you go about getting that? I look forward to seeing you there, gonna be a great night.
On Mon, Feb 11, 2013 at 1:18 AM, Rick said:
Is the VIP ($90.00) on top of the basic ticket price or is it free?
On Wed, Jan 23, 2013 at 9:43 AM, Christys0726 said:
I will keep checking for VIP?
On Wed, Jan 9, 2013 at 3:44 PM, Matt Buckley said:
Hi Jay, I have front row seats and will be to the left of the center. And I will continue to check the VIP link. Thanks!
On Wed, Jan 9, 2013 at 7:40 AM, Jay Crossley said:
Hey Matt! Where are you sitting? I'm on the floor 6th row center.
On Tue, Jan 8, 2013 at 10:30 AM, Crzy4LeAnnRimes said:
If the VIP is available, it will let you click on it. Keep checking :)
On Thu, Dec 27, 2012 at 11:13 PM, Matt Buckley said:
I have already purchased tickets to this concert, and I would love to get VIP passes. How do I go about getting them? Thanks!


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1br, Clinton, Manhattan, $3,200
No fee
Flawlessly new, high tech, with the best gym+pool in the city; floor to ceiling windows, premium kitchens and remodel, natural light up the wazoo, in the low 50s, pet friendly, perfect for walking to work. If these words don't pique your interest, let me add that I was personally impressed with the courtyard, a gorgeous landscaped place. Definitely for living, for thriving, for saving time, on a quiet side street in the popular Hell's Kitchen neighbourhood near Clinton Park (great for dog walking!). The building is very much its own little community.The units include oak floors and 12 foot ceilings. Each is washer and dryer equipped and all have excellent modern kitchens. Aside from the above mentioned, amenities include indoor and outdoor pools, a business center, common outdoor space, concierge, doorman, health club, laundry in every unit (did I mention?), lounge, receiving room and roof deck. There is even a golf simulator. No fee.Will
Apartment Details
No fee
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Listed for:
About 1 year
Last updated:
About 1 year
No Pets
Dishwasher, Doorman, Elevator, Gym, In-Unit Laundry, Laundry Room, Outdoor Space, Outdoor Space, Outdoor Space, Pool
Nearby Subway Stations
50 St (0.55 mi)
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Blue Book® Suggested Retail Value Fuel Economy (city/hwy) General PicturesAdditional Photo Galleries2015 Subaru WRX Subaru makes this sporty sedan better in almost every way.
Video ReviewsThere are no 2009 Subaru Outback video reviews. However, the following might be helpful: 2008 Subaru Outback With its 8.4 inches of ground clearance, clean purposeful stance and 17-inch Aluminum alloy wheels the… Additional VideosSubaru Legacy and Outback Subaru introduces a reviesed Legacy and Outback in Detroit. Multimediaadvertisement |


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Thank you for your interest in working at Oregon Food Bank - an equal opportunity employer.
Who we are looking for:
The Oregon Food Bank seeks an effective Administrative Assistant to join our multifaceted fundraising/marketing team to support the growth of fundraising as we head into the implementation of our new strategic plan.
The Administrative Assistant for Development Operations is a position within the department of Development, Marketing and Communications (DMC). Reporting to the Associate Director of Development Operations (ADDO), the Administrative Assistant will be responsible for supporting all aspects of DMC's proactive fundraising activities. This role will contribute to the strategic success of the department through supporting the administrative needs of our fundraising operations.
Apply by March 21, 2014.
A successful Branch Community Outreach Coordinator will participate in a community strategy to build food access throughout Malheur and Harney Counties with particular attention to addressing underserved areas and populations. This position will support local hunger relief programs through training, technical assistance, and trouble-shooting. And additionally coordinate nutrition education courses for low-income community members.
This position is located in Ontario, Oregon.
Apply by March 13, 2014.
An effective HR Assistant will support the day-to-day operations of the Human Resources (HR) and Organizational Development (OD) department. This position carries out responsibilities in all of the following functional areas: recruitment and selection, HRIS, training and development, benefits, OD, and HR/OD administrative assistance. A successful HR Assistant will support a friendly, employee-oriented, empowered and high-performance culture at OFB.
This position is a non-exempt role with the flexibility to be a part-time or full-time position.
The Programs Manager oversees the development and implementation of OFB community food distribution programs, including mobile pantries, produce distribution programs, child hunger programs, and other supplemental food programs. The Programs Manager ensures consistent implementation of best practices, designs and conducts comprehensive program evaluation of all programs and recommends new programs and new program directions as needed to address underserved communities and populations.
This position is located at our Beaverton office with regular travel to our NE Portland branch or and occasional travel to other network facilities around the state.
A successful Strategic Sourcing Manager is someone who can develop innovative and highly-productive partnerships across the food industry. We need someone who is a networker and a food-sourcing strategist who can secure charitable donations from partners such as growers, grocers, and other businesses. Beyond building relationships, identifying and prioritizing opportunities, and working with government and trade associations, this role supervises a team of Food Resource Developers to achieve organizational food goals across the major food categories of Donated, USDA and Purchased. Prior knowledge of and experience with food sourcing, supply chain, ERP systems and logistics will be key for this integral role in our organization.
This position is located at our NE Portland offices with the ability to travel to locations for food solicitation visits, with some overnight travel required.
Application Instructions Please submit your application, cover letter and resume to firstname.lastname@example.com on or before the posted application deadline. Please download the application materials below:
Employment Opportunities We are investing in the future by expanding our team and increasing our efforts in the community. Our work is guided by our new and developing strategic plan to eliminate hunger and its root causes ... because no one should be hungry. Job openings are posted on this page as they become available. If there are no positions listed here, please check back later for future job openings! Oregon Food Bank is an Equal Opportunity Employer!Qualified applicants will be considered for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, handicap or disability (physical or mental), Vietnam-era or disabled veteran status, and other factors protected by state and local laws.
Benefits Benefits for regular employees include: paid vacation, paid sick leave, paid holidays, paid time off to volunteer, medical, dental, vision, employee assistance program, life, short & long term disability insurance, 401(k) plan, flexible spending plans and working with a great group of people.
Please read our Frequently Asked Questions page.


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Monday, March 10, 2014
University of Washington School of Law Yoichiro Nishimura (Kanagawa University Faculty of Economics), Takuya Yasui (Japan Patent Office) and Shogo Matsunaga (Sonderhof & Einsel Law and Patent Office) present Can the Patent System in Japan be Considered User Friendly? - paper is not publicly available
Continue reading
The AALS Section on Professional Responsibility invites submissions for its program at the 2015 AALS Annual Meeting (Jan. 2-5, 2015, Washington, DC). The theme is The 21st Century Lawyer's Evolving Duty of Competence. The submission deadline is Aug. 31, 2014. mw Call for Papers AALS Section on Professional Responsibility 2015 AALS Annual Meeting Washington, DC The 21st Century Lawyer's Evo...
Andrew Perlman, the chair of the AALS Professional Responsibility Section, is organizing a virtual luncheon speaker series for professional responsbility scholars: The impetus for this initiative is that, with more limited budgets at many schools, it is increasingly important for PR scholars to have an opportunity to share their work outside of traditional law school luncheon programs. For this r...
The Centre for Information and Innovation Law, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Law, presents IP Governance by Private Collective Entities March 7, 2014. mw
The University of Wisconsin's Global Legal Studies Center & South Asia Legal Studies Working Group invite panel proposals for the Eighth Annual South Asia Legal Studies Pre-Conference Workshop, which will take place Thur., Oct. 16, 2014. The submission deadline is March 15, 2014. The 43rd Annual Conference on South Asia takes place Oct.17-19, 2014). The submission deadline for that conference i...
University of Pittsburgh School of Law Barak Richman (Duke University School of Law) Emory University School of Law Margo Schlanger (University of Michigan School of Law) presents Offices of Goodness: Influence without Authority in Federal Agencies - paper is not publicly available
Diponogoro University (Semarang, Indonesia) hosts Regulation, Power and Legal Empowerment in China and Indonesia June 9-11, 2014. The event is co-organized by the John S. and Marilyn Long U.S.—China Institute for Business and Law at the University of California Irvine. mw
UC Irvine School of Law hosts the 2014 Immigration Law Professors Workshop: Reimagining Reform May 22-24, 2014. Abstracts of works in progress are due March 21, 2014. mw
The Center on Law, Equality and Race at UC Irvine School of Law presents The Interplay of Race, Gender, Class, Crime and Justice, April 25-26, 2014. mw
UC Irvine School of Law presents The Meaning of Myriad Sept. 12, 2014. More information (including list of confirmed speakers) at IP and IT Conferences. mw
The second annual conference on the Governance of Emerging Technologies: Law, Policy and Ethics, will be held at the scenic Talking Stick Resort, in Scottsdale, Arizona, on May 27-29, 2014. The call for papers deadline was March 1, 2014. The event has many sponsors, led by the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, Arizona State University.
The Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, Arizona State University hosts the fifth annual ASU Legal Scholars Conference March 14-15, 2014 (Friday evening* and all day Saturday). The purpose of this free conference is to gather together "juniorish" academics (generally, those who have been in the academy for fewer than 10 years) to receive constructive feedback on their scholarship, to network, and t...
The Editorial Board of The Business Lawyer is soliciting submission of articles and essays for Volumes 69 and 70. TBL is the flagship scholarly journal of the American Bar Association Section of Business Law. It reaches 40,000 readers on a quarterly basis. Authors must submit exclusively to the journal and submissions are peer-reviewed. We generally give authors a response in about two weeks. TB...
The 2014 Osgoode Forum, Osgoode Hall Law School's Annual Graduate Student Conference, will take place on May 10-11, 2014, with an optional welcome dinner on May 9, 2014. This year's theme is "Law, Dissent, and Power." Abstracts were due Feb. 15, 2014. mw
UC Berkeley School of Law and The George Washington University Law School will hold the seventh annual Privacy Law Scholars Conference (PLSC) on June 5-6, 2014, at the Marvin Center in Washington, DC. Participation is by invitation only. mw
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Free standard shipping on full-size orders $50+
I was looking for an eye product to brighten my bags. I used this for a solid two months and I never really saw a change. Then it broke in my bag and I lost all of it. It also use to be $24. I wasnt very bright either. I hadnt gotten it as a sample, I just figured the green coffee would help. $24 lost forever. #sadday
Use a very small amount. It doesn't take much for this product to work it's magic. It will completely absorb in your skin and leave your eye area moisturized. This is by far my favorite eye product. I have a very sensitive eye area and this has never broken me out. It doesn't make my eyes burn when it gets warm and still works well with my eyeshadow...which I wear everyday.


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Officials alarmed by increasing superbug reports
By MIKE STOBBE, Associated Press
NEW YORK (AP) — Health officials say there's been an alarming increase in some dangerous superbugs at U.S. hospitals.
These superbugs are common germs that have become extremely resistant to treatment with antibiotics.
The number of hospitals reporting infections with these superbugs is still small. But a government report shows 1 in 25 hospitals saw at least one case last year.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released the new tally Tuesday. They're urging hospital workers to take steps to keep the germs from spreading.
The dangerous germs can cause pneumonia and urinary tract and bloodstream infections in vulnerable, hospitalized patients.
CDC report: http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns
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Higher Taxes To Pay For Stadium Renovations?CHARLOTTE,NC--City leaders aren't saying much in public about funding Bank of America Stadium renovations through higher tax dollars. A majority of council tentatively support raising $125 million dollars through higher restaurants taxes to help the panthers. Some council members who previously disagreed on raising taxes for capital improvement plan, are now willing to use public money for a private venture. |
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