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Copyright © 2011 All rights reserved.
Current Biology, Volume 21, Issue 21, R871-R873, 8 November 2011
Add/View Comments (0)Virtual Neanderthals
Michael Gross
- Our closest hominid relatives may have died out 30,000 years before the arrival of the computer, but thanks to modern genomics and scanning technology, they are now very present in the 21st century and can even help us understand our own species. Michael Gross reports.
Main Text
In June 2000, the first draft genome sequence of a hominid species, Homo sapiens, was presented to a duly impressed public. Only ten years later, the second species followed, Homo neanderthalensis. Of the former species, there were more than six billion specimens populating the planet, so the researchers had a practically unlimited supply of DNA. Of the Neanderthals, there are none, and Svante Pääbo's group at the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology at Leipzig, Germany, had to make do with samples of less than half a gram of powdered bone retrieved using a sterile dentist's drill.
What a difference ten years make. "Ten years ago we were limited to using PCR to retrieve short pieces of DNA from ancient bones found at archaeological excavations. Mostly we were limited to studying the mitochondrial genome because cells contain more copies of the mitochondrial than the nuclear genome so more copies of it are likely to survive," Pääbo explains. "This all changed with high-throughput sequencing techniques. It became possible to sequence all the DNA extracted from a fossil, and to use DNA capture techniques to pull out certain parts of the genome that were of interest."
Along with dozens of contemporary individuals from James Watson to Desmond Tutu, who had their personal genomes sequenced in recent years, Homo neanderthalensis reaped the benefits of the enormous leap forward brought by second generation sequencing technology. Neither the microscopic sample size nor the fact that the ancient DNA was shattered into small fragments posed a significant problem for the new generation of sequencing machines. The main challenge, however, was the ubiquitous contamination from a very similar DNA, namely our own.
In a 2006 paper marking the first one million bases of the nuclear Neanderthal genome, Pääbo's group expressed the hope that they would finish the entire sequence by 2008. However, the problem of contamination with modern human DNA turned out to be more serious than expected, such that the researchers had to improve their methodology and start over again. The draft sequence with 1.3 fold coverage, based on three separate Neanderthal females, was published in May 2010 (Science (2010), 328, 710–722), neatly corresponding to the status of the Homo sapiens genome exactly 10 years earlier.
What makes us human
While still far from perfect or complete, the Neanderthal data available at that point were good enough to start evolutionary studies based on individual genomes of modern humans from various parts of the globe, using the chimpanzee genome as an external reference point. Thus, gene variants that agree between Neanderthal and chimpanzee, but diverge in modern humans are likely to be specific to us.
The question that attracted the most media attention concerns the population history in the period when our ancestors co-existed with Neanderthals in Asia and Europe. Did Cro-Magnon cavemen and women meet their Neanderthal contemporaries, and did they interbreed? This question is difficult to investigate, as both genotypes are so similar, but Pääbo's team has come to the conclusion that all non-African modern humans carry a small percentage (1–4%) of Neanderthal heritage, while those of purely African descent do not. In terms of population movements, this suggests that the small group of migrants that left Africa around 80,000 years ago to become the ancestors of all modern non-African populations must have encountered the Neanderthals (who had left Africa some 100,000 years earlier) presumably somewhere in the Middle East and mixed with them before their paths diverged to the various continents where their descendants ended up.
The Neanderthal genome is also a useful tool for the study of modern human diversity and its medical implications, as it (backed up by the more remote chimpanzee genome) can be used as a reference to indicate which of the several variants found in certain loci is likely to be the ancestral version.
Moreover, the genome revolution even expands the range of finds that can be analysed and linked to the family tree of human evolution. "These techniques can also be applied to small fragments of bones that one cannot know what kind of human they come from. We have done this for the first time using a finger bone from southern Siberia and shown that this bone comes from an individual that belonged to a population that shared an ancestor with Neanderthals but had a long independent history, which for example involved genetic exchange with the ancestors of people living in Papua New Guinea today," Pääbo explains. This work (J. Reich et al., Nature (2010), 468, 1053–1060) defined the new hominid group now known as the Denisovans – the first group of extinct hominids to be defined by genetic analysis rather than anatomical details.
Pääbo hopes that further discoveries will follow in the footsteps of the Denisovans. "We want to provide deeper sequence coverage of the Neanderthal genome, and also look for other human forms for example in Asia and Siberia. I believe that it will become possible to use DNA sequencing to reconstruct in quite some detail the population history of the different forms of archaic humans that existed until 30,000 to 50,000 years ago in Europe and Asia, and perhaps Africa."
However, the big prize, to him, is to understand what makes us human: "In the longer run, it is even more fascinating to me that the Neanderthal genome allows us to determine what changed in the human genome in the very last stage of human evolution, when fully modern humans who develop the culture and technology that allowed them to spread across the whole globe and eventually to dominate much of the biosphere. This enormous development required, I believe, some genetic events. It would be wonderful to be able to find at least a few of them," Pääbo concludes.
Old bones gain new life
With all the excitement over the genomics, discovery of new bones and better characterisation of the ones already known is still an important part of palaeoanthropology, and this is also revolutionised by modern technology.
Jean-Jacques Hublin, the director of the department of human evolution at the Leipzig institute, has pioneered the use of medical imaging technology such as X-ray scans to create virtual representations of hominid fossils, which his team can then study in greater detail than might be possible with the valuable and fragile original specimens.
"Virtual palaeoanthropology allows operations such as virtual cleaning and reconstructions impossible on the real objects," Hublin explains. "More importantly, it provides a unique way to access internal structures and micro-structures in a non-destructive way. It also allows a fine quantitative assessment of anatomical structures as well as simulation of growth patterns or evolutionary changes."
Hublin has a mobile X-ray laboratory that allows him to take the technology to the locations around the globe where hominid treasures are kept. He has already scanned pieces in collections based in Israel, South Africa, Kenya, Morocco, Croatia, and Russia. However, he denies the impression created by a recent press report that he wants to create a complete digital archive. "We accumulate digital data on hominid fossils in the course of our research work. However, we are a research institution not a museum and our goal is not to built up a global virtual archive," Hublin clarifies.
For instance, in a recent paper analysing the brain development of Neanderthals and modern humans after birth, Hublin's group used virtual reconstructions of Neanderthal skulls for their analyses (Curr. Biol. (2010), 20, R921–R922). The researchers found that the characteristically different skull shape — more globular in adult humans, more elongated in Neanderthals — is due to a divergent development in the phase immediately after birth, when the skull is still malleable and responds directly to the growth pattern of the brain. It appears that the 'globularisation' phase after birth, which makes our braincase more spherical, is a unique, derived feature of human post-natal development.
Hublin's group also applied similar analysis to the development of the Neanderthal's characteristic facial features, including the size of the face in comparison to the braincase. The analyses confirmed earlier reports suggesting that these differences are established before birth. In a separate effort, Todd Rae from Roehampton University in London, UK, and others have used CT scans of Neanderthal skulls to test earlier hypotheses that the face was shaped by adaptation to cold climate. Analysing the sizes of the sinuses of nine Neanderthal individuals compared to 26 modern humans from Lithuania, Rae et al. conclude that Neanderthals' faces weren't particularly adapted to cold (J. Hum. Evol. (2011), 60, 234–239).
Beyond the analysis of the human remains, modern imaging technology also helps the analysis of the tools that early modern humans and Neanderthals produced. In some cases, the two interests overlap. Christine Verna from the Leipzig institute and Francesco D'Errico from Bordeaux University have recently reported detailed analysis of Neanderthal bone fragments from the La Quina site in Southwest France, which they believe to be the earliest example of bone tools created by humans from human material (J. Hum. Evol. (2011), 60, 145).
Unlike Hublin, the NESPOS (Pleistocene People and Places) project, launched and financed by the foundation that runs the Neanderthal Museum at the Neander valley site near Düsseldorf, Germany, and by the EU project TNT (The Neanderthal Tools), does aim to build a virtual archive of all the electronic information available on Neanderthals and their contemporaries. The TNT project started with 600 digital scans of Pleistocene remains and tools from across Europe. Researchers are now continuously adding to the NESPOS database, which is accessible on a subscription basis (nespos.org).
As for the future of the field that is now being modernised so rapidly, finding fossils will remain crucial. "There are still new hominids to be found. Our maps and evolutionary trees are full of blank zones," Hublin says. However, what scientists can do with the bones that they have is already futuristic to those who have experienced research in the 20th century. "Geochemistry and biochemistry of the fossil tissues unveil a wealth of information on the biology and behaviour of extinct humans. Dealing with their genes, diet, mobility, or life history the way we do today was simply beyond imagination when I was a student," Hublin concludes.
Keep digging
However, even the most advanced technology cannot replace the hard graft required to find fossilised remains. For instance, at the Sima de las Palomas site in the Murcia district, Southern Spain, researchers and scores of volunteer helpers have spent many summers excavating, following the discovery of a crushed facial skeleton in 1991, finding occasional bone and tooth fragments. Only in recent years their persistence was rewarded with the discovery of three articulated Neanderthal skeletons, including two adults and one adolescent (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA (2011), 108, 10087–10091).
Michael Walker from the University of Murcia, who leads the excavation at this site, is also applying the most modern technology available to the old skeletons. "We have a new scanner here at our Veterinary Faculty that is excellent for our work," Walker explains. "Using very complicated computer programs we can see where bones exactly lie within the masses of cemented matrix excavated at the site, and thanks to these programs in my lab we are painstakingly uncovering and cleaning the bone using vibroincisors driven by compressed air that pulverize the calcium-carbonate concretions covering the bones at 33,000 pulsations per second; this also is state-of-the-art technology that would have been unthinkable twenty years ago when we started excavating at the site." For scanning and reconstruction work, Walker also collaborates with the husband-and-wife team of Christoph Zollikofer and Marcia Ponce León at the University of Zurich.
Many more exciting ancient relics surely await to be unearthed and to be investigated in unprecedented detail thanks to new technologies.


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Good thinking...
via eonline.com In a candid interview with Vanity Fair's November issue, the rapper is asked if Bey is still a good girl. He replies, laughingly, "Nah. She's gangsta now."
Jay, 43, also confirms the Magna Carta lyric, "She was a good girl, 'til she knew me" is about his wife, 32. But, to be fair, it was Beyoncé's sweet, kind and genuine personality that initially drew him to her—and Jay had to earn her affection!
As for why Jay and Bey tried to trademark Blue Ivy's name? They didn't want it to be exploited! "People wanted to make products based on our child's name," he says, "and you don't want anybody trying to benefit off your baby's name. It wasn't for us to do anything; as you see, we haven't done anything."

subset: commoncrawl


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Start by saying after 2 years of failed Invisalign treatment, I FINALLY went to an Orthodondist (not Dentist) for a second opinion. He says he sees people like me all the time: people who's Dentists mislead them into Invisalign treatment that did not work. My Dentist had no idead that my teeth could not be fixed by Invisalign because the product is limited in what it can do.
First of all, Dentists are not Orthodontists and have no business prescribing braces for their patients. Dentists are required by Invisalign to sit through a one day seminar to become certified. They are NOT qualified to make judgements about whether or not your teeth would be best fixed by Invisalign! Both Dentist and Invisalign make a TON of MONEY off your mouth!! That's it!!
They promise your treatment will be one year, but I am not on my third refinement almost 2 years later.
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I Hate Invisalign! Worst Mistake of my Life!! - Jersey City, NJ
Start by saying after 2 years of failed Invisalign...
I should not say the Dentist was purposefully...
Invisalign is extremely disruptive to your daily life and since results are not guaranteed, it's not worth the trouble.
I gave Dentist a "Poor" score because I'd like to see him learn more about orthodontics so he can better advise his clients before Invisalign treatment begins. I don't think any Dentist should be able to prescribe Invisalign, period. Those who do, should recommend their clients get a second opinion and not put their income before their client's health, lifestyle and money.
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Thank you for sharing your experience with us MrMet123. I once read a comment by a doctor where he compared Invisalign to golf clubs, saying anyone can buy them but its the skill of the person using them that matters. I thought that was a really good way to communicate it.
This has been a continuing topic of discussion on RealSelf. Here are some other places it has come up:
Who Makes the Treatment Plan, the Dentist or the Invisalign Company?
Dentist or Orthodontist, does it matter that much?
What Invisalign Doesn't Want You to Know
I do want to say that I think Invisalign is a great form of treatment for many, many people, but its important to make sure your provider has a track record of good results.
MrMet123, please keep us updated on how your teeth are doing!
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DREAMer Hackathon: Silicon Valley goes in for immigration reform
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I got to talk to 2012 Grammy Nominee Natalie Grant today. She is also combats human trafficking with Abolition International, which she founded in 2005.
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Given the current level of the Federal Reserves System Open Market Account (SOMA) Treasury bill holdings, the Open Market Trading Desk plans to invest the proceeds from maturing bills into new 4-week bill offerings until further notice. This practice will not change the total amount of Treasury bills owned by SOMA. Accordingly, on Thursday, July 10, 2008, SOMA will invest the full amount of maturing Treasury bill holdings ($493,784,000) into the 8/7/2008 4-week Treasury bill (912795F89). |


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Height: | 5-5 |
Year: | So. |
Hometown: | Stamford, Conn. |
High School: | Stamford |
Position: | M |
Major: | Mechanical Engineering |
2013: Appeared in 12 games and started three as a sophomore...recorded two goals and three assists for seven points...tallied one goal and two assists against New England College (8/30)...found the back of the net at Nichols (9/12)...earned an assist versus Babson (11/2)...NEWMAC academic all-conference.
2012: Appeared in 17 games as a freshman...posted eight goals for 16 points...found the back of the net twice versus Smith (10/27)...scored the insurance goal in a 2-1 win over Wellesley in the NEWMAC semifinals (11/3)...recorded MIT's final goal in a 6-3 victory over Springfield in the NEWMAC Championship (11/4).
Off the Field at MIT: Majoring in mechanical engineering...completed an internship at Creative Engineering...Colleges Against Cancer.
High School: A 2011 graduate of Stamford High School...captain...two-time all-state...two-time all-conference...all-state Scholar Athlete...2008 state champions.


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International Tour of French Masterworks from the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute Opens at Shanghai Museum
For Immediate Release
September 18, 2013
International tour has welcomed more than 1.8 million visitors worldwide
WILLIAMSTOWN, MA—The international tour of French nineteenth-century paintings from the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute's collection opens Thursday, September 19 at the Shanghai Museum in Shanghai, China. Shanghai marks the tenth venue on the Clark's first-ever international tour which has drawn more than 1.8 million visitors since it began with a special presentation at the Museo del Prado in Madrid, Spain in October 2010.
The Shanghai presentation, Barbizon through Impressionism: Great French Paintings from the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, will be open to the public through December 1, 2013. The exhibition features seventy-three paintings, including works by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Édouard Manet, and Camille Pissarro, as well as those by Pierre Bonnard, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Paul Gauguin, Jean-François Millet, Alfred Sisley, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, William-Adolphe Bouguereau and Jean-Léon Gérôme.
"We are particularly pleased to bring the Clark's collection to Shanghai as this marks the next chapter in our continuing collaboration with the Shanghai Museum and further deepens the Clark's historic connections to China," said Michael Conforti, director of the Clark. "Our founder, Sterling Clark, first came to China during his service in the United States Army at the turn of the century and this inspired him to return in 1908–09 to lead a scientific expedition through remote regions of Northern China to collect meteorological, geologic, and animal specimens and to create the first Western–style maps of the region. It is a very significant moment to have the opportunity to bring some of the best works from Mr. Clark's collection to China as we deepen a relationship that began more than 100 years ago."
In addition to its exhibition of the Clark's French paintings collection, the Shanghai Museum is also presenting a special photographic installation, Sterling Clark in China: 1908–09, which documents Clark's expedition and features photographs taken during the trek along with contemporary photographs of many of the same locations taken by Chinese photographer Li Ju, who retraced Clark's route nearly a century later. The exhibition includes documents and photographs that were featured in the Clark exhibition Through Shên-kan: Sterling Clark in China, presented in Williamstown in summer 2012.
The Shanghai exhibition is the latest in a continuing cultural exchange collaboration that began in 2008 when the Clark teamed with China's Ministry of Culture to host presentations of the expedition's photographs in a number of regional Chinese museums located along the route followed by Clark and his exploratory team. In 2012, the Clark hosted a special exhibition, Unearthed: Recent Archaeological Discoveries from Northern China, which brought an exclusive presentation of significant archaeological treasures from a number of Chinese museums to its Williamstown campus.
The international tour recently ended a three-month presentation at the Hyogo Prefectural Museum of Art in Kobe, Japan, where it attracted more than 150,000 visitors. The Kobe venue was the second presentation in Japan, following the tour's successful run at Tokyo's Mitsubishi Ichigokan Museum. Total attendance at the two Japanese venues was nearly 400,000.
The Clark initiated its global tour with a special presentation of its full Renoir collection at Madrid's Museo del Prado in October 2010. Milan's Palazzo Reale was the opening venue for the current tour of the selected works from the Clark's nineteenth century French paintings collection in March 2011. Subsequent venues have included: Musée des impressionnismes, Giverny (July–October 2011); CaixaForum, Barcelona (November 2011–February 2012); Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth (March–June 2012); Royal Academy of Arts, London (July–September 2012); and the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal (October 2012–January 2013); Following its Shanghai presentation, the tour will travel to its final venue at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, where it will open on December 22, 2013. At the conclusion of the Houston exhibition, the works will return to Williamstown to be reinstalled in preparation for the reopening of the Clark's museum building in summer 2014.
The international tour coincides with the Clark's campus expansion program, including the construction of its new Visitor Center designed by the Pritzker Prize-winning architect Tadao Ando.
"The Clark's paintings serve as our ambassadors to the world during this exciting period of change and growth on our campus," said Conforti. "They have also proven to be great ambassadors for the rich cultural offerings available in the Berkshires. We are proud to be able to use our tour as a way of introducing the Berkshires to audiences around the globe and encouraging them to visit the region."
Accompanying the exhibition is the catalogue Great French Paintings from the Clark, published by Skira Rizzoli in spring 2011, with editions in five languages. The 240-page publication, available in hardcover, features 131 color illustrations accompanied by essays by James A. Ganz and Richard R. Brettell.
About the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute
Set amidst 140 acres in the Berkshires, the Clark is one of the few major art museums that also serves as a leading international center for research and scholarship. The Clark presents public and education programs and organizes groundbreaking exhibitions that advance new scholarship. The Clark's research and academic programs include an international fellowship program and conferences. Together with Williams College, the Clark sponsors one of the nation's leading master's programs in art history.
The Clark is located at 225 South Street in Williamstown, Massachusetts. Galleries are temporarily closed through September 20; Stone Hill Center galleries open September 21. Admission is free. For more information, visit clarkart.edu or call 413 458 2303.


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My client, a leading profitable and rapidly expanding nationwide Property & FM services company seeks an energetic Strategic Sales Manager to help develop new business in London in target sectors with the opportunity to earn large commissions.
The Strategic Sales Manager will ideally have a background in property sales, FM sales and letting or recruitment - the prime role is to find new business in strategic sectors of the property market in London.There are huge opportunities in this fast growing sector which they dominate (consistent growth 100% last year). Excellent training provided. Property or FM Managers should not apply unless they have significant sales experience.
The client is looking for an excellent, determined salesman who wants to earn large commissions.This is a prestigious position within this company and is likely to lead to very good opportunities for development within the organisation
The key skills and attributes for the position as Strategic Sales Manager are as follows:
•Solid sales experience (Minimum of 6 years) in Sales and Business Development in Property, FM or Security or Recruitment are absolutely essential.
•Additional experience in any of these sectors would be helpful - FM, energy, sustainability,surveying.
•Superb face to face sales skills - demonstrable sales track record
•Good presentations skills
•Clear articulate communicator - written and verbal, ideally educated to degree level.
•Sales account experience and must be able to work autonomously
•Clear understanding of the sales process
•Energetic, well presented
UK driving licence desirable
Location: Must live within one hour's commute of London
This is an important position within the company and you will be involved with planning the direction of the company.
Important Notice
It is Charter Selection's policy, as a matter of courtesy, to respond to all applications within ten working days. However because of the high volume of applications, we are sometimes unable to respond to all candidates individually. If we have not contacted you within ten working days your application has been unsuccessful. Please feel free to contact us again in the future for other positions. Thank you.
This job is no longer available
Charter Selection
20 September 2013
18 October 2013
Doug Skinner
Contract Type
£30k to £35k + Significant OTE Commission


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Odyssey Wins 12th PGA Tour Title of 2011 & Clinches Money Title
NEWS The winner of the Children's Miracle Network Classic used an Odyssey White Hot XG #7H Putterto close with a torrid stretch of golf, making six consecutive birdies on holes 10-15. With his win, this unnamed player (who... Read The Rest →
News and Notes: 62 Wins, PGA Tour Money Title
Odyssey Golf continues to set the pace on Tour, with 62 wins across the six major tours this season. The money leaders on four of these tours are using an Odyssey putter in competition, and following a dramatic victory in Florida,... Read The Rest →
Sabertooth Long Wins PGA Grand Slam of Golf
The winner of the PGA Grand Slam of Golf used a White Hot XG Sabertooth Long Putter during his one-shot victory in Bermuda on Wednesday. The Odyssey user shot 67-71 over the 36-hole event and held off a late... Read The Rest →
Odyssey putter wins on PGA Tour
The winner of this week's McGladrey Classic on the PGA Tour used an Odyssey White Hot XG #5 putter to emerge victorious in a playoff. "I was riding a hot putter," he said. And he was right. He made... Read The Rest →
Danny Lee Gets First Nationwide Tour Win
21-year-old Odyssey Staff Pro Danny Lee picked up his first win on the Nationwide Tour on Sunday with a birdie on the first playoff hole of the WNB Golf Classic in Midland/Odessa, Texas. He came from six shots back... Read The Rest →


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7 Things You Don't Need to Buy
Power Posing: The Secret to Boosting Confidence in Seconds
Enough Is Enough: When to Throw In The Towel
Short Stuff: 14 Tips And Tricks For Looking Taller
The Last Thing Guys Are Looking At
10 Week Plan to Save $1,000 a Month
5 Ways to Burn 500 Calories
4 Awesome Strategies to Save More Money for Retirement
Go From Casual To Chic in an Instant
Make The Grunge Trend Work For You
6 Myths Black Women Believe About Themselves
How To Do Your Eyeshadow Perfectly!
The 10 Best Movie Prom Dresses: Wear Them Today!
The Best Kept Beauty Secret: Apple Cider Vinegar
Where Can You Buy A Real Corset?
11 Items You Should Never Wear To Work
Shocking (and Effective) Anti-Smoking Ad
49 Fashion Trends That Need To Get Hot Again
5 Things You Should Never Pay Full Price For
7 Things You Can Do to Look Hot in Any Dress
What Your Shoes Say About You
Extend the Life of Your Purchases with These Quick Fixes
100 Questions to Fill an Awkward Silence
5 Clever Ways to Trick Yourself into Saving More Money
3 Secrets to Saving Money at the Pump
Did You Know: Where to Resell Your Used Gadgets
Where to Shop for Clothes That Last
Summer Sandals Worth The Splurge
The Ugly Trend We Can't Get Rid Of
Cool Wire Word Necklaces You Should Rock


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The Ohio State University
Creating the Extraordinary Student Experience
Time: Thursday, July 18, 2013 9:00 AM - 8:00 PM
Location: Ohio Union
Time: Wednesday, July 17, 2013 9:00 AM - 8:00 PM
Mujeres Activas en Letras y Cambio Social (Women Active in Letters and Social Change)on Wednesday, July 17 - Saturday, July 20, 2013.
Conference & Housing registrations are now open.
MALCS is an organization of Chicanas, Latinas and Native American women, trans and gender non-conforming people dedicated to recruiting, supporting and retaining our numbers in higher education and to creating knowledge for our and other communities.
Theresa Delgadillo firstname.lastname@example.com 614-688-0121
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Add to your Google Calendar


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Build engaged audiences through publishing by curation.
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Maybe that's a strange thing to say, given that I work in a repository development group now, and worked on the original DSpace project years ago, and worked on a few repository research projects in between.
SMEs need tools as well as content to pinpoint research 'nuggets', says Elsevier chief
Building Button 2.0: The Open Access Button PLoS Blogs (blog) Then, the user receives a link to search for free access to the article.
The Guardian (blog) Why open access should be a key issue for university leaders The Guardian (blog) It arises because the volume and rate of production of online publications and digital data sets has now outgrown the limits of conventional...
Royal Society Joins Open-Access Bandwagon Science News Less than a week after AAAS, Science's publisher, announced the launch of its first open-access online journal, Science Advances, Britain's Royal Society has done the same.
Sharing the results of publically funded research
I got in a conversation recently with a friend who is about to have his first paper published. It's been through review and is now accepted at a well-respected old-school journal owned by a legacy ...
Creative Commons licenses provide a flexible range of protections and freedoms for authors, artists, and educators. Today is the third day of Copyright Week, and today, we're focusing on open access.
In the article "Open access may have little impact on time-poor firms", representatives of the publisher Elsevier suggest that achieving the UK government's goal of…
Letter from John Houghton in THE.
Harvard Gazette Copyright meets Internet Harvard Gazette Operating out of the Harvard Library Office for Scholarly Communication, an endeavor promoting open access of faculty research, he is among a set of new experts, drawn from libraries,...
» Predatory Publishers: Not Just OA (and who loses out?) | Lecturer in English Literature at the University of Lincoln
UNESCO has published guidelines to compare Institutional Repository Software as part of its Open Access Strategy. The software under comparison are Digital Commons,DSpace,Eprints, Fedora and Islandora.
The Royal Society will launch new open access science journal The Guardian ... Society will launch new open access science journal.
With the ease of posting and searching online for final published PDFs of journal articles and ebooks, publishers have turned to digital solutions for finding unauthorized copies of copyrighted mat...
Open Access: driving innovation in academic markets? | Independent Publishing Guild in the UK | IPG: " ...... http://t.co/SHC8yk0nr0 #OA
The Fifth Annual Conference on Open Access Scholarly Publishing, organized by OASPA, the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association [1], was held in Riga, the capital of Latvia, on 18th-20th September 2013.
Open Access to research outcomes is a well known and discussed issue, but there is still much misunderstanding and many questions remain unanswered
The Microsoft Research Connections Team Blog is a venue to share stories of building partnerships worldwide to advance the research process and its role in innovation.


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Keeping people safe (safeguarding adults)
Barnet Council is committed to working in partnership with other organisations to support adults at risk to maintain their independence and to be able to live a life that is free from abuse and neglect.
Where abuse is suspected or reported, the Pan-London Safeguarding Adults Policy and Procedures will be used to make sure that a consistent and comprehensive response is provided.
What is abuse?
Abuse is any form of mistreatment or lack of care from another person or persons that leads to injury or harm. Abuse can happen to anyone regardless of their age, gender, race or ability. It may be planned or unplanned and it may be the result of deliberate intent, negligence or ignorance.
Abuse can take many forms and all of them are distressing:
Abuse can take place in a person's own home, a residential or nursing home, supported housing, day centres, clinics or hospitals and the abuser can be a friend, neighbour, relative, a paid or unpaid carer, professional worker or anyone from your community.
Abuse can happen once, twice or many times, no matter how many times it happens, it is wrong and you should not have to suffer.
The pages in this section give more information about these forms of abuse. Information about other crime such as domestic violence, anti social behaviour including hate crime can also be found on this website. Alternatively, you can take a look at our Say No to Abuse booklet to find out about the different types of abuse.
How can you help?
Unfortunately those being abused are often the least likely to bring the situation to anyone's attention. If you see, or know of, a worrying situation please do not ignore it.
Get in touch with us and we will do something about it. Call us on 020 8359 5000 and you will speak to one of our trained social care advisors who will ask you questions about the situation.
What we do next will depend upon what you tell us. We may act directly on your information and/or contact other services to put an end to an abusive or neglectful situation. Any information you provide to us will be treated in the strictest confidence. Find out more about what happens after you report abuse.
We will also provide information and offer practical advice to the person suffering abuse, so that they can make an informed choice about any help they might need, or any action they may wish to take. If they are unable to make an informed choice, care will be taken to support and protect them.


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Reviews, reviews, reviews...
FreakScore is a weighted average of all aggregated professional and user review scores. Read more
This product has a FreakScore of 8.6* out of 10 based on 4 scores.
*Score is uncertain and deviates toward category average due to low number of scores.
MOS-FET Power Supply Variable Bass Boost; 0-15dB @ 45Hz Go Read more
Best Price at Amazon


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Vendetta Online is a multi-platform 3D space-combat MMO for Windows, Mac, Linux/32 and Linux/64. The game permits players to interact in a vast online galaxy; fighting, trading, and mining their way to success. A "twitch" type real-time combat model makes true player skill the deciding factor instead of character advancement. Massive capital-ship battles shake the foundations of the major nations at war, while others struggle to push back the encroachment of the AI "Hives". A no-strings free trial is available.
web2ldap is a full-featured Web-based LDAPv3 client written in Python. It is designed to run either as with stand-alone built-in Web server or under the control of another Web server with FastCGI support (e.g. Apache with mod_fastcgi). It has support for various LDAPv3 bind methods and a powerful built-in schema browser. HTML templates are supported for displaying and editing entries, and LDIF templates can be used for quickly adding new entries. A built-in X.509 parser displays a detailed view of certificates and CRLs with active links.
Wt is a C++ library for developing Web applications with an API that is widget-centric and inspired by existing C++ graphical user interface APIs. To the developer, it offers abstraction of Web-specific implementation details, increasing the accessibility and portability. Under the hood, the library uses the latest techniques (HTML5, Ajax, WebSockets) to handle user events and update the Web page.
GroupOffice is a groupware suite that takes your office online, implementing online collaboration and CRM. It allows you to share projects, calendars, files and email online with co-workers and clients. It is easy to use and fully customizable. It also features synchronization with PDAs and Outlook.
For users on Linux and Unix, KDE offers a full suite of user workspace applications which allow interaction with these operating systems in a modern, graphical user interface. This includes Plasma Desktop, KDE's innovative and powerful desktop interface. Other workspace applications are included to aid with system configuration, running programs, or interacting with hardware devices. While the fully integrated KDE Workspaces are only available on Linux and Unix, some of these features are available on other platforms. In addition to the workspace, KDE produces a number of key applications such as the Konqueror Web browser, Dolphin file manager, and Kontact, the comprehensive personal information management suite. The list of applications includes many others, including those for education, multimedia, office productivity, networking, games, and much more. Most applications are available on all platforms supported by the KDE Development. KDE also brings to the forefront many innovations for application developers. An entire infrastructure has been designed and implemented to help programmers create robust and comprehensive applications in the most efficient manner, eliminating the complexity and tediousness of creating highly functional applications.
Embedthis Appweb is a fast, little embedded Web server. It is unmatched in efficiency and serves pages at native speed, using an event-driven, non-blocking core to serve multiple requests using minimal resources. It has integrated caching and the Embedded Server Pages C-Language Web framework. Without compromising performance, it has extensive security controls and a rigorous security sandbox that helps protect the server and mitigate denial-of-service attacks. It is one of the most widely deployed embedded Web servers and is used in networking equipment, telephony, mobile devices, industrial control, and consumer and office equipment, and in high-performance Web services.
There are many photo-gallery programs available. Zoph is different, as it concentrates on the management of large collection of photos instead of just showing them on the Web. It can store a lot of information about your photos, including the regular EXIF info, photographer, location, title, description, rating, and the people in the photo. Photos can appear in multiple albums and categories. Additional features include search, slideshows, lightboxes, email, access privileges, and multiple languages.
The SeaMonkey project is a community effort to develop an all-in-one Internet application suite. It contains an Internet browser, email and newsgroup client with an included Web feed reader, HTML editor, IRC chat, and Web development tools, and is sure to appeal to advanced users, Web developers, and corporate users. It uses much of the Mozilla source code powering such successful siblings as Firefox, Thunderbird, Camino, Sunbird, and Miro.
album is a free HTML/XHTML photo album and gallery generator that supports themes/skins. You can choose different themes or write your own to get different layouts and styles. It creates all your thumbnails (including directory thumbnails) and descends into directories so you can organize your photos. See the home page for more examples. album is also multi-lingual, with many languages being added all the time. N.B.: The purchase link is provided for donations; the software does not cost anything.
GeoToad is a geocaching query tool to help speed up the boring part of geocaching: choosing the cache and collecting the data. It allows you to generate any kind of complex query you want, and the program will go and poll the Geocaching query, grab the data, and output it to any format you want. The Geocache info can be synced straight to your GPS, iPod, PDA, or cell phone in over 20 different formats.