text:
Europa (moon)
Discovery | |||||||||
Discovered by | Galileo Galilei Simon Marius |
Discovery date | 8 January 1610[1] | ||||||||
Designations | |||||||||
Alternative names | Jupiter II | ||||||||
Adjective | Europan | ||||||||
Orbital characteristics[3] | |||||||||
Epoch 8 January 2004 | |||||||||
Periapsis | 664862 km[a] | ||||||||
Apoapsis | 676938 km[b] | ||||||||
Mean orbit radius | 670900 km[2] | ||||||||
Eccentricity | 0.009[2] | ||||||||
Orbital period | 3.551181 d[2] | ||||||||
Average orbital speed | 13.740 km/s[2] | ||||||||
Inclination | 0.470° (to Jupiter's equator)[2] | ||||||||
Satellite of | Jupiter | ||||||||
Physical characteristics | |||||||||
Mean radius | 1560.8 km (0.245 Earths)[2] | ||||||||
Surface area | 3.09×107 km2 (0.061 Earths)[c] | ||||||||
Volume | 1.593×1010 km3 (0.015 Earths)[d] | ||||||||
Mass | 4.7998×1022 kg (0.008 Earths)[2] | ||||||||
Mean density | 3.01 g/cm3[2] | ||||||||
Equatorial surface gravity | 1.314 m/s2 (0.134 g)[e] | ||||||||
Escape velocity | 2.025 km/s[f] | ||||||||
Rotation period | Synchronous[4] | ||||||||
Axial tilt | 0.1°[5] | ||||||||
Albedo | 0.67 ± 0.03[6] | ||||||||
Apparent magnitude | 5.29 (opposition)[6] | ||||||||
Atmosphere | |||||||||
Surface pressure | 0.1 µPa (10−12 bar)[8] | ||||||||
Europa i/jʊˈroʊpə/[9] (Jupiter II), is the sixth-closest moon of the planet Jupiter, and the smallest of its four Galilean satellites, but still the sixth-largest moon in the Solar System. Europa was discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei[1] and possibly independently by Simon Marius around the same time. Progressively better observations of Europa have occurred over the centuries by Earth-bound telescopes, and by space probe flybys starting in the 1970s.
Slightly smaller than the Moon, Europa is primarily made of silicate rock and probably has an iron core. It has a tenuous atmosphere composed primarily of oxygen. Its surface is composed of water ice and is one of the smoothest in the Solar System.[10] This surface is striated by cracks and streaks, whereas craters are relatively rare. The apparent youth and smoothness of the surface have led to the hypothesis that a water ocean exists beneath it, which could conceivably serve as an abode for extraterrestrial life.[11] This hypothesis proposes that heat from tidal flexing causes the ocean to remain liquid and drives geological activity similar to plate tectonics.[12]
In December 2013, NASA reported the detection of "clay-like minerals" (specifically, phyllosilicates), often associated with "organic material" on the icy crust of Europa.[13] In addition, NASA announced, based on studies with the Hubble Space Telescope, that water vapor plumes were detected on Europa and were similar to water vapor plumes detected on Enceladus, moon of Saturn.[14]
The Galileo mission, launched in 1989, provided the bulk of current data on Europa. No spacecraft has yet landed on Europa, but its intriguing characteristics have led to several ambitious exploration proposals. The European Space Agency's Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE) is a mission to Europa that is due to launch in 2022.[15] NASA is planning a robotic mission that would be launched in the "mid-2020s".[16]
Discovery and naming[edit]
Europa was discovered on 8 January 1610 by Galileo Galilei,[1] and possibly independently by Simon Marius. It is named after a Phoenician noblewoman in Greek mythology, Europa, who was courted by Zeus and became the queen of Crete.
Europa, along with Jupiter's three other largest moons, Io, Ganymede, and Callisto, was discovered by Galileo Galilei in January 1610. The first reported observation of Io was made by Galileo Galilei on 7 January 1610 using a 20x-power, refracting telescope at the University of Padua. However, in that observation, Galileo could not separate Io and Europa due to the low power of his telescope, so the two were recorded as a single point of light. Io and Europa were seen for the first time as separate bodies during Galileo's observations of the Jupiter system the following day, 8 January 1610 (used as the discovery date for Europa by the IAU).[1]
Like all the Galilean satellites, Europa is named after a lover of Zeus, the Greek counterpart of Jupiter, in this case Europa, daughter of the king of Tyre. The naming scheme was suggested by Simon Marius, who apparently discovered the four satellites independently, though Galileo alleged that Marius had plagiarized him. Marius attributed the proposal to Johannes Kepler.[17][18]
The names fell out of favor for a considerable time and were not revived in general use until the mid-20th century.[19] In much of the earlier astronomical literature, Europa is simply referred to by its Roman numeral designation as Jupiter II (a system also introduced by Galileo) or as the "second satellite of Jupiter". In 1892, the discovery of Amalthea, whose orbit lay closer to Jupiter than those of the Galilean moons, pushed Europa to the third position. The Voyager probes discovered three more inner satellites in 1979, so Europa is now considered Jupiter's sixth satellite, though it is still sometimes referred to as Jupiter II.[19]
Orbit and rotation[edit]
Europa orbits Jupiter in just over three and a half days, with an orbital radius of about 670,900 km. With an eccentricity of only 0.009, the orbit itself is nearly circular, and the orbital inclination relative to the Jovian equatorial plane is small, at 0.470°.[20] Like its fellow Galilean satellites, Europa is tidally locked to Jupiter, with one hemisphere of Europa constantly facing Jupiter. Because of this, there is a sub-Jovian point on Europa's surface, from which Jupiter would appear to hang directly overhead. Europa's prime meridian is the line intersecting this point.[21] Research suggests the tidal locking may not be full, as a non-synchronous rotation has been proposed: Europa spins faster than it orbits, or at least did so in the past. This suggests an asymmetry in internal mass distribution and that a layer of subsurface liquid separates the icy crust from the rocky interior.[4]
The slight eccentricity of Europa's orbit, maintained by the gravitational disturbances from the other Galileans, causes Europa's sub-Jovian point to oscillate about a mean position. As Europa comes slightly nearer to Jupiter, Jupiter's gravitational attraction increases, causing Europa to elongate towards and away from it. As Europa moves slightly away from Jupiter, Jupiter's gravitational force decreases, causing Europa to relax back into a more spherical shape, and creating tides in its ocean. The orbital eccentricity of Europa is continuously pumped by its mean-motion resonance with Io.[22] Thus, the tidal flexing kneads Europa's interior and gives it a source of heat, possibly allowing its ocean to stay liquid while driving subsurface geological processes.[12][22] The ultimate source of this energy is Jupiter's rotation, which is tapped by Io through the tides it raises on Jupiter and is transferred to Europa and Ganymede by the orbital resonance.[22][23]
Scientists analyzing the unique cracks lining the icy face of Europa found evidence showing that this moon of Jupiter likely spun around a tilted axis at some point in time. If this hypothesis is true, this tilt would be an explanation for many of Europa's features. Europa's immense network of crisscrossing cracks serves as a record of the stresses caused by massive tides in the moon's global ocean. Europa's tilt could influence calculations of how much of the moon's history is recorded in its frozen shell, how much heat is generated by tides in its ocean, and even how long the ocean has been liquid. The moon's ice layer must stretch to accommodate these changes. When there is too much stress, it cracks. A tilt in the moon's axis could suggest that Europa's cracks may be much more recent than previously thought. The reason is that the direction of the spin pole may change by as much as a few degrees per day, completing one precession period over several months. A tilt also could affect the estimates of the age of Europa's ocean. Tidal forces are thought to generate the heat that keeps Europa's ocean liquid, and a tilt in the spin axis might suggest that more heat is generated by tidal forces. This heat might help the ocean to remain liquid longer. Scientists did not specify when the tilt would have occurred and measurements have not been made of the tilt of Europa's axis.[24]
Physical characteristics[edit]
Europa is slightly smaller than Earth's Moon. At just over 3,100 kilometres (1,900 mi) in diameter, it is the sixth-largest moon and fifteenth largest object in the Solar System. Though by a wide margin the least massive of the Galilean satellites, it is nonetheless more massive than all known moons in the Solar System smaller than itself combined.[25] Its bulk density suggests that it is similar in composition to the terrestrial planets, being primarily composed of silicate rock.[26]
Internal structure[edit]
It is believed that Europa has an outer layer of water around 100 km (62 mi) thick; some as frozen-ice upper crust, some as liquid ocean underneath the ice. Recent magnetic field data from the Galileo orbiter showed that Europa has an induced magnetic field through interaction with Jupiter's, which suggests the presence of a subsurface conductive layer. The layer is likely a salty liquid water ocean. The crust is estimated to have undergone a shift of 80°[vague], nearly flipping over (see true polar wander), which would be unlikely if the ice were solidly attached to the mantle.[27] Europa probably contains a metallic iron core.[28]
Surface features[edit]
Europa is one of the smoothest objects in the Solar System when considering the lack of large scale features such as mountains or craters,[10] however on a smaller scale Europa's equator has been theorised to be covered in 10 metre tall icy spikes called penitentes caused by the effect of direct overhead sunlight on the equator melting vertical cracks.[29] The prominent markings crisscrossing Europa seem to be mainly albedo features, which emphasize low topography. There are few craters on Europa because its surface is tectonically active and young.[30][31] Europa's icy crust gives it an albedo (light reflectivity) of 0.64, one of the highest of all moons.[20][31] This would seem to indicate a young and active surface; based on estimates of the frequency of cometary bombardment that Europa probably endures, the surface is about 20 to 180 million years old.[32] There is currently no full scientific consensus among the sometimes contradictory explanations for the surface features of Europa.[33]
The radiation level at the surface of Europa is equivalent to a dose of about 5400mSv (540 rem) per day,[34] an amount of radiation that would cause severe illness or death in human beings exposed for a single day.[35]
Europa's most striking surface features are a series of dark streaks crisscrossing the entire globe, called lineae (English: lines). Close examination shows that the edges of Europa's crust on either side of the cracks have moved relative to each other. The larger bands are more than 20 km (12 mi) across, often with dark, diffuse outer edges, regular striations, and a central band of lighter material.[36] The most likely hypothesis states that these lineae may have been produced by a series of eruptions of warm ice as the Europan crust spread open to expose warmer layers beneath.[37] The effect would have been similar to that seen in Earth's oceanic ridges. These various fractures are thought to have been caused in large part by the tidal flexing exerted by Jupiter. Because Europa is tidally locked to Jupiter, and therefore always maintains the same approximate orientation towards Jupiter, the stress patterns should form a distinctive and predictable pattern. However, only the youngest of Europa's fractures conform to the predicted pattern; other fractures appear to occur at increasingly different orientations the older they are. This could be explained if Europa's surface rotates slightly faster than its interior, an effect that is possible due to the subsurface ocean mechanically decoupling Europa's surface from its rocky mantle and the effects of Jupiter's gravity tugging on Europa's outer ice crust.[38] Comparisons of Voyager and Galileo spacecraft photos serve to put an upper limit on this hypothetical slippage. The full revolution of the outer rigid shell relative to the interior of Europa occurs over a minimum of 12,000 years.[39]
Other geological features[edit]
Other features present on Europa are circular and elliptical lenticulae (Latin for "freckles"). Many are domes, some are pits and some are smooth, dark spots. Others have a jumbled or rough texture. The dome tops look like pieces of the older plains around them, suggesting that the domes formed when the plains were pushed up from below.[40]
One hypothesis states that these lenticulae were formed by diapirs of warm ice rising up through the colder ice of the outer crust, much like magma chambers in Earth's crust.[40] The smooth, dark spots could be formed by meltwater released when the warm ice breaks through the surface. The rough, jumbled lenticulae (called regions of "chaos"; for example, Conamara Chaos) would then be formed from many small fragments of crust embedded in hummocky, dark material, appearing like icebergs in a frozen sea.[41]
An alternative hypothesis suggest that lenticulae are actually small areas of chaos and that the claimed pits, spots and domes are artefacts resulting from over-interpretation of early, low-resolution Galileo images. The implication is that the ice is too thin to support the convective diapir model of feature formation. [42] [43]
In November 2011, a team of researchers from the University of Texas at Austin and elsewhere presented evidence in the journal Nature suggesting that many "chaos terrain" features on Europa sit atop vast lakes of liquid water.[44][45] These lakes would be entirely encased in Europa's icy outer shell and distinct from a liquid ocean thought to exist farther down beneath the ice shell. Full confirmation of the lakes' existence will require a space mission designed to probe the ice shell either physically or indirectly, for example using radar.
Subsurface ocean[edit]
Most planetary scientists believe that a layer of liquid water exists beneath Europa's surface, and that heat energy from tidal flexing allows the subsurface ocean to remain liquid.[12][46] Europa's surface temperature averages about 110 K (−160 °C; −260 °F) at the equator and only 50 K (−220 °C; −370 °F) at the poles, keeping Europa's icy crust as hard as granite.[7] The first hints of a subsurface ocean came from theoretical considerations of tidal heating (a consequence of Europa's slightly eccentric orbit and orbital resonance with the other Galilean moons). Galileo imaging team members argue for the existence of a subsurface ocean from analysis of Voyager and Galileo images.[46] The most dramatic example is "chaos terrain", a common feature on Europa's surface that some interpret as a region where the subsurface ocean has melted through the icy crust. This interpretation is extremely controversial. Most geologists who have studied Europa favor what is commonly called the "thick ice" model, in which the ocean has rarely, if ever, directly interacted with the present surface.[47] The different models for the estimation of the ice shell thickness give values between a few kilometers and tens of kilometers.[48]
The best evidence for the thick-ice model is a study of Europa's large craters. The largest impact structures are surrounded by concentric rings and appear to be filled with relatively flat, fresh ice; based on this and on the calculated amount of heat generated by Europan tides, it is predicted that the outer crust of solid ice is approximately 10–30 km (6–19 mi) thick, including a ductile "warm ice" layer, which could mean that the liquid ocean underneath may be about 100 km (60 mi) deep.[32][49] This leads to a volume of Europa's oceans of 3 × 1018 m3, slightly more than two times the volume of Earth's oceans.
The thin-ice model suggests that Europa's ice shell may be only a few kilometers thick. However, most planetary scientists conclude that this model considers only those topmost layers of Europa's crust that behave elastically when affected by Jupiter's tides. One example is flexure analysis, in which Europa's crust is modeled as a plane or sphere weighted and flexed by a heavy load. Models such as this suggest the outer elastic portion of the ice crust could be as thin as 200 metres (660 ft). If the ice shell of Europa is really only a few kilometers thick, this "thin ice" model would mean that regular contact of the liquid interior with the surface could occur through open ridges, causing the formation of areas of chaotic terrain.[48]
In late 2008, it was suggested Jupiter may keep Europa's oceans warm by generating large planetary tidal waves on Europa because of its small but non-zero obliquity. This previously unconsidered kind of tidal force generates so-called Rossby waves that travel quite slowly, at just a few kilometers per day, but can generate significant kinetic energy. For the current axial tilt estimate of 0.1 degree, the resonance from Rossby waves would store 7.3×1017 J of kinetic energy, which is two thousand times larger than that of the flow excited by the dominant tidal forces.[50][51] Dissipation of this energy could be the principal heat source of Europa's ocean.
The Galileo orbiter found that Europa has a weak magnetic moment, which is induced by the varying part of the Jovian magnetic field. The field strength at the magnetic equator (about 120 nT) created by this magnetic moment is about one-sixth the strength of Ganymede's field and six times the value of Callisto's.[52] The existence of the induced moment requires a layer of a highly electrically conductive material in Europa's interior. The most plausible candidate for this role is a large subsurface ocean of liquid saltwater.[28] Spectrographic evidence suggests that the dark, reddish streaks and features on Europa's surface may be rich in salts such as magnesium sulfate, deposited by evaporating water that emerged from within.[53] Sulfuric acid hydrate is another possible explanation for the contaminant observed spectroscopically.[54] In either case, because these materials are colorless or white when pure, some other material must also be present to account for the reddish color, and sulfur compounds are suspected.[55]
Europa may have periodically occurring plumes of water 200 km (120 mi) high, or more than 20 times the height of Mt. Everest.[14][57][58] These plumes appear when Europa is at its farthest point from Jupiter, and are not seen when Europa is at its closest point to Jupiter, in agreement with tidal force modeling predictions.[59] The tidal forces are about 1,000 times stronger than the Moon's effect on Earth. The only other moon in the Solar System exhibiting water vapor plumes is Enceladus.[14] The estimated eruption rate at Europa is about 7000 kg/sec (see supplementary material)[59] compared to about 200 kg/sec for the plumes of Enceladus.[60][61]
Observations with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph of the Hubble Space Telescope, first described in 1995, revealed that Europa has a thin atmosphere composed mostly of molecular oxygen (O2).[62][63] The surface pressure of Europa's atmosphere is 0.1 μPa, or 10−12 times that of the Earth.[8] In 1997, the Galileo spacecraft confirmed the presence of a tenuous ionosphere (an upper-atmospheric layer of charged particles) around Europa created by solar radiation and energetic particles from Jupiter's magnetosphere,[64][65] providing evidence of an atmosphere.
Unlike the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere, Europa's is not of biological origin. The surface-bounded atmosphere forms through radiolysis, the dissociation of molecules through radiation.[66] Solar ultraviolet radiation and charged particles (ions and electrons) from the Jovian magnetospheric environment collide with Europa's icy surface, splitting water into oxygen and hydrogen constituents. These chemical components are then adsorbed and "sputtered" into the atmosphere. The same radiation also creates collisional ejections of these products from the surface, and the balance of these two processes forms an atmosphere.[67] Molecular oxygen is the densest component of the atmosphere because it has a long lifetime; after returning to the surface, it does not stick (freeze) like a water or hydrogen peroxide molecule but rather desorbs from the surface and starts another ballistic arc. Molecular hydrogen never reaches the surface, as it is light enough to escape Europa's surface gravity.[68][69]
Observations of the surface have revealed that some of the molecular oxygen produced by radiolysis is not ejected from the surface. Because the surface may interact with the subsurface ocean (considering the geological discussion above), this molecular oxygen may make its way to the ocean, where it could aid in biological processes.[70] One estimate suggests that, given the turnover rate inferred from the apparent ~0.5 Gyr maximum age of Europa's surface ice, subduction of radiolytically generated oxidizing species might well lead to oceanic free oxygen concentrations that are comparable to those in terrestrial deep oceans.[71]
The molecular hydrogen that escapes Europa's gravity, along with atomic and molecular oxygen, forms a torus (ring) of gas in the vicinity of Europa's orbit around Jupiter. This "neutral cloud" has been detected by both the Cassini and Galileo spacecraft, and has a greater content (number of atoms and molecules) than the neutral cloud surrounding Jupiter's inner moon Io. Models predict that almost every atom or molecule in Europa's torus is eventually ionized, thus providing a source to Jupiter's magnetospheric plasma. [72]
Potential for extraterrestrial life[edit]
Europa has emerged as one of the top locations in the Solar System in terms of potential habitability and the possibility of hosting extraterrestrial life.[73] Life could exist in its under-ice ocean, perhaps subsisting in an environment similar to Earth's deep-ocean hydrothermal vents. Life in such an ocean could possibly be similar to microbial life on Earth in the deep ocean.[74][75] So far, there is no evidence that life exists on Europa, but the likely presence of liquid water has spurred calls to send a probe there.[76]
Until the 1970s, life, at least as the concept is generally understood, was believed to be entirely dependent on energy from the Sun. Plants on Earth's surface capture energy from sunlight to photosynthesize sugars from carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen in the process, and are then consumed by oxygen-respiring animals, passing their energy up the food chain. Even life in the deep ocean, far below the reach of sunlight, was believed to obtain its nourishment either from the organic detritus raining down from the surface, or by eating animals that in turn depend on that stream of nutrients.[77] An environment's ability to support life was thus thought to depend on its access to sunlight.
However, in 1977, during an exploratory dive to the Galapagos Rift in the deep-sea exploration submersible Alvin, scientists discovered colonies of giant tube worms, clams, crustaceans, mussels, and other assorted creatures clustered around undersea volcanic features known as black smokers.[77] These creatures thrive despite having no access to sunlight, and it was soon discovered that they comprise an entirely independent food chain. Instead of plants, the basis for this food chain was a form of bacterium that derived its energy from oxidization of reactive chemicals, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, that bubbled up from Earth's interior. This chemosynthesis revolutionized the study of biology by revealing that life need not be sun-dependent; it only requires water and an energy gradient in order to exist. It opened up a new avenue in astrobiology by massively expanding the number of possible extraterrestrial habitats.
Although the tube worms and other multicellular eukaryotic organisms around these hydrothermal vents respire oxygen and thus are indirectly dependent on photosynthesis, anaerobic chemosynthetic bacteria and archaea that inhabit these ecosystems provide a possible model for life in Europa's ocean.[71] The energy provided by tidal flexing drives active geological processes within Europa's interior, just as they do to a far more obvious degree on its sister moon Io. Although Europa, like the Earth, may possess an internal energy source from radioactive decay, the energy generated by tidal flexing would be several orders of magnitude greater than any radiological source.[78] However, such an energy source could never support an ecosystem as large and diverse as the photosynthesis-based ecosystem on Earth's surface.[79] Life on Europa could exist clustered around hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor, or below the ocean floor, where endoliths are known to inhabit on Earth. Alternatively, it could exist clinging to the lower surface of Europa's ice layer, much like algae and bacteria in Earth's polar regions, or float freely in Europa's ocean.[80] However, if Europa's ocean were too cold, biological processes similar to those known on Earth could not take place. Similarly, if it were too salty, only extreme halophiles could survive in its environment.[80] In September 2009, planetary scientist Richard Greenberg calculated that cosmic rays impacting on Europa's surface convert some water ice into free oxygen (O2), which could then be absorbed into the ocean below as water wells up to fill cracks. Via this process, Greenberg estimates that Europa's ocean could eventually achieve an oxygen concentration greater than that of Earth's oceans within just a few million years. This would enable Europa to support not merely anaerobic microbial life but potentially larger, aerobic organisms such as fish.[81]
In 2006, Robert T. Pappalardo, an assistant professor in the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado in Boulder said,
We've spent quite a bit of time and effort trying to understand if Mars was once a habitable environment. Europa today, probably, is a habitable environment. We need to confirm this ... but Europa, potentially, has all the ingredients for life ... and not just four billion years ago ... but today.[82]
In November 2011, a team of researchers presented evidence in the journal Nature suggesting the existence of vast lakes of liquid water entirely encased in Europa's icy outer shell and distinct from a liquid ocean thought to exist farther down beneath the ice shell.[44][45] If confirmed, the lakes could be yet another potential habitat for life.
A paper published in March 2013 suggests that hydrogen peroxide is abundant across much of the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa.[83] The authors argue that if the peroxide on the surface of Europa mixes into the ocean below, it could be an important energy supply for simple forms of life, if life were to exist there. The scientists think hydrogen peroxide is an important factor for the habitability of the global liquid water ocean under Europa's icy crust because hydrogen peroxide decays to oxygen when mixed into liquid water.
On December 11, 2013, NASA reported the detection of "clay-like minerals" (specifically, phyllosilicates), often associated with organic materials, on the icy crust of Europa.[13] The presence of the minerals may have been the result of a collision with an asteroid or comet according to the scientists.[13]
On 12 December 2013, NASA announced, based on studies with the Hubble Space Telescope, that water vapor plumes were detected on Europa and were similar to water vapor plumes detected on Enceladus, moon of Saturn.[14]
Life on Earth could have been blasted into space by asteroid collisions and arrived on the moons of Jupiter in a process called panspermia.[84]
Exploration of Europa began in the 1973 with the Jupiter flybys of Pioneer 10 and 11 in 1973 and 1974 respectively. The first closeup photos of were low resolution compared to later missions.
The two Voyager probes traveled through the Jovian system in 1979 providing more detailed images of Europa's icy surface. The images caused many scientists to speculate about the possibility of a liquid ocean underneath.
Starting in 1995, Galileo (probe) began a Jupiter orbiting mission that lasted for eight years, until 2003, and provided the most detailed examination of the Galilean moons to date. It included the Galileo Europa Mission and Galileo Millennium Mission, with numerous close flybys of Europa.[85]
New Horizons imaged Europa in 2007, as it flew by the Jovian system while on its way to Pluto.
Future missions[edit]
Conjectures on extraterrestrial life have ensured a high profile for Europa and have led to steady lobbying for future missions.[82][86] The aims of these missions have ranged from examining Europa's chemical composition to searching for extraterrestrial life in its hypothesized subsurface oceans.[74][87] Robotic missions to Europa need to endure the high radiation environment around itself and Jupiter.[86] Europa receives about 540 rem of radiation per day.[88]
In 2011, a Europa mission was recommended by the U.S. Planetary Science Decadal Survey.[89] In response, NASA commissioned Europa lander concept studies in 2011, along with concepts for a Europa flyby (Europa Clipper), and a Europa orbiter.[90][91] The orbiter element option concentrates on the "ocean" science, while the multiple-flyby element (Clipper) concentrates on the chemistry and energy science. On 13 January 2014, the House Appropriations Committee announced a new bipartisan bill that includes $80 million funding to continue the Europa mission concept studies.[92][93]
- Europa Clipper — In July 2013 an updated concept for a flyby Europa mission called Europa Clipper was presented by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL).[94] The aim of Europa Clipper is to explore Europa in order to investigate its habitability, and to aid selecting sites for a future lander. The Europa Clipper would not orbit Europa, but instead orbit Jupiter and conduct 45 low-altitude flybys of Europa during its envisioned mission. The probe would carry an ice penetrating radar, short wave infra red spectrometer, topographical imager, and an ion and neutral mass spectrometer.
- Europa Orbiter — Its objective would be to characterize the extent of the ocean and its relation to the deeper interior. Instrument payload could include a radio subsystem, laser altimeter, magnetometer, Langmuir probe, and a mapping camera.[95][96]
- Europa Lander — It would investigate the moon's habitability and assess its astrobiological potential by confirming the existence and determining the characteristics of water within and below Europa's icy shell.[97]
In 2012, Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer was selected by the European Space Agency (ESA) as a planned mission.[15][98] That mission includes some flybys of Europa, but is more focused on Ganymede.
Old proposals[edit]
In the early 2000s, Jupiter Europa Orbiter led by NASA and the Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter led by the ESA were proposed together as an Outer Planet Flagship Mission to Jupiter's icy moons, and called Europa Jupiter System Mission with a planned launch in 2020.[99] In 2009 it was given priority over Titan Saturn System Mission.[100] At that time, there was competition from other proposals.[101] Japan proposed Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter. Russia expressed interest in sending Europa Lander as part of the international effort.[102] The overall plan collapsed in the early 2010s.[98]
Jovian Europa Orbiter was an ESA Cosmic Vision concept study from 2007. Another concept was Ice Clipper,[103] which would have used an impactor similar to the Deep Impact mission—it would make a controlled crash into the surface of Europa, generating a plume of debris that would then be collected by a small spacecraft flying through the plume.[104][105]
Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO) was a partially developed fission-powered spacecraft with ion thrusters that was cancelled in 2006.[86][106] It was part of Project Prometheus.[106] The Europa Lander Mission proposed a small nuclear-powered Europa lander for JIMO.[107] It would travel with the orbiter, which would also function as a communication relay to Earth.[107]
The Europa Orbiter received a go-ahead in 1999 but was canceled in 2002. This orbiter featured a special radar that would allow it to scan below the surface.[10]
More ambitious ideas have been put forward including an impactor in combination with a thermal drill to search for biosignatures that might be frozen in the shallow subsurface.[108][109]
Another proposal put forward in 2001 calls for a large nuclear-powered "melt probe" (cryobot) that would melt through the ice until it reached an ocean below.[86][110] Once it reached the water, it would deploy an autonomous underwater vehicle (hydrobot) that would gather information and send it back to Earth.[111] Both the cryobot and the hydrobot would have to undergo some form of extreme sterilization to prevent detection of Earth organisms instead of native life and to prevent contamination of the subsurface ocean.[112] This proposed mission has not yet reached a serious planning stage.[113]
See also[edit]
- Colonization of Europa
- Jupiter's moons in fiction
- List of craters on Europa
- List of geological features on Europa
- List of lineae on Europa
- Moons of Jupiter
- Snowball Earth hypothesis
- Terraforming of Europa
- ^ Periapsis is derived from the semimajor axis (a) and eccentricity (e): a(1−e).
- ^ Apoapsis is derived from the semimajor axis (a) and eccentricity (e): a(1+e).
- ^ Surface area derived from the radius (r): 4πr 2.
- ^ Volume derived from the radius (r): 4/3πr 3.
- ^ Surface gravity derived from the mass (m), the gravitational constant (G) and the radius (r): Gm/r 2.
- ^ Escape velocity derived from the mass (m), the gravitational constant (G) and the radius (r): .
- ^ a b c d Blue, Jennifer (9 November 2009). "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers". USGS. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Overview of Europa Facts". NASA. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
- ^ "JPL HORIZONS solar system data and ephemeris computation service". Solar System Dynamics. NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 10 August 2007.
- ^ a b Geissler, P. E.; Greenberg, R.; Hoppa, G.; Helfenstein, P.; McEwen, A.; Pappalardo, R.; Tufts, R.; Ockert-Bell, M.; Sullivan, R.; Greeley, R.; Belton, M. J. S.; Denk, T.; Clark, B. E.; Burns, J.; Veverka, J. (1998). "Evidence for non-synchronous rotation of Europa". Nature 391 (6665): 368–70. Bibcode:1998Natur.391..368G. doi:10.1038/34869. PMID 9450751.
- ^ Bills, Bruce G. (2005). "Free and forced obliquities of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter". Icarus 175 (1): 233–247. Bibcode:2005Icar..175..233B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.10.028.
- ^ a b Yeomans, Donald K. (13 July 2006). "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". JPL Solar System Dynamics. Retrieved 5 November 2007.
- ^ a b McFadden, Lucy-Ann; Weissman, Paul; and Johnson, Torrence (2007). The Encyclopedia of the Solar System. Elsevier. p. 432. ISBN 0-12-226805-9.
- ^ a b McGrath (2009). "Atmosphere of Europa". In Pappalardo, Robert T.; McKinnon, William B.; and Khurana, Krishan K. Europa. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-2844-6.
- ^ ew-ROH-pə, or as Greek: Ευρώπη
- ^ a b c "Europa: Another Water World?". Project Galileo: Moons and Rings of Jupiter. NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 2001. Retrieved 9 August 2007.
- ^ Tritt, Charles S. (2002). "Possibility of Life on Europa". Milwaukee School of Engineering. Retrieved 10 August 2007.
- ^ a b c "Tidal Heating". geology.asu.edu. Archived from the original on 29 March 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
- ^ a b c Cook, Jia-Rui c. (December 11, 2013). "Clay-Like Minerals Found on Icy Crust of Europa". NASA. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
- ^ a b c d e Cook, Jia-Rui C.; Gutro, Rob; Brown, Dwayne; Harrington, J.D.; Fohn, Joe (12 December 2013). "Hubble Sees Evidence of Water Vapor at Jupiter Moon". NASA. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
- ^ a b "Esa selects 1bn-euro Juice probe to Jupiter". BBC News Online. 2 May 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
- ^ Borenstein, Seth (4 March 2014). "NASA plots daring flight to Jupiter's watery moon". AP News. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^ "Simon Marius (January 20, 1573 – December 26, 1624)". Students for the Exploration and Development of Space. University of Arizona. Retrieved 9 August 2007.
- ^ Marius, S.; (1614) Mundus Iovialis anno M.DC.IX Detectus Ope Perspicilli Belgici [1], where he attributes the suggestion to Johannes Kepler
- ^ a b Marazzini, Claudio (2005). "I nomi dei satelliti di Giove: da Galileo a Simon Marius (The names of the satellites of Jupiter: from Galileo to Simon Marius)". Lettere Italiane 57 (3): 391–407.
- ^ a b "Europa, a Continuing Story of Discovery". Project Galileo. NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 9 August 2007.[dead link]
- ^ "Planetographic Coordinates". Wolfram Research. 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
- ^ a b c Showman, Adam P.; Malhotra, Renu (1997). "Tidal Evolution into the Laplace Resonance and the Resurfacing of Ganymede". Icarus 127 (1): 93–111. Bibcode:1997Icar..127...93S. doi:10.1006/icar.1996.5669.
- ^ Moore, W. B. (2003). "Tidal heating and convection in Io". Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (E8). Bibcode:2003JGRE..108.5096M. doi:10.1029/2002JE001943. ISSN 0148-0227. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
- ^ Cook, Jia-Rui C. (18 September 2013) Long-stressed Europa Likely Off-kilter at One Time. jpl.nasa.gov
- ^ Mass of Europa: 48×1021 kg. Mass of Triton plus all smaller moons: 39.5×1021 kg (see note g here)
- ^ Jeffrey S. Kargel, Jonathan Z. Kaye, James W. Head, III, et al. (2000). "Europa's Crust and Ocean: Origin, Composition, and the Prospects for Life". Icarus (Planetary Sciences Group, Brown University) 148 (1): 226–265. Bibcode:2000Icar..148..226K. doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6471.
- ^ Cowen, Ron (7 June 2008). "A Shifty Moon". Science News.
- ^ a b Kivelson, Margaret G.; Khurana, Krishan K.; Russell, Christopher T.; Volwerk, Martin; Walker, Raymond J.; and Zimmer, Christophe (2000). "Galileo Magnetometer Measurements: A Stronger Case for a Subsurface Ocean at Europa". Science 289 (5483): 1340–1343. Bibcode:2000Sci...289.1340K. doi:10.1126/science.289.5483.1340. PMID 10958778.
- ^ Ice blades threaten Europa landing
- ^ Arnett, Bill (7 November 1996) Europa. astro.auth.gr
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- ^ a b Schenk, Paul M.; Chapman, Clark R.; Zahnle, Kevin; and Moore, Jeffrey M. (2004) "Chapter 18: Ages and Interiors: the Cratering Record of the Galilean Satellites", pp. 427 ff. in Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-81808-7.
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- ^ Frederick A. Ringwald (29 February 2000). "SPS 1020 (Introduction to Space Sciences)". California State University, Fresno. Retrieved 4 July 2009. (Webcite from 20 September 2009)
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- ^ a b Sotin, Christophe; Head III, James W.; and Tobie, Gabriel (2001). "Europa: Tidal heating of upwelling thermal plumes and the origin of lenticulae and chaos melting" (PDF). Retrieved 20 December 2007.
- ^ Goodman, Jason C.; Collins, Geoffrey C.; Marshall, John; and Pierrehumbert, Raymond T. "Hydrothermal Plume Dynamics on Europa: Implications for Chaos Formation" (PDF). Retrieved 20 December 2007.
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- ^ Greenberg, Richard (2008). Unmasking Europa. Springer + Praxis Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-09676-6.
- ^ a b Schmidt, Britney; Blankenship, Don; Patterson, Wes; Schenk, Paul (24 November 2011). "Active formation of 'chaos terrain' over shallow subsurface water on Europa". Nature 479 (7374): 502–505. Bibcode:2011Natur.479..502S. doi:10.1038/nature10608. PMID 22089135.
- ^ a b Marc Airhart (2011). "Scientists Find Evidence for "Great Lake" on Europa and Potential New Habitat for Life". Jackson School of Geosciences. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
- ^ a b Greenberg, Richard (2005) Europa: The Ocean Moon: Search for an Alien Biosphere, Springer + Praxis Books, ISBN 978-3-540-27053-9.
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- ^ Zimmer, Christophe; and Khurana, Krishan K. (2000). "Subsurface Oceans on Europa and Callisto: Constraints from Galileo Magnetometer Observations" (PDF). Icarus 147 (2): 329–347. Bibcode:2000Icar..147..329Z. doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6456.
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- ^ Calvin, Wendy M.; Clark, Roger N.; Brown, Robert H.; and Spencer, John R. (1995). "Spectra of the ice Galilean satellites from 0.2 to 5 µm: A compilation, new observations, and a recent summary". Journal of Geophysical Research 100 (E9): 19,041–19,048. Bibcode:1995JGR...10019041C. doi:10.1029/94JE03349.
- ^ "Hubble discovers water vapour venting from Jupiter's moon Europa". ESA/Hubble Press Release. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
- ^ "The Plumes of Europa". The Planetary Society. 12 December 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-17.
- ^ "Jupiter Moon Europa May Have Water Geysers Taller Than Everest". Space.com. 12 December 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-17.
- ^ a b Roth, L.; Saur, J.; Retherford, K. D.; Strobel, D. F.; Feldman, P. D.; McGrath, M. A.; Nimmo, F. (26 November 2013). "Transient Water Vapor at Europa's South Pole". Science 343 (6167): 171–174. doi:10.1126/science.1247051. PMID 24336567. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
- ^ Hansen, C. J.; Esposito, L.; Stewart, A. I.; Colwell, J.; Hendrix, A.; Pryor, W.; Shemansky, D.; West, R. (2006-03-10). "Enceladus' Water Vapor Plume". Science 311 (5766): 1422–1425. doi:10.1126/science.1121254. PMID 16527971.
- ^ Spencer, J. R.; Nimmo, F. (May 2013). "Enceladus: An Active Ice World in the Saturn System". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 41: 693. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-050212-124025.
- ^ Hall, D. T.; Strobel, D. F.; Feldman, P. D.; McGrath, M. A.; Weaver, H. A. (1995). "Detection of an oxygen atmosphere on Jupiter's moon Europa". Nature 373 (6516): 677–681. doi:10.1038/373677a0. PMID 7854447.
- ^ Savage, Donald; Jones, Tammy; and Villard, Ray (23 February 1995). "Hubble Finds Oxygen Atmosphere on Europa". Project Galileo. NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 17 August 2007.
- ^ Kliore, Arvydas J.; Hinson, D. P.; Flasar, F. Michael; Nagy, Andrew F.; Cravens, Thomas E. (July 1997). "The Ionosphere of Europa from Galileo Radio Occultations". Science 277 (5324): 355–358. Bibcode:1997Sci...277..355K. doi:10.1126/science.277.5324.355. PMID 9219689.
- ^ "Galileo Spacecraft Finds Europa has Atmosphere". Project Galileo. NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 1997. Retrieved 10 August 2007.
- ^ Johnson, Robert E.; Lanzerotti, Louis J.; and Brown, Walter L.; Lanzerotti; Brown (1982). "Planetary applications of ion induced erosion of condensed-gas frosts". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research 198: 147. Bibcode:1982NucIM.198..147J. doi:10.1016/0167-5087(82)90066-7.
- ^ Shematovich, Valery I.; Cooper; Johnson; Cooper, John F.; and Johnson, Robert E. (April 2003). "Surface-bounded oxygen atmosphere of Europa". EGS – AGU – EUG Joint Assembly (Abstracts from the meeting held in Nice, France): 13094. Bibcode:2003EAEJA....13094S.
- ^ Liang, Mao-Chang; Lane, Benjamin F.; Pappalardo, Robert T.; Allen, Mark; and Yung, Yuk L. (2005). "Atmosphere of Callisto" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research 110 (E2): E02003. Bibcode:2005JGRE..11002003L. doi:10.1029/2004JE002322.
- ^ Smyth, William H.; Marconi, Max L. (15 August 2007). "Processes Shaping Galilean Satellite Atmospheres from the Surface to the Magnetosphere" (PDF). Abstracts. Workshop on Ices, Oceans, and Fire: Satellites of the Outer Solar System, Boulder, Colorado. pp. 131–132.
- ^ Chyba, C. F.; Hand, K. P. (2001). "PLANETARY SCIENCE: Enhanced: Life Without Photosynthesis". Science 292 (5524): 2026–2027. doi:10.1126/science.1060081. PMID 11408649.
- ^ a b Hand, Kevin P.; Carlson, Robert W.; Chyba, Christopher F. (December 2007). "Energy, Chemical Disequilibrium, and Geological Constraints on Europa". Astrobiology 7 (6): 1006–1022. Bibcode:2007AsBio...7.1006H. doi:10.1089/ast.2007.0156. PMID 18163875.
- ^ Smyth, William H.; Marconi, Max L. (2006). "Europa's atmosphere, gas tori, and magnetospheric implications". Icarus 181 (2): 510. Bibcode:2006Icar..181..510S. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.019.
- ^ Schulze-Makuch, Dirk; and Irwin, Louis N. (2001). "Alternative Energy Sources Could Support Life on Europa" (PDF). Departments of Geological and Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso. Archived from the original on 3 July 2006. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
- ^ a b David L. Chandler (20 October 2002). "Thin ice opens lead for life on Europa". New Scientist.
- ^ Jones, Nicola (11 December 2001) Bacterial explanation for Europa's rosy glow, New Scientist
- ^ Phillips, Cynthia (28 September 2006) Time for Europa, Space.com.
- ^ a b Chamberlin, Sean (1999). "Creatures Of The Abyss: Black Smokers and Giant Worms". Fullerton College. Retrieved 21 December 2007.[dead link]
- ^ Wilson, Colin P. (2007). "Tidal Heating on Io and Europa and its Implications for Planetary Geophysics". Geology and Geography Dept., Vassar College. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
- ^ McCollom, Thomas M. (1999). "Methanogenesis as a potential source of chemical energy for primary biomass production by autotrophic organisms in hydrothermal systems on Europa". Journal of Geophysical Research (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute) 104: 30729. Bibcode:1999JGR...10430729M. doi:10.1029/1999JE001126.
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- ^ "EUROPA STUDY 2012 REPORT" (PDF), EUROPA LANDER MISSION, Jet Propulsion Laboratory - NASA, 1 May 2012, p. 287, retrieved 2014-01-15
- ^ a b Selection of the L1 mission. ESA, 17 April 2012. (PDF) . Retrieved on 23 July 2013.
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- ^ "Planetary protection for a Europa surface sample return: The Ice Clipper mission". Advances in Space Research 30 (6): 1601–1605. 2002. Bibcode:2002AdSpR..30.1601M. doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00480-5. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
- ^ Goodman, Jason C. (9 September 1998) Re: Galileo at Europa, MadSci Network forums.
- ^ McKay, Christopher P. (2002). "Planetary protection for a Europa surface sample return: The ice clipper mission". Advances in Space Research 30 (6): 1601–1605. Bibcode:2002AdSpR..30.1601M. doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00480-5.
- ^ a b Berger, Brian; NASA 2006 Budget Presented: Hubble, Nuclear Initiative Suffer Space.com (7 February 2005)
- ^ a b Abelson & Shirley – Small RPS-Enabled Europa Lander Mission (2005). (PDF) . Retrieved on 23 July 2013.
- ^ Weiss, P.; Yung, K. L.; Kömle, N.; Ko, S. M.; Kaufmann, E.; Kargl, G. (2011). "Thermal drill sampling system onboard high-velocity impactors for exploring the subsurface of Europa". Advances in Space Research 48 (4): 743. Bibcode:2011AdSpR..48..743W. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2010.01.015.
- ^ Hsu, J. (15 April 2010). "Dual Drill Designed for Europa's Ice". Astrobiology Magazine.
- ^ Knight, Will (14 January 2002) Ice-melting robot passes Arctic test, New Scientist.
- ^ Bridges, Andrew (10 January 2000) Latest Galileo Data Further Suggest Europa Has Liquid Ocean, Space.com
- ^ National Academy of Sciences Space Studies Board, Preventing the Forward Contamination of Europa, National Academy Press, Washington (DC), 2000, ISBN 0-309-57554-0.
- ^ Powell, Jesse; Powell, James; Maise, George; and Paniagua, John (2005). "NEMO: A mission to search for and return to Earth possible life forms on Europa". Acta Astronautica 57 (2–8): 579–593. Bibcode:2005AcAau..57..579P. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.04.003.
Further reading[edit]
- Rothery, David A. (1999). Satellites of the Outer Planets: Worlds in Their Own Right. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-512555-X.
- Harland, David M. (2000). Jupiter Odyssey: The Story of NASA's Galileo Mission. Springer. ISBN 1-85233-301-4.
- Greenberg, Richard (2005). EUROPA The Ocean Moon. Springer. ISBN 3-540-22450-5.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Europa (moon). |
- Europa Profile at NASA's Solar System Exploration site
- Astronomy Cast: Europa. Frasier Cain, 2010
- Europa page at The Nine Planets
- Europa page at Views of the Solar System
- Are our nearest living neighbours on one of Jupiter's Moons?
- Preventing Forward Contamination of Europa – SSB Study of Planetary
- Protection policies for Europa
- Images of Europa at JPL's Planetary Photojournal
- Movie of Europa's rotation from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- Europa map with feature names from Planetary Photojournal
- Europa nomenclature and Europa map with feature names from the USGS planetary nomenclature page
- Paul Schenk's 3D images and flyover videos of Europa and other outer solar system satellites; see also
- Large, high-resolution Galileo image mosaics of Europan terrain from Jason Perry's (normally Io-related) blog: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
- Europa image montage from Galileo spacecraft, NASA APOD
- View of Europa from Galileo flybys


text:
Saturday Night, December 1, 2007
Saturday Night Updates
Lots going on right now.
Rumors are abundant! How many are true? What is really going on between doors?
Wouldn't it be a lot of fun to be a fly one some of those walls? Fortunately, we
have some great sites that keep us informed about what is being said in
newspapers or elsewhere around the baseball world! I thought it would be good
to have a quick update on Saturday night. I will post a few things and if I
find others, I will add them to this posting throughout the night. Also, if you
have any rumors that you are finding interesting, please let me know. Send me
an e-mail or post a comment.
has been so much talk about Johan Santana rumors, that I thought I would start
out with a very intriguing offer/rumor surrounding Twins closer Joe Nathan
(thanks to Al's Ramblings for this
link). MLB Rumors is reporting that the Twins and Brewers are talking. That
isn't the surprise. I was shocked to read this:
"They plan to start with Joe Nathan in hopes of prying him
away from the Twins. It will cost them though because Nathan was dominant yet
again for the Twins. The Brewers would probably have to include Rickie Weeks,
along with Carlos Villanueva, and maybe another prospect. I do not think that
is too much to ask for."
What do you think? If this is a real offer, why haven't the Twins immediately
said yes?
is a lot of great stuff right now over at Al's Ramblings, including a
note about the Twins and Scott Rolen, but I wanted to include one thought (posted at 12/01/2007 04:20:00 AM)
that he had that I am sure
Twins fans can debate:
"The more I think about it, I'd much rather
have Phil Hughes for 3 years at $400K and 6 years total than Santana for a year
at $13M or for 5 years at $20M per. It'd be a PR disaster, but I would probably
do Hughes for Santana even up. I would hold out as long as I could and try and
get Rob Cano instead of Cabrera, however."
La Velle is scheduled to be in Nashville for the Winter
Meetings. However, the weather in the Twin Cities today (Saturday) has involved
a lot of snow and it is set to turn to sleep and freezing rain. Hopefully he
will be able to safely get to the airport and make the flight to Tennessee. He
posted a Saturday Update as well, much of it regarding the Twins and Yankees
talk. It is called The
Twins Will Not Compromise, which I think it a great motto for these Johan
negotiations! Joe Christensen posted earlier today about the Yankees willingness to add
Phil Hughes to any package for Johan Santana.
would like to encourage some discussion on this list as well, so please be sure
to post your opinions. This question comes from "Trevor", and I think it is a
great question. I'd love to hear your thoughts:
"I was wondering if you could get a
discussion going for the key cogs of the Santana Sweepstakes. We should be
getting familiarized with this group since it is all but done. Listing
the strengths and weaknesses of both pitchers and center fielders. Go
topic I would like in the Comments. I don't know a lot about simulation
baseball games and what is out there or available online, so please help answer
"Kevin's" Question for me:
for a future posting---for some of us addicts---What sim
baseball games are good that are out there? i used to play micro league baseball all the time as
a kid. i think that
game is done and gone--are there any similar out there? also can any of them be played against others over the
here is an
article from Jim Caple on ESPN Page 2 from a
couple of days ago regarding the Twins, Johan Santana, the
new stadium and how it all could and should come together.
was looking through my e-mail account and found an e-mail I sent to myself late
last week with the subject of Casilla. I noted that
as of last Monday, she was hitting .313. There was an mlb.com
article on Casilla's improved play in the
Dominican Republic and some of what he is hoping to accomplish in the Winter
League. Casilla is the reason that I still am not
worried about the Twins 2B needs.
Rollah Fastballah has
posted scouting reports
on all of the Yankees and Red Sox players being mentioned in trades for Johan
Santana. Check it out… especially "Trevor."
– 10:00 p.m. – MLB Rumors is now
saying that the Red Sox have agreed to include Clay Buccholz
in a trade for Johan. It's interesting watching the Yankees make a concession,
and now the Red Sox appear to be conceding Buccholz.
How about this? The Twins get Clay Buccholz, Jed Lowrie, Jacoby Ellsbury and
either Justin Masterson or Michael Bowden (or even better, Jon Lester) in
exchange for Johan Santana. If the Red Sox say "No" on Ellsbury
and insist on sending Coco Crisp instead, then the Twins should insist that the
Red Sox take Nick Punto along with Santana.
Jon Heyman wrote tonight that the Twins and
Yankees have agreed on a deal to include Phil Hughes and Melky
Cabrera. However, they are squabbling over who the third player in the deal
would be. The Twins apparently are insisting upon either AA Pitcher Alan Horne
or Hi-A Outfielder Austin Jackson.
Again, let's fill the comments. I will continue to update this if
and when I hear any other rumors. I also encourage you to e-mail any rumors you
are hearing (with links, please!) Thank you!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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How Do We Prove the Value of Training to Our Executives? July 31, 2012 No Comments Where can I find data on reinforcement of training? Our learning and development group wants to prepare a report for our executives. —All Ears, performance development consultant, communications, Dallas Read More
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How Do We Prove the Return on Investment of Coaching Certificates? March 13, 2012 No Comments Our organization is conflicted about certifications for coaches. The HR department wants to send our internal coaches/managers through a certification program, but upper management first wants to do a cost-benefit analysis. How do we make the case? —No Playbook, logistics and transportation, Santa Barbara, California Read More


text:
Old Great Bulgaria
Old Great Bulgaria | |||||
Old Great Bulgaria
Capital | Phanagoria (632–665) |
Languages | Bulgar | ||||
Religion | Paganism (Tengrism)[1] | ||||
Government | Absolute Monarchy | ||||
Khan | |||||
- | 632–665 | Kubrat | |||
- | 665–668 | Batbayan | |||
Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||
- | Kubrat heirs the throne | 632 | |||
- | Batbayan heirs the throne | 665 | |||
- | Old Great Bulgaria is conquered by the Khazars | 668 |
Old Great Bulgaria or Great Bulgaria (Byzantine Greek: Παλαιά Μεγάλη Βουλγαρία, Palaiá Megálē Boulgaría) was а term used by Byzantine historians to refer to the Maeotian Bulgar Khanate during the reign of Kubrat in the 7th century centred on Phanagoria north of the Caucasus mountains between the Dniester and Lower Volga.[2]
Kubrat (also Kurt or Houvrat) was of the kingly Dulo clan[3] and the rightful heir of the Bulgar throne. He spent his adolescence in the Byzantine Empire, where he was educated and baptised,[1] while his maternal uncle Organa ruled over his tribe.
Around 628, Kubrat returned to his fatherland, to become khagan over the Crimean Huns with the support of the Onogur who had always opposed the European Avar Khaganate. If it had not already been achieved by his predecessors in alliance with first the Byzantines then Samo, Kubrat quickly managed to overthrow Avar domination extending Onogur influence among the Bulgarians in Pannonia in what subsequently became known as Hungary. Ultimately however, although there is no evidence that the Utigurs were independent of the Onogurs until after Kubrat's empire disintegrated, it is believed he seceded from the Onogur when it became entangled in dynastic wars. After Kubrat's burial in Mala Pereshchepina, the Khazars who had triumphed in the collapse of Onoguria subjugated Kubrat's heir Batbayan forcing his other sons to flee north up the Volga (Kotrag) and west into the Balkans (Kuber & Asparuh) and Italy (Alcek).
Between 630 and 635, Khan Kubrat managed to unite the two main Bulgar tribes of Kutrigur and Utigur under a single rule, creating a powerful confederation which is referred to by the medieval authors as The Old Great Bulgaria[4] and also known as Onogundur-Bulgar Empire (or in western version: Onoghuria).[5] Some scholars assume that it also included among its subjects the defeated Avars and stretched as far west as the Pannonian plain. It is presumed that his capital was the ancient city of Phanagoria on the Taman peninsula. Kubrat's grave was discovered in 1912 at Pereshchepina, Ukraine.[6]
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Disintegration and successor states[edit]
The events that unfolded following Kubrat's death are described by the Byzantine Patriarch Nicephorus I.[4] In the times of Emperor Constantine IV, he narrates, Kubrat died and Batbayan, the eldest of his five sons, was left in charge of the state. Under strong Khazar pressure, Kubrat's other sons disregarded their father's advice to stay together in order to resist the enemies and soon departed, taking their own tribes. Old Great Bulgaria disintegrated under Khazars pressure in 668.[7]
Volga Bulgars[edit]
Kotrag, the leader of the Kutrigurs (or Kotrags), left for Middle Volga, where he later established Volga Bulgaria at the Volga–Kama confluence, a state which was to become very prosperous. The Volga Bulgars or the Silver Bulgars (Bessermens) as they were called at the time, converted voluntarily to Islam in the 9th century and managed to preserve their national identity well into the 13th century, by repelling the first Mongol attacks in 1223. However, they were eventually subdued, their capital Bulgar city became one of major cities of the Golden Horde of the Mongols and the Bulgars mixed with the Tatars. The citizens of the modern Russian republics of Tatarstan and Chuvashia are considered to be descendants of those Bulgars.
Bulgars in Vojvodina and Macedonia[edit]
Kuber ruled in Sirmium over a mixed group of peoples (Bulgars, 'Romans', Slavs, Germanics) as a vassal of the Avar khagan. After a revolt he led his people to Macedonia. There he had settled in the region of Keremisia and made an unsuccessful attempt to capture the city of Thessaloniki. After this, he disappears from history and his people were later consolidated into the Bulgarian Empire by khan Krum.
Bulgars in Southern Italy[edit]
Other Bulgars, circa 662, led by their "Duke Alzeco" (Altsek) sought refuge from the Avars with the Lombards and requested land from the Lombard King Grimoald I of Benevento in exchange for military service "for an uncertain reason", initially staying near Ravenna and later moving further south. Grimoald sent Altzek and his followers to his son Romuald in Benevento and they were then granted by Romuald land northeast of Naples in the "spacious but up till that time deserted" towns of Sepino, Bovianum (Boiano), and Isernia, in the present-day region of Molise in the Apennines. Instead of the title "Duke" Altzek was granted the Lombard title of "Gastald". Paul the Deacon in his Historia Langobardorum writing after the year 787 says that in his time Bulgars still inhabited the area, and that even though they speak "Latin", "they have not forsaken the use of their own tongue".[8]
Excavations in the necropolis of Vicenne-Campochiaro near Boiano which dates from the 7th century, found among 130 burials that there were 13 human burials alongside horses along with artifacts of Germanic and Avar origin.[9][10][11] Horse burials are characteristic of Central Asian horse-nomads, and therefore these burials are clearly those of the Bulgar settlers of Molise and Campania.[12]
BatBayan's Blacksea Bulgars remained in their Ukrainian homeland, Onoguria, but were subdued by their relatives, the Kazarigs. Some[who?] believe that the present-day Balkars are the descendants of the BatBayan horde even though they call themselves Malkars (after the river Malka) and speak a Turkic language of the Kipchak type. But in most Turkic languages the sound "b" became "m".[citation needed]
First Bulgarian Empire[edit]
After the state disintegrated under Khazar attack in 668, Asparuh parted ways with his brothers and led some of the Bulgars to seek a secure home. He was followed by 30,000 to 50,000 Bulgars.[13] After the Battle of Ongal Asparuh founded the First Bulgarian Empire, which was officially recognized as an independent state by the Byzantine Empire in 681.
Etymology of Onoghuria[edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. (October 2013) |
Variations of the name include:
Onoghuria, Onoguri, Onoghuri, Onghur, Ongur, Onghuri, Onguri, Onghuria, Onguria, Onogundur, Unogundur, Unokundur, etc.
There are numerous speculations about the origin of the Onogur name:
- In modern language of the Caucasian Avars Onoghuria could mean "Everlasting", from uno - ever and guro - lasting.
- Some derive it from the Turkic words On (ten) and Ghur (arrow) which in combination may mean "Ten Arrows", i.e. the Western Turkic Kaghanate which was a federation of ten tribes.[citation needed]
- Another explanation states that because in Turkic languages the sound "z" turns to "r" when you go westwards and therefore the ethnonym of the Oguz/Oghuz Turks would sound as Ogur/Oghur in the west. Then Onogur would mean "ten clans of Oguz/Oghuz (Turks)".[citation needed] In support to this view is fact that the Bulgars are listed among the ten sons of Togarmah (the mythic ancestor of the Turks) in the Khazar Correspondence.[citation needed]
- Others relate Onoghur to Unok-vndur, a Bulgar people mentioned in the early Armenian sources.
See also[edit]
- ^ a b John of Nikiû, Chronicle
- ^ Theophanes,Op. cit., p. 356-357
- ^ Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans
- ^ a b Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople, Historia syntomos, breviarium
- ^ Zimonyi Istvan: "History of the Turkic speaking peoples in Europe before the Ottomans". (Uppsala University: Institute of Linguistics and Philology)
- ^ Rasho Rashev, Die Protobulgaren im 5.-7. Jahrhundert, Orbel, Sofia, 2005 (in Bulgarian, German summary)
- ^ The Other Europe in the Middle ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans, Florin Curta, BRILL, 2008, ISBN 9004163891, p. 351.
- ^ Diaconis, Paulus (787). Historia Langobardorum. Monte Cassino, Italy. Book V chapter 29.
- ^ Genito, Bruno (2001). "Sepolture Con Cavallo Da Vicenne (Cb):" (PDF). I° Congresso Nazionale di Archeologia Medievale. Archived from the original on June 2, 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
- ^ Belcastro, M. G.; Faccini F. (2001). "Anthropological and cultural features of a skeletal sample of horsemen from the medieval necropolis of Vicenne-Campochiaro (Molise, Italy)" (PDF). Collegium antropologicum (Coll. antropol.) ISSN 0350-6134 25 (2): 387–401. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
- ^ "Longobard necropolis of Campochiaro". Archived from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
- ^ Conte Miltenova, N. - I Bulgari di Gallo Matese - Prefazione e postfazione di Giuseppe Mario Tufarulo Passaporto Editore, Roma, 1993. - C.N.R.
- ^ Васил Н. Златарски. История на Първото българско Царство. Епоха на хуно-българското надмощие с. 188.
External links[edit]
- Old Great Bulgaria - facts and sources
- BULGARS, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1991), vol.1, p.338
- Ivan Mikulčić, Towns and castles in medieval Macedonia, Makedonska civilizacija, Skopje, 1996 (in Macedonian)
- The Bulgarians, Minnesota State University
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First Bulgarian Empire Battle of Ongal • Siege of Constantinople • Battle of Marcellae • Battle of Pliska • Battle of Southern Buh • Battle of Acheloos • Battle of the Gates of Trajan • Battle of Kleidion • Battle of Dyrrhachium Second Bulgarian Empire Battle of Tryavna • Battle of Adrianople • Battle of Klokotnitsa • Battle of Skafida • Battle of Velbazhd • Battle of Rusokastro • Battle of Chernomen • Siege of Tarnovo • Battle of Nicopolis Major uprisings
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If you have any other questions, feel free to stop by our office in the Student Affairs Building, Room 10, give us a call at 308-865-8501 or email me at firstname.lastname@example.com
How do I change my major or minor?To officially change your major and/or minor, you need to visit the Academic & Career Services in the Student Affairs Building, Room 140. You will be asked to complete a short form and sign it to make the change official. Usually, you will also be assigned a new Academic Advisor at the same time. If necessary, you may also contact the Advising & Career Services by the telephone at 865-8501 or e-mail at email@example.com.
You may change your Academic Advisor at any time. Come to the Academic & Career Services in the Student Affairs Building, Room 140 to complete and sign a short form to make the change official.
What if I would like to have more than one advisor?Students may have up to two Academic Advisors who have access to student records. To add an advisor, come to the Academic & Career Services in the Student Affairs Building, Room 140. Of course, students may visit with any faculty or staff member at any time about their academic progress and program. However, only official advisors are able to lift advising flags or have access to a student's academic records in the My Blue computer system.
You need to check with the Registrar's Office. They make the official determination concerning what courses transfer and also determine the equivalent UNK courses. Classes that might apply to your major are evaluated by the Chair of your academic department, he/she coordinates with the Registrar's Office to make sure transfer credit is applied appropriately.
I want to take classes at a different college or university during the summer. How do I know what courses will transfer back to UNK?The Registrar's Office makes the official determination of what courses will transfer from other institutions to meet UNK requirements. UNK has entered into agreements with many of the community colleges and with other members of the University of Nebraska system concerning the transferability of individual courses. If you are planning to attend an institution outside of Nebraska or an institution that does not have a transfer agreement with UNK, you should be prepared to show the Registrar's Office course descriptions and other documentation so that they can establish transferability. If you are planning to take classes that are required for your major or minor; you need to talk to the Chair of your academic department to be sure the classes will apply to your major.
When do I need to see my academic advisor?Students are required to see their academic advisor before they can register for classes. Everyone should see their advisor periodically to ensure that they are making progress toward completion of their degree program. Other times you should visit with your Academic Advisor include:
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Chapter 6 - Page 29 |
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l ' l m n a s callcd to bishopric, under Bishop Ilenl-y Lunt. Letter from Thomas' sister from Wales. Thomas and Saxe move to Cedar City from Old Fort. Iron Works discontinued, people turned to farminx. Civil War begins and john st on'^ army l a w s . Completion of telegraph. Death of Thomas J o n ~ s .Letter from Sage's sister. Early years with Sagc and her youne, famiiy. Thomas was called to work as a counselor in the bishopric of the Cedar Ward July 31, 1859. H e was ordained by .+pestle George A. Smith along with Henry Lunt, who was made Bishop, and Richard V. Smith, who was the other counselor. Thomas served in this capacity for over three years. Shortly after accepting this new position, Thomas and his wife, Sage, were blessed with another son whom they named William Treharne Jones. H e was born on the 12th of Sept., 1859. Having four boys, they probahly douhted that they would ever have a girl, hut they were happy and rejoiced that their children were healthy and thev felt extremely hlessed that they had plenty of food and a place to live and were with the L.D.S. people in the church they so dearly loved. While working in the Bishopric with Brother Henry Lunt, the Jones family and the Lunt family hecame well acquainted. Lehi W. was five years old then and the Lunts had one child, Henrietta, who was still a bahy a year old. There were times when Thomas sorely missed his famil!- in Wales liut he knew that he had done the right thing in joining the rhurch and leaving his native land, never to return. H e must have written to his family not long after this time, for he received a letter from Herwain, Wales, dated Lfarch 13, 1860 written by his older sister, hIary, and her husband, which read as follows: "Dear Children, Here we are taking 29
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Title | Lehi Willard Jones: Biography |
Creator | Jones, York F., 1925-; Jones, Evelyn K. |
Subject | Jones, Lehi Willard, 1854-1947; Cedar City (Utah) -- Biography; Cedar City (Utah) -- History; Mormon Church -- Utah |
Description | Life of Lehi Willard Jones, centering in Cedar City, Utah, 1854-1947, and history of much of the development of Southern Utah |
Source | Lehi Willard Jones |
Date Digital | 2008-01 |
Date Original | 1972 |
Type | Image; Still image |
Format | image/pdf |
Digitization Specs | JPEG image for display. Archived TIFF image was scanned at 300 dpi with a CreoScitex EverSmart Jazz+ scanner. |
Contributing Institution | Digitized by: Sherratt Library, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, Utah |
Publisher | Woodruff Printing Company |
Language | eng |
Genre | Biography |
Website | http://www.li.suu.edu/library/digitization/lehiwillardjones.html |
Rights Management | Digital image c2008 Sherratt Library, Southern Utah University. All rights reserved. |
CONTENTdm file name | 1334.cpd |
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Town Square
Council to hear library recommendation tonight
Original post made on Oct 2, 2007
Read the full story here Web Link posted Monday, October 1, 2007, 11:00 AM
Comments (6)
on Oct 2, 2007 at 11:36 pm
the city officials should participate on this because its for the good of all who used the library and also if they attend to that meeting they can have a chance to tackle about the problems and the facilities they needed.
on Oct 3, 2007 at 8:52 am
Web Quote: "Commission members were still smarting over the 2002 failure of Measure D", my advice - GET OVER IT!!!!
This was a huge ugly monster of a building that spread over the tennis and paddleball courts and, if built, would have dominated Mitchell Park. Voters are smart, they rejected it.
And, the voters may reject the new library with its large area set aside for "technical staff" and an unnecessary restaurant. Yes voters, you will be paying for a restaurant!!
And, by the way, Council did approve this design on Monday night.
on Oct 3, 2007 at 10:56 am
I actually think a restaurant is a good idea at the community centre. It provides one stop entertainment. You could walk /bike to the community center do a class, have lunch, then visit the library and then walk home. What a pleasant thought.
on Oct 3, 2007 at 1:14 pm
The food area is in the library not the community center.
Some of us think we have to eat or drink every hour or we are being deprived. We carry water bottles so that godforbid we might have to survive without water for 2 hours.
on Oct 3, 2007 at 2:12 pm
We do not need a new Mitchell Park library. We need to have the old and outdated books removed and replaced by updated material. There is absolutely no reason why we need a new building in order to provide better library services to the community. Don't be fooled by the spin doctors who are being paid a fortune to convince you that you need this new library building. Vote NO.
on Oct 4, 2007 at 1:08 am
The Mitchell Park Library is an embarrassment, and needs to be brought up to speed in a way that will help bolster our entire library system. the aisles aren't even wheelchair accessible.
I wonder if "Resident" has even been to Mitchell. Further, I have yet to see one post by Resident where s/he supports any money being spent on city infrastructure.
Tell me, Resident, where will we put all your new books when the library falls down.
It's time for a reality check.
Anyone doubting my words, go visit Mitchell Park Library on a weekday - it's a zoo, and badly in need of updating.
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Plot & Details
In this documentary centered on legendary filmmaker John Ford's cinematic contributions to Allied morale during World War II, actor/musician Kris Kristofferson narrates as the How Green Was My Valley director turns his back on Tinseltown in order to fulfill his patriotic duty. By the time the United States became involved in World War II, John Ford was already a film legend, but when Uncle Sam came calling the veteran filmmaker eagerly packed his bags and set his sites on the frontlines. Though Ford did sustain battlefield injuries during the production of the Oscar-winning documentary The Battle of Midway, the remarkable film endeared him to patriotic American audiences across the country and his next wartime effort, 1943's December 7th, proceeded to earn the filmmaker yet another Oscar. In addition to featuring footage from these and other, lesser-known wartime films from Ford, this documentary also offers an intimate look at the complex filmmaker and explores his remarkable legacy through both archive footage and interviews with such notable directors as Oliver Stone and Peter Bogdanovich.
- Genre(s): Documentary,Special Interest
- Run Time: 56min.
- DVD Release Date: 12/20/2005
- Director(s): Tom Thurman
- Starring: Kris Kristofferson , John Ford
- Themes: Filmmaking
- Keywords: Oscar, battlefield, director, film, filmmaker, war, world-war
- Language: English
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Fitness North boot camp targets weight loss
An Aitkin woman has partnered with O'Neal Hampton Jr., who has gone from 420 pounds to 223 pounds, largely with the help of the reality TV show "The Biggest Loser," to open a weight loss boot camp on the North Shore.By: Candace Renalls , Duluth News Tribune
When it comes to losing weight, there's nothing more impressive than someone who has done it big time.
Like O'Neal Hampton Jr.
Hampton, 52, of Richfield, Minn., has gone from 420 pounds to
223 pounds, largely with the help of the reality TV show "The Biggest Loser," where he and his daughter, SunShine, were fan favorites in this year's season nine. Determined to regain the fitness and quality of life he had when he played football and was a Green Beret, Hampton started losing weight even before entering the show's boot camp. And he has lost 21 more pounds since leaving the show.
"I know how it is to go through the daily struggles of losing weight," he said.
So when "Biggest Loser" fan Sheryl Babbitt of Aitkin was looking to start a live-in, weight-loss boot camp on the North Shore, she called Hampton to ask if he would give a motivational talk to the participants.
He listened to her ideas for the weight loss program and recalls telling her that he didn't just like her program, he loved it. But he
didn't want to just be a guest speaker, he wanted to be part of the program. And he had plenty of ideas to make it better.
So a partnership was born.
The result is Fitness North, which opened this week at Surfside on Lake Superior resort in Tofte with Hampton and Babbitt as co-owners.
"His role will be chief inspirer and motivator," Babbitt said of Hampton. "A lot of people were completely motivated by him on the show."
It's the only live-in weight-loss boot camp of its kind in the state, said Babbitt, who chose the North Shore for its beauty and healing effects.
Hampton said he'll keep the participants motivated, not just through the physical challenges of six to eight hours a day of exercise, but through the psychological aspects of losing weight.
"I know about both," he said. "There will be times when mental fatigue sets in. Mental fatigue always sets in before physical fatigue."
Making lasting changes
The program's first week kicked off Sunday with 10 participants. But future sessions will be open to up to 32 men and women who want to make lasting, healthy lifestyle changes, not just lose weight.
Babbitt isn't making any weight loss guarantees, however.
"Everybody's different," she said. "They're going to lose weight, but they're also going to gain strength, endurance and muscle."
Costs for the weeklong sessions start at $1,500 per person, including meals and luxury accommodations at the resort. Two-week or longer stays also are available.
That's a bargain, Babbitt said of the fee, adding that similar programs around the country charge considerably more.
While participants will stay in luxury townhomes, it won't be a kick-back-and-relax kind of retreat.
The daily 12-hour schedule starts at 6 a.m. with an hourlong walk, followed by five to seven hours of exercise, including hiking, weight training, cardio circuit and water aerobics. They'll work with personal trainers to build strength, tone muscles, boost energy and, of course, lose weight. Participants will use the resort's fitness room and pool, but much will be done outside, taking advantage of what the North Shore offers, from hiking to cross-country skiing.
"Six to eight hours of exercises sounds like a lot, but you need to do that to shock your bodies," Babbitt said.
When it comes to meals, the participants won't be waited on. They'll shop for groceries and help prepare their own meals, tailored to their own nutritional needs.
"It's not as simple as calorie counting," she said. "They learn what to eat and how to prepare it. That's how they'll learn."
Weight struggles
The idea for the live-in program sprang from Babbitt's own struggles with weight.
She didn't have a weight problem until after she had children, had gone through a divorce and became ill. She suffered a stroke and underwent open heart surgery to correct a heart defect. During a long recovery, she became depressed and, she said, "packed on the pounds." But when she went to a live-in fitness boot camp in another state, she experienced a life-changing makeover that led to weight loss.
"It was the first time I had focused on myself," she said. "It was very successful. Between the diet and exercising and no interruptions and being in a controlled environment, I lost a lot of weight and inches."
She kept it off for a couple of years, but eventually life's stressors caused her to regain weight. But she's once again getting it under control, she said.
Having experienced the ups and downs of weight herself, the 49-year-old Babbitt woman said she better understands the challenges program participants face.
The stressors that lead to weight gain will be explored individually with the participants to help them identify and manage them so they can make positive lifestyle changes.
"Being obese is a by-product of something else going on in their lives," Hampton said. "Whenever you have struggles in your life, it's letting you know that something isn't right. You have to reverse that process. That's what I will be there for. I will be there for them every step of the way. It's a really important part, the psychological part."
At times, Babbitt will join the participants on their hikes as she works on her own fitness goals.
"I did this for my own selfish reasons," Babbitt said of starting Fitness North. "I turned my own quest for better health into a business opportunity."
At the same time, she wants to help others get the same life-changing results she has had.
"I want to show people that sometimes, a jump-start is all you need, just to get you on track," she said. "And if there's a spark there, you can make a flame."


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Cast: Gail Heyer, home owner Tim Kyllo, Architect Steve Lodmell, Straightline Masonry LLC Randy Toogood, Toogood Builders Ruth Stoltzmann, Golden Flame Distributing Cavan Real Estate Investors Sanba International Architects |
11/3/03 Dear Jim: I'm an architect here in Sedona and my client, Gail Heyer*, has already been in contact with you. They want to do one of your wood burning fireplaces. The city's code is brand new (went into effect August 10th) so they are still feeling their way through this process. The biggest difficulty I see getting the approval is that it is a "fireplace" versus and epa approved woodstove. I also saw on some of your notes for Maricopa county that EPA would not approve fireplaces, even if the emmissions was equivalent (I don't understand this, but maybe it doesn't matter). Here is what we are going to do: we are going to find a lawyer in this region to present our case to the city, and have him work in coordination with you. We simply feel we need a lawyer to focus city officials on the fact that your product meets the required emission standards. As soon as we have selected the attorney we will have him contact you. From your work in Maricopa county, would you happen to have any recommendations? I look forward to getting this approved in Sedona. Thanks.
Charles Van Block
I am trying to build a Rumford Fireplace in Sedona, AZ .. They currently have an ordinance against wood burning fireplaces except those that meet EPA Phase II Standards, and have been certified as such. Do Rumford fireplaces meet this standard.
Tim Kyllo
The short version of a very long answer is that the EPA exempts fireplaces and the EPA Phase II Standards referenced are specific to air-tight stoves. In the past ten years the states of Colorado, Washington and a number of areas in California and other states, in conjunction with the EPA itself, the Hearth Products Association, the Western States Clay Product Association and at least two EPA certified independent test labs, have developed "equivalent" standards appropriate for fireplaces and masonry heaters.
We do meet those "equivalent" standards and have been approved in Colorado, Washington and several areas in California. See on our website the Manuals for our "Certified Rumfords" at http://www.rumford.com/manual.html and at http://www.rumford.com/manualca.html
My recommendation is to print off one of these Manuals, or at least the test results at http://www.rumford.com/testRumfordresults.html and submit them with your application for a building permit to build the 30", 36" or the 48" Certified Rumford Fireplace. You may be approved. If they deny your approval your have at least two good options: 1) appeal and we'll help you and 2) build the fireplace with gas logs installed. I would do both and maybe reserve the appeal until your home is finished. Gas logs are a pretty good fall-back option. See pictures and description at http://www.rumford.com/store/gaslogs.html As required by the National Fuel Gas Code gas logs must be installed only in code compliant solid fuel fireplaces. So, if you win the appeal, you'll already have the fireplace and you won't have to install the gas logs.
I have heard about the new Sedona ordinance but I haven't seen the language. Would you be so kind as to fax or mail me a copy?
Warm regards,
Jim, this is Steve Again, the Rumford that was approved in Sedona I am going to Build. The Couple Building the Home were going to can the Plans and Sell the Lot because they couldn't have the Fireplace. I Suggested they try your Web Site. I had been doing Research on the Rumfords, and thought they should look at them. She came back to me saying Sedona would let the Rumford be Built. So here I am, not actually having Built one is not the Problem. I Believe I can Build any Fireplace, and Build it Right. The General Contractor has Asked me to Get in Touch with you. by Phone. I will Call wed. Jan. 14. I will need to Know is the 42 " a Certified Rumford, and do you have Test results on it. and Kits Cost and Availiability. the Heyer Res. is the home in Sedona. My Personal House will Have a Kiva Rumford, and a 36" or 42" Rumford. Yavapai Co. will let you Build Fireplaces at Present, but I think not for long. Lumbermans Building Centers May be Another Very Good Dealer for Certified Rumfords in the Verde Valley Area. Sadona and Cottonwood 18 mi. Apart. Since Sedona Likes the Rumfords it Seems. The Homes Built there are Million Plus Homes and I have Built Many Fireplaces there, and have Masonry Cont. Friends there that have Built Many, but none I know have Built a Rumford. We hope to be able to Built Many More.
Thank You Jim, and Count Rumford. Steve Lodmell / Straightline Masonry LLC
Buckley Rumford Fireplaces
Copyright 1996 - 2004 Jim Buckley
All rights reserved.


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