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Gladiator (2000 film)
Gladiator | |
Theatrical release poster
Directed by | Ridley Scott |
Produced by | Douglas Wick David Franzoni Branko Lustig |
Screenplay by | David Franzoni John Logan William Nicholson |
Story by | David Franzoni |
Starring | Russell Crowe Joaquin Phoenix Connie Nielsen Oliver Reed Derek Jacobi Djimon Hounsou Ralf Möller Richard Harris |
Music by | Hans Zimmer Lisa Gerrard Klaus Badelt |
Cinematography | John Mathieson |
Editing by | Pietro Scalia |
Studio | Scott Free Productions Red Wagon Entertainment[1] |
Distributed by | DreamWorks Pictures (US) Universal Pictures (International) |
Release dates |
Running time | 155 minutes[2] (Theatrical cut) 164 minutes[3] (Director's cut) |
Country | United Kingdom[4] United States |
Language | English |
Budget | $103 million[5][6] |
Box office | $457,640,427 |
Gladiator is a 2000 British–American epic historical drama film directed by Ridley Scott, starring Russell Crowe, Joaquin Phoenix, Connie Nielsen, Ralf Möller, Oliver Reed (in his final film role), Djimon Hounsou, Derek Jacobi, John Shrapnel, and Richard Harris. Crowe portrays the fictional character, loyal Roman general Maximus Decimus Meridius, who is betrayed when the emperor's ambitious son, Commodus, murders his father and seizes the throne. Reduced to slavery, Maximus rises through the ranks of the gladiatorial arena to avenge the murder of his family and his emperor.
Released in the United States on May 5, 2000, Gladiator was a box office success, receiving positive reviews, and was credited with rekindling interest in the historical epic. The film was nominated for and won multiple awards, notably five Academy Awards in the 73rd Academy Awards including Best Picture and Best Actor for Crowe.
In AD 180, General Maximus Decimus Meridius leads the Roman army to a decisive victory against the Germanic tribes on the frontier, ending a long war on the Roman frontier and winning the favor of Emperor Marcus Aurelius. The emperor is already old and dying, and although he has a son, Commodus, he asks Maximus to succeed him as a regent and turn Rome back into a republic. The emperor speaks with Commodus afterwards and explains his decision, but Commodus reacts by killing him and claiming the throne.
Still in Germania, Maximus is confronted by Commodus but he refuses to pledge loyalty. General Quintus, captain of the Praetorian Guard and a friend to Maximus, chooses to follow Commodus. He obeys Commodus' orders and reluctantly sends men to Spain to kill Maximus' wife and son. Maximus manages to escape his own execution by Praetorians and races back to his home in Spain, but he finds his wife and son already dead. He buries them and then passes out. A slave caravan passes by and captures Maximus, assuming that he is a deserter. Maximus is taken to Zucchabar in Roman Africa and sold to a man named Proximo, who uses him as a gladiator.
Maximus is forced to fight in local tournaments, and he wins every match because of his superior skill. He makes friends with Proximo's other gladiators, including a Numidian named Juba and a German named Haken. His successes allow Proximo to bring the team to the Roman Colosseum. Proximo explains to Maximus that he was himself a gladiator who fought well enough in the Colosseum to win his freedom, granted to him by Marcus Aurelius himself.
Having arrived at the Colosseum, Proximo's team is put in a match against highly unfair odds, in what is meant to be a reenactment of the Battle of Zama. Maximus and his teammates are on foot, armed with spears and shields, against a cohesive and well-equipped force of mounted fighters and archers on chariots. By means of Maximus' leadership, however, the team is able to upset their opponents. Commodus comes down personally to congratulate Maximus on his victory. At this point, Maximus removes his helm and reveals himself to Commodus. Maximus promises to exact vengeance against Commodus, who is still in shock to learn that Maximus is still alive. While Commodus yearns to kill Maximus on the spot, he cannot because doing so would cause the watching crowd to develop distaste for his leadership, since the crowd loves Maximus.
Commodus tries to have Maximus killed by paying Tigris, a former gladiator, to come back and fight Maximus. Tigris is well known and had earned his freedom by never being defeated. During the match, Colosseum staff approach Maximus from behind, holding tigers by the leash, in order to put Maximus at a disadvantage. Against all expectations, Maximus still wins, but he spares Tigris' life and is declared by the crowd as "Maximus the Merciful" and this further angers Commodus. Commodus goes down to Maximus and has his Praetorians surround him, and launches insults at him. Maximus responds by turning his back to Commodus and walking away, a grave insult toward an emperor, and Commodus' own Praetorians show their deference to Maximus by stepping aside for him.
As Maximus is being escorted back to the gladiator's quarters, his former servant Cicero approaches him and says that Maximus still has the loyalty of his army. Commodus' sister Lucilla and the senator Gracchus secure a meeting with Maximus, and Maximus obtains their consent to rejoin his army, topple Commodus by force, and hand power over to the senate. Commodus, however, suspects a plot against him, and forces Lucilla to confess it by threatening to kill her son. Praetorians close in upon the gladiator quarters before Maximus can leave. Proximo, loyal to Maximus, refuses to open the gate in order to buy Maximus time to escape. When the Praetorians break through, Proximo's gladiators assault them in order to give Maximus more time. The Praetorians kill Haken and many others, and they execute Proximo. Maximus reaches the rendezvous place, but it is already staked out by Praetorians. Cicero is killed and Maximus is captured.
Commodus, desperate to get Maximus out of the way and to restore his own glory, arranges to duel him. Before the fight begins he stabs Maximus in the back, leaving him severely weakened. During the fight, Maximus still manages to dodge Commodus' blows and disarm him. Commodus asks the Praetorians to intervene, but Quintus betrays Commodus at this point and orders them not to. Commodus produces a hidden stiletto, but Maximus turns the blade back into Commodus' throat, killing him.
Maximus succumbs to the stab wound and dies, asking with his last words that the Roman Republic be restored and that the slaves be freed. As he dies, he has a vision of walking through a field of grain and being finally reunited with his wife and son. Lucilla has the body of Maximus carried out for an honorable burial while the crowd stands in respect. Some time later, Juba revisits the Colosseum at night, and he buries Maximus' two small figurines of his wife and son at the spot where he died. He promises that he will see Maximus again, "but not yet."
- Russell Crowe as Maximus Decimus Meridius: a Roman legatus forced into becoming a slave who seeks revenge against Commodus. He had been under the favor of Marcus Aurelius, and the love and admiration of Lucilla prior to the events of the film. His home is near Trujillo[7] in today's Province of Cáceres, Spain. After the murder of his family he vows vengeance. Maximus is a fictional character partly inspired by Marcus Nonius Macrinus, Narcissus, Spartacus, Cincinnatus, and Maximus of Hispania. Mel Gibson was first offered the role, but declined as he felt he was too old to play the character. Antonio Banderas and Hugh Jackman were also considered.
- Joaquin Phoenix as Commodus: The corrupted, twisted, immoral son of Marcus Aurelius, he murders his father when he learns that Maximus will hold the emperor's powers in trust until a new senate can be formed. Jude Law was considered for the role.
- Connie Nielsen as Lucilla: Maximus' former lover and the older child of Marcus Aurelius, Lucilla has been recently widowed. She tries to resist her brother's incestuous advances while protecting her son, Lucius.
- Oliver Reed as Antonius Proximo: An old, gruff gladiator trainer who buys Maximus in North Africa. A former gladiator himself, he was freed by Marcus Aurelius, and gives Maximus his own armor and eventually a chance at freedom. This was Reed's final film. He died during the filming. In the original script, Proximo was supposed to live.
- Derek Jacobi as Senator Gracchus: One of the senators who opposes Commodus' rule.
- Djimon Hounsou as Juba: A Numidian tribesman who was taken from his home and family by slave traders. He becomes Maximus' closest ally and friend.
- David Schofield as Senator Falco: A Patrician, a senator opposed to Gracchus. He helps Commodus to consolidate his power.
- John Shrapnel as Gaius: Another senator who is in close correspondence to Gracchus.
- Tomas Arana as General Quintus: Another Roman legatus, who served under and was the former friend to Maximus. Made commander of the Praetorian guards by Commodus, earning his loyalty. In the extended version, he sees the mad side of the Emperor when he is forced to execute two innocent men. Quintus later redeems himself by refusing to allow Commodus a sword during his duel with Maximus.
- Ralf Möller as Hagen: A Germanic warrior and Proximo's chief gladiator who later befriends Maximus and Juba during their battles in Rome.
- Spencer Treat Clark as Lucius Verus: The young son of Lucilla. He is named after his father Lucius Verus. He is also the grandson of Marcus Aurelius.
- David Hemmings as Cassius: An elderly fat man who runs the gladiatorial games in the Colosseum and is the arena announcer.
- Tommy Flanagan as Cicero: Maximus' loyal servant who provides him with information while Maximus is enslaved. He was used as bait for an escaping Maximus and eventually killed.
- Sven-Ole Thorsen as Tigris of Gaul: An undefeated gladiator who is called out of retirement to kill Maximus.
- Richard Harris as Marcus Aurelius: An emperor of Rome who appoints Maximus, whom he loves as a son, with the ultimate aim of returning Rome to a republican form of government. He is murdered by his son Commodus before his wish can be fulfilled.
- Graham Wilson[disambiguation needed] as a gladiator
- Omid Djalili as a slave trader.
- Giannina Facio as Maximus' wife.
- Giorgio Cantarini as Maximus' son.
- Tony Curran as Assassin #1
Gladiator was based on an original pitch by David Franzoni, who wrote the first draft.[8] Franzoni was given a three-picture deal with DreamWorks as writer and co-producer on the strength of his previous work, Steven Spielberg's Amistad, which helped establish the reputation of DreamWorks. Not a classical scholar, Franzoni was inspired by Daniel P. Mannix's 1958 novel Those About to Die, and he chose to base his story on Commodus after reading the Augustan History. In Franzoni's first draft, dated April 4, 1998, he named his protagonist Narcissus, a wrestler who, according to the ancient sources Herodian and Cassius Dio, strangled Emperor Commodus to death.[9]
Ridley Scott was approached by producers Walter F. Parkes and Douglas Wick. They showed him a copy of Jean-Léon Gérôme's 1872 painting entitled Pollice Verso (Thumbs Down).[10] Scott was enticed by filming the world of Ancient Rome. However, Scott felt Franzoni's dialogue was too "on the nose"[clarification needed meaning?] and hired John Logan to rewrite the script to his liking. Logan rewrote much of the first act, and made the decision to kill off Maximus' family to increase the character's motivation.[11]
Russell Crowe describes being eager for the role as pitched by Walter F. Parkes, in his interview for Inside the Actors Studio: "'It's a 100-million-dollar film. You're being directed by Ridley Scott. You play a Roman General.' I've always been a big fan of Ridley's."[12]
With two weeks to go before filming, the actors complained of problems with the script. William Nicholson was brought to Shepperton Studios to make Maximus a more sensitive character, reworking his friendship with Juba and developed the afterlife thread in the film, saying "he did not want to see a film about a man who wanted to kill somebody."[11]
The screenplay faced many rewrites and revisions. Crowe allegedly questioned every aspect of the evolving script and strode off the set when he did not get answers. According to a DreamWorks executive, "(Russell Crowe) tried to rewrite the entire script on the spot. You know the big line in the trailer, 'In this life or the next, I will have my vengeance'? At first he absolutely refused to say it."[13] Nicholson, the third and final screenwriter, says Crowe told him, "Your lines are garbage but I'm the greatest actor in the world, and I can make even garbage sound good." Nicholson goes on to say that "probably my lines were garbage, so he was just talking straight."[14]
Russell Crowe described the script situation: "I read the script and it was substantially underdone. Even the character didn't exist on the pages. And that set about a long process, that's probably the first time that I've been in a situation where the script wasn't a complete done deal. We actually started shooting with about 32 pages and went through them in the first couple of weeks."[15]
Of the writing/filming process, Crowe added, "Possibly, a lot of the stuff that I have to deal with now in terms of my quote unquote volatility has to do with that experience. Here was a situation where we got to Morocco with a crew of 200 and a cast of a 100 or whatever, and I didn't have anything to learn. I actually didn't know what the scenes were gonna be. We had, I think one American writer working on it, one English writer working on it, and of course a group of producers who were also adding their ideas, and then Ridley himself; and then, on the occasion where Ridley would say, 'Look, this is the structure for it -- what are you gonna say in that?' So then I'd be doing my own stuff, as well. And this is how things like, 'Strength and honor,' came up. This is how things like, 'At my signal, unleash hell,' came up. The name Maximus Decimus Meridius, it just flowed well."[16]
In preparation for filming, Scott spent several months developing storyboards to develop the framework of the plot.[17] Over six weeks, production members scouted various locations within the extent of the Roman Empire before its collapse, including Italy, France, North Africa, and England.[18] All of the film's props, sets, and costumes were manufactured by crew members due to high costs and unavailability of the items.[19] One hundred suits of steel armour and 550 suits in polyurethane were made by Rod Vass and his company Armordillo. The unique sprayed-polyurethane system was developed by Armordillo and pioneered for this production. Over a three-month period, 27,500 component pieces of armor were made.
The film was shot in three main locations between January-May 1999. The opening battle scenes in the forests of Germania were shot in three weeks in the Bourne Woods, near Farnham, Surrey in England.[20] When Scott learned that the Forestry Commission planned to remove the forest, he convinced them to allow the battle scene to be shot there and burn it down.[21] Scott and cinematographer John Mathieson used multiple cameras filming at various frame rates and a 45-degree shutter, creating stop motion effects in the action sequences, similar to techniques used for the battle sequences of Saving Private Ryan (1998).[22] Subsequently, the scenes of slavery, desert travel, and gladiatorial training school were shot in Ouarzazate, Morocco just south of the Atlas Mountains over a further three weeks.[23] To construct the arena where Maximus has his first fights, the crew used basic materials and local building techniques to manufacture the 30,000-seat mud brick arena.[24] Finally, the scenes of Ancient Rome were shot over a period of nineteen weeks in Fort Ricasoli, Malta.[25][26]
In Malta, a replica of about one-third of Rome's Colosseum was built, to a height of 52 feet (15.8 meters), mostly from plaster and plywood (the other two-thirds and remaining height were added digitally).[27] The replica took several months to build and cost an estimated $1 million.[28] The reverse side of the complex supplied a rich assortment of Ancient Roman street furniture, colonnades, gates, statuary, and marketplaces for other filming requirements. The complex was serviced by tented "costume villages" that had changing rooms, storage, armorers, and other facilities.[25] The rest of the Colosseum was created in computer-generated imagery using set-design blueprints and textures referenced from live action, and rendered in three layers to provide lighting flexibility for compositing in Flame and Inferno software.[29]
British post-production company The Mill was responsible for much of the computer-generated imagery effects that were added after filming. The company was responsible for such tricks as compositing real tigers filmed on bluescreen into the fight sequences, and adding smoke trails and extending the flight paths of the opening scene's salvo of flaming arrows to get around regulations on how far they could be shot during filming. They also used 2,000 live actors to create a computer-generated crowd of 35,000 virtual actors that had to look believable and react to fight scenes.[30] The Mill accomplished this by shooting live actors at different angles giving various performances, and then mapping them onto cards, with motion-capture tools used to track their movements for three-dimensional compositing.[29] The Mill created over 90 visual effects shots, comprising approximately nine minutes of the film's running time.[31]
An unexpected post-production job was caused by the death of Oliver Reed of a heart attack during the filming in Malta, before all his scenes had been shot. The Mill created a digital body double for the remaining scenes involving his character Proximo[29] by photographing a live action body-double in the shadows and by mapping a three-dimensional computer-generated imagery mask of Reed's face to the remaining scenes during production at an estimated cost of $3.2 million for two minutes of additional footage.[32][33] Visual effects supervisor John Nelson reflected on the decision to include the additional footage: "What we did was small compared to our other tasks on the film. What Oliver did was much greater. He gave an inspiring, moving performance. All we did was help him finish it."[32] The film is dedicated to Reed's memory.[34]
Historical accuracy[edit]
The film is loosely based on historical events. In making the film Ridley Scott wanted to portray the Roman culture more accurately than in any previous film; to that end he hired several historians as advisors. Nevertheless, some deviations from historical fact were made to increase interest, some to maintain narrative continuity, and some for practical or safety reasons. Due to previous Hollywood movies' affecting the public perception of what ancient Rome was like, some historical facts were "too unbelievable" to include (according to Scott). At least one historical advisor resigned due to the changes made, and another asked not to be mentioned in the credits (though it was stated in the director's commentary that he constantly asked, "where is the proof that certain things were exactly like they say?"). Historian Allen Ward of the University of Connecticut believed that historical accuracy would not have made Gladiator less interesting or exciting and stated: "creative artists need to be granted some poetic license, but that should not be a permit for the wholesale disregard of facts in historical fiction".[35][36]
Marcus Aurelius died of plague at Vindobona; he was not murdered by his son Commodus. So, while in the movie, Commodus strangles his father Marcus Aurelius, in historic truth Marcus Aurelius allowed his immoral son to become emperor, knowing of his moral faults. Thus, the great philosopher emperor ended the beneficent tradition of previous Adoptive Emperors. The character of Maximus is fictional, although in some respects he resembles the historical figures Narcissus (the character's name in the first draft of the screenplay and Commodus' real-life murderer),[37] Spartacus (who led a significant slave revolt), Cincinnatus (a farmer who became dictator, saved Rome from invasion, then resigned his six-month appointment after 15 days),[38][39] and Marcus Nonius Macrinus (a trusted general, Consul of AD 154, and friend of Marcus Aurelius).[40][41][42] Although Commodus engaged in show combat in the Colosseum, he was strangled by the wrestler Narcissus in his bath, not killed in the arena, and reigned for several years, unlike the brief period shown in the film.
The name Maximus Decimus Meridius is inaccurate in terms of Roman naming conventions, which would use Decimus Meridius Maximus, as Maximus was a cognomen and Decimus a given name. He is also called Aurelius Maximus.
The film's plot was influenced by two 1960s Hollywood films of the sword-and-sandal genre, The Fall of the Roman Empire and Spartacus,[43] and shares several plot points with The Fall of the Roman Empire, which tells the story of Livius, who, like Maximus in Gladiator, is Marcus Aurelius' intended successor. Livius is in love with Lucilla and seeks to marry her while Maximus, who is happily married, was formerly in love with her. Both films portray the death of Marcus Aurelius as an assassination. In Fall of the Roman Empire a group of conspirators independent of Commodus, hoping to profit from Commodus' accession, arrange for Marcus Aurelius to be poisoned; in Gladiator Commodus himself murders his father by smothering him. In the course of Fall of the Roman Empire Commodus unsuccessfully seeks to win Livius over to his vision of empire in contrast to that of his father, but continues to employ him notwithstanding; in Gladiator, when Commodus fails to secure Maximus's allegiance, he executes Maximus' wife and son and tries unsuccessfully to execute him. Livius in Fall of the Roman Empire and Maximus in Gladiator kill Commodus in single combat, Livius to save Lucilla and Maximus to avenge the murder of his wife and son, and both do it for the greater good of Rome.
Scott attributed Spartacus and Ben-Hur as influences on the film: "These movies were part of my cinema-going youth. But at the dawn of the new millennium, I though this might be the ideal time to revisit what may have been the most important period of the last two thousand years – if not all recorded history – the apex and beginning of the decline of the greatest military and political power the world has ever known."[44]
Spartacus provides the film's gladiatorial motif, as well as the character of Senator Gracchus, a fictitious senator (bearing the name of a pair of revolutionary Tribunes from the 2nd century BC) who in both films is an elder statesman of ancient Rome attempting to preserve the ancient rights of the Roman Senate in the face of an ambitious autocrat –Marcus Licinius Crassus in Spartacus and Commodus in Gladiator. Both actors who played Gracchus (in Spartacus and Gladiator), played Claudius in previous films – Charles Laughton of Spartacus played Claudius in the unfinished 1937 film I, Claudius and Sir Derek Jacobi of Gladiator, played Claudius in the 1976 BBC adaptation. Both films also share a specific set piece, wherein a gladiator (Maximus here, Woody Strode's Draba in Spartacus) throws his weapon into a spectator box at the end of a match, as well as at least one line of dialogue: "Rome is the mob", said here by Gracchus and by Julius Caesar (John Gavin) in Spartacus.
The film's depiction of Commodus' entry into Rome borrows imagery from Leni Riefenstahl's Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will (1935), although Ridley Scott has pointed out that the iconography of Nazi rallies was of course inspired by the Roman Empire. Gladiator reflects back on the film by duplicating similar events that occurred in Adolf Hitler's procession. The Nazi film opens with an aerial view of Hitler arriving in a plane, while Scott shows an aerial view of Rome, quickly followed by a shot of the large crowd of people watching Commodus pass them in a procession with his chariot.[45] The first thing to appear in Triumph of the Will is a Nazi eagle, which is alluded to when a statue of an eagle sits atop one of the arches (and then is shortly followed by several more decorative eagles throughout the rest of the scene) leading up to the procession of Commodus. At one point in the Nazi film, a little girl gives flowers to Hitler, while Commodus is met by several girls who all give him bundles of flowers.[46]
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The Oscar-nominated score was composed by Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard, and conducted by Gavin Greenaway. Zimmer was originally planning to use Israeli vocalist Ofra Haza for the score, after his work with her in The Prince of Egypt. However, Ofra tragically died in her early 40s in late February 2000, before she was able to record anything, and so Gerrard was chosen instead. Lisa Gerrard's vocals are similar to her own work on The Insider score.[47] The music for many of the battle scenes has been noted as similar to Gustav Holst's "Mars: The Bringer of War", and in June 2006, the Holst Foundation sued Hans Zimmer for allegedly copying the late Gustav Holst's work.[48][49] Another close musical resemblance occurs in the scene of Commodus's triumphal entry into Rome, accompanied by music clearly evocative of two sections – the Prelude to Das Rheingold and Siegfried's Funeral March from Götterdämmerung – from Wagner's Ring of the Nibelungs. The "German" war chant in the opening scene was borrowed from the 1964 film Zulu, one of Ridley Scott's favorite movies. On February 27, 2001, nearly a year after the first soundtrack's release, Decca produced Gladiator: More Music From the Motion Picture. Then, on September 5, 2005, Decca produced Gladiator: Special Anniversary Edition, a two-CD pack containing both the above mentioned releases. Some of the music from the film was featured in the NFL playoffs in January 2003 before commercial breaks and before and after half-time.[50] In 2003, Luciano Pavarotti released a recording of himself singing a song from the film and said he regretted turning down an offer to perform on the soundtrack.[51] The soundtrack is one of the best selling film scores of all time.
Gladiator received positive reviews, with 76% of the critics polled by Rotten Tomatoes giving it favorable reviews, with an averaged score of 7 out of 10.[52] At the website Metacritic, which employs a normalized rating system, the film earned a favorable rating of 64/100 based on 37 reviews by mainstream critics.[53] The Battle of Germania was cited by CNN as one of their "favorite on-screen battle scenes",[54] while Entertainment Weekly named Maximus as their sixth favorite action hero, because of "Crowe's steely, soulful performance",[55] and named it as their third favorite revenge film.[56] In December 2000, Gladiator was named the best film of the year by viewers of Film 2000, taking 40% of the votes.[57] In 2002, a Channel 4 (UK TV) poll named it as the sixth greatest film of all time.[58] Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Are you not entertained?".[59]
It was not without its deriders. Roger Ebert gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, and criticized the look of the film as "muddy, fuzzy, and indistinct." He also derided the writing claiming it "employs depression as a substitute for personality, and believes that if characters are bitter and morose enough, we won't notice how dull they are."[60] Camille Paglia called the film, "boring, badly shot and suffused with sentimental p.c. rubbish."[61]
The film earned US$34.83 million on its opening weekend at 2,938 U.S. theaters.[62] Within two weeks, the film's box office gross surpassed its US $103 million budget.[5] The film continued on to become one of the highest earning films of 2000 and made a worldwide box office gross of US$ 457,640,427, with over US$ 187 million in American theaters and more than the equivalent of US$269 million in non-US markets.[63]
Gladiator was nominated in 36 individual ceremonies, including the 73rd Academy Awards, the BAFTA Awards, and the Golden Globe Awards. Of 119 award nominations, the film won 48 prizes.[64]
The film won five Academy Awards and was nominated for an additional seven, including Best Original Screenplay, Best Supporting Actor for Joaquin Phoenix and Best Director for Ridley Scott. It was the first movie to win Best Picture without winning either Best Director or Best Screenplay awards since The Greatest Show on Earth at the 25th Academy Awards in 1953. In 2003, Chicago became the another Best Picture winner which didn't win an Academy Award in either of these two major categories. There was controversy[citation needed] over the film's nomination for Best Music, Original Score. The award was officially nominated only to Hans Zimmer, and not to Lisa Gerrard due to Academy rules, at the time. However, the pair did win the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score as co-composers.
- 73rd Academy Awards[65]
- BAFTA Awards
- Best Cinematography
- Best Editing
- Best Film
- Best Production Design
- 58th Golden Globe Awards
- Best Motion Picture – Drama
- Best Original Score – Motion Picture
- American Film Institute Lists
- AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:
- General Maximus Decimus Meridius – #50 Hero[66]
- AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
- "Father to a murdered son. Husband to a murdered wife. And I will have my vengeance, in this life or the next." – Nominated[67]
- AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated[68]
- AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[69]
- AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated[70]
- AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Epic Film[71]
The film's mainstream success is responsible for an increased interest in Roman and classical history in the United States. According to The New York Times, this has been dubbed the "Gladiator Effect".
It's called the 'Gladiator' effect by writers and publishers. The snob in us likes to believe that it is always books that spin off movies. Yet in this case, it's the movies – most recently Gladiator two years ago – that have created the interest in the ancients. And not for more Roman screen colossals, but for writing that is serious or fun or both."[72]
The Cicero biography Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician and Gregory Hays' translation of Marcus Aurelius' Meditations received large spikes in sales after the release of the film.[72] The film also began a revival of the historical epic genre with films such as Troy, The Alamo, King Arthur, Alexander, 300, Kingdom of Heaven and Robin Hood (the last two were also directed by Scott).[73] The character of Maximus was placed 12th in the Total Film list of 50 best movie heroes and villains[74] and 35th in the Empire's 100 Greatest Movie Characters.[75] Maximus is also featured on 55c "Australian Legends" postage stamp series.[76] Russell Crowe attended an associated ceremony to mark the creation of the stamps.[76]
Home media[edit]
The film was first released on DVD on November 20, 2000, and has since been released in several different extended and special edition versions. Special features for the Blu-ray Disc and DVDs include deleted scenes, trailers, documentaries, commentaries, storyboards, image galleries, Easter eggs, and cast auditions. The film was released on Blu-ray in September 2009, in a 2-disc edition containing both the theatrical and extended cuts of the film, as part of Paramount's "Sapphire Series" (Paramount bought the DreamWorks library in 2006).[77] Initial reviews of the Blu-ray Disc release criticized poor image quality, leading many to call for it to be remastered, as Sony did with The Fifth Element in 2007.[78] A remastered version was later released in 2010.
The DVD editions that have been released since the original two-disc version, include a film only single-disc edition as well as a three-disc "extended edition" DVD which was released in August 2005. The extended edition DVD features approximately fifteen minutes of additional scenes, most of which appear in the previous release as deleted scenes. The original cut, which Scott still calls his director's cut, is also select-able via seamless branching (which is not included on the UK edition). The DVD is also notable for having a new commentary track featuring director Scott and star Crowe. The film is on the first disc, the second one has a three-hour documentary into the making of the film by DVD producer Charles de Lauzirika, and the third disc contains supplements. Discs one and two of the three-disc extended edition were also repackaged and sold as a two-disc "special edition" in the EU in 2005.
Cancelled sequel[edit]
In June 2001, Douglas Wick said a Gladiator prequel was in development.[79] The following year, Wick, Walter Parkes, David Franzoni, and John Logan switched direction to a sequel set fifteen years later;[80] the Praetorian Guards rule Rome and an older Lucius is trying to learn who his real father was. However, Russell Crowe was interested in resurrecting Maximus, and further researched Roman beliefs about the afterlife to accomplish this.[81] Ridley Scott expressed interest, although he admitted the project would have to be retitled as it had little to do with gladiators.[82] An easter egg contained on disc 2 of the extended edition / special edition DVD releases includes a discussion of possible scenarios for a follow-up. This includes a suggestion by Walter F. Parkes that, in order to enable Russell Crowe to return to play Maximus, who dies at the end of the original movie, a sequel could involve a "multi-generational drama about Maximus and the Aureleans and this chapter of Rome", similar in concept to The Godfather Part II.
In 2006, Scott stated he and Crowe approached Nick Cave to rewrite the film, but they had conflicted with DreamWorks's idea of a Lucius spin-off, who Scott revealed would turn out to be Maximus' son with Lucilla. He noted this tale of corruption in Rome was too complex, whereas Gladiator worked due to its simple drive.[citation needed] In 2009, details of Cave's ultimately rejected script surfaced on the internet, suggesting that Maximus would be reincarnated by the Roman gods and returned to Rome to defend Christians against persecution; he would then be transported to other important periods in history, including World War II, the Vietnam War, and finally playing a general in the modern-day Pentagon. However, there was no sequel.[83][84]
See also[edit]
- ^ "Company Information". movies.nytimes.com. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ "GLADIATOR (15)". British Board of Film Classification. 2000-04-19. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
- ^ "GLADIATOR [Director's cut] (15)". British Board of Film Classification. 2005-08-05. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
- ^ "Gladiator". BFI. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
- ^ a b Sale, Martha Lair; Paula Diane Parker (2005), Losing Like Forrest Gump: Winners and Losers in the Film Industry (PDF), retrieved 2007-02-19
- ^ Schwartz, Richard (2002), The Films of Ridley Scott, Westport, CT: Praeger, p. 141, ISBN 0-275-96976-2
- ^ Script of the movie
- ^ Stax (April 4, 2002), The Stax Report's Five Scribes Edition, IGN, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Jon Solomon (April 1, 2004), "Gladiator from Screenplay to Screen", in Martin M. Winkler, Gladiator: Film and History, Blackwell Publishing, p. 3
- ^ Landau 2000, p. 22
- ^ a b Tales of the Scribes: Story Development (DVD). Universal. 2005.
- ^ http://www.kaspinet.com/Inside_The_Actors_Studio-Transcript.htm
- ^ Corliss, Richard; Jeffrey Ressner (May 8, 2000), The Empire Strikes Back, Time, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Bill Nicholson's Speech at the launch of the International Screenwriters' Festival, January 30, 2006, archived from the original on May 17, 2008, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ http://www.kaspinet.com/Inside_The_Actors_Studio-Transcript.htm
- ^ http://www.kaspinet.com/Inside_The_Actors_Studio-Transcript.htm
- ^ Landau 2000, p. 34
- ^ Landau 2000, p. 61
- ^ Landau 2000, p. 66
- ^ Landau 2000, p. 62
- ^ Landau 2000, p. 68
- ^ Bankston, Douglas (May 2000), "Death or Glory", American Cinematographer (American Society of Cinematographers)
- ^ Landau 2000, p. 63
- ^ Landau 2000, p. 73
- ^ a b Gory glory in the Colosseum, Kodak: In Camera, July 2000, archived from the original on 2005-02-09, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Malta Film Commission – Backlots, Malta Film Commission, retrieved 28 August 2009
- ^ Landau 2000, p. 89
- ^ Winkler, p.130
- ^ a b c Bath, Matthew (October 25, 2004), The Mill, Digit Magazine, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Landau, Diana; Walter Parkes, John Logan, & Ridley Scott (2000), Gladiator: The Making of the Ridley Scott Epic, Newmarket Press, p. 89, ISBN 1-55704-428-7
- ^ Landau 2000, p. 122
- ^ a b Landau 2000, p. 123
- ^ Oliver Reed Resurrected On Screen, Internet Movie Database, April 12, 2000, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Schwartz, p.142
- ^ Ward, Allen (May 2001). "The Movie "Gladiator" in Historical Perspective". University of Connecticut. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
- ^ Winkler, Martin (2004), Gladiator Film and History, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, p. 6, ISBN 1-4051-1042-2
- ^ Gladiator: The Real Story, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Livy. Cincinnatus Leaves His Plow. Taken from The Western World ISBN 0-536-99373-4
- ^ Andrew Rawnsley (June 23, 2002), He wants to go on and on; they all do, London: Guardian Unlimited, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Peter Popham (October 16, 2008), Found: Tomb of the general who inspired 'Gladiator', London: The Independent, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ 'Gladiator' Tomb is Found in Rome, BBC News, October 17, 2008, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Tomb of Roman general who inspired Gladiator reburied, PreHist.org, December 6, 2012, retrieved December 6, 2012
- ^ Martin M. Winkler (June 23, 2002), Scholia Reviews ns 14 (2005) 11., retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Landau 2000, p. 28
- ^ Winkler, p.114
- ^ Winkler, p.115
- ^ Zimmer and Gladiator, Reel.com, archived from the original on February 10, 2008, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Priscilla Rodriguez (June 12, 2006), "Gladiator" Composer Accused of Copyright Infringement, KNX 1070 NEWSRADIO, archived from the original on 2008-05-16, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Michael Beek (June 2006), Gladiator Vs Mars – Zimmer is sued:, Music from the Movies, archived from the original on 2008-06-18, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Winkler, p.141
- ^ Anastasia Tsioulcas (October 26, 2003), For Pavarotti, Time To Go 'Pop', Yahoo! Music, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Gladiator, Rotten Tomatoes, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Gladiator, Metacritic, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ The best – and worst – movie battle scenes, CNN, April 2, 2007, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Marc Bernadin (October 23, 2007), 25 Awesome Action Heroes, Entertainment Weekly, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Gary Susman (December 12, 2007), 20 Best Revenge Movies, Entertainment Weekly, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ "Gladiator triumphs in Film 2000 poll". London: BBC News. 2000-12-22. Archived from the original on 2003-02-03. Retrieved 2013-06-04.
- ^ 100 Greatest Films, Channel 4, archived from the original on 2008-04-15, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; Nashawaty, Chris; Pastorek, Whitney; Rice, Lynette; Rottenberg, Josh; Schwartz, Missy; Slezak, Michael; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; Stroup, Kate; Tucker, Ken; Vary, Adam B.; Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Ward, Kate (December 11, 2009), "The 100 Greatest Movies, TV shows, Albums, Books, Characters, Scenes, Episodes, Songs, Dresses, Music vidos, and Trends that entertained us over the past". Entertainment Weekly. (1079/1080):74-84
- ^ Ebert, Roger, 5, 2000 Gladiator Review, Chicago Sun-Times, retrieved February 21, 2013
- ^ http://www.salon.com/2001/04/11/china_26/
- ^ Schwartz, p.141
- ^ Gladiator total gross, Box Office Mojo, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Gladiator awards tally, Internet Movie Database, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ "The 73rd Academy Awards (2001) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
- ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains
- ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes Nominees
- ^ AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees
- ^ AFI's 100 Years ...100 Cheers Nominees
- ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) Ballot
- ^ AFI's 10 Top 10 Ballot
- ^ a b Martin, Arnold (July 11, 2002), Making Books; Book Parties With Togas, The New York Times, archived from the original on January 17, 2008, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ The 15 Most Influential Films of Our Lifetime, Empire, June 2004, p. 115
- ^ "The 50 greatest movie heroes and baddies of all time revealed". Thaindian.com. 2007-11-27. Retrieved 2011-06-10.
- ^ The 100 Greatest Movie Characters Empire
- ^ a b "Oscar winning Aussies go postal". BBC News. 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
- ^ Gladiator, Blu-ray.com, retrieved 2009-05-16
- ^ Initial "Gladiator" Blu-ray Reviews Report Picture Quality Issues, Netflix, retrieved 2009-09-11
- ^ Stax (June 16, 2001), "IGN FilmForce Exclusive: David Franzoni in Negotiations for Another Gladiator!", IGN, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Brian Linder (September 24, 2002), "A Hero Will Rise... Again", IGN, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Stax (December 17, 2002), "A Hero Will Rise – From the Dead!", IGN, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Stax (September 11, 2003), "Ridley Talks Gladiator 2", IGN, retrieved February 27, 2009
- ^ Michaels, Sean (May 6, 2009). "Nick Cave's rejected Gladiator 2 script uncovered!". The Guardian (London). Retrieved May 3, 2010.
- ^ Cave, Nick, Gladiator 2 Draft, retrieved 16 May 2010
- Landau, Diana; Walter Parkes, John Logan, and Ridley Scott (2000), Gladiator: The Making of the Ridley Scott Epic, Newmarket Press, ISBN 1-55704-428-7
- Further reading
- Reynolds, Mike (July 2000), "Ridley Scott: From Blade Runner to Blade Stunner", DGA Monthly Magazine (Directors Guild of America)
- Schwartz, Richard (2001). The Films of Ridley Scott. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96976-2
- Stephens, William (2001), "The Rebirth of Stoicism?", Creighton Magazine, retrieved 2010-01-04
- Ward, Allen (2001), "The Movie "Gladiator" in Historical Perspective", Classics Technology Center (AbleMedia), retrieved 2007-01-26
- Winkler, Martin (2004). Gladiator Film and History. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-1042-2
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Gladiator (2000 film) |
- Gladiator at the American Film Institute Catalog
- Gladiator at the Internet Movie Database
- Gladiator at allmovie
- Gladiator at Box Office Mojo
- Gladiator at Metacritic
- Gladiator at Rotten Tomatoes
- David Franzoni (1998-04-04), Gladiator: First Draft Revised, archived from the original on 2008-03-16
- David Franzoni and John Logan (1998-10-22), Gladiator: Second Draft Revised, archived from the original on 2008-03-12
- 2000 films
- English-language films
- Gladiator (2000 film)
- 2000s drama films
- American films
- American drama films
- American epic films
- British films
- British drama films
- British epic films
- Films directed by Ridley Scott
- Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners
- Best Film Empire Award winners
- Best Picture Academy Award winners
- Epic films
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- Films set in Europe
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I'm Not Cute!
Baby Owl decides to explore the woods but all the animals he meets think that he is so cute and so fluffy that they all want to give him a hug! But ... Show synopsis
You're signed up (and we ♥ you). Watch for our Welcome e-mail and your first coupon. Thanks!

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Hey guys! I just found out there is going to be a concert at the Meyerhoff in Baltimore on July 28th (right in the heat of Otakon!) featuring music from Diablo III, Halo, God of War, and more! Evidently, its going to be The Ultimate Games & Anime Experience. You can even come to the concert in costume! Check out the info below:
A Night in Fantasia: The Ultimate Games & Anime Experience
Join the BSO for an exhilarating, one-night-only performance of music from some of the greatest video game and anime scores ever created, all arranged for full orchestra with production by Eminence Symphony Orchestra founder Hiroaki Yura! The show also features vocalist Jillian Aversa, who can be heard on the soundtracks of Soulcaliber V, Halo: Combat Evolved Anniversary, God of War and more.
Get your tickets today at Baltimore Symphony Orchestra - Popular Games & Anime in Concert!
Come dressed as your favorite video game or anime character!
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Born: | 01/18/1990 |
Height: | 6-2 |
Weight: | 190 |
Year: | Junior |
Hometown: | Placentia, Calif. |
High School: | Valencia HS |
College: | Santa Ana College |
Position: | RHP |
Experience: | JC |
SANTA ANA COLLEGE: Played two seasons for former Titan player, assistant coach and junior college coaching legend Don Sneddon and the Dons at Santa Ana College in Santa Ana, Calif. Posted a 3-0 record and a 1.80 ERA in 10 appearances in 2011 Worked 9.2 innings as a freshman finishing with a 5.59 ERA and seven strikeouts.
VALENCIA HS: Was a two-time letterwinner for Head Coach Mike Sheetz and the Tigers at Valencia High School in Placentia, Calif. Played first base, second base and pitched Earned the school's Century Award for his academic achievements.
PERSONAL: Born on Jan. 18, 1990, in Placentia, Calif. Full name is Michael Adrian Lopez Parents are Adrian and Leslie Lopez Majoring in communications Favorites include: Dan Haren (baseball player), Angel Stadium (stadium), Ludacris and Garth Brooks (musical artists), Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (team), "Saving Private Ryan" (movie), and Tom Hanks (actor).


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Renaissance Orlando Hotel at SeaWorld
Reviewed by
If the sound of water soothes you into calm, the Renaissance Orlando Hotel at SeaWorld will be just the thing (though not to worry, Orlando's high-energy attractions are mere minutes away). Just across the street you can get splashed by Shamu at SeaWorld, swim with bottlenose dolphins at Discovery Cove, or ride the waves at Aquatica water park.
The hotel had a recent major facelift, including the opening of the lavish nèu lotus (pronounced "new lotus") spa, where watery
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Recreation & Amenities
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Dive in and discover a stunning hotel in Orlando, boasting a prime location across from SeaWorld® Orlando, near Aquatica®, Discovery Cove®, Walt Disney World® and Universal Studios®. Renaissance Orlando at SeaWorld® combines the enchantment of America's favorite playground with imaginative style in an aquatic-themed setting. From a breathtaking 10-story sun-bathed lobby to modern, residential suites and luxurious guest rooms - among the largest in the Orlando area - a truly distinctive, contemporary experience awaits at our hotel near SeaWorld® Orlando. Whether you prefer to revitalize in our state-of-the-art gym or retreat to the quiet nèu lotus spa, our SeaWorld® Orlando hotel offers a tranquil venue for complete relaxation. Indulge in exceptional dining in one of our outstanding restaurants. Or, catch a wave of family adventure as you splash the day away with the kids in our brand new water park, R Aqua Zone, complete with a thrilling water slide, water jets, a rain tree and more. Take the plunge.


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District Home
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Have you ever wanted to just escape from your life? Reading a good book can do that for you. You can battle dragons, fight demons and kill zombies all without leaving the safety of your own home. As an English class we will discover the world of many different people and travel to Elizabethan England to witness the forbidden love of Romeo and Juliet. Finally we will end the year with a visit to Ancient Troy to witness a battle of Gods versus men and the bravery of one man to take them on.
Please take a moment to browse my page and the further we delve into these new worlds more information will pop up on this page. If you have any questions please do not hesitate to contact me. My email address is email@example.com and my phone number is (210) 444-7925 extension 2205.
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Bulldogs Pound 21 Hits in 15-1 Win April 28 , 2009
Bellevue College's baseball team collected 21 hits en route to a 15-1 non-league win over Grays Harbor College Tuesday night at Pioneer Park in Aberdeen. The starting outfield trio of Ryan Shelton, Ian McKay, and Michael Robertson accounted for 13 of those hits as Shelton went 5-for-5, Robertson 4-for-5, and McKay 3-for-5 including a home run. Mike Stone also clubbed his second home run of the year. Seafth Howe, Jeff Bethke, Ian Parmley, and Kaylor Hasbargen combined for 15 strikeouts and only two hits in their pitching outings. Bellevue plays a key series against Olympic College this weekend. Saturday's doubleheader is at Bellevue while Sunday's will be at Legion Field in Bremerton. Both days have 1:00 starts.
Home | Prospective Athletes | Facilities | Administration | Staff Directory Bellevue Community College Athletics 3000 Landerholm Circle S.E., Mailstop G100, Bellevue, WA 98007-6484 (425) 564-2351 Please contact us with your questions


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Integrated HMI and PLC reduces development time
Product Exclusive: Wago Perspecto CP TV merges an HMI and a PLC into one package, combining hardware and software for logic and visualization, thereby reducing overall costs and development time, the company said.
The Wago Perspecto CP TV merges an HMI and a PLC into one package. Unlike traditional configurations that use separate programmable logic controller (PLC) hardware and software and human machine interface (HMI) hardware and software, the CP TV offers an all-in-one solution for logic and visualization, thereby reducing overall costs and development time, the company said.
The hardware features five sizes of thin film transistor (TFT) touchscreens (3.5-in., 5.7-in., 10.4-in., 12.1-in., and 15-in.), as well as an expansive selection of ports: Ethernet (Modbus/TCP), CANopen, USB, RS-232, and RS-485. In addition to connectivity requirements, performance is also optimized with scaled processing power up to 1.6 GHz processor, 256 MB of RAM, and 128 MB of Flash memory. Removable memory expansion (up to 2 GB) also is possible via microSD, SD, or Compact Flash card for applications such as program backup and restore, recipe exchange, data logging, and more.
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Wago offers spring pressure connection technology that eliminates loose wires resulting from vibration and temperature cycling, while providing highly reliable, corrosion-resistant and maintenance-free connections. Products include: DIN-rail, PCB, and chassis mount terminal blocks; signal conditioners; and the Wago-I/O-System, among others.
Integrator Guide
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Incentives and Assistance
There are many incentives for building green today. Some of these are code or tax-based, and others are cash paid for energy and water conservation. Last we checked, a web search for "green building" yielded over 12 million hits. That's a lot of information, and while it's wonderful to have so much more available than just a few years ago, it can be overwhelming. Our Resources section can direct you to a lot of good data.
Follow the links below to the type of work you do to learn more about resources and incentive programs:
Consideration of green options is critical during early design programming and planning, so don't delay.
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Enter your e-mail address to receive updates on Office of Sustainability and Environment activities.


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The content in Connexions comes in two formats: modules, which are like small "knowledge chunks," and collections, groups of modules structured into books or course notes, or for other uses. Our open license allows for free use and reuse of all our content.
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3. ViewAmerican Council of Learned Societies Commission on Cyberinfrastructure for the Humanities & Social SciencesNo results found. |


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Specializing in the science and treatment of venous disease
Compression stockings improve the signs and symptoms of various conditions of venous disease by providing graduated compression therapy to help control leg swelling and discomfort.
These stockings are used to treat many conditions from varicose veins to venous stasis ulcers and are always used for a short duration after treatment of the larger veins.
They are called "graduated" because they are specially designed to apply more pressure in the ankle area and gradually decrease the pressure applied to the thigh area.
The stockings are designed for both female and male use, and they are made from a combination of elastic, nylon, or lycra and are available latex-free. They are available for single leg compression in both knee-high and thigh-high lengths and for both legs in a full panty hose style.
The compression or pressure applied to the legs is measured in mmHg and are available in several compression pressures (8 - 40 mmHg). Since most elastic stockings are recommended to be worn throughout each day, they are also available in many basic colors to blend with patient's skin tones.
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It seems that every parent of teens struggle with conversations dealing with difficult life topics and the most difficult is about sex.
Trying to find the right words without being condescending or without lecturing can be very hard.
Great Day's family and marriage therapist, Paul Mavrogeorge, visited Great Day with some tips to help those parents address this difficult subject.
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Quick Facts
- NAME: John Ringling
- OCCUPATION: Business Leader
- BIRTH DATE: May 31, 1866
- DEATH DATE: December 02, 1936
- PLACE OF BIRTH: McGregor, Iowa
- PLACE OF DEATH: Sarasota, Florida
- AKA: John Ringling
- Full Name: John Nicholas Ringling
Best Known For
John Ringling co-founded the Ringling Bros., and later co-owned the Barnum & Bailey Circus.
Videos see all videos
Biography: Ringling Brothers - Full Episode
A full biography about the pioneers of the American circus, the Ringling Brothers.
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Play NowJohn Ringling. (2014). The Biography Channel website. Retrieved 09:26, Mar 11, 2014, from http://www.biography.com/people/john-ringling-20881693.
John Ringling. [Internet]. 2014. The Biography Channel website. Available from: http://www.biography.com/people/john-ringling-20881693 [Accessed 11 Mar 2014].
"John Ringling." 2014. The Biography Channel website. Mar 11 2014, 09:26 http://www.biography.com/people/john-ringling-20881693.
"John Ringling," The Biography Channel website, 2014, http://www.biography.com/people/john-ringling-20881693 [accessed Mar 11, 2014].
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John Ringling [Internet]. The Biography Channel website; 2014 [cited 2014 Mar 11] Available from: http://www.biography.com/people/john-ringling-20881693.
John Ringling, http://www.biography.com/people/john-ringling-20881693 (last visited Mar 11, 2014).
John Ringling. The Biography Channel website. 2014. Available at: http://www.biography.com/people/john-ringling-20881693. Accessed Mar 11, 2014.
John Ringling was born on May 31, 1866 in McGregor, Iowa. He and four of his older brothers created the Ringling Bros. Circus and then bought the Barnum & Bailey Circus, effectively operating the largest circus in the United States. Ringling used his wealth to invest in and develop Sarasota County, Florida.
Early Life
John Nicholas Ringling was the sixth son born to German immigrant August Frederick Ringling and Marie Salomê Juliar on May 31, 1866, in McGregor Iowa. He died at the age of 70 on December 2, 1936 in Sarasota, Florida. Along with his six brothers—five older and one younger—and younger sister, Ringling was raised in Baraboo, Wisconsin.
Like his older brothers, Ringling took an interest in performing skits and juggling routines in town halls throughout the state when he was in his teens. By 1882, he and four of his brothers started their own in which two brothers danced, two played instruments and the one sang, according to the Wisconsin History Society. They earned some money and embarked on a journey to build their first official circus; in 1884, the Ringling Bros. Circus was born.
Commerical Success
In order to make their circus a success, each of the five brothers had a specialty: Ringling supervised transportation. By 1895, the Ringling Bros. Circus had traveled across the country and earned a reputation as a major competitor for the powerful Barnum& Bailey Circus. By 1907, however, the Ringlings had grown enough to purchase the Barnum & Bailey Circus from James Bailey and P. T. Barnum. They ran the circuses as separate entities until 1919, when their company was renamed to the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.
Ringling wanted to make Sarasota the "home of his circus empire," according to Sarasota County historians, and invested in the county beginning around 1910. Ringling "wielded incredible influence on the economy, development, culture and character" of the county, historians said.
Along with his brother, Charles, Ringling bought about 67,000 acres of what is now Sarasota and Longboat Key as investment property. With his wife, Mable, Ringling spent two years and about $1.5 million to build their mansion, named Cá d'Zan. The estate was donated to the state of Florida as a gift after Ringling's death in 1936. In 2000, it was placed under the auspices of the Florida State University.
In the mid-1920s, Ringling, said to be the fifth wealthiest man in the country, and his wife created the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art. He willed the museum and his entire art collection to the state, as well.
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Ringling Brothers
Charles and John Ringling, along with their brothers Albert and Otto, founded the Ringling Bros. Circus in 1884, in Baraboo, Wisconsin. By the 1930s, the Ringling brothers were among the most famous American entrepreneurs, and were known throughout the world. By that time, they had bought out their biggest competitor, the Barnum & Bailey Circus, and were operating as the largest circus in the United States.
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These regulations state the requirements to be met and the procedures to be followed for the awarding of degrees in the Faculty of Arts and Science. All requests for exceptions to the regulations should be made to the appropriate reviewing body (see Appeal of Academic Decisions). Enquiries concerning Faculty regulations should be made to the Faculty of Arts and Science Faculty Office.
The following is a summary of the Academic Regulations and University Policies:
Regulation 1: Academic Integrity
Regulation 2: Enrolment and Registration Priorities
Regulation 3: Number of Units in a Term and Academic Year
Regulation 4: Courses Spanning More Than One Term
Regulation 6: Attendance, Course Work and Conduct
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» News
Nursing home defends prostitutes' visits
The Times UK
The former manager of a nursing home has been forced to defend the level of "holistic care" offered to her patients after East Sussex council suggested that allowing prostitutes to visit her residents was inappropriate.
Residents of Chaseley nursing home, in Eastbourne, referred to them as "special visits". The home's care workers would take the visitors to a resident's room. They then put a "special red sock" on the door and checked on them every 15 minutes.
The home, which mainly cares for disabled ex-servicemen, has long had a policy of facilitating sex workers. However a spokesman for the council said that it was unaware of the practice and was investigating because it "has the potential to place vulnerable … residents at risk of exploitation and abuse."
read more here
» 13 Comments
I just popped into my head and now I cant get it out.
+9 -
The Viagra Inn, Grampaw can check out, but he may never want to leave.
+6 -
Gives a whole new meaning to a Flying Buttress….
+5 -
A very clever disguise of Britain's universal health care death panels. Kill 'em with a smile on their face.
+6 -
Ooops, I just looked over at the Bullpen widget bar and saw DR Galt's post title: "71-year old charged with prostitution", and wondered if maybe these old geezers in this home aren't getting such a good thing afterall.
+5 -
One man's "exploitation and abuse" is another fellow's foreplay. Let's not be judgemental.
+4 -
What a beautiful building.
+3 -
Where's the harm, short of diseases? Give
usthose geezers a break.+2 -
"Ho" comes from "Holistic?"
I did not know that!+2 -
reminds me of the old joke…"why do they give seniors in the nursing home viagra? Because it works like a kick stand and keeps them from rolling out of bed"
+2 -
Love YAKETY SAX!
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Watch the movie "The Sessions" with John Hawkes, William H. Macy and Helen Hunt (who appears naked numerous times)
A man in an iron lung who wishes to lose his virginity contacts a professional sex surrogate with the help of his therapist and priest.
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ST. LOUIS -- T.J. Oshie and Patrik Berglund scored 51 seconds apart during St. Louis' four-goal third period, leading the Blues to a 4-1 exhibition victory over the Minnesota Wild on Friday night.
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Baby NamesMost Popular Baby Names 2013 tagxedo.com Each year NISRA publish both a statistical bulletin and press release relating to the most popular forenames for babies in Northern Ireland. Most Recent Baby Names Publications (PDF) Additional Tables for Popular First Names Bulletin, 2013 (Excel) Copies of historical baby names publications can be found here.
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Column: Brey Deserves Some Credit
2 years agoFriday's loss to Xavier left a bad taste in Notre Dame fans' mouthes, but head coach Mike Brey deserves credit for an incredible job in a year with low expectations. More
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Martin Focused Only On Xavier
2 years agoFifth-year senior Scott Martin knows his career could end abruptly now that it's tournament time. The veteran is ignoring that reality and is focused on Xavier. More
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2 years agoNotre Dame junior forward Jack Cooley recognized by Big East coaches. More
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Irish Get Ready For Tough Road
3 years agoA look at the Notre Dame men's basketball team heading into Big East Conference play. More
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3 years agoNotre Dame men's basketball coach Mike Brey is looking for fifth-year senior Scott Martin to step on the gas. More
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2 U.S. Code § 61–1c - Aggregate gross compensation of employee of Senator of State with population under 5,000,000
Notwithstanding the provisions of section
(d)(1) of this title, and except as otherwise provided in subparagraph (C) of such subsection (d)(1), the aggregate of gross compensation paid employees in the office of a Senator shall not exceed during each fiscal year $1,012,083 if the population of his State is less than 5,000,000.
(Pub. L. 102–90, title I, § 5,Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 450.)
Section is from the Congressional Operations Appropriations Act, 1992, which is title I of the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 1992.
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Customer Reviews
Good and Bad, may work for some but not for others, be warned.
5 people found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer3255105 From Taiwan on Mar 23, 2012
Purchased at iHerb
I have downgraded my review of this product for several reasons. After giving this to my cat for several months what I noticed was this.... She would vomit more, and usually nothing in the vomit other than food and water. There was no hair that came out. What was happening is that this stuff was making her stomach too oily and she couldn't hold down food. It would make her stomach upset. Once we stoppede using it for a couple of weeks her situation improved and cleared up. I will be throwing away the rest of it shortly. We are back to using our old brand. Hair paste in general is oily, but this one is 10x what most are and using it continually as a perventer can make your cat sick. I would suggest if you really want to buy it that you use it only for hairballs and not for hair maintanence. My original review is here: Works pretty well, but you have to keep giving it to your cat. Our cat vomits if we stop even for a day, not sure why that is... It is a little bit difficult to give the cat, depending on if they like different things, our cat is picky, we have to relax and be slow. But it seems to be effective in preventing excessive hairloss. We seldom use it for hairballs unless they obviously have a problem, at which point we will give them the full dose. Please read the bottle before you give your pet, you should not give the full dose everyday!
注意: iHerbは、このレビューからの医療請求を暗示していません。 断り書き
Hairball Relief Plus Not a Hit with Persian
2 people found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer1125858 From California on Jun 28, 2011
Purchased at iHerb
I purchased this product because the ingredients sounded great, and the chicken flavor was supposed to be a favorite with cats. Unfortunately my 11 year old Persian male does NOT like the flavor and will not eat anything with the product mixed into it. I am rating the product with four stars becuase the company is sending me replacement hairball relief treats to try instead, and I am hopeful Peaches will be receptive.
注意: iHerbは、このレビューからの医療請求を暗示していません。 断り書き
Tasty, Silky
Posted by 4840527273901042197 on May 30, 2013
Purchased at iHerb
Good to feed it.
注意: iHerbは、このレビューからの医療請求を暗示していません。 断り書き
Posted by Reviewer2085359 From Colorado on Aug 12, 2011
Purchased at iHerb
I actually needed something to help with constipation (in addition to hairballs) for an elderly cat. She LOVES this stuff and it works! Great natural product. Definitely recommend. =^..^=
注意: iHerbは、このレビューからの医療請求を暗示していません。 断り書き
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Posted by Reviewer2614529 From California on Nov 19, 2011
Purchased at iHerb
the kitties ate this up...and it helps them stay regular.
注意: iHerbは、このレビューからの医療請求を暗示していません。 断り書き


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Countdown to Bliss
Inna Barmash and Lev (Ljova) Zhurbin
Met: March 1, 2004
Engaged: Jan. 14, 2005
Projected Wedding Date: August 2007
Mash-up marriage! Inna Barmash, lead singer of Romashka, a Gypsy band, plans to wed Lev (Ljova) Zhurbin, a classically trained violist and composer, at a yet-to-be disclosed location. Both are 28.
They met after the dark, Read More


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Brian Holland - Workshops
View Map Brian Holland profile- Address: Studio 3, Persistence Works, Brown Street, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England, S1 2BS.
- Telephone: +44(0)7812928174
- Email:
- Web-site: www.brianhollandceramics.com
- Date from: 06 Jul 2012 to: 22 Dec 2012
I run regular workshops. My aim is to encourage both beginners and advanced students to develop their ideas in response to a wide range of techniques.
Course Details
To this end, various methods and approaches to ceramics will be presented in these workshops including sculptural, domestic and architectural.
All the traditional techniques of making, including hand-building and wheel throwing, glazing, use of slips, stoneware and earthenware will be covered.
Also, the use of new materials, for example 'paper clay', and embedding will be explored along with raku techniques.
The workshops will be undertaken in a large, well-equipped modern studio space based at Persistence Works which is situated in the heart of Sheffield's Cultural Industries Quarter.
Persistence Works is a short walking distance from the train station and bus interchange. There are also pay & display parking places available around the city for car users.
Friday morning 9.30- 12.30, Saturday morning 10.30 -1.30, Saturday afternoon, 2.00 - 5.00. cost Ł62.50 for 5 three hour sessions
Please contact me for further information including available dates.