text:
Air India Flight 182
Picture taken of the aircraft involved, VT-EFO, landing at London Heathrow Airport on 10 June 1985, 13 days before its destruction.
Bombing summary | |
Date | 23 June 1985 |
Summary | Bombing |
Site | Atlantic Ocean, south of Ireland |
Passengers | 307 |
Crew | 22 |
Fatalities | 329 (all) |
Aircraft type | Boeing 747-237B |
Aircraft name | Emperor Kanishka |
Operator | Air India |
Registration | VT-EFO |
Flight origin | Montréal-Mirabel Int'l Airport Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
Stopover | London Heathrow Airport London, England, United Kingdom |
Destination | Indira Gandhi Int'l Airport New Delhi, India |
Air India Flight 182 was an Air India flight operating on the Montreal–London–Delhi route. On 23 June 1985, the aircraft operating on the route – a Boeing 747-237B (c/n 21473/330, reg VT-EFO) – was blown up by a bomb at an altitude of 31,000 feet (9,400 m). It crashed into the Atlantic Ocean while in Irish airspace.
A total of 329 people were killed, including 268 Canadians, 27 British citizens and 24 Indians.[1] The incident was the largest mass murder in Canadian history,[2][3][4] and the deadliest aviation disaster to occur over a body of water. It is also the worst disaster in Indian aviation history, and worst aviation disaster in Irish territory.
It was the first bombing of a 747 jumbo jet. The 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie used a similar method, with explosives placed in a radio inside a bag and detonation by timer; no passenger accompanied either bomb. The 1985 explosion and downing of the Air India plane occurred within an hour of the fatal Narita Airport bombing. It was also conducted by Sikh terrorists from Canada. In this case, a bag exploded on the ground before being placed on another Air India flight. Evidence from the explosion pointed to an attempt to blow up two airliners simultaneously.
Investigation and prosecution lasting almost 20 years made this the most expensive trial in Canadian history, costing nearly CAD $130 million. Canadian law enforcement determined that the main suspects in the bombing were members of the Sikh militant group Babbar Khalsa and other related groups based in Canada. Though a handful of members were arrested and tried, Inderjit Singh Reyat, a Canadian resident, was the only person convicted of involvement in the bombing. There was a lack of solid evidence, and the prosecution had committed various legal and investigative errors. Singh pleaded guilty in 2003 to manslaughter. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison for building the bombs that exploded aboard Flight 182 and at Narita.[5]
The Governor General-in-Council in 2006 appointed the former Supreme Court Justice John Major to conduct a commission of inquiry. His report was completed and released on 17 June 2010. It concluded that a "cascading series of errors" by the government of Canada, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), and the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) had allowed the terrorist attack to take place.[6]
Background and motivation[edit]
Most official accounts place responsibility for the attack on Sikh extremism. Tensions with Hindus and other groups date to before the Partition of British India in 1947. The Sikh communities suffered much death, violence and hardship following the partition, as did other religious groups. The partition created Pakistan and India.
The state of Punjab was divided between India and Pakistan. Later, the Khalistan movement arose to create another Sikh homeland in the Punjab region of India and Pakistan; it referred to the 18th-century Sikh Empire.
Canada's RCMP Security Service had followed members of the Khalistan movement in Canada since 1974, but did not consider it to be a threat until 1981. Sikh immigration to Canada had begun before the early 1900s. Early immigrants often suffered discrimination in British Columbia.[7]
During the 1970s, during and following the widespread deaths and social disruption due to the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, many new Sikh refugees emigrated to Canada. These included men who became the leaders and members of the Babbar Khalsa, such as Talwinder Singh Parmar, Ajaib Singh Bagri, Ripudaman Singh Malik and Inderjit Singh Reyat. By the 1980s, the area around Vancouver, British Columbia had become the largest center of Sikh population outside India. They carried with them rivalries and sectarian tensions from India and Pakistan.[8]
The Babbar Khalsa in its current form developed from the violent clash between the rival Nirankari and Akhand Kirtani Jatha (AKJ) sects on the festival of Vaisakhi in India on 13 April 1978, where thirteen Sikhs were killed. The founders of this Panthic group vowed to avenge the deaths of Sikhs. Talwinder Singh Parmar led the militant wing of AKJ, which became the Babbar Khalsa, to "punish" the Nirankaris. They had been cleared by the Punjab government of wrongdoing. On 24 April 1980 Gurbachan Singh, the Baba (head) of the Nirankaris, was killed; Babbar Khalsa claimed responsibility for the assassination.[9]
On 19 November 1981, Parmar was among the militants who escaped from a shootout in which two Punjab Police officers were gunned down outside the house of Amarjit Singh Nihang in Ludhiana district. This added to the notoriety of Babbar Khalsa and its leader. He went to Canada.[10] In 1982, India issued a warrant for Parmar's arrest for six charges of murder stemming from the killing of the police officers.[11] India notified Canada that Parmar was a wanted terrorist in 1981 and asked for his extradition in 1982. Canada denied the request in July 1982.[12]
After an Interpol alert, Parmar was arrested while attempting to enter Germany. Germany chose to handle the case locally rather than hand him over to India. Parmar went on a hunger strike to win his religious right to wear a turban and have vegetarian meals in the Düsseldorf jail. After India received information that Parmar had made assassination threats against Indira Gandhi, they found that Germany had decided that the evidence was weak. They had expelled Parmar and released him to Canada on June 1984 after nearly a year in jail.[13]
On 3–6 June 1984, the Khalistan movement was sparked into action as Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi ordered Operation Blue Star, the storming of the Golden Temple.[14] Militants led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale (who was killed in the attack) had amassed weapons in the Sikh temple, the militants demanded that Sikhs not be treated as second class citizens in India[15][16][17] and demanded equality through changes in the Indian constitution[18][19] or otherwise the creation of a Sikh state, Khalistan.[20] Some independent estimates of the death toll of the operation ran as high as 1500 civilian deaths, which led to an uproar amongst Sikhs worldwide. On 31 October 1984, Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards. In retaliation, 1984 anti-Sikh riots, guided by certain Indian National Congress members, killed thousands of Sikhs in India.[21]
Shortly after Blue Star, Parmar visited the auto mechanic and electrician Inderjit Singh Reyat, who lived in Duncan, British Columbia, a small community north of Victoria on Vancouver Island. He asked him to construct a bomb; Reyat later claimed he had no idea what it would be used for. Reyat asked various people in the community about dynamite, saying he wanted to remove tree stumps on his property.[22] Reyat also discussed explosives with a co-worker, while expressing anger at the Indian government and Indira Gandhi in particular.[23]
Later that year, Ajaib Singh Bagri accompanied Parmar as his right-hand man in the armed struggle against the Indian government. Bagri worked as a forklift driver at a sawmill near the town of Kamloops. He was known as a powerful preacher in the Indo-Canadian community.[24] The pair travelled across Canada to rally Sikhs to the cause of avenging the attack on the Golden Temple. They used the meetings as fundraisers for Babbar Khalsa. A former head priest in Hamilton testified that Bagri said, "the Indian Government is our enemy, the same way the Hindu society is our enemy."[25] Bagri told a congregation, "Get your weapons ready so we can take revenge against the Indian Government".[25]
Bagri called for action:
We are slaves in Punjab. Our brothers and sisters are being killed and so we have to stand up for ourselves. Nobody's going to help us. So to make our own state we need an army, we need ammunition, we need rifles to fight with the Indian Government to make our own state, Khalistan"[25]
Bagri speech[edit]
On 28 July 1984, the founding convention of the World Sikh Organization (WSO) was held at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The WSO's constitution was committed to diplomacy and non-violence, and it said the organization would "strive for an independent Sikh homeland by peaceful means." Though Parmar was blocked at the border (he had been put under 24-hour watch), Bagri gave an hour-long speech at the convention.
He said, "until we kill 50,000 Hindus, we will not rest," before an enraged crowd of 4,000 people; this statement was quoted against him at his later trial.[26] Bagri defended hijackers who had forced the 'hated' Indian government into negotiations with the Sikh leadership, and was critical of Gandhian non-violence. "We are to die in the battlefield, fighting, by sacrificing ourselves. To die such a death, which is the mission of the Khalsa, is our religion".[27] Militant Islamic Kashmiri and Afghan rebels also were invited to the rally.[28] An Afghan mujahadeen agreed, "we will bring together all movements against India because India allies itself with the Soviet Union." (At the time, the Afghan-Soviet War was underway, and many foreign mujahideen had gone there to help the Muslims.)
A professional translator testified that Bagri's speech in Punjabi had been distorted by failing to understand "its context within Sikh history and literature;" he denied that Bagri had urged Sikhs to take revenge against all Hindus. He conceded that Bagri was trying to "inflame passions and arouse national pride".[29]
Plot preparations[edit]
In late 1984, at least two informers reported to authorities on the first abortive plot to bomb Air India Flight 182, which flew out of Montreal's Mirabel International Airport at that time. In August 1984, the known criminal Gerry Boudreault claimed that Talwinder Parmar showed him a suitcase stuffed with $200,000, payment to plant a bomb. He decided, "I had done some bad things in my time, done my time in jail, but putting a bomb on a plane … not me. I went to the police."[30] In September, in an attempt to get his sentence for theft and fraud reduced, Harmail Singh Grewal of Vancouver told the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) of the plot to bomb the flight from Montreal. Both reports were dismissed as unreliable.[30]
The moderate Sikh Ujjal Dosanjh had spoken out against violence by Sikh extremists. In retaliation, he was attacked on February 1985 by an assailant wielding an iron bar. His skull was broken and he required 80 stitches in his head. On 5 March 1985, Canada's CSIS domestic intelligence agency obtained a court order to place Parmar under surveillance for one year, just three months before the bombing. Although the Babbar Khalsa had not yet been officially banned, the affidavit stated, it "is a Sikh terrorist group now established in Canada", "has claimed responsibility for more than forty assassinations of moderate Sikhs and other persons in the Punjab," and "penned its name to threatening letters [addressed to]... high officials in India".[31][32] The affidavit said that on 15 July 1984, Parmar urged the Coach Temple congregation of Calgary, Alberta, to "unite, fight and kill" to avenge the attack on the Golden Temple.[31][32]
Explosives and clocks[edit]
In April 1985, a Canadian familiar with blasting was asked by Reyat how much dynamite it would take to blow up a tree stump. Another friend who listened in recalled that Reyat was very agitated about "getting even for the sacrilege at Amritsar, he was almost talking like Hitler."[33] Reyat was not shy about telling everyone he knew around Duncan about the need for revenge, or asking about explosives. Reyat sought cases of dynamite and did not care if he had to pay three times the normal price. He eventually confided it was not about stumps, but "trouble in the old country", that he needed "explosives to help my countrymen."[33] One friend declined to get him dynamite, but did lend him a 400 page manual on mining with explosives.[33]
On 8 May 1985, Reyat bought a Micronta digital automobile clock at the Radio Shack store in Duncan.[34] Designed for a 12 volt automobile electrical system, it could also be powered by a 12 volt lantern battery. The 24-hour alarm activated a buzzer, but he returned a week later for an electrical relay after asking how to get the buzzer signal to power another device. Wiretappers recorded nine telephone calls between Parmar's residence in Vancouver and Reyat from either his residence or workplace on Vancouver Island that month, which got Reyat added to the list of persons being monitored for terrorist activities.[35] The Canadian government would later accuse Reyat of lying in 2003 when at first he said he did not know what three clocks he had bought could be used for. He later said Parmar needed an explosive device to blow up a bridge or something large in India, and that he needed timers for an explosive device. In that case, the relay could be used to trigger the detonator circuit for a blasting cap which would provide the initial shock needed to detonate larger explosives such as dynamite.[22][23]
Reyat later visited a television repair shop with a partially disassembled car clock wired to a lantern battery. He needed help so that the buzzer stayed on rather than intermittently beeping, so that it would turn on a light in his camper to wake him up. The repairman knew his friend did not own a camper, and it would even strike Justice J. Raymond Paris at Reyat's 1991 trial as an odd use for a timer.[36]
Bomb tests[edit]
By mid-May, Reyat had gone into the woods to test a device with a 12-volt battery, cardboard cylinder, gunpowder, and some dynamite, but the device failed to work.[37] Later, Reyat acquired between six and eight sticks of dynamite "to blow up unidentified stumps if need be in the future" from a Duncan well driller after visiting his house to fix a truck. He also obtained a few blasting caps days later. On 31 May 1985, Reyat brought his timer, attached to a boombox, into his shop so that his fellow employee at Duncan Auto Marine Electric could help him fix it for a friend, but he returned the radio after it did not work properly.
On 4 June, CSIS agents Larry Lowe and Lynn Macadams followed Parmar and a "youthful man"[38] (identified only as "Mr. X", "Third Man" or "Unknown Male") as they went from Parmar's house to the Horseshoe Bay Ferry Terminal, rode the Nanaimo-bound ferry, and visited Reyat at his home and shop at Auto Marine Electric. The three drove to a deserted bush area, where Reyat was observed taking an object into the woods. Staying out of sight, the agents, who did not bring a camera, only heard an explosion which sounded like a "loud gunshot".[citation needed] Later tests showed it could also have been an explosion, and later searches turned up remnants of an aluminium "electrical blasting cap".[39] J.S. Warren, director-general of counter-terrorism at CSIS, would later ask on 16 July 1986 why they did not ask the police to stop and question the suspects, or search the vehicle, which might have deterred the bombing plot.[40]
The next day, Reyat purchased a large Sanyo component tuner, model FMT 611 K, at Woolworths, and left his name and telephone number on the charge slip, which was later found in a search of his home. Reyat also bought smokeless gunpowder from a sporting goods store, signing "I. Reyat" on the explosives log. Study of debris from the Narita explosion would eventually show the bomb had been housed inside a Sanyo tuner with a serial number matching a model sold only in British Columbia, and used a Micronta clock as a timer which powered a relay with an Eveready 12-volt battery to trigger blasting caps to set off a high explosive consistent with sticks of dynamite,[35] all matching items purchased by Reyat. This would lead to his eventual conviction.[35] As late as 2010, Reyat admitted only to buying and assembling some parts, but denied he ever made a bomb, knew what the bomb was to be used for, who was behind any plot, or that he ever asked or knew the name of the man who he said stayed in his house for a week completing construction of the explosive device after his device failed.[41]
On 9 June 1985, a police informer in Hamilton reported that Parmar and Bagri had visited the Malton Sikh Temple, warning the faithful that "it would be unsafe" to fly Air India.[42] Vancouver police also monitored militants 11 days before the bombing. A leader of the International Sikh Youth Federation complained that no Indian consuls or ambassadors had yet been killed, but the response was, "You will see. something will be done in two weeks".[43]
The suspects in the bombing used pay phones and talked in code. Translators' notes of wiretapped conversations include the following exchange between Talwinder Parmar and a follower named Hardial Singh Johal on 20 June 1985, the day the tickets were purchased:
- Parmar: Did you write the story?
- Johal: No, I didn't.
- Parmar: Do that work first.[44]
This conversation appears to be an order from Parmar to book the airline tickets.[45] It is believed that "writing the story" referred to purchasing the tickets; afterward, Johal phoned Parmar back and asked if he could "come over and read the story he asked for", to which Parmar agreed.[46]
Moments after the wiretapped conversation, at 01:00 GMT, a man calling himself "Mr. Singh" made reservations for two flights on 22 June: one for "Jaswant Singh" to fly from Vancouver to Toronto on Canadian Pacific Air Lines (CP) Flight 086 and one for "Mohinderbel Singh" to fly from Vancouver to Tokyo on Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 003 and connect to Air India Flight 301 to Bangkok. At 02:20 GMT on the same day, another call changed the reservation in the name of "Jaswant Singh" from CP 086 to CP 060, also flying from Vancouver to Toronto. The caller further requested to be put on the waiting list for AI 181 from Toronto to Montreal and AI 182 from Montreal to Bombay. The next day, at 19:10 GMT, a man wearing a turban paid for the two tickets with $3,005 in cash at a CP ticket office in Vancouver. The names on the reservations were changed: "Jaswant Singh" became "M. Singh" and "Mohinderbel Singh" became "L. Singh". The reservation and purchase of these tickets together would be used as evidence to link the two flights to one plot, despite some claims that it was only a coincidence.
One telephone number left as a contact was Vancouver's Ross Street Sikh temple. The other number became one of the first leads tracked by investigators, and was traced to Hardial Singh Johal, a janitor at a Vancouver high school.[47][48] Johal was an avid follower of Talwinder Singh Parmar, and thus closely scrutinised in the investigation following the Air India bombing. He was alleged to have stored the suitcase explosives in the basement of a Vancouver school and to have purchased the tickets for the flights on which the bombs were placed. Mandip Singh Grewal recounted how he saw and recognised Johal as his school's janitor when he said goodbye to his father, one of the Flight 182 victims, at the airport on the day of the bombing.[49]
Reyat went to work on 21 June. Phone records show he called Johal at 7:17 pm. A witness whose name was protected testified that Bagri asked to borrow her car the night before the bombing to take some suitcases to the airport, though he himself would not be flying with them.[50]
On 22 June 1985, at 13:30 GMT, a man calling himself "Manjit Singh" called to confirm his reservations on Air India Flight 181/182. He was told he was still wait-listed, and was offered alternative arrangements, which he declined. At 15:50 GMT (7:50 am), M. Singh checked into a busy line of 30 people for the CP flight from Vancouver to Toronto, which was scheduled to leave at 9:18 am. He asked agent Jeannie Adams to check his dark brown, hard-sided Samsonite suitcase, and have it transferred to Air India Flight 181 and then to Flight 182 to India. The agent initially refused his request to inter-line the baggage since his seat from Toronto to Montreal and from Montreal to Bombay was unconfirmed. He insisted, but the agent again rebuffed him, telling him, "Your ticket doesn't read that you're confirmed" and "we're not supposed to check your baggage through." The man said, "Wait, I'll get my brother for you." As he started to walk away, she relented and agreed to accept the bag, but told him he would have to check in again with Air India in Toronto. After the crash, Adams would realise this deception got the bag on its way to Flight 182. The anxious man was never identified.[51][52] At 16:16 GMT (9:18 am),[16 or 18 minutes past the hour? clarification needed] Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 60 to Toronto Pearson International Airport departed without Singh.[53]
Reyat would later testify that he travelled by ferry from Duncan to Vancouver that morning to work on his brother's truck. Phone records show someone called from his residence in Duncan to Johal's number at 10:50 am and 4:00 pm later that day. Reyat was seen in the company of another East Indian man at the Auto Marine Electric store in Burnaby, near Parmar's house, between 10:00 am and 11:30 am. He bought two 12 volt batteries similar to the one used in the explosive device tested in the woods, and they were to fit into a special metal bracket he had brought with him.[54] Constable Clark-Marlowe later believed there was "ample time for Inderjit Sing Reyat to obtain the batteries at the Auto Marine Electric limited store in Burnaby, incorporate the batteries in the assembly of an explosive device and then have the device transported in a suitcase to the Vancouver airport".[citation needed]
Sometime before 20:22 GMT (1:22 pm), L. Singh (also never identified) checked in for the 1:37 CP Air Flight 003 to Tokyo with one piece of luggage, which was to be transferred to Air India Flight 301 to Bangkok.[55] However, L. Singh did not board the flight.[53]
At 20:22 GMT, Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 60 arrived in Toronto twelve minutes late. Some of the passengers and baggage, including the bag Singh had checked in, were transferred to Air India Flight 182. In response to threats from Sikh activists, Air India had requested extra security, leading Canada to assign extra policemen in terminals in Toronto and Montreal, and all baggage was to be checked by X-ray or by hand.[56] But after the x-ray machine broke down that day, inspectors used a portable PDD-4 explosive sniffer. An Air India security officer had demonstrated that it made a loud scream when a lit match was held an inch away, and showed that it should be used around the edge of the bag being tested. Between 5:15 and 6:00, the sniffer was heard to beep at a soft-sided maroon suitcase with a zipper going all around; it beeped in a low volume near the zipper lock. But Air India was not informed since checkers were not instructed on how to react to only a short beep, and they allowed the bag pass on its way. Later investigation would determine that the two containers that could have contained M. Singh's[M.Singh or L. Singh? clarification needed] bag were placed close to the sensitive electronic bay of the aircraft.[57][58]
At 00:15 GMT on 23 June, Air India Flight 181, a Boeing 747-237B named "Emperor Kanishka", departed Toronto Pearson International Airport for Montréal-Mirabel International Airport. The aircraft was an hour and 40 minutes late because a "fifth pod" (a spare engine) was installed under the aircraft below the left wing to be flown to India for repairs. Some of the parts had to be stored in the rear cargo compartment. The plane arrived in Montréal-Mirabel International Airport at 01:00 GMT. There, it became Flight 182.
Flight 182 departed for London Heathrow Airport, en route to Palam International Airport, Delhi, and Sahar International Airport, Bombay. 329 people were on board: 307 passengers and 22 crew. Captain Hanse Singh Narendra served as the commander,[59] with Captain Satwinder Singh Bhinder as the first officer[60] and Dara Dumasia as the flight engineer.[61] Many of the passengers were going to visit families and friends.[57]
At 07:14:01 GMT, the crew of the Boeing 747 "squawked 2500"[62] (a routine activation of its aviation transponder) as requested by Shannon International Airport Air Traffic Control (ATC), then disappeared. A bomb in a Sanyo tuner[63] in a suitcase in the forward cargo hold had exploded while the plane was at 31,000 feet (9,400 m) at 51°3.6′N 12°49′W / 51.0600°N 12.817°WCoordinates: 51°3.6′N 12°49′W / 51.0600°N 12.817°W.[64] It caused rapid decompression and the break-up of the aircraft in mid-air. The wreckage settled in 6,700 feet (2,000 m) deep water off the south-west Irish coast, 120 miles (190 km) offshore of County Cork. No "mayday" call was received by Shannon ATC. ATC asked aircraft in the area to try to contact Air India, to no avail. By 07:30:00 GMT, ATC had declared an emergency and requested nearby cargo ships and the Irish Naval Service vessel LÉ Aisling to look out for the aircraft.
The second bag, checked in by L. Singh, went on Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 003 from Vancouver to Tokyo. There were no x-ray inspections of luggage on this flight.[57] Its target was Air India Flight 301, due to leave with 177 passengers and crew bound for Bangkok-Don Mueang, but 55 minutes before the Flight 182 bombing, it exploded at the terminal in Narita Airport. Two Japanese baggage handlers were killed and four other people were injured.[65]
Recovery of wreckage and bodies[edit]
By 09:13 GMT, the cargo ship Laurentian Forest discovered the wreckage of the aircraft and many bodies floating in the water. India's civil aviation minister announced the possibility that the plane had been destroyed by a bomb, and the cause was probably some sort of explosion.[66] Previous 747s had been damaged or destroyed on the ground, but this was the first jumbo jet downed by sabotage.[67]
The bomb killed all 22 crew and 307 passengers. 132 bodies were recovered; 197 were lost at sea. Eight bodies exhibited "flail pattern" injuries, indicating that they had exited the aircraft before it hit the water. This was a sign that the airplane had broken up in mid-air. Twenty-six bodies showed signs of hypoxia (lack of oxygen). Twenty-five, mostly victims who were seated near windows, showed signs of explosive decompression. Twenty-three had signs of "injuries from a vertical force". Twenty-one passengers were found with little or no clothing.[68]
One official quoted in the report stated, "All victims have been stated in the PM reports to have died of multiple injuries. Two of the dead, one infant and one child, are reported to have died of asphyxia. There is no doubt about the asphyxial death of the infant. In the case of the other child (Body No 93) there was some doubt because the findings could also be caused due to the child undergoing tumbling or spinning with the anchor point at the ankles. Three other victims undoubtedly died of drowning."[69]
Additional evidence to support a bombing was retrieved from the broken up aircraft which lay on the sea bed at a depth of 6,700 feet (2,000 m).[70] The British vessel Guardline Locator, equipped with sophisticated sonar, and the French cable-laying vessel Léon Thévenin, with its robot submarine Scarab, were dispatched to locate the flight data recorder (FDR) and cockpit voice recorder (CVR) boxes. The boxes would be difficult to find and it was imperative that the search commence quickly. By 4 July, the Guardline Locator detected signals on the sea bed. On 9 July, Scarab pinpointed the CVR and raised it to the surface. The next day, the FDR was also located and recovered.
Nationality | Passengers | Crew | Total |
Canada | 268 | 0 | 268 |
United Kingdom | 27 | 0 | 27 |
India | 3 | 21 | 24 |
Soviet Union | 3 | 0 | 3 |
Brazil | 2 | 0 | 2 |
United States | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Spain | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Finland | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Argentina | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Total | 307 | 22 | 329 |
The casualty list is provided by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.[1]
Within hours, Canada's Indian community was a focus of attention as victims and among hints that officials were investigating connections to the Sikh separatists who had threatened and committed acts of violence in retaliation against Hindus.[71] In the subsequent worldwide investigations over six years, many threads of the plot were uncovered. Based on recovery of wreckage and bodies from the surface, it was decided to retrieve wreckage and recorders from the bottom of the sea. That voice and flight recorders were cut out at the same time, and damage to parts recovered from the forward cargo bay consistent with a blast established that it was probably a bomb near the forward cargo hold that brought the plane down suddenly. The flight was also soon linked to the earlier bombing in Japan which had also originated from Vancouver, tickets for both flights had been purchased by the same person, and in both cases the planes were carrying bags without the passenger who checked them in.[72]
No bomb parts were recovered from the ocean, but investigations of the blast at Tokyo established that the bomb had been placed in a Sanyo stereo tuner of a series that had been shipped to Vancouver in Canada. The RCMP assigned no less than 135 officers to check every store that could have sold Sanyo tuners, leading to the discovery of a recent sale to mechanic Inderjit Singh Reyat in his hometown of Duncan British Columbia. RCMP contacted the CSIS intelligence agency and found they were already investigating the Sikh activists and found out they had already had wiretaps and had observed Reyat and Parmar at the test blast near Duncan, and the recovery of blasting cap shunts and a paper bundle wrapper from a blasting cap[73] A search recovered the receipt for a Sanyo Tuner Model FMT-611K with invoice with his name and phone number, along with sales of other bomb components.[74] It was not until January 1986 that Canadian investigators at the Canadian Aviation Safety Board concluded that a bomb explosion in the forward cargo hold had downed the airliner.[75] On 26 February 1986, Supreme Court Judge Kirpal of India presented an Inquiry report based on investigation conducted by H.S. Khola (Khola Report). The report also concluded that a bomb originating in Canada brought down the Air India flight.[76]
Based on observations, wiretaps, searches and arrests of persons believed to be participants, the bombing was determined to be the joint project of at least two Sikh terrorist groups with extensive membership in Canada, the United States, England and India. Their anger had been sparked by the June 1984 assault on the Golden Temple by the Government of India.[38]
The main suspects in the bombing were members of a Sikh separatist group called the Babbar Khalsa (banned in Europe and the United States as a proscribed terrorist group) and other related groups who were at the time agitating for a separate Sikh state called Khalistan in Punjab, India.[77]
- Talwinder Singh Parmar, a Canadian citizen born in Punjab and living in British Columbia was a high-ranking official in the Babbar Khalsa. His phone was being tapped by CSIS for three months before the bombing.[78] He was killed by the Punjab police in 1992 while in custody.
- Inderjit Singh Reyat worked as an auto mechanic and electrician in Duncan, British Columbia on Vancouver Island. Investigation of the bombing in Tokyo led to discovery that he had bought a Sanyo radio, clocks and other parts found after the blast. He was convicted of manslaughter for constructing the bomb. As part of a deal, he was to testify against others, but as he declined to implicate others, he would be the only suspect convicted in the case.[79]
- Ripudaman Singh Malik was a Vancouver businessman who helped fund a credit union and several Khalsa schools. He was acquitted of any involvement in the bombings.[80]
- Ajaib Singh Bagri was a mill worker living in Kamloops. He said in a 1984 speech, after Hindu mobs had murdered thousands of Sikhs in Delhi[81] that "Until we kill 50,000 Hindus, we will not rest."[82] He and Malik were acquitted in 2005.[83]
- Surjan Singh Gill was living in Vancouver as the self-proclaimed consul-general of Khalistan. Some RCMP testimony claimed he was a mole who left the plot just days before its execution because he was told to pull out, but the Canadian government denied that report. He later fled Canada and is believed to be in hiding in London, England.[84]
- Hardial Singh Johal and Manmohan Singh were both followers of Parmar and active in the Gurdwaras where he preached. On 15 November 2002, Johal died of natural causes at 55. His phone number was left when ordering the airline tickets, he was seen at the airport the day the luggage was loaded, and he had allegedly stored the suitcases containing the bombs in the basement of a Vancouver school, but was never charged in the case.[85]
- Daljit Sandhu was later named by a Crown witness as the man who picked up the tickets. During the trial, the Crown played a video from January 1989 in which Sandhu congratulated the families of Indira Gandhi's assassins[86] and stated that "she deserved that and she invited that and that's why she got it".[citation needed] Sandhu was cleared by Judge Ian Josephson in a 16 March judgment.
- Lakhbir Singh Brar Rode was the leader of the Sikh separatist organisation International Sikh Youth Federation. In September 2007, the commission investigated reports, initially disclosed in the Indian investigative news magazine Tehelka,[87] that Parmar had allegedly confessed and named the hitherto unnamed Lakhbir Singh Brar Rode as the mastermind behind the explosions.[88] This claim appears to be inconsistent with other evidence known to the RCMP.[54]
On 17 August 1985, Inderjit Singh Reyat became a third suspect once the receipt for the tuner was found with his name. 6 November 1985, the RCMP raided the homes of suspected Sikh separatists Talwinder Singh Parmar, Inderjit Singh Reyat, Surjan Singh Gill, Hardial Singh Johal, and Manmohan Singh.[89] In a 4 1/2 -hour interview, Reyat denied all knowledge of the test blast or even Parmar. After he was told the CSIS had seen both of them, he changed his story that Parmar really wanted to build a device powerful enough so that he could take the device back to India to destroy a bridge. He explained that the gunpowder in the test was a failure as the device fizzled. The search of Reyat's house produced a carton with an unusual green tape also found in the Narita blast, a can of Liquid Fire brand starting fluid matching fragments found at blast, along with blasting caps and dynamite, including a pound of dynamite in a bag taken out its original tube casing, though none was consistent with blast residue. Reyat insisted only the clock, relays and tuner had been purchased for other than "benign purposes". There was insufficient evidence to hold Parmar as charges are dropped days later.
Bagri would later state before his later trial that he knew was probably a suspect by October 1985 but insisted he would have faced charges if there were any evidence he had anything to do with the bombing.[90] It was established by November that it was a man with a Sikh name who probably checked the bag in Vancouver that caused the crash.[91] Talwinder Singh Parmar was not seen in Canada sometime after late 1986, as authorities believed him to be living in Pakistan where he continued operations against India.
Authorities initially lacked evidence to link Reyat directly to either the Narita or Air India blasts and pursue a conspiracy to commit murder charge. Instead, Reyat pleaded guilty on 29 April 1986, to possession of an explosive substance and possession of an unregistered firearm. His sentence was a light $2,000 fine. Just three months later, Reyat moved his family from Canada to Coventry, near Birmingham, in the UK. Reyat was soon hired at a Jaguar factory where he worked for nearly two years.[92]
RCMP Mounties working with prosecutor Jardine, RCMP and Japanese experts eventually determined the components of the bomb from fragments and matched them with items that Reyat possessed or had purchased. Prosecutor Jardine visited Tokyo five times to meet with Japanese authorities, and Canada formally asked that evidence to be sent to Canada. Still lacking sufficient evidence for a murder charge, Jardine recommended two manslaughter charges and five explosives-related counts, resulting in a request to Britain to extradite Reyat, who was arrested on 5 Feb 1988 as he was driving to the Jaguar car plant. After lengthy proceedings to extradite him from Britain, Reyat was flown to Vancouver BC on 13 Dec 1989 and his trial began 18 Sep 1990. On 10 May 1991, he was convicted of two counts of manslaughter and four explosives charges relating to the Narita Airport bombing. He was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment.[93]
Fifteen years after the bombing, on 27 October 2000, RCMP arrested Malik and Bagri. They were charged with 329 counts of first-degree murder in the deaths of the people on board Air India Flight 182, conspiracy to commit murder, the attempted murder of passengers and crew on the Canadian Pacific flight at Japan's New Tokyo International Airport (now Narita International Airport), and two counts of murder of the baggage handlers at New Tokyo International Airport.[94][95] It became known as the "Air India Trial".[96]
On 6 June 2001, RCMP arrested Reyat on charges of murder, attempted murder, and conspiracy in the Air India bombing. On 10 February 2003, Reyat pleaded guilty to one count of manslaughter and a charge of aiding in the construction of a bomb. He was sentenced to five years in prison.[97] He was expected to provide testimony in the trial of Malik and Bagri, but prosecutors were vague.[citation needed]
The trial of Malik and Bagri proceeded between April 2003 and December 2004 in Courtroom 20,[98] more commonly known as "the Air India courtroom". At a cost of $7.2 million, the high-security courtroom was specially built for the trial in the Vancouver Law Courts.[99] On 16 March 2005, Justice Ian Josephson found the two accused not guilty on all counts because the evidence was inadequate:
I began by describing the horrific nature of these cruel acts of terrorism, acts which cry out for justice. Justice is not achieved, however, if persons are convicted on anything less than the requisite standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Despite what appear to have been the best and most earnest of efforts by the police and the Crown, the evidence has fallen markedly short of that standard.[100]
In a letter to the Attorney General of British Columbia, Malik has demanded compensation from the Canadian government for wrongful prosecution in his arrest and trial. Malik owes the government $6.4 million and Bagri owes $9.7 million in legal fees.[101]
Reyat's perjury trial[edit]
In February 2006, Inderjit Singh Reyat was charged with perjury with regard to his testimony in the trial.[102] The indictment was filed in the Supreme Court of British Columbia and lists 27 instances where he allegedly misled the court during his testimony. Reyat had pleaded guilty to constructing the bomb, but denied under oath that he knew anything about the conspiracy.
In the verdict, Justice Ian Josephson said:
I find him to be an unmitigated liar under oath. Even the most sympathetic of listeners could only conclude, as do I, that his evidence was patently and pathetically fabricated in an attempt to minimise his involvement in his crime to an extreme degree, while refusing to reveal relevant information he clearly possesses."[103]
On 3 July 2007, with perjury proceedings still pending, Reyat was denied parole by the National Parole Board, which concluded he was a continued risk to the public. The decision meant Reyat had to serve his full five-year sentence, which ended 9 February 2008.[104]
Reyat's perjury trial began in March 2010 in Vancouver, but was abruptly dismissed on 8 March 2010. The jury was dismissed after "biased" remarks about Reyat by a woman juror.[105]
A new jury was chosen. In September 2010, according to the Lethbridge Herald newspaper, jurors were told Reyat had lied 19 times under oath.[106][107] On 19 September 2010, Reyat was convicted of perjury. On 7 January 2011, he was sentenced to nine years in prison.[108] In February 2011, Reyat filed an appeal stating that the judge "erred in law, misdirected the jury and failed to tell jurors there was no evidence to support portions of the Crown's closing address." and called it "harsh and excessive", asking for a new trial. [109]
In January 2013, the Supreme Court of Canada rejected his bid to appeal his perjury conviction. The country's top court did not disclose its reasons as per customary practice.[110]
Alternative theories[edit]
Not all parties believe the blame lies primarily on Sikh extremists or that the airliner was even bombed. Alternate theories were not considered credible by the Canadian public or were discounted at trial. In 2000, the World Sikh Organization promoted a theory that "Sikhs did not bomb Air India 182", claiming it was a cargo door which blew off. By 2007, WSO had accepted it was a bombing, but blamed Indian agents aiding Sikh separatists to discredit them as terrorists. The World Sikh Organization of Canada maintained that if Parmar was killed in a staged encounter, it was to "shield the involvement of Indian agents in the Air India tragedy".[111]
Cargo door[edit]
Independent investigator John Barry Smith compiled a detailed report which concluded that the cause was "rupture open in flight probably at one or both of the midspan latches leading to an explosion of explosive decompression"[112][113] for not only Flight 182, but also Pan Am Flight 103[114] In November 2000, Smith contacted the World Sikh Organization that the flight "was not 'bombed' by anybody, certainly not Sikhs, but was brought down by explosive decompression caused by an open cargo door in flight."[115] The website for the World Sikh Organization posted his theory that "Sikhs did not bomb Air India 182", and that a cargo door fell off the plane.[116] In 2006, his findings were offered to the Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182, but were not taken seriously[117]
Soft Target[edit]
Canadian journalists Brian McAndrew and Zuhair Kashmeri from the Globe and Mail wrote the 1989 book Soft Target: How the Indian Intelligence Service Penetrated Canada, promoting a conspiracy theory that the bombings were part of RAW's operations to malign Canadian Sikhs participating in the Khalistani movement and make them suspects in the eyes of the Canadian authorities. Kashmeri also authored The Gulf Within: Canadian Arabs, Racism and the Gulf War on police and security services targeting Canadian Arabs and Muslims, and disapproved of the killing of Osama Bin Laden.[118] Based on activities before the actual bombing they allege that CSIS and the Indian High Commission in Canada knew about the incident in advance. The authors also allege that Indian High Commission in Canada misled RCMP and CSIS for years and worked to spy on and destabilise the Sikh community in Canada. In 1992, the RCMP indicated that it possessed no evidence to support the allegations made in the book that the government of India was involved in the Air India bombing.[119]
Alleged Parmar confession[edit]
In July 2007, the Indian investigative weekly, Tehelka, reported that fresh evidence had emerged from a confession by militant Talwinder Singh Parmar to the Punjab police days before his death on 15 October 1992[87] in which he named Lakhbir as the mastermind behind the Air India bombing. According to this article, this evidence had been collected by the Punjab Human Rights Organisation (PHRO), a Chandigarh-based group that had been conducting interviews of Parmar's associates for over seven years.
The purported confession presented the following story:
- "Around May 1985, a functionary of the International Sikh Youth Federation came to me (Parmar) and introduced himself as Lakhbir Singh and asked me for help in conducting some violent activities to express the resentment of the Sikhs. I told him to come after a few days so that I could arrange for dynamite and battery etc. He told me that he would first like to see a trial of the blast...After about four days, Lakhbir Singh and another youth, Inderjit Singh Reyat, both came to me. We went into the jungle (of British Columbia). There we joined a dynamite stick with a battery and triggered off a blast. ...
- Then Lakhbir Singh, Inderjit Singh and their accomplice, Manjit Singh, made a plan to plant bombs in an Air India plane leaving from Toronto via London for Delhi and another flight that was to leave Tokyo for Bangkok. Lakhbir Singh booked a seat from Vancouver to Tokyo and then onwards to Bangkok, while Manjit Singh booked a seat from Vancouver to Toronto and then from Toronto to Delhi. Inderjit prepared the bags for the flights, which were loaded with dynamite fitted with a battery and transistor." – from the confession by Talwinder Singh Parmar[87]
Lakhbir Singh Brar Rode, who is the head of the banned terrorist organisation, International Sikh Youth Federation, has an Interpol Red corner warrant A-23/1-1997 against him.[87] In 1998, he was arrested for carrying 20 kg of RDX explosive near Kathmandu, Nepal.[120] The PHRO has stated that at the time of Flight 182, Rode was an undercover Indian agent and that Parmar was murdered in order to protect his identity and India's role in the bombing.[87]
Subsequently, a translation of the confession was presented to the Inquiry Commission on 24 September. The confession, which had been billed as "seismic evidence", had elements that had already been investigated by the RCMP, and some details were found to be false.[54]
The confession had identified the mysterious "Third Man" or "Mr. X" as Lakhbir Singh Brar Rode, noted Sikh militant and nephew of Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. Inspector Lorne Schwartz said that the RCMP had interviewed Lakhbir in Pakistan in 2001. At the time, he had pointed to several others as having a hand in the bombing. Also, it was unlikely that Lakhbir was Mr. X, Schwartz claimed, because Mr. X appeared considerably younger.[88]
Also, the RCMP had known about the purported confession for several years. They believed, despite official denials, that Parmar had been captured alive, interrogated and only then killed.
Retired Punjab Police DSP Harmail Singh Chandi, who had personally been involved in the confession, travelled to Canada in June to present the evidence to the Inquiry Commission, but did not testify because he could not obtain a guarantee of anonymity.[88] The story was leaked in Tehelka after his return to India.
Mistakes and missed opportunities[edit]
Previous warning[edit]
The Canadian government had been warned by the Indian government about the possibility of terrorist bombs aboard Air India flights in Canada, and over two weeks before the crash, CSIS reported to the RCMP that the potential threat to Air India as well as Indian missions in Canada was high.[39]
Destroyed evidence[edit]
In his verdict, Justice Josephson cited "unacceptable negligence" by CSIS when hundreds of wiretaps of the suspects were destroyed.[121] Of the 210 wiretaps that were recorded during the months before and after the bombing, 156 were erased. These tapes continued to be erased even after the terrorists had become the primary suspects in the bombing.[122]
Because the original wiretap records were erased, they were inadmissible as evidence in court.[123] CSIS claimed the wiretap recordings contained no relevant information, but an RCMP memo states that "There is a strong likelihood that had CSIS retained the tapes between March and August 1985, that a successful prosecution of at least some of principals in both bombings could have been undertaken."[124]
Murdered witnesses[edit]
Tara Singh Hayer, the publisher of the Indo-Canadian Times and a member of the Order of British Columbia,[125] provided an affidavit to the RCMP in 1995 claiming that he was present during a conversation in which Bagri admitted his involvement in the bombings.[126] While at the London offices of fellow Sikh newspaper publisher Tarsem Singh Purewal, Hayer claimed he overheard a meeting between Purewal and Bagri in which Bagri stated that "if everything had gone as planned the plane would have blown up at Heathrow airport with no passengers on it. But because the plane was a half-hour to three quarters of an hour late, it blew up over the ocean."[127] On 24 January that same year, Purewal was killed near the offices of the Des Pardes newspaper in Southall, England, leaving Hayer as the only other witness.[128]
On 18 November 1998, Hayer was shot dead while getting out of his car in the garage of his home in Surrey.[129] Hayer had survived an earlier attempt on his life in 1988, but was paralysed and used a wheelchair.[129] As a consequence of his murder, the affidavit was inadmissible as evidence.[citation needed]
CSIS connection[edit]
During an interview with Bagri on 28 October 2000, RCMP agents described Surjan Singh Gill as an agent for CSIS, saying the reason that he resigned from the Babbar Khalsa was because his CSIS handlers told him to pull out.[130]
After the subsequent failure of CSIS to stop the bombing of Flight 182, the head of CSIS was replaced by Reid Morden. In an interview for CBC Television's news program The National, Morden claims that CSIS "dropped the ball" in its handling of the case. A Security Intelligence Review Committee cleared CSIS of any wrongdoing. However, that report remains secret to this day. The Canadian government continues to insist that there was no mole involved.[131]
Public inquiry[edit]
On 1 May 2006, the Crown-in-Council, on the advice of Prime Minister Stephen Harper,[132] announced the launch of a full public inquiry into the bombing, headed by retired Supreme Court Justice John Major, in order to find "answers to several key questions about the worst mass murder in Canadian history."[133] Initiated later in June, the Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182 was to examine how Canadian law restricted funding terrorist groups,[134] how well witness protection is provided in terrorist cases, if Canada needed to upgrade its aviation security, and if issues of cooperation between the RCMP, CSIS, and other law enforcement agencies had been resolved. It was to also provide a forum wherein families of the victims could testify on the impact of the bombing and would not repeat any criminal trials.[135]
The inquiry's investigations were completed and released on 17 June 2010. The commission expressed the view in their dossier that "Talwinder Singh Parmar was the leader of the Babbar Khalsa, a pro-Khalistan organisation at the heart of radical extremism, and it is now believed that he was the leader of the conspiracy to bomb Air India flights"[136] Major concluded that a "cascading series of errors" by Crown ministries, the RCMP, and CSIS allowed the terrorist attack to take place.[6][137]
After the release of the findings, Stephen Harper announced in the media, on the 25th anniversary of the disaster, that he would "acknowledge the catastrophic failures of intelligence, policing and air security that led to the bombing, and the prosecutorial lapses that followed" and deliver an apology on behalf of the sitting Cabinet.[132]
"A Canadian tragedy"[edit]
Twenty years after the downing of Air India Flight 182, families gathered in Ahakista, Ireland to grieve. Governor General Adrienne Clarkson, on the advice of Prime Minister Paul Martin, declared the anniversary a national day of mourning. During the anniversary observances, Martin said that the bombing was a Canadian problem, not a foreign problem, saying, "Make no mistake: The flight may have been Air India's, it may have taken place off the coast of Ireland, but this is a Canadian tragedy."[138]
In May 2007, Angus Reid Strategies released the results of public opinion polling of whether Canadians viewed the Air India bombing as a Canadian or Indian tragedy and who they blamed. Forty-eight per cent of respondents considered the bombing as a Canadian event, while twenty-two per cent thought it was a mostly Indian affair. Thirty-four per cent of those asked felt both CSIS and airport security personnel deserved a great deal of the blame in addition to twenty-seven per cent who believed the RCMP were largely to blame. Eighteen per cent mentioned Transport Canada.[139]
Ken MacQueen and John Geddes of Macleans said that the Air India bombing has been referred to as "Canada's 9/11." They disagreed, however, stating:
In truth, it was never close to that. The date, 23 June 1985, is not seared into the nation's soul. The events of that day snuffed out hundreds of innocent lives and altered the destinies of thousands more, but it neither shook the foundations of government, nor transformed its policies. It was not, in the main, even officially acknowledged as an act of terrorism.[140]
Memorials were erected in Canada and elsewhere to commemorate the victims. In 1986, a monument was unveiled in Ahakista, West Cork, Ireland, on the first anniversary of the bombing.[141][142] Subsequently, a groundbreaking occurred on 11 August 2006 at a playground that would form part of a memorial in Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia.[143] Another memorial was unveiled on 22 June 2007 in Humber Bay Park East, Toronto, Ontario; many of the bombing victims had lived in Toronto. The memorial features a sundial, the base of which consists of stones from all provinces and territories of Canada, as well as the countries of the other victims, and a wall, oriented toward Ireland and bearing the names of the dead.[144]
A 4th memorial was unveiled in Lachine, Quebec on the 26th anniversary of the tragedy.[145] There are no memorials in India as yet.[145]
Recognition in media[edit]
Documentaries about the bombing were made for Canadian television audiences. CBC Television announced the start of filming for Flight 182, a documentary about the tragedy directed by Sturla Gunnarsson.[146] Its title was changed to Air India 182 before premiering at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival in Toronto in April 2008. It subsequently premiered on CBC Television in June.[147] Mayday, a TV show that covers aviation accidents and incidents, also documented the bombing on its episode "Explosive Evidence".[148]
Many journalists have commented on the bombing throughout the decades since it occurred. Eight months after the bombing, The Province newspaper reporter Salim Jiwa published "Death of Air India Flight 182".[149] Other were also written. Loss of Faith: How the Air-India Bombers Got Away With Murder was published by Vancouver Sun reporter Kim Bolan in May 2005.[150] Jiwa and fellow reporter Don Hauka published Margin of Terror: A reporter's twenty-year odyssey covering the tragedies of the Air India bombing in May 2007. In her short story, "The Management of Grief," Indian-born American writer Bharati Mukherjee uses fiction to explore the enduring grief of relatives of Air India 182 victims. "The Management of Grief" was originally published in the fiction collection The Middleman and Other Stories.[151] Mukherjee also co-authored The Sorrow and the Terror: The Haunting Legacy of the Air India Tragedy (1987) with her husband, Clark Blaise.[152] Inspired by mainstream Canada's cultural denial of the Air India tragedy, Neil Bissoondath wrote The Soul of All Great Designs.[153] Canadian poet Renée Sarojini Saklikar created a collection of memorial and response poems, Children of Air India: unauthorized exhibits and interjections (Nightwood Editions 2013).[154]
Other recognition[edit]
The Pada memorial awards at Laurentian University were established in honour of Vishnu Pada, the husband of Lata Pada.[155]
Timeline of events[edit]
- For a summarised timeline, see Timeline of the Air India Flight 182 affair.
See also[edit]
- List of accidents and incidents on commercial airliners
- Terrorism in Canada
- Timeline of airliner bombing attacks
- Air India Flight 112 alleged bombing plot
- Indian Airlines Flight 814
- UTA Flight 772
- Sikhism in Canada
- Yelavarthy Nayudamma
- Pan Am Flight 103
- Lata Pada
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- ^ "Timeline". CTV News. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ Key Characters CBC
- ^ 26 November, 1985AROUND THE WORLD; Suspicious Baggage Traced to Vancouver AP
- ^ Portrait of a bomber The Vancouver Sun 5/11/1991
- ^ Fraser, Keith (10 August 2009). "Reyat's Air India perjury trial delayed to post-Olympics". The Province. Retrieved 24 June 2010.[dead link]
- ^ "Malik, Bagri not guilty in Air India bombings". CTV News. 16 March 2005. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ Fong, Petti (24 June 2010). "Air India families wait for answers 25 years later". Toronto Star.
- ^ Saklikar, Renee (23 June 2010). "The lesson from Air India Flight 182: Curiosity can save us". The Georgia Straight. Archived from the original on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ Bolan, Kim (8 March 2010). "Inderjit Singh Reyat Air India perjury trial postponed, no reasons disclosed". Vancouver Sun (Canada via Times-Colonist). Retrieved 24 June 2010.[dead link]
- ^ Courtroom 20: http://www.ag.gov.bc.ca/courts/court-room20/index.htm[dead link]
- ^ "Air India trial gets $7.2M high-tech courtroom". The Canadian Press via CP24. 16 August 2002. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ "Supreme Court of British Columbia: Her Majesty the Queen Against Ripudaman Singh Malik and Ajaib Singh Bagri". Courts.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
- ^ "Malik, Bagri asked to pay Air India legal fees". CBC News. 25 November 2005. Retrieved 24 June 2010.[dead link]
- ^ Ward, Doug (12 March 2010). "New jury for Inderjit Singh Reyat perjury case on May 17". Vancouver Sun (Canada via Calgary Herald). Archived from the original on 25 April 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ Bolan, Kim (9 July 2008). "Released Air India bomber rejoins family". National Post (Canada). Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ Air India bomb maker denied parole, CBC News with files from Canadian Press, 3 July 2007
- ^ "Air India bomber's perjury trial stalled as jury dismissed". Thaindian.com. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ "Reyat lied 19 times at Air India trial, jurors told – CTV News". Ctv.ca. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
- ^ [2]Archived 13 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Camille Bains The Canadian Press (7 January 2011). "Air India bomber jailed nine years for perjury". Toronto Star (Toronto). Retrieved 19 February 2011.
- ^ Reyat to appeal Air India perjury conviction; Camille Bains; The Canadian Press 8 Feb. 2011
- ^ Air India Bombing: Canadian Supreme Court Rejects Inderjit Singh Reyat's Plea, International Business Times, January 25, 2013
- ^ Will Stéphane Dion repudiate the conspiracy-spinning World Sikh Organization? Wednesday, 31 October 2007
- ^ Report on the Accident to Boeing 747-237B VT-EFO, Air India Flight 182, Off Cork, Ireland on 23 June 1985 by John Barry Smith
- ^ Boeing 747 Rupture at Midspan Latches of Cargo Door in Flight
- ^ What caused the crash?
- ^ Air India Investigation – "Sikhs Did Not Bomb AI 182 – www.corazon.com
- ^ By Terry Milewski, CBC News Sikhs did not bomb Air India 182"
- ^ Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182
- ^ OMNI-TV File (May 2011): Osama & Noam Chomsky; Immigrants = less crime; France's all-white soccer; Geronimo and Obama; P???ing in the wind; Recesssion and divorces
- ^ Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182 TERRORISM, INTELLIGENCE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT – CANADA'S RESPONSE TO SIKH TERRORISM [3] DOSSIER 2)[dead link]
- ^ "The RDX Files". India Today,. 1 February 2001.
- ^ "The Air India Trial". University of Toronto Faculty of Law. June 2005. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ Noronha, Charmaine (17 June 2010). "Canadian officials dropped ball before Air India bombing, inquiry finds". Associated Press via The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 27 June 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ "Former CSIS chief wishes tapes weren't erased". CTV News. 19 September 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ "CBC News in Depth: Air India – Bombing of Air India Flight 182". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 10 August 2009.[dead link]
- ^ 1995 Recipient: Tara Singh Hayer – Surrey | Order of BC
- ^ "Scanned Document" (PDF). CBC News. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
- ^ "Terrorism & It's Effects". Google Books. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ Summers, Chris (17 March 2005). "Call for police to solve Sikh murder". BBC. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ a b Bolan, Kim (18 November 2009). "Tara Singh Hayer murder probe still active, 11 years later". Vancouver Sun (Canada). Archived from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ Vancouver Police Polygraph Unit (28 October 2000). "Interview of Bagri, Ajaib Singh". CBC. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ "Easter denies CSIS spied on Air India bombers". CTV News. 3 June 2003. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ a b MacCharles, Tonda (23 June 2010), "Stephen Harper will say 'sorry' to Air India families", Toronto Star, retrieved 23 June 2010
- ^ CBC News (1 May 2006). "Harper launches Air India inquiry". CBC. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
- ^ Government of Canada (1 May 2006). "ACommission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182". Retrieved 23 June 2010.
- ^ CBC News (21 June 2006). "Air India inquiry will reassure victims' families, Major vows". CBC. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
- ^ http://www.majorcomm.ca/documents/dossier2_ENG.pdf DOSSIER 2 TERRORISM, INTELLIGENCE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT – CANADA'S RESPONSE TO SIKH TERRORISM[dead link]
- ^ Government of Canada (1 May 2006). "A Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182". Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
- ^ "Queen's Privy Council of Canada: Address by Prime Minister Paul Martin at the Air India Memorial Ceremony". Pco.gc.ca. 10 October 2008. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
- ^ Canadians Assess Blame in Air India Bombing, Press Release, Angus Reid Global Monitor. Retrieved on 14 May 2007
- ^ MacQueen, Ken and John Geddes. "Air India: After 22 years, now's the time for truth." Macleans. 28 May 2007. Retrieved on 17 December 2009.
- ^ "Minister Martin to remember the victims of the 1985 bombing of Air India Flight 182". Department of Foreign Affairs. 23 June 2010. Archived from the original on 1 July 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ Mendis, Sean (10 February 2003). "18 Years of Personal Reflections on AI 182". Airwhiners.net. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
- ^ CBC News (11 August 2006). "Vancouver groundbreaking held for Air India memorial". CBC. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
- ^ Toronto reveals Air India memorial, by Mark Medley, CanWest News Service, 22 June 2007
- ^ a b Canada unveils another memorial to Air India victims
- ^ CBC commissions documentary on Air India tragedy, CBC Arts, 21 June 2007.
- ^ "Air India 182". CBC News. 13 June 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ "Mayday : Explosive Evidence". Discovery Channel. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ "The death of Air India Flight 182". Google Books. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ "American Author Bharati Mukherjee in Istanbul". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-897151-32-7"The Soul of All Great Designs at Cormorant Books". Cormorantbooks.com. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
- ^ ISBN 0-88971-287-5/978-0-88971-287-4 retrieved 16/10/2013 Nightwood Editions.com, http://www.nightwoodeditions.com/title/childrenofairindia
- ^ "entrance awards." Laurentian University. Retrieved on 23 February 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air India Flight 182. |
Photos of VT-EFO at Airliners.net |
- 2010 Final Report Air India Commission – Government of Canada
- The Verdict – Reasons for Judgment, R. v Malik and Bagri
- Background on Air India bombing – CBC.ca
- Aftermath of Air India – www.Canada.com Air India archives
- CBC Digital Archives – The Air India Investigation
- Criminal Occurrence description at the Aviation Safety Network
- RJ Waldron & Co's Air India investigation – Aviation Accident Investigators
- Airliner bombings
- 1985 in Canada
- 1985 in Ireland
- 1985 in India
- 1991 in law
- 2003 in law
- 2005 in law
- Aviation accidents and incidents in 1985
- Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 747
- Terrorist incidents in 1985
- Air India Flight 182
- Mass murder in 1985
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police
- Aviation accidents and incidents in Ireland
- Nationalist terrorism
- Marine salvage operations


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Seals Cockpit Cover
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Seals Cockpit Cover- Nylon packcloth cockpit cover. Available in 4 sizes.
Seals Cockpit Cover- constructed of rugged nylon packcloth, coated for waterproofness. Includes a tether hook for hanging it up to dry, storage and keeping it secure. Adjustable bungee cord rim attachment allows a custom fit on your boat. Double stitched seams for durability. Available in 4 sizes:
1.7 fits many touring and some whitewater kayaks including:
Perception: Acadia 12.0, Eclipse 16.0(all) & 17.0(poly & Airalite); Wilderness Systems: Tsunami 120(all), 125(poly), 135(all), 140(all), 145(poly), 160(all), & 165(all), and many more
2.5 fits medium sized cockpit rec and rec/touring kayaks including:
Old Town: Otter, Loon 120 (pre-2006); Perception: Tribute 10, Acadia 11.5 & 12.5, Carolina 12.0, 14.0 & 15.5; Dagger: Blackwater (all models); Perception Sport: Swiftwater 10.5 & 12.0; Current Designs: Kestrel 120/140 Roto, Kestrel 120/140 TCS, Kestrel 120/140 Hybrid, Kestrel 160, Kestrel 170T (Tandem) & many more
5.2 fits medium/large cockpits on many rec kayaks including:
Old Town: Dirigo 106, 120 & Tandem (bow); Perception: America(all); Pelican/Elie: Sound 10, and more
7.0 fit larger cockpit rec kayaks including: Old Town: Vapor (all models), Dirigo 140; Perception: Sundance 12.0 & 14.0; Wilderness Systems: Pungo 120/140 (poly & Duralite), Pungo Classic; Perception Sport: Sound 9.5, & many more
Visit http://www.sealsskirts.com/sizing/sizing.php for full fit information.
Medium-weight nylon packcloth.
Double-stitched seams.
Adjustable bungee cord rim attachment.
Available in 4 sizes, see description for sample fit information, or visit http://www.sealsskirts.com/sizing/sizing.php for full fit information
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of Mendon, MA - July, 21 2013:
this cover wasn't a great fit. it is very difficult to put on the kayak
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text: Sioux Falls Sidewalk Arts Festival! By Ben Davis September 7, 2012 The 49th Annual Sioux Falls Downtown Arts Festival. Read More|Comment Category: Ben & Patty Morning Show Tags: Arts Festival, Downtown, Sioux Falls, Sioux Falls Arts Festival Send to a friend! Print this page Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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From reviewing resumes to honing interview skills to discussing traditional and non-traditional career options - we're available to advise you on any career-related issues. Contact any of our counselors listed below to schedule a meeting. During the busier months, all counseling hours will be posted in Symplcity.
OCS advisors are also qualified to administer several self-assessment tools, and can provide advising on both short- and long-term career options.
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Elizabeth Armand DiGiovanni, Esq., Director of International & Advanced Degree Career Programs
Lee Kite, Private Sector Advisor
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Those who loved Chad Roberson remember him as a fun-loving, generous man who would do anything for family - and would always help an underdog. He was a leader, protective, hard working. In the summer of 2010 he was baptized.
Justices from the Kansas Court of Appeals brought their work to Great Bend Tuesday. At Barton Community College and the courthouse, justices heard arguments on cases dealing with child custody, a driving under the influence arrest, and the post-release supervision of a man convicted of a sexual offense.
Fire trucks and law enforcement officers were standing by Sunday evening at airports in Ness and Barton counties, but the pilot of a damaged two-passenger airplane landed at the Larned/Pawnee County Municipal Airport.
Great Bend Police are investigating a report of an aggravated kidnapping.
Barton Community College's Board of Trustees may talk less about Policy Governance and more about Barton Governance in the future, after amending its board policy manual last Thursday.
Great Bend Public Library has replaced its Dial-A-Story services with an online storyteller, Children's Librarian Eric Coulbourne said.
Goals for Barton Community College for the 2011-12 year are outlined in the Barton Yearly College Plan, which was approved Thursday by the BCC Board of Trustees.
The Great Bend Recreation Commission has begun its fall programming season with the theme "Come Outside and Play."
One of the biggest private employers in Barton County made its 9/11 commemoration visible on Friday, when employees at CPI Qualified Plan Consultants wore red T-shirts to work.
Crime Stoppers is seeking information about a burglary that occurred sometime between 3:30 p.m. on Aug. 23 and 12:45 p.m. on Aug. 24, at 5715 Aspen Drive, Apartment 6, in Great Bend. Someone entered the residence and took a white X-box 360 game system and a 32-inch Panasonic television, serial number LY91180511. Estimated loss was $800.
When the classroom moves to the farm, kids have a lot of questions.
Dear Editor,
A trip to his native China provided Great Bend art student Jun Rui Chen with new material for his second exhibit at the Great Bend Public Library.
The Great Bend Fire and EMS Department is planning a short remembrance ceremony next Sunday on the 10th anniversary of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon. The ceremony at 8:30 a.m. at Fire Station No. One, 1205 Williams St., is in honor of all the public safety and military personnel who lost their lives on Sept. 11, 2001, GBFD Fire Chief Mike Napolitano said.
Cutting edge technology at Barton Community College includes a portal to the website, and electronic money systems. The president's staff described the innovations last week at the BCC Board of Trustees Study Session.
Overalls are back in style, according to Amanda Dreiling, emcee for the Great Bend Recreation Commission's annual Spring Style Show at the Senior Center.
Youth baseball and softball pitching limitations were adopted Monday by the Great Bend Recreation Commission. A pitcher may not pitch in more than five consecutive innings in one game, and no more than eight innings in any two consecutive games.
The City of Great Bend continues to take positive steps to encourage housing development.
The animal population at Great Bend's Brit Spaugh Zoo has sometimes been described as "geriatric," but Zoo Director Scott Gregory is working to change that.
Three grizzly bears at Great Bend's Brit Spaugh Zoo turned 1 year old in January, and have been good companions to Max, the older bear in the grizzly exhibit, Zoo Director Scott Gregory said Monday.
A fire at the Karl and Virgina Harmony home, 3106 26th St., did extensive damage Tuesday afternoon, Great Bend Fire Chief Mike Napolitano said. Virginia Harmony was the only one home at the time and got out safely.
Dramatic videos of flying cameras, storms chasers, and a family emerging from a demolished home after a tornado were among the highlights of "Storm Fury on the Plains," a severe weather awareness program presented Tuesday at the Crest Theater. But Warning Coordination Meteorologist Chance Hayes didn't come to Great Bend just to entertain; his presentations provided potentially life-saving information for anyone with a desire to chase after tornados, or anyone who wants to stay safe in case of severe storms.
Great Bend Public Library staff celebrated the 110th birthday of Dr. Seuss on Monday with a party for children. "Miss Amanda," as children's librarian Amanda Moran-Jones is known, read the Seuss book "Green Eggs and Ham," and then The Cat in the Hat invited the children to sample the same dish - scrambled eggs with green food coloring.
HOISINGTON - Joining Senator Mitch Holmes (R-St. John) and Rep. John Edmonds (R-Great Bend) at Saturday's Legislative Coffee in Hoisington was Kansas Board of Education member Sally Cauble (R-Dodge City).
Tornado sirens will be tested throughout the state, including Barton County, next Tuesday at 1:30 p.m.
Last week, I reported about churches speaking out against House Bill 2433.
The Barton Community College Board of Trustees took another opportunity Thursday to discuss the recent selection of four students from the Phi Theta Kappa (PTK) Honor Society, who were recognized Feb. 13 at Topeka. They were BCC's 2014 choice for the PTK All-Kansas Academic Team.
Tornado sirens will be tested across the state on Tuesday, as Kansans prepare for severe weather season.
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Ashley Nichole Jackson and Russell James King were united in marriage during a wedding ceremony held Oct. 6, 2012, at the Howland Community Church. Officiating at the event was the Rev. Dr. Brian Byrne.
An evening reception was held at DiVieste Banquet Rooms.
The bride is the daughter of Charles and Justine Sayers of Cortland. Parents of the groom are Rex and Mary King of Bristolville.
Article Photos
Russell and Ashley King
Stacy Boone attended the bride as matron of honor, while Aleasa Knight and Lindsey Russo served as bridesmaids. Ashley Snowden served as a bridal attendant.
Performing the duties of best man for the groom was Rex King Jr., while Adam Tenney and Mark Bates served as groomsmen. Karston Ross King, nephew-of-the-groom, served as ring bearer.
The new Mrs. King is a 2007 graduate of Lakeview High School and a 2012 cum laude graduate of Kent State University with a bachelor of business administration in accounting. She is employed at Covelli Enterprises as an accountant.
Mr. King is a 2007 graduate of Bristol High School. He is employed at King Motorsports as a racing consultant and mechanic.
The couple resides in Bristolville.


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Laporte County Coroner John Sullivan says an Illinois man died at a local hospital Monday after being pulled from the waters of Lake Michigan Sunday. Sullivan says 57-year-old Frederick McKeon of Lake Hills was swimming with his son-in-law that evening at Stop Five, which is just a little east of Washington Park in Michigan City, in rip current conditions, when the man was overcome by waves estimated at approximately four-feet. Sullivan says the son-in-law with help from bystanders on the beach got the man out of the water. The man was transported to Franciscan St. Anthony Hospital in Michigan City where he says McKeon passed away just after 11:30 Monday morning.
LAURA WALUSZKO Region News Team |
SCOTT ROSENBERG Region News Team |
BRENT BROWN Region News Team |
JAY STEVENS Region News Team |
KARL BERNER Region News Team |
ANNIE FOX Region News Team |
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An interview with Ann Arbor electro-pop music duo Hollow & Akimbo
That's "Hollow and Akimbo" on their new EP "Pseudoscience" on Quite Scientific Records.
Their electro-pop is winning this Ann Arbor duo some very warm praise from critics, including some in the UK.
Hollow & Akimbo duo Jon Visger and Brian Konicek joined us today in the studio.
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Secession fever hasn't abated! ThinkProgress notes:
Twenty five percent of registered Republicans want their state to secede from the United States, according to a new poll from Public Policy Polling.
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