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Being is an extremely broad concept encompassing objective and subjective features of reality and existence. Anything that partakes in being is also called a "being", though often this use is limited to entities that have subjectivity (as in the expression "human being"). So broad a notion has inevitably been elusive and controversial in the history of philosophy, beginning in western philosophy with attempts among the pre-Socratics to deploy it intelligibly.
As an example of efforts in recent times, Heidegger (who himself drew on ancient Greek sources) adopted German terms like Dasein to articulate the topic.[1] Several modern approaches build on such continental European exemplars as Heidegger, and apply metaphysical results to the understanding of human psychology and the human condition generally (notably in the Existentialist tradition).
By contrast, in mainstream Analytical philosophy the topic is more confined to abstract investigation, in the work of such influential theorists as W. V. O. Quine, to name one of many. One most fundamental question that continues to exercise philosophers is put by William James:
"How comes the world to be here at all instead of the nonentity which might be imagined in its place? ... from nothing to being there is no logical bridge."[2]
The substantial being[edit]
Being and the substance theorists[edit]
The deficit of such a bridge was first encountered in history by the Pre-Socratic philosophers during the process of evolving a classification of all beings (noun). Aristotle applies the term category (perhaps not originally) to ten highest-level classes. They comprise one category of substance (ousiae) existing independently (man, tree) and nine categories of accidents, which can only exist in something else (time, place). In Aristotle, substances are to be clarified by stating their definition: a note expressing a larger class (the genus) followed by further notes expressing specific differences (differentiae) within the class. The substance so defined was a species. For example, the species, man, may be defined as an animal (genus) that is rational (difference). As the difference is potential within the genus; that is, an animal may or may not be rational, the difference is not identical to, and may be distinct from, the genus.
Applied to being the system fails to arrive at a definition for the simple reason that no difference can be found. The species, the genus and the difference are all equally being: a being is a being that is being. The genus cannot be nothing because nothing is not a class of everything. The trivial solution that being is being added to nothing is only a tautology: being is being. There is no simpler intermediary between being and non-being that explains and classifies being.
Pre-Socratic reaction to this deficit was varied. As substance theorists they accepted a priori the hypothesis that appearances are deceiving, that reality is to be reached through reasoning. Parmenides reasoned that if everything is identical to being and being is a category of the same thing then there can be neither differences between things nor any change. To be different, or to change, would amount to becoming or being non-being; that is, not existing. Therefore being is a homogeneous and non-differentiated sphere and the appearance of beings is illusory. Heraclitus, on the other hand, foreshadowed modern thought by denying existence. Reality does not exist, it flows, and beings are an illusion upon the flow.
Aristotle knew of this tradition when he began his Metaphysics, and had already drawn his own conclusion, which he presented under the guise of asking what being is:[3]
"And indeed the question which was raised of old is raised now and always, and is always the subject of doubt, viz., what being is, is just the question, what is substance? For it is this that some assert to be one, others more than one, and that some assert to be limited in number, others unlimited. And so we also must consider chiefly and primarily and almost exclusively what that is which is in this sense."
and reiterates in no uncertain terms:[4] "Nothing, then, which is not a species of a genus will have an essence – only species will have it ...."
Aristotle's theory of act and potency[edit]
One might expect a solution to follow from such certain language but none does. Instead Aristotle launches into a rephrasing of the problem, the Theory of Act and Potency. In the definition of man as a two-legged animal Aristotle presumes that "two-legged" and "animal" are parts of other beings, but as far as man is concerned, are only potentially man. At the point where they are united into a single being, man, the being, becomes actual, or real. Unity is the basis of actuality:[5] "... 'being' is being combined and one, and 'not being' is being not combined but more than one." Actuality has taken the place of existence, but Aristotle is no longer seeking to know what the actual is; he accepts it without question as something generated from the potential. He has found a "half-being" or a "pre-being", the potency, which is fully being as part of some other substance. Substances, in Aristotle, unite what they actually are now with everything they might become.
The transcendental being[edit]
Some of Thomas Aquinas' propositions were condemned by the local Bishop of Paris (not the Magisterium) in 1270 and 1277[citation needed], but his dedication to the use of philosophy to elucidate theology was so thorough that he was proclaimed a saint in 1328 and a Doctor of the Church in 1568. Those who adopt it are called Thomists.
St. Thomas' analogy of being[edit]
In a single sentence, parallel to Aristotle's statement asserting that being is substance, St. Thomas pushes away from the Aristotelian doctrine:[6] "Being is not a genus, since it is not predicated univocally but only analogically." His term for analogy is Latin analogia. In the categorical classification of all beings, all substances are partly the same: man and chimpanzee are both animals and the animal part in man is "the same" as the animal part in chimpanzee. Most fundamentally all substances are matter, a theme taken up by science, which postulated one or more matters, such as earth, air, fire or water (Empedocles). In today's chemistry the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in a chimpanzee are identical to the same elements in a man.
The original text reads, "Although equivocal predications must be reduced to univocal, still in actions, the non-univocal agent must precede the univocal agent. For the non-univocal agent is the universal cause of the whole species, as for instance the sun is the cause of the generation of all men; whereas the univocal agent is not the universal efficient cause of the whole species (otherwise it would be the cause of itself, since it is contained in the species), but is a particular cause of this individual which it places under the species by way of participation. Therefore the universal cause of the whole species is not an univocal agent; and the universal cause comes before the particular cause. But this universal agent, whilst it is not univocal, nevertheless is not altogether equivocal, otherwise it could not produce its own likeness, but rather it is to be called an analogical agent, as all univocal predications are reduced to one first non-univocal analogical predication, which is being."[7]
If substance is the highest category and there is no substance, being, then the unity perceived in all beings by virtue of their existing must be viewed in another way. St. Thomas chose the analogy: all beings are like, or analogous to, each other in existing. This comparison is the basis of his Analogy of Being. The analogy is said of being in many different ways, but the key to it is the real distinction between existence and essence. Existence is the principle that gives reality to an essence not the same in any way as the existence: "If things having essences are real, and it is not of their essence to be, then the reality of these things must be found in some principle other than (really distinct from) their essence."[8] Substance can be real or not. What makes an individual substance – a man, a tree, a planet – real is a distinct act, a "to be", which actuates its unity. An analogy of proportion is therefore possible:[8] "essence is related to existence as potency is related to act."
Existences are not things; they do not themselves exist, they lend themselves to essences, which do not intrinsically have them. They have no nature; an existence receives its nature from the essence it actuates. Existence is not being; it gives being – here a customary phrase is used, existence is a principle (a source) of being, not a previous source, but one which is continually in effect. The stage is set for the concept of God as the cause of all existence, who, as the Almighty, holds everything actual without reason or explanation as an act purely of will.
The transcendentals[edit]
Aristotle's classificatory scheme had included the five predicables, or characteristics that might be predicated of a substance. One of these was the property, an essential universal true of the species, but not in the definition (in modern terms, some examples would be grammatical language, a property of man, or a spectral pattern characteristic of an element, both of which are defined in other ways). Pointing out that predicables are predicated univocally of substances; that is, they refer to "the same thing" found in each instance, St. Thomas argued that whatever can be said about being is not univocal, because all beings are unique, each actuated by a unique existence. It is the analogous possession of an existence that allows them to be identified as being; therefore, being is an analogous predication.
Whatever can be predicated of all things is universal-like but not universal, category-like but not a category. St. Thomas called them (perhaps not originally) the transcendentia, "transcendentals", because they "climb above" the categories, just as being climbs above substance. Later academics also referred to them as "the properties of being."[9] The number is generally three or four.
Being in Islamic philosophy[edit]
This section requires expansion. (December 2011) |
The nature of "being" has also been debated and explored in Islamic philosophy, notably by Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, and Mulla Sadra.[10]
Being in the Age of Reason[edit]
Although innovated in the late medieval period, Thomism was dogmatized in the Renaissance. From roughly 1277 to 1567, it dominated the philosophic landscape. The rationalist philosophers, however, with a new emphasis on Reason as a tool of the intellect, brought the classical and medieval traditions under new scrutiny, exercising a new concept of doubt, with varying outcomes. Foremost among the new doubters were the empiricists, the advocates of scientific method, with its emphasis on experimentation and reliance on evidence gathered from sensory experience. In parallel with the revolutions against rising political absolutism based on established religion and the replacememt of faith by reasonable faith, new systems of metaphysics were promulgated in the lecture halls by charismatic professors, such as Immanuel Kant, and Hegel. The late 19th and 20th centuries featured an emotional return to the concept of existence under the name of existentialism. These philosophers were concerned mainly with ethics and religion. The metaphysical side became the domain of the phenomenalists. In parallel with these philosophies Thomism continued under the protection of the Catholic Church; in particular, the Jesuit order.
Empiricist doubts[edit]
Rationalism and empiricism have had many definitions, most concerned with specific schools of philosophy or groups of philosophers in particular countries, such as Germany. In general rationalism is the predominant school of thought in the multi-national, cross-cultural Age of reason, which began in the century straddling 1600 as a conventional date,[11] empiricism is the reliance on sensory data[12] gathered in experimentation by scientists of any country, who, in the Age of Reason were rationalists. An early professed empiricist, Thomas Hobbes, known as an eccentric denizen of the court of Charles II of England (an "old bear"), published in 1651 Leviathan, a political treatise written during the English civil war, containing an early manifesto in English of rationalism.
Hobbes said:[13]
"The Latines called Accounts of mony Rationes ... and thence it seems to proceed that they extended the word Ratio, to the faculty of Reckoning in all other things....When a man reasoneth hee does nothing else but conceive a summe totall ... For Reason ... is nothing but Reckoning ... of the consequences of generall names agreed upon, for the marking and signifying of our thoughts ...."
In Hobbes reasoning is the right process of drawing conclusions from definitions (the "names agreed upon"). He goes on to define error as self-contradiction of definition ("an absurdity, or senselesse Speech"[14]) or conclusions that do not follow the definitions on which they are supposed to be based. Science, on the other hand, is the outcome of "right reasoning," which is based on "natural sense and imagination", a kind of sensitivity to nature, as "nature it selfe cannot erre."
Having chosen his ground carefully Hobbes launches an epistemological attack on metaphysics. The academic philosophers had arrived at the Theory of Matter and Form from consideration of certain natural paradoxes subsumed under the general heading of the Unity Problem. For example, a body appears to be one thing and yet it is distributed into many parts. Which is it, one or many? Aristotle had arrived at the real distinction between matter and form, metaphysical components whose interpenetration produces the paradox. The whole unity comes from the substantial form and the distribution into parts from the matter. Inhering in the parts giving them really distinct unities are the accidental forms. The unity of the whole being is actuated by another really distinct principle, the existence.
If nature cannot err, then there are no paradoxes in it; to Hobbes, the paradox is a form of the absurd, which is inconsistency:[15] "Natural sense and imagination, are not subject to absurdity" and "For error is but a deception ... But when we make a generall assertion, unlesse it be a true one, the possibility of it is inconceivable. And words whereby we conceive nothing but the sound, are those we call Absurd ...." Among Hobbes examples are "round quadrangle", "immaterial substance", "free subject."[14] Of the scholastics he says:[16]
"Yet they will have us beleeve, that by the Almighty power of God, one body may be at one and the same time in many places [the problem of the universals]; and many bodies at one and the same time in one place [the whole and the parts]; ... And these are but a small part of the Incongruencies they are forced to, from their disputing philosophically, in stead of admiring, and adoring of the Divine and Incomprehensible Nature ...."
The real distinction between essence and existence, and that between form and matter, which served for so long as the basis of metaphysics, Hobbes identifies as "the Error of Separated Essences."[17] The words "Is, or Bee, or Are, and the like" add no meaning to an argument nor do derived words such as "Entity, Essence, Essentially, Essentiality", which "are the names of nothing"[18] but are mere "Signes" connecting "one name or attribute to another: as when we say, A man, is, a living body, wee mean not that the Man is one thing, the Living Body another, and the Is, or Being another: but that the Man, and the Living Body, is the same thing;...." "Metaphysiques," Hobbes says, is "far from the possibility of being understood" and is "repugnant to naturall Reason."[19]
Being to Hobbes (and the other empiricists) is the physical universe:[20]
The world, (I mean ... the Universe, that is, the whole masse of all things that are) is corporeall, that is to say, Body; and hath the dimension of magnitude, namely, Length, Bredth and Depth: also every part of Body, is likewise Body ... and consequently every part of the Universe is Body, and that which is not Body, is no part of the Universe: and because the Universe is all, that which is no part of it is nothing; and consequently no where."
Hobbes' view is representative of his tradition. As Aristotle offered the categories and the act of existence, and Aquinas the analogy of being, the rationalists also had their own system, the great chain of being, an interlocking hierarchy of beings from God to dust.
Idealist systems[edit]
In addition to the materialism of the empiricists, under the same aegis of Reason, rationalism produced systems that were diametrically opposed now called idealism, which denied the reality of matter in favor of the reality of mind. By a 20th-century classification, the idealists (Kant, Hegel and others), are considered the beginning of continental philosophy, while the empiricists are the beginning, or the immediate predecessors, of analytical philosophy.[citation needed]
Being in continental philosophy and existentialism[edit]
Some philosophers deny that the concept of "being" has any meaning at all, since we only define an object's existence by its relation to other objects, and actions it undertakes. The term "I am" has no meaning by itself; it must have an action or relation appended to it. This in turn has led to the thought that "being" and nothingness are closely related, developed in existential philosophy.
Existentialist philosophers such as Sartre, as well as continental philosophers such as Hegel and Heidegger have also written extensively on the concept of being. Hegel distinguishes between the being of objects (being in itself) and the being of people (Geist). Hegel, however, did not think there was much hope for delineating a "meaning" of being, because being stripped of all predicates is simply nothing.
Heidegger, in his quest to re-pose the original pre-Socratic question of Being, wondered at how to meaningfully ask the question of the meaning of being, since it is both the greatest, as it includes everything that is, and the least, since no particular thing can be said of it. He distinguishes between different modes of beings: a privative mode is present-at-hand, whereas beings in a fuller sense are described as ready-to-hand. The one who asks the question of Being is described as Da-sein ("there/here-being") or being-in-the-world. Sartre, popularly understood as misreading Heidegger (an understanding supported by Heidegger's essay "Letter on Humanism" which responds to Sartre's famous address, "Existentialism is a Humanism"), employs modes of being in an attempt to ground his concept of freedom ontologically by distinguishing between being-in-itself and being-for-itself.
Being is also understood as one's "state of being," and hence its common meaning is in the context of human (personal) experience, with aspects that involve expressions and manifestations coming from an innate "being", or personal character. Heidegger coined the term "dasein" for this property of being in his influential work Being and Time ("this entity which each of us is himself…we shall denote by the term 'dasein.'"[1]), in which he argued that being or dasein links one's sense of one's body to one's perception of world. Heidegger, amongst others, referred to an innate language as the foundation of being, which gives signal to all aspects of being.
Gilson's theory of animate versus indeterminate[edit]
As nothing cannot be known by any means or method it must mean, in the context of the question, that a specific named object is present or not present in the observer's experience of a set of objects, conditions for which English uses "is" or "is not." The object therefore cannot be the same, at least in language, as its being present, as it may or may not be present. French Academy member Étienne Gilson summarized this long-known characteristic of the experienced world as follows:[21]
"...the word being is a noun ... it signifies either a being (that is, the substance, nature, and essence of anything existent), or being itself, a property common to all that which can rightly be said to be. ... the same word is the present participle of the verb 'to be.' As a verb, it no longer signifies something that is, nor even existence in general, but rather the very act whereby any given reality actually is, or exists. Let us call this act a 'to be,' in contradistinction to what is commonly called 'a being.' It appears at once that, at least to the mind, the relation of 'to be' to 'being' is not a reciprocal one. 'Being' is conceivable, 'to be' is not. We cannot possibly conceive an 'is' except as belonging to some thing that is, or exists. But the reverse is not true. Being is quite conceivable apart from actual existence; so much so that the very first and the most universal of all the distinctions in the realm of being is that which divides it into two classes, that of the real and that of the possible."
Whether or not an object is present in a set; that is, exists there as a being, is based on universal experience or evidence of it. Existing objects are present to the experience of anyone. It is a legitimate goal therefore for philosophers of being to try to find a principle or element – a "something" – accounting for the presence of the object over the other possibility, its non-presence. Instead, the philosopher encounters a problem:[22]
"Now, if the 'to be' of a thing could be conceived apart from that which exists, it should be represented in our mind by some note distinct from the concept of the thing itself .... In point of fact, it is not so. There is nothing we can add to a concept in order to make it represent the object as existing; what happens if we add anything to it is that it represents something else."
Where being, the noun, is readily accessible to experience and classifiable, being, the participle, is not:[23]
"In short ... philosophy may perhaps be able to tell us everything about that which reality is, but nothing at all concerning this not unimportant detail: the actual existence, or non-existence, of what we call reality .... If he himself [the philosopher] did not exist, he would not be there to ask questions about the nature of reality ... on the other hand, this fundamental fact, which we call existence, soon proves a rather barren topic for philosophic speculation ... It certainly looks like a waste of time to speculate about an object which is clearly recognized as inconceivable"
This is not a rejection of existence by Gilson, a leading modern metaphysician in the classical tradition: "philosophers are wholly justified in taking existence for granted ... and in never mentioning it again ...." In Gilson's view, the participial being is a given, a primitive of experience, not subject to proof or investigation, as it is the grounds of proof. A thing must be real, or exist, before anything true or proved can be said about it.
However, Gilson concedes some doubt on the possibility of being wrong:[24] "yet, this is taking a chance, for, after all, being itself might happen not to be existentially neutral. In other words, it is quite possible that actual existence may be ... an efficient cause of observable effects ...." He then launches into a history of attempts to conceptualize the inconceivable from the ancient Greeks to the present.
Some philosophers who have had more noteworthy theories are Parmenides, Leucippus, Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Plotinus, Aquinas, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Hegel, Heidegger, and Sartre.
As far as we can discern, the sole purpose of human existence is to kindle a light of meaning in the darkness of mere being.
— Carl Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections ch. II (1962)
Under the heading 'Individuality in Thought and Desire', Karl Marx (German Ideology, 1845), says:
"It depends not on consciousness, but on being; not on thought, but on life; it depends on the individual's empirical development and manifestation of life, which in turn depends on the conditions existing in the world."
See also[edit]
Philosophers |
- ^ a b Heidegger, Sein und Zeit, p. 27: "this entity which each of us is himself ... we shall denote by the term 'Dasein'."
- ^ James, William (1916). Some problems of philosophy: a beginning of an introduction to philosophy. New York: Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 38, 40.
- ^ Aristotle. "Book VII Section 1 (paragraph 1028b)". Metaphysics.
- ^ Metaphysics Chapter VII, Section 4 (paragraph 1030a).
- ^ Metaphysics, Book IX, Chapter 10 (paragraph 1051b).
- ^ Wippel, John F. (2000). The metaphysical thought of Thomas Aquinas: from finite being to uncreated being. Monographs of the Society for Mediaeval and Renaissance Philosophy, No. 1. The Catholic University of America Press. p. 75.
- ^ http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1013.htm#article5
- ^ a b Kreyche 1959, p. 70
- ^ Aersten, Jan A. (1995), "Aquinas, St. Thomas", in Kim, Jaegwon; Sosa, Ernest, A companion to metaphysics, Blackwell Companions to philosophy, pp. 21–22
- ^ Iranian Personalities
- ^ "age of reason". dictionary.com. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
- ^ "empiricism". dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
- ^ Hobbes 1651, pp. 18, 21–22
- ^ a b Hobbes 1651, p. 23
- ^ Hobbes 1651, p. 18
- ^ Hobbes 1651, p. 501.
- ^ Hobbes 1651, p. 500.
- ^ Hobbes 1651, pp. 498–499.
- ^ Hobbes 1651, pp. 496–497.
- ^ Hobbes 1651, p. 497.
- ^ Gilson 1952, pp. 2–3.
- ^ Gilson 1952, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Gilson 1952, pp. 4–5.
- ^ Gilson 1952, p. 5.
- Gilson, Étienne (1952). Being and Some Philosophers (2nd corrected and enlarged ed.). Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies (PIMS).
- Hobbes, Thomas (1904) [1651]. Waller, Alfred Rayney, ed. Leviathan: or, The matter, forme & power of a commonwealth, ecclesiasticall and civill. Cambridge: University Press.
- Kreyche, Robert J. (1959). First Philosophy: An Introductory Text in Metaphysics. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
External links[edit]
Look up being in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Corazzon, Raul (2010). "Theory and History of Ontology from a Philosophical Perspective". www.ontology.co. Retrieved 9 October 2010.


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Eugene "Buddy" Moss was, in the estimation of many blues scholars, the most influential East Coast blues guitarist to record in the period between Blind Blake's final sessions in 1932 and Blind Boy Fuller's debut in 1935. A younger contemporary of Blind Willie McTell and Curley Weaver, Moss was part of a near-legendary coterie of Atlanta bluesmen, and one of the few of his era lucky enough to work into the blues revival of the '60s and '70s. A guitarist of uncommon skill and dexterity, he was a musical disciple of Blind Blake, and may well have served as an influence on Piedmont-style guitarist Blind Boy Fuller. Although his career was halted in 1935 by a six-year jail term, and then by the Second World War, he lived long enough to be rediscovered in the '60s, when he revealed a talent undamaged by time or adversity. Moss was one of 12 children born to a sharecropper in Jewel, a town in Warren County, Georgia, midway between Atlanta and Augusta. There is some disagreement about his date of birth, some sources indicating 1906 and many others a more recent vintage, 1914. He began teaching himself the harmonica at a very early age, and he played at local parties around Augusta, where the family moved when he was four and remained for the next ten years. By 1928, he was busking around the streets of Atlanta. "Nobody was my influence," he told Robert Springer of his harmonica playing, in a 1975 interview. "I just kept hearing people, so I listen and I listen, and listen, and it finally come to me." By the time he arrived in Atlanta, he was good enough to be noticed by Curley Weaver and Robert "Barbecue Bob" Hicks, who began working with the younger Moss. It was Weaver and Hicks who got him his first recording date at the age of 16, as a member of their group the Georgia Cotton Pickers. On December 7, 1930 at the Campbell Hotel in Atlanta, the group did four songs for Columbia: "I'm on My Way Down Home," "Diddle-Da-Diddle," "She Looks so Good," and "She's Comin' Back Some Cold Rainy Day." The group that day consisted of Barbecue Bob and Curley Weaver on guitars and Moss on harmonica. Nothing more was heard from Moss on record until three years later. In January of 1933, however, he made his debut as a recording artist in his own right for the American Record Company in New York, accompanied by Fred McMullen and Curley Weaver, cutting three songs cut that first day, "Bye Bye Mama," "Daddy Don't Care," and "Red River Blues." In the three years leading up to that date, he'd taught himself the guitar, at which he became so proficient that he was a genuine peer and rival to Weaver. He frequently played with Barbecue Bob, and after Bob died of pneumonia on October 21, 1931, he found a new partner and associate in Blind Willie McTell, performing with the Atlanta blues legend at local parties in the Atlanta area. By the time he started recording in 1933, Moss was so good as a player and singer, that all 11 songs that he cut during the four days of sessions were released, far more than saw the light of day from McMullen or Weaver at those same sessions. In later years, Moss credited Barbecue Bob with being a major influence on his playing, which would be understandable given the time they spent together. Scholars also attribute Blind Blake as a major force in his development, with mannerisms and inflections that both share. It is also suggested by Alan Balfour and others that Moss may have been an influence on no less a figure than Blind Boy Fuller, although who influenced whom is anyone's guess -- it is clear that Moss' first recordings display some inflections and nuances that Fuller didn't put down on record until some years later. The January 1933 sessions also featured Moss returning to the mouth harp, as a member of the Georgia Browns -- Moss, Weaver, McMullen, and singer Ruth Willis -- for six songs done at the same sessions. But it was on the guitar that Moss would make his name over the next five years. Moss' records were released simultaneously on various budget labels associated with ARC, and were so successful that in mid-September of 1933, he was back in New York along with Weaver and Blind Willie McTell. Moss cut another dozen songs for the company, this time accompanied by Curley Weaver, while he accompanied Weaver and McTell on their numbers. These songs sold well enough that he was back in New York in the summer of 1934, this time as a solo guitarist/singer, to do more than a dozen tracks. At this point, Moss' records were outselling those of big-name colleagues Weaver and McTell, and were widely heard throughout the Southern and border states. This body of recordings also best represents the bridge that Moss provided between Blind Blake and Blind Boy Fuller -- his solo version of "Some Lonesome Day," and also "Dough Rollin' Papa," from 1934 advanced ideas in playing and singing that Blind Boy Fuller picked up and adapted to his own style, while one could hear in "Insane Blues" and pick up the lingering influence of Blind Blake. By August of 1935, Moss saw his per-song fee doubled from $5 to $10 (in a period when many men were surviving on less than that per week), and when he wasn't recording, he was constantly playing around Atlanta alongside McTell and Weaver. When Moss returned to the studio in the summer of 1935, it was with a new partner, Josh White, working under his alias of "The Singing Christian." The two recorded a group of 15 songs in August of 1935, and it seemed like Moss was destined to outshine his one-time mentors Weaver and McTell, when personal and legal disaster struck. In an incident that has never been fully recounted or explained, Moss was arrested, tried, and convicted in the murder of his wife and sentenced to a long prison term. The truth behind the crime, and the validity of the subsequent conviction, were further called into doubt by the efforts that began almost immediately to secure Moss' release, all to no avail until 1941, when a combination of his own good behavior as a prisoner, coupled with the entreaties of two outside sponsors willing to assure his compliance with parole, helped get him out of jail. It was while working at Elon College under the parole agreement that he met a group of blues musicians that included Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee. In October of 1941, Moss, Terry, and McGhee went to New York to cut a group of sides for Okeh/Columbia, including 13 numbers by Moss featuring his two new colleagues. Only three of the songs were ever released, and then events conspired to cut short Moss' recording comeback. The entry of the United States into World War II in December of the same year forced the government to place a wartime priority on the shellac used in the making of 78 rpm discs. There was barely enough allocated to the recording industry to keep functioning, and record companies were forced to curtail recordings by all but the most commercially viable artists; a ban on recording work by the Musicians' Union declared soon after further restricted any chance for Moss to record; and the interest in acoustic country blues, even of the caliber that he played, seemed to be waning, further cutting back on record company interest. Moss continued performing in the area around Richmond, Virginia and Durham, North Carolina during the mid-'40s, and with Curley Weaver in Atlanta during the early '50s, but music was no longer his profession or his living. He went to work on a tobacco farm, drove trucks, and worked as an elevator operator, among other jobs, over the next 20-odd years. Although he still occasionally played in the area around Atlanta, Moss was largely forgotten. Despite the fact that reference sources even then referred to him as one of the most influential bluesmen of the '30s, he was overlooked by the blues revival. In a sense, he was cheated by the fact that his recording career had been so short -- 1933 to 1935 -- and had never recovered from the interruption in his work caused by his stretch in prison. Fate stepped in, in the form of some unexpected coincidences. In 1964, he chanced to hear that his old partner Josh White was giving a concert at Emory University in Atlanta. Moss visited White backstage at the concert, and the white acolytes hanging around established legend White suddenly discovered a blues legend in their midst. He was persuaded to resume performing in a series of concerts before college audiences, most notably under the auspices of the Atlanta Folk Music Society and the Folklore Society of Greater Washington. He also had new recording sessions for the Columbia label in Nashville, but none of the material was ever issued. A June 10, 1966 concert in Washington, D.C. was recorded and portions of it were later released on the Biograph label. Moss played the Newport Folk Festival in 1969, and appeared at such unusual venues as New York's Electric Circus during that same year. During the '70s, he played the John Henry Memorial Concert in West Virginia for two consecutive years, and the Atlanta Blues Festival and the Atlanta Grass Roots Music Festival in 1976. Buddy Moss died in Atlanta in October of 1984, once again largely forgotten by the public. In the years since, his music was once again being heard courtesy of the Biograph label's reissue of the 1966 performance and the Austrian Document label, which has released virtually every side that he recorded between 1930 and 1941. As a result, his reputation has once again grown, although he is still not nearly as well-known among blues enthusiasts as Blind Willie McTell or Blind Boy Fuller. ~ Bruce Eder
Buddy Moss
Buddy Moss Vol. 1 1933
Buddy Moss Vol. 2 1933 - 1934
Blind Boy Fuller
Brownie McGhee
Josh White
Barbecue Bob
Les Paul


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Premium quality Australian beef steaks, tasty beef, pork and lamb Ribs and barbecue Chicken are on the menu at Hurrican's Grill & Bar in Darling Harbour. Hurricane's signature dishes are marinated in special basting sauces originating from South Africa. Hurricane's also offer burgers, seafood, vegetarian dishes, salads and desserts. An extensive wine list is the perfect accompaniment to your meal. Arrive hungry as the portion sizes a very generous.
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Our Top 5 Posts of February
Sat Mar 08, 2014
by Resurgence -
Resurgence Roundup, 3/7/14
Fri Mar 07, 2014
by Resurgence -
How to Replant a Church, Part 5: Rally Your Troops
Thu Mar 06, 2014
by Bubba Jennings -
The 4 Pillars of Pastoral Work
Thu Mar 06, 2014
by Dave Bruskas -
10 Ideas For Keeping Lent
Wed Mar 05, 2014
by Winfield Bevins
Why the World Is Wrong about Marriage
Flipping through a popular women's magazine recently, I came across an article on marriage.
Since I am married and regularly teach on marriage, I was interested in what advice today's culture would bestow upon me. I was not surprised and more than a little disturbed. While I did not expect that biblically sound wisdom would flow from the glossy pages, I did hope for something more than a completely self-absorbed, wicked plan for marital bliss.
"Good Advice"
I found myself immediately refuting each point with truth from Scripture–realizing that God, much more so than culture, has graciously shaped and redeemed my understanding of his purpose for marriage. The article claimed that couples stay in love by taking chances. The 3 suggested risks were:
- Call a time-out. Apparently, the happiest couples spend much of their time apart.
- Have another man in your life. The article claimed that friendships with men allow you to "experience that rush of newness."
- Satisfy yourself. Enough said.
Good advice is just that…a suggestion that may or may not work. In the case of this advice, I'd call it downright dangerous. Spending large chunks of time away from your husband, flirting with other men, and seeking selfish pleasures are invitations to disaster.
God calls us to a vision and purpose for marriage that is radically different than how the world views this union.
Good News
Let me call you to something different than what this magazine offers: Good News. Here's the revised version of the above list grounded in the good news of the gospel:
- Call a time-out with God. "I love those who love me, and those who seek me diligently find me" (Proverbs 8:17). As both a daily habit and in the midst of conflict, the happiest couples have regular time with God. They pray, seek, study and listen for the wisdom that comes from above. They look for ways to build oneness, not distance.
- Have another man in your life…his name is Jesus. "The friendship of the LORD is for those who fear him, and he makes known to them his covenant" (Psalm 25:14). Friendship with Jesus is the only possibility for a life reconciled to God and a marriage that reflects his covenant made with us: I will never leave you or forsake you.
- Deny yourself. Over and over and over. Then Jesus told his disciples, "If anyone would come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me" (Matthew 16:24). The greatest threat to your marriage is you. Seeking to satisfy yourself first is a surefire marital destruction plan. Dying to self is rooted in living in Christ. He alone makes self-sacrifice possible and pleasurable in marriage.
God calls us to a vision and purpose for marriage that is radically different than how the world views this union. May we be married couples that reject the world's shallow and selfish advice for marriage and embrace God's glorious call to selfless, Jesus-filled marriages.


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This set's soft, stretchy knit leggings, frilly tulle skirt and coordinating top create a great go-to ensemble for any day. Thanks to a silky smooth lining, the skirt can be worn alone or layered over leggings for complete versatility.
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i think i may be chemically addicted to this game
These achievements shouldn't be so hard.
Creptor5291 said 2 months ago
ReportEreaser_NL said 2 months ago
ReportTrials Fusion on Ps4, Xbox One and 360!
Man who ever did the Scoring for Trials Evo must have been the same as the Forest Gump scores cuz im sitting here without the tv on and sounds like the forest gump home screen lol.. amazing instrumentals tho
hey anybody wanna come play terraria my GT: I Did Smurfett3
This game is awesome but the 'extreme' trials make my head hurt
Freeestylerr said 11 months ago
ReportWhich DLC is worth getting?
DeathRevised said 1 year ago
"All Is Gold" Achievement unlocked "Receive gold medals in all the Paine Island tracks and skill games."
That's it for Trials Evolution until the Big Sands Tracks go on sale.
I don't get people cheating the high scores, in any game, but in trials people like myself who aren't as good like to reference the high scores and maybe use it to help ourselves play better, but when ... [+]
Riders of doom worth it or not? I liked the first DLC wondering if the second is worth it
potatoes351 said 1 year ago


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Genre: Reality, Documentary
Premise: Lisa Kudrow (``Friends'') serves as executive producer for this series, based on a popular show in the U.K., in which viewers get a look at the family histories of popular celebrities. Kudrow, Matthew Broderick, Spike Lee, Sarah Jessica Parker, Susan Sarandon, Brooke Shields and Emmitt Smith are among the celebrities whose genealogies are explored.
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Ellen Greene chats with Broadway.com editor Paul Wontorek about the return of Little Shop of Horrors on the big screen and Blu-Ray and dreams of returning to the New York stage.
It's an embarrassment of riches as Broadway's Norm Lewis, Lea Salonga, Patina Miller, Tyne Daly and more come together for a one-night-only concert presentation of Ragtime. Hear why the stars just couldn't resist taking part.
February 11, 2013Emmy winner Cicely Tyson, Oscar winner Cuba Gooding Jr., Vanessa Williams, Tom Wopat and Condola Rashad are gearing up to star in The Trip to Bountiful on March 30 at the Stephen Sondheim Theatre. Meet the cast of Horton Foote's moving drama!
March 11, 2013Tony nominee Adam Pascal and Christine Pedi are the newest additions to Chicago's celebrated Murderers Row! Find out what makes the Broadway vets sizzle as sly lawyer Billy Flynn and the mighty Matron "Mama" Morton.
April 10, 2013Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine's Into the Woods is being revived in the closest Manhattan has to woods: Central Park. Hear from the all-star cast on their opening night about this magical revival playing through September 1.
August 10, 2012Celebrate opening night with Peter Scolari and the cast of Eric Simonson's new Yankees drama Bronx Bombers on February 6, 2014 at Circle in the Square.
February 7, 2014West End star Louise Dearman dishes about being the only actress to play Glinda and Elphaba in Wicked (up for the BBC Radio 2 Audience Award), spoofing the show in So Jest End and her "insane" journey to becoming "Popular."
February 28, 2013The Book of Mormon Tony winner Nikki M. James talks to Broadway.com about her "nerve-wracking" cabaret debut at 54 Below and offers fans a taste of her diverse set list.
June 21, 2013Emilia Clarke, Cory Michael Smith and George Wendt give us the scoop on Breakfast at Tiffany's and its most famous character as the cast celebrated their stylish Broadway opening night!
March 21, 2013You don't have to just grin and bear it! Go inside the bewitching opening night of the big, Broadway musical Matilda, starring Bertie Carvel, Lauren Ward, all those r-e-v-o-l-t-i-n-g children and more.
April 11, 2013Tony winner Brían F. O'Byrne, Emmy winner Debra Messing and more are taking on John Patrick Shanley's quirky new love story Outside Mullingar starting January 2 at the Friedman Theatre. Find out why they fell for the romantic comedy!
December 3, 2013Before she conquers Broadway, Mary Bridget Davies gave a sneak preview of her adrenaline-pumping performance as the late, great singer in A Night with Janis Joplin. Take a peek and have a listen to her ferocious turn as the iconic rocker!
July 29, 2013Cinderella is coming to Broadway for the first time ever! See stars Laura Osnes, Santino Fontana, Victoria Clark and more reveal how this magical musical will come to life on stage.
January 7, 2013


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VIMS professor briefs Congress on 'splendors' of seagrass
TEDx moves 'forward' in second year at W&M
U.S. News rankings place William & Mary grad programs among the best
W&M TRIP earns MacArthur grant
Tribe men fall in CAA championship game
In the lab: 'Milking' brown recluse spiders for silk
'Snap polls' reveal IR scholars' thoughts on defense spending, Syria
First-ever TribeHacks, a 24-hour coding marathon, is March 29-30
Could this be Michelangelo's first sketch of Sistine Chapel?
Shaver follows script written by two admirable men
W&M joins Institute of International Education Coalition
Watch the Charter Day 2014 opening video, which highlights just a few pieces of W&M's storied past.
2013 President's Report: Year In Review
I had a passion for helping others and my liberal arts background allowed me to be successful even though I took a different path than what I had initially envisioned for myself. More...


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Quick Facts
- NAME: Benjamin Netanyahu
- OCCUPATION: Prime Minister
- BIRTH DATE: October 21, 1949 (Age: 64)
- EDUCATION: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- PLACE OF BIRTH: Tel Aviv, Israel
- Full Name: Benjamin Netanyahu
- AKA: Binyamin Netanyahu
- Nickname: "Bibi"
- ZODIAC SIGN: Libra
Best Known For
Benjamin Netanyahu is best known for his service as prime minister of Israel.
Think you know about Biography?
Answer questions and see how you rank against other players.
Play NowBenjamin Netanyahu. (2014). The Biography Channel website. Retrieved 12:40, Mar 09, 2014, from http://www.biography.com/people/benjamin-netanyahu-9421908.
Benjamin Netanyahu. [Internet]. 2014. The Biography Channel website. Available from: http://www.biography.com/people/benjamin-netanyahu-9421908 [Accessed 09 Mar 2014].
"Benjamin Netanyahu." 2014. The Biography Channel website. Mar 09 2014, 12:40 http://www.biography.com/people/benjamin-netanyahu-9421908.
"Benjamin Netanyahu," The Biography Channel website, 2014, http://www.biography.com/people/benjamin-netanyahu-9421908 [accessed Mar 09, 2014].
"Benjamin Netanyahu," The Biography Channel website, http://www.biography.com/people/benjamin-netanyahu-9421908 (accessed Mar 09, 2014).
Benjamin Netanyahu [Internet]. The Biography Channel website; 2014 [cited 2014 Mar 09] Available from: http://www.biography.com/people/benjamin-netanyahu-9421908.
Benjamin Netanyahu, http://www.biography.com/people/benjamin-netanyahu-9421908 (last visited Mar 09, 2014).
Benjamin Netanyahu. The Biography Channel website. 2014. Available at: http://www.biography.com/people/benjamin-netanyahu-9421908. Accessed Mar 09, 2014.
Benjamin Netanyahu was born on October 21, 1949, in Tel Aviv, Israel. He joined the Israeli military in 1967, moving into the special operations force that rescued a hijacked airplane at the Tel Aviv airport in 1972. Netanyahu became leader of the Likud party in 1993 and continued working with Likud since, twice serving as prime minister.
"No one yet knows what awaits the Jews in the 21st century, but we must make every effort to ensure that it is better than what befell them in the twentieth, the century of the Holocaust."
Early Years
Benjamin Netanyahu was born on October 21, 1949, in Tel Aviv, Israel and grew up in Jerusalem. He spent most of his teen years living in the Philadelphia area, where his father, noted Jewish historian Benzion Netanyahu, worked as a professor. In 1967, he returned to Israel to serve in the Israeli Defense Forces' elite unit, "Sayeret Matkal," and took part in a number of military operations, including the dramatic 1972 rescue of a hijacked Sebana passenger jet. Codenamed "Operation Isotope," the rescue was led by future Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak.
Netanyahu returned to the United States that same year and went on to receive degrees in architecture and business administration from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1976, he was employed by the Boston Consulting Group, but returned to Israel following the death of Yoni, his eldest brother, who was killed attempting to free hostages from a hijacked Air France airliner in Uganda. Netanyahu became highly involved in international counterterrorism efforts, which helped launch his political career: first serving in the Israeli Embassy in Washington, D.C. (1982-84), then serving as the Israeli ambassador to the United Nations (1984-88). During his time at the U.N., he successfully led a campaign to declassify U.N. archives on Nazi war crimes.
Political Success
In 1988, Netanyahu was elected a member of the Knesset by the Likud Party and served as deputy minister for foreign affairs. Five years later, he was elected chairman of the Likud Party and its prime minister candidate. In 1996, he was elected prime minister of Israel, defeating incumbent Labor candidate Shimon Peres. Netanyahu served as prime minister until 1999. During his term, he signed the Hebron and Wye Accords, advancing the peace process with the Palestinians. He also expanded government privatization, liberalized currency regulations and reduced deficits.
Following his term as prime minister, Netanyahu worked in the private sector and toured on the lecture circuit. But in 2002, he returned to politics, serving as minister of foreign affairs before becoming minister of finance. On March 31, 2009, he was sworn in as prime minister for the second time, punctuating his victory by establishing a national unity government and calling for a demilitarized Palestinian state that recognizes the Jewish state. In his famous June 2009 address to Bar-Ilan University, he said, "I told President Obama in Washington, if we get a guarantee of demilitarization, and if the Palestinians recognize Israel as the Jewish state, we are ready to agree to a real peace agreement, a demilitarized Palestinian state side by side with the Jewish state."
profile name: Benjamin Netanyahu profile occupation:
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Left-handed people are a rare breed—only 10 percent of the general population is a lefty. There isn't a definite scientific explanation of why people are left-handed, and although it might be an inconvenience for some, it's actually an advantage in sports. Legendary lefty athletes include baseball player Babe Ruth and basketball star Larry Bird. They're in good company with a wide variety of famous faces from President Barack Obama and Oprah Winfrey to composer Wolfgang Mozart and entrepreneur Bill Gates.
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Alfred Stieglitz
American (Hoboken, New Jersey, 1864 - 1946, New York City, New York)Nude, Georgia O'Keeffe
ca. 1918
palladium print
The SFMOMA building is closed for expansion. Many of the works in our collection are on view at other institutions as part of our On the Go program.
9 3/4 in. x 7 5/8 in. (24.77 cm x 19.37 cm)
Acquired 2003
Collection SFMOMA
Gift of Carla Emil and Rich Silverstein
© Georgia O'Keeffe Museum / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York


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Definition of angwantibo in English:
Line breaks: an¦gwan|tiboPronunciation: /əŋˈgwɒntɪbəʊ
( plural angwantibos)
- A small rare nocturnal primate of west central Africa, related to the potto.
- Arctocebus calabarensis, family Lorisidae
More example sentences- COA officials said that the angwantibo - a kind of loris originating in West African forest - has won the hearts of local people because of its tiny size of less than 30 cm.
- The angwantibo ranges in Cameroon and Nigeria, between the Niger and Sanaga Rivers.
- The lorises and related mainland African species (pottos, angwantibos, and galagos) are members of the Infraorder Lorisiformes.
mid 19th century: from Efik.


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Fundtech Customers & Case Studies for E Invoicing Systems and Bacstel-IP
Organisations Worldwide choose Fundtech because of the innovation and flexibility of our product range. Our customers are more than happy with the quality of our solutions and the exceptional service we provide. Please browse our case studies and testimonials to find out more about us. Our customers include:
- 3663 First for Foodservice
- Abbey International (Isle of Man)
- Caerphilly County Council
- Christian Salvesen
- Conwy Council
- Eazy Collect
- Expotel
- Fourth Hospitality
- Glasgow City Council
- Goodyear Dunlop
- G4S Cash Services
- ICICI Bank
- Islington Council
- Jersey Telecom
- Liverpool FC
- Manchester City Council
- Mears Group
- Namesco
- The Paragon Group of Companies PLC
- PHS Group
- The Royal Bank of Scotland Group
- Salford City Council
- Scottish and Southern Energy
- Three Valleys PLC
- Telent
- T-Mobile
- Triodos Bank
- Virgin Trains
Case Studies
Find out how businesses of all sizes and industry sectors have implemented Fundtech solutions including supplier e-invoicing, buyer e-invoicing, paperless direct debits, secure document exchange and Bacstel-IP. Read their stories for an insight into implementing e-invoicing and e-payment solutions. Read the Case Studies
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Thank you for taking a moment to read about our office and for trusting us to provide you with quality care. We hope this is helpful to you and we invite any questions or comments you may have.
Dermatology P.C. also has satellite offices in Pleasant Hill, Chariton, and Winterset.
To schedule an appointment or for more information, please call us at 515-241-2000.


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Being offered at AUCTION on March 29th in the Exposition Hall at Freeman Coliseum. KruseClassics.com - Real RM23V Code - New HP 440... More
This Galens Registry endorsed, real RM23 Road Runner, is an absolutely beautiful car. According to his report there were 24,351 automatic units sold in... More
If it's visibility you crave then you won't generate more burned retinas than with this vivid 1971 Plymouth Road Runner. Nicely finished with a... More
Road Runner 383 with 4 speed - Blue Exterior and Black Interior - A very solid body and the car runs and drives as... More
1969 PLYMOUTH ROAD RUNNER 2 Door Post Coupe, THIS LASER STRAIGHT RED WITH BLACK BENCH SEAT INTERIOR CAR FEATURES A 1966 426 CU.IN. HEMI ENGINE (ORIGINALLY... More
Ever have one of those moments when you find a rare classic with a price that seems too good to be true? The 'coolest... More
The sale will be held at The Palace at 301 Norwalk St. Greensboro, NC 27407. This facility offers 24/7 security during the sale... More
1970 Roadrunner 383, 335 hp with Holley 4 bbl carburetor. Original single point distributor. A833 4 speed transmission with pistol grip shifter. 2 door hardtop. All numbers... More
There is something about a 1969 Plymouth Hemi Roadrunner that gets the blood pumping of even the most jaded muscle car enthusiasts. As we... More
1969 Plymouth Road Runner Restored Original green interior intact Vinyl bucket seats and floor shifter 440 cubic inch V8 Silver metallic paint Matte black removable hood w/intake BF Goodrich Radial T/A... More
1969 Plymouth Road Runner History The Plymouth Road Runner was a performance car built by the Plymouth division of the Chrysler Corporation... More
Let's face it as much as we love the muscle cars of old the advancements in technology that are available in a vehicle today... More
The sale will be held at The Palace at 301 Norwalk St. Greensboro, NC 27407. This facility offers 24/7 security during the sale... More
The sale will be held at The Palace at 301 Norwalk St. Greensboro, NC 27407. This facility offers 24/7 security during the sale... More
1972 PLYMOUTH ROADRUNNER 440 C.I. 4 SPEED FRAME OFF RESTORATION RARE ONLY 906 MADE YEAR: 1972 MAKE: PLYMOUTH... More
For sale in our St. Louis showroom is this gorgeous three owner Frost Blue 1968 Plymouth Road Runner. Plymouth paid Warner Bros. $50000... More
1969 Plymouth Road Runner, the Road Runner was the winner of Motor Trend's Car of the Year. This Plymouth Road Runner was the recipient of... More
Pure Muscle is an understatement when describing this 70 RR RM21 2dr sedan. Originally a 383-4V Magnum that was upgraded to a 440 six... More
Everyone knows that the Plymouth Road Runner was designed to be a low cost high performance machine. When the muscle car craze was in... More
Incredible 1971 Plymouth Roadrunner that is in fantastic condition, and such a sweet car for shows, and drag racing. Great and reliable as a driver, but can... More
1969 - Road Runner - Convertible - Rare - 383 V-8 - 4 Speed - Purple - ($44,950)... More
The road runner is Extremely nice, highly optioned 1971 Plymouth Road Runner 383. Extremely nice, real RM23, 1971 Road Runner with 383 and ice... More
The Plymouth Road Runner created a niche within a niche and has been at the top of Mopar fans' wish lists for decades now.... More
Great running and driving RR, stored for the winter times, climate control, only driven to car cruises, Not sure if numbers matching,Burnt Orange is original... More
1973 Plymouth Roadrunner for sale in our Chicago Showroom. This casual 1973 Roadrunner is powered by a 318 CID V8 and backed by... More
This 1969 Plymouth Roadrunner two door coupe (Stock # P7112) is available in our Pleasanton, CA showroom and any inquiries may be directed to... More
1969 PLYMOUTH ROAD RUNNER. . . . DARK GREEN PAINT. . . .DARK GREEN INTERIOR. . . . . . BENCH SEAT. . .... More
1970 Plymouth Roadrunner for sale in our Chicago Showroom. This remarkable 1970 Roadrunner powered by a 383 CID V8 which is backed by... More
1970 Plymouth Road Runner 426 Hemi 4 spd Survivor, Up for sale from a long time owner is a gorgeous and genuine factory built... More
1972 Plymouth Road Runner High end restoration of a rock solid, western, rust free rocket. Powered by the iconic 440 4 barrel V-8. Lots of... More
An extremely nice (might be the nicest true '69 Road Runner available for sale) real deal Road Runner 4 speed car. New professionally applied... More
****FINANCING AVAILABLE OVER 48 MONTHS @6.99% OAC**** Win on Sunday, sell on Monday was the philosophy of the big three manufacturers in the 1969,... More
High performance with a low sticker price has always been the Road Runner's calling card. Today they're highly-sought collectables due to the fact that... More
Call 440-914-0000 or email [contact seller] 1970 Plymouth Road Runner 440+6 Original V code 440 Six Barrel car Original four speed... More
This 1970 Plymouth Roadrunner creation has undergone a complete rotisserie restoration including Roadrunner accents, making it ready for show or cruise! Beautiful from top... More
1971 Plymouth Road Runner History The Plymouth Road Runner was a performance car built by the Plymouth division of the Chrysler... More
For Sale 1969 Plymouth Roadrunner 4 speed asking $22,900. with a rebuilt 440 cu in under the hood. This car runs and drives great. New Clutch, All... More
1968 Plymouth RoadRunner - 383 engine with automatic trans. Excellent paint and body. Original interior. Runs and drives excellent... More
Just in! Call or visit our website for more information.... More
1973 Plymouth Road Runner, 340 V-8, Auto Torqueflite trans., Gray with Red Stripes, Original AC but not working, P. Frt. Disc brakes, P. Steering,... More
Everyone knows 60s Plymouth's were designed to be low cost high performance muscle machines. And since the earliest days of hot rodding engine swaps... More
This 1969 Plymouth Road Runner 2dr Coupe features a 440 V-8 6-Pack 8cyl Gasoline engine. It is equipped with a 4 Speed Manual transmission.... More
This rare bird is one of the most desirable Road Runners with only 451 4 speed coupes produced. Rotisserie restored with laser straight body... More
Making a car look like an evil track monster is a fairly simple thing. Strip it of unnecessary bits add some nice wide wheels... More
This 1970 Road Runner is one of the classic 1970 muscle cars. It was restored in 2009 and is fully documented. This Plymouth Super... More
1968 Plymouth Road Runner Hemi. This is the real deal Galen Govier Certified Hemi Road Runner! 38500 actual miles on this beautiful Mopar that... More
This 1970 Plymouth Roadrunner 440-6 two-door coupe (Stock # F1023) is available in our Fairfield, CA showroom and any inquiries may be directed to... More
This 1970 Plymouth Roadrunner V-Code has a 440c.i. 3x2BBL V84-Speed Manual Transmission w/ Pistol Grip ShifterCorrect Top Banana/Lemon Twist PaintBlack Vinyl TopCorrect Vinyl Bench... More
Hemi Orange with Parchment interior - Bench seat - Gauge package - Air grabber hood - Chrysler Solid State AM... More
This 1969 Plymouth Road Runner has a 383 C.I. (335 HP) 4 BBL V8727 TorqueFlite Transmission8.75 Rear End w/ 3.55:1 RatioCorrect Black Exterior (X9)... More
PLYMOUTH: 1970 Road Runner, #s matching, 383 auto, BL1 exterior, black vinyl top, deluxe saddle bench interior, Rally, Tic-Toc-Tac, 2 owners last 37 years,... More
PLYMOUTH: 1969 Road Runner coupe, 426 Hemi, 4-speed, 3.54 Dana; red with black bench seat interior, wood wheel, factory tach; AM radio, ps, air... More
Plymouth 1972 Road Runner, high end restoration of rock solid western rust-free rocket, iconic 440 4-bbl V8, Petty blue sitting on new TSW machined... More
PLYMOUTH: 1969 Road Runner, 440, 4-speed, $50,000+ invested, no expense spared, $35,000 obo. Mike, 845-883-7338, 845-706-3280 cell; Vic, 845-389-8596, NY.... More
PLYMOUTH: 1970 440-6 Road Runner coupe, real V-code, NOM, auto, B7, black interior, air grabber, 4.10 Dana, correct concours carbs, original fender tag, no... More


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WATERLOGGING is a key abiotic stress affecting crops in WA, similar to drought, salinity and element toxicity—but modifying germplasm for specific regions could help to increase tolerance.
A joint research paper on the influence of waterlogging on wheat (Triticum aestivum) yields by the Department of Agriculture and Food's Grains Industries, India's Central Soil Salinity Research Institute and University of WA has shed light on how different varieties respond in different environments.
Professor Tim Setter, one of the paper's authors, says the aim was to look at why waterlogging differed between soils, whether in a nearby paddock or another country.
"We could never repeat results from different countries—it was a total mystery," he says. "What we discovered was that any of the background element toxicities in the soil become amplified many times due to waterlogging.
"The waterlogging itself reduces the plant's energy and knocks out its ability to exclude toxic elements which can normally be handled.
"Some of these elements, such as iron and manganese, increase from 10 to 50 times due to waterlogging.
"All of a sudden there is a whole suite of complex elements to deal with that can increase in amount and these different elements mean different soils."
In addition to iron and manganese, other element toxins include boron, aluminium, bicarbonate, and sodium.
"Waterlogging affects growth because it limits the oxygen supply to the roots," Professor Setter says. "The oxygen travels about 10,000 times more slowly through water than the air space that normally occurs in soil.
"When soils are waterlogged, it's like an immediate suffocation."
While the problem of waterlogging is complex, Professor Setter stresses it is not complicated.
"The word complex implies you can unravel the bits and that's what we've got here," he says. "We've got a collection of matrices and different key components we need to unravel."
Using five breeding teams (two in Australia, three in India), researchers first explored different waterlogging problems in each location.
From there, breeders and geneticists were used to screen germplasm and molecular biologists then identified which key genes were important to combine to make the germplasm waterlogging-tolerant in multiple environments.
"We've been able to identify material that will probably yield up to three times higher in an Australian environment and certainly yield about 20–25 per cent higher than the highest yielding commercial varieties," Professor Setter says.
"We're increasing its tolerance through breeding programs and are currently involved with developing a molecular marker to enable the breeding companies to be able to follow the same path."


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JONESBORO (A-State) - Arkansas State head football coach Blake Anderson has announced that Allen Johnson has been named the Red Wolves' safeties coach.
Johnson was part of Lamar's coaching staff charged with reviving a program that took the field in 2010 for the first time since 1989. Competing in the NCAA?FCS as a Southland Conference (SLC)?member, the Cardinals led the league in both pass defense and pass efficiency defense in 2012 and 2013 with Johnson serving as the secondary coach.
Not only did Lamar's secondary function as one of the top units in the SLC, the group boasted several players that were recognized for their individual efforts under the direction of Johnson. Safety Chad Allen and cornerbacks Branden Thomas and Tyrus McGlothen were All-Southland Conference choices during their career. McGlothen earned first team recognition in 2013 when he posted 81 tackles, seven tackles for loss, one sack and a fumble recovery.
Prior to his time at Lamar, Johnson coached the cornerbacks at the University of Texas-El Paso for three seasons. While at UTEP, Johnson coached such star defensive backs as Cornelius Brown, Melvin Stephenson and Clarence Ward, all of whom played briefly in the National Football League. Johnson's final season at UTEP (2010) saw the Miners make their first appearance in a postseason game since 2005, competing in the New Mexico Bowl.
Before going to UTEP, Johnson spent the 2007 season as the defensive backs coach and recruiting coordinator at Midwestern State University, which fielded the top defense in the Lone Star Conference (LSC)?that year. In going 8-3 that season, Midwestern State led the league in scoring defense (18.6 points-per-game average), total defense (294.2 yards-per-game average) and rushing defense (93.9 yards-per-game). The Mustangs also ranked third in the LSC?in pass defense and pass defense efficiency.
In 2006, Johnson served as the quality control coach at Oklahoma State University, helping lead the Cowboys to seven wins and an Independence Bowl victory. He doubled as the secondary coach and recruiting coordinator at Blinn College in 2005, helping the team qualify for the National Junior College Athletic Association playoffs.
Johnson started his coaching career as a defensive graduate assistant coach at Texas A&M-Commerce in 1999 before being elevated to a full-time position as running backs coach in 2000. After his two-year stint on the Lions' coaching staff, he spent the next four seasons in the high-school coaching ranks at Gaither HS (2001) in Tampa, Fla., at Plant HS (2002) in Tampa and at Newman Smith HS (2003-04) in Carrollton, Texas. He worked with the secondary at all three high schools and was also the defense coordinator his lone season at Gaither.
Johnson, who earned his bachelor's degree in health and kinesiology at Texas A&M University-Commerce in 1999 and his master's degree in the same field a year later, played collegiately at Kilgore College, Central Oklahoma and A&M-Commerce. He is currently on course to earn his doctorate in educational leadership from Lamar University in December of 2014.
After taking a break in his college career to serve in the U.S. Air Force, Johnson earned All-Lone Star Conference South Division honors and a trip to the Snow Bowl as a senior in 1998. He also competed for the A&M-Commerce track and field team and served as president of the school's Student-Athlete Advisory Committee.
Johnson, who was an all-district defensive back at Desoto (Texas) High School, and his wife, Jennifer, have three daughters - Jayla, Kyra and Olivia.