text:
Andrew Crombie Ramsay
Geologist. Appointed to the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 1841; senior director for England and Wales, 1862; director-general, 1871–81. Professor of geology, University College, London, 1847–52; lecturer on geology at the Royal School of Mines, 1852–71. President of the Geological Society of London, 1862–4. Knighted, 1881. FRS 1862.
Sources: DNB DSB
(See the bibliography for full references to sources)

subset: commoncrawl


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Will Ferrell and Cheri Oteri, Saturday Night Live
Despite stumbling through much of the 1980s, NBC's Saturday Night Live returned to its place as a comedic touchstone in the 1990s. The ratings and critical response at the time didn't always show it, but in retrospect it's hard to argue with the results. Revisit the roster of talent that passed through the halls of 30 Rockefeller Plaza during the decade and names like Chris Rock, Tina Fey, David Spade, Adam Sandler and Will Ferrell immediately jump out at you. And from "Wayne's World" to a request for "more cowbell," numerous sketches from the time still resonate in the cult read more
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by Mai Lamore
mai l'amore = ever love
Who is Mai Lamore?
Springtime Central Texas!
Sprout and I after we polished off the chicken at Barbuto - via http://peggsite.com/kirk
Went to the Austin rodeo today. Wanted to see the windmills, rodeo and Willie...
"My co-worker Rover? He's ok, I guess. Comes off a little fake at times."


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Splendiferous! Share your favorites and earn zulily credit. see detailsconnect
Kicks that are as quirky as kids, these dazzling sandals are made from the signature Crocs Croslite™, which is resistant to odor and won't leave marks on the floor. This pretty set is detailed with a trio of shimmering, floral bows.
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Relocation of professional sports teams
Relocation of professional sports teams is a practice which involves a sporting franchise moving from one metropolitan area to another, although occasionally moves between municipalities in the same conurbation are also included. Professional teams in North America are generally privately owned and operate according to the wishes of an owner, making this practice much more common there than in other areas of the world where sporting teams are clubs owned by local members.
- 1 Franchise relocations in North America
- 1.1 Background
- 1.2 List of relocations
- 1.2.1 Major League Baseball
- 1.2.2 National Basketball Association
- 1.2.3 National Football League
- 1.2.4 National Hockey League
- 1.2.5 Arena Football League
- 1.2.6 Major League Soccer
- 1.2.7 United Soccer Leagues
- 1.2.8 Women's National Basketball Association
- 1.2.9 Women's Professional Soccer
- 1.2.10 Canadian Football League
- 2 Team relocation in Europe
- 3 Team Relocations in Australia
- 4 Relocations in other parts of the world
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Franchise relocations in North America[edit]
Unlike most professional sport systems worldwide, sports organizations in North America generally lack a system of promotion and relegation in which poorly performing teams are replaced with teams that do well in lower-level leagues. North America lacks comprehensive governing bodies whose authority extends from the amateur to the highest levels of a given sport. Unlike in other countries, where one may invest in a local lower-level club and through performance see that club rise to major league status, the only three ways a North American city can host a major league sports team are through league expansion, forming/joining a rival league or, most commonly, relocation.
A city wishing to get a team in a major professional sports league can wait for the league to expand and award new franchises. However, as of 2013 each of the major leagues has 30 or 32 franchises. Many current owners believe this is the optimal size for a major league, and with the possible exception of the NFL's desire to return to Los Angeles, North America's second largest market, none of the major leagues are believed to be imminently considering expansion, and in fact Major League Baseball actually considered contraction in 2002 to be effective for the 2007 season (of the Montreal Expos and Minnesota Twins), until the sport's players union sued Major League baseball to prevent the dissolution of the teams. In the end, nothing happened to the Twins, who had the issue of their contraction, a new stadium, resolved with the opening of Target Field in 2010, and the Expos relocated to Washington, D.C. to become the Washington Nationals.
In past decades, aspiring owners whose overtures had been rejected by the established leagues would respond by forming a rival league in hopes that the existing major league will eventually agree to a merger, the new league will attain major league status in its own right and/or the established league is compelled to expand. The 1960s American Football League is perhaps the most prominent example of a successful rival league, having achieved each of the three goals listed above in reverse order. However, all major sports have had a rival league achieve at least some of these goals in the past five decades. Baseball's proposed Continental League did not play a game, but only because Major League Baseball responded to the proposal by adding teams in some of the proposed CL cities. The American Basketball Association and World Hockey Association each succeeded in getting some of their franchises accepted into the established leagues, which had both unsuccessfully attempted to cause their upstart rivals to fold outright by adding more teams.
However, these upstart leagues owed their success in large part to the reluctance of owners in the established leagues to devote the majority of their revenues to player salaries and also on sports leagues' former reliance primarily on gate receipts for revenue. Under those conditions, an ambitious rival could often afford to lure away the sport's top players with promises of better pay, in hopes of giving the new league immediate respect and credibility from fans. Today, however, established leagues derive a large portion of their revenue from lucrative television contracts that would not be offered to an untested rival. Also, the activism of players' unions has resulted in the established leagues paying a majority of their revenues to players, thus the average salary in each of the big four leagues is now well in excess of $1 million per season.
Under present market and financial conditions, any serious attempt to form a rival league in the early 21st century would likely require hundreds of millions (if not billions) of dollars in investment and initial losses, and even if such resources were made available the upstart league's success would be far from guaranteed, as evidenced by the failure of the WWF/NBC-backed XFL in 2001. Not even at any point since the start of the 1980s have any of the established leagues so much as added expansion teams while a rival was operating (or establishment of a rival league was being seriously considered). Therefore, so long as leagues choose not to expand and/or reject a city's application, the only realistic recourse is to convince the owner(s) of an existing team to move it (or convince a prospective owner to purchase a team with the intent of moving it).
Owners usually move teams because of weak fan support or the team organization is in debt and needs an adequate population for financial support or because another city offers a bigger local market or a more financially lucrative stadium/arena deal. Governments may offer lucrative deals to team owners to attract or retain a team. For example, to attract the National Football League's Cleveland Browns in 1995, the state of Maryland agreed to build a new stadium and allow the team to use it rent-free and keep all parking, advertising and concession revenue. (This move proved so unpopular in Cleveland that the move was treated as the Baltimore Ravens being awarded an expansion franchise, while the Browns name and their official lineage would remain in Cleveland for a "reactivated" team founded in a few years later.) A little more than a decade earlier, the Baltimore Colts left for Indianapolis (NFL owners voted to give Colts owner Robert Irsay permission to move his franchise to the city of his choosing after no satisfactory stadium would be built), having literally sneaked away after the Maryland legislature passed a bill threatening to seize the team.
The relocation of sports teams is often controversial. Opponents criticize owners for leaving behind faithful fans and governments for spending millions of dollars of tax money on attracting teams. However, since sports teams in the USA are generally treated like any other business under antitrust law, there is little sports leagues can do to prevent teams from flocking to the highest bidders (for instance the Los Angeles Rams filed suit when the other NFL owners initially blocked their move to St. Louis which caused the NFL to back down allowing that relocation to proceed). Major League Baseball, unique among the major professional sports leagues, has an exemption from antitrust laws won through a Supreme Court decision but nonetheless has allowed several teams to change cities. Also recently, courts had denied the attempted relocation of the Phoenix Coyotes by siding with the National Hockey League which claimed that it had final authority over franchise moves.
Newer sports leagues tend to have more transient franchises than more-established, "major" leagues, but in the mid-1990s, several NFL and National Hockey League teams moved to other cities, and the threat of a move pushed cities with major-league teams in any sport to build new stadiums and arenas using taxpayer money. Critics referred to the movement of teams to the highest-bidding city as "franchise free agency."
List of relocations[edit]
The following charts list movements of franchises in the modern eras of the major North American sports leagues. It does not include:
- Moves within a city, which have occurred many times in all major leagues.
- Short distance moves from one city in a metro area to another city in the same metro area. (For example, San Francisco to Oakland.)
- Short-distance city-suburb moves. (For example, Los Angeles to Anaheim, both of which are in the same urban agglomeration.) However, two moves of a basketball franchise within the New York metropolitan area are listed because the team involved dramatically changed its primary market within the area.
- Team moves that happened before the organization joined its current league.
- Moves of teams that as of 2014 no longer exist. There were many such moves in the early years of the NFL in particular.
- Teams that have threatened relocation as leverage for a new stadium or arena in their current market without actually moving, as well as teams that nearly moved for other reasons not related to team dissatisfaction in a given market. (For example, the Pittsburgh Pirates nearly moving to Denver, Colorado following the Pittsburgh drug trials in 1985.)
Major League Baseball[edit]
- 1902: Milwaukee Brewers moved to St. Louis, Missouri and became the St. Louis Browns.
- 1903: Baltimore Orioles moved to New York and became the Highlanders. The team was renamed the Yankees in 1913.
- 1953: Boston Braves moved to Milwaukee. This was the first relocation in 50 years. During those 50 years, there had also been no expansions or contractions—Major League Baseball had consisted of the same 16 teams, 8 in each league, playing in the same 10 cities without interruption for half a century.
- 1954: St. Louis Browns moved to Baltimore and became the Orioles.
- 1955: Philadelphia Athletics moved to Kansas City, Missouri.
- 1958: Brooklyn Dodgers moved to Los Angeles; New York Giants moved to San Francisco. These were the first major league teams on the West Coast; the teams moved simultaneously to facilitate travel for other National League (NL) teams.
- 1961: Washington Senators (original) moved to the Twin Cities area and became the Minnesota Twins. Not wishing to alienate Washington, D.C. and its powerful baseball fans, the American League (AL) granted the city a new expansion franchise, also called the Senators.
- 1966: Milwaukee Braves moved to Atlanta, Georgia.
- 1968: Kansas City Athletics moved to Oakland, California. Because Charles O. Finley broke a recently signed lease and public bonds were already issued for the building of what is now known as Kauffman Stadium, Major League Baseball was in danger of anti-trust legislation from Missouri Senator Stuart Symington. As a result, the AL granted Kansas City a new expansion franchise in 1969.
- 1970: Seattle Pilots moved to Milwaukee and became the Brewers. The AL would grant Seattle a new expansion franchise in 1977.
- 1972: Washington Senators (second franchise) moved to Arlington, Texas and became the Texas Rangers.
- 2005: Montreal Expos moved to Washington, D.C. and became the Washington Nationals. The Expos had split time between Montreal and San Juan, Puerto Rico in 2003 and 2004. This was the first relocation in 33 years.
National Basketball Association[edit]
- 1946: Detroit Gems moved to Minneapolis and became the Lakers.
- 1951: Tri-Cities Blackhawks (the "Tri Cities" area is now generally referred to as the "Quad Cities") moved to Milwaukee and became the Hawks.
- 1955: Milwaukee Hawks moved to St. Louis.
- 1957: Fort Wayne Pistons moved to Detroit.
- 1957: Rochester Royals moved to Cincinnati.
- 1960: Minneapolis Lakers moved to Los Angeles.
- 1962: Philadelphia Warriors moved to San Francisco.
- 1963: Chicago Zephyrs moved to Baltimore and became the Bullets.
- 1963: Syracuse Nationals moved to Philadelphia and became the 76ers.
- 1968: St. Louis Hawks moved to Atlanta.
- 1971: San Diego Rockets moved to Houston.
- 1972: Cincinnati Royals moved to a new primary home in Kansas City and a secondary home in Omaha, and became the Kansas City-Omaha Kings. The team ceased Omaha operations in 1975.
- 1973: Dallas Chaparrals moved to San Antonio and became the Spurs.
- 1973: Baltimore Bullets moved to Washington, D.C. and were renamed the Capital Bullets. The team was renamed as the Washington Bullets in 1974 and the Wizards in 1997.
- 1977: One year after the ABA-NBA merger, the New York Nets became the New Jersey Nets. Although the Nets moved within the New York metropolitan area, they dramatically changed their primary market within the area. When representing New York, they played in Nassau County on Long Island; their primary fanbase then shifted to New Jersey.
- 1978: Buffalo Braves moved to San Diego and became the Clippers.
- 1979: New Orleans Jazz moved to Salt Lake City, Utah.
- 1984: San Diego Clippers moved to Los Angeles.
- 1985: Kansas City Kings moved to Sacramento, California.
- 2001: Vancouver Grizzlies moved to Memphis, Tennessee.
Further information: Vancouver Grizzlies relocation to Memphis
- 2002: Charlotte Hornets moved to New Orleans. The NBA granted Charlotte a new expansion franchise in 2004, the Hornets name will return before the 2014-2015 season.
- 2005: New Orleans Hornets moved temporarily to Oklahoma City following Hurricane Katrina and became the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets.
Further information: Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Hornets
- 2007: New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets returned to New Orleans full-time. The team was renamed as the Pelicans in 2013.
- 2008: Seattle SuperSonics moved to Oklahoma City and became the Thunder.
Further information: Seattle SuperSonics relocation to Oklahoma City
- 2012: New Jersey Nets moved to Brooklyn and became Brooklyn's first major professional sports franchise since 1957.
National Football League[edit]
- 1921: Decatur Staleys moved to Chicago and became the Bears one year later.
- 1934: Portsmouth (Ohio) Spartans moved to Detroit and became the Lions.
- 1937: Boston Redskins moved to Washington, D.C.
- 1946: Cleveland Rams moved to Los Angeles.
- 1949: Boston Yanks moved to New York and renamed the New York Bulldogs.
- 1960: Chicago Cardinals moved to St. Louis.
- 1961: Los Angeles Chargers moved to San Diego.
- 1963: Dallas Texans moved to Kansas City after winning the AFL championship and became the Chiefs.
- 1982: Oakland Raiders moved to Los Angeles. The NFL refused permission for the move, but the team won the right to relocate in a court case.
- 1984: Baltimore Colts moved to Indianapolis. The team's offices were slipped out of Baltimore in the middle of the night to avoid a proposed eminent domain seizure by the state of Maryland.
Further information: Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis
- 1988: St. Louis Cardinals moved to the Phoenix area, playing games in nearby Tempe. The team now plays in another Phoenix suburb, Glendale. The team was renamed the Arizona Cardinals in 1994.
- 1995: Los Angeles Raiders moved back to Oakland after 13 previous seasons, the first "return" relocation of a North American professional sports team. Also, the Los Angeles Rams moved to St. Louis. Since then, Los Angeles, the nation's second-largest market, has not hosted a NFL franchise.
Further information: History of the National Football League in Los Angeles
- 1996: Cleveland Browns moved to Baltimore and became the Ravens. The move was one of the most controversial in major professional sports history. In response to a fan revolt and legal threats, the NFL awarded a new franchise to Cleveland in 1999, which for historical purposes is considered a continuation of the original Browns franchise.
Further information: Cleveland Browns relocation controversy
- 1997: Houston Oilers moved to Memphis and became the Tennessee Oilers. The team originally planned to play both 1997 and 1998 in Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis before moving to their intended destination of Nashville. However, due to poor attendance, the team moved to Nashville in 1998, playing in Vanderbilt University's stadium. The team was renamed as the Titans in 1999, when their new stadium was opened. The NFL granted Houston a new expansion franchise in 2002.
National Hockey League[edit]
Relocations in the NHL have been unique in that most of the teams have changed their names after relocating, as opposed to keeping their identity with the old market. Only two NHL teams that relocated—both in the pre-Original Six era and in the modern era—kept their names: the Calgary Flames and the Dallas Stars. Although the Stars were previously known as the Minnesota North Stars, the team had begun to phase "North" out of the name two years before the move to Dallas as part of the "reverse merger" of the North Stars into the Minnesota Stars and the expansion San Jose Sharks (the California Golden Seals/Cleveland Barons had "merged" with Minnesota).
The Edmonton Oilers nearly relocated in 1998 but they remained in the city after a limited partnership raised enough money to purchase the franchise before the deadline.[1] The Phoenix Coyotes were placed into bankruptcy with the intent to circumvent the league's relocation rules, but this was blocked by a judge. Other relocation threats came from two of the 1967 expansion teams, the Pittsburgh Penguins (on multiple occasions) and St. Louis Blues (in 1983), but ultimately stayed in their existing markets.
- 1920: Quebec Bulldogs moved to Hamilton, Ontario and became the Hamilton Tigers.
- 1925: Hamilton Tigers franchise was dissolved and the players rights were acquired by the expansion New York Americans.
- 1930: Pittsburgh Pirates moved to Philadelphia from economic pressures of the Great Depression and became the Philadelphia Quakers, lasting only until the end of the season before folding.
- 1934: Ottawa Senators moved to St. Louis, Missouri and became the St. Louis Eagles.
- 1976: California Golden Seals, which played their home games in Oakland, moved to Cleveland and became the Cleveland Barons.
- 1976: Kansas City Scouts moved to Denver and became the Colorado Rockies.
- 1978: The Cleveland Barons franchise merged with the Minnesota North Stars.
Further information: 1978 NHL Dispersal Draft
- 1980: Atlanta Flames moved to Calgary; Atlanta was awarded an expansion team in 1999.
- 1982: Colorado Rockies moved to East Rutherford, New Jersey and became the New Jersey Devils.
- 1991: The former Barons ownership splits off from the North Stars to return to the Bay Area with the expansion San Jose Sharks, comprising half the former North Stars' roster.
Further information: 1991 NHL Dispersal and Expansion Drafts
- 1993: Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas and became the Stars; Minnesota was awarded an expansion team in 2000.
- 1995: Quebec Nordiques moved to Denver and became the Colorado Avalanche.
- 1996: Winnipeg Jets moved to Phoenix and became the Coyotes.
- 1997: Hartford Whalers moved to Raleigh, North Carolina and became the Carolina Hurricanes. For two years they played home games in Greensboro while an arena was under construction in Raleigh.
- 2011: Atlanta Thrashers moved to Winnipeg and became the current version of the Winnipeg Jets.
Arena Football League[edit]
- 2003: The Buffalo Destroyers moved to Columbus, Ohio and became the Columbus Destroyers.
- 2010: The Bossier–Shreveport Battle Wings moved to New Orleans and became the current incarnation of the New Orleans VooDoo.
- 2010: The Alabama Vipers moved to the Atlanta suburb of Duluth, Georgia and became the current incarnation of the Georgia Force.
- 2011: The Tulsa Talons moved to San Antonio and became the San Antonio Talons.
Major League Soccer[edit]
- 2006: The San Jose Earthquakes moved to Houston and became the Houston Dynamo; however, the team records, logo, colors, championships and history were left in San Jose. An option for an MLS franchise was awarded to Oakland Athletics owner Lew Wolff in 2006, and the option was exercised in 2007. The Earthquakes resumed play in MLS in 2008 as a continuation of the previous Earthquakes franchise.
United Soccer Leagues[edit]
Austin Aztex FC of the USL First Division and USSF Division 2 Professional League (both of which were former second-tier levels of the United States soccer pyramid) were relocated to Orlando in October, 2010,[2] and became Orlando City S.C. Club owner Phil Rawlins, a board member of Stoke City F.C. in England,[3] cited problems finding sufficient investors in Austin.[4] Brendan Flood, majority owner of England's Burnley F.C.,[4] had wanted to establish a new soccer club in Florida, and decided to pair with Rawlins as co-owners.[5] Less than one year after the relocation to Orlando, Austin Aztex were reborn in the fourth-division USL Premier Development League, when David Markley (founder and minority owner of the previous Aztex) re-established the club.[6]
Women's National Basketball Association[edit]
- 2002: Two teams relocated following the league's 2002 season:
- The Utah Starzz moved to San Antonio, becoming the San Antonio Silver Stars.
- The Orlando Miracle were purchased by the Mohegan Native American tribe and moved to the tribe's Mohegan Sun casino in Uncasville, Connecticut, becoming the Connecticut Sun. This transaction is notable in that the Sun became the first WNBA team to be owned by a party other than an NBA team owner.
- 2009: The Detroit Shock, despite considerable success on the court in Detroit, including seven straight playoff berths and three WNBA titles, moved after the 2009 season to Tulsa, Oklahoma and now plays as the Tulsa Shock.
Women's Professional Soccer[edit]
The league, started in 2009, saw its first major relocation before the 2011 season. The former Washington Freedom, which previously played in the Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C., was purchased by Dan Borislow, founder of the VoIP company magicJack, and moved to Boca Raton, Florida. The team played as magicJack in the 2011 season, which was marked by near-constant conflict between the league and Borislow. WPS terminated the franchise after that season. The fallout from a subsequent legal battle between WPS and Borislow, combined with major financial losses, led the league to disband in 2012.
Canadian Football League[edit]
The Baltimore Stallions moved to Montreal in 1996 to become the Montreal Alouettes. When the Cleveland Browns announced that they would relocate to Baltimore, the Stallions recognized that they could not compete with it and relocated to Montreal where it assumed the defunct Montreal Alouettes' name along with its records, history and traditions. Although cosmetic rather than substantive, the CFL officially considers the modern Alouettes to be a continuation of the previous Alouettes team in an effort to distance itself from the American expansion experiment of which the Stallions were members and to keep the Alouettes' legacy viewed collectively. The current Alouettes do not consider the Stallions' legacy, including its Grey Cup victory, as part of the team's current legacy, even though the two teams never played concurrently. The only other team to relocate in the CFL's history was the Sacramento Gold Miners, another American team, who moved to become the San Antonio Texans in 1995. The staff of the Ottawa Rough Riders moved from Ottawa to Shreveport, Louisiana to become the Shreveport Pirates in 1993, but the CFL forced the team itself to be left in Ottawa, where a new owner kept the franchise alive.
Outside of the American expansion, the CFL has never relocated any of its core Canadian franchises from one market to another.
Team relocation in Europe[edit]
In Europe, this sort of move is very rare. This is due to the different relationship between clubs and their league in the European system of professional sports league organization. In most sports, teams can be relegated from their current league down to a lower one, or promoted up a league to the one above. Membership of the national top division is gained and held through excellent performance — and lost when performance slips. This arrangement is equally true for every level in the Football pyramid. The pyramid system inevitably leads to nearly every sizable city or town having at least a semi-pro team (or teams) that will have likely have secured the loyalty of the town's fanbase, thus making the town unattractive to anyone looking to move a team there even if it plays in a higher division. Thus, any person or city wanting a top-league team can invest in the already-existing lower-level team that will likely be there and hope the team can advance to the top division. Wigan Athletic in England, Gretna in Scotland, and 1899 Hoffenheim in Germany are examples of teams that have risen up the pyramid dramatically due to investment. Gretna also illustrates the danger of relying on a single large investor—after its owner, Brooks Mileson, withdrew his support in February 2008 due to what eventually proved to be a fatal illness, the club went bankrupt and was liquidated within six months.
Additionally, the background of many clubs in these leagues is of social and community organisations rather than a commercial venture by an owner or owners which is why teams are usually referred to as clubs regardless of their current ownership structure. Whilst teams are now commonly privatised and often associated heavily with high profile owners, this historical basis may be why even private concerns are reluctant to move.
United Kingdom[edit]
- Airdrie United F.C. took over Clydebank F.C. and played their games at Airdrie following the earlier liquidation of Airdrieonians, though the club was founded as a continuation of Airdrieonians and did not take over Clydebank until after their application for the old Airdrie club's league place was refused. As a result, Airdrie United were placed in Division Two for the 2002–03 season, taking the place that would have been occupied by Clydebank. A year later, the Clydebank fans founded a new club, bearing the same name.
- In Northern Ireland, Belfast based Distillery FC were homeless for many seasons in the 1970s sharing grounds with other clubs until settling in Lisburn, later adding the town's name to theirs, now known as Lisburn Distillery F.C.
Several examples of relocation in the UK focus on the phenomenon of New Towns, built to cope with the shortage of housing following the Second World War. Many of these towns had large populations, but lacked professional football teams due to their age. Also, some clubs that did not move changed their names to reflect the creation of nearby new towns.
- Wimbledon F.C.: Norwegian owners moved the club from South London to Milton Keynes, a town more than 60 miles (100 km) away and one of the few large towns (due to its status as a new town founded in 1967) without a league football team. For doing so, they were widely criticised by the English footballing community, with many derisively referring to the club as "Franchise F.C." (as this move was seen as echoing North American norms). London fans created a new local team, AFC Wimbledon; Wimbledon F.C. went into administration, was bought out of administration and subsequently relaunched with a new name, Milton Keynes Dons F.C. Twelve years before the move to Milton Keynes, they had already left their London borough of Merton home for Selhurst Park in (the London borough of) Croydon. Although this was a supposedly temporary move, it had lasted 12 years by the time of their migration.
- Meadowbank Thistle, a struggling Edinburgh club controversially relocated in 1995 to the new town of Livingston, 19 miles away. It changed its name to Livingston F.C., its fortunes improved and it won the Scottish League Cup in 2004.
- Clyde F.C. moved from Shawfield Stadium (near Rutherglen in the south east of Glasgow) to the new town of Cumbernauld in 1994. They had been evicted from Shawfield in 1986. By 1990, Clyde secured an agreement to build a home of their own in the new town of Cumbernauld, which had grown in population and was by 1990 one of the larger settlements in Scotland without senior football. They were homeless from 1986 until Broadwood Stadium was built in Cumbernauld in 1994. The move allowed Clyde to continue as a semi-professional club.
- Wellington Town never relocated, but changed its name in 1969 to Telford United, after the new town of Telford (formed in 1963) was expanded to include the club's home of Wellington. The club went into administration and was dissolved in 2004, but was re-founded the same year as A.F.C. Telford United.
- Gravesend & Northfleet, formed by a 1946 merger of Gravesend United and Northfleet United, changed its name in 2007 to Ebbsfleet United after the nearby new town of Ebbsfleet Valley in Kent. The club, however, has never moved—the merged club chose to play at Northfleet United's ground, which is not within the new town, and has remained there to this day.
Other examples of relocation out of the original district are slightly more common. In certain cases, the club has moved within a conurbation:
- Arsenal moved from Woolwich in south London to Highbury in north London in 1913. They moved again to Holloway, a neighbourhood adjacent to Highbury, in 2006, though this was a much shorter distance than they had moved when relocating 93 years earlier, and kept the club in the London Borough of Islington.
- Manchester United were founded (as Newton Heath) in the Manchester neighbourhood of Newton Heath in 1878, and moved within the city to Clayton in 1893. After adopting the Manchester United name in 1902, they moved just outside the city to Stretford in 1910, where they remain to this day. However, the town having an M postcode and Manchester being its post town mean that Stretford is considered part of Manchester.
- Grimsby Town play in the town of Cleethorpes, a town to the east of Grimsby that has been absorbed by the former's outward growth during the 20th century.
- Partick Thistle is a Scottish football club that moved from the Glasgow district of Partick to that of Maryhill but retains its name.
- Nottingham Forest have long played outside of the Forest district of Nottingham and now reside in West Bridgford, just outside Nottingham's city limits, although they retain a Nottingham postal address. Interestingly, Notts County's Meadow Lane ground is within the city boundary despite their county name.
- Bolton Wanderers play at the Reebok Stadium, which is situated in the neighbouring town of Horwich, since their relocation from 101-year-old Burnden Park in 1997.
- In 1974, South Shields F.C. became Gateshead United F.C. after a move between the two towns that are 10 miles apart — repeating a similar migration in 1930. (This club folded in 1973. The present Gateshead F.C. and South Shields F.C. are new clubs.)
- West Ham United have been located in what is now the London Borough of Newham since their creation as Thames Ironworks F.C. in 1895, but played in several different neighbourhoods within that area in their early history. Their first home was Hermit Road in Canning Town, followed by Browning Road in East Ham, before returning to Canning Town at the Memorial Grounds. After severing ties with the Thames Ironworks company and reforming as West Ham United in 1900, they initially played at the Memorial Grounds, but became a transient team in 1901, playing at several local clubs' grounds in another nearby neighbourhood, Upton Park. In 1904, they built the Boleyn Ground in Upton Park, where they have remained to this day. West Ham are now tentatively scheduled to take over the Olympic Stadium, located in the Newham neighbourhood of Stratford, starting with the 2016–17 season. (They had initially been granted tenancy, but that decision was overturned and bidding was reopened.)
Rugby league[edit]
In 1999, just one year after the Sheffield Eagles won the Challenge Cup, they accepted an offer from the RFL to merge with the Huddersfield Giants. The new team, Huddersfield-Sheffield Giants, played some matches in Sheffield's Don Valley Stadium and some in Huddersfield's McAlpine Stadium. However, the new team consisting of mostly ex-Sheffield players, whilst retaining the old -Giants suffix resulted in a lack of acceptance from both sets of fans (though primarily Sheffield), and the team reverted to the Huddersfield Giants name the following season, effectively a franchise of the team. A new Sheffield Eagles started from scratch that following season, and now compete in the second-tier Championship.
The same year, Gateshead Thunder, who had only been playing in the English Super League for one year, were taken over by Hull Sharks, who then reverted to their traditional brand of Hull. The merged club played all its home games in Hull. As with Sheffield, a new Gateshead Thunder team was set up by supporters of the old side to play in the National Leagues, since renamed the Championship and Championship 1. The current incarnation of Gateshead Thunder competes in Championship 1.
Following their inaugural Super League season in 2009, the Celtic Crusaders, based in the South Wales town of Bridgend since their formation in 2005, moved to the North Wales town of Wrexham and renamed themselves Crusaders Rugby League. The team folded after the 2011 season and was replaced by the North Wales Crusaders, competing in Championship 1.
Rugby union[edit]
A number of rugby union clubs have made minor relocations from time to time, almost always within their current conurbation.
Two of the four Premiership clubs whose historic roots are in London now play their home matches outside Greater London, though still within the London commuter belt:
- London Irish were founded in London in 1898 for the city's Irish community. The club established their first home ground at The Avenue in Sunbury, Middlesex in 1931. In 1965, most of Middlesex was incorporated into Greater London, but Sunbury was instead attached to Surrey. In 2000, London Irish moved their senior team to Madejski Stadium in Reading (groundsharing with Reading F.C.), though their headquarters remain in Sunbury.
- London Wasps were founded in 1867 in North London via a membership split of Hampstead Football Club, which had been created a year earlier. They established their first permanent ground at Repton Avenue in Sudbury in 1923. In 1996, they moved within Greater London to groundshare with Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road. They moved outside Greater London in 2002 to share Adams Park in High Wycombe with Wycombe Wanderers. Wasps have since moved their headquarters to Adams Park.
The remaining two Premiership clubs with London roots play in Greater London. One has remained in London throughout its history, while the other returned to London in February 2013 after more than a decade in Watford:
- Harlequins, the second part of the Hampstead F.C. split, played at a number of grounds in London until the RFU invited them to play at Twickenham in 1906. The club acquired an athletics ground across the road from Twickenham in 1963, built today's Twickenham Stoop on the site, and have played there ever since. Quins have long been headquartered at Twickenham—first at the RFU stadium, and now at The Stoop.
- Saracens were founded in 1876 in Marylebone, and moved numerous times within what is now Greater London. At the dawn of the professional era in 1995, they moved again within Greater London to Enfield, and then moved outside the boundary in 1997 to groundshare with Watford F.C. at Vicarage Road. Saracens initially planned to return home matches to Greater London at the Barnet Copthall complex in 2012, but delays meant that the move was put off until February 2013. The club currently maintain their headquarters outside Greater London in St Albans.
Another Premiership club, Sale Sharks, have moved their home ground from their original base, though within the same conurbation. Founded in Sale in 1861, they settled at Heywood Road in Sale in 1905, and played there for nearly a century. In 2003, they began a groundshare in Stockport with Stockport County F.C. at Edgeley Park, and eventually moved their headquarters there. After the 2011–12 season, they moved their home ground again within Greater Manchester, sharing Salford City Stadium with the Salford City Reds rugby league side.
London Welsh, who were promoted from the RFU Championship at the end of the 2011–12 season but were relegated from the Premiership the following season, were founded in 1885 for the city's Welsh community. They eventually settled in at Old Deer Park in Richmond. However, they now play outside not only Greater London, but the commuter belt as well—they are groundsharing with Oxford United at Kassam Stadium.
While football club relocation has so far been unusual in West German football, it was a rather common practice in communist East Germany. As teams were dependent on the regime, it intervened several times to promote an equal distribution of teams across the country. A number of prominent East German teams were affected by these political moves, and even in modern-day Germany, the reason for the regional dominance of some teams and the roots of many strong rivalries can be found there.
Major relocations in the DDR-Oberliga:
- In 1954, the entire team of Empor Lauter, a club from a small industrial town in southern Saxony, were relocated to the very north of the country to compete as Empor Rostock. Under the name Hansa Rostock, they have been the most successful East German team since 1990.
- Also in 1954, Dynamo Dresden lost all its players to the newly formed side of Dynamo Berlin. Dresden passed almost a decade in the lower leagues, returned to top-level football in 1962 and became one of the fiercest rivals of by-then record champion Dynamo Berlin.
- Vorwärts Frankfurt (Oder) was the only major team to be relocated twice. Founded as Vorwärts Leipzig in 1951, the team was moved to East Berlin in 1953, where they won six East German championships. They became Vorwärts Frankfurt in 1971 and were renamed to FFC Viktoria in 1991.
In recent times, team relocation has become a more common feature in sports that are less popular with the German public. Notable examples include former ice hockey team München Barons (became the Hamburg Freezers in 2002), former handball side VfL Bad Schwartau (became HSV Handball in 2002) and basketball club Bayer Giants Leverkusen (Düsseldorf Giants since 2008).
Football club relocation is present also practice in Italian football, especially at lower levels. Current Italian football laws allow relocation of clubs only between bordering cities. Some examples of current football clubs born as relocation of previous ones include:
- In 2004, after Cosenza Calcio 1914 was not admitted to Serie B, a new ownership bought sports rights from then-Serie D club Castrovillari in order to permit a Cosenza franchise to play football in the upcoming season. The new club however proved to be short-lived, as it declared bankruptcy in 2007, but was promptly replaced by Fortitudo Cosenza, born as relocation of neighbouring Serie D club Rende Calcio.
- Serie D's Neapolis, located in Naples, was born as a relocation of Sangiuseppese, a club hailing from the neighbouring city of San Giuseppe Vesuviano.
- In 1994, one year after the cancellation of Calcio Catania, Atletico Leonzio's chairman Franco Proto relocated his club, renaming it Atletico Catania. The club, previously located in Lentini, went on to play up to Serie C1 (the league now known as Lega Pro Prima Divisione), losing promotion to Serie B on playoffs twice before being cancelled in 2001 because of financial difficulties also related to Calcio Catania's return into professional football and the consequent drop in attendance.
More recent examples include A.C.D. Città di Vittoria, born in 2007 as merger of Serie D's Comiso with minor league club Junior Vittoria (possibly a trick in order to allow the club to legally relocate from Comiso to Vittoria). A.S.D. Pol. Libertas Acate of Serie D are a club officially settled in Acate, which however actually plays their home matches in Modica and are recognized by both fans and the regional press as Modica's club, being frequently referred to as Libertas Acate-Modica. In fact, after a takeover bid in 2006 the club left Acate to play their home matches in Modica despite the fact they were not eligible to change the "legal" home city.
Relocation has also occurred in Italian basketball. Before the 2010–11 season, Triboldi were legally domiciled in Soresina, but played their home games in nearby Cremona, a community in the same province. The club has now changed its domicile to Cremona. Nuova Sebastiani Basket moved from Rieti, a city in the Lazio region near Rome, to the southern city of Naples effective with the 2009–10 season.
Irish clubs relocating out of their original district are slightly more common. In certain cases, the club has moved within a conurbation.
- Shamrock Rovers Played in Glenmalure Park on the Southside of Dublin from 1926 to 1987. The club's owner Louis Kilcoyne announced he was selling Glenmalure Park, which they had recently purchased from the Jesuits.[7] The team played the entire 1987–88 season in an almost empty Tolka Park on Dublin's Northside as a result of a boycott called for by the Shamrock Rovers Supporters Club and KRAM (Keep Rovers At Milltown),[7] which was observed by the vast majority of Hoops fans.[8] Following the completion of the boycott season in Tolka, the Kilcoynes sold the football club to Dublin businessman, John McNamara, who put forward a controversial proposal to move in with Rivals Bohemians at Dalymount Park. KRAM congregated to vote on whether to lift the boycott and on the proposal to move to Dalymount. Both motions were passed and the club spent the next two seasons at the Phibsboro venue, with an unrecognisable side playing in front of small attendances.[9] Rovers spent two season's in Dalymount Park before moving to the RDS Arena in Ballsbridge, just two miles away from Glenmalure Park. In 1996 the club's new owner Alan McGrath unveiled a plan to build a permanent home state-of-the-art stadium in the Dublin southwest suburb of Tallaght for Rovers,[10] The club also played home matches in Morton Stadium, Richmond Park and again in Tolka Park before moving to their new home in Tallaght in 2009.
- Shelbourne were originally from Ringsend in the South of Dublin. The club played in Harold's Cross Stadium in Harold's Cross briefly in the 1970s before moving to the stadium in 1982 where they remained until 1989 when they moved to Tolka Park, in the North of Dublin.
Team relocation is very rare in the Netherlands. The most prominent case involves professional football club Almere City FC. When 1964 Eredivisie champion and 1964-65 European Cup quarter finalist Door Wilskracht Sterk was merged into FC Amsterdam, its supporters founded amateur football club De Zwarte Schapen, named after their nickname, which translates as Black Sheep. The club quickly rose through the ranks of amateur football, eventually reaching the Hoofdklasse. After several violent incidents on the pitch and a six-month suspension by the Royal Dutch Football Association, the club moved from Amsterdam to nearby Almere (a "new town") and changed its name to Sporting Flevoland. That name was changed to FC Omniworld in the 1990s, and FC Omniworld was admitted to the Eerste Divisie for the 2005-06 season.
Team relocation is slightly more common in other sports in the Netherlands. Volleyball club AMVJ, for instance, moved from Amsterdam to Amstelveen in 1980. The men's team was subsequently relocated to Almere in 1999, becoming Omniworld.
Team relocation is rare, although mergers, for instance of teams of neighboring settlements, are common. Relocation has sometimes happened on the top level of women's football. SK Sprint-Jeløy was moved from Jeløy to Moss under the new name FK Athene Moss. Asker Fotball's women's team was absorbed by Stabæk Fotball ahead of the 2009 season. Ahead of the 2010 season Team Strømmen FK (which formerly had been moved from Aurskog-Høland) was absorbed by Lillestrøm SK, and Gjøvik FK absorbed by Raufoss IL.
Team relocation in football is rare if not nonexistent. However, one current top-level basketball team has moved twice in the 2000s. The club founded in 1946 as Lokomotiv Mineralnye Vody moved in 2003 to Rostov-on-Don, and then in 2008 to Krasnodar, where it is now known as Lokomotiv-Kuban. All three of the club's home cities are in adjoining federal subjects.
In 2011, the Kontinental Hockey League, based in Russia but also including teams from several other post-Soviet states, expanded outside the former Soviet Union for the first time, adding the Slovakian team Lev Poprad. The team was purchased by Czech interests after the 2011–12 season; the new owners folded the club and replaced it with a similarly named team, the Prague-based Lev Praha. Although the two Lev teams are technically separate corporate entities, this situation can be viewed as an effective relocation; not only are the team names similar, but the new owners retained much of the Poprad roster.
Again, team relocation in Spain is highly unusual. However, at the end of the 2006–2007 season Segunda División side Ciudad de Murcia was acquired by an investor from Granada, transferring it to that city and renaming it to Granada 74 CF. The players still under contract with Ciudad had the option to cancel their contract or stay on with the newly formed club.
Also, the Club Balonmano Ciudad Real (Handball team of Ciudad Real), the second best team ever in handball history in Spain, and winner of the Super Globe in 2007 and 2010, couldn't get an sponsor and had no enough support for maintain a high level team. Team was sold in 2011 to Club Atlético de Madrid and renamed to Club Balonmano Atlético de Madrid. Despite winning 2012 World Championship in their first year with the new owners, and other national titles, they couldn't afford debts, and team dissapeared in 2013.[11]
Team relocation in Sweden is very unusual. However two clubs from the capital Stockholm have changed municipality (AIK) and acquired another team into their club colors (Hammarby Ishockey) respectively. AIK was formed in Stockholm in 1891 but then moved to neighbouring Solna in 1937. Hammarby IF had an ice hockey section that was shut down in 2008. In 2013 the club Bajen Fans Hockey then changed their name to Hammarby ishockey,[12] thereby becoming one of very few clubs in Sweden that have acquired another club and made it their own.
Süleymaniye Sirkeci was founded in 1912 and had black-white colors. The club played in the old Third Division (now TFF Second League) before relocating to Küçükçekmece at the end of the 1989-90 season. It was renamed as "Küçükçekmecespor" and changed its colors to green-white.
Beyoğlu Kapalıçarşı was founded in 1983 in Beyoğlu district. The club moved to Güngören one and was renamed as Güngören Belediyespor after the end of the 1993-94 season.
Team Relocations in Australia[edit]
The two major professional sporting leagues in Australia are the Australian Football League (AFL) and National Rugby League (NRL). Both competitions were originally based in one city (Melbourne and Sydney respectively) and expanded to a national level, and through this process there have been team relocations, mergers and closures in both leagues. The clubs are owned by members, not privately, but the North American franchise model exists, which means entry to the league is restricted. This hybrid model has meant that the leading promotor of relocation is the league itself, trying to grow the football code by encouraging poorly performing clubs to relocate interstate.
The AFL is the national competition in Australian rules football and grew out of the mostly suburban Melbourne based Victorian Football League competition; as a result the member clubs have had to move to adjust to a changing national focus.
Major Interstate Relocations and Mergers[edit]
- South Melbourne Football Club - in 1982 relocated interstate to Sydney, 963 kilometres north and became the Sydney Swans. Despite early struggles, the club has more than tripled its membership since and have won premierships (championships) in 2005 & 2012.
- Fitzroy Football Club - in 1996 the Melbourne based club merged its playing operations with the interstate Brisbane Bears, a club 1669 kilometres north of its original home, with the Bears becoming the Brisbane Lions. Since the merger, the Brisbane club almost doubled its membership and won three consecutive premierships between 2001 and 2003. Though the Fitzroy Football Club ceased fielding a team in profession competitions, it continued as a standalone entity based at its traditional home, and fields a team in the amateur Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA).
Minor Relocations[edit]
- St Kilda Football Club - in 1964 relocated from the Junction Oval in St Kilda to the Moorabbin Oval in the South Eastern Melbourne suburb of Moorabbin. Two years later they won their first and only premiership. From 1993 to 1999 they played their home games to Waverley Park in Mulgrave in Melbourne's east. St Kilda were one of the first tenants of the new Colonial Stadium in 2000, but their administration remained at Moorabbin. In late 2007, it was confirmed that the club would leave Moorabbin to set up base in Seaford, Victoria, a region (the Mornington Peninsula) in which the club had grown its supporter base significantly. The move was completed at the start of the 2011 season.
- Hawthorn Football Club - in 1973 moved from suburban Hawthorn to Princes Park in Carlton, an inner Northern suburb of Melbourne, and then to Waverley Park in 1991. In 2000, the club moved its home games to the Melbourne Cricket Ground. In 2005, some years after Waverley Park's demise as an official VFL/AFL venue, the club permanently relocated to Waverley, but the name of the club did not change.
- Brisbane Bears - in 1993 relocated to the Brisbane Cricket Ground in Brisbane for the 1993 season and membership and attendances instantly tripled. Formed in 1986, the perhaps incorrectly named side had initially established itself in Carrara, Queensland, a suburb of the city of Gold Coast, Queensland, some 80 kilometres south of the city of Brisbane.
- Collingwood Football Club - in 1999 played their last game at Victoria Park in Collingwood and moved to the larger and more central Melbourne Cricket Ground. The headquarters of the club moved to the Lexus Centre in Richmond, Victoria in 2005.
Home Ground Only Relocations[edit]
- Fitzroy Football Club - in 1967 moved its home ground from the Brunswick Street Oval in Fitzroy to Princes Park, Carlton. In 1970, the club again moved its home game to the Junction Oval in 1970, then the Whitten Oval in 1984 before eventually merging with an interstate club.
- Essendon Football Club - in 1993 moved their home ground from Windy Hill, Essendon to the larger and more central Melbourne Cricket Ground. In 2000, the club again moved home games to the Telstra Dome, though the headquarters of the club remained in Essendon.
- Port Adelaide Football Club - in 1997, on admission to the AFL moved its home games to AAMI Stadium. The club retained its administration and training base at Alberton Oval in Port Adelaide.
- North Melbourne Football Club - in 2000 moved home ground to the Telstra Dome, but retained the Arden Street Oval in North Melbourne as official headquarters.
- Geelong Football Club - in 2000, the provincial Victorian club became the AFL's first true dual-home club, playing the larger games at the Telstra Dome 75 kilometres away in Melbourne. The club's administration remains based at Kardinia Park in Geelong.
- Footscray Football Club - in 2002 moved permanently from the Whitten Oval in Footscray to the larger and more central Telstra Dome and changed their name to the Western Bulldogs, though the club's headquarters is still in Footscray.
- Richmond Football Club - moved their home games from Punt Road Oval next door to the much larger Melbourne Cricket Ground. The club still trains and has administration quarters at the Punt Road Oval.
- Melbourne Football Club - During the re-development ot their home, the Melbourne Cricket Ground, the training and administration headquarters of the club were temporarily moved to Sandringham, Victoria with the Victorian Football League affiliate, the Sandringham Football Club. The club's training headquarters are currently at the Junction Oval which proves troublesome during the summer as it is used for cricket. The club hopes to remove the problems associated with separate administration and training headquarters when it moves all operation to its new headquarters at a refurbished Olympic Park Stadium in 2007.
- Carlton Football Club - at the end of the 2005 season moved from Optus Oval in Carlton, to the larger and more central Telstra Dome, although retained its administration headquarters at Princes Park. The club was the last suburban based Melbourne club to leave its former home ground.
Secondary Interstate 'Home's[edit]
Some Melbourne based clubs began selling home games interstate in the late 1990s and conducting community camp clinics to build up local supporter bases.
- Western Bulldogs - Darwin, Northern Territory since 2000 (approximately 1-2 games a year). In 2007, the Bulldogs reduced their commitment to 1 game and signed a deal to also play 1 game a year in Canberra.
- St Kilda Football Club - Launceston, Tasmania (approximately 2 games a year between 2002–2006).
- Hawthorn Football Club - Launceston, Tasmania (approximately 2 games a year between 2002–2006). In 2006, changed their naming rights to the Tassie Hawks and increased the number of games to 4 per year
- North Melbourne Football Club - in 1999, backed by the AFL, the club changed their trading name to the Kangaroos, and played a handful of home games interstate in Sydney. The move proved unsuccessful, and the club has since played in Canberra for several years (2002–2006) before abandoning the area for the more lucrative, and potential goldmine at the Gold Coast, Queensland (2007–2008). However, the club pulled out from relocating 'home' games altogether after declining a league offer of full relocation to the Gold Coast.
- Melbourne Football Club - a single home game a year to the Brisbane Lions at the Brisbane Cricket Ground in Queensland (2005–2007). The Demons added a single game to Gold Coast, Queensland in Queensland in 2006. In 2007, the Demons shifted its Gold Coast commitment to Canberra for a single game each year whilst also playing one game a year in Brisbane.
The NRL is the national competition in rugby league and was born out of the Sydney based Australian Rugby League and New South Wales Rugby League competitions. In 1987, the Western Suburbs Magpies agreed to relocate from its (inner) Western suburbs base to the outer south-western Macarthur district following a prior move west to Lidcombe Oval. In 1999, they merged with the remaining Inner Western team, the Balmain Tigers, (both teams having been established in 1908) to become Wests Tigers. The North Sydney Bears attempted to move from their Northern Suburbs base to the swiftly growing Central Coast region just north of Sydney in 1999, however problems with construction at the proposed home ground now known as Bluetongue Central Coast Stadium meant that the Bears continued to play home matches in a variety of Sydney grounds before being forced into a merger with the Manly Sea Eagles as the Northern Eagles. The merged clubs played home matches at both the Central Coast and Manly's home ground of Brookvale Oval, but after the bears were expelled from the partnership, poor crowds at the former location led to a reversion to the name of Manly and games played exclusively at Brookvale Oval. Subsequently one of the owners of Bluetongue Central Coast Stadium, John Singleton, has attempted to lure another club to play there, notably the South Sydney Rabbitohs who have experienced poor crowds at their new home ground of ANZ Stadium.
The Canterbury Bulldogs were formed in 1935 and played their first season without a home ground. In 1936, they settled at Belmore Oval (renamed the Belmore Sports Ground) and played home matches there until the end of the 1998 season. The Bulldogs trialled a number of alternative home grounds during the 1990s, including Concord Oval in 1994. In 1995 they changed their name to the Sydney Bulldogs played most of the Premiership winning season at Parramatta Stadium, sharing the ground with bitter rivals, the Parramatta Eels and the also renamed and relocated Sydney (Balmain) Tigers. They finally settled on Stadium Australia, the main stadium for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games as their home ground, and in 2008, relocated their training and administration facilities from Belmore to the Homebush Olympic Park Site.
Other clubs have relocated to new home grounds but have retained their original base.
Relocations in other parts of the world[edit]
Relocations in other countries are done according to the type of sport played and/or the predominant style of league organization, as well as individual economic circumstances. For instance, Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan (run like MLB) has relocated several franchises out of crowded markets, the most recent being Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters (originally based in Tokyo) and Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks (originally based in Osaka). The J. League (also in Japan but run like European football leagues) has by contrast allowed only a few teams to move out of crowded or unprofitable markets, the only prominent example being Tokyo Verdy moving from Kawasaki, Kanagawa to Tokyo. (Thespa Kusatsu actually plays in the nearby larger city of Maebashi, Gunma because Kusatsu does not have a large stadium; Verdy, F.C. Tokyo, Gamba Osaka and V-Varen Nagasaki play outside their city limits but in Tokyo's case it's more a question of practicality than location.)
In Mexico, the Atlante F.C. football club moved out of Mexico City to Cancún in the south (Liga MX has a relegation system but its teams have some territorial rights recognized, perhaps due to U.S. influence as many league matches are aired in the U.S., where only traditional top-flight teams are perceived to most effectively reach the immigrant fanbase). Club Necaxa also moved from Mexico City to Aguascalientes. In May 2013 two Liga MX clubs relocated, one being Jaguares de Chiapas who moved from Tuxtla Gutiérrez to Querétaro and became Querétaro F.C., which left the city of Tuxtla Gutiérrez without a first division football team. San Luis F.C. later moved from San Luis Potosí to Tuxtla Gutiérrez and became Chiapas F.C., which brought first division football back to the city. In May 2013, C.F. La Piedad, who won relegation to the Liga MX moved to Veracruz where Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz played. Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz who played in the Ascenso MX moved to San Luis Potosí and became Atletico San Luis. Club Relocations are also common when an amateur or semi-professional club tries to acquire its own facilities in order to become a professional club, and no money and/or space is available to build their own in a long-established location. In Peru several teams have had to use already built large stadiums, including ones in the interior of the country, to be able to participate in Peruvian Primera División; this includes several teams from the capital, Lima, who have not been able to establish fanbases in their districts due to the required moves.
In South Korea, Many football clubs relocation were frequent in the 1980s and 1990s. Espescially, There were 3 professional football clubs Ilhwa Chunma (currently Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma), LG Cheetahs (currently FC Seoul), Yukong Elephants (currently Jeju United) in Seoul by 1995. However, due to K-League's decentralization policy, these three clubs were forced to move to other cities in 1996, changing their name in the process. As a result, Ilhwa Chunma became Cheonan Ilhwa Chunma based in Cheonan, 95 km away, LG Cheetahs became Anyang LG Cheetahs based in Anyang, a satellite city of Seoul, 21 km away and Yukong Elephants became Bucheon SK based in Bucheon, a satellite city of Seoul, 25 km away. These relocations are done under the accord that if any of these teams build a football specific stadium in Seoul, they can return there.
In 2000, Cheonan Ilhwa Chunma moved to Seongnam, a satellite city of Seoul, 28 km away then becaom Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma, In 2004, Anyang LG Cheetahs moved Seoul, assuming a small part of the construction costs of the vacant Seoul World Cup Stadium and renamed as FC Seoul. Two years later to the day, on February 2, 2006, Bucheon's club was moved by its owner, SK Group, to Jeju Island and the vacant Jeju World Cup Stadium, without notice, and rechristened Jeju United. South Korea has three national tiers, but as in the North American system, there is no promotion or relegation between them. This is because of disagreement between the Korea Football Association and the chaebols that back the top clubs. Many, if not most, of Korea National League and Challengers League clubs are fan-owned teams.
In another South Korean major professional spoprts such as Korea Professional Baseball, Korean Basketball League, V-League, relocation were common.
In France, Red Star Olympique merged with Toulouse FC (1937), but Toulouse FC disappeared and a new Toulouse FC was re-formed later.
In Colombia historic teams from First Division are rarely relocated, but newer teams created in second division are often moved from city to city looking for a responding fan base. 2008 Colombian Champions Chicó F.C. started as a B team in Bogotá Only to relocate to Tunja after promoting to First Division.
In Brazil, the first relocation of a first division football team was in 2010. Grêmio Barueri relocated to Presidente Prudente, becaming Grêmio Prudente, only to return as Grêmio Barueri in the middle of 2011. In other sports, such as volleyball, basketball or futsal, relocation is a bit more common, although it doesn't occur frequently.
In South Africa most football clubs are privately owned, and club relocation is relatively common. Several clubs, including top division Premier Soccer League clubs have moved and taken on new identities. The most recent PSL team to do this was Benoni Premier United, who moved to Kwa-Zulu Natal and became Thanda Royal Zulu. There are many other cases of South African relocations.
See also[edit]
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Orlando City Joins USL PRO". USLsoccer.com. 2010-10-25. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
- ^ http://www.linkedin.com/pub/phil-rawlins/11/13b/921 Phil Rawlins' LinkedIn webpage. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
- ^ a b "Aztex leaving Austin for Orlando". Austin American-Statesman. 2010-10-25. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
- ^ "USL Forging Bright Future". USLsoccer.com. 2010-10-25. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
- ^ "The Austin Aztex are Back". IMSoccer News. 2011-09-26. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
- ^ a b "Who dropped the ball when it came to protecting our sporting heritage?". Sunday Tribune. 2006-12-03. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
- ^ Rice, Eoghan (2005). "The Sale of Milltown". We Are Rovers. Nonsuch. p. 148. ISBN 1-84588-510-4. "The Supporters Club called for a boycott, which was observed by the vast majority of Rovers fans."
- ^ "Ex-Hoops hero Byrne saddened by plight of his former club". Retrieved 2009-02-04.
- ^ "Wednesday, July 10, 1996 - Page 16". Irish Times. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
- ^ http://www.marca.com/2013/07/08/balonmano/1373300955.html?a=59ae3d88869862c3acb7bc43905e78dc&t=1373322880
- ^ "Hammarby Hockey, publiksveket och konkursen". Retrieved 2013-10-02.
External links[edit]
- "Modell Announces Browns' Move to Baltimore" by Charles Babington and Ken Denlinger, The Washington Post, Nov. 7, 1995.
- "Major League Baseball Franchises" by Andrew C. Clem, 2005.
- "NFL Franchise Chronology" by Hickok Sports, 2004.
- "NBA Franchise History" by Hickok Sports, 2004.
- "National Hockey League (NHL) Expansion History" by Razulu's Street, 2004.


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Return home stuns Thomson residents
The rising floodwaters forced most of the 153 residents of this Carlton County community to evacuate their homes last week.By: Peter Passi, Duluth News Tribune
THOMSON — The rising floodwaters forced most of the 153 residents of this Carlton County community to evacuate their homes last week.
On Sunday, they began to trickle back.
Kim Price came to help her parents — Armas and Donna Koski — clean up the home in which she was raised. When she got there, she was overwhelmed by the scene.
"It's devastating," Price said. "I don't even know where to begin."
Her 76-year-old father said he's not certain the house can be salvaged. Armas Koski has called the Vermillion Street residence home for 47 years — before the St. Louis River floodwaters completely filled his basement, causing the building to shift on its foundation and pushing out a wall of his garage.
Even after the water was pumped out, his basement was still filled with 3 to 4 feet of muck.
Thomson Mayor Larry St. Germaine said that at least 20 of the town's 120 homes are likely to be declared total losses. The sight of buckled roads and neighbors moving the ruined contents of their homes to the roadside was enough to move St. Germaine, a 61-year-old native of the city, to tears.
Carlton County Sheriff Kelly Lake said a lot of residents were having a difficult time coming to terms with all they had lost to the flood that began Tuesday.
"Today was the first day many of these people have been able to access their homes, and they're beginning the long road to recovery," she said.
Thomson residents were asked to voluntarily evacuate, and most agreed to go. But Lake said several stayed, among them at least three later rescued by the U.S. Coast Guard, via helicopter, as the overflowing Thomson reservoir enveloped the community.
Armas Koski initially refused to leave Tuesday but was convinced to leave by his grandson on Wednesday. By then, the Koskis needed help crossing the road.
"The street was like a raging river. I'd never seen anything like it," Koski said, recalling his fear that the swift-moving current might sweep his wife's feet out from under her.
Joel Kulaszewicz owns and operates an antique store in a building next door to the Koskis. The floors of his shop were buckled by the flood, and much of his merchandise at floor level was damaged.
"I just lost stuff," said Kulaszewicz, who said he felt far worse for neighbors who lost their homes and most of their possessions.
Kulaszewicz said returning on Sunday was an unnerving experience.
"I felt nervous. You don't hardly believe what you're seeing," he said.
Koski said his return came with a degree of trepidation.
"One of my neighbors had told me I wouldn't want to see it," he said — a warning that failed to prepare him for what he encountered. "I didn't know it was near this bad."
Lake described the damage in Thomson as a product of the unpredictable "force of Mother Nature."
"It's something we could never have been fully prepared for because it had never happened before," she said.
Only residents of Thomson and aid workers are being allowed into the community at present. Lake stressed the importance of the public heeding barricades and signs.
"Public safety is our main concern," she explained.
Lake said engineering staff will need to assess the condition of certain roads before they can be reopened safely. She said the county has had to issue citations to several people who ignored signs and entered areas where they were not allowed.
Lake directed those who wish to help to call a help line at (218) 384-1112. The county is putting together teams of cleanup volunteers. It also is seeking financial contributions and other types of relief.
Tags: carlton county, news, flood


text:
Computer power is all about monitor size. I remember moving aside a 13-inch monitor and hooking up a 21-inch monitor to my Quadra 650. It felt like my computer was 4 times faster.
Now I have a 17-inch external display (has anyone else noticed that Apple uses "display" and everyone else seems to use "monitor"?) that I piccked up from CompUSA on a special promotion: they are selling the Benq FP731 with a $40 offf in-store incentive and $80 of manufacturer rebates for an end total of about $180. I checked the reviews of the monitor: it didn't get bad reviews, so for the price I figure I could take a shot at getting burned.
Now I have this nice and bright monitor putting my Powerbook display to shame. It's the difference between washing your whites with your colored clothes, then having someone who knows something about laundry come along and wash the whites separately. The Benq is bright: 260 nits bright. I don't know what a nit is, but this display has 260 of them and it makes my Powerbook whites look dingy grey. I even checked to ensure the cats hadn't been stepping on the brightness keys (it's that and Num Lock they they always seem to hit).
Curious things emerged when I added the display. The Powerbook detected the display immediately and things just worked. I had put the display to my left and arranged the displays in the control panel to match their physical arrangement. When I did that, I couldn't get to my Dock anymore! I like the Dock on the left side. Now when my cursor wandered that way it kept wandering onto the the other display. It was a bit confusing because my mind told me that I wanted to get to another application, and my hand did the right movements, but my cursor ended up on the other display while I was trying to remember what I was doing.
I re-arranged the displays so the external one was "under" the Powerbooks. I think I have the going down stuff in my head, but from the external display I move to the right thinking I'll end up on the Powerbook display. I end up activating Exposé since I use the hot corners for that. Exposé doesn't have much to do on the external display, but al lthe windows on the Powerbook display move around.
I'm curious what will happen as I get used to this arrangement, then leave the external display behind as I travel. Will I keep trying to make the cursor fall off the bottom of the screen?
Still, despite my cognitive obstacles, my computer all of a sudden feels more powerful. I don't have as many overlapping windows because I have more real estate to deal with. If anyone wants to donate one of the large Cinerama displays, I can report back on whether the perceived increase in power is linear or expontential.


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When hundreds of Downers Grove high school students, parents and community members gathered at North High for a forum on substance abuse, two things were evident:
Chris Herren had a story that they wanted to hear, and Herren wanted to hear theirs.
"I don't come into schools to scare kids," Herren told the crowd of about 1,200. "I do it to inspire them to share their stories."
The former NBA player from Massachusetts, who played for the Denver Nuggets, Boston Celtics and several teams overseas, came to Downers Grove on Oct. 10 to talk of the substance abuse that derailed his basketball career, jeopardized his family and nearly cost him his life.
By now Herren's story is known to many. The failed drug tests, stints in rehabilitation and overdoses were chronicled regularly by media outlets then raised to a higher profile in a 2011 ESPN documentary, "Unguarded." The film shows a sober Herren telling his story to audiences of recovering addicts, prisoners and high school students.
Herren said his 14 years of substance abuse started with cocaine when he was a teenager, progressed to a $25,000-a-month addiction to OxyContin, then to heroin, which he tried for the first time while playing in Italy.
Herren's visit was particularly timely in the wake of heightened concerns about a growing number of heroin deaths in DuPage County. However, Herren used his own experience to stress that the issue starts long before someone is abusing heroin.
"The problem is being created by pills," Herren said. "We still have medicine cabinets. Kids seek out medicine. Those pill poppers turn into heroin addicts. That's the progression."
Herren added that combating addiction requires kids and adults to understand the dangers of what seems commonplace and even accepted among teens and young adults: experimentation.
"I've never met a drug addict who said they've started with crack and heroin," Herren said. "We all start with that red Solo cup and the blunt. Our children think of drug addicts on their last day. They need to know that we always have a Day 1."
Emil and Joanne Pikul said they came at the urging of their daughter, Emily, who had heard Herren speak at her school earlier in the day. Both called Herren's speech eye-opening.
"We're never thinking it's something that's going to affect you," Emil Pikul said. "You just can't help but absorb some of the advice. You never know. The best-case scenarios can turn bad."
Emily and her friend, Haley Holz, both seniors at South High, both said that Herren's presentation resonated deeply among their classmates.
"I was in the top row of the top balcony. I felt his powerful words," Emily Pikul said. "I could see the effect it had. Him coming down and humbling himself, he automatically gained students' respect."
"You could hear a pin drop," Holz added. "Twitter blew up immediately after. It was one of the first times I felt that a presentation was really making a difference. It was nothing like any other experience I've had."
It seemed to have some immediate effects. A handful of students and adults revealed their own addictions to the crowd. People responded with boisterous applause.
Diana Benoist, student assistance coordinator at South, said several students came forward after Herren's morning presentation to seek out counseling.
"Dozens of kids wanted to tell Chris their story and wanted to access help right away," Benoist said. "I have kids in my office who deny use, deny use, deny use. It is a big deal for them to step forward and say, 'I have a problem with this.'"
Still, Benoist emphasized that helping students fight addiction is an ongoing battle for authorities and parents.
"Chris is incredibly inspirational, but three weeks from now, I'll have a student come into my office high," Benoist said. "It's something that we definitely need to be following up on."
Twitter: @rhodes_dawn


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< Return To Hearing
Pedro A. RamosFebruary 19, 2007
Testimony of Pedro A. Ramos
We all continue to struggle with the challenge of addressing the growing problem of violence and the devastating effects it has on our community, especially on our youngest citizens. Violence is shattering the dreams and futures of too many children and youth in our city. A comprehensive and community-wide strategy is needed to address this growing violence. The Street administration has invested heavily in violence prevention programs, and there is no more important priority for this administration than the safety and stability of our children and youth. A significant component of our comprehensive violence reduction strategy is mentoring. My testimony will focus on how current violence reduction efforts, specifically YVRP - which has been tied to significant decreases in youth homicide rates - and the Adolescent Violence Reduction Partnership (AVRP), utilize mentoring as a key component of their approaches. Although we are seeing positive trends in the reduction of many major crimes , there has been recent growth in violence among youth ages 18-24: One of the city's most notable research-based violence reduction strategies is YVRP, which is active in five of the city's 24 police districts. This proven model targets youth who are most likely to kill or be killed and provides them with intensive supervision, mentoring, and support services. YVRP is a partnership among the Philadelphia Police Department, Adult and Juvenile Probation, the District Attorney's Office, the Managing Director's Office, the departments of Human Services, Recreation and Behavioral Health, as well as other partner agencies, both public and private. The young people enrolled in the program are known as "youth partners," and the paraprofessionals who deliver many of the services, including mentoring, are known as "streetworkers." The essential elements of YVRP, each of which I will describe in detail, are identification, surveillance, graduated sanctions, positive supports - including mentoring, and gun suppression. YVRP was first introduced in the 24th police district in 1999 and has since expanded to a total of five police districts. Since its inception, approximately 2,100 youth have been part of YVRP. Given the target population, it is clear YVRP has saved many lives: Through December 2006, only 1.3 percent of YVRP youth partners have either died or been accused of murder. While a single death is too many, the data clearly demonstrate the success we have had mentoring 98.7 percent of our youth partners. YVRP is currently funded through a combination of state grants, a federal earmark, City government dollars, and in-kind contributions by government agencies. In FY 2007, the total cost of YVRP operations will be $7.15 million, over 80 percent of which are grant funds. Assuming that all in-kind contributions and current grants would remain the same, expanding YVRP to another nine police districts would cost an additional $6.9 million annually. Given the success of YVRP with 16-24 year olds and the reports of growing violence among younger youth, it is logical that this initiative be driven down to younger youth. Lifetimes at Risk: Young Offenders Between 10-12 Years of Age The Philadelphia Story, a briefing paper published by Philadelphia Safe and Sound, documents that we know how to identify youth at younger ages who are likely to kill or be killed. And we are doing just that through the Adolescent Violence Reduction Partnership (AVRP). AVRP is designed to intervene with 10- to 15-year-old youth at the first sign of serious risk behaviors, connect them with streetworkers, and provide support services to help them re-direct their lives before becoming victims or perpetrators. For both YVRP and AVRP, the streetworker naturally takes on a role of mentor to the youth, encouraging him or her to make positive choices for the future. Natural mentors have been demonstrated to be a positive influence for at-risk youth, a finding that is validated by the success of the YVRP program. In conclusion, I want to again thank you for the opportunity to provide testimony today and, more importantly, for your commitment to addressing the violence crisis we battle everyday. I will answer any questions you may have. The number of violent crime arrests has decreased by 12% between 2001 and 2005: rape arrests have decreased by 24%; arrests for robberies have decreased by 4%; aggravated assault arrests have decreased by 18%. Sixteen youth have died: thirteen homicide victims, two suicides, and one automobile accident. Twelve have been charged with murder: five have been found guilty, one was found not guilty, one had his murder case withdrawn, and five have open cases. |


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Off-Campus Housing: I haven't looked into it too much, but the students I've talked to say that it is accessible and affordable
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Written by Amanda Thompson
Most students move off campus after living in the dorms their freshman year. Lawrence definitely caters to students who want to live off campus, and most students agree that finding somewhere to live off campus is convenient and affordable.
One of the most popular student-dominated off-campus areas is affectionately called the "student ghetto." While houses here are usually pretty old and can have a few problems, students prefer this area because it's within walking distance to campus and the bars and restaurants of downtown Lawrence and Massachusetts Street. More expensive living is also available for students willing to pay for it. The Legends Place Apartments are some of the priciest in Lawrence but are extremely nice and new. However, these apartments are not near campus, which is something many students look for when getting a place. The freedom of living off campus is refreshing for students after living with the rules and regulations of the dorms.
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Search Rivier.edu
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By SCHUYLER DIXON Associated Press March 7, 2014 9:38 p.m.
Dirk Nowitzki scored 22 points, Devin Harris hit the go-ahead shot in the final minute and the Dallas Mavericks rallied in the fourth quarter after blowing a 30-point to beat the Portland Trail Blazers 103-98 Friday night.
By Erik Gundersen March 6, 2014 8:44 p.m.
The Trail Blazers and their recently stingy defense got back on track against the Atlanta Hawks on Wednesday before the team embarked on a five-game road trip on Thursday morning.
By Erik Gundersen March 5, 2014 11:08 p.m.
After a disappointing loss to a struggling Los Angeles Lakers team, the Portland Trail Blazers went back to taking care of business against lesser teams on Wednesday.
By Erik Gundersen March 4, 2014 11:36 p.m.
In the Blazers' time without LaMarcus Aldridge, the notion of it being a blessing in disguise has been talked about frequently with regards to their bench, their defense and the elevated play of Damian Lillard.
By Erik Gundersen March 3, 2014 11 p.m.
The Los Angeles Lakers led by 13 points after the first quarter on the way to a 107-106 victory over the Portland Trail Blazers on Monday at the Moda Center.
By Erik Gundersen March 3, 2014 8:39 p.m.
Monday was Meyers Leonard's second game since injuring an ankle in practice. He said that probably the biggest issue he faces is getting his conditioning back.
By Erik Gundersen March 3, 2014 6 a.m.
It's been a good stretch for Will Barton. He's been playing well, all in games that the Portland Trail Blazers have won.
By Erik Gundersen March 3, 2014 6 a.m.
A look back at the Trail Blazers week and what's coming up
By Erik Gundersen March 2, 2014 6 a.m.
The Blazers may have lost, but it didn't stop a few elderly basketball fans leaving the Moda Center from feeling like winners.
By Erik Gundersen March 1, 2014 10:53 p.m.
LaMarcus Aldridge played well in his return, scoring 16 points and grabbing seven rebounds, but it was Nic Batum and Robin Lopez who stood out, powering the Blazers to a 102-96 victory over the Denver Nuggets.
By Erik Gundersen February 28, 2014 6:47 p.m.
The Blazers have been defending, they've been running and rolling over their last five games without LaMarcus Aldridge, Joel Freeland, Meyers Leonard and recently Thomas Robinson.
By Erik Gundersen February 26, 2014 9:34 p.m.
On Sunday, the Brooklyn Nets signed center Jason Collins to a 10-day contract. When he stepped on the court to face the Lakers in his hometown, he became the first openly gay man to play in an NBA game.
By Erik Gundersen February 26, 2014 10:57 p.m.
Playing seven minutes and only having two turnovers to show for would discourage most players. Most players, however, do not have the resolute confidence of Will Barton.
By By ARNIE STAPLETON AP Sports Writer February 25, 2014 9:38 p.m.
DENVER (AP) -- Damian Lillard made up for the absence of fellow All-Star LaMarcus Aldridge by scoring 31 points in the Portland Trail Blazers' 100-95 win over the Denver Nuggets on Tuesday night.
By Erik Gundersen February 24, 2014 6 a.m.
A look back at the Blazers week as well as a look to upcoming opponents.


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Tucson police say a 28-year-old man is a homicide victim.
Sgt. Chris Widmer says officers responded to a report of shots fired at an apartment complex late Wednesday night and found the man in the parking lot.
He'd been shot, and Widmer says the man died shortly after he was taken to a hospital.
Widmer says officers determined that one or more people involved in the killing have gang affiliations.
The man's identity wasn't released.
Copyright 2013 Associated Press. All rights reserved.
Four days after Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 took off from Kuala Lumpur, crews have found nothing.


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Started Nov 28, 2010
Started this discussion. Last reply by Roger Dowe Nov 19, 2013.
Started this discussion. Last reply by Home Based Business Program May 5, 2010.
Posted on November 2, 2010 at 3:00pm
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JACKSON HOLE, Wyo., July 12 (Reuters) - The Federal Reserve should keep buying bonds at the current pace until inflation rises back up toward the 2-percent target, a top U.S. central banker said on Friday in remarks that show how divided the Fed is on its quantitative easing program.
St. Louis Fed President James Bullard, a voter on policy this year, told reporters the Fed would have to rethink its strategy for reducing asset purchases if inflation, now around 1 percent, drifted lower.
(Reporting by Jonathan Spicer; Editing by James Dalgleish) Keywords: USA FED/BULLARD INFLATION
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New Kilpatrick
"KILPATRICK (NEW), village in Dumbartonshire, and parish partly also in Stirlingshire. ... The parish contains also Milngavie town, and Garscadden, Carscube, Knightswood, Netherton, Craigton, Bluerow, and Dalsholm villages. Its length is 7½ miles; its greatest breadth 3½ miles; its area 9303 acres in Dumbartonshire, and 2747 in Stirlingshire. ... Pop., quoad civilia, 7414; quoad sacra, 4485. The northern section, to the extend of about 4 square miles, is filled with part of Kilpatrick Hills; and the rest of the land descends in successive knolly undulations to the Kelvin and the vicinity of Yoker on the Clyde. Coal, limestone, and very fine sandstone are worked. Chief seats are Garscube, Killermont, Garscadden, Clober, Balvie, and Kilmardinny; and chief antiquities are vestiges of Antoninus' Wall, and sites of two ancient chapels. Established, United Presbyterian, and Roman Catholic churches are at Milngavie. 8 schools for 1069 scholars are in the parish, and 1 of them for 400 is new."
[From The Gazetteer of Scotland, by Rev. John Wilson, 1882.]
Church Records
The parish church records are held in the General Register Office for Scotland in Edinburgh, and copies on microfilm may be consulted in local libraries and in LDS Family History Centres around the world.
Records in the old parish registers (OPRs) for New Kilpatrick parish span the following years:
Births or Baptisms ~ 1691-1854
Marriages or Banns ~ 1693-1854
Deaths or Burials ~ 1758-1769
- Churches in New Kilpatrick (NS550717):
- Church of Scotland, New Kilpatrick
- Blessed John Duns Scotus, Chesters Road, Bearsden, Roman Catholic
You can also perform a more selective search for churches in the East Kilpatrick area that are recorded in the GENUKI church database. This will also help identify other churches in nearby townships and/or parishes. You also have the option to see the location of the churches marked on a map.
Civil Registration
Registration of Births, Marriages and Deaths began in Scotland on 1st January 1855. For details of these and other records held at the General Register Office in Edinburgh, see the GRO tutorial.
Description and Travel
- Ask the GENUKI Gazetteer for a calculation of the distance from New Kilpatrick to another place.


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Stuffed French Toast
From Redbook
This special Sunday French Toast is stuffed with a deluxe "cheese Danish" filling, and the process is so simple, the kids can help out. Currants, dried cherries, or even chocolate chips can be stirred into the filling.
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Nutritional Information
(per serving)
Calories | 760 |
Total Fat | 32g |
Saturated Fat | -- |
Cholesterol | -- |
Sodium | -- |
Total Carbohydrate | -- |
Dietary Fiber | -- |
Sugars | -- |
Protein | -- |
Calcium | -- |
Photographed by Burcu Avsar
U.S. | Metric | Conversion chart |
- 1 cup(s) part-skim ricotta cheese
- 6 tablespoon(s) sugar
- 1/2 cup(s) pecans or walnuts, toasted and coarsley chopped
- 1/3 cup(s) raisins
- 1 teaspoon(s) vanilla
- 4 slice(s) (1 1/2-inch thick) challah bread , cut from 12 x 6-inch loaf
- 2 eggs
- 1 cup(s) milk
- 1 tablespoon(s) unsalted butter
- 1 tablespoon(s) vegetable oil
- In medium bowl, stir together ricotta, 3 tablespoons sugar, nuts, raisins, and vanilla until combined.
- With small, sharp knife, make a pocket in each piece of bread by cutting a horizontal slit along the bottom edge of piece.
- Spoon ricotta filling into pockets, dividing it evenly; press edges of bread together gently to enclose filling.
- In large, shallow bowl, lightly beat eggs and milk together. Dip stuffed bread into egg mixture, coating sides completely, absorbing all egg mixture.
- In 12-inch skillet, heat butter and oil over medium-low heat. Add stuffed bread and cook 4 minutes per side, or until golden brown all over. Sprinkle with remaining 3 tablespoons sugar and serve hot.
From Redbook Flavor Rules ©1999 Hearst Books - Buy the book
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