text:
University College London
University College London | ||||||||||||
The UCL logo since 2005
Motto | Cuncti adsint meritaeque expectent praemia palmae (Latin) | |||||||||||
Motto in English | Let all come who by merit deserve the most reward | |||||||||||
Established | 1826 | |||||||||||
Type | Public research university | |||||||||||
Endowment | £85.9 million (at 31 July 2013)[1] | |||||||||||
Chancellor | HRH The Princess Royal (University of London) | |||||||||||
Provost | Michael Arthur | |||||||||||
Chairman of the Council | Sir Stephen Wall[2] | |||||||||||
Admin. staff | 11,024 (2013 average)[1] | |||||||||||
Students | 24,680[3] | |||||||||||
Undergraduates | 13,405[3] | |||||||||||
Postgraduates | 11,275[3] | |||||||||||
Location | London, United Kingdom | |||||||||||
Visitor | John Dyson, Lord Dyson As Master of the Rolls ex officio[4] |
Colours |
Affiliations | ||||||||||||
Website | ucl.ac.uk |
University College London (UCL) is a public research university in London, England, and the oldest and largest constituent college of the federal University of London.[5] Founded in 1826, UCL was the first university institution established in London and the first in England to be entirely secular, to admit students regardless of their religion, and to admit women on equal terms with men.[6] The philosopher Jeremy Bentham is commonly regarded as the spiritual father of UCL, as his radical ideas on education and society were the inspiration to its founders, although his direct involvement in its foundation was limited to the purchase of £100 in shares. UCL became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London in 1836. It has grown through mergers, including with the Institute of Neurology (in 1997), the Royal Free Hospital Medical School (in 1998), the Eastman Dental Institute (in 1999), the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (in 1999) and the School of Pharmacy (in 2012).
UCL's main campus is located in the Bloomsbury area of central London, with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals located elsewhere in central London, and satellite campuses in Adelaide, Australia and Doha, Qatar. UCL is organised into 10 constituent faculties, within which there are over 100 departments, institutes and research centres. UCL has around 26,700 students and 11,025 staff and had a total income of £937 million in 2012/13, of which £335 million was from research grants and contracts.[1] UCL has around 4,000 academic and research staff and 650 full professors, the highest number of any British university.[7] UCL is responsible for several museums and collections in a wide range of fields across the arts and sciences, including the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, a leading collection of Egyptian and Sudanese archaeology.
UCL is regarded as one of the world's most prestigious universities and ranks highly in domestic and global league tables; it is joint 21st in the world (and 3rd in Europe) in the 2013 Academic Ranking of World Universities,[8] 4th in the world (and 2nd in Europe) in the 2013 QS World University Rankings[9] and 21st in the world (and 5th in Europe) in the 2013/14 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[10] For the period 1999 to 2009 it was the 13th most-cited university in the world (and most-cited in Europe).[11] There are 27 Nobel Prize winners and three Fields Medalists amongst UCL's alumni and current and former staff. UCL alumni include the "Father of the Nation" of each of India, Kenya and Mauritius, the inventor of the telephone, and one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. All five of the naturally-occurring noble gases were discovered at UCL by William Ramsay.
UCL is part of three of the 11 biomedical research centres established by the NHS in England and is a founding member of the Francis Crick Institute and UCL Partners, the world's largest academic health science centre.[12] UCL has hundreds of research and teaching partnerships, including a strategic alliance with the Institute of Education and a major collaboration with Yale University, the Yale UCL Collaborative. UCL is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association, the European Network for Training Economic Research, the G5,[13] the League of European Research Universities, the Russell Group, SES-5,[14] UNICA, the Universities Research Association and Universities UK.[15] It forms part of the 'golden triangle' of British universities.[16]
1826 to 1901[edit]
UCL was founded on 11 February 1826 under the name London University as a secular alternative to the religious universities of Oxford and Cambridge.[17][18] Despite the commonly held belief that the philosopher Jeremy Bentham founded UCL, his involvement was limited to the purchase of share No.633, at a cost of £100 paid in nine installments between December 1826 and January 1830. In 1828 he did nominate a friend to sit on the council, and in 1827 attempted to have his disciple John Bowring appointed as the first professor of English or History, however on both occasions neither of his candidates were successful.[19] This suggests that while his ideas may have been influential, he himself was less so. Bentham is today commonly regarded as the spiritual father of UCL, as his radical ideas on education and society were the inspiration to the institution's founders, particularly the Scotsmen James Mill (1773–1836) and Henry Brougham (1778–1868).[20] London University's first Warden was Leonard Horner, who was the first scientist to head a British university.[21]
In 1827, the Chair of Political Economy at London University was created, with John Ramsay McCulloch as the first incumbent, establishing one of the first Department of Economics in England.[22] In 1828 the university became the first in England to offer English as a degree subject[23] and the teaching of Classics and medicine began. In 1830, London University founded the London University School, which would later become University College School. In 1833, the university appointed Alexander Maconochie, Secretary to the Royal Geographical Society, as the first professor of geography in the UK. In 1834, University College Hospital opened as a teaching hospital for the university medical school.[24] In 1836, London University was renamed University College, London, when, under a Royal Charter, it worked with the recently established King's College, London, to create the federal University of London. The Slade School of Fine Art was founded in 1871 following a bequest from Felix Slade.[25] In 1878 UCL became the first British university to admit women on equal terms to men.[26] In 1898, Sir William Ramsay discovered the elements krypton, neon and xenon whilst professor of chemistry at UCL.[27][28]
1901 to 2001[edit]
Gregory Foster became UCL's first Provost in 1906, a post he would hold for the next 23 years. In the same year the Cruciform Building was opened as the new home for University College Hospital.[29] In 1907 the University of London was formally reconstituted with a new Royal charter, and a number of new institutions joined the federation. As part of this reconstitution each of the constituent institutions, including UCL, lost their legal independence, and henceforth all offered degrees awarded by the University of London. UCL sustained considerable bomb damage during the Second World War, including to the Great Hall and the Carey Foster Physics Laboratory. The first UCL student magazine, Pi Magazine, was published for the first time on 21 February 1946. The Institute of Jewish Studies relocated to UCL in 1959. The Mullard Space Science Laboratory was established in 1967.[30] In 1973, UCL became the first international link to the precursor of the internet, the ARPANET, sending the world's first e-mail in the same year.[31][32]
In 1976, a new charter restored UCL's legal independence, although not the power to award its own degrees.[33][34] It was also under this charter that the College became formally known as University College London (thus abandoning the comma after "College" which had been used since 1836).
In 1986, UCL merged with the Institute of Archaeology.[35] In 1988 UCL merged with the Institute of Laryngology & Otology, the Institute of Orthopaedics, the Institute of Urology & Nephrology and Middlesex Hospital Medical School.[35] In 1994 the University College London Hospitals NHS Trust was established.[36] UCL merged with the College of Speech Sciences and the Institute of Ophthalmology in 1995, the Institute of Child Health and the School of Podiatry in 1996[37] and the Institute of Neurology in 1997.[35][38] In 1998 UCL merged with the Royal Free Hospital Medical School to create the Royal Free and University College Medical School (renamed the UCL Medical School in October 2008). In 1999 UCL merged with the School of Slavonic and East European Studies[39][40] and the Eastman Dental Institute.[35]
2001 to 2011[edit]
The UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science, the first university department in the world devoted specifically to reducing crime, was founded in 2001.[41]
Proposals for a merger between UCL and Imperial College London were announced in 2002.[42] The proposal provoked strong opposition from UCL teaching staff and students and the AUT union, which criticised 'the indecent haste and lack of consultation', leading to its abandonment by the UCL Provost Sir Derek Roberts.[43]
The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in 2003 as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London.[44][45]
In 2005, UCL was again granted its own taught and research degree awarding powers and all new UCL students registered from 2007/08 qualified with UCL degrees. Also in 2005, UCL adopted a new corporate branding, under which, among other things, the name University College London was replaced by the simple initialism UCL in all external communications.[46] In the same year a major new £422 million building was opened for University College Hospital on Euston Road,[47] the UCL Ear Institute was established and a new building for the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies was opened.
In 2007, the UCL Cancer Institute was opened in the newly constructed Paul O'Gorman Building. In August 2008 UCL formed UCL Partners, an academic health science centre, with Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust and University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.[48] In 2008 UCL established the UCL School of Energy & Resources in Adelaide, Australia, the first campus of a British university in the country.[49] The School is based in the historic Torrens Building in Victoria Square and its creation followed negotiations between UCL Vice Provost Michael Worton and South Australian Premier Mike Rann.[50]
In 2009, the Yale UCL Collaborative was established between UCL, UCL Partners, Yale University, Yale School of Medicine and Yale – New Haven Hospital.[51] It is the largest collaboration in the history of either university, and its scope has subsequently been extended to the humanities and social sciences.[52][53]
2011 to present[edit]
In June 2011, the mining company BHP Billiton agreed to donate A$10 million to UCL to fund the establishment of two energy institutes – the Energy Policy Institute, based in Adelaide, and the Institute for Sustainable Resources, based in London.[54] In November 2011 UCL announced plans for a £500 million investment in its main Bloomsbury campus over 10 years, and the establishment of a new 23-acre campus next to the Olympic Park in Stratford in the East End of London.[55]
The School of Pharmacy, University of London merged with UCL on 1 January 2012, becoming the UCL School of Pharmacy within the Faculty of Life Sciences.[56][57] In May 2012, UCL, Imperial College London and the semiconductor company Intel announced the establishment of the Intel Collaborative Research Institute for Sustainable Connected Cities, a London-based institute for research into the future of cities.[58][59]
In August 2012 UCL received criticism for advertising an unpaid research position; it subsequently withdrew the advert.[60]
UCL and the Institute of Education formed a strategic alliance in October 2012, including co-operation in teaching, research and the development of the London schools system.[61] In February 2014 the two institutions announced their intention to merge.[62][63]
In October 2013 it was announced that the Translation Studies Unit of Imperial College London would move to UCL, becoming part of the UCL School of European Languages, Society and Culture.[64] In December 2013, it was announced that UCL and the academic publishing company Elsevier will collaborate to establish the UCL Big Data Institute.[65]
UCL is primarily based in the Bloomsbury area of central London. The main campus is located around Gower Street and includes the biology, chemistry, economics, engineering, geography, history, languages, mathematics, philosophy, politics and physics departments, the preclinical facilities of the UCL Medical School, the London Centre for Nanotechnology, the Slade School of Fine Art, the UCL Union, the main UCL Library, the UCL Science Library, the Bloomsbury Theatre and the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology. Close by in Bloomsbury are the UCL Cancer Institute, the UCL Ear Institute, the UCL Eastman Dental Institute, the UCL Faculty of the Built Environment (The Bartlett), the UCL Faculty of Laws, the UCL Institute of Archaeology, the UCL Institute of Child Health, the UCL Institute of Neurology, the UCL School of Pharmacy, the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies and University College Hospital.[66]
Notable UCL buildings in Bloomsbury include the UCL Main Building, including the Octagon, Quad, Cloisters and the Wilkins building designed by William Wilkins; the Cruciform Building, Gower Street (a red, cross-shaped building previously home to University College Hospital); and the Rockefeller Building, University Street, home to the original University College Hospital Medical School and named after the American oil magnate John Davison Rockefeller after support from the Rockefeller foundation in the 1920s. Due to its position within London and the historical nature of its buildings, including most notably the UCL Main Building and quad, UCL has been used as a location for a number of film and television productions, including Doctor in the House (1954), Gladiator (2000), The Mummy Returns (2001), The Dark Knight (2008) and Inception (2010).[67]
A number of important institutions are based near to the main campus, including the British Library, the British Medical Association, the British Museum, Cancer Research UK, the Medical Research Council, RADA, the Royal Academy of Art, the Royal Institution and the Wellcome Trust. Many University of London schools and institutes are also close by, including Birkbeck, University of London, the Institute of Education, London Business School, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the Royal Veterinary College, the School of Advanced Study, the School of Oriental and African Studies and the Senate House Library. The nearest London Underground station is Euston Square, with Goodge Street, Russell Square and Warren Street all nearby. The mainline railway stations at Euston, King's Cross and St Pancras are all within walking distance.
Other sites[edit]
Elsewhere in central London are the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (based in Clerkenwell), the Windeyer Institute (based in Fitzrovia), the UCL Institute of Orthopedics and Musculoskeletal Science (based in Stanmore), The Royal Free Hospital and the Whittington Hospital campuses of the UCL Medical School, and a number of other teaching hospitals. The Department of Space and Climate Physics (Mullard Space Science Laboratory) is based in Holmbury St Mary, Surrey, the UCL School of Energy and Resources is based in Adelaide, Australia and there is a UCL campus in Doha, Qatar specialised in archaeology, conservation and museum studies.[68] Since September 2010 UCL has been running a University Preparatory Certificate course at Nazarbayev University in Astana, Kazakhstan.[69]
Organisation and administration[edit]
Although UCL is a constituent college of the federal University of London, in most ways it is comparable with free-standing, self-governing and independently funded universities, and it awards its own degrees.[70]
UCL's governing body is the Council, which oversees the management and administration of UCL and the conduct of its affairs, subject to the advice of the Academic Board on matters of academic policy, and approves UCL's long-term plans.[71] It delegates authority to the Provost, as chief executive, for the academic, corporate, financial, estate and human resources management of UCL. The Council normally meets six times each year. The Council comprises 20 members, of whom 11 are members external to UCL; seven are UCL academic staff of UCL, including the Provost, three are UCL professors and three non-professorial staff; and two are UCL students. The Chair is appointed by Council for a term not normally exceeding five years. The Chair is ex officio Chair of the Honorary Degrees and Fellowships Committee, Nominations Committee and Remuneration and Strategy Committee.[71] The current Chairman of the Council is Sir Stephen Wall.
UCL's principal academic and administrative officer is the President and Provost, who is also UCL's designated principal officer for the purposes of the Financial Memorandum with the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE).[71] The Provost is appointed by Council after consultation with the Academic Board, is responsible to the Council, and works closely with its members, and especially with the Chair of Council. The current and tenth Provost and President of UCL is Michael Arthur, who replaced Sir Malcolm Grant in 2013.[72]
Vice-Provosts are appointed by the Provost, through the Council, to assist and advise the Provost as required. The Vice-Provosts are members of the Provost's Senior Management Team. There are presently six Vice-Provosts (for Education, Enterprise, Health, International, Research, and Operations).[71]
The Deans of UCL's faculties are appointed by Council and, together with the Vice-Provosts and the Director of Finance and Business Affairs, form the members of the Provost's Senior Management Team. The Deans' principal duties include advising the Provost and Vice-Provosts on academic strategy, staffing matters and resources for academic departments within their faculty; overseeing curricula and programme management at faculty level; liaising with Faculty Tutors on undergraduate admissions and student academic matters; overseeing examination matters at faculty level; and co-ordinating faculty views on matters relating to education and information support.[71]
Faculties and departments[edit]
UCL's research and teaching is organised within a network of faculties and academic departments. Faculties and academic departments are formally established by the UCL Council, the governing body of UCL, on the advice of the Academic Board, which is UCL's senior academic authority. UCL is currently organised into the following 10 constituent faculties:[73]
Faculty[74] | Academic and research staff (as at 30 April 2012)[74] |
Undergraduate students (2011/12)[74] |
Postgraduate students (2011/12)[74] |
UCL Faculty of Arts and Humanities | 328 | 2,157 | 1,075 |
UCL Faculty of Brain Sciences | 1,249 | 722 | 1,457 |
UCL Faculty of the Built Environment (The Bartlett) | 355 | 570 | 1,241 |
UCL Faculty of Engineering Sciences | 667 | 2,049 | 1,642 |
UCL Faculty of Laws | 137 | 528 | 458 |
UCL Faculty of Life Sciences | 798 | 1,183 | 486 |
UCL Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences | 754 | 2,187 | 677 |
UCL Faculty of Medical Sciences (incorporating the UCL Medical School) | 1,257 | 1,773 | 1,342 |
UCL Faculty of Population Health Sciences | 1,092 | 64 | 815 |
UCL Faculty of Social and Historical Sciences | 621 | 2,539 | 1,894 |
Total | 5,277 | 13,772 | 11,087 |
To facilitate greater interdisciplinary interaction in research and teaching UCL also has three strategic faculty groupings:
- the UCL School of Life and Medical Sciences (comprising the Faculties of Brain Sciences, Life Sciences, Medical Sciences and Population Health Sciences);
- the UCL School of the Built Environment, Engineering and Mathematical and Physical Sciences (comprising the UCL Faculty of the Built Environment, UCL Faculty of Engineering Sciences and UCL Faculty of Mathematical & Physical Sciences); and
- the UCL Faculty of Arts & Humanities, UCL Faculty of Laws, UCL Faculty of Social & Historical Sciences and the UCL School of Slavonic & East European Studies.
In the financial year ended 31 July 2013, UCL had a total income (including share of joint ventures) of £937.2 million (2011/12 – £868.7 million) and total expenditure of £917.4 million (2011/12 – £843.4 million).[1] Key sources of income included £334.7 million from research grants and contracts (2011/12 – £300.7 million), £240.9 million from academic fees and support grants (2011/12 – £208.5 million), £191.2 million from Funding Council grants (2011/12 – £198.3 million) and £5.3 million from endowment and investment income (2011/12 – £6.9 million).[1] During the 2012/13 financial year UCL had a capital expenditure of £97 million (2011/12 – £55.2 million).[1] At year end UCL had endowments of £85.9 million (31 July 2012 – £72.4 million) and total net assets of £811.7 million (31 July 2012 – £750.4 million).[1]
In 2011/12, UCL had the third-highest total income of any British university (after the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford), and the third-highest income from research grants and contracts (after the University of Oxford and Imperial College London).[75]
UCL launched a 10-year, £300 million fundraising appeal in October 2004, at the time the largest target ever set by a university in the United Kingdom for such an appeal.[76]
The UCL academic year is divided into three terms.[77] For most departments except the Medical School, Term One runs from late September to mid December, Term Two from mid January to late March, and Term Three from late April to mid June.[77] Certain departments operate reading weeks in early November and mid February.[77]
Logo, arms and colours[edit]
Whereas most universities primarily use their logo on mundane documents but their coat of arms on official documents such as degree certificates, UCL exclusively uses its logo. The present logo was adopted as part of a rebranding exercise in August 2005.[46] Prior to that date, a different logo was used, in which the letters UCL were incorporated into a stylised representation of the college portico.
UCL formerly made some use of a coat of arms depicting a raised bent arm dressed in armour holding a green upturned open wreath.[78] A version of this badge (not on a shield) appears to have been used by UCL Union from shortly after its foundation in 1893.[79] However, the arms are not known to have ever been the subject of an official grant of arms, and indeed depart from several of the rules and conventions of heraldry. They are no longer formally used by the College, although they are still occasionally seen in unofficial contexts, or used in modified form by sports teams and societies.
The blazon of the arms is:
- Purpure, on a wreath of the colours Argent and Blue Celeste, an arm in armour embowed Argent holding an upturned wreath of laurel Vert, beneath which two branches of laurel Or crossed at the nombril and bound with a bowed cord Or, beneath the nombril a motto of Blue Celeste upon which Cuncti adsint meritaeque expectent praemia palmae.
The motto is a quotation from Virgil's Aeneid, and translates into English as "Let all come who by merit deserve the most reward".[80]
UCL's traditional sporting and academic colours of purple and light blue are derived from the arms.
From its foundation the College was deliberately secular; the initial justification of this secularity was that students of different denominations (specifically Catholics and Protestants) could study alongside each other without conflict. Even today UCL retains its strict secular position, and unlike most other UK universities has no specific religious prayer rooms. However there has been a Christian chaplaincy since 2005, there is no restriction on religious groups among students, and a 'quiet contemplation room' allows prayer for staff and students of all faiths.
UCL has hundreds of research and teaching partnerships, including around 150 research links and 130 student-exchange partnerships with European universities.[6] Students from more than 150 countries study at UCL, with non-British students making up almost a third of the student body.[6]
Faculty and staff[edit]
As of April 2012, UCL had 5,277 academic and research staff across its 10 faculties.[74] UCL has the highest number of full professors of any university in the UK, with 648 established and personal chairs.[7] There are currently 53 Fellows of the Royal Society, 51 Fellows of the British Academy, 15 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 117 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences amongst UCL academic and research staff.[81] There are currently approximately 3,000 PhD students working at UCL.
UCL has made cross-disciplinary research a priority and orientates its research around four "Grand Challenges".[82] According to David Price, Pro-Provost for Research: "We believe we have a moral obligation to make a difference to global problems, and to combine the knowledge that our research generates to develop wisdom that can be applied in each of the four Grand Challenges: Global Health, Sustainable Cities, Intercultural Interaction and Human Wellbeing".[83]
In 2011/12, UCL had a total research income of £300.7 million, the third-highest of any British university (after the University of Oxford and Imperial College London).[75] In 2012/13, UCL was awarded a total of £135 million in grants from UK research councils, the largest amount of any British university, having made 478 applications and achieved a 33% success rate.[84]
According to a ranking of universities produced by SCImago Research Group, UCL is ranked 12th in the world (and 1st in Europe) in terms of total research output.[85] According to data released in July 2008 by ISI Web of Knowledge, UCL is the 13th most-cited university in the world (and most-cited in Europe). The analysis covered citations from 1 January 1998 to 30 April 2008, during which 46,166 UCL research papers attracted 803,566 citations. The report covered citations in 21 subject areas and the results revealed some of UCL's key strengths, including: Clinical Medicine (1st outside North America); Immunology (2nd in Europe); Neuroscience & Behaviour (1st outside North America and 2nd in the world); Pharmacology & Toxicology (1st outside North America and 4th in the world); Psychiatry & Psychology (2nd outside North America); and Social Sciences, General (1st outside North America).[86] According to a separate analysis by ISI Web of Knowledge, for the period January 2000 to August 2010 UCL was ranked 16th in the world (and 2nd in Europe) for citations per paper in engineering.[87]
In the Microsoft Academic Search, which measures total research output, UCL ranks highly in a diverse range of areas.[88] As of 2012 UCL ranked: among the top five institutions in the world in Chromatography (5th), Geography (2nd), Linguistics (5th), Literature (2nd), Medical Education and Training (2nd), Neuroscience (2nd), Oncology (4th), Ophthalmology (4th) and Pathology (5th);[88] among the top 10 in the world in: Archaeology (6th), Art History (8th), Dentistry (9th), Evolutionary Sciences (10th), Gynecology and Obstetrics (10th), Machine Learning and Recognition (10th), Pharmacology (9th), Plastic Arts (6th), Regional Studies (10th), Religion (6th) and Simulation (10th);[88] and 11th to 20th in the world in Anatomy (15th), Biochemistry (15th), Biomedical Engineering (20th), Biotechnology (16th), Cardiology (20th), Diabetes (11th), Diseases (11th), Endocrinology (17th), Family Medicine (20th), Genetics and Genealogy (14th), History (14th), Hydrology (13th), Immunology (12th), Labor and Demographics Economics (14th), Mineralogy and Petrology (15th), Molecular Biology (16th), Nutrition (12th), Physiology (12th), Psychiatry and Psychology (19th), Public Affairs (12th) and Statistics (16th).[88] UCL is ranked 10th overall in Arts and Humanities and 9th in Medicine.[88]
UCL submitted a total of 1,793 full-time equivalent staff to the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise (RAE), the fourth-largest number of any British university (after the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge and the University of Manchester), across a total of 47 subject areas.[89] 27% of research produced by UCL was assessed as 4* (world-leading), 39% as 3* (internationally excellent), 27% as 2* (recognised internationally) and 6% as 1* (recognised nationally).[89] UCL came fifth in the overall 2008 RAE ranking produced by The Guardian (after the University of Cambridge, the University of Oxford, the London School of Economics and Imperial College London)[90] and seventh in the overall ranking produced by Times Higher Education (after the Institute of Cancer Research, the University of Cambridge, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the London School of Economics, the University of Oxford and Imperial College London).[89]
UCL has offered courses in medicine since 1834, but the current UCL Medical School developed from mergers with the medical schools of the Middlesex Hospital (founded in 1746) and the Royal Free Hospital (founded as the London School of Medicine for Women in 1874).[91] Clinical medicine is primarily taught at the Royal Free Hospital, University College Hospital and the Whittington Hospital, with other associated teaching hospitals including the Eastman Dental Hospital, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Moorfields Eye Hospital, the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital.
UCL is a major centre for biomedical research. It is a member of three of the 11 biomedical research centres established by the NHS in England – the UCLH/UCL Biomedical Research Centre, the Moorfields Eye Hospital/UCL Institute of Ophthalmology Biomedical Research Centre and the Great Ormond Street Hospital/UCL Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre.[92] It is also a founding member of UCL Partners, the largest academic health science centre in Europe with a turnover of approximately £2 billion.[93] UCL has joined with the Medical Research Council, Cancer Research UK and the Wellcome Trust to establish the Francis Crick Institute, a new £600 million medical research centre to be based next to St Pancras railway station and planned to open in 2015.[94] It will be one of the world's largest medical research centres, housing 1,250 scientists.[95]
Admission to UCL is highly selective. For undergraduate entry many of UCL's courses require three A grades at A Level, or a grade equivalent of 6,6,6 on higher level subjects on the International Baccalaureate Program. Due to a very high proportion of applicants receiving the highest school grades, UCL,[96] along with institutions such as Imperial College London and the University of Cambridge[97] was one of the first universities in the UK to make use of the A* grade at A-Level (introduced in 2010) for admissions, particularly for very oversubscribed courses such as Architecture, Economics, Mathematics,Theoretical Physics, Medicine, History, Psychology, and European Social and Political Studies.
Undergraduate law applicants are required to take the National Admissions Test for Law[98] and undergraduate medical applicants are required to take the BioMedical Admissions Test.[99] Applicants for European Social and Political Studies are required to take a Thinking Skills Assessment (TSA),[100] should they be selected for an assessment day. Some UCL departments interview undergraduate applicants prior to making an offer of admission.[101]
Foundation programmes[edit]
UCL runs intensive one-year foundation courses that lead to a variety of degree programmes at UCL and other top UK universities. Called the UCL University Preparatory Certificate, the courses are targeted at international students of high academic potential whose education systems in their own countries usually do not offer qualifications suitable for direct admission. There are two pathways – one in science and engineering called the UPCSE; and one in the humanities called UPCH.[102]
The UCL library system comprises 16 libraries located across several sites within the main UCL campus and across Bloomsbury, linked together by a central networking catalogue and request system called Explore.[103][104] The libraries contain a total of over 1.5 million books.[105] The largest library is the UCL Main Library, which is located in the UCL Main Building and contains collections relating to the arts and humanities, economics, history, law and public policy.[103] The second largest library is the UCL Science Library, which is located in the DMS Watson Building on Malet Place and contains collections relating to anthropology, engineering, geography, life sciences, management and the mathematical and physical sciences.[103] Other libraries include the UCL Bartlett Library (architecture and town planning), the Cruciform Library (general clinical and medical sciences), the UCL Eastman Dental Institute Library (oral health sciences), the UCL Institute of Archaeology Library (archaeology and egyptology), the UCL Institute of Neurology Rockefeller Medical Library (neurosurgery and neuroscience), the Joint Moorfields Eye Hospital & the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology Library (biomedicine, medicine, nursing, ophthalmology and visual science), the UCL Language & Speech Science Library (audiology, communication disorders, linguistics & phonetics, special education, speech & language therapy and voice) and the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies Library (the economics, geography, history, languages, literature and politics of Eastern Europe).[103]
UCL staff and students have full access to the main libraries of the University of London—the Senate House Library and the libraries of the Institutes of the School of Advanced Study—which are located close to the main UCL campus in Bloomsbury.[106] These libraries contain over 3.7 million books and focus on the arts, humanities and social sciences.[105] The British Library, which contains around 14 million books, is also located close to the main UCL campus.
Since 2004, UCL Library Services has been collecting the scholarly work of UCL researchers to make it freely available on the internet via an open access repository known as UCL Eprints.[107][108] The intention is that material curated by UCL Eprints will remain accessible indefinitely.[107]
Museums and collections[edit]
UCL's Special Collections contains UCL's collection of historical or culturally significant works. It is one of the foremost university collections of manuscripts, archives and rare books in the UK.[109] It includes collections of medieval manuscripts and early printed books, as well as significant holdings of 18th-century works, and highly important 19th- and 20th-century collections of personal papers, archival material, and literature, covering a vast range of subject areas. Archives include the Latin American archives, the Jewish collections and the George Orwell Archive.[110] Collections are often displayed in a series of glass cabinets in the Cloisters of the UCL Main Building.[111]
UCL's most significant works are housed in the Strong Rooms. The special collection includes first editions of Isaac Newton's Principia, Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species and James Joyce's Ulysses . The earliest book in the collection is The crafte to lyve well and to dye well, printed in 1505.[112]
UCL is responsible for several museums and collections in a wide range of fields across the arts and sciences, including:[113]
- Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology: one of the leading collections of Egyptian and Sudanese archaeology in the world. Open to the public on a regular basis.[114]
- Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy: a diverse Natural History collection covering the whole of the animal kingdom. Includes rare dodo and quagga skeletons. A teaching and research collection, it is named after Robert Edmund Grant, UCL's first professor of comparative anatomy and zoology from 1828, now mainly noted for having tutored the undergraduate Charles Robert Darwin at the University of Edinburgh in the 1826–1827 session. Open at limited fixed times and by appointment.[115]
- Geology Collections: founded around 1855. Primarily a teaching resource and may be visited by appointment.[116]
- Art Collections: these date from 1847 when a collection of sculpture models and drawings of the Neo-classical artist John Flaxman was presented to UCL. There are over 10,000 pieces dating from the 15th century onwards including drawings by Turner, etchings by Rembrandt, and works by many leading 20th century British artists. The works on paper are displayed in the Strang Print Room, which has limited regular opening times. The other works may be viewed by appointment.[117]
- Institute of Archaeology Collections: Items include prehistoric ceramics and stone artefacts from many parts of the world, the Petrie collection of Palestinian artefacts, and Classical Greek and Roman ceramics. Visits by appointment only.[118]
- Ethnography Collections: This collection exemplifying Material Culture, holds an enormous variety of objects, textiles and artefacts from all over the world. Visits by appointment only.[119]
- Galton Collection: The scientific instruments, papers and personal memorabilia of Sir Francis Galton. Housed in the department of biology. Visits by appointment only.[120]
- Science Collections: Diverse collections primarily accumulated in the course of UCL's own work, including the operating table on which the first anaesthetic was administered. Items may be a viewed by appointment.[121]
- The Flaxman Gallery: a series of plaster casts of full-size details of sculptures by the Neo-classical sculptor John Flaxman, is located inside the Main Library under the central dome of the UCL Main Building.[122]
Rankings and reputation[edit]
ARWU[123] (2013, national) |
3 | |
ARWU[123] (2013, world) |
=21 | |
QS[124] (2013/14, national) |
2 | |
QS[124] (2013/14, world) |
4 | |
THE[125] (2013/14, national) |
4 | |
THE[125] (2013/14, world) |
21 | |
Complete[126] (2014, national) |
7 | |
The Guardian[127] (2014, national) |
5 | |
Times/Sunday Times[128] (2014, national) |
9 |
UCL is consistently ranked as one of the world's leading universities. In the 2013 Academic Ranking of World Universities, UCL is ranked joint 21st in the world (and 3rd in Europe).[8] In the subject tables it is ranked 14th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) for Clinical Medicine & Pharmacy,[129] joint 151st–200th in the world (and joint 32nd in Europe) for Engineering, Technology and Computer Sciences,[130] 22nd in the world (and 4th in Europe) for Life & Agricultural Sciences,[131] joint 51st to 75th in the world (and joint 12th in Europe) for Natural Sciences and Mathematics[132] and joint 51st–75th in the world (and joint 6th in Europe) for Social Sciences.[133]
In the 2013 QS World University Rankings, UCL is ranked 4th in the world (and 2nd in Europe). In the subject tables it is ranked 8th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) for Arts and Humanities,[134] joint 52nd in the world (and 17th in Europe) for Engineering & Technology,[135] 16th in the world (and 5th in Europe) for Life Sciences and Medicine,[136] 38th in the world (and 12th in Europe) for Natural Sciences[137] and 22nd in the world (and 6th in Europe) for Social Sciences & Management.[138]
In the 2013/14 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, UCL is ranked 21st in the world (and 5th in Europe).[10] In the subject tables it is ranked 11th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) for Arts and Humanities,[139] 9th in the world (and 4th in Europe) for Clinical, Pre-Clinical and Health,[140] 54th in the world (and 14th in Europe) for Engineering and Technology,[141] 19th in the world (and 5th in Europe) for Life Sciences,[142] 51st in the world (and 16th in Europe) for Physical Sciences[143] and 16th in the world (and 4th in Europe) for Social Sciences.[144] In the 2014 Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings, UCL is ranked 25th in the world (and 6th in Europe).[145]
UCL is consistently one of the top multi-faculty universities in UK university rankings and ranks 7th in the 2013 Times Higher Education Table of Tables of the UK's three main domestic university league tables.[146] UCL is ranked first in the UK for its staff/student ratio in The Times Good University Guide, The Sunday Times University Guide and The Guardian University Guide.[6] In the 2013 Guardian University Guide subject tables, UCL is ranked first in six subject areas (out of a total of 46): Archaeology and Forensics, Architecture, Art and Design, Civil Engineering, English, and Psychology.[147] In the 2013 Complete University Guide subject tables, UCL is ranked in the top 10 in 28 subjects, and is ranked first for Building.[148]
UCL was ranked 20th in the world in the 2011 300 Best World Universities human competitiveness ranking produced by Human Resources & Labor Review.[149] In a ranking of universities' international reputations produced by The Guardian in 2009, UCL placed 3rd in the UK (behind Oxford and Cambridge).[150] In 2011, UCL was ranked 12th in the world (and 4th in Europe) in a survey of business leaders at top companies carried out by The New York Times.[151] In a separate survey of recruiters at major international companies conducted for The New York Times in 2012, UCL was ranked 16th in the world (and 8th in Europe).[152] UCL is ranked 13th in the world (and 4th in Europe) in the 2013 Global Employability University Survey, a ranking of graduate employability jointly produced by the French human resources consulting firm Emerging Associates and the German polling and research institute Trendence.[153]
Student life[edit]
UCL Union[edit]
Founded in 1893, the UCL Union has a credible claim to be the oldest students' union in England.[33] UCL Union operates both as the representative voice for UCL students, and as a provider of a wide range of services. It is democratically controlled through General Meetings and referendums, and is run by elected student officers. The Union has provided a prominent platform for political campaigning of all kinds in recent years. It also supports a range of services, including numerous clubs and societies, sports facilities, an advice service, and a number of bars, cafes and shops.[154]
There are currently over 150 clubs and societies under the umbrella of the UCL Union, including: Pi Media (responsible for Pi Magazine and Pi Newspaper, UCL's official student publications);[155] UCL Union Debating Society, UCL's oldest and the third oldest student society in the UK; University College London Dramatic Society; and The Cheese Grater (a student magazine containing a mix of news investigations and humorous items).[156]
UCL Union runs over 50 sports clubs, including UCL Boat Club (Men's and Women's clubs), UCL Cross Country and Athletics Club and UCL Rugby Club (Men's and Women's as well as Medical School clubs).[157]
UCL clubs compete in inter-university fixtures in the British Universities and Colleges Sport (BUCS) competition in a range of sports, including basketball, cricket, fencing, football, hockey, netball, rugby union and tennis. In the 2012/13 season, UCL finished in 38th position in the final BUCS rankings of 148 participating higher education institutions.[158]
UCL sports facilities include a fitness centre at the main UCL campus in Bloomsbury, a sports centre in Somers Town and a 90-acre athletics ground in Shenley.[159]
Student campaigns[edit]
Student campaigns at UCL have included: UCLU Free Education Campaign (a campaign for the return of free and non-marketised higher education); the London Living wage Campaign (a campaign for a basic minimum wage for all UCL staff); Disarm UCL (a campaign which successfully persuaded UCL to not invest in defence companies); and Save UCL (this name has been used by two campaigns: one in 2006 which opposed a merger between UCL and Imperial College London in 2006, and a more recent one against education cuts).
As part of the protests against the UK Government's plans to increase student fees, around 200 students occupied the Jeremy Bentham Room and part of the Slade School of Fine Art for over two weeks during November and December 2010.[160][161] The university successfully obtained a court order to evict the students but stated that it did not intend to enforce the order if possible.[161]
Student housing[edit]
All first-year undergraduate students and overseas first-year postgraduates at UCL are guaranteed university accommodation.[162] The majority of second- and third-year undergraduate students and graduate students find their own accommodation in the private sector; graduate students may apply for accommodation but places are limited. UCL's student housing includes: Arthur Tattersall House (115–131 Gower Street); Astor College (99 Charlotte Street); Campbell House East and West (Taviton Street); Frances Gardner House and Langton Close (Gray's Inn Road); Goldsmid House (Gillingham Street); Ifor Evans & Max Rayne Student Residences (109 Camden Road); James Lighthill House (Pentonville Road); John Dodgson House (Bidborough Street); John Tovell House (89 & 93–7 Gower Street); Prankerd House (195 North Gower Street); Ramsay Hall and Ian Baker House Student Residences (Maple Street); and Schafer House Student Residence (Drummond Street). There is limited UCL accommodation available for married students and those with children at Bernard Johnson House, Hawkridge, Neil Sharp House and the University of London's Lilian Penson Hall.[163]
UCL students are eligible to apply for places in the University of London intercollegiate halls of residence.[164] The halls are: Canterbury Hall, Commonwealth Hall, College Hall, Connaught Hall, Hughes Parry Hall and International Hall near Russell Square in Bloomsbury; Lillian Penson Hall (postgraduates only) in Paddington; and Nutford House in Marble Arch. Some students are also selected to live in International Students House.
Rivalry with King's College London[edit]
UCL has a long-running, mostly friendly, rivalry with King's College London (King's), which has historically been known as "Rags".[165] UCL is often referred to by students from King's as the "Godless Scum of Gower Street", in reference to a comment made at the founding of King's, which was based on Christian principles. UCL students in turn refer to King's as "Strand Polytechnic".
The King's' mascot, Reggie the Lion, went missing in the 1990s and was recovered after being found dumped in a field. It was restored at the cost of around £15,000 and then placed on display in the students' union.[166] It is in a glass case and filled with concrete to prevent theft, particularly by UCL students who once castrated it. In turn, King's' students are also believed to have once stolen Phineas, a UCL mascot.[167] It is often claimed that King's' students played football with the embalmed head of Jeremy Bentham. Although the head was indeed stolen, the football story is a myth or legend which is unsupported by official UCL documentation about Bentham available next to his display case (his Auto Icon) in the UCL cloisters. The head is now kept in the UCL vaults.[168]
Notable people[edit]
UCL alumni include the "Father of the Nation" of India, Kenya and Mauritius; the inventor of the telephone; one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA; and all of the members of the band Coldplay. Notable former UCL staff include the "Father of the Nation" of Czechoslovakia and the discoverer of all five of the naturally occurring noble gases.
Nobel Prizes have been awarded to at least 27 UCL academics and students (14 of which were in Physiology & Medicine), as well as three Fields Medals.[169][170]
Notable faculty and staff[edit]
Notable former UCL faculty and staff include Jocelyn Bell Burnell (co-discoverer of radio pulsars), A. S. Byatt (writer), Ronald Dworkin (philosopher of law and scholar of constitutional law),[171] Sir A.J. Ayer (philosopher), Lucian Freud (painter),[172] Francis Galton (founder of psychometrics and father of fingerprinting), Peter Higgs[173] (the proposer of the Higgs mechanism, which predicted the existence of the Higgs boson), Andrew Huxley (physiologist and biophysicist), Sir Frank Kermode (literary critic), Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (first President of Czechoslovakia and "Father of the Nation"), John Stuart Mill (philosopher), Peter Kirstein CBE (computer scientist, significant role in the creation of the Internet), George R. Price (population geneticist) and Edward Teller ("Father of the Hydrogen Bomb"). Emeritus Professor of Auditory Biophysics, David Kemp, the first scientist in demonstrate the existence of the otoacustic emissions (OAE) in 1978.[citation needed]
All five of the naturally occurring noble gases were discovered at UCL by Professor of Chemistry Sir William Ramsay, after whom Ramsay Hall is named.[174]
Notable alumni[edit]
Notable UCL alumni include:
– artists including Sir William Coldstream (realist painter), Wyndham Lewis (Vorticist painter), Antony Gormley (sculptor), Augustus John (painter, draughtsman and etcher),[175] Gerry Judah (artist and designer), Ben Nicholson (abstract painter) and Sir Eduardo Paolozzi (sculptor and artist);
– authors including Edith Clara Batho, Raymond Briggs,[176] Robert Browning, G. K. Chesterton,[177] David Crystal, Stella Gibbons, Clive Sansom, Marie Stopes,[177] Helen MacInnes, Rabindranath Tagore and Demetrius Vikelas (who was also the first President of the International Olympic Committee);
– business people including Lord Digby Jones (Director-General of the Confederation of British Industry (2001–2006))[178] and Edwin Waterhouse (a founding partner of what is now the professional services firm PwC);
– engineers and scientists including Alexander Graham Bell (inventor of the telephone),[177] Colin Chapman (founder of Lotus Cars),[179] Francis Crick (co-discoverer of the structure of DNA),[180] John Ambrose Fleming (inventor of the vacuum tube), Jaroslav Heyrovský (father of the electroanalytical method), Charles Kuen Kao (pioneer of the use of fibre optics in telecommunications)[181] and Joseph Lister (pioneer of antiseptic surgery);
– entertainers, musicians, composers and filmmakers including Ricky Gervais (comedian and actor),[177] Gustav Holst (composer), all of the members of the band Coldplay (Chris Martin, Jonny Buckland, Guy Berryman and Will Champion),[182] Christopher Nolan (director of films including The Dark Knight saga),[183] Franny Armstrong (director), Tim Rice-Oxley and Richard Hughes (members of the band Keane) and Jonathan Ross (television presenter);
– journalists and commentators including A. A. Gill (columnist), three former editors of The Economist, most notably Walter Bagehot, two editors of The Times Literary Supplement, Jonathan Dimbleby (television and radio current affairs presenter)[184] and former ITN Home Affairs Correspondent Sarah Cullen;
– lawyers including a Lord Chancellor (Lord Herschell); Chief Justices of England (Lord Woolf),[185] Hong Kong (Sir William Meigh Goodman and Sir Yang Ti-liang), the British Supreme Court for China and Japan (Sir Nicholas John Hannen), India (A. S. Anand), Malaysia (Arifin Zakaria), Ghana (Samuel Azu Crabbe) and the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (Rt. Hon. Sir Vincent Floissac); two Masters of the Rolls (Lord Cozens-Hardy and Sir George Jessel); and Attorneys-General of England (Lord Goldsmith[186] and Baroness Scotland), Singapore (Tan Boon Teik and Chao Hick Tin), Hong Kong (Thomas Chisholm Anstey) and Gambia (Hassan Bubacar Jallow);
– politicians including Mahatma Gandhi (leader of the Indian independence movement and "Father of the Nation"),[177] Jomo Kenyatta (first Prime Minister, first President and "Father of the Nation" of Kenya),[187] Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam (first Prime Minister and "Father of the Nation" of Mauritius),[188] Chaim Herzog (President of Israel), Itō Hirobumi (first Prime Minister of Japan), Junichiro Koizumi (former Prime Minister of Japan),[189] Wu Tingfang (Acting Premier during the early years of the Republic of China), Sir Stafford Cripps (British Chancellor of the Exchequer 1947–1950), and at least eight serving members of the United Kingdom parliament, including current Secretary of State for Wales David Jones;
– sports people including David Gower (former captain of the England cricket team),[190] Patrick Head (co-founder of the Williams Formula One team)[191] and Christine Ohuruogu (Olympic and World 400 metres gold medalist);[192] and
– statisticians including Kirstine Smith (credited with the creation of optimal design of experiments).[193]
Heads of state, government and international organisations[edit]
State/Government | Leader | Office |
Council of Europe | Terry Davis | Secretary General of the Council of Europe (2004–2009) |
Cyprus | Nicos Anastasiades | President (2013–) |
Czech Republic | Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk | First President (1918–1935) |
Israel | Chaim Herzog | President (1983–1993) |
Japan | Itō Hirobumi (伊藤 博文) | First and four-time Prime Minister (1885–1888, 1892–1896, 1898, 1900–1901) |
Japan | Junichiro Koizumi (小泉純一郎) | Prime Minister (2001–2006) |
Kenya | Jomo Kenyatta | First Prime Minister and President (1963–1978) |
Mauritius | Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam | First Prime Minister (1968–1982) and Governor-General (1983–1985) |
Republic of China | Wu Tingfang (伍廷芳) | Premier (1917) |
Trinidad and Tobago | Sir Ellis Clarke | Governor-General (1972–1976) and President (1976–1987) |
Turks and Caicos Islands | Martin Bourke | Governor (1993–1996) |
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- ^ "University League Table 2014". The Complete University Guide. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
- ^ "University guide 2014: University league table". The Guardian. 3 June 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
- ^ "The Times and Sunday Times University League Tables 2014". Times Newspapers. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy – 2013". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Engineering, Technology and Computer Sciences – 2013". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Life and Agriculture Sciences – 2013". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Natural Sciences and Mathematics – 2013". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Social Science – 2013". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
- ^ "QS World University Rankings by Faculty 2013 – Arts and Humanities". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
- ^ "QS World University Rankings by Faculty 2013 – Engineering and Technology". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
- ^ "QS World University Rankings by Faculty 2013 – Life Sciences and Medicine". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
- ^ "QS World University Rankings by Faculty 2013 – Natural Science". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
- ^ "QS World University Rankings by Faculty 2013 – Social Sciences and Management". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
- ^ "Top 100 universities for Arts and Humanities 2013–14". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
- ^ "Top 100 universities for Clinical, Pre-clinical and Health 2013–14". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
- ^ "Top 100 universities for Engineering and Technology 2013–14". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
- ^ "Top 100 universities for Life Sciences 2013–14". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
- ^ "Top 100 universities for Physical Sciences 2013–14". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
- ^ "Top 100 universities for Social Sciences 2013–14". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
- ^ "World Reputation Rankings 2014". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ "Cambridge still top university in table of tables". Times Higher Education. 10 October 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
- ^ "University guide 2013 subject tables". The Guardian (London). 22 May 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
- ^ "University College London". The Complete University Guide. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ^ "300 Best World Universities 2011". ChaseCareer Network.
- ^ "Reputation Rankings 2009". The Guardian. 20 August 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
- ^ "What business leaders say". The New York Times. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
- ^ "What the job market wants". The New York Times. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
- ^ "Global Employability University Ranking 2013 puts Oxford top of the world". Times Higher Education. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
- ^ "UCL Union". University College London Union. 13 April 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ "University College London student publications – Home". Pi Media. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
- ^ "About UCL Union". University College London Union. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ "UCLU Sport". University College London Union. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ^ "BUCS Points 2012/13". British Universities and Colleges Sport. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
- ^ Boehm, Klaus; Lees-Spalding, Jenny (2006). Student Book 2007. Crimson Publishing. p. 711. ISBN 1844550737.
- ^ "Students stage day of protests over tuition fee rises". BBC News. 24 November 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
- ^ a b "University College London granted eviction order". BBC News. 8 December 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
- ^ "University College London – Accommodation". The Complete University Guide. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
- ^ "Accommodation". University College London. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ "University of London – Intercollegiate Halls". University of London. 26 March 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ "Mayhem in the Metropolis: King's College versus University College in Student Rags". King's College London. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ "Mayhem in the Metropolis: King's College versus University College in Student Rags". King's College London. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ "Mayhem in the Metropolis: King's College versus University College in Student Rags". King's College London. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
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- ^ "Facts and Figures". University College London. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ "20th Nobel Prize for UCL community". University College London. 8 October 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ Liptak, Adam (14 February 2013). "Ronald Dworkin, Scholar of the Law, Is Dead at 81". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
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- ^ Butterworth, Jon (7 September 2010). "Peter Higgs, UCL and the Right Honorable William Waldegrave". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
- ^ "Sir William Ramsay: Noble Gas Pioneer—On the 100th Anniversary of His Nobel Prize". Chemeducator.org. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ "Augustus John". BBC. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
- ^ Wroe, Nicholas (18 December 2004). "Profile: Raymond Briggs". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
- ^ a b c d e Davidson, Max (27 October 2009). "University College London: halls of high distinction". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
- ^ Morgan, Oliver (12 September 2004). "The CBI's megaphone man". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ "Lotus fleet turns out for Colin Chapman tribute". The Telegraph. 3 November 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ "Obituary: Francis Crick, OM". The Telegraph. 30 July 2004. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ "Charles Kuen Kao receives Nobel Prize". CCTV. 11 December 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ Sutherland, John (13 September 2004). "Hours of Idleness". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ Tempest, Matthew (24 February 2011). "I was there at the Inception of Christopher Nolan's film career". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
- ^ Dowell, Ben (7 June 2010). "Jonathan Dimbleby: BBC's culture of compliance is 'extremely damaging'". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ Curtis, Polly (17 June 2004). "UCL appoints Lord Woolf to ruling council". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ "Lord Goldsmith: Profile". The Guardian. 23 June 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ "Jomo Kenyatta: emblematic figure of the Independence Movement". Daily Observer. 20 June 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ "Commemorating the Saint of Mauritius and the Father of the Nation". Mauritius News. 8 September 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2013.[dead link]
- ^ "Reform leader has thoroughly traditional background". USA Today. 11 September 2005. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ "No smarter than an ox?". Times Higher Education. 22 September 2000. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ "Patrick Head's exit stage left another break with the past as F1 enters 2012". The Telegraph. 2 January 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ "Passed/Failed: An education in the life of the Olympic gold medallist Christine Ohuruogu". The Independent. 25 June 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ Guttorp, P.; Lindgren, G. (2009). "Karl Pearson and the Scandinavian school of statistics". International Statistical Review 77: 64.
External links[edit]
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Coordinates: 51°31′29.24″N 00°08′00.88″W / 51.5247889°N 0.1335778°W


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A lovely story illustrating the value of virtuous living is personified in the tale of Susanna, found in the Apocrypha. While the Apocrypha is not canonical — some parts of it are true, others are not — the Lord taught the Saints, "whoso is enlightened by the spirit shall obtain benefit therefrom" (Doctrine and Covenants 91:5). We learn that there is much that is good in the Apocrypha and it can be discerned as we read under the inspiration of the Holy Ghost.
This is certainly true as we study Susanna, whose narrative is so compelling that it comprises a chapter in my book, "On to Victory: Women Empowered by the Gospel," set for release this spring by Deseret Book.
The wife of Joakim, a widely respected leader of the Jews in ancient Babylon, Susanna was "a woman of great beauty; and she was God-fearing, because her parents were worthy and had instructed their daughter in the Law of Moses" (Jerusalem Bible, Daniel 13:2–3).
While Joakim and Susanna practiced virtue, this was certainly not the case with all the elected leaders with whom Joakim associated. Two of the judges were evil and, "Of such the Lord said, 'Wickedness has come to Babylon through the elders and judges posing as guides to the people' " (Jerusalem Bible, Daniel 13:5–6).
As was the custom of the day, this conclave of Jewish rulers frequently met at Joakim's home. After they left, Susanna would often walk in the garden and sometimes bathe there. These two men noticed Susanna and, unknown to one another, began to secretly observe her "every day as she came to take her walk, (and) gradually began to desire her. They threw reason aside, making no effort to turn their eyes to heaven, and forgetting its demands of virtue" (JB, Daniel 13:8–10).
When the two inadvertently stumbled on one another, they joined into a conspiracy. Shortly thereafter, one hot day, Susanna went to the garden to bathe. Her maids left and closed the garden gate after them. Out came the two men and demanded, "We want to have you, so give in and let us!" They followed their vulgar, lustful demand with a threat: "Refuse, and we will both give evidence that a young man was with you and that was why you sent your maids away" (JB, Daniel 13:19–22).
Susanna's peril was real. The word of a woman would never overrule the testimony of two exalted judges in a court of law. To refuse their advances meant death, to accede meant violating laws of chastity and virtue before God. With a clear understanding of the choice before her, Susanna boldly proclaimed, "'I prefer to fall innocent into your power than to sin in the eyes of the Lord.' Then she cried out as loud as she could." At her calls for help, the evil elders "began shouting too, putting the blame on her" (JB, Daniel 13:23–24).
True to their word, Susanna was charged and, on the basis of their testimony, convicted and sentenced to be stoned to death. At the verdict, Susanna's only recourse was to cry out, "as loud as she could, 'Eternal God, you know all secrets and everything before it happens; you know that they have given false evidence against me. And now have I to die, innocent as I am of everything their malice has invented against me?' " (JB, Daniel 13:42–43).
Although God's purposes will be served and sometimes virtuous acts go unrequited in this life — though not in eternity — on this occasion the Lord heeded her cry. A young man in the crowd, Daniel, the same Daniel of the lion's den fame, was "roused by the holy spirit" and stepped forward to Susanna's defense. He challenged the testimony of the two judges, who for far too long had used their power to seduce and compel women to be immoral.
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Love this pictures. So dark and dramatic. I recognized this from The Unbecoming of Mara Dyer. How incredibly exciting! Great work!
very nice... http://society6.com/Jarry
I have this as a framed print on my wall at home, and there's not one person who has walked in and not commented on how beautiful it is!
Great vision and composition! - http://society6.com/DianePerkinsPhotography
Love your stuff :) i'm new to this, so if you get a chance stop by my page and follow if you dig my work!! also, i have more " personal " stuff on my website ( www.JavierJToledo.com ) comments / suggestions are always welcomed and appreciated!
xo - jt
xo - jt
will you please come to pheed app and let me show u off to my 32k followers? they would love to see your work there. its filled with artists. =) im camraface on there. firstname.lastname@example.com
I'm in love with this picture! I read the book that this picture is the cover of and it was a pretty good book but I will say I fell in love with the picture than I did the book lol I'm going to buy it soon in a bigger print, thank you for taking this beautiful picture : )
This series is just perfect.
How did you manage to get them staying afloat without them moving too much and ruining the shot?
How did you manage to get them staying afloat without them moving too much and ruining the shot?


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Results 1 to 3 of 3
Am I the only one with a surface whose music app lags like crazy, 3-5 second delays on most actions, songs crackle and stop playing randomly and often especially when the song switches, and the app crashes quite a bit?
I have sent feedback to Microsoft and they did update the app but it still is terrible.
Bring back the Zune experience it was perfect just unmarketed. Its such a haggle to download anything with this app, and then the cloud aspect crashes and lags the app. Such a step backwards.
Sent from my Lumia 900 using Board ExpressTO APOLLO AND BEYOND... - 11-24-2012, 09:34 AM #2
Give us more details. What format are you playing? Bitrate? Are the files on internal memory, or SD?
Yea it's actually well documented that the Xbox music app sucks (right now). There's actually been several updates for the app since the launch and I've noticed slight performance improvements, but still not as responsive as what we were used to with Zune. It's not just you rest assured. There's a 3rd party app called 'Music info" that is quite a decent alternative.
The app is also a huge resource hog when you analyze it in Task Manager. hope MSFT is on top of it and improves the end user experience.
Similar Threads
Anyone elses' Xbox Music app unbearably slow and buggy?
By red grenadine in forum Windows Phone 8Replies: 9Last Post: 12-09-2013, 01:59 PM -
XBox Music needs it's own app and it needs it NOW
By Scott Brooks in forum Windows Phone AppsReplies: 8Last Post: 11-28-2012, 02:11 PM -
What happens with music making and creative apps?
By muvolt in forum Windows Phone 7Replies: 2Last Post: 02-04-2012, 06:02 PM


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Author Mettler's Book
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Agent Under Glass |
Agent Under Glass is a political thriller based on the realities of the times in which the action takes place, specifically the period immediately preceding the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. It is the story of a patriotic young FBI agent who is recruited against his will into a CIA/Mafia plot ostensibly designed to assassinate Fidel Castro. The action ranges from Washington, D.C., to Chicago, Tampa and Miami, New Orleans and Dallas, Mexico,...
George Mettler Message Board 8/8/2009 8:56:27 AM |
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playing some good football so a lot of us are disappointed that we didn't carry that on into the second half, which wasn't like us.
"We were very confident that we would score today and judging by our first-half performance, we thought we wouldn't concede either because they didn't create too many chances - but it was really unlike us not to score.
"In the last half an hour, the game started to stretch which wasn't ideal for us but before that we felt comfortable as a team and played some good football in the first half. The biggest disappointment is that we didn't carry that on in the second half. That's what everyone is really down about."
Naturally, after defeat in the replay, the mind automatically wanders back to when United were 2-0 up in the initial sixth-round meeting at Old Trafford and seemingly cruising towards the semi-finals - but Smalling says such thinking is futile.
"At the start of the day, we saw this replay as a new challenge and a fresh start so you can't think about the lead in the first match and what might have been. We need to make sure that we remember this defeat next season and not let it slip again."
More - Chelsea 1 United 0 report | Photo gallery: Bridge too far | Man of the Match poll


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The silk upholstery fabric retains the gold eagle medallion on the chair backs which was adapted from the depiction of one of the Monroe-era chairs in a portrait of President James Monroe.
( Dan Dennison/WDBJ7 / June 27, 2012 ) |
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Leave NYC at 7:15am. Park car by Edgar Allan Poe House at 8:55. Watch a short film, tour the house, walk out the back, go to the basement, relax in the sitting room and listen to Basil Rathbone and Vincent Price read excerpts of Poe's works. Buy a first day Poe stamped envelope. Very enjoyable experience. Guides in the house were very helpful and hospitable.
There for about 50 minutes. Head over to the Visitors Center by the Liberty Bell.
Park car in lot($14 for the day), get ticket for Independence Hall. Watch 17 minute film called Independence at Visitor Center. Walk by the new Liberty Bell center, go to Independence Hall. Take tour.
From there go to the Liberty Bell.
Then go to the Jewish History Museum. See monument for Jonathan Netanyahu (Benjamin's brother, and the only soldier killed during the raid on Entebbe). Go into museum. Check out the Synagogue.
Then go to Ben Franklin's grave at Christ Church cemetery. Take pictures from outside the gate.
Then walk to Betsy Ross's house. Actors there in period outfits. Take the audio tour of Betsy Ross's house ($4 with admission). See Ross's grave there.
Next stop in Franklin's Court, where Franklin's house use to be. Also there is the Post Office Museum. Watch a short film there on Franklin.
Then go to the National Liberty Museum. Just stumbled upon it, right by Franklin Court. Wasn't on my itinerary. Paid the $5 to go in. Very nice museum. 4 floors. Top floor had an exhibit on religion. Had a little feature on the dead sea scrolls, also 3 paintings by Chagall on the 3 religions. On the other side of the floor, there was all the china from the white house for all the administrations. Also all the medals of honor. 3rd floor had an exhibit on violence in society, about school violence, guns, kids. Other side had violence throughout history, mentioned the nazi's, showed the worst, most evil people in the world. In the stairwell, there was a tribute to 9/11, and had photos of all the 343 firemen on the wall.
After this, walked down, passed the 1st Bank in the US, stopped at the American-Polish Cultural Center. Not much there. A big bust of Pope John Paul 2.
Then head over to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Passed Todd House on the way, where Dolly Madison once lived.
Pass back of Independence Hall, get to Washington Square Park, where the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from the Revolutionary War is located.
Head out the back of the park and head over to Mikveh Israel Cemetery, where Haym Salomon is buried.
Get to final stop, Constitution Center at 3:45.
Film presentation, which features a live actress speaking over the film. Only 4 other people in the auditorium with me. From there go check out the rest of the exhibits. Many great visual features on presidents and events throughout the history of the USA. Finish in a room with life size statues of all the signers of the Constitution, posed in a meeting. Very cool place.
Leave here at 5 when they are closing. Get car, then drive down towards South Street. Go to gluten-free bakery there (Mr Ritts). Friendly people there, they let me keep the stuff in the their freezer, I walk a few blocks to South Street and get a cheese steak at Phil's Cheese Steaks at 4th and South.
Head back to NY around 5:45. Home by 7:30. Finish cheese steak.


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Daisy Eau So Fresh is a charming twist on our classic Daisy fragrance. Eau So Fresh is more fruity, bubbly, and more fun than the original. Top Layer: Natural Raspberry, Grapefruit, Pear Mid Base: Violets, Wild Rose, Apple Blossom Dry Base: Musks, Cedarwood, Plum This Gift Set includes 2.5 oz. Daisy Eau So Fresh, shower gel and body lotion housed in a deluxe container.


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The classy Cameron Table Lamp offers a glass, bulb-shaped base and linen shade. The neutral color and glass construction make this glass table lamp a gorgeous home accent that complements any decor.
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Podcast: Play in new window | Download
Guest 1: Andrew Park, author of Between a Church and a Hard Place.
Topic: One faith-free dad's struggle to understand what it means to be religious (or not).
Issues: What it's like to be irreligious in a deeply religious society; can peaceful coexistence with people of faith ever truly exist? How to embrace religion—or not—while still being a good role model, and staying try to yourself.
Guest 2: Larry Winget, author of Your Kids Are Your Own Fault.
Topic: Raising responsible, productive adults.
Issues: We're in a crisis with our kids—they're overindulged, over- entertained, underachieving, and under-disciplined. And the real problem is that parents aren't paying attention.


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These 2 1/3" Avery Dennison System 1000 fasteners make it easy to attach all types of tags to garments and cloth. These tangle proof fasteners come on rolls of 1000 fasteners per clip to save reloading time and work with Avery Dennison System 1000 tagging guns. Fasteners are packed 5,000 per box and are ready for immediate delivery.


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Dunn Knows Fun
She may be the smallest player on the U.S. U-20 WNT, but Crystal Dunn -- a defender playing in her third youth Women's World Cup for the USA -- is a fierce competitor with a huge heart. There's no doubt she has the loudest voice, the best dance moves and a whole lot of fun.
Related Tags: U-20 Women, 2012 FIFA Under-20 Women's World Cup, Crystal Dunn


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I am a freelance interiors journalist, working for a range of UK magazines. Click here to view my portfolio of published work
Click here to PRE-ORDER my new book, Design Bloggers At Home - out April 2014.
You can SEE A PREVIEW of one of the homes featured in the book on The Guardian website.
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Following my back to basics rant (!) this simple-but-chic 'preview launch' store just caught my eye: Fate London. It's elemental, dear Watson – with products arranged by material: WOOD & PAPER, METAL, GLASS & STONE, FIBRES. I love the Fort … …keep reading


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MIDDLEBURY, Vt. --- Kathryn Lee captured a victory in the 100-yard butterfly and Heather Cronin placed second in the 1,000 freestyle for the Colby College women's swimming and diving team in a 237-62 loss to Middlebury College on Saturday. Colby took a 121-26 win against Norwich University on Friday.
Lee earned nine points for her time of 1:00.78 in narrowly holding off Middlebury's Courtney Haron (1:00.90) and teammate Rosie Wennberg (1:00.94).
Cronin nearly pulled out a victory in the 1,000 freestyle in her time of 11:08.69. Middlebury's Jen Friedlander earned the win in 11:08.23.
Wennberg also had thirds in the 100 freestyle (56.44) and the 50 butterfly (27.37). The Mules added thirds from Katie Southworth in the 50 freestyle (26.90), Shuana Yuan in the 100 breaststroke (1:12.54), and Morganne Hodsdon with a 5:31.13 in the 500 freestyle.
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Western Legal Tradition This course traces the history of European law from ancient Rome to the Napoleonic Code of 1804, a long period that gave us many of our legal doctrines, theories, and basic assumptions about how law works. It is, essentially a course about the big jurisprudential questions of what law is and what forces have shaped it. Learning the history permits us to think more deeply about the fundamental building blocks of our own law: what happens to law when it is written down, can we have too much law, have lawyers become too important, have we lost something vital by abandoning custom, how do legal change and societal change relate? Following the theme of the conflict between law made by jurists and law derived from the community's sense of justice, we will study the Roman law in its different historical forms, the law of the Catholic Church, feudal law, customary law, English common law, and early attempts at codification. The course readings consist of historical narratives which include examples of legal texts from each era, ranging from statutes to commentaries to judicial decisions to litigation documents. Analyzing these texts allows us to consider how legal reasoning has changed and how other legal cultures have approached legal problems and used legal authority. The course assumes no prior knowledge of Western history. Computers are not permitted in class.
Catalog Number: LAWSTUDY 612 |
Course History |
Fall 2013 Title: Western Legal Tradition Faculty: Kadens, Emily (courses | homepage) Section: 1 Credits: 3.0 Capacity: 65 Actual: 32
Fall 2012 Title: Western Legal Tradition Faculty: Kadens, Emily (courses | homepage) Section: 1 Credits: 3.0 Capacity: 65 Actual: 19


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12 hrs ago | Kinston Free Press
RadioShack future in Kinston uncertain
The company announced on Tuesday it would be closing 1,100 of its lowest-performing stores across the country.
Trending on the Topix Network
Live from Fayetteville: Kinston vs. Jacksonville Northside
Gametime for Kinston vs. Jacksonville Northside 2A Eastern Regional boys' championship is noon.
EASTERN N.C. Bluegrass Association hosts a concert at 7 p.m. March 8 at Lenoir Community College auditorium, Kinston.
RadioShack closures still a mystery
Tuesday's announcement that RadioShack would close 1,100 stores has left some uncertainty about the store in New Bern.
Kinston Public Services looking for water rate increase to pay for pipe repairs
Rising costs for water in the city are going to lead to an increase in bills for most Kinston water customers.
Column: Controversy surrounds doctor
When Robert Smigel decided to start his own medical practice in Kinston, he had no idea what he was in for.
Last - Second Sunday' concert will feature Rick and Jane Vernon
Local entertainers Rick and Jane Vernon will present a program of various musical genres, including gospel, country, rhythm and blues, rock and roll and pop standards, at 3 p.m. Sunday at the Grainger Hill Performing Arts Center, 300 Park Ave., Kinston.
Utility advisory committee meets Wednesday
Today's Kinston Utility Advisory Commission meeting will be highlighted by a former board member giving his thoughts about the city's proposal with Duke Energy.
At Monday's Kinston City Council meeting, members of the Kinston Department of Public Safety spoke on a concept to improve not only its relationship with the community, but the appearance of the city.
Snowfalls are not unknown in the Sunny South, but their occurrences are somewhat rare.
Names released in fatal U.S. 258 wreck
According to the State Highway Patrol, Joseph Shipp, 27, was the man killed in a three-car crash on U.S. 258 Wednesday morning.
Planning for South Queen Street
In the first community planning workshop on Feb. 5, N.C. State horticultural science professor Julieta Sherk - along with a group of her students - came to Kinston to receive feedback from the residents about changes to the area surrounding the African-American Music Trail.
An 18-year-old Kinston man has been charged with burglary and other crimes after an incident Wednesday morning on Opal Lane.
A Chef's Life is a new food/reality series featuring Chef Vivian Howard. Vivian was making a name for herself in New York City, when her father, a hog farmer, offered to get her started in her own restaurant.
Run for the River back March 29
When members of Pride of Kinston looked to balance last year's budget, the initial plans were to cut out one of the most popular events in the city.
Guest column: Getting along is a decision
February is a busy little short month. We recognize President's Day, Black History Month, Valentine's Day, Groundhog Day and other special days such as birthdays and anniversaries all in 28 days.
Many local leaders are feeling optimistic about the progress of a 2.4-mile proposed RiverWalk after a meeting Monday at the Woodmen Community Center.
Kidd takes second shot at sheriff's seat
On Friday, N.C. Highway Patrolman David Kidd announced he will again seek the top law enforcement post for Sampson County and asked those behind him four years ago for their continued support.
Kinston Police investigate two shootings
The first shooting was at 201 West Highland Ave., just before 11 a.m. Sterling Smith, 26, was shot at his residence multiple times.


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Embryonic development
Cardiac development needs more than protein-coding genes
January 24, 2013
Biologists find that long non-coding RNA molecules are necessary to regulate differentiation of embryonic stem cells into cardiac cells.
Also labeled: Biology, Cardiovascular disease, Cells, DNA, Genetics, Stem cells, lncRNA, Faculty, Graduate, postdoctoral, Research, Genome
Probing matters of the heart
September 13, 2012
New study of stem cell differentiation could help researchers better understand the genetic basis of heart disease.
Also labeled: Biology, Disease, Heart, Research, Stem cells, Cardiovascular disease, Congenital heart disease