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Palatinate Forest
Palatinate Forest (Pfälzerwald) | |
Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve | |
Palatinate Forest in south-west Germany
Country | Germany |
State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
Region | Palatinate |
Highest point | Kalmit |
- elevation | 673 m (2,208 ft) |
Biosphere Reserve | 1998 |
Management | Naturpark Pfälzerwald e.V. |
- location | Lambrecht |
Website: http://www.biosphere-vosges-pfaelzerwald.org/ | |
The Palatinate Forest (German: Pfälzerwald), sometimes also called the Palatine Forest, is a low-mountain region in southwestern Germany, located in the Palatinate in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The forest is a designated nature park (German: Naturpark Pfälzerwald), equating to an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, covering 1,771 km² and its highest elevation is the Kalmit (673 m).
Together with the northern part of the adjacent Vosges Mountains in France it forms the UNESCO-designated Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve. The biosphere reserve is one of the biggest forests in Europe.
- 1 Geography
- 2 History
- 2.1 Name
- 2.2 History of settlement
- 2.2.1 Traces of activity (to the 10th century)
- 2.2.2 Abbeys, colonisation and development (7th to 13th centuries)
- 2.2.3 Abandoned villages, over-exploitation and depletion (14th-18th centuries)
- 2.2.4 Immigration, re-impoverishment, first commuters (late 18th to early 20th century)
- 2.2.5 Deindustrialisation and tourism (20th and 21st centuries)
- 2.3 Nature Park and Biosphere Reserve
- 3 Geology
- 4 Tourism
- 5 Walking
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
The Palatinate Forest, together with the Vosges south of the French border, from which it has no morphological separation, is part of a single central upland region of about 8,000 km² in area, that runs from the Börrstadt Basin (a line from Winnweiler via Börrstadt and Göllheim) to the Burgundian Gate (on the line Belfort–Ronchamp–Lure) and which forms the western boundary of the Upper Rhine Plain. This landscape is in turn the eastern part of the very extensive eastern scarplands of France, which, on German soil, take in large parts of the Palatinate and the Saarland., with older (e. g on the Donnersberg) and younger strata (muschelkalk, e. g. the Westrich Plateau).
The low mountain range of the Palatinate Forest is continued northward by the extensive hilly landscape of the North Palatine Uplands (Nordpfälzer Bergland), whose highest point is the volcanic Donnersberg (687 m). In the south it is continued by the northern part of the Vosges Mountains in France.
The eastern end of the forest (Haardt) is adjacent to the Palatinate wine growing region. Here the German Wine Route stretches through the undulating area that lies between the Palatinate Forest and the Upper Rhine valley.
West of Kaiserslautern is the marshy lowland of Landstuhl.
The Palatinate Forest can be divided into 3 areas.
- The Northern Palatinate Forest, bounded by the extensive northern Palatine hill landscape and reaching southwards to a line from Kaiserslautern to Bad Duerkheim
Hardenburg Castle near Bad Dürkheim
St. James' Church, ruins of Höningen Abbey (1120-1569)
The countryside near Eisenberg
- The Middle Palatinate Forest from the stream Isenach and the line Kaiserslautern - Bad Duerkheim to the Queich stream and the line from Pirmasens to Landau
Highest peak: Kalmit (673 m)
The Haardt, the boundary with the wine growing region
The region is much appreciated by motorcyclists
- The Southern Palatinate Forest, the so-called Wasgau, from the Queich stream and the line from Pirmasens to Landau to the French borderline in the south.
The Hochstein sandstone rocks near Dahn are a destination for rock climbers
The Teufelstisch ("devil's table") near Hinterweidenthal
The Palatinate Forest is a major (3rd level) natural region within the Palatine-Saarland Scarplands (a 2nd order major region) and runs south as far as the Col de Saverne, i.e. far into French territory, where it continues as the Vosges ridge. This often goes unrecognized as a result of the French border; hence the French southern part of the natural region is often, wrongly, counted as part of the North Vosges.
The important subdivisions of these bunter sandstone mountains were drawn up in the 1950s and 1960s in the Handbook of the Natural Region Divisions of Germany and 1:200,000 map sheets by the German Federal Institute for Regional Studies. Despite that, some deviation in the names used by the handbook has prevailed.
The most important subordinate landscapes are listed with the aid of a map; the map only showing the names of well-known landscapes and only the more significant landscape boundaries.[1][2][3][4][5]
- Palatinate Forest
- Lower Palatinate Forest (Northern Palatinate Forest)
- Otterberg Forest (up to around 380 m)
- (Sembacher Platten)
- Stumpfwald (only over 400 m near the southern boundary)
- Queitersberg (Quaidersberg, Quaitersberg; 394 m); Osteinrahmung Kaiserslauterns
- Central Palatinate Forest (only significantly separate landscape subdivisions shown)
- Diemerstein Forest (up to around 450 m)
- Leininger Sporn (up to 516 m)
- High Palatinate Forest (main plateau of the Frankenweide; up to 610 m)
- Haardt (up to 673 m)
- Wasgau
- Western Wasgau (up to 513 m)
- Dahn-Annweiler Felsenland
- Stürzelbronn-Schönauer Felsenland (up to 581 m)
- Dahner Felsenland (up to 577 m)
- Dahner Felsenland in the narrower sense
- Annweiler Felsenland[6]
- Annweiler-Albersweiler-Ausraum ("Trifelsland")[7]
- Eastern Wasgau
- Upper Mundat Forest[8] (bis 562 m)
- Hochwald (up to 529 m)
- Lembach Graben
- Southern Wasgau (up to 526 m; drains into the Moder)
- Lower Palatinate Forest (Northern Palatinate Forest)
The name Pfälzerwald was first used in 1843 - when the Palatinate was part of the Kingdom of Bavaria - by foresters in the centrally-located municipality of Johanniskreuz, who used it to refer to the woods of the bunter sandstone region of the Palatinate. Its use was extended when, in 1902, der Palatinate Forest Club (Pfälzerwald-Verein or PWV) was founded,[9] Fritz Claus, one of the pioneers of the PWV, in particular, strove to promote the name.[10] A more precise, scientifically-based definition of the Palatinate Forest as an independent natural region was introduced in 1911 by Daniel Häberle, a Palatine geographer and local historian.[11]
In noting the historical perspective of the term, it is notable that, prior to 1850, there was no overall name for the Palatine's bunter sandstone mountains[12] It was not geographical factors, but historical territorial ones that governed perceptions at the time. By contrast, the Celts and Romans viewed the entire mountain range west of the Rhine as a single unit, i.e. they made no distinction between different parts of the region that, today, is the Palatinate Forest and the Vosges. The range was named after the Celtic forest god Vosegus and is recorded in many Roman manuscripts as "silva vosegus" or "mons vosegus".[12] It was from this linguistic root that, during the Middle Ages, the name Vosges emerged in the French-speaking area and Wasgen or Was(i)genwald, later also Wasgau, in the German-speaking region.
So while the term Wasgen continued, for a long time, to refer to the entire range on the west bank of the Rhine, at the beginning of the 20th century, it gradually became restricted to the Alsatian part of the sandstone mountains, both in the minds of the public as well as in scientific discourse, whilst the term Pfälzerwald ("Palatinate Forest") became increasingly used to refer to the Palatine part. This led to the Palatinate Forest and Vosges being defined as separate and distinct landscapes. However, in recent decades, in the context of European integration (the Schengen Agreement), there is an increasing trend to regard the entire mountain complex as a single geographical entity again.[13] Evidence of this changed attitude can be seen, for example, in the establishment in 1998 of the first cross-border biosphere reserve, the Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO.
History of settlement[edit]
Traces of activity (to the 10th century)[edit]
Whilst there are traces of various human activities in the more suitable regions of what is now the Palatinate, takin place since the Neolithic period (5,500-4,500 BC), and especially in Celtic (800 to 10 BC) and Roman (10 BC to 450 AD) times, the mountains on the west bank of the Rhine were practically uninhabited and covered by dense, ancient forest until the end of the Migration Period (about 600 AD).
Abbeys, colonisation and development (7th to 13th centuries)[edit]
After the Frankish conquests in the Early Middle Ages (7th to 10th century) only took them to the edges of today's Palatinate Forest, there was increasing population pressure in the Middle Ages (10th to 13th century), especially through the initiatives of the nobility and the church, e.g. through the establishment of monasteries such as the Cistercian abbeys of Otterberg (1144) and Eußerthal (1148), the colonization and development of the mountains. Areas that could be used for agriculture were cleared and settled permanently. This development reached its peak in the region during the era of the Salian (10th-12th centuries) and Hohenstaufen (12th and 13th century) emperors, with the construction of Trifels Castle and other castles in the surrounding area that, for a time, made it the centre of power of the empire.[14][15]
Abandoned villages, over-exploitation and depletion (14th-18th centuries)[edit]
This development took place in the Late Middle Ages (13th to 15th centuries) and Early Modern Period (16th to 18th century), because disease (e.g. The Plague) and famine led to a significant decline in population and the total number of settlements fell sharply (leaving abandoned villages), thanks to wars and economic circumstances. Thus, during the colonization of the mountains, areas were often cleared that, due to the nutrient-poor sandy soils were unsuitable for economic farming and had to be abandoned after a short period due to overuse and overexploitation. Also, the use of the forest to obtain firewood and timber did not follow the principles of sustainability. On the one hand, the production of straw (foliage as bedding for cattle) and wood pasture damaged the soils and forests; on the other hand the manufacture of iron, glass and potash, which needed a lot of wood, led for centuries to the overuse and destruction of the forest and thus to the further impoverishment of the population. Occupations that the forest itself supported, such as lumberjacks, charcoal burners, rafters, resin burners (pitch boilers) and ash burners, only supported a meagre existence.[16]
Immigration, re-impoverishment, first commuters (late 18th to early 20th century)[edit]
After large population losses during the Thirty Years' War, the population was initially restored and stabilized in the late 17th century initially as a result of settler migration from the Tyrol and Swabia and the settlement of religious refugees from Switzerland, France and the Netherlands (Huguenots and Mennonites). From then on to the end of the 18th century, the population then expanded as a result of the better design of farms (such as the Frankish house) and the expansion of villages (clustered village or Haufendörfer). This development, however, meant that the resources of the mountains were rapidly exhausted and over-population and poverty, in particular in the 19th century, led to increased emigration to the New World. Apart from the modest level of iron extraction and processing, work in the forests and the operation of paper mills, the shoemaking industry in the region Pirmasens was the only real source of income. This meant that the railway in the second half of the 19th century (the Ludwig Railway and Landau–Zweibrücken line) brought some improvement in the situation, because now it was possible to commute to towns outside the Palatinate Forest and seek employment in one of the emerging industries (e.g. BASF at Ludwigshafen) there.
Deindustrialisation and tourism (20th and 21st centuries)[edit]
In the 20th century, the general economic structural changes in Germany also affected the region of the Palatinate Forest, which was increasingly integrated into the overall economic and transport systems. Secluded forest farming villages became municipalities with a service character through the building of infrastructure (e.g. public transport), and, in many cases, the villagers now no longer worked locally, but in more distant regional centres, such as Ludwigshafen and Kaiserslautern.
By contrast local industries in the mountains became rarer or were closed, as can be seen in the example of the footwear industry. Since its heyday in the 1950s and 1960s, globalization has seen the relocation of shoe production abroad, resulting in the almost total collapse of the industry, reinforced especially in the 1980s and 1990s by increasing unemployment and induced migration trends.[18] In addition, the far-reaching demographic changes of the last few decades have caused further structural problems, especially affecting remote communities in sparsely populated areas through population decline, aging and migration.
At the same time, the forested highlands has gained increasing importance in the second half of the twentieth century as a place for recreation and leisure activities of special ecological status. This is reflected in various touristic concepts and activities to offer the native population additional work and income opportunities and to assist in counteracting the structural changes described above.
Nature Park and Biosphere Reserve[edit]
Whereas the Palatinate Forest was earlier seen mainly as a source of raw materials and energy supply, today, in addition to its recreation and leisure function, its ecological importance as a "special protected landscape" has come to the forefront. This change in attitude found visible expression, inter alia, through the establishment of the Palatinate Forest Nature Park and, later the Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve.
Nature park[edit]
The Palatinate Forest Nature Park was created in 1958 as the third nature park in Germany. In accordance with the requirements of the originator of the nature park concept, Alfred Toepfer, the Palatinate Forest was to be a place of recreation and exercise for the stressed office workers of the cities in the Rhine valley which were then suffering badly from air pollution. The nature park expansion programme envisaged 95 car parks, 13 camp sites, seven observation towers and five open-air pools.
In fact, 62 woodland car parks were created in the first seven years as well as 530 benches and as many waste bins. A total of 370 km of walking routes were added or created and 45 signed circular walks laid out. The management of the nature park took over the Palatinate Forest Club (PWV). The 20 open shelters, built for walkers in log house style, were named "Fischer Huts" after the Managing Director of the Palatinate Forest Club, Ludwig Fischer.
In the mid-1960s, the PWV came to the conclusion that the work required could not be done by volunteers and handed the management of the nature park to the Palatinate provincial government. By 1974, 3.7 million euros had been spent on improving recreational opportunities.
Around 1975 the expansion of recreational facilities was viewed as complete and attention switched to the care of biotopes and the landscape in the centre. Increasingly there was also a desire to replace the many coniferous monocultures, planted as a result of war, wartime reparations and times of crisis, with species rich site-specific mixed forests.
On 20 July 1982 the Palatinate Forest Nature Park Association (Verein Naturpark Pfälzerwald) was founded as a support organization. The members of the association are those counties and independent towns whose territories are covered by the nature park as well as the Palatinate regional association, various rambling and sports clubs and environmental organizations. Many social organisations are involved in the work of the nature park, ensuring the independence of academic and regional individual interests. The association's goal is to develop the nature park and its eponymous biosphere reserve equally and to maintain its uniqueness and beauty as well as its national recreational value. Since 1997, the head office of the association has been in Lambrecht.
Biosphere reserve[edit]
The Palatinate Forest Nature Park was recognized in 1992 by UNESCO as a biosphere reserve. In 1998 it became the German part of the first cross-border UNESCO biosphere reserve, namely the Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve.[19] It thus became the 12th of (as at 2009) 15 German biosphere reserves. These are areas that have a special significance for the global conservation of biological diversity and in which the ecological aspects, sustainable economic management, environmental education and environmental research are best linked together.[20]
In 2007, the state of Rhineland -Palatinate issued an ordinance by which the UNESCO guidelines for the design of biosphere reserves would be implemented specifically for the Palatinate Forest Nature Park.[21] This laid down a zoning scheme as its main focus, which envisaged three zones with different objectives and protection functions:
- Core areas
- Securely protected sites for conserving biological diversity where there is a "least possible influence on the course of natural processes", i.e. complete protection of typical ecosystems is ensured.
- Buffer zones
- The buffer zones are used for "ecologically sound farming practices" that conserve landscape character. They are intended to complement and link the core areas.
- Transition areas
- The main focus is on the promotion of "model projects for sustainability" that, for example, may include the development of sustainable tourism concepts or the environmentally friendly production of regional products.
The "quiet zones" (Stillezonen) also covered in the law are intended to ensure a "recreation in the stillness", but are not part of the UNESCO guidelines for biosphere reserves. The concept originates rather from the old protected area regulation for the Palatinate Forest Nature Park (1984) and therefore overlaps with the other three zones.
Core, buffer and transition zones are representatively distributed over the area of the biosphere reserve. As part of this, some 16 core zones were defined, together covering about 2.3 percent of the area.[22] The source region of the Wieslauter (2,296 ha) being the largest of the core area in the biosphere reserve, with its mixed stands of primeval beech, oak and pine.
The Palatinate Forest is primarily characterised by a block of bunter sandstone and its underlying formations of Zechstein. The tectonically formed bedding of these rock types and their subsequent erosion led to the topography of this low mountain range that we see today.[23][24]
Development history[edit]
Formation of the bunter sandstone[edit]
In the Permian geological period (about 296-251 million years ago) the first sandstone formations, some 100 metres thick, were deposited in the area of today's Palatinate Forest; in particular, the rock units of the Rotliegendes and the Zechstein (about 256-251 million years ago) are important. At the beginning of the Germanic Triassic, i.e. from the Lower to the beginning of the Middle Triassic, there was (about 251-243 million years ago) a desert-like climate, so that as a result of further depositions of sand, rock layers of up to 500 metres thickness were formed. This led inter alia, through the addition of iron oxide, to a variable colouration of the rock strata - hence the name "bunter" sandstone (bunter being German for "coloured") - and, depending on the type and binding of the material, (clay-bound sandstone as opposed to silicified quartz sandstone) to the formation of rock layers of different hardness. This resulted in the subgroups of lower, middle and upper bunter sandstone. These bunter sandstone formations were buried by various types of sediments in the adjacent sections of muschelkalk (243-235 million years ago) and keuper (234-200 million years ago), and also during the Jurassic (200-142 million years ago) and Cretaceous (142-66 million years ago).[25]
Laying down of the Bunter Sandstone[edit]
At the beginning of the Palaeogene period of the Cenozoic era (66 to 23.8 million years ago) the formation of the Alps led to considerable tensions in the earth's crust, which, in their forelands to the north of the Alps, caused a bulge in the mantle and crust. At the apex of the arch so formed, there were considerable tensile stresses, so that the rock layers were stretched and about 35 million years ago, deep cracks and depressions in the earth's crust occurred (passive rifting).[26] At the same time the sides of the newly created lowlands were uplifted, in the case of the Palatinate Forest, to a height of about 1000 metres.
These processes, which continue today, have had four important implications for the present landscape of the low mountain region:
- The removal of approximately 800 metres of surface rock (dogger, lias, keuper and muschelkalk), thus exposing the bunter sandstone
- The tilting of the sandstone layers
- the formation of swells and troughs
- The breaking the bunter sandstone into individual fault blocks and the formation of faults
Shaping of today's landscape[edit]
In the later Paleogene (34 to 23.8 million years ago) and Neogene (23.8 to 2.8 million years ago) and also in the Quaternary period (2.8 - 0.01 million years ago) erosion processes once more dominated. In particular, it was the weathering and removal processes that occurred during the various cold and warm periods that determined the final topographical shape of the Palatinate Forest. Characteristic of this is a system of deeply incised valleys, especially in the north and centre, diverse mountain shapes and bizarre rock formations.
Gneisses and slates form the bedrock of the Palatinate Forest today, but they are generally covered by younger rock formations, cropping out only in a few places on the eastern edge of the mountains.[27][28]
Rotliegendes and Zechstein formations[edit]
These rock strata cover the bedrock and consist, in addition to sandstone, of shale and marl. They generally have a softer consistency and therefore form broad valleys and erosion surfaces in the northern Palatinate Forest (the Stumpfwald) as well as in the southeast. The southern Palatinate sandstone formations of the Zechstein are divided into four strata having a total thickness of about 80 to 100 metres.
Outdoor recreation[edit]
The Palatinate Forest is an attractive region for hiking, offering an extensive network of trails.
In 2005, the Mountainbikepark Pfälzerwald, a route network for mountainbiking, was developed in the centre of the region.
Climbers appreciate the red sandstone rocks in the Dahner Felsenland.
The region is well known for its castles and has attracted tourists for many years. The Hambach Castle is located in the east near Neustadt an der Weinstraße and is considered to be the symbol of the German democracy movement because of the Hambacher Fest which occurred here in 1832.
The Berwartstein Castle has been reconstructed and is open to visitors. It is situated in the southern part of the Palatinate Forest. Of many other castles, like the Wegelnburg Castle, only ruins are left.
Trifels Castle, where replicas of the Imperial Regalia (Reichskleinodien) of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation can be viewed, is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the Palatinate.
Since the beginning of the last century, the Palatine Forest has developed into a very popular walking region, thanks to its natural landscape attractions, its cultural heritage and good infrastructure, primarily created by the Palatine Forest Club. It offers over 100 managed walking huts and similar facilities[29][30] run by volunteers of the Palatine Forest Club[31] and the Friends of Nature. The walking support centres are often only accessible on foot and mainly open at weekends.
Walking routes[edit]
The mountain range is criss-crossed by a dense network of signed trails,[32] over 12,000 kilometres in overall length, most of which were established by volunteers of the Palatine Forest Club, who continue to maintain them. These include several important international and national long distance paths that link the Forest to the European and national networks of long distance trails.
Well known examples include the Palatine St. James Way (sign: scallop on blue field), the Pirmasens – Belfort long distance path (sign: yellow bar) or the Franconia-Hesse-Palatinate (Franken – Hessen – Kurpfalz) long distance path (sign: red cross). These main walking routes are complemented by a multitude of regional footpaths of varying length (both linear and circular trails), which include themed trails (e. g. forest educational trails), rock trails (e. g. the Rodalber Felsenweg), river and lakeside trails (e. g. the Brunnenweg near Heltersberg etc.) and the so-called "premium" or "predicate" trails initiated by the Palatine Tourist Board (e. g. Pfälzer Waldsteig or Felsenland Sagenweg etc.). Cross-border hikes are also easily possible in the bunter sandstone hills, because the Palatine Forest Club and its French counterpart the Vosges Club (French: Club Vosgien) have developed almost identical signage systems since their foundation over 100 years (e. g. dots, bars, crosses and diamonds of different colours) and in the border region have developed a dense common network of footpaths. In doing so, both clubs have been careful to ensure that, where possible, the routes do not follow "forest motorways" but use narrow footpaths and mountain paths.
Viewing points[edit]
Thanks to its rich tapestry of countryside the Palatine Forest has a large number of very varied viewing points:
Viewing towers[edit]
In the northeastern part of the range the following destinations are worth mentioning: the Eckkopf Tower (near Deidesheim), Bismarck Tower (near Bad Dürkheim) and the observation tower on the Weinbiet. The visitor has a good all-round view, especially to the north and east that reaches as far as the Odenwald. In the central and southern part of the range, examples of good viewing towers include the Schänzel on the Steigerkopf, the Rehberg and its tower near Annweiler and the Stäffelsberg Tower near Dörrenbach. The summit pyramid of the Rehberg is especially well known for its panoramic views (see the image in the section above). Representative of the central Palatine Forest are the tower on the Schindhübel near Iggelbach, the one on the Eschkopf and especially the Luitpold Tower near Hermersbergerhof, which offers the most extensive panoramic view of the Palatine Forest by far. According to precise geometric research by Lang[33] over 350 hill and mountain tops may be seen from this point.
Rock formations[edit]
The best known rock formations are the Drachenfels ("Dragon Rock") between the Isenach and Speyerbach valleys and especially the Orensfels near Albersweiler, from which there is an outstanding view over the southeast Wasgau and the county of Südliche Weinstraße. On the Kirschfelsen ("Cherry Rock", near Annweiler Forsthaus) seating has been installed from which the visitor can enjoy a "natural opera" as if in an open-air theatre. The Buhlsteine rocks near Busenberg have an alpine feel, as does the Hühnerstein near Hauenstein, which has been made accessible with ladders and railings and may be climbed with appropriate care.
Whilst the Rietburg above Rhodt offers an "observation platform" over the Rhine plain, the rock castles of the Wasgau, e. g. the castle trinity of Trifels, Anebos and Scharfenberg near Annweiler and Lindelbrunn near Vorderweidenthal, enable the variety of the Palatine bunter sandstone hills to be experienced. A 360° panorama of the German and French Wasgau is offered by the Wegelnburg, the highest castle ruins in the Palatinate, near Schönau, and from Gräfenstein Castle near Merzalben the visitor has a good view of the core zone of the biosphere reserve in the western Palatine Forest (see the Castles section).
See also[edit]
- ^ Emil Meynen, Josef Schmithüsen: Handbuch der naturräumlichen Gliederung Deutschlands. Bundesanstalt für Landeskunde, Remagen/Bad Godesberg 1953–1962 (9th series in 8 books, 1:1,000,000 map with major units 1960).
- ^ Various authors: Geographische Landesaufnahme: The Natural Region Units in Individual 1:200,000 map sheets. Bundesanstalt für Landeskunde, Bad Godesberg 1952–1994. → Online-Karten
Sheets marked with an asterisk (*) have not so far been included in the list.- Sheet 150: Mainz (Harald Uhlig 1964; 39 pp.)
- Sheet 160: Landau i. d. Pfalz (Adalbert Pemöller 1969; 47 pp.)
- Sheet 169*: Rastatt (Heinz Fischer 1967; 31 pp.)
- ^ Map service of the landscape information systems of the Rhineland-Palatinate Nature Conservation Office (Naturschutzverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz)
- ^ Natural region table with area data by the Rhineland-Palatinate State Office for the Environment, Water Management and Trade Control (Landesamtes für Umwelt, Wasserwirtschaft und Gewerbeaufsicht Rheinland-Pfalz) (pdf; 250 kB)
- ^ Landscape fact file (major landscape) of the landscape information systems of the Rhineland-Palatinate Nature Conservation Office (Naturschutzverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz)
- ^ The Annweiler Felsenland is, according to a proposal by Beeger and Geiger, separated from the Dahner Felsenland along the southern continuation of the Elmstein Fault.
- ^ Queich- and Eisbach valleys, Reichsburg Trifels
- ^ nebst nordöstlichem Sporn zur Madenburg
- ^ Kurt Reh: Der Pfälzerwald – Eine Einführung in Landschaft und Namengebung. In: Michael Geiger et al. (ed.): Pfälzische Landeskunde, Beiträge zu Geographie, Biologie, Volkskunde und Geschichte. Vol. 1. Selbstverlag, Landau/Pf. 1981, p. 381.
- ^ Winfried Lang: Der Luitpoldturm und sein Panorama. Plöger Medien GmbH, Annweiler 2009, p. 75.
- ^ Daniel Häberle: Der Pfälzerwald: Entstehung seines Namens, seine geographische Abgrenzung und die Geologie seines Gebietes.Crusius Verlag, Kaiserslautern, 1911 (Sonderdruck), p. 7.
- ^ a b Michael Geiger u. a. (ed.): Der Pfälzerwald, Porträt einer Landschaft. Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau/Pf. 1987, p. 18.
- ^ Winfried Lang: Der Luitpoldturm und sein Panorama. Plöger Medien GmbH, Annweiler, 2009, p. 61.
- ^ Jürgen Keddigkeit: Der Pfälzerwald als historisch-politischer Raum. In: Michael Geiger u. a. (ed.): Der Pfälzerwald, Porträt einer Landschaft. Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau/Pf., 1987, pp. 63–92.
- ^ Michael Geiger: Dörfer und Städte in der Pfalz. In: Michael Geiger u. a. (ed.): Geographie der Pfalz. Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau/Pf., 2010, pp. 202–221.
- ^ Roland Paul: Von alten Berufen im Pfälzerwald. In: Michael Geiger u. a. (ed.): Der Pfälzerwald, Porträt einer Landschaft. Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau/Pf. 1987, pp. 239–252.
- ^ nach Heinz Ellenberg: Bauernhaus und Landschaft. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1999, p. 403, compare these houses with those in the Spessart.
- ^ Hanni Mädrich: Die Schuhindustrie. In: Michael Geiger u. a. (ed.): Der Pfälzerwald, Porträt einer Landschaft. Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau/Pf., 1987, pp. 207–214.
- ^ Jürgen Müller: Kraftquelle für Sitzmenschen. In: Die Rheinpfalz, Beilage Ihr Wochenende, 17 Jan 2009.
- ^ Michael Geiger: Natur- und Kulturlandschaften der Pfalz im Überblick. In: Michael Geiger u. a. (ed.): Geographie der Pfalz. Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau/Pf., 2010, pp. 155–158.
- ^ Landesverordnung über den "Naturpark Pfälzerwald" als deutscher Teil des Biosphärenreservates Pfälzerwald-Nordvogesen vom 22. Januar 2007. Website of the Ministry for the Environment, Forestry and Consumer Protection of the State of Rhineland-Palatinate. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
- ^ 50 Jahre Naturpark Pfälzerwald, Report from the Pollichia-Kurier 2/2009.
- ^ Michael Geiger et al. (ed.): Der Pfälzerwald im geografischen Überblick.In: Der Pfälzerwald, ein Porträt einer Landschaft. Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau/Pf., 1987, pp. 21–46.
- ^ Roland Walter: Geologie von Mitteleuropa. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 2007, pp. 241–258.
- ^ Ulrike Klugmann (ed.): Naturpark PfälzerWald Naturmagazin draußen, No. 24. Harksheider Verlagsgesellschaft, Norderstedt, o. J., pp. 20–29.
- ^ Zugversagen-Modell der Grabenbildung Website von Christian Röhr: Der Oberrheingraben. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
- ^ Jost Haneke/Michael Weidenfeller: Die geologischen Baueinheiten der Pfalz. In: Michael Geiger et al. (ed.): Geographie der Pfalz. Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau/Pf., 2010, c.f. table and map pp. 76–77.
- ^ Geological Overview Map of Rhineland-Palatinate Website of the Rhineland-Palatinate State Office for Geology and Mining. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
- ^ Wanderhütten in deutschen Mittelgebirgen
- ^ Karte bewirtschafteter Unterkünfte
- ^ Pfälzerwald-Verein, Verzeichnis der Rasthäuser, Schutzhütten, Wanderheime, insgesamt 102, Pfälzerwald-Verein e. V., 67433 Neustadt a.d.W.
- ^ Rhineland-Palatinate State Survey Department, , 1:25,000 topographic map series with footpaths, and 1:50,000 topographic map series with footpaths and cycle paths between the Rhine and Palatine Forest - official walking and cycling maps by the Palatine Forest Club showing all footpaths and cycle paths
- ^ Winfried Lang: Der Luitpoldturm und sein Panorama. Plöger Medien GmbH, Annweiler 2009, pp. 108–121.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palatinate Forest. |
Coordinates: 49°17′33″N 7°52′36″E / 49.29250°N 7.87667°E


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- Adoptions
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San Francisco, Jul 8 2009:
Today, July 8, 2009, between 2-3:45 pm PT, three month old kitten, "Jack Daniels," was stolen from the SF SPCA's Maddie's Adoption Center at 250 Florida St. San Francisco. A description of the perpetrator(s) is not available.
A description of the cat is as follows:
He is a partially-blind kitten, who depends on his brother for many of life's necessities.
He is particularly vulnerable and we are gravely concerned for his safety and well-being.
Download and Post the "Help Find Jack Daniels" Flyer (PDF 83KB). If you have any information, or if you see a kitten fitting this description please contact Kiska Icard, Communications Manager for The San Francisco SPCA, 415.760.4265. NO QUESTIONS ASKED! The kitten can also be returned directly to The San Francisco SPCA's Maddie's Adoption Center, 250 Florida St. San Francisco, 415.522.3500, which is open daily 11 am-6 pm (Wednesdays 1:00 p.m. - 6:00 p.m.).WHERE:
The San Francisco SPCA is a community-supported, non-profit animal welfare organization dedicated to saving, protecting and providing immediate care for cats and dogs who are homeless, ill or in need of an advocate. The SF SPCA also works long-term to educate the community, reduce the number of unwanted kittens and puppies through spaying and neutering, and improve the quality of life for animals and their human companions.
Support the San Francisco SPCA by adopting, donating, volunteering and becoming a client of the state-of-the-art SF SPCA Veterinary Hospital at the Leanne B. Roberts Animal Care Center. SF SPCA has San Francisco volunteer opportunities to care for shelter dogs and cats, conduct adoption counseling, assist clients and veterinary staff at the Leanne B. Roberts Animal Care Center, provide foster care, help with the Community Cats Program, and enrich the lives of people in the community through animal-assisted therapy.
For more information about San Francisco pet adoption, call the San Francisco SPCA at (415) 522-3500 or visit sfspca.org.
Jen Lu
Communications Manager
Krista Maloney
Communications Associate


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Follow Friday 「4」
38 comments:
Lucky for you, the Host is being made with Soarise Ronan to star as Stryder and many, many other cool actors!!
New Follower-
~VI can't wait for Host! I've been seeing Anna on so many of these tonight and I'm thinking I'm gonna have to see what all the fuss is about! Happy Friday :)
My Friday HopsYou're the second blogger to answer Anna & the French Kiss! :) I would love to see The Infernal Devices by Cassandra Clare on the big screen!
New follower! Here's my Follow Friday Post
Happy weekend!
-JoAnne @ The Fairytale NerdAnna and the French kiss is such a good choice!
New follower!
Bri @ Kindling the Fire
My Follow FridayYou have a great blog :D Haven't read this one yet but I will get around to it.
New follower on all the ones you have.
Here is my FF :DI have only read Host and I think that film is actually on the cards fingers crossed as that would make an awesome film :)
New followerHi! I'm blog hopping today and I'm following your blog. Please stop by and say hi when you get a chance. Hope your having an awesome day.
A Mommy's Blog Design
Blog Hops Everyday
Review and Giveaway Blog DirectoryThanks for stopping by!
I'm a new GFC and Linky follower.
:) Aeicha @ Word SpelunkingThanks for stopping by my blog. I'm following back.
Anna seems to be the main pick for this weeks question. I don't know who I'd want to play Anna, but I want Pierre Boulanger to play Etienne. I know a lot of people want Aaron Johnson to play him as well.
And the Host is being turned into a movie. Stephenie is the producer for it I believe. If I had to pick between her making the movie or writing the sequel to it, I'd rather she kept on writing! I'm really excited for the next Host book.Yes to The Host! I'm a little unsure that it would transfer to screen well, but I would still love it.
ReplyDeleteI love how popular Anna as a choice is! ;D And I don't really have perfect St. Clair, argh. Guess we will have to wait and see once they make a movie! ;D
Thanks for stopping by. ^_^
Agnieszka @ Nook of BooksI'm really looking forward to the film version of Warm Bodies. That was such an interesting read and I'm not entirely sure how it'll translate to a movie.
Old follower, thanks for stopping by WFTM!
Leslie @ Working for the Mandroid


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District 51 parents learn more about academic options for students
Posted: 9:36 PM Jan 30, 2013
Reporter: Andrew Reid
District 51 parents learn more about academic options for students
Grand Junction, Colo. (KKCO) – District 51 students have a variety of academic options that reach outside the traditional boundaries of the classroom.
On Wednesday evening, in an effort to educate parents and new students on those options, an academic fair was held at Bookcliff Middle School. The idea is to showcase the different options students have, from rock climbing, to music, to computers as academic options to help District 51 students prepare for their future. "These last few years of school, as we're getting older, we're trying to figure out what we're going to do with the rest of our lives, and just trying different things and finding our interest is always good to have opportunities to allow that," says Carman Debereux, a 10th grade student at Grand River Virtual Academy.
School officials say it's important to have different academic options for students. A variety of options work well with students who have different learning styles and it helps those disenchanted students stay engaged with academics.
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What the PSI Scores Mean
The PSI 3.00 Scoring System PSI Scoring Criteria *All assessments are based on online information only
Intent scoring criteria Intent category measures the coverage and company's involvement in general environmental or social issues. The "Intent" topics are each worth 2 points; 1 point for a discussion of intentions, vision, or plans, and a 1 point for evidence of specific actions taken to implement them. Reporting scoring criteria Environmental reporting scores indicate transparency in publicly discussing the company's dealing with environmental issues independent of success in making improvements.
The "Reporting"� topics are each
worth 5 points and are either quantitative (for which we expect numerical data)
or qualitative (for which we don't). Performance Scoring Criteria
For each
"Reporting"� topic, 2 performance points are available. The 11 "human rights"� topics are scored differently, with 5 "reporting"� points; 2.5 points for formally adopting a policy or standard, and 2.5 points for a description of monitoring measures. In addition, there are 2 "performance"� points; 1 point for evidence of actions to reinforce policy and 1 point for a quantitative indication of compliance. What do the scores mean? We normalize all the scores to the potential maximum score. Scores of subsets of the overall score are also normalized to their potential maxima. The letter grades (A+, A, A-, B+, etc.), however, are normalized to the highest scoring company in the sector, in the same sector. Companies with scores in the highest 4% get A+ and any in the bottom 4% get F. We assign these by dividing the maximum PSI score obtained in the sector into 12 equal parts then rounding fractional score up or down. This means that A+ and F are under-represented compared the other grades. The same technique applies to the separate categories of environmental and social scores. Thus, we grade on the curve. We assume that the highest score obtained in the sector and any scores near it represent the state of the art for that sector and deserve an A+. Additional Information on the PSI Scoring System: The PSI Scoring System The Pacific Sustainability Index (PSI) uses two systematic questionnaires to analyze the quality of the sustainability reporting—a base questionnaire for reports across sectors and a sector-specific questionnaire for companies within the same sector. The selection of questions is based on and periodically adjusted to the most frequently-mentioned topics in over 900 corporate sustainability reports analyzed from 2002 through 2007 at the Roberts Environmental Center. The Roberts Environmental Center The Roberts Environmental Center is an environmental research institute at Claremont McKenna College (CMC). Its mission is to provide students of all the colleges with a comprehensive and realistic understanding of today's environmental issues and the ways in which they are being and can be resolved, and to identify, publicize, and encourage policies and practices that achieve economic and social goals in the most environmentally benign and protective manner. The Center is funded by an endowment from George R. Roberts (Founding Partner of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts Co. and CMC alumnus), other grants, and gifts, and is staffed by faculty and students from the Claremont Colleges. Our Goals The philosophy of the PSI is described in detail in our book, Clean, Green, and Read All Over published by and available from the American Society for Quality Press*. The selection of PSI topics is constantly adapted to include topics discussed in the world's best sustainability reports, raising the bar for better sustainability reporting in the future. We also encourage all of our readers to contact us for consultation on better sustainability reporting or for recruiting our student analysts who often look for corporate summer internships and post-graduation positions in environmental education or environmental communications. Methodology Our analysts download relevant English web pages from the main corporate website for analysis. Our scoring excludes data independently stored outside the main corporate web site. When a corporate subsidiary has its own sustainability reporting, partial credit is given to the parent company when a direct link is provided in the main corporate web site. We archive these web pages as a PDF files. Our analysts use a keyword search function to search reporting of a specific topic and based on their findings, they fill out a PSI scoring sheet (http://www.roberts.cmc.edu/PSI/scoringsheet.asp), and track the coverage and depths of different sustainability issues mentioned in all online materials. Scores and ranks When they are finished scoring, the analysts enter their scoring results into the PSI database. The PSI database calculates scores and publishes them on the Center's website. This sector report provides an in-depth analysis on sustainability reporting of the largest, but not more than 30, companies of the sector, as listed in the latest Fortune Global 500 and 1000 lists. Prior to publishing our sector report, we notify and encourage companies analyzed to provide feedback and additional new online materials, which often improve their scores. *http://www.qualitypress.asq.org/perl/catalog.cgi?item=H1145 |


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Though much have I attended you, late have I loved you.
'Unwise' but not 'uncommon or illegal,' $200,000 campaign helped marriage book briefly top New York Times list.
After one of longest terms served, Geoff Tunnicliffe will let another lead the 'changing worldwide church' of 600 million evangelicals.
More helpful tools for transition
How to live a life that matters
Learn to let go of grudges.
God opens his arms wide and so should we.
Seeing my worth after my husband left
Ditch your resolution and choose one word to guide your decisions this year
Hint: How you feel about yourself is the biggest factor in how much freedom you will feel in your marriage bed.
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Buy your favourite cutaways and archive images online now. Thousands of unique aviation photographs available
and one baby step for the entire aviation industry.
Two Alaska Airlines flights, one headed to Washington, D.C. (B-737-900) and the other ( Dash8-Q400) bound for Portland, took off from Sea-Tac Airport on November 9, 2011, each with a load of biofuel powering their jet engines. The first of 75 commercial flights over the next few weeks to be powered by a 20-percent blend of biofuel.


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About This Wine:
Tasting Notes:
Exuberant aromas of citrus blossom, white nectarine and lemon peel soar from the glass, introducing the statuesque 2008 Signature Chardonnay. Anchored by a crisp core of white peach and Fuji apple, copious flavors of poached pear, mango and orange zest play on the palate. An exceptionally graceful finish hints at toasted hazelnut, vanilla and honey.


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Overnight Markets: US stocks decline on China data
Shares fell after a slowdown in Chinese exports fuelled concern about global economic growth. -
US equity veteran: autos and real estate will drive market forward
Long/short specialist John Brennan eyes industries helping propel an uptick in cyclical activity but remains wary of the retail sector. -
Absolutely marvellous: the best bond fund managers revealed
Citywire Global uncovers absolute return bond managers delivering the best performance over the past three years.
China ahead of the pack in db X-trackers Citywire Emerging Market Sentiment Indicator
Two thirds of asset managers surveyed for the latest Citywire Emerging Market Sentiment Indicator (EMSI) expect Chinese outperformance
Content From db X-trackers
Top rated US boutique to launch first Ucits-compliant fund
Asset manager behind top performing US small cap equity fund set to launch new fund for international investors, Citywire Global can reveal. -
Mixed-asset funds: can they survive the rush for risk?
Net flows into mixed-asset funds have fallen as risk appetite recovers, but a flexible approach to fixed income could prove the sceptics wrong. -
Euro strength will dictate near-term rate cuts, says Krautzberger
VIDEO: BlackRock's head of fixed income believes the ECB is walking a 'fine line' but only sudden currency swings will lead to a change rates policy. -
BNP Paribas hires ex-BlackRock multi-asset chief
French group strengthens London-based unit with senior appointment taking on tactical asset allocation role. -
Former AAA-rated managers to quit Eastern European fund
London-based investment firm appoints three-strong manager lineup to takeover regional fund. -
Bond veteran Roberts: why I'm shunning the bank loans market
VIDEO: The global fixed income head at MacKay Shields says, despite the 'significant' demand, there is little attractiveness in this sector. -
Nordic group hands global equity fund to new hire
Swedish asset management firm hands former SEB fund manager Luxembourg-domiciled strategy. -
Michael Lipper: successful investing is not a rankings game
The rise of 'arbitrage' selection based on pitting one manager against another misses out crucial aspects, says the Wall St veteran. -
Emerging markets insider: get set for election season
With 25 emerging nations going to the polls in 2014, EMD is in for a rocky ride. Raphael Kassin shares his survival guide. -
Asian shares decline on weak China data
Stocks fell after reports showed an unexpected slump in Chinese exports and slower growth in Japan than economists had projected. -
Jupiter's Bezalel takes less bearish stance on Spanish banks
The bond veteran is taking a constructive stance on fixed income opportunities in peripheral Europe. -
Italian group Anima unveils fund range overhaul
Milan-based asset management firm confirms mergers and reorganisation for Luxembourg-domiciled SICAV funds. -
Coming of age: demographics star reveals latest tactical bets
Citywire AAA-rated Clement Maclou explains how TV and travel will help drive his fund focused on aging populations. -
Driving force: top managers finding new ways to play autos
While the highly cyclical sector remains a concern for some, Citywire Global finds five fund managers going off road in their attempts to find attractive returns. -
Equity chief Alderson reveals the two biggest risks facing China
VIDEO: Having just returned from a fact-finding trip to Asia, the T Rowe Price manager reveals his two biggest concerns for the country in the coming year. -
Allianz GI completely revamps BRICs fund exposure
San Diego-based team undertakes major sector changes in $479m fund following veteran manager exit. -
London-based boutique appoints new CIO
Asian and GEM equity specialist arm of Canadian group BMO hands senior role to frontier markets fund manager.


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Saint Liudhard
Chaplain of Queen Bertha of Kent. Bishop. Helped convert King Ethelbert of Kent, which led to the conversion of all of Kent, England.
- c.600
Additional Information
- Book of Saints, by the Monks of Ramsgate
- Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia of Saints
MLA Citation
- "Saint Liudhard". Saints.SQPN.com. 21 February 2010. Web. 16 March 2014. <http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-liudhard/>


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On Tue, Nov 10, 2009 at 7:09 PM, Wicked Celtics said:
so you got drenched @ FFF?
On Wed, Nov 4, 2009 at 2:40 PM, melissabees said:
school decided to rape me this weekend so cant go.... :( just going to afterparties
On Wed, Nov 4, 2009 at 11:10 AM, PumpkinRomanof said:
Im great! and you? Im hella excited for this weekend also!
On Tue, Nov 3, 2009 at 12:03 PM, PumpkinRomanof said:
Hi! Im Sammy :D


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Missy Schmidt and Scott Fouss were united in marriage during a surprise ceremony Oct. 15, 2011, at their residence in Whipple. Joe Matthews officiated the double ring ceremony.
The bride is the daughter of Eileen and Jack Haas of Whipple and Charles Schmidt (Mel Hughes) of Lowell. She is the granddaughter of Mary Schmidt of Marietta and the late Delbert and Margaret Vanfossen and Ray Schmidt. She is currently employed with West Virginia Oil Gathering in Saint Marys.
The bridegroom is the son of Opal and Joe Fouss of Whipple. He is the grandson of the late Ralph and Caroline Forshey and Edwin and Betty Fouss. He is currently employed by FlexMag of Marietta.
The reception followed the ceremony.


text:
Rivers of Blood, Rivers of Gold: Europe's Conquest of Indigenous PeoplesMark CockerISBN:9780802138019Publisher:Grove PrPublication Date:2001Binding:SoftcoverSynopsis: More About this Book | View All Listings | View Collectible Listings Other editions: Hardcover - 2005, Softcover - 2003, Hardcover - 2002, 2001, Hardcover - 2000, 1998, Hardcover - 1993, 1989, Hardcover - 1988 |
Portions of this page may be (c) 2006 Muze Inc. Some database content may also be provided by Baker & Taylor Inc. Copyright 1995-2006 Muze Inc. For personal non-commercial use only. All rights reserved. Content for books is owned by Baker & Taylor, Inc. or its licensors and is subject to copyright and all other protections provided by applicable law.
Portions of this page may be Copyright VNU Entertainment Media (UK) Ltd., 2006, Georg Lingenbrink GmbH & Co., Tite Live, S.A or Informazioni Editoriali S.p.A. All rights reserved.


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Columnist says that with Quebecor Inc.'s national wireless expansion already questionable, Pierre Karl Péladeau's surprise political announcement could cast even more doubt on Ottawa's enthusiastic declaration that it has succeeded in delivering competition in the sector.
Columnist says Pierre Karl Péladeau's entry into provincial politics is crony capitalism taken to the next level and oligarch politics of a kind more usually identified with Russia or Italy.
The 13 Radio Canada International towers which have been a landmark along the Tantramar Marsh for 67 years will begin coming down.
The public broadcaster is revamping its conflict rules after two of its celebrity journalists take speaking fees from big oil.
Veteran comic actor Dave Foley toplines CTV's newest homegrown comedy.
General Manager of City Saskatchewan says even though the end of the film tax credit changed what was being filmed in the province, she doesn't expect local programming to die off any time soon.
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Posts tagged with 'GIF'
OK Go-Pid → CollegeHumor
(Source: , via collegehumor)
I know that feel, orangutan bro.
Because everyone loves Hocus Pocus.
GUYS. IMPORTANT NEWS. Time Warner has a special on-demand area called "Kids Halloween" that has Hocus Pocus, The Witches, The Nightmare Before Christmas, It's the Great Pumpkin Charlie Brown, and MORE! Normally I wouldn't promote TWC but shit this selection of movies is doooope
— topher
(Source: seeyouseeoriginalposts)
Astronaut you are drunk.
(via spidermanposts)
(via fyspringfield)
dog doesn't care [video]
KYMdb - '60s Spider-Man
A frog sitting on a bench (x)
I want this frog because of reasons.
(Source: delphoxcocks)
beckybuckwild is the owner of the dog picture, enjoy everyone!


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How much fat can you have on there at 132 pounds? If I were you I'd put some muscle there first and worry about the fat later.....it'll propably take care of itself anyway if you workout hard and eat right.
How much fat can you have on there at 132 pounds? If I were you I'd put some muscle there first and worry about the fat later.....it'll propably take care of itself anyway if you workout hard and eat right.
at 15 you are still going through puberty and its pretty common for guys your age to get some chest fat because of raging hormones. if you are worried about a bit of fat then just get out there and do some good cardio
well i have lost like 12 pounds and im just tryna get rid of my excess fat and put on some muscle and i dont have that gyno fat thing just normal fat. Where my body holds fat is really weird, i have none on my forearms, some on my triceps which are pretty solid and none on my claves which are ripped from skipping (used to do like 5000-7000 ever saturday for like 2 months then like 3000 every day for like another 2 months and only a little bit on my upper back, quite a bit on my lower back and lower half of abs, not much on upper half of abs
i no longer do skippinng i just do 3km and 4 km runs every evening for cardio and i currently do not have any weights at all but i am starting resistance training now push ups, sit ups, squats toe raisers etc. (dont want to stunt growth with heavy weights)
WEIGHT TRAINING DOES NOT STUNT GROWTH, in fact it increases test and gh production...
how do i increase gh naturally
i sleep... alot. lol
probably pubertal gyno, it happens.
start lifting heavy weights
Resistance training and cardio increase gh naturally
Lift weights, no carbs before bed, adequate sleep will increase GH production...
Try and find a book called Mark Rippetoes starting strength and follow it. Oh and eat. A LOT
Its hard to get rid off but it is prob just fat like iv got some and had it for years. Im only 2 years older than you and still got it lol not as bad as it used to be though. Try and join a gym and do incline bench movements and i find that because it helps build your upper pec mass the fat looks less prominent. if you cant join a gym or cant afford it at your age do wide grip press ups with you feet on a chair or couch.
thats the muscle like grab your bicep when you havent tensed it and it feels like fat then tense it and you can barely pinch the skin. Well i cant :P
i feel like my chest muscle when i tense it and push down that is mostly muscle and i think that i have way too much muscle for my size and age... and i also feel like ive stoppped growing hopefully not and i dont know why my chest is to big.


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Saturday, January 26, 2013Wisconsin
In town to visit our daughters and have lunch with them. The ladies went shopping while I took a walk along the trail. The trail was slippery in spots and snow covered. Had to be careful as not to slip and fall. All of the caches were winter friendly and not hard to find. TFTC
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- Coffee & Community #15: Residents bring their stories, concerns, opinions to Nordstrom's ebar
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Standard Room, 1 Queen Bed
Executive Queen with sofabed
Smoke-free suburban Las Vegas hotel near golf courses
With a stay at La Quinta Inn & Suites Las Vegas-Red Rock/Summerlin in Las Vegas (Summerlin - Northwest Las Vegas), you'll be close to Badlands Golf Club and Tivoli Village.
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Make yourself at home in one of the 138 air-conditioned rooms featuring kitchenettes with refrigerators and microwaves. Complimentary wired and wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming provides entertainment. Conveniences include desks and coffee/tea makers, as well as multi-line phones with free local calls and voice mail.
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A complimentary continental breakfast is included.
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Hotel Amenities
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This smoke-free, all-suite hotel is in suburban Summerlin. Four golf courses are within three miles. The Las Vegas Strip is 10 miles away.
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- Air-conditioned public areas
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- Number of floors - 3
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- Multiple large conference rooms
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- Total number of rooms - 138
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Spa tub
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- Free breakfast
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- Free parking
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- Internet
Available in all rooms: Free Wi-Fi, Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free Wi-Fi, Free wired high-speed Internet
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Free parking, Free guest parking during stay
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- Premium TV channels
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- Rollaway/extra beds available
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- Dining
Guests are offered a complimentary continental breakfast.
- Recreation
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golf - driving range nearby
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To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
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Pets allowed
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Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Fees
- The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Rollaway bed fee: USD 10 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.


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oo Great Idea
Like the Tech Central forum, this is a new forum designed to allow discussion that may not appeal to everyone, but that we now have the community to support. I don't anticipate it will be very active for a while to come.
Feel free to use it to:
Most of all, don't feel bashful asking questions here if you want to.
- Discuss Paladin and Druid healing mechanics;
- Discuss healing strategies as it relates to tanking;
- Discuss healing as it relates to non-tanking classes;
- Promote off-site communities and blogs related to healing.
oo Great Idea
Rivers know this: there is no hurry. We shall get there some day.
This is an awesome idea, thank you Cider!
Think this is a great idea. Been coming here for tank theory and advice since 70, and dps advice as well. Leveling a druid and went looking for a similar place, and there was no such thing.
Maybe, just maybe, here could become that place.
Woot, great stuff
Fayre - Soldiers of Azeroth, Aggramar(EU)
We are recruiting! See here for more details.
Tanks: We like it rough.
I too would like a place for healers as well thought out and executed as this site. As a newer player who is actively reading up and preparing for end game content, I would LOVE to see some of these videos done from a healing perspective.
This is a great idea. I have been searching and reading trying to find the proper mechanics of heroic and raid healing as a holy paladin since the new changes. Any help from much more experienced paladin healers would be of great benefit to me. Thanks
Same here, I raided up to Sunwell as a tank pre-WOTLK... but I got my shammie up to 70 before the expansion came out. Leveled my warrior first and upon looking for a new guild have found melee/tanks are soooo not needed anywhere i'd like to go... so just got my shammy to 80, I leveled her as Enhance up to 75 and have done well so far as resto from then on... but not sure what to expect going into heroics and raiding. Really would love a place to go for discussion of all shammie spec's really since I love each one... but would settle for resto right now
MaxDPS.com - Restoration Shaman Healing Gear Rankings
Maxdps has been known to have wrong spreadsheets, so take it with a grain of salt
The World of Warcraft Armory hi i was just wondering if people could look at my gear and spec and tell me if theres anything i should change in preparation for the upcoming ulduar raids.
We actually have a forum just for armories and getting suggestions, you'd do well to post a new thread in that forum.
I think I heal with my priest.


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Planetary Herbals Reishi Mushroom Supreme™ -- 650 mg - 100 Tablets
Excellant product
Any product made by Planetary Formulas, I have found to be fabulous. I can feel a differance when I take any of their products. I think it's cause it has concentrates in them. Planetrary Formulas are top notch.
April 19, 2007
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A comfortable athletic running sneaker from the Adidas collection. The ZXZ WLB 2 features a leather and suede upper, rubber outsole, lace up closure, and a cushioned insole for all day comfort. Pair off the sneakers with any of your athletic gear. Leather/Faux suede Rubber outsole Lace up closure Cushioned insole
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- | Order Status | Contact Us: 1-800-892-3622
New Age Bar-Style Shelving Unit 2-Tier
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DescriptionNew Age Bar-Style Shelving Unit 2-Tier
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Ideal for correctional facilities, supermarkets, hotels and institutions. Approved for use in freezers, displays, as well as packaging and storage areas, these heavy duty all welded aluminum racks keep heavier product organized and off of the floor. Each unit is equipped with adjustable feet for easy leveling. With a weight capacity of 1500lbs per shelf, these units will hold almost anything! Two-, three-, and four-shelf units available.
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Please Note this is a Commercial Grade Shelf - NOT intended for use in residential environment, as surface markings may occur in productionSpecificationsName New Age Bar-Style Shelving Unit 2-Tier Manufacturer New Age Product ID NAA-1027 Manufacturer ID 1027 Equivalents 161, 1027 Material Aluminum Dimensions (LxWxH) 60 x 24 x 48 Product Cube 40 Product Weight 37 lbs Shipping Weight 62 lbs Spec Sheet -
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Meredosia Hill Prairie Nature Preserve
Morgan County
Location and Access:
From 2.5 miles east of Meredosia at jct. Hwys. 64 (100) & 104, take Hwy. 67 north 0.7 mile to blacktop road, then turn and go east and northeast 2.5 miles. The nature preserve is south of the road.
Marais d'Osier, meaning willow swamp, was the original French name given to the area in the early 1800's. At that time, the dissected uplands supported both mesic and dry oak-hickory forests, while wet prairies occupied the floodplains and hill prairies dominated the steep, loess covered slopes. Today, Meredosia Hill Prairie remains one of the least disturbed areas within the Glaciated Section of the Middle Mississippi Natural Division. It is characterized by loess covered hillsides and elevations that vary from 600 feet on the ridge tops to 500 feet in the ravines. The vegetation is typical of loess hill prairies with sideoats grama, little bluestem and silky aster predominant. Unusual plants to see are pink milkwort and Hill's thistle. Like most hill prairies, Meredosia is being invaded by woody vegetation. Therefore, current management of the prairie involves the removal of black locust and shrubs and an occasional prescribed burn. This site has a long history of study and observation. The prairie was visited by A. G. Vestal of the University of Illinois in 1931 and was studied by R. A. Evers of the Illinois Natural History Survey beginning in 1949. Evers described this site in the publication Hill Prairies of Illinois which was published in 1955.
Ownership: Illinois Department of Natural Resources
Dedicated: September 1986
Size: 36.22 acres
Topo Map: Chapin 7.5
For Further Information Contact: Illinois Department of Natural Resources, District Natural Heritage Biologist, 700 S. 10th Street, Havana, Illinois 62644 (309-543-3262).
03/10 R. Heidorn


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Press release
from the Asheville Police DepartmentOn 09/08/12 Ian Mather was assaulted by two men driving a white Acura in front of the REI in Biltmore Park. The victim and witnesses said that Mr. Mather was walking his family across the street in the cross walk when he became involved in a verbal dispute with the driver of the white Acura. Witness said that the driver drove up on to the curb and hit Mr. Mather and then sped away. Mr. Mather was transported to Mission Hospital for his injuries and police are still seeking information on the suspects driving the white Acura. Witnesses were able to identify a partial license plate of BDY.
Please help us identify the driver of the Acura. If you have information please call the Asheville Police Department at 828-252-1110 or Crime Stoppers at 828-255-5050. You can also text a tip anonymously by texting apdtip to 274637 (CRIMES).
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Saturday, January 9th @ 10:30am
Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions
Where: Queens University of Charlotte
Event description: Thirty-nine (39) aspiring young opera singers will complete in the 2009 Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions North Carolina District in Dana Auditorium at Queens University of Charlotte, 1900 Selwyn Avenue, Saturday, January 9, 2010 beginning at 10:30am. The public is invited to attend at no cost. A nominal donation of $3.00 is suggested.


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Posted: 3:06 p.m. Saturday, Sept. 14, 2013
Bad news for fans of Orange is The New Black…
Piper Chapman's ex lesbian lover Alex, played by Laura Prepon will not be returning to the show, according to BuzzFeed.
But now, some reports allege that there is much more to the story…
You see, Laura is a Scientologist and fans are speculating that Prepon is being pressured to discard her prized role on the hit Netflix series by the notoriously homophobic religion.
As far as we can tell, Laura's reason for leaving OINTB is STILL A RUMOR, as neither Laura or Netflix have commented on the situation. But if this one pans out to be true… RumorFix thinks this is a terrible shame!
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Looks like Arnold Schwarzenegger may have officially moved on from estranged wife Maria Shriver ... 'cause the former Governator was spotted having dinner with a hot mystery blonde in Santa Monica over the weekend.
Ahnold and the unidentified lady friend were all smiles as they dined alone at Babalu restaurant on trendy Montana Avenue.
Although Shriver filed for divorce in 2011, last month the former Governator told a German newspaper he was still in love with Maria and hoping to reconcile.
As we've been reporting, Arnold was trying to get Maria back for a long time, but our sources say months ago they both threw in the towel and all that's left is settling money stuff. So the whole, "I'm in love with her and I want her back" thing doesn't really ring true.
FYI -- Arnold had a date with another hot woman back in July and they were making out in the restaurant.
Case closed.
Moved on? Wasn't he doing this all throughout his marriage? The only difference is it looks like he's going after an attractive woman for once.
No amount of money in this world is worth letting him crawl on top of you and let him hump is brains out!
And here I thought the next woman you would see this guy with was that ugly cow of a maid he banged that started the whole mess.
Good, why shouldn't Arnold move on? Is he supposed to sit around waiting for Maria?
No sir ;D
Doesn't look very romantic - was it really a date? At any rate, one can only hope for the woman that it wasn't - bleah, keep away.
He needs to hook up with the Mexican housekeeper raising his son. Any other woman willing to date him is nothing more than a whore.
And he's walking ahead of her like the true douche
That he is
Why any woman would date this a hole is unbeknownst to me.....
More of a dumb blonde. Of course knowing his eroding fame, yet the wealth is still there, she's taking her chance with her body that he'll latch onto to her. And Arnold with his freshly dyed hair and HGH/Steroid infections, and a years supply of Viagra, will be hunting for some young meat to boost his ego and desires. They both have something to offer in this barter relationship.


text: Latest Post: Started By: Rank: Category Thanks Art! Your timely blog yesterday was needed to clarify what some of us have been complaining about for months!I'm glad that you restated the TIMES "Terms of Service" ... I hope that any quotes I've used from Thomas Paine or Mark Twain aren't copyrighted material ... I will try in future to refrain from calling certain parties "****ing idiots", if they will stop inventing stories about me and others and making references to our professions or familiy members ... I don't care if Stiffy still calls "socialists"! It's in his nature! Member Commentsluvthesouthjane00....are you stoned??????? if not, you should be. save your money and get you a sharpie and a piece of cardboard, then stake out a decent corner in which to babble your insanity. these forums are not the place....perhaps a better idea would be to contact the advertising representative and try to generate your sales honestly. Posted 51 days ago. BobBarkerOh and by going back through and looking at your posts stickhauler you are correct ! Zebra's don't change their stripes ! Posted 53 days ago. BobBarkerJust maybe there is more than one person who can see the truth for what it is and will call it like it is ! Why are you low functionieers soooooo surprised? Afraid of the truth are we ? What a waste of time , Ill let you goosesteppers enjoy each others company ! Posted 53 days ago. stickhaulerYep, same style as the poster formerly known as Munster (among other names). I guess Zebra's don't change their stripes, do they? Posted 53 days ago. R1KRA8Best quotes . . . "munster..err a BobBarker...they let you back on here again???? i guess you must be loosened for a season from the pit in which you were cast. i see your venom has not subsided. be prepared to taste the curb again should you stray out of line." ~ luvthesouth Good advise: ". . .you are engaged in a folly and a waste of time, but then again it is your time." ~ luvthesouth Great idea: ". . .just ignore his posts." ~ mythravere Posted 54 days ago. BobBarkerI'm sorry ! I didn't know that this venue was only for republican repeaters !As most know those types cant stand to be shown their brainwashing ! Posted 54 days ago. thegreekSome one tell me where this "retatement of policy" is so I can see it. Posted 55 days ago. luvthesouthmunster..err a BobBarker...they let you back on here again???? i guess you must be loosened for a season from the pit in which you were cast. i see your venom has not subsided. be prepared to taste the curb again should you stray out of line. Posted 55 days ago. BobBarkerI can tell from the "low info,low cognition" types posting here that "just as expected"there are few here who aren't fully indoctrinated by the republican propaganda machine ! It must be fun to pat each other on the back and congratulate yourselves for posting the latest garbage from the rights crap factories ! How utterly pathetic ! Posted 55 days ago. Post a Comment |


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Apex West Midtown Apartments
1133 Huff Rd., Atlanta, GA 30318 View On MapApex West Midtown is a new mid-rise West- Midtown close to Atlantic Station, Georgia Tech, Downtown, and Buckhead. The apartments feature full-size washer and dryer, granite counters, spacious closets, hardwoods and garden tubs. Apex amenities include covered parking, 24-hour fitness center, free group fitness classes, valet dry cleaning and valet trash service, free apartment clean and carpet clean every 6 months and accent wall upon move in. Apex also has restaurants and shops onsite.
Apex West Midtown is conveniently located near Downtown, Buckhead and Midtown. Apartment homes feature granite, kitchen islands, pantries, garden tubs, washer and dryer, hardwoods, large balconies, microwaves, ceiling fans, spacious walk in closets, and dramatic views of the Atlanta skyline. Apex has a spacious clubroom with pool table, free wi-fi access and computers. Residents enjoy 5 STAR LIVING at Apex where they receive a free accent wall upon move in, a free apartment clean and carpet clean every 6 months and free valet dry cleaning. Apex also plans regular social events to build a strong sense of community. Apex is located on the MARTA bus line to take you anywhere in Atlanta! We are also close to 75/85 and 285. Apex has restaurants and shops on site! Meet friends at Corner Tavern or Bone Lick BBQ, get a new hair style at Helmet Hair Salon, get the royal treatment at Apex Nail Studio and stop in to the dry cleaner to for a crisp look no matter what the weather!
Apex West Midtown is located in the Atlanta Area in the 30318 zip code. View this apartment on a map.
Pricing & Floor Plans
Floor Plan | Price Range | Deposit/Fees | Sqft. | Available |
Bobby BR - 1 BA |
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Juliette 1 BR - 1 BA |
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Robinson 1 BR - 1 BA |
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Reynolds 1 BR - 1 BA |
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Charles 2 BR - 1 BA |
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Elliott 2 BR - 2 BA |
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Mitchell 2 BR - 2 BA |
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Conrad 3 BR - 2 BA |
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Office Hours
- Monday: 9:00 AM - 6:00 PM
- Tuesday: 9:00 AM - 6:00 PM
- Wednesday: 9:00 AM - 6:00 PM
- Thursday: 9:00 AM - 6:00 PM
- Friday: 9:00 AM - 6:00 PM
- Saturday: 10:00 AM - 5:00 PM
- Sunday: 12:00 PM - 5:00 PM
Why You'll Love Us
We're near it all! Restaurants in our area include: Chow Baby, Six Feet Under, Corner Tavern, Figo, and Taqueria de Sol. We're also close to major colleges and universities, such as Georgia Tech, SCAD, Morehouse, Spelman, and Georgia State. Nearby businesses include Turner Broadcasting, Deloitte and Touch, KPMG, and Coca-Cola. For fun, you can visit the Georgia Aquarium, Atlantic Station, Anthropologie, and Room and Board. Area schools are E. Rivers Elementary, Sutton Middle, and N. Atlanta High. We're pet friendly! A dog walk park is nearby, we're near highway access to I-75, and we're on the MARTA bus line!
Features & Amenities
- 24-hour staff
- Full size washer and dryer
- Covered Parking
- Free Weights
- Hardwood floors
- Housekeeping
- On Site Maintenance
- Salt- water pool
- Sundeck
- Balcony
- Clubhouse
- Elevator
- Granite counters
- Restaurants and shops on site
- Laundry
- Package Receiving
- Walk in closets
- TV Lounge
- Business Center
- Concierge
- 24 Hour Fitness Center
- Gate
- High Speed Internet
- Night Patrol
- Pool
- Short Term Lease
- Free Fitness Classes
About Us
Professionally Managed By: Perennial Properties
Also visit us here: Visit this Property's Website
Pet Policies
Cat: Up to 2 are permitted
- Contact community for restrictions.
- Weight: 70
- Fee: $300.00
Dog: Up to 2 are permitted
- Restrictions: No Agressive Breeds Allowed.
- Weight: 70
- Fee: $450.00