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Subscriber Exclusives
Radiometric dating is often used to "prove" rocks are millions of years old. Once you understand the basic science, however, you can see how wrong assumptions lead to incorrect dates.
Most people think that radioactive dating has proven the earth is billions of years old. Yet this view is based on a misunderstanding of how radiometric dating works. Part 1 (in the previous issue) explained how scientists observe unstable atoms changing into stable atoms in the present. Part 2 explains how scientists run into problems when they make assumptions about what happened in the unobserved past.
Radiometric Dating 101
PART 1: Back to Basics
PART 2: Problems with the Assumptions
PART 3: Making Sense of the Patterns
This three-part series will help you properly understand radiometric dating, the assumptions that lead to inaccurate dates, and the clues about what really happened in the past.
The Hourglass "Clock"—An Analogy for Dating Rocks
An hourglass is a helpful analogy to explain how geologists calculate the ages of rocks. When we look at sand in an hourglass, we can estimate how much time has passed based on the amount of sand that has fallen to the bottom.
The reliability of radiometric dating is subject to three unprovable assumptions that every geologist must make when using the radioactive "clock".
Radioactive rocks offer a similar "clock." Radioactive atoms, such as uranium (the parent isotopes), decay into stable atoms, such as lead (the daughter isotopes), at a measurable rate. To date a radioactive rock, geologists first measure the "sand grains" in the top glass bowl (the parent radioisotope, such as uranium-238 or potassium-40).
They also measure the sand grains in the bottom bowl (the daughter isotope, such as lead-206 or argon-40, respectively). Based on these observations and the known rate of radioactive decay, they estimate the time it has taken for the daughter isotope to accumulate in the rock.
However, unlike the hourglass whose accuracy can be tested by turning it upside down and comparing it to trustworthy clocks, the reliability of the radioactive "clock" is subject to three unprovable assumptions. No geologist was present when the rocks were formed to see their contents, and no geologist was present to measure how fast the radioactive "clock" has been running through the millions of years that supposedly passed after the rock was formed.
Assumption 1: Conditions at Time Zero
No geologists were present when most rocks formed, so they cannot test whether the original rocks already contained daughter isotopes alongside their parent radioisotopes. For example, with regard to the volcanic lavas that erupted, flowed, and cooled to form rocks in the unobserved past, evolutionary geologists simply assume that none of the daughter argon-40 atoms was in the lava rocks.
For the other radioactive "clocks," it is assumed that by analyzing multiple samples of a rock body, or unit, today it is possible to determine how much of the daughter isotopes (lead, strontium, or neodymium) were present when the rock formed (via the so-called isochron technique, which is still based on unproven assumptions 2 and 3).
Yet lava flows that have occurred in the present have been tested soon after they erupted, and they invariably contained much more argon-40 than expected.1 For example, when a sample of the lava in the Mt. St. Helens crater (that had been observed to form and cool in 1986) (Figure 1) was analyzed in 1996, it contained so much argon-40 that it had a calculated "age" of 350,000 years!2 Similarly, lava flows on the sides of Mt. Ngauruhoe, New Zealand (Figure 2), known to be less than 50 years old, yielded "ages" of up to 3.5 million years.3
So it is logical to conclude that if recent lava flows of known age yield incorrect old potassium-argon ages due to the extra argon-40 that they inherited from the erupting volcanoes, then ancient lava flows of unknown ages could likewise have inherited extra argon-40 and yield excessively old ages.
There are similar problems with the other radioactive "clocks." For example, consider the dating of Grand Canyon's basalts (rocks formed by lava cooling at the earth's surface). We find places on the North Rim where volcanoes erupted after the Canyon was formed, sending lavas cascading over the walls and down into the Canyon.
Obviously, these eruptions took place very recently, after the Canyon's layers were deposited (Figure 3). These basalts yield ages of up to 1 million years based on the amounts of potassium and argon isotopes in the rocks. But when we date the rocks using the rubidium and strontium isotopes, we get an age of 1.143 billion years. This is the same age that we get for the basalt layers deep below the walls of the eastern Grand Canyon.4
How could both lavas—one at the top and one at the bottom of the Canyon—be the same age based on these parent and daughter isotopes? One solution is that both the recent and early lava flows inherited the same rubidium-strontium chemistry—not age—from the same source, deep in the earth's upper mantle. This source already had both rubidium and strontium.
To make matters even worse for the claimed reliability of these radiometric dating methods, these same basalts that flowed from the top of the Canyon yield a samarium-neodymium age of about 916 million years,5 and a uranium-lead age of about 2.6 billion years!6
Assumption 2: No Contamination
The problems with contamination, as with inheritance, are already well-documented in the textbooks on radioactive dating of rocks.7 Unlike the hourglass, where its two bowls are sealed, the radioactive "clock" in rocks is open to contamination by gain or loss of parent or daughter isotopes because of waters flowing in the ground from rainfall and from the molten rocks beneath volcanoes. Similarly, as molten lava rises through a conduit from deep inside the earth to be erupted through a volcano, pieces of the conduit wallrocks and their isotopes can mix into the lava and contaminate it.
Because of such contamination, the less than 50-year-old lava flows at Mt. Ngauruhoe, New Zealand (Figure 4), yield a rubidium-strontium "age" of 133 million years, a samarium-neodymium "age" of 197 million years, and a uranium-lead "age" of 3.908 billion years!8
Assumption 3: Constant Decay Rate
Physicists have carefully measured the radioactive decay rates of parent radioisotopes in laboratories over the last 100 or so years and have found them to be essentially constant (within the measurement error margins). Furthermore, they have not been able to significantly change these decay rates by heat, pressure, or electrical and magnetic fields. So geologists have assumed these radioactive decay rates have been constant for billions of years.
However, this is an enormous extrapolation of seven orders of magnitude back through immense spans of unobserved time without any concrete proof that such an extrapolation is credible. Nevertheless, geologists insist the radioactive decay rates have always been constant, because it makes these radioactive clocks "work"!
New evidence, however, has recently been discovered that can only be explained by the radioactive decay rates not having been constant in the past.9 For example, the radioactive decay of uranium in tiny crystals in a New Mexico granite (Figure 5) yields a uranium-lead "age" of 1.5 billion years. Yet the same uranium decay also produced abundant helium, but only 6,000 years worth of that helium was found to have leaked out of the tiny crystals.
This means that the uranium must have decayed very rapidly over the same 6,000 years that the helium was leaking. The rate of uranium decay must have been at least 250,000 times faster than today's measured rate! For more details see Don DeYoung's Thousands . . .Not Billions (Master Books, Green Forest, Arkansas, 2005), pages 65–78.
If these clocks are based on faulty assumptions and yield unreliable results, then scientists should not trust or promote the claimed radioactive "ages."
The assumptions on which the radioactive dating is based are not only unprovable but plagued with problems. As this article has illustrated, rocks may have inherited parent and daughter isotopes from their sources, or they may have been contaminated when they moved through other rocks to their current locations. Or inflowing water may have mixed isotopes into the rocks. In addition, the radioactive decay rates have not been constant.
So if these clocks are based on faulty assumptions and yield unreliable results, then scientists should not trust or promote the claimed radioactive "ages" of countless millions of years, especially since they contradict the true history of the universe as recorded in God's Word.
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- A. A. Snelling, "Geochemical Processes in the Mantle and Crust," in Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth: A Young-Earth Creationist Research Initiative, L. Vardiman, A. A. Snelling, and E. F. Chaffin, eds. (El Cajon, California: Institute for Creation Research; St. Joseph, Missouri: Creation Research Society, 2000), pp. 123–304. Back
- S. A. Austin, "Excess Argon within Mineral Concentrates from the New Dacite Lava Dome at Mount St. Helens Volcano," Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal 10.3 (1996): 335–343. Back
- A. A. Snelling, "The Cause of Anomalous Potassium-Argon 'Ages' for Recent Andesite Flows at Mt. Ngauruhoe, New Zealand, and the Implications for Potassium-Argon 'Dating,'" in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Creationism, ed. R. E. Walsh (Pittsburgh: Creation Science Fellowship, 1998), pp. 503–525. Back
- A. A. Snelling, "Isochron Discordances and the Role of Inheritance and Mixing of Radioisotopes in the Mantle and Crust," in Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth: Results of a Young-Earth Creationist Research Initiative, eds. L. Vardiman, A. A. Snelling, and E. F. Chaffin (El Cajon, California: Institute for Creation Research; Chino Valley, Arizona: Creation Research Society, 2005), pp. 393–524; D. B. DeYoung, "Radioisotope Dating Case Studies" in Thousands . . . Not Billions (Green Forest, Arkansas: Master Books, 2005), pp. 123–139. Back
- Ref. 4, 2005. Back
- S. A. Austin, ed., Grand Canyon: Monument to Catastrophe (Santee, California: Institute for Creation Research, 1994), pp. 123–126. Back
- G. Faure and T. M. Mensing, Isotopes: Principles and Applications, 3rd ed. (Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, 2005); A. P. Dickin, Radiogenic Isotope Geology, 2nd ed. (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005). Back
- A. A. Snelling, "The Relevance of Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and Pb-Pb Isotope Systematics to Elucidation of the Genesis and History of Recent Andesite Flows at Mt. Ngauruhoe, New Zealand, and the Implications for Radioisotopic Dating," in Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Creationism, ed. R. L. Ivey, Jr. (Pittsburgh: Creation Science Fellowship, 2003), pp. 285–303; Ref. 4, 2005. Back
- L. Vardiman, A. A. Snelling, and E. F. Chaffin, eds., Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth: Results of a Young-Earth Creationist Research Initiative (El Cajon, California: Institute for Creation Research; Chino Valley, Arizona: Creation Research Society, 2005); D. B. DeYoung, Thousands . . . Not Billions (Green Forest, Arkansas: Master Books, 2005). Back


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Definition of shrike in English:
Syllabification: shrikePronunciation: /SHrīk
- 1A songbird with a strong sharply hooked bill, often impaling its prey of small birds, lizards, and insects on thorns. Also called butcherbird.
- Family Laniidae: several genera and numerous species, especially in Africa, e.g., the northern shrike (Lanius excubitor), of both Eurasia and North America
More example sentences- Because their feet are not large or strong enough to hold prey, shrikes find a crotch in a tree, a thorn, or barbed wire to hang their prey on while they eat.
- The horned lizard Phrynosoma mcalli apparently uses the horns on its head to deter the shrike, a bird fond of impaling lizards on thorns or barbed wire for later consumption.
- Shrike babblers were originally described as shrikes, because of their hooked bill, but have been subsequently placed among babblers.
mid 16th century: perhaps related to Old English scrīc 'thrush' and Middle Low German schrīk 'corncrake', of imitative origin.

subset: commoncrawl


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BMW: Out of the garage, into the media room
It's one thing for automakers to focus so much on technology inside the car, but sometimes it seems that they're spending an inordinate amount of time putting their nameplates on products that have nothing to do with the road. The latest example is BMW's co-branding of the Klipsch "Palladium P-39F," marking its entry into the high-end home speaker market.
These monsters stand 5 feet tall and sport a zebra-grain veneer, finished with a brushed-aluminum base. They have an exceptionally sleek appearance thanks to their flush-mounted horns and cones, according to Luxurylaunches. True to its namesake, … Read more


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RedHead® Deluxe Layout Blind
Sale price: Clearance price: Starting at: Sale starting at: Clearance starting at: Reg. price:
- 900 denier polyester shell
- Two zippered flagging ports
- Light, sturdy aluminum frame
- Padded backrest and headrest
- Zippered flagging ports
- Insulated, padded back and headrest
- 100% waterproof bottom
- Zippered boot sock for easy cleaning
- Folds compact
- Includes backpack straps
Rated 3.3 out of 5 by 7
Rated 5 out of 5 by BoneHeadHunter Great BLIND!!!
This is the 2nd season i have used this blind and i own alot of different type of blinds... this Blind is a GREAT blind... it outlasted my really high dollar blinds... I tend to put some decoys and bags inside my blind and drag them in the field maybe 75 yards each way but this blind has outlasted ALL my high dollar blinds the bottom of the blind is very very durable and tough!!!.. my Final approach and Hit Man blinds didn't last not one season with dragging them in a hay field for 75 yards the bottoms ripped out and fell apart... but this RedHead blind has out lasted them all so i replaced all 6 of my high dollar blinds with this RedHead Deluxe Blind... It has the very SAME features as my high dollar blinds but cheaper out built better... Plus has a ONE year replacement no matter what because if it being a RedHead brand.. the Bottom of the blind is 100000% water proof... No leaks and will NOT get wet.. Very Roomy and keeps you warm with Cold winds will not feel the wind what so ever... this is Truly a GREAT BLIND!!
November 22, 2013
Rated 4 out of 5 by WestTx77 Quality at an Affordable price
First layout blind purchase for me. Blind seems well built, frame is sturdy and goes together well when following the directions. I did have to move one detent pin connector due to the angle, but that was it. Flagging ports are in a nice spot, other blinds I looked at weren't quite as ergonomic with their location.
Just have to mud it up and throw some brush on it and it'll be set for the season.
August 20, 2013
Rated 2 out of 5 by Rdubya okay.... plastic ends break very easily
bought one. snaps break before i could use it. sent it back got another. end plastic snaps where the door goes broke again in cold weather in 2 places on 2nd use...... other than that it looks good and performs well when it is working. my friend has the final approach and he sets it up quicker and no breakage on it.
February 26, 2013
Rated 4 out of 5 by smokey77 decent
not the best blind i have ever used but... it works. The arms fit perfectly when assembaled correctly and the fabric is really durable. I dont know how many times ive gotten it stuck this season in corn stalks and muddy pits from hunting. The only down side to this blind is its lack of backpack ability the blind would be perfect if you didnt have to take the frame appart to backpack it around.
January 14, 2013
2 Questions | 5 Answers
Outdoor Answers
Get help about this item from fellow customers.
Ask your questions. Share your answers.
Yes.. i am 5'10 and i have about 2 feet of foot room at the bottom and i am also 220lbs and have great elbow room... Is a GREAT BLIND!! i would highly recommend this blind to youA:
I'm 6'1" 200# and have no issues fitting in with room to spare.Details:
I'm a larger guy 350lbs+. Just wondering if that makes a difference.Answers
you would want to go with the Hitt-Man XXL lay out blind... this Red-Head deluxe blind is not a very big blind but is a Great blind... I have a Buddy i always goose and duck hunt with and he is a big guy also he is about 310lbs+ and he owns the same blind as the Hitt-Man XXL very good blind also but it is in the $300-$450 range..A:
no you will be fine. plenty of room but the plastic ends break easy setting it up....1 of 1
1 of 1


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Home > Girls > Thank You Notes And Stationery For Girls > Latina-Girl-Thank-You-Notes
Latina Girl Thank You Notes
A latina girl with a pink shirt peeks out from behind a green border on this folded note stationery. Personalize with your own text! This little girl has light brown skin and black hair and can resemble other racial and ethnic backgrounds too! Would you like this design altered to look more like your girl? Simply email us at firstname.lastname@example.com to find out how!
Your satisfaction is guaranteed.
artist: Amy Adele
style: folded note card
size: 5" x 3.5" (W x H)
paper type: medium
finish: matte (non-glossy)
recycled: 100% post consumer paper
printing method: high chroma digital
printing method: high chroma digital
font shown: Peach Fuzz
font color shown: black
item code: sf621g4
envelopes: included (BLANK)
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Crazy Baby Shower Trends 7 Questionable Baby Shower Trends by Kate Stahl 4/22/13 3 Reactions 35 Shares Print 16 10 8 1 0 If you've been following our April Showers series, you might think you've seen it all when it comes to baby shower trends. Unfortunately, you'd be wrong. We try to stick to the good when it comes to baby showers, but the bad and the ugly also exist. So in which of the previous categories would you put the following seven questionable shower trends — from on-site ultrasound technicians to cash-only requests? Click through and weigh in by leaving us a comment below. Ultrasound Parties What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Traditionally, ultrasounds are a personal experience reserved for the mom-to-be, her significant other, and the ultrasound technician. Can you imagine taking that procedure out of the doctor's office and into your home, along with 20 or so of your nearest and dearest friends and family? Ultrasound parties are a new trend on the pregnancy scene that make gender reveal parties look like old news. Companies like Miracles Imaging and Peek a View Mobile will show up at your house and perform the procedure — gel on the belly and all — in front of your party, even leaving you with a CD or DVD to commemorate the event. Source: Thinkstock / AlexRaths 1 / 7 Baby Shower Ice Sculptures What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 We thought we'd seen every imaginable baby shower centerpiece, but baby shower ice sculptures from Cool Way Ice in Queens, NYC, introduced us to a whole new category. The company offers a huge range of ice sculptures — from three-foot-plus baby bottles and pacifiers to larger-than-life teddy bears, rubber ducks, and baby blocks — all created just for baby showers. 2 / 7 The Man Shower What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Women are usually the guests of honor when it comes to all showers, both bridal and baby, but just like the rise in popularity of the couple's wedding shower, men are now getting their day in the sun prebaby. The "man shower" usually consists of the dad-to-be inviting over a group of guys to play cards or watch a game, drink beer, and relax. The baby component comes in because each guest has to pay an entrance fee for the fun, usually in the form of a box of diapers. Source: Thinkstock / Digital Vision. 3 / 7 Crazy Cakes What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Have a wild mama on your hands? Follow the many shower hosts before you who have chosen to fete the mom-to-be with a wacky shower complete with a crazy cake featuring birthing scenes, ultrasound pictures, escaping fetuses, and baby bottoms. 4 / 7 Baby "Sprinkles" What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 As Jessica Simpson has recently proven, gone are the days of the second-baby shower being a total no-no. Think of a "sprinkle," like this beautiful Spring-themed affair, as a baby shower lite. The parties usually require no or only small gifts, but is that still too much to ask for baby number two . . . or three . . . or four? 6 / 7 Grandma Showers What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 If you're lucky, your parents will be a major part in your new arrival's life, providing lots of love . . . and free child care. So does grandma deserve her own shower so she can stock up on a high chair, crib, diapers, and more? Some say "yes" and are throwing friends "grandma showers." While a registry is usually not involved, grandmas are still scoring some pretty spectacular baby goods. 6 / 7 Cash-Only Showers What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Parents who aren't sure what they want or need for baby — or prefer less traditional baby items — are now turning to the cash-only shower. Slightly less tacky than asking guests to show up, money in hand, is using a cash registry website like Deposit a Gift, which lets guests contribute monetary gifts that go into a personal account that the parents-to-be can access at any time. You can also upload photos of items you plan to buy or have purchased, in case there's any doubt you're using the funds for baby. 7 / 7 16 10 8 1 0 Back to Homepage Read More Ultrasound PartiesFood And FunApril ShowersBaby ShowersPregnancy Food and Fun Choo Choo 2! A Transportation-Inspired Second Birthday Party 17 hours ago Fresh, Fun Flower Crafts For Kids 18 hours ago Tasty Desserts That Take You Over The Rainbow 19 hours ago Finding the Pot o' Gold: A St. Patrick's Day Party Filled With Treats For All 1 day ago 19 Ground Beef Recipes to Try This Week 3 days ago 9 Ways to Get Crafty With Your Child's Old Sweater 4 days ago What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Reactions Link Love Mom forced to stop feeding baby homemade formula — BabyCenter Blog The easiest ways to save on organic food — The Stir A look inside Fergie's second baby shower — Celebrity Baby Scoop Danielle Jonas debuts her baby bump — People Moms & Babies 7 light and fresh recipes to take you through Summer — FitPregnancy Does where you live affect your risk for PPD? — The Bump Where to find the best deals on school supplies — Real Simple Now this is how you announce a pregnancy! — HuffPost Parents
Adopted Teen Has Touching On-Air Reunion With News Anchor Who Helped Him Find A Family HuffPost Parents 18.8K Shares
How One Woman's Quest To Change The Face Of Beauty Might Actually Be Working HuffPost Parents 5.2K Shares


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Quick Facts
- NAME: Alice Munro
- OCCUPATION: Author
- BIRTH DATE: July 10, 1931 (Age: 82)
- Did You Know?: Alice Munro is the first Canadian woman to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature.
- Did You Know?: Alice Munro is the first Canadian writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature since Saul Bellow, who won the honor in 1976.
- Did You Know?: Alice Munro is the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature since Herta Mueller in 2009.
- Did You Know?: Alice Munro is only the 13th female recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature since the prize was founded in 1901.
- EDUCATION: University of Western Ontario
- PLACE OF BIRTH: Wingham, Ontario, Canada
- Maiden Name: Alice Ann Laidlaw
- Full Name: Alice Ann Munro
- AKA: Alice Laidlaw
- AKA: Alice Munro
- ZODIAC SIGN: Cancer
Best Known For
Alice Munro is a critically well-regarded Canadian short-story writer who won the Man Booker International Prize in 2009 and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013.
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Play NowAlice Munro. (2014). The Biography Channel website. Retrieved 07:33, Mar 08, 2014, from http://www.biography.com/people/alice-munro-9418218.
Alice Munro. [Internet]. 2014. The Biography Channel website. Available from: http://www.biography.com/people/alice-munro-9418218 [Accessed 08 Mar 2014].
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Born in Canada in 1931, writer Alice Munro, primarily known for her short stories, attended the University of Western Ontario. Her first collection of stories was published as Dance of the Happy Shades. In 2009, Munro won the Man Booker International Prize. That same year, she published the short-story collection Too Much Happiness. In 2013, at age 82, Munro was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature.
"I would really hope that this would make people see the short story as an important art, not just something that you played around with until you'd got a novel written."
[On receiving the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature.]
"It's nice to go out with a bang."
[On winning a Canadian book award for "Dear Life."]
"I knew I was in the running, yes, but I never thought I would win."
[On receiving the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature.]
Early Life and Career
Alice Munro was born Alice Ann Laidlaw on July 10, 1931, in Wingham, Ontario, Canada. She attended the University of Western Ontario, where she studied journalism and English, but left the school after only two years when she married first husband James Munro (m. 1951–1972); the couple moved to Victoria, Vancouver, British Columbia, where they opened a bookstore. Also during this time, Munro began publishing her work in various magazines.
Munro's first collection of stories (and first book-length work) was published in 1968 as Dance of the Happy Shades; the collection achieved great success in Munro's native country, including her first Governor General's Award for fiction. Three years later, she published Lives of Girls and Women, a collection of stories that critics deemed a Bildungsroman—a work centering on the main character's moral and psychological development.
Continued Success
Primarily known for her short stories about life in Ontario, Munro has published several collections over the past several decades, including Who Do You Think You Are? (1978); The Moons of Jupiter (1982); Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage (2001), which was later adapted into a film, Away from Her, directed by Sarah Polley and released in 2006; Runaway (2004); and The View from Castle Rock (2006).
Munro received her second Governor award exactly three decades after her first, in 1998, for The Progress of Love. In 2005, TIME magazine named Munro a TIME 100 Honoree. "Alice Munro is 73 now, and she deserves the Nobel Prize," TIME wrote. "Her fiction admits readers to a more intimate knowledge and respect for what they already possess."
In 2009, Munro won the Man Booker International Prize, honoring her lifetime body of work. That same year, she published the short-story collection Too Much Happiness.
Munro would go on to publish 13 short-story collections by her 80th birthday. Most recently, in 2012, she published Dear Life—her final story collection, according to the writer, who announced that she was retiring from writing in June 2013.
2013 Nobel Prize in Literature
In October 2013, at the age of 82, Munro was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature, with the Swedish Academy lauding her as the "master of the contemporary short story." Munro is the first Canadian woman to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature, the first woman to win the literature prize since Herta Mueller in 2009, and only the 13th female recipient of the literature prize since it was founded in 1901. Additionally, she's the first Canadian writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature since Saul Bellow, who won the honor in 1976.
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Like in Gone With the Wind, The Sun Also Rises after Twilight, even in a Pet Cemetary Where the Wild Things Are. But let's not be too morbid and discuss creepy things like The Satanic Verses or try to get an Interview With a Vampire from The Stranger Who Professes 'I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.' Going round in round like this, you may never know Where the Sidewalk Ends, and that would be unfortunate since Uncle Tom's Cabin is just around the corner...
Okay, we could go on, but we won't torture you. You get the point. Our attempt at creative writing is nothing compared to the imaginative minds of our Famous Fiction Authors Group.
Famous Fiction Authors 417 people in this group


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Intel Core i7 4960X (Ivy Bridge E) Review
by Anand Lal Shimpi on September 3, 2013 4:10 AM EST- Posted in
- CPUs
- Intel
- Ivy Bridge
- Ivy Bridge-E
Gaming Performance
Chances are that any gamer looking at an IVB-E system is also considering a pretty ridiculous GPU setup. NVIDIA sent along a pair of GeForce GTX Titan GPUs, totalling over 14 billion GPU transistors, to pair with the 4960X to help evaluate its gaming performance. I ran the pair through a bunch of games, all at 1080p and at relatively high settings. In some cases you'll see very obvious GPU limitations, while in other situations we'll see some separation between the CPUs.
I haven't yet integrated this data into Bench, so you'll see a different selection of CPUs here than we've used elsewhere. All of the primary candidates are well represented here. There's Ivy Bridge E and Sandy Bridge E of course, in addition to mainstread IVB/SNB. I threw in Gulftown and Nehalem based parts, as well as AMD's latest Vishera SKUs and an old 6-core Phentom II X6.
Bioshock Infinite
Bioshock Infinite is Irrational Games' latest entry in the Bioshock franchise. Though it's based on Unreal Engine 3 – making it our obligatory UE3 game – Irrational had added a number of effects that make the game rather GPU-intensive on its highest settings. As an added bonus it includes a built-in benchmark composed of several scenes, a rarity for UE3 engine games, so we can easily get a good representation of what Bioshock's performance is like.
We're running the benchmark mode at its highest quality defaults (Ultra DX11) with DDOF enabled.
We're going to see a lot of this I suspect. Whenever we see CPU dependency in games, it tends to manifest as being very dependent on single threaded performance. Here Haswell's architectural advantages are appearent as the two quad-core Haswell parts pull ahead of the 4960X by about 8%. The 4960X does reasonably well but you don't really want to spend $1000 on a CPU just for it to come in 3rd I suppose. With two GPUs, the PCIe lane advantage isn't good for much.
Metro: Last Light
Metro: Last Light is the latest entry in the Metro series of post-apocalyptic shooters by developer 4A Games. Like its processor, Last Light is a game that sets a high bar for visual quality, and at its highest settings an equally high bar for system requirements thanks to its advanced lighting system. We run Metro: LL at its highest quality settings, tesselation set to very high and with 16X AF/SSAA enabled.
The tune shifts a bit with Metro: LL. Here the 4960X actually pulls ahead by a very small amount. In fact, both of the LGA-2011 6-core parts manage very small leads over Haswell here. The differences are small enough to basically be within the margin of error for this benchmark though.
Sleeping Dogs
A Square Enix game, Sleeping Dogs is one of the few open world games to be released with any kind of benchmark, giving us a unique opportunity to benchmark an open world game. Like most console ports, Sleeping Dogs' base assets are not extremely demanding, but it makes up for it with its interesting anti-aliasing implementation, a mix of FXAA and SSAA that at its highest settings does an impeccable job of removing jaggies. However by effectively rendering the game world multiple times over, it can also require a very powerful video card to drive these high AA modes.
Our test here is run at the game's Extreme Quality defaults.
Sleeping Dogs shows similar behavior of the 4960X making its way to the very top, with Haswell hot on its heels.
Tomb Raider (2013)
The simply titled Tomb Raider is the latest entry in the Tomb Raider franchise, making a clean break from past titles in plot, gameplay, and technology. Tomb Raider games have traditionally been technical marvels and the 2013 iteration is no different. Like all of the other titles here, we ran Tomb Raider at its highest quality (Ultimate) settings. Motion Blur and Screen Effects options were both checked.
With the exception of the Celeron G540, nearly all of the parts here perform the same. The G540 doesn't do well in any of our tests, I confirmed SLI was operational in all cases but its performance was just abysmal regardless.
Total War: Shogun 2
Our next benchmark is Shogun 2, which is a continuing favorite to our benchmark suite. Total War: Shogun 2 is the latest installment of the long-running Total War series of turn based strategy games, and alongside Civilization V is notable for just how many units it can put on a screen at once. Even 2 years after its release it's still a very punishing game at its highest settings due to the amount of shading and memory those units require.
We ran Shogun 2 in its DX11 High Quality benchmark mode.
We see roughly equal performance between IVB-E and Haswell here.
GRID 2 is a new addition to our suite and our new racing game of choice, being the very latest racing game out of genre specialty developer Codemasters. Intel did a lot of publicized work with the developer on this title creating a high performance implementation of Order Independent Transparency for Haswell, so I expect it to be well optimized for Intel architectures.
We ran GRID 2 at Ultra quality defaults.
We started with a scenario where Haswell beat out IVB-E, and we're ending with the exact opposite. Here the 10% advantage is likely due to the much larger L3 cache present on both IVB-E and SNB-E. Overall you'll get great gaming performance out of the 4960X, but even with two Titans at its disposal you won't see substantially better frame rates than a 4770K in most cases.
116 Comments
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wsaenotsock - Tuesday, September 03, 2013 - link
How does Intel's closed-loop cooling package compare to say, Corsair's or other similar products? Reply -
chizow - Tuesday, September 03, 2013 - link
Probably within 1-2C of similar "extra wide" 120x37mm closed-loop coolers. Looks like Intel's solution is made by Asetek going by it's block and mounting design, so I'd compare it against the Antec 920 for starters. Reply -
Samus - Tuesday, September 03, 2013 - link
Still running i7-950 system (was an i7-920 back in 2008) and all I've upgraded since building it is a small bump in CPU speed, added water cooling, and installed two GTX660's in place of two GTX460's installed in 2010, which replaced the Radeon 4870x2 from the original 2008 assembly date. I've also replaced the original 500GB Seagate Boot Drive from 2008 with an Intel 160GB X25-M in 2010. Still use the same SSD to this day.
Same motherboard, same 6x2GB G.skill DDR3-1600 modules (that cost $600 back in 2008) and same PC Power & Cooling 750-QUAD.
I've added a USB 3.0 PCIe controller as well.
Overall, this is the longest (5 years) I've ever owned a system that retained the same motherboard. The irony is Intel discontinued Socket 1366 so fast it wasn't even funny. It was actively supported less than 2 years, and only 2 generations of chips (using the same architecture and process) were made within a year of each other, essentially giving this socket a 15-month lifetime.
But 5 years later, a system built on this socket is still faster than 90% of the production systems today. Reply -
Assimilator87 - Tuesday, September 03, 2013 - link
Yeah, for 1366 owners, there's absolutely no reason to upgrade, especially with overclocking. At least you got one generation of upgrades, unlike 1156 owners who got completely screwed.
P.S. The second gen upgrade on 1366 (Westmere) was a new architecture and process. They shrunk down from 45nm to 32nm and added AES instructions. Reply -
Inso-ThinkTank - Sunday, January 19, 2014 - link
I'm a current 1156 socket owner running I7 875K @ 4.2. My rig is still running strong, but I'm ready for an upgrade. Just purchase a 4960x with 16 gig of Corsair Dominator Platinum at 2400 and the Asus Black Edition mobo. Hope the spending is worth it. Reply -
evilspoons - Tuesday, September 03, 2013 - link
What does this have to do with chizow's comment about the closed-loop cooler?? Reply -
JPForums - Thursday, September 05, 2013 - link
What does this have to do with chizow's comment about the closed-loop cooler??
Absolutely nothing. I'm guessing it was just an easy way to get posted near the top.Probably within 1-2C of similar "extra wide" 120x37mm closed-loop coolers. Looks like Intel's solution is made by Asetek going by it's block and mounting design, so I'd compare it against the Antec 920 for starters.
If I recall correctly, the 920 is 49mm thick. Also, I've found that fan selection can make more than a little difference. I would not expect the Intel cooler to match Antec's 920, given their history of racing to the bottom with cooler components. That said, it should beat the 620 and similar 120x120x25mm closed loop systems (assuming they didn't screw up the fan selection in epic manner). Reply -
just4U - Friday, September 06, 2013 - link
Corsairs closed loop and Intel's appear to be built by the same company.. Some of Corsair's earlier attempts were noisy whereas you didn't really have that problem with Intel's. Overall I think it's a pretty solid contender with very few faults. There is better on the market obviously... but it's decent for it's price. Reply -
Snoopykins - Tuesday, September 03, 2013 - link
Excellent review. I must say the reviews Anand himself writes always seem to be spot on. One question, where does the 22 months number come from? Is that the scheduled/rumored/leaked release date of Haswell-E? If so, isn't that going to be even more behind than Ivy-E? I'm assuming Skylake will have been out for longer than Haswell has been out now, no? Also, do we know that Skylake will support DDR4? I've heard Haswell-E will.
Anywho, thanks for the excellent review, I thoroughly enjoyed it. Reply -
eiriklf - Tuesday, September 03, 2013 - link
22 months is about the time between the releases of sandy bridge extreme and ivy bridge extreme Reply


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Instant noodles
This article's lead section may not adequately summarize key points of its contents. (February 2011) |
Instant noodles | |
Instant noodles in a typical block-like form
Creator(s) | Momofuku Ando |
Main ingredient(s) | Dried or precooked noodles, seasoning |
Instant noodles are dried or precooked noodles usually sold with packets of flavoring powder and/or seasoning oil. Dried noodles are usually eaten after being cooked or soaked in boiling water, while precooked noodles can be reheated or eaten straight from the packet. Instant noodles were invented by Momofuku Ando of Nissin Foods in Japan.[1] They were launched in 1958 under the brand name Chikin Ramen. In 1971, Nissin introduced Cup Noodles, dried noodles in a polystyrene cup.
The main ingredients of the dried noodles are wheat flour, palm oil, and salt. The principal ingredients of the flavoring powder are salt monosodium glutamate, seasonings, and sometimes sugar.
- 1 History
- 2 Production of instant noodles
- 3 Health concerns
- 4 Instant noodles worldwide
- 4.1 Argentina
- 4.2 Australia
- 4.3 Belgium
- 4.4 Brazil
- 4.5 Canada
- 4.6 China
- 4.7 Denmark
- 4.8 Ecuador
- 4.9 Egypt
- 4.10 Ethiopia
- 4.11 Finland
- 4.12 Germany
- 4.13 Hong Kong
- 4.14 India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
- 4.15 Indonesia
- 4.16 Ireland
- 4.17 Japan
- 4.18 Korea
- 4.19 Malaysia and Singapore
- 4.20 Mauritius
- 4.21 Mexico
- 4.22 Nepal
- 4.23 The Netherlands
- 4.24 Nigeria
- 4.25 Norway
- 4.26 Peru
- 4.27 Philippines
- 4.28 Poland
- 4.29 Russia
- 4.30 Saudi Arabia
- 4.31 South Africa
- 4.32 Sweden
- 4.33 Syria
- 4.34 Taiwan
- 4.35 Thailand
- 4.36 Ukraine
- 4.37 United Kingdom
- 4.38 United States
- 4.39 Vietnam
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Instant noodles were invented by Taiwan-born inventor Momofuku Ando in Japan. They were first marketed on August 25, 1958, by Ando's company Nissin under the brand name Chikin Ramen.[2] Ando developed the production method of flash frying the noodles after they had been made, creating "instant" noodles. This dried the noodles and gave them a longer shelf life. Each block of noodles was pre-seasoned and sold for 35 yen. Initially, due to its price and novelty, Chikin Ramen was considered a luxury item, as Japanese grocery stores typically sold fresh noodles for one-sixth their price.[3][4] Despite this, instant noodles eventually gained immense popularity, especially after being promoted by Mitsubishi Corporation.[5]
In 1971, Nissin introduced Nissin Cup Noodles, instant noodles in a polystyrene cup, to which boiling water is added to cook the noodles. A further innovation added dried vegetables to the cup, creating a complete instant soup dish.
According to a Japanese poll in the year 2000, "the Japanese believe that their best invention of the twentieth century was instant noodles."[6] As of 2010[update], approximately 95 billion servings of instant noodles are eaten worldwide every year. China consumes 42 billion packages of instant noodles per year – 44% of world consumption – Indonesia, 14 billion; Japan, 5.3 billion, Vietnam 4.8 billion, USA 4 billion. Per capita, South Koreans consume the greatest amount of instant noodles, 69 per capita per year.[7]
Production of instant noodles[edit]
The main ingredients of instant noodles are flour, starch, water, salt and/or a salt substitute known as kansui, a type of alkaline mineral water containing sodium carbonate and usually potassium carbonate, as well as sometimes a small amount of phosphoric acid. Originally, kansui was named after the water from Inner Mongolia's Lake Kan which contained large amounts of these minerals and was said to be perfect for making the ramen instant noodles are based on.
Specific types of noodles can be made from a mix of wheat flour and other flour such as buckwheat. There are variations to the ingredients used depending on the country of origin in terms of the salt content and the flour content.
The noodle production starts with dissolving of the salt, starch, and flavoring in water to form a mixture which is then added to the flour. The dough is then left for a period of time to mature, then for even distribution of the ingredients and hydration of the particles in the dough, it is kneaded. After it is kneaded, the dough gets made into two sheets compounded into one single noodle belt by being put through two rotating rollers. This process is repeated to develop gluten more easily as the sheet is folded and passed through the rollers several times. This will create the stringy and chewy texture found in instant noodles. When the noodle belt is made to the desired thickness by adjusting the gap in the rolls, it is then cut right away. Wavy noodles are made in a slow paced conveyor belt and are hindered by metal weights when coming out of the slitter which gives the noodle its wavy appearance. If the strands are to be molded into other shapes, liquid seasoning could be added as well. Once the noodles are shaped, it is ready to be steamed for 1–5 minutes at 100 degrees Celsius to improve its texture by gelatinizing the starch of the noodles.
Next, noodles can be dried in one of two ways: by frying or by hot air drying. Fried instant noodles are dried by oil frying for 1–2 minutes at a temperature of 140-160 degrees Celsius. The frying process decreases the moisture content from 30-50% to 2-5%. Common oils used for frying in North America consist of canola, cottonseed and palm oil mixtures, while only palm oil or palm olein are used in Asia. Air-dried noodles are dried for 30–40 minutes in hot air at a temperature of 70-90 degrees Celsius, resulting in a moisture content of 8-12%. The heat from either drying process will further add to the porous texture of the noodles by gelatinizing the starch even more. More than 80% of instant noodles are fried as it gives more evenly dried noodles than hot air drying which can cause an undesired texture in finished noodles, and also taking longer time to cook. However, with fried noodles, the oil content is about 15-20% and decreases the shelf life of the noodles due to oxidation whereas in hot air-dried noodles it has only 3% oil content maximum.
Before packaging with seasoning, the noodles are cooled after drying, and its quality of moisture, color, and shape are checked. Packaging of the noodles include films impermeable to air and water. There are two forms of packaged instant noodles, one in a bag with the provided seasoning in small sachets inside, or in a cup with seasoning on the top of the noodles. There are a variety of flavors to the noodles depending on which ones are added to the seasoning. Such flavors include beef, chicken, pork, shrimp, oriental, etc. In instant noodle cups, soy protein and dehydrated vegetables and meats are often added for further flavor.
The shelf life of instant noodles ranges from 4–12 months, depending on environmental factors. Their stability comes from the high sodium content with low moisture, and low water activity. Instant noodles can be served after 1–2 minutes in boiled water or soaked in hot water for 3–4 minutes.[8]
Health concerns[edit]
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (March 2012) |
Nutritional value[edit]
Instant noodles are often criticized as unhealthy or junk food.[9] A single serving of instant noodles is high in carbohydrates and fat, but low in fiber, vitamins and minerals.[10][11] Further, the PFC(Protein/Fat/Carbohydrate) proportion of a typical instant noodle is 9%, 36% and 55% where the ideal PFC balance is said to average 23%, 28% and 55% respectively [12] (making it lower than normal in protein, and higher than normal in fat). The addition of fresh chopped vegetables and/or healthy lean meat or fish to the finished noodle soup can add some nutritional value.[13]
Another concern is that if served in an instant broth, instant noodles typically contain high amounts of sodium. The current U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance of sodium for adults and children over 4 years old is 1,500 mg/day. Typical cup-type instant noodles contain 2700 mg of sodium (per 100 g of edible portions).
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
Energy | 1,895 kJ (453 kcal) |
Carbohydrates | 65 g |
- Dietary fiber | 2.4 g |
Fat | 17 g |
- saturated | 7.6 g |
- monounsaturated | 6.5 g |
Protein | 9 g |
Thiamine (vit. B1) | 0.7 mg (61%) |
Riboflavin (vit. B2) | 0.4 mg (33%) |
Niacin (vit. B3) | 5.4 mg (36%) |
Folate (vit. B9) | 147 μg (37%) |
Iron | 4.3 mg (33%) |
Potassium | 120 mg (3%) |
Sodium | 1160 mg (77%) |
One package is 80 g Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA |
Toxic concerns[edit]
It was suspected that harmful substances could seep into the soup as hot water was added to instant noodles in a polystyrene cup.[14] After a series of studies were conducted, the suspicion was eradicated. For instance, the media confuse styrene monomer, which could be extracted from the expandable polystyrene cup in small quantity but does no harm, with styrene dimer and styrene trimer both of which were designated as environment hormone or endocrine disruptor.
Another concern regarding the consumption of fried foods, including instant noodles, is the possible presence of oxidation products resulting from poor maintenance of the oil. If the cooking oil is not maintained at the proper temperature or changed as often as necessary, these oxidation products, which are suspected to pose various health risks, can be present in the foods. Proper production standards reduce the risk.[15][16][17]
In June 2012, the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) found Benzopyrene (a cancer causing substance) in six brands of noodles made by Nong Shim Company Ltd. Although the KFDA said the amounts were minuscule and not harmful, Nong Shim did identify particular batches of noodles with a problem, prompting a recall by October 2012.[18][18][19][20]
Vegetarian flavors[edit]
Unlike most other brands of ramen noodles, Top Ramen's "Oriental" and "Chili" flavors are vegetarian, as the seasonings do not contain animal fat.[21] All of the UK's Pot Noodle varieties are suitable for vegetarians,[22] other than those from the 'Pot Noodle GTI' range, which contain meat.[23]
Instant noodles worldwide[edit]
Instant noodles have become a popular food in many parts of the world, undergoing changes in flavor to fit local tastes.
In Argentina instant noodles are gaining popularity and can be found in most major cities in supermarkets. The brand is usually Sapporo Ichiban. The Maruchan brand can also be found at Disco and Coto supermarkets. Due to the recent Chinese immigration wave, specialized Chinese supermarkets offer a wide variety of instant noodle brands.
The most popular brands of instant noodles in Australia are Indomie, Suimin, & Maggi Noodles. Many other brands have entered the market; a large range of popular brands of Korean, Japanese and Indonesian noodles are available in Australian supermarkets, and many Australian-made brands are also popular. Among packet noodles, there are several popular choices, Indomie Mi Goreng (fried Indonesian noodles served with or without broth), Nissin's Demae Ramen, Maggi Noodles Chicken-flavored Noodles, and Nong Shim's Shin Ramyun served with broth. Instant noodles are often referred to as "two minute noodles" in Australia - a reflection on their preparation time.
Instant noodles are not widely popular in Belgium and are expensive. The most common brand is the Westernized "Aiki Noodles", but sales are low. Authentic Japanese and Thai instant noodles can be found only in Asian specialty stores, and in very limited quantity in some supermarkets.[original research?]
For a long time, the main manufacturer of instant noodles was Nissin Miojo, to the extent that, in Brazil, the most common name for them is "Miojo", although the manufacturers call them "lámen" or "l'amen". Many other companies, such as Maggi and Nestlé, also offer this product. There are many variants, such as "Lámen Cremoso", which has a creamy sauce, and "Lámen Hot", which includes pepper, as well as yakisoba and spaghetti.
Instant noodles were first introduced into Canada at least as early as 1974, with Ramen noodles as its Japanese originator. There are many brands available, including major brands from companies such as Nissin Foods, Sapporo Ichiban, Mr. Noodles, Nong Shim, and Knorr. In some areas, these noodles are referred to simply by their brand names, though they are predominantly referred to as "instant noodles". These brand-name packages generally only contain one flavoring pouch. Some brands, mostly more expensive Korean, Japanese, Chinese and Thai brands, include more flavoring and separate packets for dried vegetables, flavoring contained in oil, and pepper, in addition to the soup stock. Korean brands such as Nong Shim are readily available in most large grocery stores, and in some major cities, brands imported from Europe are also available.
In larger grocery stores and Asian markets in larger cities, a large variety of brands and international flavors can be found, including noodles from such places as Thailand, Indonesia, and India. Instant noodles from Grace, a Caribbean food company, are available in some places. Due to the large South Asian population in some major cities, Maggi is also a popular brand. Product formats include regular plastic wrapping and in various foam food containers.
The market is focusing on higher-end products, generally costing more than 1 RMB. The top three brands in this category dominate more than 85% of the market; for the lower end, those costing less than 1 RMB, the leading five brands hold about 60% of the market share.
The dominant brands in the Chinese market are:
- Ting Yi (aka Master Kong or Kang-shi-fu, 康師傅), owned by the Taiwanese Tingyi (Cayman Islands) Holding Corporation and managed with a Japanese strategic alliance partner Sanyo Food, the third-largest player in the Japanese market. Master Kong is the largest brand, with a business scope extending to beverages (RTD) and bakeries.
- Uni-President (aka President or Tong-Yi, 統一), a PLC listed in Taiwan. Like Master Kong, it once had its own businesses in beverages and bakeries. However, the company recently formed a JV partnership with Hwa-Long and Nissin to distribute beverages. Uni-President's home market is Taiwan, but the company is now expanding aggressively in mainland China.
- Hwa-Long (華龍, i.e. Chinese Dragon), a local company allied with Nissin. Because of that relationship, Hwa-long has long been regarded as Nissin's agent in the world's largest consumer market. Recently Hwa-long, Nissin, and Uni-President formed a partnership in the beverage business in order to collectively compete against Master Kong.
- Bai-xiang (白象, i.e. White Elephant), a local company spin-off based on a former state-owned enterprise, which still enjoys a strong local customer base. It is a leading brand in terms of volume, and its products fall into the lower price range.
Virtually all supermarkets sell instant noodles of some sort, but they tend to be Westernized and come in foam containers, costing upwards of 5 kroner. Ethnic stores and specialty shops offer the most popular alternative, Yum Yum, whose prices range from 3–4 kroner; "3 for 10" offers are nearly universal. Its popularity has been sufficient to become a generic brand name. Mama, another brand from Thailand, is the second most popular Eastern brand but has a much smaller market share. Wai Wai, a brand from Nepal, is also available. Most Danish supermarket instant noodles contain MSG as a flavor enhancer.
In Ecuador, Maruchan brand ramen had been the only brand sold for a long time. Recently, another two brands were introduced in this market: Rapidito by Oriental and a new competitor called Lonchys by Agrovanic became available in a wide range of flavors, including beef, chicken, shrimp and seafood.
The primary brand of instant noodles in Egypt is Indomie; they are halal, relatively affordable, being available at most small dry-goods shops for anywhere from L.E. 1.50 to L.E. 2 (US$ 0.16-0.24). While this puts them out of the price range of the poorest Egyptians (who can purchase the raw ingredients to produce more food for the same price), they are fairly popular among the growing Egyptian middle class.
In Ethiopia, the most popular instant noodle brand is Indomie because of its variety of flavors and affordable price. It is referred to as "Lehulum Tesmami", meaning "Suitable For All" in the Amharic language. Its sole agents and distributors are YSO & SONS General Trading PLC.
Noodles are ubiquitous in all urban grocery stores and supermarkets. Packet noodles are the norm, while cup noodles are often pricier and are seldom available outside ethnic food shops. Yum Yum and Mama cost about half a euro, while Koka's higher-end offering, featuring a larger portion of non-fried noodles with no trans fat and no preservatives, costs about one euro a piece.[original research?]
Instant soups have a long tradition in Germany, back to 19th century, with, for example, the inventions of Justus von Liebig, or Maggi products. Instant noodles as discussed here, however, were relatively unknown in Germany until the 1990s, but they have since continually gained in popularity.
There are two types of ramen in Germany: the first, generally called "Instant-Nudeln" (instant noodles), tends to be a mild, Westernized version and comes in flavors such as chicken, vegetable, beef and button mushroom. The second type is called "Ramen" and is quite similar to traditional ramen as it is known in Asia. German "Ramen" was originally considered an ethnic food and was only available in specialty stores. Since the mid-1990s, it has become available at German supermarkets. The most popular brands are Yum Yum, Nissin Cup Noodles and Maggi.
Hong Kong[edit]
Cantonese people have a long history of cooking yi mein, a noodle invented in the Qing Dynasty. Modern instant noodles were publicly introduced as "Doll Noodles" in the late 1960s by Winner Food Products Ltd, which was bought by Nissin in 1984. That term has since become a synonym for instant noodles without MSG irrespective of brand in Hong Kong and Southern China. Other brands include Shin Ramyun and Demae Itcho.
India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh[edit]
The most popular brand in the three countries is Nestlé's Maggi, which is regarded in popular culture as a two-minute noodle. Other popular brands include Top Ramen Smoodles and Cup Noodles manufactured by Indo-Nissin Ltd, Ching's Instant Noodles, AA Nutritions's Yummy, and Wai-Wai, owned by the Chaudhary Group from Nepal. Smith & Jones, Ching's secrets, Tai Pai Noodles & NE Time noodles (Maruti quality Foods Products Pvt. Ltd) are also popular new brands of instant noodles in India. Wai Wai is gaining momentum in North Eastern states, Sikkim and west Bengal.
Local flavors such as masala and chicken tikka dominate. The most popular flavor of Top Ramen is known as "Curry Smoodles"; its flavorings mimic a basic curry, including onion, garlic, coriander, and a curry masala. A package sells for 10–12 rupees in India and 16 rupees in Pakistan. In India, there is also great demand for unflavored instant noodles; brands such as Bambino and Ching's dominate the market.
Ching's and Smith and Jones are brand of Capital Foods Ltd., (Masala, Curry, Chicken Masala under Smith and Jones brand and Ching's Flavor are Manchurian, Schezwan, Hot Garlic and Chicken Roast Garlic).
ITC launched its Yippee noodle under Sunfeast Brand.
Because of increasing health consciousness, Nestle introduced an instant noodle based on whole wheat grain flour, called Atta Noodles. Instant rice noodles are also available in various flavors. However, Nestle's original "Maggi" masala flavored noodles continue to be the most successful brand of instant noodles not only in India but in the United States for Indian Americans, as well. Nestle also has a '2-minute cup noodles' type of maggi known as 'cuppamania', which involves pouring hot water into the prepackaged cup and leaving it to soak and cook.
Foodles, a new instant noodle brand was launched in late 2010, focusing on health issues, with the tagline, ' Noodles without the No '. This range has significantly higher nutrition values compared to other popular brands.[citation needed] It comes in both Multigrain and Wheat-only forms. The brand is owned by Horlicks.
With production peaking at 14.5 billion packs in 2011, Indonesia is the second largest producer of instant noodle after China which produces 42.5 billion packs a year.[24] An early instant noodle in Indonesia was "Supermi", introduced in the 1970s by Indofood Sukses Makmur, the largest instant noodle producer in the world. It later introduced two additional brands – "Indomie" and "Sarimi".
Currently, Indofood Sukses Makmur has a market share of about 70% of Indonesian instant noodle production. In 1999, the figure was about 90%; their market share declined following the introduction of "Mie Sedaap" by Wings Food in 2003.
Indonesians prefer noodles with a strong flavor. Popular flavors of Indonesian instant noodle include Chicken Curry, Onion and Chicken, Beef Meatball, and Chicken Soto, a traditional Indonesian chicken soup. In the past, Indomie tried to produce 30 different flavors to reflect various traditional dishes of Indonesian cuisine, but the product line was discontinued after disappointing results with only several popular variants remain in production. Strong local preferences contribute to the low volume of sales of Japanese and other foreign instant noodles in Indonesia; hot and spicy Korean noodles appeal most to these tastes and have the largest market share among foreign instant noodles.
Most of the market share is owned by the product Indomie Mi Goreng, A dry instant noodle meant to replicate the traditional Indonesian dish Mi Goreng, or fried noodles. Other variants of popular instant noodles in Indonesia includes Mie Gelas, which is sized so it could be served in a drinking glass, and Pop Mie, which is similar to Cup Noodles.
Well-known brands of instant noodles in Ireland are Koka Noodles and Pot Noodle. Koka are distributed by the Boyne Valley Group for the Irish market.
Japan is the country of origin of instant noodles. Instant noodles remain a "national" light food. The average Japanese person eats 40 packs of instant noodles per year.[7]
After their invention by Taiwanese-Japanese Momofuku Andō in 1958, instant noodles became very common in Japan. In the 1970s, makers expanded their flavors to include such examples as shio (salt ramen), miso, or curry. Beginning in the 1980s, makers also added dried toppings such as shrimp, pork, or eggs. Today, instant noodles are divided into two groups: "traditional" cheap (¥150 to ¥200) noodles with few toppings and expensive (¥200 to ¥500) noodles with many toppings, which are often packed into a pouch. Various kinds of instant noodles are produced, including ramen, udon, soba, yakisoba, and pasta.
Major makers in Japan are:
- Nissin Food Products 日清食品, whose famous brands include Chicken Ramen and Cup Noodles, has a 40.4% market share As of 2005[update].
- Tōyō Suisan 東洋水産, nicknamed Maruchan, whose brands include Akai Kitsune and Midori no Tanuki, has a 19.2% market share.
- Sanyō Foods サンヨー食品, Sapporo Ichiban, has a 11.5% market share.
- Myōjō Foods 明星食品, Charumera, has a 9.9% market share.
- Acecook エースコック, Super Cup, has a 8.3% market share.
In Korea, instant noodle was first produced by Samyang Food in 1963 under technical assistance from Myojo Foods Co., Japan which provided manufacturing equipment.[25][26][27] Its quick and easy preparation and cheap price made it quickly popular. In South Korea, instant noodles are more common than non-instant noodles; the word ramyeon (라면), generally means the instant kind. Most South Korean food stalls make instant ramyeon and add toppings for their customers.
Ramyeon is typically spicy. Shin Ramyun (신[辛], literally "spicy") is the best-selling brand in Korea.[28] It has also become popular in China and the United States. The leading manufacturer of ramyeon in Korea is the Nong Shim ([農心], literally "Farmer Heart") company, which exports many of its products overseas.
In 2004, over 600,000 boxes of Shin brand Ramyeon were sent to North Korea as part of the aid relief program when Ryongchŏn train station exploded, injuring many North Korean civilians. However, insider sources state that most of it was sold in North Korean black markets, making its way to Pyongyang, instead of distributed as aid. North Korean visitors to China also frequently purchase South Korean ramyeon from Chinese stores, where Shin Ramyeon is known as "Korean Tangmi Ramyeon".
Indigenous production of Ramyeon in North Korea began in 2000. The first Ramyeon brand was "kkoburang guksu", which literally means curly noodles in Korean. Later, a joint venture by North Korean and Hong Kong-based companies began producing "jeukseok guksu" (즉석 국수), which literally means "instant noodles". Ramyeon are popular among North Korean elites who live in Pyongyang and Nampo. In contrast to hot and spicy South Korean Ramyeon, North Korean Ramyeon has a much milder and brothier flavor.[29]
Malaysia and Singapore[edit]
Maggi has practically become synonymous with instant noodles. Popular flavors include curry, chicken, tom yum, and asam laksa. Both soup-based and dry variants are readily available. Indomie, Nissin, Cintan and Mamee brands of instant noodles are also well loved by both Malaysians and Singaporeans.
Though instant noodles are usually eaten at home, they are also becoming increasingly popular as restaurant or cafe meals, especially in Hong Kong-themed "cha chan teng" cafes and "Mamak" food shops. These meals are usually modified according to the chef's taste and include minimal monosodium glutamate.
In recent years, instant noodles manufacturers have tried to introduce low-MSG seasonings, as well as new processes that do not require frying for the noodles, and have introduced new flavors such as chilli crab and seafood.
The Apollo noodle is very popular in Mauritius. Popular flavors include shrimp, curry, chicken and vegetable.
Instant noodles are very popular in Mexico, where they are often viewed as a snack-grade food. Flavors such as lime and chili are popular, often combined with shrimp. It is available in every grocery store and convenience store through all the country. This kind of soup was introduced in the 1980s by the Maggi Corporation as "Instant Maggi Ramen", marketed in a small plastic bag with artificial flavors, but it did not become popular until cup noodles were introduced in 1990 by Maruchan. Due to this popularity, the instant noodles are often referred to simply as "Maruchan". Today, many local brands such as "La Moderna" and "Herdez" have developed their own cup noodles, along Nissin, which is also a newcomer. In early 2000's, Maggi introduced four instant noodles flavors, like tomato pasta or chicken with green tomatoes, but they were soon discontinued.
Instant noodles are very famous in Nepal. In the early 1980s, Gandaki Noodles (P.) Ltd.[30] of Pokhara city, introduced Rara, a white instant noodles named after the largest lake of Nepal. It was a fair success among urban population. Then in around 1985, Chaudhary Groups(CG)[31] entered the market with Wai Wai. Wai-Wai noodles, a brown, spicy and precooked noodle, became a big hit among the people.[32] Over the years, its popularity has grown heavily and consist of a major part of the dry foods sold in Nepal and are available in any part of the country. The Quality control office of Nepal withheld Nepal quality marks for wai wai in 2012.[33]
- Wai-Wai noodles, Golmol produced by CG.[34] Wai Wai is popular in India too. CG has established its factories in India.
- Mayos, Ru-Chee, Hurray produced by Himalayan Snax & Noodles Pvt. Ltd. (HSNPL)[35]
- 2pm, Rumpum by Asian Thai Foods Pvt. Ltd. (ATF)[36]
The Netherlands[edit]
The Netherlands is home to a large Indonesian community, the largest minority group in the country, which has generated Indonesian supermarkets known as Toko. Various brands of instant noodles are sold through both these outlets and non-specialty supermarkets, including Saimin, Indomie Mi Goreng, Maggi, Thai varieties such as Mama and Yum Yum, and some more western alternatives, such as Conimex and Good Noodles by Unox. Both cup and packet varieties are available.
In Nigeria, Indomie is the most popular instant noodles brand. Since its introduction in 1988, Indomie has had a remarkable impact on the Nigerian culinary landscape. Instant noodles are now eaten in most households across the country.[37] By 2008, nine other brands of noodle had appeared on the market. Affirming Indomie's hold on the market, Christopher Ezendu, a distributor at the popular Oke-Arin market on Lagos Island, reported that these other brands are aspiring to be like the market leader.[38]
According to the World Instant Noodle Association, Nigeria was the 13th largest consumer of instant noodles in the world in 2007.[39]
In Norway, every supermarket sells instant noodles of some kind. The Yum Yum! brand is sold at the supermarket chain Rema 1000 or in ethnic stores in larger cities. Another popular brand is the Norwegian brand Mr. Lee. Yum Yum is often sold in 5-packs for 7-8 Norwegian kroner. Mr. Lee is typically more expensive, costing 8-11 kroner.
In Peru, Maruchan brand ramen had been the only brand sold for a long time. Recently, Aji-no-men ramen became available in a wide range of flavors, including beef, chicken, chicken with greens, hen, spicy hen, creole-style hen, shrimp, and oriental-style.
There are many local and imported brands of instant noodles in the Philippines, which are locally known as "instant mami" (after a Philippine version of chicken noodle soup). Brands available in the Philippines include Lucky Me, Payless, Nissin, QuickChow, Maggi and Ho-Mi. They are sold in packets, sealed paper cups, or sealed foam food containers. Instant noodles are popular as a quick snack or for breakfast because of their fast preparation and affordability.
People sometimes add a fresh egg directly into the instant noodles either in the pot or the bowl. Another popular variation is the instant pancit canton, stir-fried noodles which are boiled and drained to which a flavoring powder, soy sauce, oil and carrot and celery pieces are added. Popular variations include spicy, soy-sauce-calamansi, and sweet-spicy.
Instant noodles began appearing on Polish store shelves during the early 1990s. Despite being called "Chinese soup", the first brands on the market were produced in Vietnam and had a somewhat spicy, garlic-flavored taste. The noodle packages contained pouches of flavored soup base, spicy oil, dried vegetables or even minuscule shrimps.
The product gained particular popularity among students due to its affordability and convenience. "Kaczka łagodna" (Mild duck), "Kurczakowa łagodna" (Mild chicken) and "Krewetkowa ostra" (Spicy shrimp) were the most common flavors. Today, the local Kim Lan and worldwide Knorr brands offer varieties ranging from cheese-and-herb flavored noodles to local Polish specialties like barszcz czerwony or żurek.
Ngoc Tu Tao, who emigrated to Poland from Vietnam and established the Tan-Viet Group in 1990, is credited with introducing instant noodles to Poland. His VIFON brand holds a 35% share of the Polish instant soup market, selling over 100 million packages a year. Ngoc Tu Tao has appeared in Wprost magazine's annual ranking of the 100 most wealthy Polish citizens.[40]
Inexpensive supermarket private-label brands and regular midmarket products do not differ much in taste, while their prices can range from PLN 0.49 to PLN 2.00. Noodles packaged in foam bowls are slightly more expensive, priced from PLN 3.00 to PLN 5.50.
Russia's most popular instant ramen are the local brand Rollton and the Korean brand Dosirac (Korean for "lunch box"). Instant noodles have been popular in Russia's Far East region since the late 1980s and made their way west in the early 1990s. In Russia, like most noodle products, they are still considered a lesser-quality option to turn to in lean economic times. They are popular among college students and homeless as a regular meal.[41]
Saudi Arabia[edit]
The most popular brand is Indomie, with a 96% market share.
South Africa[edit]
Instant noodles have become commonplace in South Africa since the 1990s, when they were first introduced to the general consumer market. While various brands are available, the most common is Maggi 2 Minute Noodles. Because of their low cost, instant noodles are popular in South Africa's poorer communities. They are also popular among students and office workers as a quick snack.
Instant noodles have been widely available in Swedish supermarkets for more than 10 years and are very popular, especially among students. The most common brands include Nissin's Demae Ramen, Samyang, Euroshopper, Eldorado and ICA. Other brands include Mr. Cup cup noodles and Little Cook. Cup noodles are usually sold for 10 SEK per package, while packet noodles are usually sold at 4 for 15, 5 for 20 or 6 for 30.
Instant Noodles are very popular in Syria, the main brand is Indomie which is manufactured locally under licence of the trademark holders, and it costs about 15 Syrian Pounds (0.$20) per package, there are also other brands available at some import supermarkets, but these brands aren't popular because of their high price compared to the locally manufactured Indomie.
Instant noodle inventor Momofuku Andō (安藤百福) was born in Taiwan. According to statistics from the International Ramen Manufacturers Association, Taiwan is the world's 12th largest instant noodle market, with an annual NT$10 billion (US$300 million) in sales. This translates into an annual total of 900 million packs, or 40 per person.[42] Uni-President (aka President or Tong-Yi, 統一) takes the largest market share of instant noodles in the country, and is a major player in the global instant noodle market.
Major makers in Taiwan are:
- Uni-President (aka President or Tong-Yi, 統一) is the first instant noodle maker in Taiwan. Its first and most famous product is Rouzaomian (肉燥麵). Uni-president has the greatest market share in Taiwan and is also one of the largest instant noodle makers in Mainland China.
- VEDAN (味丹; Pinyin: Wei Dan)
- Wei Lih (維力) is famous for its Zhajiangmian (炸醬麵).
- Ting Yi (aka Master Kong or Kang-shi-fu, 康師傅) is also the biggest instant noodle maker in Mainland China.
- Ve Wong (味王; Pinyin: Wei Wang)
The most popular instant noodle in Thailand is "Mama" or dindin cup noodles; Tom Yum Shrimp is the favorite flavor. Other local players in the market include the Wai Wai and Yum Yum brands. Due to their ubiquity, instant noodles were chosen as a vehicle for dietary fortification by a joint effort of the Federation of Thai Industries, instant noodle producers, and the Ministry of Public Health about 10 years ago. The vitamins and minerals added are iron, iodine and vitamin A. Unlike Japanese or Malaysian instant noodles, Thai noodles are seasoned with chicken stock before frying, giving them extra flavor, and they are sometimes consumed directly as a snack without further cooking. Instant noodles have spread all over Thailand, and now include real dehydrated meat such as pork and beef.
Instant noodles have been quite popular in Ukraine in the past 10 years because they are cheap and save time. Mivina noodles can be cooked as soup or eaten dry; dry instant noodles are as popular in Ukraine as potato chips and croutons. Mivina is rivaled by the Russian Rollton, which also produces instant noodles for quick soups.
United Kingdom[edit]
A common form of instant noodles in Britain is Pot Noodle, a cup noodle first marketed by Golden Wonder in the late 1970s. These use artificial flavorings (there is no chicken in Chicken Pot Noodles, for example) and are sold by virtually every major supermarket chain, general groceries shops, and convenience stores. Boiling water is added to the noodles to cook them.
Packet noodles such as Batchelors' Super Noodles are also sold. Several of the larger supermarkets also offer eastern brands such as Nissin, Koka noodles and Shin Ramyun, which once could only be found in Asian groceries. Noodles such as Maggi can also be found in many groceries, but are less widespread.
United States[edit]
In the United States, instant noodles were first available by Nissin Foods in 1971. In 1972, Nissin Foods introduced "Nissin Cup Noodles" in a foam food cup, which led to an upsurge in popularity. Soon after, many other competing companies were offering similar instant noodle products.
Today, in the U.S., the instant noodle is commonly known as ramen, after the Japanese dish on which it was originally based, and it comes in a variety of mostly meat-based flavors. The three major brands are Nissin Top Ramen, Maruchan Ramen, and Sapporo Ichiban. A wide range of popular brands imported from other countries are available at many Asian grocery stores and some supermarkets. Instant ramen noodles are extremely popular among students and other people of low income, due to their ease of preparation and unusually low cost. While price varies throughout the U.S., generally several packages can be purchased for $1 or less.
Instant noodles are popular in Vietnam, where they are often eaten as a breakfast food. Both wheat and rice noodles are common. Acecook Vietnam JSC and VIFON are leading producers of instant noodles.[43] Popular Vietnamese instant noodle soups include Oriental, Bánh đa cua, Bún bò Huế flavored, Phở and Hủ tiếu Nam Vang, a Phnom Penh-style noodle.
See also[edit]
- ^ "Inventor of instant noodles dies" BBC News. 6 January 2007
- ^ "Meet Momofuku Ando, inventor of Ramen Noodles".[self-published source]
- ^ Beech, Hannah (2006-11-13). "Momofuku Ando". Time.
- ^ "Nissin Foods - About Us".
- ^ "Inventor of the Week Archive: Momofuku Ando". MIT.
- ^ "Japan votes noodle the tops". BBC News. 2000-12-12. Retrieved 2007-04-25. BBC News
- ^ a b "National Trends in Instant Noodles Demands". World Instant Noodles Association (WINA).
- ^ USAID. Fortification Basis. Instant Noodles: A Potential Vehicle for Micronutrient Forification. Retrieved from http://www.dsm.com/en_US/nip/public/home/downloads/noodles.pdf
- ^ "Stay away from instant noodles to keep healthy". Consumers Association of Penang. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
- ^ "Instant ramen noodles are low in fiber, vitamins and minerals and high in carbohydrates. The package comes complete with seasonings that are typically very salty." http://www.livestrong.com/article/519071-ramen-noodles-chronic-illness/
- ^ "Instant noodle is a highly processed food that lacks nutritive value. It is a junk food. Every single serving of instant noodle is high in carbohydrates, sodium and other food additives, but low on essential elements such as fibre, vitamins and minerals." http://www.consumer.org.my/index.php/food/nutrition/132-stay-away-from-instant-noodles-to-keep-healthy
- ^ MayoClinic.com recommends a ratio of 45 to 65 percent carbs, 10 to 35 percent protein and 20 to 35 percent fat. http://www.livestrong.com/article/298092-healthy-mix-of-carbs-protein-fat/
- ^ Hope Ngo (2001-02-23). "CNN.com - Instant noodles a health hazard: report - February 23, 2001". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ Noodles and the Boodle - Snopes.com
- ^ Gotoh, N. et al.; Watanabe, H; Osato, R; Inagaki, K; Iwasawa, A; Wada, S (2007). "Novel approach on the risk assessment of oxidized fats and oils for perspectives of food safety and quality. I. Oxidized fats and oils induces neurotoxicity relating pica behavior and hypoactivity". Food and Chemical Toxicology (Elsevier) 44 (4): 493–498. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2005.08.023. PMID 16253412.
- ^ Gotoh, Naohiro et al. (2005). "New Sight on the Possibility of the Neurotoxic Behavior Affected by the Oxidized Compounds in Fats and Oils". Journal of Oleo Science 54 (7): 397–405.
- ^ Gotoh, Naohiro; Shun Wada (2005). "The importance of peroxide value in assessing food quality and food safety". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society (Springer) 83 (5): 473–474. doi:10.1007/s11746-006-1229-4.
- ^ a b "FDA: Importer voluntarily recalls 'tainted' Korean noodles | News | GMA News Online". Gmanetwork.com. 2012-11-01. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
- ^ "Nongshim ramen to be recalled". Koreatimes.co.kr. 2012-10-27. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
- ^ http://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/103012-0001.pdf
- ^ "About.com - Are ramen noodles vegetarian?".
- ^ "Pot Noodle | Brands in action | UK & Ireland". unilever.co.uk. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
- ^ "Pot Noodle launches campaign for GTi range | Marketing Magazine". marketingmagazine.co.uk. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
- ^ "Production Number"
- ^ "Brief History". SAMYANGFOODS Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 2004-06-17.
- ^ "Brand History" (in Korean). SAMYANGFOODS Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 2004-06-22.
- ^ Samyang Foods [1], retrieved on July 4, 2008.
- ^ "10 Consumer Hits 1950–2007". The Korea Times. 2007-10-16. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
- ^ "Korean Instant Noodles".
- ^ "Gandaki Noodles (P.) Ltd. | Nepal Home PageNepal Home Page". Nepalhomepage.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ "Chaudhary Group". Chaudhary Group. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ "ECS NEPAL | The Nepali Way". Ecs.com.np. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ By Salokya, on October 19th, 2012 (2012-10-19). "वाईवाई र नेबिको बिस्कुट गुणस्तरविहीन « Mysansar". Mysansar.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "Himalayan Snax &". Himalayansnax.com. 2012-08-10. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ "Asian Thai Foods". Asian Thai Foods. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ "Welcome to Indomie - Brand Legacy". Dufil.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ "The Noodles War | TheNEWS – Nigeria's authoritative weekly news magazine". Thenewsng.com. 2008-07-21. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
- ^ "Expanding Market | World Instant Noodles Association". Instantnoodles.org. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
- ^ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". Web.archive.org. 2007-12-08. Archived from the original on 2007-12-08. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ Updated May.23,2005 19:42 KST (2005-05-23). "Digital Chosunilbo (English Edition) : Daily News in English About Korea". English.chosun.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
- ^ Hwang, Jim. "Three Minutes to Go".
- ^ Hai, Thuy. "SGGP English Edition- Vietnam instant noodle market on the boil". Saigon-gpdaily.com.vn. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Instant noodles. |
- Instant Ramen Home Page (by the Japan Convenience Foods Industry Association)
- World Instant Noodles Association


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Indie Theater Roundup: 7 Movies to See This Week
By Rossiter Drake on August 26, 2010 12:00 PM
Welcome, dear friends, to the first Indie Theater Roundup ever (partially) written and published from 30,000 feet above – hold on, let me check – Michigan! Will the wonders of technology ever cease to amaze? Let us all take a moment of silence to thank Richard Branson for this thrilling innovation to modern flight, then turn our attention to the matters at hand: movies! You want 'em, and the city's indie theaters have 'em. Check these out:
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