text:
Propaganda was skillfully used by the NSDAP in the years leading up to and during Adolf Hitler's leadership of Germany (1933–1945). National Socialist propaganda provided a crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power, and for the implementation of their policies, including the pursuit of total war and the extermination of millions of people in the Holocaust.
The pervasive use of propaganda by the Nazis is largely responsible for the word "propaganda" itself acquiring its present negative connotations.[1]
In opposition (1919–33)[edit]
Nazi leader Adolf Hitler devoted three chapters of his 1925/26 book Mein Kampf, itself a propaganda tool, to the study and practice of propaganda.[2] He claimed to have learnt the value of propaganda as a World War I infantryman exposed to very effective British and ineffectual German propaganda.[3] The argument that Germany lost the war largely because of British propaganda efforts, expounded at length in Mein Kampf, reflected then-common German nationalist claims. Although untrue – German propaganda during World War I was mostly more advanced than that of the British – it became the official truth of Nazi Germany thanks to its reception by Hitler.[4]
Mein Kampf contains the blueprint of later Nazi propaganda efforts. Assessing his audience, Hitler writes in chapter VI:
"Propaganda must always address itself to the broad masses of the people. (...) All propaganda must be presented in a popular form and must fix its intellectual level so as not to be above the heads of the least intellectual of those to whom it is directed. (...) The art of propaganda consists precisely in being able to awaken the imagination of the public through an appeal to their feelings, in finding the appropriate psychological form that will arrest the attention and appeal to the hearts of the national masses. The broad masses of the people are not made up of diplomats or professors of public jurisprudence nor simply of persons who are able to form reasoned judgment in given cases, but a vacillating crowd of human children who are constantly wavering between one idea and another. (...) The great majority of a nation is so feminine in its character and outlook that its thought and conduct are ruled by sentiment rather than by sober reasoning. This sentiment, however, is not complex, but simple and consistent. It is not highly differentiated, but has only the negative and positive notions of love and hatred, right and wrong, truth and falsehood."[5]
As to the methods to be employed, he explains:
"Propaganda must not investigate the truth objectively and, in so far as it is favourable to the other side, present it according to the theoretical rules of justice; yet it must present only that aspect of the truth which is favourable to its own side. (...) The receptive powers of the masses are very restricted, and their understanding is feeble. On the other hand, they quickly forget. Such being the case, all effective propaganda must be confined to a few bare essentials and those must be expressed as far as possible in stereotyped formulas. These slogans should be persistently repeated until the very last individual has come to grasp the idea that has been put forward. (...) Every change that is made in the subject of a propagandist message must always emphasize the same conclusion. The leading slogan must of course be illustrated in many ways and from several angles, but in the end one must always return to the assertion of the same formula."
Hitler put these ideas into practice with the reestablishment of the Völkischer Beobachter, a daily newspaper published by the Nazi Party (NSDAP) from February 1925 on, whose circulation reached 26,175 in 1929. It was joined in 1926 by Joseph Goebbels's Der Angriff, another unabashedly and crudely propagandistic paper.
During most of the Nazis' time in opposition, their means of propaganda remained limited. With little access to mass media, the party continued to rely heavily on Hitler and a few others speaking at public meetings until 1929.[6] In April 1930, Hitler appointed Goebbels head of party propaganda. Goebbels, a former journalist and Nazi party officer in Berlin, soon proved his skills. Among his first successes was the organization of riotous demonstrations that succeeded in having the American anti-war film All Quiet on the Western Front banned in Germany.[7]
In power (1933–39)[edit]
Before World War II, Nazi propaganda strategy, officially promulgated by the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, stressed several themes. Their goals were to establish external enemies (countries that allegedly inflicted the Treaty of Versailles on Germany) and internal enemies, such as Jews, Romani, homosexuals, Bolsheviks and topics like degenerate art. Hitler and Nazi propagandists played on the anti-Semitism and resentment present in Germany. The Jews were blamed for things such as robbing the German people of their hard work while themselves avoiding physical labour. Der Stürmer, a Nazi propaganda newspaper, told Germans that Jews kidnapped small children before Passover because "Jews need the blood of a Christian child, maybe, to mix in with their Matzah." Posters, films, cartoons, and fliers were seen throughout Germany which attacked the Jewish community, such as the 1940 film The Eternal Jew.
Soon after the takeover of power in 1933, concentration camps were established for political opponents. The first people that were sent to the camps were Communists.[8] They were sent because of their ties with the Soviet Union and because Nazism greatly opposed Communism.[9] In 1935, anti-semitic laws in Nazi Germany were introduced known as the Nuremberg Laws, the laws forbid non-Aryans and political opponents of the Nazis from the civil-service and any sexual relations and marriage between people classified as "Aryan" and "non-Aryan" (Jews, Gypsies, blacks).[10] The Nuremberg Laws were based on racial purity, they sought to preserve the Aryan race who were at the top of the Nazi racial hierarchy and were said to be the ubermenschen "herrenvolk" (master race),[11] and to teach the German nation to view the Jews as subhumans.[12]
A major political and ideological cornerstone of Nazi policy was the unification of all ethnic Germans living outside of the Reich's borders under one Greater Germany (e.g. Austria and Czechoslovakia).[13] In Mein Kampf, Hitler made a direct remark to those outside of Germany. He stated that pain and misery were being forced upon ethnic Germans outside of Germany, and that they dream of common fatherland. He finished by stating they needed to fight for one's nationality.[14] Throughout Mein Kampf, he pushed Germans worldwide to make the struggle for political power and independence their main focus. Nazi propaganda used the Heim ins Reich policy for this, which began in 1938.[15]
Nazi propaganda efforts then focused on creating external enemies. Propagandists strengthened the negative attitude of Germany towards the Treaty of Versailles by territorial claims and ethnocentrism. When the Treaty was signed in 1919 non-propagandists newspapers headlines across the nation spoke German's feelings, such as "UNACCEPTABLE" which appeared on the front page of the Frankfurter Zeitung in 1919. The Berliner Tageblatt, also in 1919, predicted "Should we accept the conditions, a military furore for revenge will sound in Germany within a few years, a militant nationalism will engulf all."[16] Hitler, knowing his nation's disgust with the Treaty, used it as leverage to influence his audience. He would repeatedly refer back to the terms of the Treaty as a direct attack on Germany and its people. In one speech delivered on January 30, 1937 he directly stated that he was withdrawing the German signature from the document to protest the outrageous proportions of the terms. He claimed the Treaty made Germany out to be inferior and "less" of a country than others only because blame for the war was placed on it. The success of Nazi propagandists and Hitler won the Nazi party control of Germany and eventually led to World War II.[17]
For months prior to the beginning of World War II in 1939, German newspapers and leaders had carried out a national and international propaganda campaign accusing Polish authorities of organizing or tolerating violent ethnic cleansing of ethnic Germans living in Poland.[18] On 22 August, Adolf Hitler told his generals:
"I will provide a propagandistic casus belli. Its credibility doesn't matter. The victor will not be asked whether he told the truth."[19][20]
The main part of this propaganda campaign was the false flag project, Operation Himmler, which was designed to create the appearance of Polish aggression against Germany, which was subsequently used to justify the invasion of Poland.[19][20][21]
At war (1939–45)[edit]
Until the conclusion of the Battle of Stalingrad on February 4, 1943, German propaganda emphasized the prowess of German arms and the humanity German soldiers had shown to the peoples of occupied territories. Pilots of the Allied bombing fleets were depicted as cowardly murderers, and Americans in particular as gangsters in the style of Al Capone. At the same time, German propaganda sought to alienate Americans and British from each other, and both these Western nations from the Soviets. One of the primary sources for propaganda was the Wehrmachtbericht, a daily radio broadcast that described the military situation on all fronts. Nazi victories lent themselves easily to propaganda broadcasts and were at this point difficult to mishandle.[22] Satires on the defeated, accounts of attacks, and praise for the fallen all were useful for Nazis.[23] Still, failures were not easily handled even at this stage; when the Ark Royal proved to have survived an attack that German propaganda had hyped, considerable embarrassment resulted.[22]
After Stalingrad, the main theme changed to Germany as the sole defender of what they called "Western European culture" against the "Bolshevist hordes". The introduction of the V-1 and V-2 "vengeance weapons" was emphasized to convince Britons of the hopelessness of defeating Germany.
Problems in propaganda arose easily in this stage; expectations of success were raised too high and too quickly, which required explanation if they were not fulfilled, and blunted the effects of success, and the hushing of blunders and failures caused mistrust.[22] The increasing hardship of the war for the German people also called forth more propaganda that the war had been forced on the German people by the refusal of foreign powers to accept their strength and independence.[22] Goebbels called for propaganda to toughen up the German people and not make victory look easy.[22]
On June 23, 1944, the Nazis permitted the Red Cross to visit concentration camp Theresienstadt to dispel rumors about the Final Solution, which was intended to kill every Jew. In reality, Theresienstadt was a transit camp for Jews en route to extermination camps, but in a sophisticated propaganda effort, fake shops and cafés were erected to imply that the Jews lived in relative comfort. The guests enjoyed the performance of a children's opera, Brundibar, written by inmate Hans Krása. The hoax was so successful for the Nazis that they went on to make a propaganda film (Theresienstadt) at Theresienstadt. Shooting of the film began on February 26, 1944. Directed by Kurt Gerron, it was meant to show how well the Jews lived under the "benevolent" protection of the Third Reich. After the shooting, most of the cast, and even the filmmaker himself, were deported to the concentration camp of Auschwitz where they were murdered.
Goebbels committed suicide on May 1, 1945, shortly after Hitler had killed himself. Hans Fritzsche, who had been head of the Radio Chamber, was tried and acquitted by the Nuremberg war crimes tribunal.
The Völkischer Beobachter ("People's Observer") was the official daily newspaper of the NSDAP since December 1920. It disseminated Nazi ideology in the form of brief hyperboles directed against the weakness of parliamentarism, the evils of Jewry and Bolshevism, the national humiliation of the Versailles Treaty and other such topics.[24] It was joined in 1926 by Der Angriff ("The Attack"), a weekly and later daily paper founded by Joseph Goebbels. It was mainly dedicated to attacks against political opponents and Jews – one of its most striking features were vehemently antisemitic cartoons by Hans Schweitzer – but also engaged in the glorification of Nazi heroes such as Horst Wessel.[6] The Illustrierter Beobachter was their weekly illustrated paper.[25]
Other Nazi publications included
- Das Reich, a more moderate and highbrow publication aimed at intellectuals and foreigners;
- Der Stürmer, the most virulently antisemitic of all;[26] and
- Das Schwarze Korps, an SS publication, aiming at a more intellectual tone.[27]
After Hitler's rise to power in 1933, all of the regular press came under complete Nazi editorial control through the policy of Gleichschaltung, and short-lived propaganda newspapers were also established in the conquered territories during World War II. Alfred Rosenberg was a key member of the Nazi party who gained control of their newspaper which was openly praised by Hitler. However, Hitler was dissatisfied by Rosenberg's work and slandered Rosenberg behind his back, discrediting his work.[28]
Newspapers in occupied countries[edit]
In Ukraine, after Nazis cracked down on the papers, most papers printed only articles from German agencies, producing the odd effect of more anti-American and anti-British articles than anti-Communist ones.[29] They also printed articles about antecedents of German rule over Ukraine, such as Catherine the Great and the Goths.[29]
The Nazi party relied heavily on speakers to make its propaganda presentations, most heavily before they came to power, but also afterwards. Hitler, in Mein Kampf, recounted that he had realized that it was not written matter but the spoken word that brought about changes, as people would not read things that disagreed, but would linger to hear a speaker.[30] Furthermore, speakers, having their audiences before them, could see their reactions and adjust accordingly, to persuade.[31] His own oratory was a major factor in his rise, and he despised those who came to read pre-written speeches.[32]
Such speakers were particularly important when it was not wanted that the information put across not reach foreigners, who could access the mass media.[33] Schools were instituted to substitute for the political conflict that had formed the old speakers.[34] In 1939, Walter Tiessler (de), speaking of his own experience as an early speaker, urged that they continue.[35]
Sturmabteilung speakers were used, though their reliance on instinct sometimes offended well-educated audiences, but their blunt and folksy manner often had their own appeal.[36]
The ministry would provide such speakers with information, such as how to spin the problems on the eastern front,[37] or how to discuss the cuts in food rations.[38] The party propaganda headquarters, sent the Redner-Schnellinformation [Speakers' Express Information] out with guidelines for immediate campaigns, such as anti-Semitic campaigns and what information to present.[33]
Specific groups were targeted with such speakers. Speakers, for instance, were created specifically for Hitler Youth.[39] These would, among other things, lecture Hitler Youth and the BDM on the need to produce more children.[40]
Poster art was a mainstay of the Nazi propaganda effort, aimed both at Germany itself and occupied territories. It had several advantages. The visual effect, being striking, would reach the viewer easily.[41] Posters were also, unlike other forms of propaganda, difficult to avoid.[42]
Imagery frequently drew on heroic realism.[43] Nazi youth and the SS were depicted monumentally, with lighting posed to produce grandeur.[43]
Hans Schweitzer, under the pen name "Mjölnir" produced many Nazi posters.[44]
Posters were also used in schools, depicting, for instance, an institution for the feeble-minded on one hand and houses on the other, to inform the students that the annual cost of this institution would build 17 homes for healthy families.[45]
The Nazis also implemented a number of photographers to document events and promote ideology. Photographers include Heinrich Hoffmann and Hugo Jaeger.
This section requires expansion. (October 2013) |
The Nazis produced many films to promote their views. Themes included the virtues of the Nordic or Aryan type, German military and industrial strength, and the evils of the Nazi enemies. On March 13, 1933, The Third Reich established a Ministry of Propaganda, appointing Joseph Goebbels as its Minister. On September 22, 1933, a Department of Film was incorporated into the Chamber of Culture. The department controlled the licensing of every film prior to its production. Sometimes, the government would select the actors for a film, financing the production partially or totally, and would grant tax breaks to the producers. Awards for "valuable" films would decrease taxes, thus encouraging self-censorship among movie makers.[46] Under Goebbels and Hitler, the German film industry became entirely nationalised. The National Socialist Propaganda Directorate, which Goebbels oversaw, had at its disposal nearly all film agencies in Germany by 1936. Occasionally, certain directors such as Wolfgang Liebeneiner were able to bypass Goebbels by providing him with a different version of the film than would be released. Such films include those directed by Helmut Käutner: Romanze in Moll (Romance in a Minor Key, 1943), Große Freiheit Nr. 7 (The Great Freedom, No. 7, 1944), and Unter den Brücken (Under the Bridges, 1945). Schools were also provided with motion pictures projectors because film was regarded as particularly appropriate for propagandizing children.[47] Films specifically created for schools were termed "military education."[47]
Newsreels were explicitly intended to not be the truth, but to portray such of the truth as was in the interest of Germany to spread.[48]
Triumph des Willens (Triumph of the Will, 1935) by film-maker Leni Riefenstahl chronicles the Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg. It features footage of uniformed party members (though relatively few German soldiers), who are marching and drilling to classical melodies. The film contains excerpts from speeches given by various Nazi leaders at the Congress, including speeches by Adolf Hitler. Frank Capra used scenes from the film, which he described partially as "the ominous prelude of Hitler's holocaust of hate" in many parts of the U.S. government's Why We Fight anti-Axis seven film series, to demonstrate what the personnel of the American military would be facing in World War II, and why the Axis had to be defeated.
Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew, 1940) was directed by Fritz Hippler at the insistence of Goebbels, though the writing is credited to Eberhard Taubert. The movie is done in the style of a documentary, the central thesis being the immutable racial personality traits that characterize the Jew as a wandering cultural parasite. Throughout the film, these traits are contrasted to the Nazi state ideal: while Aryan men find satisfaction in physical labour and the creation of value, Jews only find pleasure in money and a hedonist lifestyle.
The Nazis and sympathizers published many books. Most of the beliefs that would become associated with the Nazis, such as German nationalism, eugenics and anti-Semitism had been in circulation since the 19th century, and the Nazis seized on this body of existing work in their own publications.
The most notable is Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf detailing his beliefs.[49] The book outlines major ideas that would later culminate in World War II. It is heavily influenced by Gustave Le Bon's 1895 The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, which theorized propaganda as a way to control the seemingly irrational behaviour of crowds. Particularly prominent is the violent anti-Semitism of Hitler and his associates, drawing, among other sources, on the fabricated "Protocols of the Elders of Zion". For example, Hitler claimed that the international language Esperanto was part of a Jewish plot and makes arguments toward the old German nationalist ideas of "Drang nach Osten" and the necessity to gain Lebensraum ("living space") eastwards (especially in Russia). Other books such as Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes (Ethnology of German People) by Hans F. K. Günther and Rasse und Seele (Race and Soul) by Dr. Ludwig Ferdinand Clauss (de) attempt to identify and classify the differences between the German, Nordic, or Aryan type and other supposedly inferior peoples. These books were used as texts in German schools during the Nazi era.
The pre-existing and popular genre of Schollen-roman, or novel of the soil, also known as blood and soil novels,[50] was given a boost by the acceptability of its themes to the Nazis and developed a mysticism of unity.[51]
Hitler also borrowed some propaganda from tsarist Russia, specifically a book entitled Protocols of the Elders of Zion(1897) which implied that Jews secretly conspired to rule the world. This book was a key source of propaganda for Germany and helped fuel their common hatred against the Jews during World War II.[52]
The immensely popular "Red Indian" stories by Karl May were permitted despite the heroic treatment of the hero Winnetou and "colored" races; instead, the argument was made that the stories demonstrated the fall of the Red Indians was caused by a lack of racial consciousness, to encourage it in the Germans.[53] Other fictional works were also adapted; Heidi was stripped of its Christian elements, and Robinson Crusoe's relationship to Friday was made a master-slave one.[54]
Children's books also made their appearance. In 1938, Julius Streicher published Der Giftpilz (The Poisonous Mushroom), a storybook that equated the Jewish people to poisonous mushrooms and aimed to educate children about the Jews. The book was an example of anti-Semitic propaganda and stated that, "The following tales tell the truth about the Jewish poison mushroom. They show the many shapes the Jew assumes. They show the depravity and baseness of the Jewish race. They show the Jew for what he really is: The Devil in human form."[55]
"Geopolitical atlases" emphasized Nazi schemes, demonstrating the "encirclement" of Germany, depicting how the prolific Slav nations would cause the German people to be overrun, and (in contrast) showing the relative population density of Germany was much higher than that of the Eastern regions (where they would seek Lebensraum).[56] Geography text books stated how crowded Germany had become.[57] Other charts would show the cost of disabled children as opposed to healthy ones, or show how two-child families threatened the birthrate.[58] Math books discussed military applications and used military word problems, physics and chemistry concentrated on military applications, and grammar classes were devoted to propaganda sentences.[59] Other textbooks dealt with the history of the Nazi Party.[60] Elementary school reading text included large amounts of propaganda.[61] Children were taught through textbooks that they were the Aryan master race (Herrenvolk) while the Jews were untrustworthy, parasitic and Untermenschen (inferior subhumans).[62]
Maps showing the racial composition of Europe were banned from the classroom after many efforts that did not define the territory widely enough for party officials.[63]
Even fairy tales were put to use, with Cinderella being presented as a tale of how the prince's racial instincts lead him to reject the stepmother's alien blood for the racially pure maiden.[64] Nordic sagas were likewise presented as the illustration of Führerprinzip, which was developed with such heroes as Frederick the Great and Otto von Bismarck.[65]
Literature was to be chosen within the "German spirit" rather than a fixed list of forbidden and required, which made the teachers all the more cautious[66] although Jewish authors were impossible for classrooms.[67] While only William Shakespeare's MacBeth and The Merchant of Venice were actually recommended, none of the plays were actually forbidden, even Hamlet, denounced for "flabbiness of soul."[68]
Biology texts, however, were put the most use in presenting eugenic principles and racial theories; this included explanations of the Nuremberg Laws, which were claimed to allow the German and Jewish peoples to co-exist without the danger of mixing.[69] Science was to be presented as the most natural area for introducing the "Jewish Question", once teachers took care to point out that in nature, animals associated with those of their own species.[70]
Teachers' guidelines on racial instruction presented both the handicapped and Jews as dangers.[71] Despite their many photographs glamorizing the "Nordic" type, the texts also claimed that visual inspection was insufficient, and genealogical analysis was required to determine their types, and report any hereditary problems.[72] However, the National Socialist Teachers League (NSLB) stressed that at primary schools in particular they had to work on only the Nordic racial core of the German Volk again and again and have to contrast this with the racial composition of foreign populations and the Jews.[62]
Books for occupied countries[edit]
In occupied France, the German Institute encouraged translation of German works, although chiefly German nationalists, not ardent Nazis, and produced a massive increase in the sale of translated works.[73] The only books from English to be sold were English classics, and books with Jewish authors or Jewish subject matter (such as biographies) were banned, except for some scientific works.[74] Control of the paper supply allowed Germans the easy ability to pressure publishers about books.[74]
The Nazi-controlled government in German-occupied France produced the Vica comic book series during World War II as a propaganda tool against the Allied forces. The Vica series, authored by Vincent Krassousky, represented Nazi influence and perspective in French society, and included such titles as Vica contre le service secret anglais, and Vica défie l'Oncle Sam.[75]
In and after 1939, the Zeitschriften-Dienst was sent to magazines to provide guidelines on what to write for appropriate topics.[76]
Nazi publications also carried various forms of propaganda.
Neues Volk, was a monthly publication of the Office of Racial Policy, which answered questions about acceptable race relations.[77] While it mainly was aimed at regarding race relations, it also included articles about the strength and character of the Aryan race compared to Jews and other "defectives".[78]
The NS-Frauen-Warte, aimed at women, included such topics as the role of women in the Nazi state.[79] Despite its propaganda elements, it was predominately a woman's magazine.[80] It defended anti-intellectualism,[81] urged women to have children, even in wartime,[82][83] put forth what the Nazis had done for women,[84] discusses bridal schools,[85] urged women to greater efforts in total war.[86]
Der Pimpf was aimed at boys and contained both adventure and propaganda.[87]
Das deutsche Mädel, in contrast, recommended for girls hiking, tending the wounded, and preparing for care for children.[88] It lay far more emphasis than NS-Frauen-Warte on the strong and active German woman.[80]
Signal was a propaganda magazine published by the Wehrmacht during World War II.[89] It was distributed throughout occupied Europe and neutral countries. "Signal" was published from April 1940 to March 1945, and had the highest sales of any magazine published in Europe during the period 1940 to 1945—circulation peaked at two and one half million in 1943. At various times, it was published in at least twenty languages. There was an English edition distributed in the British Channel Islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, and Sark—these islands were occupied by the Wehrmacht during World War II.
The promoter of the magazine was the chief of the Wehrmacht propaganda office, Colonel Hasso von Wedel. Its annual budget was 10 million Reichmarks, roughly $2.5 million at the pre-war exchange rate.
The image that Signal hoped to create was that of Nazi Germany and its New Order as the great benefactor of European peoples and of Western civilization in general. Germany and its allies were depicted as the humane liberators of the occupied nations. Some articles displayed color photographs of dramatic battle scenes. The magazine contained little anti-Semitic propaganda, and the Jews were hardly mentioned.[90][91][92]
Before Hitler came to power, he rarely used the radio as a form of connection with the public, and when he did so non-party newspapers were allowed to publish his speeches.[93] This soon changed after he came to power in 1933, Hitler's speeches became famous all over Germany and were often major events for the Germans, the speeches were broadcast on the national radio, every newspaper (members of the Nazi party or not) published his speeches, they were shown in the weekly newsreels and reprinted in large editions in books and pamphlets all across Germany.[93] The speeches made by Hitler became so significant to the Nazis that even restaurants and pubs were expected have their radios on whenever Hitler was delivering one of his speeches and in some cities even public speakers were used so passersby could hear him deliver one of his speeches.[93] The extent that Nazi propaganda emphasized and portrayed his speeches was done in so the main points of his speeches appeared in the weekly posters and were all over Germany by the hundreds of thousands.[93]
The radio was an important tool in Nazi propaganda and it has been argued that it was the Nazis who pioneered the use of what was still a relatively new technology as a tool of genocide.[94]
Internal broadcasts[edit]
Certainly the Nazis recognised the importance of radio in disseminating their message and to that end Goebbels approved a scheme whereby millions of cheap radio sets (the Volksempfänger) were subsidised by the government. Goebbels claimed the radio was the "eighth great power",[95] and he, along with the Nazi party, recognized the power of the radio in the propaganda machine of Nazi Germany. In that "Radio as the Eighth Great Power" speech, Goebbels proclaimed:
- It would not have been possible for us to take power or to use it in the ways we have without the radio....It is no exaggeration to say that the German revolution, at least in the form it took, would have been impossible without the airplane and the radio. ...[Radio] reached the entire nation, regardless of class, standing, or religion. That was primarily the result of the tight centralization, the strong reporting, and the up-to-date nature of the German radio....Above all it is necessary to clearly centralize all radio activities, to place spiritual tasks ahead of technical ones,...to provide a clear worldview,
By the start of the Second World War over 70% of German households had one of these radios, which were deliberately limited in range in order to prevent loyal citizens from considering other viewpoints in foreign broadcasts.[94] Radio broadcasts were also played over loudspeakers in public places and workplaces.[94]
In private homes, however, people could easily turn off the radio when bored and did so once the novelty of hearing the voice from a box wore off; this caused the Nazis to introduce many non-propaganda elements, such as music, advice and tips, serials and other entertainment.[96] This was accelerated in the war to prevent people from tuning in enemy propaganda broadcasts; though Goebbels claimed in his Das Reich article that it was to make the radio a good companion to the people, he admitted the truth in his diary.[97]
External broadcasts[edit]
As well as domestic broadcasts, the Nazi regime also used radio to deliver its message to both occupied territories and enemy states. One of the main targets was the United Kingdom to where William Joyce broadcast regularly, gaining the nickname 'Lord Haw-Haw' in the process. Joyce first appeared on German radio on 6 September 1939 reading the news in English but soon became noted for his often mischievous propaganda broadcasts.[98] Joyce was executed in 1946 for treason. Although the most notorious, and most regularly heard, of the UK propagandists, Joyce was not the only broadcaster, with others such as Norman Baillie-Stewart, Jersey-born teacher Pearl Vardon, British Union of Fascists members Leonard Banning and Susan Hilton, Barry Payne Jones of the Link and Alexander Fraser Grant, whose show was aimed specifically at Scotland, also broadcasting through the 'New British Broadcasting Service'.[99]
Broadcasts were also made to the United States, notably through Robert Henry Best and 'Axis Sally' Mildred Gillars. Best, a freelance journalist based in Vienna, was initially arrested following the German declaration of war on the US but before long he became a feature on propaganda radio, attacking the influence of the Jews in the US and the leadership of Franklin Delano Roosevelt,[100] who succeeded Winston Churchill in Nazi propaganda as "World-Enemy Number One".[101] Best would later be sentenced to life imprisonment for treason. Gilders, a teacher in Germany, mostly broadcast on similar themes as well as peppering her speech with allegations of infidelity against the wives of servicemen. Her most notorious broadcast was the 'Vision of Invasion' radio play, broadcast immediately prior to D-Day, from the perspective of an American mother who dreamed that her soldier son died violently in Normandy.[102]
France also received broadcasts from Radio-Stuttgart, where Paul Ferdonnet, an anti-Semitic journalist, was the main voice during the Phoney War.[103] Following the occupation Radio Paris and Radio Vichy became the main organs of propaganda, with leading far right figures such as Jacques Doriot, Philippe Henriot and Jean Hérold-Paquis regularly speaking in support of the Nazis. Others who broadcast included Gerald Hewitt, a British citizen who lived most of his life in Paris and had been associated with Action Française.[104] The use of domestic broadcasters intended to galvanise support for occupation was also used in Belgium, where Ward Hermans regularly spoke in support of the Nazis from his base in Bremen,[105] and the Italian Social Republic, to where Giovanni Preziosi broadcast a vehemently anti-Semitic show from his base in Munich.[106] Pro-Nazi broadcasts were even heard in North Africa, where Mohammad Amin al-Husayni helped to ensure the spread of Nazi ideas in the Arabic language.[107]
Fine art[edit]
By Nazi standards, fine art was not propaganda. Its purpose was to create ideals, for eternity.[109] This produced a call for heroic and romantic art, which reflected the ideal rather than the realistic.[63] Explicitly political paintings were very rare.[110] Still more rare were anti-Semitic paintings, because the art was supposed to be on a higher plane.[111] Nevertheless, selected themes, common in propaganda, were the most common topics of art.
Sculpture was used as an expression of Nazi racial theories.[112] The most common image was of the nude male, expressing the ideal of the Aryan race.[113] Nudes were required to be physically perfect.[114] At the Paris Exposition of 1937, Josef Thorak's Comradeship stood outside the German pavilion, depicting two enormous nude males, clasping hands and standing defiantly side by side, in a pose of defense and racial camaraderie.[63]
Landscape painting featured mostly heavily in the Greater German Art exhibition,[110] in accordance with themes of blood and soil.[115] Peasants were also popular images, reflecting a simple life in harmony with nature,[116] frequently with large families.[117] With the advent of war, war art came to be a significant though still not predominating proportion.[118]
The continuing of the German Art Exhibition throughout the war was put forth as a manifestation of German's culture.[119]
Nazi propaganda promoted Nazi ideology by demonizing the enemies of the Nazi Party, especially Jews and communists, but also capitalists and intellectuals. The single-minded propaganda was a success because it "permeated all classes" and was therefore met with cooperation by the public. With this common goal that was accessible by all types of people in Germany, propaganda used by the Nazis was extremely adept at unifying the masses.[52] It promoted the values asserted by the Nazis, including heroic death, Führerprinzip (leader principle), Volksgemeinschaft (people's community), Blut und Boden (blood and soil) and the youth were taught early to take pride in the Germanic master race (Herrenvolk). Propaganda was also used to maintain the cult of personality around Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, and to promote campaigns for eugenics and the annexation of German-speaking areas. After the outbreak of World War II, Nazi propaganda vilified Germany's enemies, notably the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States, and exhorted the population to partake in total war.
Nazi propaganda is a relatively recent topic of close study.[120] Historians of all persuasions, including Eastern Bloc writers, agree about its remarkable effectiveness.[120] Their assessment of its significance, however – whether it shaped or merely directed and exploited public opinion – is influenced by their approach to wider questions raised by the study of Nazi Germany, such as the question whether the Nazi state was a fully totalitarian dictatorship, as argued by Hannah Arendt, or whether it also depended on a certain societal consensus.[121]
In addition to media archives, an important primary source for the study of the Nazi propaganda effort are the reports on civilian morale and public opinion that the Sicherheitsdienst and later the RMVP compiled from 1939 on. Another are the Deutschland-Berichte, reports gathered by underground agents of the Sopade that particularly dealt with German popular opinion.[122]
See also[edit]
- Amt Rosenberg
- American propaganda during World War II
- British propaganda during World War II
- Japanese propaganda during World War II
- Censorship in Germany
- Lapplandsender
- Propaganda in the Soviet Union
- Propaganda of Fascist Italy
- Wunderwaffe
- Welch, David (1993). The Third Reich: Politics and Propaganda. Routledge. ISBN 0-203-93014-2.
- Bytwerk, Randall (2005). "The Argument for Genocide in Nazi Propaganda". Quarterly Journal of Speech 91,no.1.
- Herf, Jeffrey (2006). The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Ideology and Propaganda During World War II and the Holocaust. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02175-4.
- ^ Welch, 6.
- ^ These are chapter VI, "War Propaganda", and XI, "Propaganda and Organization".
- ^ Welch, 10; see Mein Kampf, ch. VI.
- ^ Welch, 11.
- ^ Mein Kampf citations are from the Project Gutenberg-hosted 1939 English translation by James Murphy
- ^ a b Welch, 13.
- ^ Welch, 14.
- ^ http://www.holocaust-history.org/dachau-gas-chambers/photo.cgi?02
- ^ http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/camps.htm
- ^ http://www.enotes.com/topics/nuremberg-laws/reference
- ^ http://www.thebreman.org/exhibitions/online/1000kids/racialtheory.html
- ^ Yitzhak Arad (1 January 1999). Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Indiana University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-253-21305-1.
- ^ Peter H. Merkl (2010). German Unification in the European Context. Penn State Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-271-04409-5.
- ^ Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999
- ^ Erica Carter (2004). Dietrich's ghosts: the sublime and the beautiful in Third Reich film. British Film Institute. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-85170-882-9.
- ^ Abel, Theodore. Why Hitler Came Into Power. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1986.
- ^ German Propaganda Archive, "Hitler Speech" 2004. Calvin College. 25 Oct. 2007
- ^ "German newspaper editor outlining the claims of Polish atrocities against minorities". Nizkor.org. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ a b Roy Godson; James J. Wirtz (2011). Strategic Denial and Deception: The Twenty-First Century Challenge. Transaction Publishers. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-4128-3520-6.
- ^ a b Lightbody, Bradley (2004). The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis. Taylor & Francis. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-203-64458-4.
- ^ Manvell, Roger; Fraenkel, Heinrich (2007). Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo. Greenhill Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-60239-178-9.
- ^ a b c d e Michael Leonard Graham Balfour (1979). Propaganda in War, 1939-1945: Organisations, Policies, and Publics, in Britain and Germany. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-7100-0193-2.
- ^ "The Heroic Year: Front and Homeland Report the War". Calvin.edu. 1940-06-15. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ Welch, 12.
- ^ "Illustrierter Beobachter". Calvin College. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ Koonz, Claudia (2003). The Nazi Conscience. Harvard University Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-674-01172-4.
- ^ Koonz, Claudia (2003). The Nazi Conscience. Harvard University Press. pp. 241–2. ISBN 978-0-674-01172-4.
- ^ Herzstein, Robert. The Nazis. Alexandria: Time-Life Books.
- ^ a b Karel Cornelis Berkhoff (2004). Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01313-1.
- ^ Koonz, Claudia (2003). The Nazi Conscience. Harvard University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-674-01172-4.
- ^ Koonz, Claudia (2003). The Nazi Conscience. Harvard University Press. pp. 17–8. ISBN 978-0-674-01172-4.
- ^ Brendon, Piers (2000). The dark valley : a panorama of the 1930s. Alfred a Knopf Inc. ISBN 0-375-40881-9.
- ^ a b "Twilight of the Jews". Calvin.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Reich Speaker School". Calvin.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Speakers Form the People's Soul". Calvin.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ Koonz, Claudia (2003). The Nazi Conscience. Harvard University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-674-01172-4.
- ^ "No Frostbite on the Eastern Front". Calvin.edu. 1942-02-21. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Dealing with Cuts in Food Rations". Calvin.edu. 1942-03-16. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Hitler Youth Speakers". Calvin.edu. 1933-01-01. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ George L. Mosse (1966). Nazi Culture: intellectual, cultural and social life in the Third Reich. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-299-19304-1.
- ^ Anthony Rhodes, Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II, p22 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York
- ^ Anthony Rhodes, Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II, p24 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York
- ^ a b "Designing heroes". Eyemagazine.com. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Nazi Posters: 1933-1945". Calvin.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Nazi Racial School Charts". Bytwerk.com. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ Romani, Cinzia (1992). Tainted Goddesses: Female Film Stars of the Third Reich. ISBN 0-9627613-1-1.
- ^ a b Anthony Rhodes, Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II, p21 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York
- ^ Anthony Rhodes, Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II, p32 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York
- ^ George L. Mosse (1966). Nazi Culture: intellectual, cultural and social life in the Third Reich. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-299-19304-1.
- ^ Richard Grunberger, The 12-Year Reich, p 351, ISBN 03-076435-1
- ^ Pierre Aycoberry The Nazi Question, p8 Pantheon Books New York 1981
- ^ a b McKale, Donald (2002). Hitler's Shadow War: The Holocaust and World War II. New York: Cooper Square Press.
- ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p. 79 ISBN 0-679-77663-X
- ^ Koonz, Claudia (2003). The Nazi Conscience. Harvard University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-674-01172-4.
- ^ "Der Giftpilz". German Propaganda Archive. Calvin College. Retrieved 2012-11-01.
- ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p. 76 ISBN 0-679-77663-X
- ^ "Excerpts from a Nazi Geography Book (1943)". Calvin.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ Koonz, Claudia (2003). The Nazi Conscience. Harvard University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-674-01172-4.
- ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p. 77 ISBN 0-679-77663-X
- ^ "The Battle for Germany (1938)". Calvin.edu. 1923-11-09. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Excerpts from a Nazi Reading Primer (1941)". Calvin.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ a b Lisa Pine (2010). Education in Nazi Germany. Berg. ISBN 978-1-84520-264-4.
- ^ a b c R. J. Overy (2004). The dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-02030-4.
- ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p. 77-8 ISBN 0-679-77663-X
- ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p. 78 ISBN 0-679-77663-X
- ^ Milton Mayer, They Thought They Were Free: The Germans 1933-45 p194 1995 University of Chicago Press Chicago
- ^ Milton Mayer, They Thought They Were Free: The Germans 1933-45 p192 1995 University of Chicago Press Chicago
- ^ Milton Mayer, They Thought They Were Free: The Germans 1933-45 p193 1995 University of Chicago Press Chicago
- ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p. 85 ISBN 0-679-77663-X
- ^ "The Jewish Question in Education". Calvin.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Nazi Racial Teaching Guidelines". Calvin.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p. 86 ISBN 0-679-77663-X
- ^ Wolin, Richard (2004). The Seduction of Unreason: The Intellectual Romance With Fascism : From Nietzsche to Postmodernism. Princeton University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-691-11464-4.
- ^ a b "Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 7: FIFTY-FIRST DAY Tuesday, 5 February 1946". Avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Vica Nazi Propaganda Comics, Duke University Libraries Digital Collections". Library.duke.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Zeitschriften-Dienst". Calvin.edu. 1941-09-26. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Neues Volk". Bytwerk.com. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ Koonz, Claudia (2003). The Nazi Conscience. Harvard University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-674-01172-4.
- ^ "Frauen Warte". Calvin.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ a b Leila J. Rupp, Mobilizing Women for War, p 45, ISBN 05109-7
- ^ "The Spirit of Race". Calvin.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Ready to Die Ready to Live". Calvin.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Life Must Win". Calvin.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Mothers' Day 1940". Calvin.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "The Reich School for Brides". Calvin.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Strength from Love and Faith". Calvin.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Der Pimpf". Calvin.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Das deutsche Mädel". Calvin.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Signal: A Nazi Propaganda Magazine". Bytwerk.com. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ Meyer, S.L. Signal:Hitler's Wartime Picture Magazine London:1976 Bison Publishing Co. Introduction, Pages 1-2
- ^ "Photographs of the interior of Albert Speer's Reich Chancellery from ''Signal'' magazine:". Ww2incolor.com. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ Alexander Zöller, firstname.lastname@example.com. "''Signal'' Magazine 1940-1945". Signalmagazine.com. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ a b c d Randall L. Bytwerk (2008). Landmark Speeches of National Socialism. Texas A&M University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-60344-441-5.
- ^ a b c "Radio Propaganda and Genocide". Migs.concordia.ca. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Goebbels on Radio". Calvin.edu. 1933-08-18. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ Koonz, Claudia (2003). The Nazi Conscience. Harvard University Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-674-01172-4.
- ^ "The Good Companion". Calvin.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ Mary Kenny, Germany Calling, Dublin, 2003, p. 175
- ^ Sean Murphy, Letting the Side Down: British Traitors of the Second World War, Stroud, 2006, pp. 50-102
- ^ iPad iPhone Android TIME TV Populist The Page (1943-02-15). "The Press: Worst Best". Time.com. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ Smith, Howard K. (1942). Last Train from Berlin. Knopf. p. 207.
- ^ John Carver Edwards, Berlin Calling: American Broadcasters in Service to the Third Reich, New York, 1991
- ^ Philippe Randa, Dictionnaire commenté de la Collaboration française, 1997
- ^ Murphy, Letting the Side Down, pp. 85-87
- ^ David Littlejohn, The Patriotic Traitors, London: Heinemann, 1972, p. 155
- ^ Ray Moseley, Mussolini: The Last 600 days of Il Duce, 2004, p. 118
- ^ Herf, Jeffrey (2009-11-22). "Hate Radio". Chronicle.com. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ Fetscher, Caroline (August 2006). "Why Mention Arno Breker Today?". Atlantic-times.com. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ Adam, Peter (1992). Art of the Third Reich. Harry N Abrams Inc. p. 138. ISBN 0-8109-1912-5.
- ^ a b Spotts, Frederic (2003). Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-58567-345-2.
- ^ Adam, Peter (1992). Art of the Third Reich. Harry N Abrams Inc. p. 172. ISBN 0-8109-1912-5.
- ^ Adam, Peter (1992). Art of the Third Reich. Harry N Abrams Inc. p. 177. ISBN 0-8109-1912-5.
- ^ Adam, Peter (1992). Art of the Third Reich. Harry N Abrams Inc. p. 178. ISBN 0-8109-1912-5.
- ^ Susan Sontag, Fascinating Fascism
- ^ Adam, Peter (1992). Art of the Third Reich. Harry N Abrams Inc. p. 66. ISBN 0-8109-1912-5.
- ^ Adam, Peter (1992). Art of the Third Reich. Harry N Abrams Inc. p. 132. ISBN 0-8109-1912-5.
- ^ Anthony Rhodes, Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II, p25 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York
- ^ "Nazi War Art". Bytwerk.com. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Immortal German Culture". Calvin.edu. 1943-06-26. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ a b Welch, 4
- ^ Welch, 3–5.
- ^ Welch, 7
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nazi propaganda. |
- Advertising Evil: Pro-Nazi Posters — slideshow by Life magazine
- Nazi and East German Propaganda Guide Page German Propaganda Archive
- "What is at Stake" by Joseph Goebbels German Propaganda Archive
- Vica Nazi Propaganda Comics - Duke University Libraries Digital Collections
- 2010 German Exhibit Shows Mass Appeal Of Nazi Ideology - audio report by NPR


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Bolton travel to Pride Park, or the iPro Stadium as it's now called, when they take on Derby County on Tuesday night.
10 Mar » Vital FootballFreedman has been under some intense pressure as boss of Bolton, he's managed to keep his job though and Knight believes that the decision to keep faith with him was the right one.
10 Mar » Vital FootballPreview followed by live coverage of Tuesday's Championship game between Derby County and Bolton Wanderers.
10 Mar » BBC SportZat Knight was among the goalscorers at the weekend for Bolton with his goal being the first goal he'd scored in over three-years.
10 Mar » Vital FootballBolton boss Dougie Freedman could consider naming the same XI for a third straight game at Derby.
10 Mar » ClubCall.comCaptain Zat Knight says Bolton were right to keep faith with manager Dougie Freedman during a difficult run of results.
10 Mar » BBC SportDerby will have leading scorer Chris Martin back in their ranks for the visit of Bolton.
10 Mar » SkySports.comBolton were left in dreamland at 5pm on Saturday afternoon when they ended a decade long wait for a victory over Leeds when they won 5-1 away.
10 Mar » Vital FootballWill Stuart Holden play for Bolton again? Arguably the biggest question at the moment is will the midfielder play football again full stop.
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Last month, I had just installed Caldera's OpenLinux Beta 2.2 and was having problems with ssh. Following the suggestions of Stephan Seyboth (firstname.lastname@example.com) and Erik Ratcliffe (email@example.com), I finally got a working ssh. Stephan suggested I add -D_GNU_SOURCE to the top-level Makefile, and Erik suggested I comment out any offending HAVE_SYMBOLS in the config.h file. The define Stephan suggested is not a silver bullet, but it did make a difference in some cases.
I also ended up commenting out HAVE_UTMPX in the sshconfig.h, and ssh compiled fine. I am now running egcs, which is a bit different from gcc. Apparently, OpenLinux is much happier being told it is working with GNU source. OpenLinux uses glibc-2.1, and utmpx exists in glibc-2.1. However, somewhere between glibc-2.1, egcs and ssh, this symbol just isn't recognized (or not handled properly) during the build.
This month's packages were all compiled and installed on Caldera 2.2. I haven't seen Red Hat 6.0 yet, but I will guess it will have egcs, glibc-2.1 and a 2.2.x kernel. So, Red Hat users will likely see the same things I have. Since these applications were built on my system, they will most likely build on Red Hat, the new Slackware system when it is released, SuSE and Debian. I no longer offer any assurances about packages compiling on glibc-2.0.7 systems, since I no longer test them on that system.
netsaint is a network monitoring tool that can monitor network services and notify administrators of problems via e-mail or page. Unlike the "Big Brother" package (http://maclawran.ca/bb-dnld/), netsaint doesn't require any client-side installations. Initial installation and configuration can be difficult and would be enhanced by a web configuration tool. Once installed, you can review (but not change) the configuration from a web browser. The current status is also monitored from the web browser. It requires glibc, Apache (or another web server) and a (preferably graphical) frames-capable web browser.
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phpgen looks like a good start toward automating the creation of php web pages. Since much of this type of code is repetitive and subject to error, phpgen could be a welcome addition to your toolkit. It could use a few more instructions on the web page where creation takes place, and maybe a few more Themefiles, but the code is usable. It requires MySQL, Apache with php3 compiled with MySQL support and a web browser.
stamos (some things about my operating system) will display certain statistics about your system, including OS version, RAM, load average, bogomips, uptime (requires uptimed) and hard drive usage. When run, stamos creates a web page with this information nicely formatted. This Perl script reads uptimed and some /proc files. It could easily be extended to provide more information, and optimally, a way for root to change some of the proc files via the web interface. It requires uptimed and Perl 5.
quicklist is a working, finished-looking start on a list maker. You can concoct address books or phone lists and quickly be entering data. The lists are saved as ASCII text files. Standard quicklist format is backslash-separated data. You can also specify tab-separated, comma-separated or HTML format for the file. The only annoying thing I noticed was that the file extension used the abbreviated ".htm" rather than the standard ".html". Quicklist also had trouble reading an .html file it wrote, although other file types could be read just fine. A number of options remain to be completed, but this package looks very promising. It requires gtk+-1.2 (including gdk and glib), dl, Xext, X11, libm and glibc.
In the beginning was ssh, and ssh took care of secure TELNET and FTP sessions. Now we have stunnel, which is meant to complement ssh. The stunnel program does not do TELNET or FTP, but it does permit secure communications with SMTP servers, POP servers and others. Note that the home page and FTP site are located in Poland, so there is no hassle with US ITAR laws. When you build stunnel, you can build it with either the ssleay library or the openssl library. If you want stunnel to read your hosts.allow file, you can also build it with libwrap, the tcp wrappers library. It requires glibc, nsl, pthread, ssleay or openssl, and optionally, libwrap.
David A. Bandel (email@example.com) is a Computer Network Consultant specializing in Linux. When he's not working, he can be found hacking his own system or enjoying the view of Seattle from an airplane.
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Your adorable little White Sox fan will be too young to remember the likes of Frank Thomas and Paul Konerko, but hopefully by the time she has grown up, there will be more future Hall of Famers to cheer for and more World Series victories to brag about. For now, you can get your little girl decked out to cheer on the current South Siders with this Daisy Dots hat by New Era. It features an embroidered team logo on the crown, embroidered flowers on the front and bill and a polka-dotted design on the adjustable strap, making it the ultimate first hat for a little Sox fanatic.
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Bigger ads, bigger bucks? Facebook feels Wall Street heat
See that image above? That's a plain old giant banner ad grabbed from my Facebook page. It appeared after I logged out. Facebook actually calls them "Logged Out" ads. It rolled them out in February when it was trying to show Madison Avenue it was serious about brand advertising in advance of its IPO.
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Posted November 14, 2012 on
AP on Fox
Dirk Nowitzki,
Darren Collison,
Rick Carlisle,
O.J. Mayo,
Shawn Marion,
Jae Crowder,
Dahntay Jones,
Trevor Ariza,
Bradley Beal,
John Wall,
Randy Wittman
TEAMS: Dallas Mavericks, Washington Wizards
TEAMS: Dallas Mavericks, Washington Wizards
The Dallas Mavericks certainly are struggling, but their recent problems don't seem nearly as difficult to overcome as those facing the winless Washington Wizards.
Dallas looks to end a three-game skid by earning its fifth straight victory over visiting Washington on Wednesday night.
The Mavericks (4-4) won four of their first five games without Dirk Nowitzki, but they've lost their last three after falling 90-82 at home to Minnesota on Monday.
Darren Collison scored a game-high 21 points for Dallas, which shot a season-worst 36.3 percent.
"For one thing, on the offensive end, we're not making the shots that we normally make the last few games, and the result of all that is we're being too stagnant," Collison told the team's official website. "And then on the defensive end, we're just not buckled down and tied in like we need to be.
"We're not going to always win games shooting at a high percentage. Sometimes you're gonna have to win ugly games."
Coach Rick Carlisle was ejected after arguing a foul with roughly five minutes remaining Monday, and he wasn't pleased with what he saw before that.
"Our effort wasn't where it needed to be," Carlisle said. "I thought we tried hard in the second half and the results were still not good.''
It's been hard to criticize O.J. Mayo much in his first eight games with the Mavericks. He scored 18 points against Minnesota and is averaging 24.5 over his last six, but knows his new team has room for improvement.
"It's not the end of the world,'' Mayo said. "But at the same time, we have to get back to getting better.''
Shawn Marion will miss his fifth straight game Wednesday as he recovers from a left knee sprain, and Carlisle said there's a possibility he could alter his starting lineup to boost energy.
The most likely move would be replacing rookie Jae Crowder with Dahntay Jones.
"We've got to personalize our effort - individually and as a team - and right now, we've got to dig ourselves out of this losing streak," Carlisle said. "The way you do it is you start with a jump ball and you've got to dig in on every possession. Simple as that."
Washington (0-6) was more than lackluster during its 92-76 loss at Charlotte on Tuesday, shooting 29.8 percent - an NBA single-game low this season.
Trevor Ariza scored 19 points and was the only player in double figures for the Wizards. Rookie Bradley Beal finished with eight points and hit one of 11 shots from the field.
"We can't lose focus, and (Tuesday) we weren't focused,'' Beal said. "We came in lackadaisical, like we were 5-0 instead of 0-5. We didn't come in with the edge that we usually do.''
Washington, which started a franchise-worst 0-8 last season, has yet to play with former No. 1 overall pick John Wall (right knee) or Nene, who is recovering from a left foot injury.
Nevertheless, coach Randy Wittman has yet to make any excuses for a team he says needs to make better decisions on both ends of the court.
"When you stand around and watch a guy dribble and dribble and dribble and take a bad shot, it takes away that effect (on defense),'' Wittman said.
The Mavericks have won four straight meetings with Washington, though each has been decided by 10 points or fewer. The Wizards won 102-91 in Dallas on Oct. 27, 2009, for their only victory in the last seven matchups.
Original Story:
Dirk Nowitzki shouts "Yea Sarge" after Bernard James hustle play
Can The Dallas Mavericks Survive The Absence Of Dirk Nowitzki?
Draft Diamond in Dallas
Mavericks Injury News: Dirk Nowitzki's Recovery Going Slow
Are NBA dance team uniforms too skimpy?
Mavericks 107, Wizards 101
Mavs snap losing streak with win over Wizards
Mavericks lose to short-handed Timberwolves
Timberwolves try to slow down Mavericks Offense
Timberwolves 90, Mavericks 82
NBA Forum Discussions
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This is my copy of Wendell Scott's 1969 Torino. I was going to build a copy of my own 1:1 car, but the kit was missing the chassis, so I decided to improvise. I started by sanding down all the trim off the body and added the fuel filler. I then lengthened an old NASCAR chassis that I got from a friend, and scratched the rear firewall from sheet styrene. The 427 engine was made from parts from multiple sources. I modified the rollcage from the old chassis to fit and added a couple of missing bars. I modified the kit wheels and seat so I could use them with the old chassis. I modified a spare rear end to fit and built a driveshaft from styrene rod. I added seatbelts made from ribbon and styrene, and I added hood pins made from needles, wire, and sequins for the scratch plates, as well as the rear window straps from sheet styrene. Anyway, on to the pictures:
As always comments or suggestions are welcome
Wendell Scott '69 Torino
Posted 21 March 2013 - 04:51 PM
Posted 21 March 2013 - 05:10 PM
I would suggest you keep building vintage stockers! This one looks real nice. Did you do any wiring on the engine, with everything else you've done I figured maybe some engine detail?
Posted 21 March 2013 - 06:16 PM
great job,, ya got to love Wendell. His history is a awesome thing to read about.
Posted 21 March 2013 - 06:43 PM
Another nice vintage racer Scott. Keep them coming.
Posted 22 March 2013 - 04:20 AM
Beautiful build! My favorite era of Nascar racers! You're #34 number decals are nice and opaque on that Bright Red body; what set of decals did you use, and did you have to double-them to get that opaqueness?
Posted 22 March 2013 - 07:09 AM
very cool!!
Posted 22 March 2013 - 08:26 AM
Posted 22 March 2013 - 08:53 AM
Nice Torino! Perfect paint job and excellent detailing, too. I really like the tire textes, very clean job with them. Great decals on it, too. I like these Vintage NASCARS, and actually I'm going to start building one of this year's Torinos soon.
Posted 22 March 2013 - 10:26 AM
Great job! I'm liking all the attention being given to the older era stockers.
Posted 22 March 2013 - 10:53 AM
Thank you, everyone. I'm happy with how it turned out.
Mark, I didn't detail the engine compartment at all - the engine is made of at least three engines since I didn't have any complete 427s
Mark, I used the Powerslide decals - they are not doubled up at all - they are really great. The hood decals were made by me as the sheet didn't have these ones on it
Niko, I used a white gel pen to paint the white Goodyear text on the tires
Edited by Scottnkat, 22 March 2013 - 11:00 AM.
Posted 23 March 2013 - 10:57 AM
Very nice build!
Posted 24 March 2013 - 01:55 PM
Posted 24 March 2013 - 03:00 PM
Excellent build...
Posted 24 March 2013 - 03:59 PM
Wonderful build, of a fantastic journeyman racer who should be in the NASCAR HoF! Nice Job!!
Posted 25 March 2013 - 01:53 AM
Posted 25 March 2013 - 03:18 AM
Thanks, everyone, for the comments. I appreciate it
Posted 26 March 2013 - 12:44 PM
good job! what color red did you use...
Posted 27 March 2013 - 10:41 AM
I used Rustoleum Sunrise red. Thanks
Posted 27 March 2013 - 03:04 PM
Excellent Job!!!
Posted 29 March 2013 - 02:17 PM
Nice looking build , nice detail work , gotta love the older nascars.


text:
Sultan Free™ font family
Designed by Sultan Maktari in 2005
Sultan Free, designed by Sultan Maktari in 2005, is a freestyle Ruqaa and a winner in Linotype's first Arabic Typeface Design Competition. The design is open, calligraphic, and very dynamic. This makes it suitable for large display sizes, especially in the area of advertising, while still functioning well as a text face. The font includes a matching Latin design and support for Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. It also includes proportional and tabular numerals for the supported languages.


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NASHVILLE (AP) – Coaches and school athletic directors would be required to complete a concussion safety education course under legislation that's headed to the governor for his consideration.
Gallery Fifty Six will hold an opening reception for its autumn group exhibition Friday, Nov. 2, from 5 p.m. to 8 p.m. at the gallery, 2256 Central Ave. The Visit galleryfiftysix.com.
NEW YORK (AP) – Wal-Mart is in a race against time to give the people what they want before they get comfortable shopping elsewhere.
Shoppers who switched to other stores when Wal-Mart decided to ditch best-selling toothbrush brands, craft supplies and bolts of fabric may be hard to win back.
In response to a growing emphasis on bicycles, Germantown planners are working on new connections to the city's existing bike lanes and trails.
The goal is more links to city parks, schools and the emerging system of trails and bike lanes in Memphis and Collierville.
In May, longtime FedEx CIO and executive vice president of information services Rob Carter joined the likes of pop star Lady Gaga, fashion designer Tom Ford and Oscar-winning director James Cameron on Fast Company's 2010 list of the 100 Most Creative People in Business.
WASHINGTON (AP) — Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner will meet with European finance officials this week to review a $1 trillion rescue package that is being assembled to help stem the spreading debt crisis.
Memphis-based general contractor Patton & Taylor Enterprises LLC has filed a pair of building permits – totaling close to $16 million – with the city-county Office of Construction Code Enforcement to begin construction on two projects in Westwood.


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Environmental Impact Index 2006
These charts show target figures revised in fiscal year 2006.
Environmental Impact Index
Air Quality Indicators
Air quality expenditures
Sulfur dioxide emissions
Nitrogen oxide ozone season emissions
Carbon dioxide emissions
Energy Efficiency Indicators
TVA buildings' energy consumption
Energy use in TVA's standard and industrial buildings
Green Power Switch® blocks sold
150-kWh blocks of energy from renewable sources purchased by residents and businesses.
Reduction of peak energy demand
Cumulative electricity demand reductions achieved through demand-side
management and efficiency programs.
Energy-efficient new homes
Number of energy-efficient new homes through energy right® Program.
Consumption reductions
Reductions in electricity consumption through installation of energy-efficient heat pumps.
Impacts to Land Indicators
Accidental releases to land
Releases of petroleum products or other hazardous substances at TVA facilities.
Alternative right-of-way management
Transmission line ROWs managed using native vegetation to provide wildlife habitat and control invasive species.
Waste Reduction Indicators
Fly ash, bottom ash, and gypsum utilized
Hazardous waste disposed
Low-level radioactive waste generated
Office recyclables
Recyclable materials from office-type environments, including paper, glass, aluminum, cardboard, plastic, and steel from cans.
Scrap metal
Water Quality Indicators
Water discharges
Combination of performance in five areas related to water temperature or to discharges of certain substances such as chemicals and storm water beyond permit limits.
Certified marinas in Clean Marina Initiative
Dissolved oxygen target attainment
Percentage of time dissolved oxygen targets are met at aeration systems below 16 dams
Minimum-flow achievement
Water flows maintained to minimize adverse impacts on aquatic life and support potable water quality. (Sum of days when a violation occurred at each of 29 locations divided by total number of days.)
Tailwater quality gap
Rating combines several measures to determine health of fish community downstream of selected TVA dams. (Difference between sum of all tailwater ratings and ideal situation where all sites are rated good.)
Reservoir water quality gap
Overall water quality conditions of major reservoirs, based on TVA reservoir ecological health ratings. (Difference between sum of all ratings and ideal rating of good for all reservoirs.)
Stream water quality gap
Overall water quality conditions of streams draining into Tennessee River system. (Difference between sum of all ratings and ideal rating of good for all streams.)
Spills to water
Spills of oil and other petroleum products or hazardous substances into water bodies.


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10 tips for creating a healthier workplace [Infographic]
10 tips for creating a healthier workplace [Infographic]
Smart policies, educational programs and the proper equipment can go a long way toward keeping employees healthy.
Mon, Nov 26, 2012 at 6:05 PM
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Infographic courtesy of Compliance and Safety.
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Language often gets mixed up due to different understandings and interpretations. I'm afraid, many people feel like Amalia Bedelia when they approach the Bible; they confuse or misunderstand the language, words, and grammar found in the Bible; which can lead to misunderstanding of the text or author's intent. Sadly, many people suffer from the famed disorder, ABS. The Amelia Bedlilla syndrome. We mix our metaphors, smash our similes, and torture our terms. However, understanding the language of the Bible does not have to be this way. My premise is that when you understand some basic literary principles in the Bible, it will not only help clarify aspects of the Bible, but will make the Bible that much more alive!
From the teaching series Spiritual Cooking 101
Psalms 139 (NKJV™) | |
1 | For the Chief Musician. A Psalm of David. O LORD, You have searched me and known me. |
2 | You know my sitting down and my rising up; You understand my thought afar off. |
3 | You comprehend my path and my lying down, And are acquainted with all my ways. |
4 | For there is not a word on my tongue, But behold, O LORD, You know it altogether. |
5 | You have hedged me behind and before, And laid Your hand upon me. |
6 | Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; It is high, I cannot attain it. |
7 | Where can I go from Your Spirit? Or where can I flee from Your presence? |
8 | If I ascend into heaven, You are there; If I make my bed in hell, behold, You are there. |
9 | If I take the wings of the morning, And dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea, |
10 | Even there Your hand shall lead me, And Your right hand shall hold me. |
New King James Version®, Copyright © 1982, Thomas Nelson, Inc. All rights reserved.
Who We Are:
We pursue the God who is passionately pursuing a lost world; we do this with one another, through worship, by the Word, to the world.
What We Do:
We express our adoration of Jesus through dynamic worship and uncompromised obedience.
We explain the relevance of the Bible to empower and transform lives for service.
We extend hope to a hurting world by proclaiming the gospel and demonstrating Christ's love.
Our Beliefs
We Believe that there is one living and true GOD, eternally existing in three persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, equal in power and glory; this triune God created all, upholds all, and governs all.
We Believe that the scriptures of the Old and New Testaments are the Word of God, fully inspired, without error in the original manuscripts, and the infallible rule of faith and practice.
We Believe in God the Father, an infinite, personal Spirit, perfect in Holiness, wisdom, power, and love; that He concerns Himself mercifully in the affairs of men; that He hears and answers prayer; and that He saves from sin and death all who come to Him through faith in Jesus Christ.
We Believe in Jesus Christ, God's only begotten Son, conceived by the Holy Spirit.
We Believe in His virgin birth, sinless life, miracles, and teaching, His substitutionary atoning death, bodily resurrection, ascension into heaven, perpetual intercession for His people, and personal, visible return to earth.
We Believe in the Holy Spirit, who came forth from the Father and Son to convict the world of sin, righteousness, and judgment; and to regenerate, sanctify and empower all that believe in Jesus Christ for ministry.
We Believe that the Holy Spirit indwells every believer in Jesus Christ and that He is an abiding Helper, Teacher, and Guide.
We Believe in the present ministry of the Holy Spirit and in the exercise of all the Biblical gifts of the Holy Spirit.
We Believe that all people are sinners by nature and choice and, therefore, are under condemnation; that God regenerates by the Holy Spirit, those who repent of their sins and confess Jesus Christ as Lord.
We Believe that Jesus Christ baptizes the seeking believer with the Holy Spirit and empowers the believers for service, often subsequent to regeneration.
We Believe in the universal church, the living spiritual body, of which Christ is the head, and all regenerated persons are members.
We Believe that Jesus committed two ordinances to the church: 1) Baptism and, 2) the Lord's Supper. We believe in baptism by immersion and communion open to all believers.
We Believe also in the laying on of hands for baptism of the Holy Spirit, for ordination of pastors, elders, and deacons, and receiving from the Holy Spirit through the believer the gift of healing.
We Believe in the personal, visible return of Christ to the earth and the establishing of His Kingdom, in the resurrection of the body, the final judgment and eternal blessing of the righteous, and the endless suffering of the wicked.
We Believe in what is termed the Apostles Creed as embodying the fundamental facts of Christian faith.
Contact Us
Calvary Albuquerque
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At Calvary we believe that giving is a matter of the heart and that each person should give according to what they believe the LORD has purposed in their hearts.
We do not take a formal offering at Calvary, however there are brown wooden boxes (Agape boxes) located in and around the sanctuary for your gifts, offerings, and prayer requests. Below you will find resources to help you in the giving process.
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All donations to the church and its ministries are 100% tax-deductible. Statements detailing your financial contributions in excess of $250 are automatically mailed each year prior to January 31. Additional statements are available upon request.
Coming to church for spiritual sustenance can be like going to a restaurant for meals. It's all prepared for you and served to you by someone else. A far better way to get your spiritual nourishment is to learn how to get the "ingredients" and prepare the "meals" for yourself. In this series, Skip Heitzig and the Calvary pastoral staff teach how to study the Bible on your own and apply it--how to really "feast on the Word" and satisfy the deepest needs of your heart.


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Adobe Dreamweaver | The most commonly used editor by web professionals. . | Expensive. Slow to start up. A bit overwhelming if you don't need the advanced features. . |
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Vogard Radiator F1 Watch
Filed under: Timepieces / Watches
The 43mm wide case is made from black steel and Titanium Carbide. The complex to make case is very hard and water resistant to 100 meters. Another part of the F1 theme are the replacement of the reference time city names on the bezel. They have been replaced by famous F1 tracks all over the world. The timepiece also makes it possible to indicate Daylight Saving Time (DST), when taking into consideration the differences between timezones. The movement is a Swiss automatic specially modified by Vogard. The watch is a difference style that the more conservative line of Vogard watches but is true to the brand's DNA. The watch is available with a number of straps, including a metal bracelet, rubber, or alligator (red or black). Available soon.
Ariel Adams publishes the luxury watch review site aBlogtoRead.com.


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MKT 361 Sports Licensing
Sports licensing is a major contributor to team and league revenue. Learn about the history of sports licensing, the principles of trademark law, current licensing models and types of licenses, licensor-licensee relationship and responsibilities, and social compliance issues related to manufacturing, sourcing and distribution.
Prerequisites: MKT 201 and MKT 351.


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Published October 29, 2011, 11:30 PM
Frank: Reporter finds balance in working part-time
It's 7 p.m. and I'm so exhausted I can barely move. I know I need to get up. There are toys to put away, dishes to finish, lunches to pack and one more child to bathe and put to bed.By: Tracy Frank, INFORUM


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U 787 (Glipizide and Metformin 2.5 mg / 250 mg)
Pill imprint U 787 has been identified as Glipizide and metformin hydrochloride 2.5 mg / 250 mg.
Glipizide/metformin is used in the treatment of diabetes, type 2 and belongs to the drug class antidiabetic combinations. Risk cannot be ruled out during pregnancy. Glipizide/metformin 2.5 mg / 250 mg is not subject to the Controlled Substances Act.
See also related documents.
Images for U 787 (Glipizide and Metformin 2.5 mg / 250 mg)
- Imprint:
- Strength:
- 2.5 mg / 250 mg
- Color:
- Pink
- Shape:
- Capsule-shape
- Availability:
- Prescription only
- Drug Class:
- Antidiabetic combinations
- Pregnancy Category:
- C - Risk cannot be ruled out
- CSA Schedule:
- N - Not a controlled drug
- Manufacturer:
- USV Limited
- National Drug Code (NDC):
- 23155-0115
- Inactive Ingredients:
- sodium starch glycolate type A potato
corn starch
magnesium stearate
silicon dioxide
hypromellose 2910 (15 mPa.s)
magnesium silicate
titanium dioxide
polyethylene glycol 6000
propylene glycol
ferric oxide red
More about glipizide/metformin
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Applications are currently being accepted for the following positions:
Peters Township School District is seeking day-to-day substitute nurses. Please respond to Peters Township School District Attn: Louise Woods-Rzepka, 631 East McMurray Road, McMurray PA 15317. Any questions, please call 724-941-6251 ext 7228, E.O.E.
The Peters Township School District does not discriminate in its educational programs, activities or employment practices based on race, color, national origin, sex, disability, age, religion, ancestry or any other legally protected classification. This policy is in accordance with state and federal laws, including Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Sections 503 and 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act. Information relative to special accommodation, grievance procedure, and the designated responsible official for compliance with Title VI, Title IX, and Section 504 may be obtained by contacting the school district.


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FRAXA Research Foundation http://www.fraxa.org
The National Fragile X Foundation http://www.fragilex.org
Fragile X Research Foundation of Canada http://www.fragilexcanada.ca
The Hospital for Sick Children http://www.sickkids.ca
Bardoni B, Davidovic L, et al. The fragile X syndrome: exploring its molecular basis and seeking a treatment. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2006;8(8):1-16.
Committee on Genetics health supervision for children with fragile X syndrome. Pediatrics. 2011;127;994.
Fragile X syndrome. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/what.php. Updated February 19, 2013. Accessed June 24, 2013.
Fragile X syndrome overview. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development website. Available at: http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/fragilex/Pages/default.aspx. Updated April 3, 2013. Accessed June 24, 2013.
What is fragile X? FRAXA Research Foundation website. Available at: http://www.fraxa.org/fragilex.aspx. Accessed June 24, 2013.
Willemsen R, Anar B, et al. Noninvasive test for fragile X syndrome, using hair root analysis. Am J Hum Genet. 1999;65(1):98-103.
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Note: Effective November 1, 2013,synchronization of NIU email to Blackberry devices will be discontinued. IMAP to can be used get GroupWise email on Blackberrys.
Until November 1, 2013, personally owned and departmental Blackberry® devices can get GroupWise email and calendars for $10/month. Call 815-753-0963.
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As of February 2012, the United States had the nameplate capacity to produce 14,763.9 million (14.8 billion) gallons of ethanol, operating refineries producing 14,156.4 million (14.2 billion) gallons of ethanol per year, and had construction or expansion plans for an additional 480.0 million (0.5 billion) gallons. There were 209 refineries. If no operating production is listed in the table below, the plant has been idled. Nebraska's nameplate capacity was 1,983 million gallons, or 13 percent, of the nation's nameplate capacity. Nebraska's operating production was 1,958 million gallons, or 14 percent, of the nation's operating production. Nebraska had no construction or expansion plans.
The ethanol section of the state energy office's energy statistics has more information.
See the archive for reports from prior months.
Sources: Renewable Fuels Association, Washington, DC. Nebraska Energy Office, Lincoln, NE.
Notes: NA = Not Applicable. An asterisk (*) indicates the company's total capacity is divided among its plants. Organizations, groups, companies, or individuals in the agency's links pages are for information only and are not an endorsement by the State of Nebraska or the Nebraska Energy Office and its management or staff.
This table was updated on March 26, 2012. Typically, there is one month between updates.


text:
Student Organization: VG Weekly
Description | VG Weekly has one purpose: to give students a brief break from the hassles that school can bring to enjoy some video games. We will be playing multiplayer video games that everybody enjoys from Mario Kart to Call of Duty and everything in between, old school to modern day titles! We will also be working toward hosting LAN sessions for multiplayer PC gaming. All you need is an enjoyment for videogames and three hours to spare on Saturday afternoons. |
Street Address | 801 Center, #5 |
City | Marquette |
State | MI |
Zip | 49855 |
Contact | Talen Williams |
Contact Number | 210-823-0026 |
Contact E-mail | email@example.com |
Adviser | |
Adviser E-mail |