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Yes to Cucumbers Color Care Daily Makeover Conditioner
16.9 | Conditioner, Daily Conditionersee all Yes to Cucumbers products
(Rated 3/5 based on 12 reviews) Login to add your review
I really like this as a co-wash! I give it four stars instead of five because its a little more expensive than some of the other co-washes that I use. It isn't moisturizing enough to use as a rinse out but is good for co-washing and as a leave in. It leaves my hair and scalp soft and my curls are always moisturized and bouncy! Unlike some of the other reviews I actually like the smell and find it to be soothing. I would definitely re-purchase it if I found it on sale.
ok condih. ok slip. not good moisture. too expensive.smells kinda good.terrible as a leave in and dosen't workwith anything
I tried this for cowashing at first and made it two weeks until I got HORRRRRIBLE build-up! I decided to try it recently and pair it with a Yes To shampoo. At first, I was delighted. It felt soft like butter! ...but then I got the effects of butter: grease. It weighed down my curls (which is hard because I have thick hair) and made my hair stick to my head. Plus, it wouldn't rinse out. The shampoo couldn't clean it, either. Maybe I'll retry this for winter, but in muggy summer, this is just too gross to use. Herbal Essences Hello Hydration is much better.
You get a lot for the price but I don't like it for cowashing. It didn't have much slip to me. Using it as a leave-in is good. I have other products that work better for cowashing, detangling, and leave-in so this is not for me. Only tried it because it is for color-treated hair. I will say that the scent wasn't an issue for me but I don't love it either.
Couldn't believe I hadn't reviewed this sooner. I love this conditioner. The price is great, the bottle lasts ages, and this is a great condish that leaves my hair silky and smooth. Not heavy or greasy, gives me great slip and helps my hair clump like you wouldn't believe. It makes an excellent LI too. I do not care for the smell, but it isn't strong and does not linger. Absolutely one of my favorite CG products.
Good for cowashing. It works for me pretty well as a leave-in, especially in summer since it's glycerin free. I don't get all the 'extra' poof, because living in the Delta, I'm guaranteed poof.
I heart Yes to Carrots and so I was excited when I found this conditioner. In the store I opened the bottle and took a deep breath in. First reaction...yuck. I hated the smell and refused to buy the product. I finally broke down when the sold out of Yes to Carrots one day and I took the bottle home. At first I kept mixing it with deep conditioners to hide the smell and it was alright but one day I randomly decided to use it as a leave-in. It was the BOMB! I have never looked back. I use it every morning and seal with grapeseed oil mixed with coconut butter. My hair is soft, soft, soft and manageable. My favourite combo is using Live clean replenishing mask at night and this in the morning. Works like a charm everytime. I don't love the smell but I have gotten use to i, but it gets 5 stars for performance alone!
I've had great luck using this as a leave in during the spring (weather is still dry but not too dry). As a rise out, don't bother, but lovely lovely lovely as a leave in
NOT BAD! NOT BAD! NOT BAD! I love how the consistency of this product is that of like a body lotion. It can be used for a co-wash, deep conditioner, and a leave-in conditioner so its like a triple threat. It comes in a BIG ass 17 oz. bottler and it only costed me $4 at ROSS. the only con about this conditioner is i can't stand the smell. it just gets on my nerves.
Not bad for a summer time cowash, as long as it was humid. Tried to use it in the fall, and it left my hair a little dry.
I cannot stand this conditioner! It did nothing for my hair but leave it a hot tangled mess. I left it on for about several minutes in the shower and I couldn't pass a comb thru my hair let alone detangle with just my fingers. My hair didn't feel moisturized at all and it seemed to be extra runny. To me, this product didn't offer any type of slip and I was so disappointed because I have seen such great reviews for this conditioner. Also, I gave this conditioner 1 curl because of the price.
Ingredient Attributes: moisture
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Please enter your travel dates.
Standard Double Room, 2 Double Beds
Standard Double Room, 2 Double Beds
Standard Room, 1 King Bed
Jacksonville hotel with an outdoor pool
When you stay at Best Western Jacksonville Airport in Jacksonville, you'll be in the entertainment district and convenient to River City Market Place and Oceanway Community Center.
This hotel is within the vicinity of Anheuser-Busch Brewery and Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens.
Make yourself at home in one of the 112 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and microwaves. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and satellite programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Conveniences include complimentary weekday newspapers and coffee/tea makers, and housekeeping is provided daily.
Enjoy recreational amenities such as an outdoor pool and a fitness center. This hotel also features complimentary wireless Internet access, concierge services, and a television in the lobby. Guests can get to nearby shops on the complimentary shuttle.
Grab a bite from a grocery/convenience store serving guests of Best Western Jacksonville Airport.
Featured amenities include limo/town car service, an Internet point, and a computer station. Planning an event in Jacksonville? This hotel has facilities measuring 525 square feet (49 square meters), including small meeting rooms. A roundtrip airport shuttle is complimentary (available 24 hours).
Hotel Amenities
- General
Best Western Jacksonville Airport features an outdoor pool and a fitness center. An Internet point is located on site and high-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. Business-related amenities consist of limo/town car service and small meeting rooms. Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast. Event facilities measure 525 square feet (49 square meters). A roundtrip airport shuttle (available 24 hours) and a shopping center shuttle are complimentary for guests. This Jacksonville hotel also offers multilingual staff, a picnic area, and coffee/tea in the lobby. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
- Swimming pool - outdoor
- Free breakfast
- Complimentary newspapers in lobby
- Fitness facilities
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Free parking
- Business services
- Total number of rooms - 112
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Multilingual staff
- 24-hour front desk
- Number of floors - 2
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Microwave in lobby
- Airport transportation (complimentary)
- Air-conditioned public areas
- Coffee/tea in lobby
- Concierge services
- Express check-in
- Express check-out
- Shopping center shuttle (complimentary)
- Internet point
- Grocery/convenience store
- Computer station
- Multiple small meeting rooms
- Free self parking
- Patio
- Picnic area
- Meeting facilities size (meters) - 49
- Number of meeting/conference rooms - 2
- Long-term parking (surcharge)
- Television in lobby
- Cruise terminal shuttle (surcharge)
- Free Wi-Fi
- Beach/pool umbrellas
- Free guest parking during stay
- Year Built 1992
- Meeting facilities size (feet) - 525
- Number of buildings/towers - 3
- Internet
Available in all rooms: Free Wi-Fi
Available in some public areas: Free Wi-Fi
- Parking
Free parking, Long-term parking (surcharge), Free guest parking during stay, Free self parking
- Room Amenities
- Pay movies
- Climate control
- Soundproofed rooms
- Access via exterior corridors
- Air conditioning
- Free local calls
- Voice mail
- Premium TV channels
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Coffee/tea maker
- Wake-up calls
- Daily housekeeping
- Turndown service
- Complimentary toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- Clock radio
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Complimentary weekday newspaper
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Signature bedding
- Connecting / adjoining rooms available
- Electronic/magnetic keys
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Ergonomic chair
- Speakerphone
- Satellite TV service
- Free Wi-Fi
- Dining
Guests are offered a complimentary hot/cold buffet breakfast.
- Recreation
Recreational amenities at the hotel include an outdoor pool and a fitness center.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Volleyball nearby
- Golfing nearby
- Running track/path nearby
- Basketball nearby
- Tennis nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Swimming on site
- Fishing nearby
- Playground nearby
- Accessibility
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible path of travel
- Accessible bathroom
- Roll-in shower
- Accessible parking
- In-room accessibility
- Accessibility equipment for the deaf
- Braille or raised signage
Policies & Fees
- Check-in
Minimum check-in age is 21
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out
Check-out time is 11 AM
- Payment types
Accepted at this hotel: Diners Club, Discover, MasterCard, Visa, American Express
- Pets
Pets allowed, Maximum number of pets per room, Pet maximum weight in lb is
- General
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Minimum Spring Break check-in age is 21 years old.
Caters to seniors
Caters to families
No elevators
- Fees
- The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Pet fee: USD 25 per night
- Rollaway bed fee: USD 10 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
- Additional Details
Children 18 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Mystical forces are powerful in the region called Karasumori. For over 400 years, it has been the duty of a clan of Kekkaishi--barrier masters--to guard the land, exterminating the supernatural beasts which appear there night after night. Yoshimori Sumimura is a 14-year-old student at Karasumori School. Following in the tradition that's come down through the generations, he is the twenty-second Kekkaishi of the Sumimura clan.


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Under Armour Victory Duffle Bag
Ships in 3 days
- Description
Large main zip compartment with additional storage on side pocket. Other features include adjustable padded straps and exterior patch for glove attachment. Team Duffle Custom 88 card great for team numbers, initials and identification. Space provided for team customization. Mesh ventilation allows breathability. Adjustable padded shoulder strap and carry handle make easy to carry. Side pocket pull handle for easy grab access. Constructed of nylon and polyester.
Size: 21" x 12" x 12 1/2".
Colors: Black, Graphite, Forest, Royal, Navy, Red, Maroon, Steeltown Gold.


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Your search "france" resulted in 180 Articles
Today in History (1944): French Singer and Actor Françoise Hardy is Born
Say hello and happy birthday to one of the world's foremost figures in music and fashion, Françoise Hardy. Mick Jagger said that she was her "ideal woman" and Bob Dylan dedicated a poem to her in one of his albums. -
OOGIE LIFESTORE (Marseille, France)
Inspired by the wave of concept store, the "lifestore" ("store life" and small & large needs) is a unique place in the landscape of the local trade. Combining a brewery, shop, gallery, library, and barbershop, there is something for everyone to find at Oogie! We interviewed one of their staff, so read on if you're curious about the answers! -
Lille's Cathedral Notre Dame de la Treille
Lille's Cathedral is an amazing place. It offers a contemporary style for this type of building. It is a place not to be missed if you visit this city. What is its history? Why was it so confusing that style? -
Hats in Paris
If we think about fashion cities, Milan, New York or Tokyo may come to our mind. But if we think about The Capital of Fashion, then there is only one: Paris. In Paris it's not necessary to sit in the "front row" to enjoy fashion. Real fashion in Paris is on the street! -
All The World's A Stage: Notre Dame de Paris
"When a man understands the art of seeing, he can trace the spirit of an age and the features of a king even in the knocker on a door." -- Victor Hugo, The Hunchback of Notre-Dame -
Alain Delon pointing a camera up as two feral pigeons perch on his head and the camera lens
It was a good thing the handsome French-Swiss actor kept (or forgot) to take off the lens cap, or his glass would have been scratched by the curious (star-struck) pigeons! -
Locations Log Book: Je t'aime, Paris
It's common knowledge that the city of Paris in France is known as the most romantic city in the world. So for this edition of the Locations Log Book, let us take a look at some of the spots in this magical city that our fellow lomographers and their cameras have fallen in love with! -
Je t'aime, Paris: Relaxing at the Sacré-Coeur
Last summer, we went to Paris and visited some places that I had fallen in love with as a young boy. Now, I fell in love again with analogue photography on the stairs of the Sacré-Coeur! -
Françoise Hardy Sitting Pretty On A Bench With An Umbrella On A Rainy Day
Tous les garçons et les filles. (For all the boys and girls.) -
La Sardina Attends the International Photo Fair of Bièvres, France
The International Photo Fair of Bièvres is held every year during the first weekend of June. A market of artists, antiques, conferences and exhibitions, this annual meeting is a must in the world of photography. Here's my photo diary of my first visit to the fair with the La Sardina camera. -
Je t'aime, Paris: Eiffel Tower, From My Point of View
The Eiffel Tower, an instantly recognisable and iconic symbol of Paris. Most of us already know the history of this magnificent structure, so here it is from my point of view! From down on the ground and to up high in the tower, I'll tell you how we skipped the line and I'll share some of my favourite lomographs from the trip that happened by mistake! -
Bikini-Clad Gal Between Pablo Picasso & Jean Cocteau At A French Bullfight
Looks like we'll need a toreador to keep this feisty female away from the artists! -
The Passages, Neighborhoods and Villas in the 20th arrondissement, Paris
Paris, as a world's capital, is known for its distinct European air and its cosmolite character. However, there is nothing more romantic than discovering the passages and villas of the 20th arrondissement. -
Lomography Day Trips: The French Riviera
In line with this week's opening of the world-famous Cannes Film Festival in the scenic city Cannes in the Southern end of France, this edition of Lomography Day Trips revolves around one of the most laid-back yet elegant (and not to mention, gorgeous) spots in the world: the French Riviera! -
The 5 Greatest Street-Food Cities!
We all know about the Lomography foodie niche, so we thought we'd share the top five street-food cities with you! From feijoada to kebap, there's a little something for everyone! Read more to follow the street-food countdown! -
5 Questions On Analogue Photography with Caroline Keî
Caroline is our new guest in the section, "5 Questions On Analogue Photography!" Let's discover through this article her photographs and feelings regarding analog photography! -
Testing of La Sardina by the Paulette Magazine Reporters
We handed over our La Sardina cameras to 3 reporters and sent them on a mission to Who's Next 2012 exhibition. Coming up, you'll see the photos taken by Charline, Margot, and Vanessa, as well as their opinions about the La Sardina! -
★ Painted Impressions of Pont-Aven, France
Pont-Aven is a lovely Breton village near the Atlantic coast. Even though this small town -- with its 3000 inhabitants -- is fairly well hidden, one specific person singlehandedly put this small town on the map: world famous painter Paul Gauguin. -
★ Happy Holidays: Six Mysterious French Found Film Rolls
Found film rolls are always exciting, but even more fun when they turn out to be half-a-century old and yield wonderfully nostalgic holiday snapshots from the South of France, featuring cute kids with straw hats. -
★ Beautifully Nostalgic Photos of 1950s - 1960's Paris
Paris may be the famed city of romance and culture that it is today, but it probably wouldn't have earned that reputation if not for the stories, artworks, and photographs that immortalized its glorious past. Let's take a look at a slice of the French capital's olden days through beautiful photographs taken during the 1950's and 1960's.


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A new law opens the door to teaching creationism and climate change denialism in the state's public schools.
A new law opens the door to teaching creationism and climate change denialism in the state's public schools.
A new technique to derive DNA information from non-DNA sources, such as RNA, threatens the anonymity of genetic database donors.
A genomic analysis reveals a crucial detail in drug-resistant strains of the malaria parasite that are on the move in Southeast Asia.
Fly circadian behavior is dramatically different in natural environments than in the lab.
A new study shows that transcription of genes in trypanosome parasites is regulated by genome organization.
A new study shows that grooming by ants promotes colony-wide resistance to fungal infections by transferring small amounts of pathogen to nestmates.
Researchers put the predictive power of whole genome sequencing to the test.
A novel liquid laser set-up can detect single nucleotide mutations in a cancer gene.
April 1, 2012
Meet some of the people featured in the April 2012 issue of The Scientist.
Genes shared across species that produce different phenotypes – deafness in humans and directional growth in plants – may reveal new models of disease.


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4.5-Billion Year History Of Moon Packed Into 3-Minutes
NASA released this CG reconstruction of the (currently believed) history of the moon to celebrate 1,000 days of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter circling the satellite. It was pretty interesting to watch, but definitely could have used more aliens (I counted, there were zero).
According to current thinking, the Moon itself formed after a planet roughly the size of Mars slammed into the Earth at a glancing blow. This colossal impact threw billions of gigatons of debris into space. Some of that fell back onto Earth, and some formed a huge disk around the (now once again liquefied) planet. This material eventually coalesced to form the Moon.
But the story wasn't done: with impact after impact, wave after wave of bombarding material shaped and reshaped the Moon's surface.
Whoa, I didn't know that's where the moon came from. Or, I should say, I didn't know that's where scientists thought the moon came from. Because you and I both know a wizard put it there to keep the oceans in check so Poseidon couldn't extend his reach onto land. Nice try, NASA!
Hit the jump for billions of years of getting hit with space-rocks.
The Moon's history of violence [discovery]
Thanks to chromageddon and Li, who don't care where the moon came they just want to blow it up and collect all the cheese.
This is a picture created by Redditor boredboarder8 of the moon with a to-scale United States superimposed over it to give you a concept of its size. That is, if you can imagine how big the United States is. Which, given the fact you just poked yourself in the eye with a drin... / Continue →
This is a video showing the history of earth from big bang to current day, all in a minute and a half video. In real life it took almost 10,000 times that long though -- maybe even 100,000. "You're an idiot." I have never passed a math class. The video was created using foo... / Continue →
Some would argue scientists wouldn't use terminology like butt-ton, but those people are wrong and obviously don't know any scientists personally. They're regular people just like you and me except they make love with lab coats and safety goggles on. So yeah, apparently there... / Continue →


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Results 1 to 1 of 1
Thread: new project ideas - door handles
new project ideas - door handles
I was going through my project notebook & had written down black color matched door handles & tailgate handle. since they look sad and faded now. My problem is I'm not up to quality to actually match the trucks black when painting. My bumpers & grille are all off by a few shade but it gets me through. I had the idea to get a chrome handle set off ebay & call it a day but I don't like chrome & being handles I'll be all the time wiping finger prints off.
So my new idea... Having a set of chrome handles but sanding them down for the stainless look. When painting my rear bumper I sanded it down to that stainless point & looked pretty good, but still painted it. I know I can't just sand them without having some kind of protection on them, whats recomended? I have some clear spray or would some kind of sealer that I know nothing about be better?
I also noticed when I was sanding the bumper that I would have to sand in the same direction to avoid the scratch marks going everywhere.
I'm sure I would have to get the metal replacement chrome handles & not the plastic stick on type. Tried this on the plastic chrome letters all it did was bring out the black rather than just dull the chrome.
If this can work out I may just sand the black off the chrome front bumper to tie in the look.2007 Silverado RS, 4.8 V8, 2WD
Flowmaster Super 44 with turndown
Black painted front grille & bumper
Black / red Painted bowties
Black 18in. Silverado wheels
Black / Red interior conversion (in process)
89 Chevy Sport tribute decals
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Fake! Shadows Are Too Perfect, This Is From The Summer Blockbuster Never Back Down From Beating A Dead Horse: Real Life Photoshop
This is what Photoshop would look like in real life. If you think it's fake you can go this Flickr gallery to see its construction, then suck it. And if you think it's from the scene in Never Back Down where The Geekologie Writer stabs a commenter through their monitor, well, I can make that happen.
What Photoshop Would Look Like in Real Life [gizmodo]
Thanks to Harrison and Roberto, who are neither fake nor from a stupid freaking movie.
This is the second installment of "video games in the real world" art here on Geekologie. The first was brought to us by Mike (aka Pixel Fantasy) on Flickr, but this set was done by DeviantArt user RETROnoob. These are noticeably more intricate than the first. There's a ton ... / Continue →
From meninos, the same company that's bringing us tampon flash drives, comes some Photoshop/Illustrator picture boards. They're basically magnetic whiteboards that come with magnet sets that look like the various Photoshop/Illustrator toolboxes. The toolbox magnets for either... / Continue →
D-Barcode is a Japanese firm that will design your barcode to look cooler than the standard bunch of lines. These are some examples of their work. But it doesn't come cheap! And, despite what you may have read above the urinal, neither do I. It can be pretty pricey, though:... / Continue →


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Tulsa, Okla.: Robert Lawrence Bob Schwan, 76, formerly of Aberdeen, passed away at his home on Aug. 6, 2011, after battling lung cancer. Services were held in Tulsa on Aug. 13, 2011.
Bob was born in Aberdeen on July 4, 1935, to Frank and Mabel Schwan. He received his education in Aberdeen, graduating from Central High School in 1953.
Shortly after graduation, he entered the Navy, serving 21 years for our country. He retired in 1975 and moved his family to Tulsa, where he continued employment as a welder like his father and brothers.
In his retirement, Bob enjoyed woodworking and shared his handiwork with friends and family. Following his father's footsteps, he learned to play the accordion for his own pleasure. He was also a very proud grandfather, watching his grandsons grow and attending their sporting events.
Bob married Jean Harty in Aberdeen in 1959. Of this union, two daughters were born. His wife of nearly 50 years passed away in 2009.
Surviving Bob are daughters, Lori (Howard) Morgan and Nancy Schwan-Howard; and grandsons, Trey, Cole and James. He is also survived by siblings: Angela (Jesse) Luce, Frank (Jo Ann) Schwan Jr., William (Joy) Schwan and Alice (Edward) Rombs, all of Aberdeen; and sisters-in-law, Barbara Schwan of Aberdeen, and Mabel (Kenneth) Flanagan of Thompson Falls, Mont.
He is preceded in death by his wife, Jean; granddaughter, Angel Morgan; parents, Frank and Mabel Schwan; siblings: Gene Schwan, Lorene Thurman, Marge Thurman and Rose Marie Schwan.
Condolences may be sent to 4848 S. 85th E. Ave., Tulsa, OK 74145.


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I have a Bryant furnace in my home (it has plus 90 sticker on it). Not sure how big. House is 3500 sq ft and 17 yrs old. Furnace makes occasional squeaking noise and is getting a little worse (doesn't make noise all the time when it kicks on). Also seems to go on a little more than normal, but shuts off rather quickly at times as well. It's my first winter in this house. Just looking for guidance on what to look for if my furnace is dying. Is this something that can be fixed with a tune up possibly?
Some of the older furnace blower motors needed periodic oil to keep them running quiet. Check to see if there are any oil cups or ports.
Jim DeBruycker
Important note - I'm not a pro
Retired Defense Industry Engineer; Schluter 2.5-day Workshop Completed 2013


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You'll love the space saving design of the Cottage Colors loft bedroom. If features a built in dresser along with storage drawers on each step leading to the twin top bunk. Twin bed below is ideal for sisters or sleepovers. Made of poplar solids, the cool black finish adds a classic look.
Cottage Colors Black
Twin/Twin Step Loft Bedroom
Twin/Twin Step Loft Bedroom
- All merchandise is available, but not shown in every showroom. Call Internet Sales Support Staff at 1(888) 709-5380 Option #1 for details.
- Mattress set not included.
- Mattress set sold separately in our Bedding Section.
- Bunkie board recommended for mattress support
- Nightstand not included.
The Cottage Colors twin over twin loft bed has space saving savvy you'll love. From the charming paneling detail to the built in dresser this sturdy loft bed is pretty yet practical. Multiple steps with valuable built-in storage drawers lead to the top bunk. For safety, each step has a textured strip for slip resistance. Crafted of poplar solids, the cool black finish is fun and contemporary. DETAILS |
7 Pc Twin/Twin Loft w/Dresser |
116"L x 82"W X 70"H |


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Open AccessThis article is
- freely available
- re-usable
Cells 2012, 1(3), 325-345; doi:10.3390/cells1030325
Autophagy in Skeletal Muscle Homeostasis and in Muscular Dystrophies
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale Giuseppe Colombo 3, Padova 35131, Italy
* Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 4 May 2012; in revised form: 18 June 2012 / Accepted: 13 July 2012 / Published: 26 July 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Autophagy)
Download PDF Full-Text [352 KB, uploaded 26 July 2012 15:44 CEST]
Abstract: Skeletal muscles are the agent of motion and one of the most important tissues responsible for the control of metabolism. The maintenance of muscle homeostasis is finely regulated by the balance between catabolic and anabolic process. Macroautophagy (or autophagy) is a catabolic process that provides the degradation of protein aggregation and damaged organelles through the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes. Proper regulation of the autophagy flux is fundamental for the homeostasis of skeletal muscles during physiological situations and in response to stress. Defective as well as excessive autophagy is harmful for muscle health and has a pathogenic role in several forms of muscle diseases. This review will focus on the role of autophagy in muscle homeostasis and diseases.
Keywords: autophagy; skeletal muscle; dystrophy
Article Statistics
Click here to load and display the download statistics.Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Grumati, P.; Bonaldo, P. Autophagy in Skeletal Muscle Homeostasis and in Muscular Dystrophies. Cells 2012, 1, 325-345.
AMA StyleGrumati P, Bonaldo P. Autophagy in Skeletal Muscle Homeostasis and in Muscular Dystrophies. Cells. 2012; 1(3):325-345.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrumati, Paolo; Bonaldo, Paolo. 2012. "Autophagy in Skeletal Muscle Homeostasis and in Muscular Dystrophies." Cells 1, no. 3: 325-345.


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Our Week in Instagram
It has been almost a week since we returned from Alt and we are both still feeling like we are floating around on design cloud nine! Until we can get our Alt post up, here is a little sampling of all the fun we had last week!
Jessie & Stevie
3 comments :
Your shop is amazing. I order regularly for my business. Super cute stuff! Keep it coming!!
ReplyDeleteWhether it would succeed outside of the design-focused iPhone was a gamble. It could have flopped, attrition could have set in, and it was still small enough to be vulnerable to competitors. buy instagram likes fast
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Credits & Info
- Uploaded
- Aug 31, 2011 | 7:55 PM EDT
- Daily 4th Place September 1, 2011
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Take on the role of a rogue hitman again, and snuff out enemies to earn points and cash, in this sequel to the successful Stick Shot game.
Rated 4 / 5 stars May 28, 2012
Well all you got to do is make sure you look at the mission pictures or hit P, buy the lazer thing and try to get at least one perfect mission so the second to last one you can punch out the windows in one shot. Last mission you can buy a silencer and enough ammo to finish the job as long as you are not clicking ten times to kill one dude. Short and easy game, just need extreme precision.
Rated 1.5 / 5 stars May 15, 2012
Way too much false difficulty. ninetails593 pretty much said it all down there.
Rated 3.5 / 5 stars April 22, 2012
Way, WAY too hard. This game is riddled with poor design choices. Of course there's no way to reset a mission. Of course pressing escape takes you to the main menu. Of course there's no way to save. Of course bullets cost $100. Of course there's never enough money. Of course there are only two difficulties. Of course there's no room for error. Of course you have to do it all over again for missing one person. Of course. Of course. The animations are fantastic though.


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The deadline for nominations is April 1, 2014. The nomination form should be completed early enough to ensure that the nominated teacher is given enough time to thoroughly prepare an application that reflects exemplary teaching prior to the application deadline. Applications are due by May 1, 2014.
Nominate outstanding elementary, grades K-6 mathematics and science (including computer science) teachers now for the 2014 awards.
Who is Eligible for Nomination in 2014?
The following are eligibility criteria for applicants. They must:
- Teach mathematics or science (including computer science) at the K-6th grade level in a public or private school.
- Hold at least a bachelor's degree from an accredited institution.
- Be a full-time employee of the school or school district as determined by state and district policies, and teach K-12 students at least 50% of the time.
- Have at least 5 years of full-time, K-12 mathematics or science (including computer science) teaching experience prior to the 2013-2014 academic school year.
- Teach in one of the 50 states or the four U.S. jurisdictions. The jurisdictions are Washington, DC; Puerto Rico; Department of Defense Education Activity schools; and the U.S. territories as a group (American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands).
- Be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident.
- Not have received the PAEMST award at the national level in any prior competition or category.


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Print article | By Kate Goepferd | Posted in | RSS 2.0. |
just me & you Posted on I do family hirtosy research. First of all start in the area where she grew up. Start by looking for her Mother Father, siblings. Best friends in school. Then go to your local court house and ask for a marriage license in her name. I also go to face book and enter names.I enter name in the white pages sometime you can find people that way.
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Rachel M. August 12, 2011 Ok Bachelor Pad of course you shulod know I watched it I have a love for Trashy TV just like you hahaha1. I hated Vienna during Jake's season; then hated Jake during the break up and once again, hating Vienna even more after the premiere of Bachelor Pad and loving Jake again even though he was dumb for giving her a rose2. Kasey is completely different than he was on Ali's season but I guess that's the Vienna manipulation coming through3. Josh watched the intros of contestants with me and was shocked when it came to Erica he was like SERIOUSLY?!4. Oh Justin gotta have a big exit as usual5. I don't think I'm really cheering for anyone maybe just against Kasey and Vienna lol
Girl Fren'I agree with all the above. I've published verse and short fioticn and, oh my, the things an unbiased pair of eyes can see that I just skip right past. A good editor is worth their weight in er, uh, well, you know. (felt a cliche coming on.) Fact is, we know what we meant an editor doesn't, and only sees what made it to the page. Good luck with the venture you'll be a great benefit to your clients.[ Follow me on Twitter: ]
ေဂါတမဗုဒၶဟာ ဘုရားအျဖစ္ကို မေရာက္မီေျခာက္ႏွစ္ပတ္လံုး ဒုကၡစရိယ က်င့္ခဲ့ပါတယ္ ..အဲ့ဒီ အက်င့္က အက်င့္မွားႀကီးပဲ ..ဒါေပမယ့္ အေရခမ္းေလာက္ေအာင္ကို က်င့္ခဲ့ပါတယ္ ..အက်င့္မွန္လို႕ ထင္ခဲ့တာကိုးဗ် ၿပီးေတာ့ ေတာ္ရုံ က်င့္တာမဟုတ္ပါဘူး ..သူ႕ရဲ႕ အက်င့္အေပၚကို ယံုၾကည္ခ်က္ အျပည့္၊ ဇြဲလံု႕လ အျပည့္နဲ႕ကို က်င့္ႀကံခဲ့တာပါ ေနာက္ဆံုး လမ္းမွန္ မဟုတ္ဘူးဆိုတာကို သိၿပီးလက္ရွိ အက်င့္ကို စြန္႕လႊတ္၊ အလယ္အလတ္ လမ္းစဥ္ကို က်င့္သံုးေတာ့မွပဲဘုရားအျဖစ္ကို ေရာက္ေတာ္မူခဲ့တာလို႕ ဆိုပါတယ္ မွားသည္ မွန္သည္မဟူ ယံုၾကည္ခ်က္အေပၚကိုခိုင္ခုိင္မာမာ လုပ္ရဲတယ္ဆိုတာနဲ႕ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး ေျပာၾကည့္လိုက္တာပါ။ဆုိင္လားေတာ့ မသိဘူး Was this answer helupfl?


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WASHINGTON — Everyone knows that liberals and conservatives butt heads when it comes to world views, but scientists have now shown that their brains are actually built differently. Liberals have more gray matter in a part of the brain associated with understanding complexity, while the conservative brain is bigger in…
By TBogg
Read MoreBy Karen McVeigh, The Guardian
Read MoreBy Techdirt
Read MoreRaw Story is a progressive news site that focuses on stories often ignored in the mainstream media. While giving coverage to the big stories of the day, we also bring our readers' attention to policy, politics, legal and human rights stories that get ignored in an infotainment culture driven solely by pageviews.
Founded in 2004, Raw Story reaches 9 million unique readers per month and serves more than 30 million pageviews.
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Product Pathways - Protein Translation
HIF-1β/ARNT (D28F3) XP® Rabbit mAb #5537
PhosphoSitePlus® protein, site, and accession data: ARNT
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5537S | 100 µl (10 western blots) | --- | In Stock | --- |
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5537 | carrier free and custom formulation / quantity | email request |
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Application | Dilution | Species-Reactivity | Sensitivity | MW (kDa) | Isotype |
W | 1:1000 | Human, Mouse, Rat, Monkey | Endogenous | 87 | Rabbit IgG |
Species cross-reactivity is determined by western blot.
Applications Key: W=Western Blotting, IP=Immunoprecipitation, IHC-P=Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin)
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HIF-1β/ARNT (D28F3) XP® Rabbit mAb detects endogenous levels of total HIF-1β/ARNT protein.
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Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to the sequence around Ile479 of human HIF-1β/ARNT protein.
Western Blotting
Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell types using HIF-1β/ARNT (D28F3) XP® Rabbit mAb.
IHC-P (paraffin)
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma using HIF-1β/ARNT (D28F3) XP® Rabbit mAb in the presence of control peptide (left) or antigen-specific peptide (right).
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Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human lung carcinoma using HIF-1β/ARNT (D28F3) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) is a heterodimeric transcription factor that plays a critical role in the cellular response to hypoxia (1). The HIF1 complex consists of two subunits, HIF-1α and HIF-1β, which are basic helix-loop-helix proteins of the PAS (Per, ARNT, Sim) family (2). HIF1 regulates the transcription of a broad range of genes that facilitate responses to the hypoxic environment, including genes regulating angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, cell cycle, metabolism, and apoptosis. The widely expressed HIF-1α is typically degraded rapidly in normoxic cells by the ubiquitin/proteasomal pathway. Under normoxic conditions, HIF-1α is proline hydroxylated leading to a conformational change that promotes binding to the von Hippel Lindau protein (VLH) E3 ligase complex; ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation follows (3,4). Both hypoxic conditions and chemical hydroxylase inhibitors (such as desferrioxamine and cobalt) inhibit HIF-1α degradation and lead to its stabilization. In addition, HIF-1α can be induced in an oxygen-independent manner by various cytokines through the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway (5-7).
HIF-1β is also known as AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT) due to its ability to partner with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) to form a heterodimeric transcription factor complex (8). Together with AhR, HIF-1β plays an important role in xenobiotics metabolism (8). In addition, a chromosomal translocation leading to a TEL-ARNT fusion protein is associated with acute myeloblastic leukemia (9). Studies also found that ARNT/HIF-1β expression levels decrease significantly in pancreatic islets from patients with type 2 diabetes, suggesting that HIF-1β plays an important role in pancreatic β-cell function (10).
- Sharp, F.R. and Bernaudin, M. (2004) Nat Rev Neurosci 5, 437-48.
- Wang, G.L. et al. (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92, 5510-4.
- Jaakkola, P. et al. (2001) Science 292, 468-72.
- Maxwell, P.H. et al. (1999) Nature 399, 271-5.
- Fukuda, R. et al. (2002) J Biol Chem 277, 38205-11.
- Jiang, B.H. et al. (2001) Cell Growth Differ 12, 363-9.
- Laughner, E. et al. (2001) Mol Cell Biol 21, 3995-4004.
- Walisser, J.A. et al. (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101, 16677-82.
- Salomon-Nguyen, F. et al. (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97, 6757-62.
- Gunton, J.E. et al. (2005) Cell 122, 337-49.
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- 3414 HIF-1β/ARNT (C15A11) Rabbit mAb
- 3718 HIF-1β/ARNT Antibody
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- 3434 Hydroxy-HIF-1α (Pro564) (D43B5) XP® Rabbit mAb
- 9997 Tris Buffered Saline with Tween® 20 (TBST-10X)
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- 7071 Phototope®-HRP Western Blot Detection System, Anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-linked Antibody
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For Research Use Only. Not For Use In Diagnostic Procedures.
XP® is a trademark of Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.
Cell Signaling Technology® is a trademark of Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.


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So you like to drink wine. But do you know what makes a really good wine?
Next month, for the 38th consecutive year, the premier exhibition for artists in Surface Creek Valley, and beyond, will take place June 9-13 at Cedaredge Middle School.
This year's Edge of the Cedars Art Exhibit 38th edition also will mark two other occasions.
On Sunday, May 9, from 1-3 p.m. a special service will commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Austin Baptist Church. The service will be dedicated to those who have kept the Lord's work alive at this church.
Refreshments will follow the service. Members extend an invitation for the public to attend.
The First Baptist Church of Austin was organized on April 22, 1910, following a series of evangelistic meetings conducted by Rev. L.T. Barkman and family in a chapel car. This was a railroad car brought to Austin and placed on a siding.
When Kristen Kropp was 20 years old, she embarked on a journey many people older than she — both in experience and in years — never take.
A 2007 graduate of Paonia High School, Kristen was a freshman at Abilene Christian University in Texas.
Dan Paradis has been riding bikes since he was a kid with a paper route. He started riding in bike events while in therapy school in the 1970s and is riding more now than he's ever done before.


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Creedmoor Townhomes
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I would like to meet with more entrepreneurs in the valley.
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Welcome Vicki, to the San Jose Travel Group. I look forward to meeting you at our upcoming monthly function. We are some serious travelers, and I am sure you will enjoy being a part of our group.
that's ok, we can set up the time to plan something together next time....its getting so hot outside, we have lots of fun things to do with kids together....weekend is always the best time for us....:)
Hi Vicki,
so glad to see you here, hope we can meet sometime soon since my house is also very close to Fowler creek park....
Welcome to the group Vicki and congratulations on your new baby girl!
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This archived Web page remains online for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. This page will not be altered or updated. Web pages that are archived on the Internet are not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards. As per the Communications Policy of the Government of Canada, you can request alternate formats of this page on the Contact Us page.
Introduction General Information Regulations List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Description of fonds and Collections List of fonds and Collections Name Index |
BOAG, MAX, 1906-1980 Max Boag fonds. - [ca. 1962]- [ca. 1977]. - 25 audio discs. - 136 audio tape reels. Biographical sketch Scope and content Immediate source of acquisition: acquired from Carole Murchison, daughter of Max Boag, in 1980. Restrictions: none. Finding aids: none. |


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Using Vagueness Measures to Re- rank Documents Retrieved by a Fuzzy Set Information Retrieval Model Stephen Lynn Computer Science Department Brigham Young University Provo, Utah 84602, U. S. A Yiu- Kai Ng Computer Science Department Brigham Young University Provo, Utah 84602, U. S. A Abstract Traditional information retrieval ( IR) systems evaluate user queries and retrieve/ rank documents based on match-ing keywords in user queries with words in documents. These exact word- matching and ranking approaches ignore too many relevant documents that do not contain the ex-act keywords as specified in a user query. Instead of con-sidering these traditional approaches, we propose to re-trieve documents using a fuzzy set IR model and rank re-trieved documents for any vague query using the " vague-ness score" of the documents based on the word senses as defined in WordNet. Using the vagueness scores, we rank the most highest " relevant" documents of a vague query q as the ones that best cover the different possible senses of keywords in q. The proposed word- sense ranking method enhances the existing ranking approaches on ordering re-trieved documents for vague queries and thus provides a more reliable and elegant tool for information retrieval. 1 Introduction The main goal of an Information Retrieval ( IR) system is to retrieve a set of documents that most closely matches a user's information need. Most traditional IR systems have attempted to achieve this goal by retrieving the set of docu-ments deemed most relevant to a user query according to the appearance of keywords in user queries as in documents [ 2]. In addition, many IR approaches have been developed to quantify " relevancy," such as using the vector space model [ 7], so that a system can appropriately rank a set of doc-uments based on matched keywords. This ranking task, however, is incapable of handling documents retrieved by a " vague" query, which imposes multiple interpretations of its intended information need. Instead of considering the traditional ranking approach, we propose to rank documents retrieved for a vague query using the " vagueness score" of the documents, which enhances the existing ranking meth-ods and propagates the most relevant documents of a query high in the ranking. Hence, we shift the traditional IR rank-ing from ranking the most highest " relevant" documents of a vague query q based on keyword matching to ranking the documents that best cover the different possible senses [ 3] of the keywords in q. In practice, vague queries have very few keywords and so the total possible query senses to be considered in this approach is manageable in size. The usage of word senses in ranking a vague query is es-sential, since in any language, a single word or short phrase is often not enough to determine what it really means. For example, the word " program" can mean " TV program," " concert program," or " computer program." This is because many words have more than one meaning ( i. e., sense), and word senses can be found in any dictionary. In fact, pos-sible meanings of a particular word might be closely re-lated or they could be completely different. For example, according to the WordNet lexical database for the English language [ 6], there are 51 different potential senses for the word ' play.' Anything from a theatrical performance to what a child does with a toy can be represented using this word. Based on this word alone it is impossible to know how the term is being used. This poses a challenging prob-lem for an IR system. For example, given only the word ' play,' it is likewise impossible for an IR system to know the user's real information need. Typical IR systems tend to rank ( i) highest the documents containing the most oc-currences of query keywords and ( ii) lowest the documents including the least occurrences of query keywords. For ex-ample, if there aremore documents with content exclusively on performance plays than playing games, then a search on the term ' play' returns a list where the top 10 retrieved doc-uments are highly likely about theatrical performances, and the user who looks for information about theatrical plays is satisfied with the retrieved results. On the other hand, the user who looks for information about playing games would likely dissatisfy with the retrieved results. A retrieved doc-ument set that is ranked according to the possible number Fifth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery 978- 0- 7695- 3305- 6/ 08 $ 25.00 © 2008 IEEE DOI 10.1109/ FSKD. 2008.546 39 of unique query- word senses each document covers, how-ever, would not cause the bias as the result of simply using the query- keyword matching to provide the ranking of re-trieved documents for a vague query. We develop such a ranking approach based on query senses. At the heart of the proposed vague- ranking method is the idea of a general vagueness score. For sufficiently detailed queries, existing IR approaches are capable of retrieving a relevant set of documents. As explained earlier, the problem arises when a query is too vague to accurately determine what the user's information need is. So how can a system decipher when a query is too vague and when it is suffi-ciently clear? We have developed a sophisticated approach for computing the vagueness score of a user query based on human understandable classifications, which can then trig-ger a re- ranking mechanism focused on query- sense cover-age as opposed to traditional relevance ranking. We proceed to present our vague- ranking approach as follows. In Section 2, we discuss related work in query vagueness. In Section 3, we introduce our vague- ranking method in re- ranking documents retrieved by an IR model. In Section 4, we present experimental results on our vague-ranking approach. In Section 5, we give a conclusion. 2 RelatedWork Alternative approaches to measuring query vagueness have been presented in different work. [ 4] present an algo-rithm to calculate query clarity. The proposed model uses a probabilistic approach to compute the entropy between a query languagemodel and the corresponding collection lan-guage model, where the language model is represented by the probability distribution of single- word terms in a doc-ument collection. One of the major downsides of this ap-proach is that all of the calculations are based on classifica-tions that cannot be clearly explained or formalized. Hence, none of the query vagueness concepts in [ 4] can be system-ically captured to assist a user in clarifying what exactly the user is looking for. However, the intuitive ideas presented in [ 4] for evaluating the degree of vagueness of a query are helpful in formulating the proposed vague- ranking method. Another popular method for improving the effectiveness of vague queries is presented in [ 9], who apply the tech-nique of query expansion. In this approach, terms are added to the original query based on either word relationships found in the entire document collection or terms in an initial retrieved set of documents, which yield the global and the local result set expansion strategy, respectively. Alternatively, [ 1] discuss another method for query ex-pansion, which is based on user relevance feedback. This feedback strategy requires the user to mark documents in the initial retrieved set of a query as either relevant or ir-relevant, and the corresponding IR system then expands the query based on the marked documents. This approach has been shown to be effective in improving query results; how-ever, they tend to favor query senses that are more common in the document collection, even though they might not be relevant to the user's information need. Our query- sense method, on the other hand, does not rely on the user rel-evance feedback strategy. Instead, we consider the query-sense matching performed between a query and a word-sense dictionary, which can be exploited to outperform the query expansion techniques based on the user's feedback. 3 Our Vague- Ranking Approach Upon retrieving a set of relevant documents for a user query using our fuzzy set IR model [ 10], we proceed to re- rank the documents using our vague- ranking approach. Prior to that, it is necessary to establish the key vocabu-lary to be used in our vague- ranking approach and clearly explain how they are used. A fundamental design of our vague- ranking method is word sense. Word sense refers to the scenario when a word has more than one meaning or sense based on its context and usage [ 5]. For example, the word ' tree' can mean anything from a physical plant to the tree data structure used in computer science. Our vague- ranking approach relies heavily on computing the vagueness scores of query words. The vagueness score of a query keyword partially measures the vagueness of the corresponding query based on the number of alternative, possible meanings the keywords in the query might have. A high overall score indicates that the corresponding query is very vague, whereas a low score reflects a lesser degree of vagueness of the query. A threshold is used to classify a query as " vague" or " not- vague" based on its vagueness score. This threshold can be system set or exposed to the user based on their perceived information needs. Besides the vagueness scores, which is formally defined in Section 3.2, a coverage result set is computed for each vague query. The coverage result set of a query refers to the same set of documents found in the query result set that is retrieved by an IR system. The difference is that the cov-erage result set is ordered according to the computed cov-erage weighting. Coverage weighting refers to the weights assigned to documents in a query result set according to the set of query ( word) senses that the documents cover. Docu-ments that cover query senses and are not considered higher ranked documents in the initial result set receive higher cov-erage weights. Once a coverage weight has been assigned to each document, the initial result set is re- ranked in de-scending order according to the coverage weights, and the highest ranked documents in the re- ranked list represent the different possible query senses. The formal definition of the coverage weighting is given in Section 3.3. 40 3.1 Constructing clusters In this section we first introduce our word- sense index-ing and clustering approach ( in Sections 3.1.1 and 3.1.2, re-spectively). Using the word- sense clusters, we can formally define the vagueness score of a user query ( in Section 3.2) and the query- sense coverage ( in Section 3.3). 3.1.1 Word- sense indexing Prior to computing the vagueness score and determining the coverageweighting for a set of retrieved documents, we first classify the document collection of an IR system into a set of " word- sense" clusters. This step is performed just once on the entire document collection, and the resulting clus-ters of documents based on word senses become available for processing any user query hereafter. The " word- sense" clusters are constructed by first creating an index for each possible word sense in a word- sense dictionary. We have chosen the WordNet lexical database, since WordNet is a well- known and widely- used, electronic, word- sense dic-tionary [ 6]. Using the set of words and their corresponding word senses found in the WordNet dictionary, we apply the standard TF- IDF vector space model to create a searchable repository of word senses. ( The vector- space model is an ideal choice for creating this searchable repository.) Since the proposed vague- ranking approach consists of re- ranking result sets for vague queries, any IR model that returns rel-evance rankings on retrieved documents for a user query could be used. We choose our fuzzy set IR model [ 10] due to its fuzzy matching among documents and user queries. 3.1.2 Categorized document in word- sense clusters After the searchable repository of word senses has been created, each retrieved document d in the collection on which our vague- ranking is applied is examined to deter-mine which word senses apply to d. Treating the keywords in a document as a query, we can retrieve a ranked list of word senses from the previously created searchable repos-itory of word senses. Using this result set of ranked word senses, our vague- ranking system can assign each document in the collection to the appropriate set of word- sense clus-ters. Documents with word- sense rankings above a certain threshold value1 cause each of them in the collection to be added to the associated word- sense cluster such that there is at most one cluster per word sense. The threshold value of 0.95 is chosen so that only the most relevant documents of a word sense are included in their corresponding clusters. Note that a document can be added to more than one cluster as long as words in the corresponding word- sense clusters 1The ideal threshold value that maximizes the intra- cluster coherency can be found by experimentation. do not belong to the same grammatical root. For example, a document d can be placed in a cluster of documents re-lated to the word ' tree' as well as to a cluster related to the word ' play'; however, d cannot be placed in two different clusters related to the same word ( sense) of ' play.' Without this restriction the system would be unnecessarily depen-dent on the accuracy of the chosen threshold value. This is because a threshold value that is too low would, in the worst case, allow a document d to be added to all of the different word- sense clusters for a given word. During the re- ranking process, d would then appear to cover all of the possible ( query) senses and no re- ranking would occur. This process of assigning different documents to their corresponding word- sense clusters are repeated for each document until all of the documents in the collection have been added to the appropriate word- sense clusters. At this point the system can begin processing user queries. 3.2 Vagueness score With the word- sense clusters in place, our vague- ranking system can now begin processing user's queries. The first step in this ranking process is in determining the query's vagueness score ( vagueness score in short). Vagueness scores are computed as follows. Since there is a direct rela-tionship between the number of possible word senses for a query keyword and the vagueness score of the same query, queries that contain words that have many different senses should be considered vaguer than queries with words that have few word senses. Likewise, a user query that has many keywords is most likely less vague than a query with fewer keywords, since more keywords narrow the intended infor-mation need of the user. To maintain the balance of these two criterion, the vagueness score is computed as Vq = 1 | q| × | q| i= 1 Si Smax ( 1) where q is a given user query, Vq is the vagueness score of q, | q| is the number of the keywords in q, Si ( 1 = i = | q|) is the number of word senses for the keyword qi, and Smax is the maximum number of word senses for any keyword in q. The vagueness measure insures that the impact of Si on the overall vagueness score is always proportional to the number of keywords in the query. It should also be noted that query keywords that do not exist in the word- sense dic-tionary ( i. e., Si = 0) will not adversely affect the vagueness measure. In fact, the only effect of query keywords without the corresponding word senses is increasing the size of | q|, which only reduces the vagueness score of q. This is rea-sonable, since the likelihood of an uncommon keyword that is not found in the word- sense dictionary is high and prob-ably indicates that the query should be scored as being less vague based on the presence of the query term. 41 Using Equation 1, the vagueness score of the query q is computed. Queries scoring beneath a certain threshold value, which is 0.65 according to an empirical study, are processed in the standard way, whereas queries with scores above the threshold are classified as vague queries. The re-sult sets corresponding to these vague queries are re- ranked, as described in subsequent sections, so that the final rank-ing will be based on query- sense coverage, instead of the purely document relevancy used by a traditional IR system. We also allow the user to adjust the pre- determined thresh-old value, i. e., 0.65, based on how sensitive the user prefers our vague- ranking system to be. Example 1 Consider the keyword query q ' tree pruning.' According to WordNet [ 6], there are 3 word senses for ' prune' and 7 word senses for ' tree'. Hence, the vague-ness score of q is Vq = 1 2 ×( 3 7 + 7 7 ) = 5 7 . Consider another keyword query q ' apple tree.' According toWordNet, there is only 1 word sense for ' apple.' Thus, the vagueness score 2 × ( 1 7 + 7 7 ) = 4 7 . Based on the vagueness scores of q and q , we conclude that q is more vague than q , which makes sense, since there are more interpretations on the meaning of ' prune' than ' apple.' 3.3 Query- sense coverage After a query q is classified as vague based on its query-vagueness score, the initial document result set of q, which is retrieved by using our fuzzy set IR model [ 10], is re-ranked. 3.3.1 Our re- ranking approach Our re- ranking algorithm begins by iterating through the initial result set of a query and creating a new coverage result set based on a coverage weighting. The coverage weighting Wdq of document d with respect to query q is based on ( i) the initial relevance score Rd of d computed by using our fuzzy set IR model, ( ii) the number of clusters found in the intersection of the cluster membership, Cd, of d and the clusters relevant to the query, Cq, and ( iii) the num-ber of clusters that have already been represented in the set of documents that have been re- ranked, Cu. This coverage score ensures that documents that represent previously un-seen clusters rise to the top, whereas documents from clus-ters that have already been represented are pushed down in the ranking, even though those documents may have a very high initial relevance score. The coverage weighting mea-sure of d with respect to q is defined as follows: Wdq = aRd + ß( | Cd n Cq| | Cq| )+ d( |( Cd n Cq) - Cu| | Cu| ) ( 2) where a, ß, and d are static weights such that a + ß + d = 1. Rd is the initial relevance score of d, Cd is the set of clusters to which d belongs, Cq is the set of clusters relevant to q, and Cu is the set of clusters represented in the current coverage result set. The static weights in Equation 2 provide varying degrees of significance of each component and are independently set by either the end user or experimentation. The first component in Equation 2 accounts for the rele-vance ranking of the document in the initial result set gen-erated by using our fuzzy set IR model. The initial ranking is included so that documents that are equivalent in their query- sense coverage are ranked appropriately according to their degrees of relevancy. The second component in Equa-tion 2 accounts for how closely related the word senses found in d and q are. The more query senses they have in common, the higher the second component is. The third and final component in Equation 2, which is the crux of the equation, returns a high score for d if d contains query senses in q that are previously unseen and zero if no previ-ously unseen query senses are found in Cd. Having a coverage weighting in place, the initial result set can be re- ranked. The first document d in the initial re-sult set is added as the first document of the final coverage set, and Cd is added to Cu. For the remaining results in the initial result set, a coverage weighting will be assigned according to Equation 2. After the coverage weight of a document d in the initial result set has been computed, d is added to the re- ranked list in descending order so that docu-ments with a high coverage weight appear first. Eventually, after each of the documents in the initial result set has been evaluated, the re- ranked list is returned to the user. Example 2 Consider again the keyword query q ' tree prun-ing' in Example 1 and the initial rankings on a set of docu-ments S as shown in Table 1. Assume that a = ß = d = 1 3 . According to the word- sense clusters of S, Cq = 10 and Cu = 2, and using the initial rankings as shown in Table 1, W2q = 1 3 ( 0.995) + 1 3 ( 2 10 ) + 1 3 ( 0 2 ) = 0.398, W3q = 1 3 ( 0.990) + 1 3 ( 2 10 ) + 1 3 ( 0 2 ) = 0.396, and W29q = 1 3 ( 0.855) + 1 3 ( 2 10 ) + 1 3 ( 1 2 ) = 0.518. Based on the re- ranked value of each document, the re-ranking of the initial result set is shown in Table 2. 3.3.2 User presentation Upon processing a user query, our vague- ranking system provides the definitions for the top N (= 1) unique word senses found in Cu, which allow the user an option of se-lecting one or more of the word senses to re- query the sys-tem. The selected word senses can expand the user's initial query and thus redirect the query on results that match the real information need of the user. This feature provides the user an easy way to further clarify the intended meaning in the initial query. Since the topN unique word senses are se-lected according to the ordering the word- sense clusters in 42 Doc ( d) Rd | Cd n Cq| | Cq| |( Cd n Cq) - Cu| | Cq| Wdq 1 - - - - 2 0.995 0.2 0 0.398 3 0.990 0.2 0 0.396 ... ... ... ... ... 29 0.855 0.2 0.5 0.518 ... ... ... ... ... Table 1. Initial document rankings and values Re- Ranked Doc Comments Doc1 Most relevant document is always first. Doc1 is about pruning plants Doc29 Doc29 is on pruning tree structures Doc2 Doc2 is about the same as Doc29 ... ... Table 2. Re- ranked Document and comments Cu, the clusters that appear most frequently in Cd for each retrieved document is ordered first. These human readable word- sense definitions are more appealing than interpreting a query word based on a short- document summary in the relevance feedback cycle [ 1]. 4 Experimental Results The proposed vague- ranking approach was evaluated by running various randomly created test sets of queries through an Internet search engine for gathering a collection of documents and then re- ranking the initial results gen-erated by our fuzzy set IR model to determine how well query- sense coverage is achieved. In the experiment, one of the example keyword queries is " tree pruning", which has been discussed in Examples 1 and 2. Upon processing the query through our fuzzy set IR model on a set of docu-ments retrieved from Google ( http:// www. Google. com) us-ing the keyword queries ' tree' and ' pruning' independently, a manual re- ranking was performed, which closely matches the re- ranking set generated by using our vague- ranking approach. The relevance ranking values generated by our fuzzy set IR model on the Google documents are partially shown in Table 1 and as discussed in Example 2. Based on the computed coverage weighting scores of the documents retrieved, the results were re- ranked and shown in Table 2. As shown in Table 2, documents with uncovered senses of query words are bubbled to the top of the re- ranked list. The weights used in the coverage weighting score allow the user to determine how specific a query q must be in order for q to be considered vague, and the weights demonstrate how important a document that covers new query senses is compared to a document with a high initial relevancy score. 5 Conclusions Little work has been done in the past on the necessity to achieve the main design goal of an information retrieval ( IR) system, i. e., retrieving relevant documents, based on the vagueness of a user query. With the average query string length being less than three words [ 8], the problem of deter-mining the real information need of a user through a query is significant. The proposed vague- ranking system in this paper leverages already existing IR systems and provides a new design methodology for those systems, i. e., re- ranking an initial answer set that can assist the user more quickly in locating documents of his real information needs. Our rank-ing system also facilitates more user's control by allowing the user to adjust the vagueness of weights, and our ranking can favor query- sense coverage or document relevancy in its ranking depending on the user's preference. References [ 1] Baeza- Yates, R., Ribeiro- Neto, B.: Modern Informa-tion Retrieval. Addison- Wesley, 1999. [ 2] Calado, P., da Silva, A., Vieira, R., Laender, A., Ribeiro- Neto, B.: Searching Web Databases by Struc-turing Keyword- Based Queries. In Proc. of ACM CIKM, pages 26– 33, 2002. [ 3] Chen, J., Chang, J.: Topical Clustering ofMRD Senses Based on Information Retrieval Techniques. Associa-tion for Comp. Linguistics, 1( 24): 61– 95, 1998. [ 4] Cronen- Townsend, S., Zhou, Y., Croft, W. B.: Predict-ing Query Performance. In Proc. of the ACM SIGIR, pages 299– 306, 2002. [ 5] Fellbaum, C.: WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Data-base ( C. Fellbaum, eds.). MIT Press, 1998. [ 6] Miller, G. A.: WordNet Search - 2.1. Available at http:// wordnet. princeton. edu/ perl/ webwn, 2006. [ 7] Raghavan, V., Wong, S.: A Critical Analysis of Vector Space Model for Information Retrieval. Journal of the American Society for Info. Sci., 37( 5): 279- 287, 1986. [ 8] Sterling, G.: Search Engine Journal. Available at http:// www. searchenginejournal. com/? p= 1563. April 12, 2005. [ 9] Xu, J., Croft, W. B.: Query Expansion Using Local and Global Document Analysis. In Proc. of the ACM SIGIR, pages 4– 11, 1996. [ 10] Yerra, R., Ng, Yiu- Kai: Detecting Similar HTML Doc-uments Using a Fuzzy Set Information Retrieval Ap-proach. In Proc. of IEEE GrC, pages 693– 699, 2005. 43
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A restudy of the fossil Scorpionida of the world
Author:E.N. Kjellesvig-Waering; organized for publication by A.S. Caster and K.E. Caster Subject:A restudy of the fossil Scorpionida of the world Year:1986 Pages:287 pp., 18 pls., 114 text-figs., 3 appendices, 2 foldouts Issue:55 ISBN:978-0-87710-401-8 |
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Texans fail in important game
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The Honorable Howard M. MetzenbaumJune 17, 2003 Good morning, Mr. Chairman, Senator Leahy and members of the Committee. My name is Howard M. Metzenbaum and I now serve as Chairman of the Consumer Federation of America (CFA). This testimony is also endorsed by Consumers Union, the publisher of Consumer Reports magazine. I appreciate your invitation to offer my comments regarding legislative and regulatory responses to the authoritative Federal Trade Commission (FTC) report on generic drugs issued last July. The FTC report detailed at length the many specious tactics used by drug companies to stall or thwart public access to less expensive generic drugs. It is outrageous that the same companies that charge Americans the highest drug prices in the industrialized world would use secret payoffs, flimsy legal maneuvers and back room deals to eliminate generic competition, line their pockets and harm consumers. Every time a drug company blocks a safe, generic drug from getting into the hands of the American people, they are placing a tax on the uninsured, the poor, the sick and the elderly. These outrageous attempts to keep drug prices high are particularly disgraceful, Mr. Chairman, because they undermine the effectiveness of one of your major achievements: the Drug Price Competition and Patent Restoration Act of 1984, also known has the Hatch-Waxman Act. You and Congressman Waxman provided great and wise leadership in drafting a law that represents a careful balancing act. It increased access to affordable, generic drugs, while insuring that drug manufacturers have adequate patent protection to justify substantial investment in research and development. In other words, the Act promotes innovation and affordability. And it has helped bring down drug prices. The Congressional Budget Office estimated in 1998 that buyers saved roughly $8 to $10 billion in 1994 alone in pharmacy purchases, by substituting generic for brand-name drugs. At the same time, the wider availability of generic drugs certainly has not affected the profitability of drug manufacturers. According to researchers at Boston University, the pharmaceutical industry has been the most profitable sector of the economy for the last thirty years. However, in recent years, as a number of top-selling ¡§blockbuster¡¨ drugs were due to come off patent, brand drug manufacturers have used their political muscle and legal resources in a series of increasingly desperate attempts to block generic drugs from coming to market. For example, to protect the lucrative legal monopoly on its best-selling antihistamine Claritin, drug manufacturer Schering Plough made three separate attempts in the late 1990s to sneak through riders to appropriations bills that would have extended Claritin¡¦s patent. When that failed, they attempted to pass the infamous Claritin bill, which would have made it virtually impossible for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to stop a patent extension. When these crass legislative efforts failed, the drug industry turned to their platoon of legal talent for help. They filed late patent claims just before a drug was to come off patent, sometimes on insignificant factors that had nothing to do with the therapeutic equivalence of a generic drug, such as the color or shape of a pill. They filed numerous ¡§nuisance¡¨ lawsuits on the same drugs for violations of those late patents, triggering Hatch-Waxman¡¦s 30-month stay on the approval of the generic drug. They made secret payments to some generic companies to keep the generic alternative off the market. All of these abuses were detailed in the FTC Report, ¡§Generic Drug Entry Prior to Patent Expiration.¡¨ I would like to provide you with the consumer perspective on the two major responses to this fine report: the recent bipartisan compromise reached on Senate legislation and a FDA rule promoted by the President that was finalized last week. These proposals overlap to some degree. In general, the bipartisan Senate compromise is much better for consumers because it deals more effectively with the range of abuses of the law that have occurred. The Greater Access to Affordable Pharmaceuticals Act (GAAP) Last year, the Senate passed GAAP by a wide, bipartisan margin, but the House of Representatives did not act on the bill. This year, Senators Kennedy, Gregg, McCain and Schumer have reached a bipartisan compromise on GAAP (S. 1225) that is expected to pass the Senate soon as part of Medicare prescription drug legislation. This bill has several strengths: ?á It would limit the ability of brand name drug manufacturers to prevent generic competition by triggering multiple 30-month stays on the same drugs. The bill would generally allow only one stay per drug to be granted. The Hatch-Waxman Act sought to assure brand name drug companies that their patented products would not be infringed upon by generic drug makers who "jumped the gun" and introduced a competing product before the drug patent had expired. The law requires the FDA to stay approval of any generic drug for 30 months if the brand name company sues the generic drug maker for patent infringement. As the FTC report documents, brand name companies have improperly claimed additional patents for their products and then brought patent lawsuits to trigger 30 additional months of competition-free sales. The bill would generally allow only one stay per drug, as long as the patents are listed by the time a generic company files an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA.) However, it is important to note that the restriction on multiple stays will apply to fewer patents at a later point under this compromise, than under last year¡¦s GAAP legislation (S. 812). Last year¡¦s bill only allowed a stay for patents that were already listed by a brand company at the time a new drug was approved by the FDA. The more permissive provision in S. 1225 will give brand companies a greater opportunity to manipulate the process by filing a later patent and then seeking a 30-month stay for patent infringement. ?á Generic companies would have the right to assure that their drugs are not in violation of any patent before going to market. Under the bill, if a brand company does not bring a suit within 45 days of being notified of a generic firm¡¦s challenge to a patent, the generic ¡§applicant¡¨ could go to court to see a declaratory judgment that no patents are being violated. Currently, the only way for a generic manufacturer to challenge an improper patent listed in the FDA¡¦s ¡§Orange Book¡¨ is to certify that the patent is invalid or that the generic product does not infringe on the patent in question (paragraph IV certification). This action predictably leads to an infringement suit by the brand manufacturer against the generic, which automatically triggers a 30-month stay. Not only is the generic party to the suit prohibited from entering the market but the FDA is barred from approving market entry to any other generic within the same class. Strangely enough, the law enables a brand company to delay generic competition by simply not filing a patent infringement lawsuit. By not acting, the brand company is holding out the threat of an infringement lawsuit in the future. In such a situation, most generic companies are unwilling to bring their drug to market, because they face the possibility of treble damages for patent infringement. The bill would provide a method for generic drug applicants to challenge improper Orange Book listings, resolving all outstanding legal issues with finality, without invoking a 30-month stay and stalling generic market entry. ?á It would help prevent anti-competitive contracts between brand name and generic drug companies, in which generic firms are paid by the brand-name drug company not to compete. These "sweetheart" agreements violate the intent behind Hatch-Waxman, raise antitrust concerns and cost consumers millions of dollars a day. Such payoffs occur because Hatch-Waxman grants the first generic drug company to challenge the validity of a patent six months of ¡§exclusivity¡¨ as the only company allowed to sell the generic version. The FTC has settled several cases in which a brand name drug manufacturer has paid a generic competitor not to market the generic alternative for the 180-day exclusivity period, allowing the brand drug to maintain its monopoly. S. 1225 would require the first generic applicant to ¡§use it or lose it.¡¨ If the generic applicant fails to go to market within 60 days of final FDA approval or an appellate court decision, or fails to meet one of several other similar requirements, the company loses its six-month marketing monopoly. ?á It would take some moderate steps to reduce nuisance patent lawsuits. Brand drug companies are required to list all patents that cover a specific drug with FDA in the Orange Book. Brand manufacturers have devised a way to keep their drug products from ever coming facing competition by filing new patents with the FDA at staggered intervals, so as one patent covering the drug product expires, it will still have patent protection. The bipartisan compromise legislation would allow generic companies to challenge inappropriate patent listings, but only if they are sued first for patent infringement. It would also permit courts to consider a brand company¡¦s failure to file patent information as a basis for not awarding treble damages, which generic companies could face if found liable for a patent violation. It remains to be seen how effective these provisions will be in preventing obstructive litigation by brand companies. Both provisions are weaker than similar provisions in last year¡¦s GAAP legislation, and may not provide as much of a disincentive against new frivolous patent listings with the FDA on the eve of drugs coming ¡§off-patent.¡¨ ?á It would make it easier to bring several classes of generic drugs to the market. Under the Hatch-Waxman Act, generics must prove they are ¡§bioequivalent¡¨ to the brand name drug. Under current law, bioequivalence is determined by the absorption of a drug in a patient¡¦s blood stream, which is difficult to measure for many types of medications, such as topical ointments and inhaled medicines. While the bill would not change the FDA¡¦s current bioequivalence regulations, it clarifies existing FDA authority to amend those regulations. The FDA¡¦s Final Generic Drug Rule This final rule, first proposed by the President and the FDA in December, will complement the Senate bill in some ways. Overall, however, the final rule is unlikely to significantly reduce the anticompetitive tactics that I have cited today. Even worse, by requiring the listing of new categories of patents, like some product-by-process patents and some polymorph patents, it may actually encourage further abuse by brand drug companies of the patent listing process. The rule does attempt to limit brand companies to one 30-month stay per drug if they believe a generic company has infringed on a legal patent. However, this restriction is much weaker than that in both the Senate compromise bill and last year¡¦s GAAP legislation. By allowing brand companies to seek a stay on all patents listed up until the generic drug enters the market, the FDA will allow brand companies to continue to game the system. Brand name companies will be able to list a late patent (with certain new restrictions) and then file a last-minute patent infringement lawsuit, improperly delaying consumer access to a generic drug that is about to go to market. By comparison, both the Senate compromise legislation and last years¡¦ GAAP bill would have allowed a 30-month stay only if the patent was listed much earlier in the process. The rule¡¦s requirement that brand drug companies provide more information about the patents they are listing could help decrease the number of improper patent listings. However, while the initial rule required brand companies to submit a justification for the listing of all patents, the final rule only requires this justification for method-of-use patents. Moreover, the FDA failed to take the most significant step to minimize improper listings, which is to develop a procedure to review the adequacy of listings in the ¡§Orange Book.¡¨ In fact, the preamble of the final rule explicitly refuses to develop a ¡§de-listing¡¨ procedure. The FDA rule also takes a wrong turn by actually requiring certain additional patents to be listed in the Orange Book. Although this provision of the final rule is not as broad as the initial rule, it will still require new listings for some polymorph patents and some product-by-process patents. Moreover, although the final rule prohibits patents on metabolites, it does allow patents for ¡§a method of using a drug to administer a metabolite,¡¨ which could be abused. In its report, the FTC specifically highlighted the similarity of product-by-process patents to process patents, which cannot be listed in the Orange Book. In fact, the FTC stated that product-by-process patents may be virtually indistinguishable from process patents. The FTC also raised serious questions about the listing of polymorph patents. The FDA should not expand the scope of patents that are allowed to be listed to include these two patents. They do not fall within the three currently acceptable types of patents -- drug substance, drug product and method of use. There is a good chance that such an expansion would be abused by brand manufacturers and prove harmful to consumers¡¦ interests. Conclusion The pharmaceutical industry has repeatedly used improper delaying tactics to thwart access to generic drugs. This is not only a threat to the pocketbook of many Americans, but to their health. When faced with high drug costs, many people will go without needed medications or reduce the consumption of these drugs below the prescribed level. Senator Hatch and Senator Leahy, I urge you and members of the committee to support the bipartisan compromise legislation that will soon reach the Floor. Although the bill is not as strong as earlier legislation passed by the Senate, I applaud the efforts of Senators, Kennedy, Schumer, McCain and Gregg to find a compromise that will decrease drug costs and increase the flow of generic drugs to Americans in need. Thank you for the opportunity to provide my comments. |


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By Mr. Puppolo of Springfield, a petition (accompanied by bill, House, No. 1572) of Angelo J. Puppolo, Jr. relative to the penalty for negligent operation of a motor vehicle resulting in the death of another person. The Judiciary.
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Status: | Referred to Joint Committee on the Judiciary |


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Overview |
Located along the South Fork of the Burnt River, the South Fork Campground offers 12 tent/trailer sites and 2 tent-only sites. Reconstructed in 2008, it now includes pull-through trailer parking ...[more] South Fork CampgroundDirectionsFrom Unity, Oregon travel west in town on Highway 26 to South Fork Burnt River Road (County Road 600); Turn left on the South Fork Burnt River Road an go about 7 miles to the Forest Boundary; The road becomes Forest Road 6005 at the Forest Boundary; Continue on Forest Road 6005 for about 0.5 miles to campground; Entrance is on left side of the road. Activities
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The flasher that's been targeting joggers in east side neighborhoods strikes again.
A runner in Hyde Park reported she was flashed by a man around 6:30 Tuesday morning at the intersection of Erie Avenue and Raymar Drive.
He's described as a black male in his late 20's to early 30's, medium build and he usually wears something on his head.
Police are in the area, searching for the man.
Last week police released a sketch of the suspect
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After the success of Julai, Allu Arjun is all set to enthrall the audience with his latest action romance film Iddarammayilatho. Here's the movie review of the flick. Iddarammayilatho Telugu movie review highlights.
Allu Arjun looks trendier than ever before. His character of a guitarist, who is a street performer in Barcelona, was at it's best sketchy, and looks completely different from his previous films.
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