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CDF Croisieres de France
Onboard The extensive refurbishment included significant alterations to many of the ship's public spaces, staterooms and entertainment and dining venues, as well as the addition of a new livery.The onboard vibe is casual-chic, with plenty of deck space for sunning, several pools and whirpools, set-seating dinner and bars that are open late. Passengers can drink at will, with alcohol (and tips) included in the cost of the cruise. About CDF Croisieres de France Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. introduced CDF Croisieres de France in September 2007, further expanding its reach in Europe, where it already owns Spain's largest cruise line, Pullmantur. The new French line features a single ship, Bleu de France, which specifically caters to French tastes, with French being the exclusive language used onboard.CDF Croisieres de France Fleet CDF Croisieres de France put 30 million euros into refurbishing the 37,012-ton, 752-passenger Bleu de France, which sailed as Hapag Lloyd's original, top-notch luxury ship, Europa; Star Cruises' SuperStar Europe the SuperStar Aires (sailing Pacific Rim cruises); and as Pullmantur's Holiday Dream. |


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Pigeons Revenge 2 Game InfoYou are player number 92,178
- Game Information
- Description: The pigeon's back, and now it's really going to hit the fan!
- Added On: October 17th, 2007
Pigeons Revenge 2 Controls | Guide | fullscreen
- : Move
- : Fire
sarelipia says: muajajaja, he exterminado a la raza humana!!! http://t.co/otYvjNuDGL
thebofthebang says: A musically interactive addictive little game that we did the music for a while ago...http://t.co/YGEJUK2dIF
Spazlock says: A game where you create a disease and attempt to destroy all of humanity shouldn't be fun but...it really, really is http://t.co/Vm9OjomL1P
tukigani says: 悪趣味だけど、気分転換には丁度いいゲーム http://t.co/qgru82ZGcT

subset: commoncrawl


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Voting Information
- Where to vote in Warren County (search by voter name, find polling location, and obtain a sample ballot)
- Ohio Secretary of State Voter Search
- Warren County Board of Elections
- Absentee voting information
- Sample Ballot and polling location (Smart Voter by the League of Women Voters)
- Warren County Sample Ballot
Warren County election results
For individuals registering for the first time you need to fill out the written voter registration form. You can pick up a form at either library location or you can complete a form online, print it off, and mail it to your county board of elections. For a name or address change ONLY, fill out the Online Form.


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Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
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This Total Comfort swivel recliner chair features a high back, padded armrests, natural Bentwood base and matching ottoman with storage compartment. From the Kathy Ireland aCafe Society Collection, by Primo.
Chair dimensions: 33.86W x 32.87D x 32.67H
Ottoman dimensions: 19.29W x 17.72D x 16.53H


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Do you have kids? They love to eat grilled food, too. A fun and healthy alternative to hamburgers and hot dogs for them is to make shish kebobs. Shish Kebobs are easy to make and healthy for those young and old alike.
Shish kebobs remind me of those scenes in old movies when they are…
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Join us for a conversation with Ambassador Tommy Koh of Singapore, the recipient of the 2014 Great Negotiator Award. This public program will feature panel discussions with Ambassador Koh and faculty from the Program on Negotiation and the Future of Diplomacy Project.
program on negotiation at harvard
The following items are tagged program on negotiation at harvard.
Arab and Jewish Students Offered Negotiation Training with Support from the Program on Negotiation
On October 1, 2013, nearly 300 Jewish and Arab students from twelve Israeli high schools convened for a conference on negotiation, co-sponsored by the Program on Negotiation. Having learned core negotiation methodology and acquiring concrete tools and skills previously, these students were offered a special opportunity to learn directly from skilled negotiation practitioners in various
The Program on Negotiation's MIT-Harvard Public Disputes Program Releases "Collaborative Approaches to Environmental Decision-Making" Case Studies
The MIT-Harvard Public Disputes Program, one of the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School's many research programs, acts as a center for research committed to thinking about and resolving disputes in the public sector. Led by its Director and Program on Negotiation executive committee member Lawrence Susskind, the MIT-Harvard Public Disputes Program conducts research dealing with international environmental treaty negotiations, public sector consensus building, and advocating for the importance of the science behind any negotiations about resource management.
ARCHITACTICS: Architecture as a Creative Strategy in Territorial Negotiations
The Program on Negotiation's Middle East Negotiation Initiative
and the Harvard Graduate School of Design are pleased to present:
Architecture as a Creative Strategy in Territorial Negotiations
a presentation by
Architect Karen Lee Bar-Sinai
Research Fellow at the Program on Negotiation
Alain Lempereur
Executive Committee Member at the Program on Negotiation
Alan B. Slifka Professor at Brandeis University
Shula Gilad
Senior Fellow at the
Robert Mnookin Writes for CNN About "How Obama and Boehner Can Get to Yes"
Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School Chair and Samuel Williston Professor of Law Robert Mnookin wrote for CNN's Opinion about the government shutdown negotiations between congressional Republicans and United States President Barack Obama. To read "How Obama and Boehner Can Get to 'Yes' ," please click here.
Program on Negotiation Faculty On How To End the US Government Shutdown
The Washington Post's "On Leadership" column by Jenna McGregor asked renowned negotiation experts on how the government shutdown in Washington, DC could be ended at the bargaining table.
Among the experts interviewed were Robert Mnookin, Chair of the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School (PON) and author of Bargaining With The Devil: When To Negotiate, When To Fight, Robert Bordone, PON Executive Committee member and co-author with mediation pioneer Frank E.A. Sander of "Designing Systems and Processes for Managing Disputes," and William Ury, co-founder of PON and co-author of "Getting to Yes," a foundational work in the field of negotiation written in collaboration with PON co-founders Bruce Patton and Roger Fisher.
Why We Succumb to Deception in Negotiation
Negotiators succumb to these forces for two main reasons:
They don't realize that their behavior is unethical, and even when they do, they justify their behavior as ethical in this particular case.
Register Now for the Program on Negotiation's Negotiation and Dispute Resolution Seminar!
Test your knowledge. Sharpen your skills. Become a better negotiator.
Join fellow professionals, executives, graduate students, and community members for the Negotiation and Dispute Resolution Seminar to learn how to skillfully negotiate to create value and resolve disputes.
PON panel discusses Track II Negotiations, Islands of Coordination and Unilateral Moves in the New Middle East
On March 4th, the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School hosted a panel discussion entitled: "Negotiations by Other Means: Track II, Unilateral Action, Robust Third Party Role and Islands of Coordination in the New Middle East."
The panel featured three veterans of high profile Israeli-Palestinian diplomacy: Ambassador Dore Gold, President of the Jerusalem Center for
Social Perceptions at the Crossroads: Why Sex (Still) Impacts the Perception and Evaluation of Other Status-Linked Identities
On November 1, 2012, Professor Kerri Johnson from the University of California, Los Angeles, delivered a talk at the Harvard Kennedy School. Her lecture, entitled "Social Perceptions at the Crossroads: Why Sex (Still) Impacts the Perception and Evaluation of Other Status-Linked Identities," was part of a year-long research seminar co-sponsored by the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School and the Women and Public Policy Program at Harvard Kennedy School. Watch Professor Johnson's entire presentation here:


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Battle of the Nexuses: Differences between 4 & 5
Video Test: Sony Xperia Z vs. Galaxy Note 2 vs. Nexus 4
Nexus 4 Review: How Does It Compare to the Galaxy Nexus?
Android 4.4 KitKat problems continue to plague Nexus 4, 5 & 7
No more Nexus? What would it mean if Google ditches the Nexus line?
Noob alert: all the best beginner tips for new Android users
Show more articles


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Select () or exclude () categories to narrow your recipe search.
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"A decadent twist to oatmeal."
Ingredients: heavy cream, oatmeal, pecans...
Prep Time: 5 mins
Total Time: 12 mins


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Product Recall: One SKU of Velveeta Cheesy Skillet Singles Due to Undeclared Soy: Click Here
PREHEAT oven to 350°F. Beat cream cheese, sugar and vanilla in large bowl with electric mixer on medium speed until well blended. Add liqueur; mix well. Add eggs; beat just until blended.
POUR into crust.
BAKE 35 to 40 minutes or until center is almost set. Cool. Refrigerate 3 hours or overnight. Top with berries just before serving. Store leftover cheesecake in refrigerator.


text: Vivacious drops of color that will light up your face, these Stone Drop Earrings from Vince Camuto are a season must-have. This dangling pair is an awesome alternative to your basic metallic earrings. We love their movement and precise geometric shape. Wear them with a tight ponytail and a sheath dress for maximum impact!


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Why Shop Midtown Comics
• Big Savings with Advance Previews
• Free Shipping on Qualified Orders
• Testimonials
Writer: Jonathan Hickman •
Artist: Jerome Opena
Orders of back issues (comics older than 31 days) are eligible for pick-up at any of our three Manhattan locations. Just put the items in your cart and proceed to checkout. Under "shipping method" you'll be able to select the store where you'd like to pick up your back issues. After you complete checkout, you'll receive an email, usually in a couple of days, letting you know when the items are ready for pick up. Please make sure to bring a photo ID and the credit card you used for purchase! DescriptionThis cover image links to the covers of our other two Marvel NOW exclusives, Uncanny Avengers #1 & All-New X-Men #1. Its a new day and a new beginning for the Earths Mightiest Heroes, with a brand new team thats bigger and better than ever before! And they wont just be Earths Mightiest Heroes, either when the galaxy is in danger, the Avengers will answer the call!
Item #: 1228835
• Diamond code: JUL128148


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Famous relatives of the NCAA players
baseball and basketball Hall of Famers to football stars, check out the famous
athletes related to NCAA players. -- Tiara Chiaramonte, Yahoo!
Y! Sports: Complete NCAA tournament coverage | Bracket | Watch: Memorable Moments | Blog | More video
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A Lethal Beacon for Migrating Birds
The New York Times featured a blog about new research by IoES Associate Adjunct Professor Travis Longcore.
On the morning of Sept. 11, 1948, "a good number of dead, dying and exhausted birds" were found at the base of the WBAL radio tower in Baltimore, in what was then viewed as a new and unusual phenomenon. Ever since communication towers began popping up in the United States in the 1940s and 50s, bird bodies have littered the fields below them, especially during migration season.
For the first time, researchers have now quantified this threat to birds in the United States and Canada. In a study published online in the journal PLoS One, they estimate that a whopping 6.8 million are claimed annually by tower collisions.
"Ninety-five percent of birds killed are going to be neo-tropical migrants, and many of them are birds of conservation concern," said one of the study's authors, Travis Longcore, the science director of the Urban Wildlands Group and an associate adjunct professor at UCLA's Institute of the Environment and Sustainability.
Neotropical migrants like thrushes and warblers breed in Canada and the United States and winter in places south of the latter's border. Most of the migrants undertake nocturnal journeys, and that's where the trouble starts. (Daytime bird window collisions, which occur when a bird does not perceive a glass barrier, is a separate problem and not taken into account in this study.)
Scientists are not sure why nocturnally migrating birds seem to have trouble navigating around bright light sources. Some researchers hypothesize that they need a certain wavelength of light to sense the earth's magnetic field, which they use as a compass. Others think bad weather and low cloud cover obscures the stars and may encourage birds to approach artificial light sources. Still others wonder if birds that happen upon bright light sources become entranced by the stimuli and cannot break away from that zone of influence.
To read the full article by Rachel Nuwer click here.
Vancouver Desi, Canada's premier South Asian news portal, also covered the study. To read the article click here.
Published: Wednesday, April 25, 2012


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Pikachu Manga (Fan Art)
Artist description:
Here's a drawing I made of Pikachu. It took a long time to draw, but I like how it turned out! :D
Created Mar 07, 2010. Unless noted Copyright 2010
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Award: Great style. Liked: cute face and good paws!. Tips: work on the porportions more and you'll be excellent!
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Sign up to start your personal account and save those recipes!
Recipes : Recipe Detail |
Add Email Print |
- Source: Emeril Live EM1D09
- Dish Type: Appetizer
- Cuisine: French
- Cooking Method: Simmering
- Occasion: Any
- Effort Level: Simple
- Tweet
Classic Fondue
For all you cheese lovers, this basic fondue is perfect for casual get-togethers! Make it interesting by choosing a variety of fresh fruits or vegetables, breads, or crackers for dipping.
Rub the inside of a fondue pot or saucepan with the crushed garlic clove. Discard the garlic. Add the wine and bring to a simmer. Dissolve the cornstarch in the water and whisk into the wine. Bring to a boil and cook for 2 minutes. Reduce the heat to low and whisk in the cheese, a little at a time. Stir in the Kirsch and season with the nutmeg and pepper. Serve the fondue with the toasted cubes of bread.
Yield: 4 to 6 servings
- 1 garlic clove, crushed
- 1 cup dry white wine
- 1 tablespoon cornstarch
- 2 tablespoons cold water
- 1/2 pound GruyËre cheese, grated
- 1/2 pound Vacherin cheese, grated
- 4 ounces Kirsch
- Pinch freshly grated nutmeg
- Freshly ground white pepper
- 1 loaf French bread, cubed and lightly toasted


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Sponsored Deals
They're like ads, but good.
OK, yes, companies pay a little something to be Sponsored Deals. But we don't allow just any old crap in this section. Sponsored Deals are proposed to us by other retailers, manufacturers, and even other daily deal sites. If we find the deal compelling enough that our members will appreciate us bringing it to their attention, we'll feature it here. Believe it or not, we have a reputation to uphold. If your store would like to be considered for this space, please contact us for details. But if your deal is lame, or sketchy, no amount of money will let you buy your way in.
Community Deals
It's whatever you want it to be.
Pretty much, anyway. This is where you find the deals that wooters like you have ferreted out and brought to light. We're thinking it'll turn into a massive database of discounted products from around the Web, constantly expanding to absorb the newest deals from the very moment their prices are slashed, with each deal immediately rated by hordes of savvy voters to spotlight the very greatest deals in the world today. Hey, we can dream, right?
We use a fancy algorithm to determine which deals are catching the most buzz – they're under the Popular tab, which is the default view of this section. You can look for the most popular deals today, this week, or this month. The Fresh tab features the most recently submitted deals, so that's where to look for deals that everybody else doesn't know about yet. And the Search bar does what a Search bar does, only, uh, much wootier! Yeah! Right on!
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Organic bullets? Vegetarian haggis? Cheap tickets to Antarctica? The best high-performance sweatsocks for under $100? If you're looking for a deal that doesn't appear to show up in our Community Deals section, throw the question to your fellow cheapskates. Or answer a question for one of your fellow cheapskates. Or vote for your favorite questions, or your favorite answers, or… maybe we should call this section "Ask, Answer, Comment On, And Vote In The Community", but that won't fit on the page.


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To learn more about the Catholic Faith see my website www.catholicdigitalstudio.com There, you can access all sorts of FREE stuff: e-books, Bibles and Bible studies, catechism lessons, apologetics resources, writings of the saints and mystics, prayer, children's section and TONS of embedded Catholic Videos. You can also learn much more about Myrna there. God Bless!
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Illuminate your surroundings with this amazing Possini Euro Design contemporary pendant light. The light output of the four 25W screw-in CFL bulbs is comparable to 400W. Believe it or not, this amazing light is also energy efficient. This remarkable chandelier design also includes a hardwire conversion kit.
*Please note that sales of all clearance items are final.
Possini Euro's line of contemporary lighting has been designed to complement the modern interior. The look is clean and uncomplicated with eye-catching, geometric lines. Possini Euro lighting spans across almost every category including bathroom lighting, chandeliers, close-to-ceiling lighting, desk lamps, pendants, sconces, and table lamps. These textured compositions include optic glass and shimmering, reflective surfaces. Versatile yet sophisticated, Possini Euro lighting is a wonderful selection for today's home. Check out our selection of Possini Euro lighting today!
Shipping and Delivery Information - For item EUR4165 if ordered by 1 pm Pacific Time


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Website | walletkit.com |
Blog | blog.walletkit.com |
@walletkit | |
Category | Mobile/Wireless |
Employees | |
Founded | 2012 |
Description | Easiest platform to deliver digital pass |
WalletKit is a SaaS platform for businesses to create,manage and deliver to its customers digital Boarding passes,Tickets,Store cards and Coupons for mobile wallets like Apple passbook and Google Wallet.We want to be the central platform to deliver digital mobile passes across all major mobile wallet platforms.
Walletkit helps you design beautiful mobile passes,distribute passes to your customers and visualize results. Walletkit provides a scalable and reliable platform to relieve businesses of the cost ,complexity of maintaining and automating custom pass delivery along with flexible API's that makes custom integration a breeze.
WalletKit specifically addresses the pain points of creating and managing the distribution of mobile passes which will be experienced by the majority of businesses which adopt to new digital wallet solutions like Apple Passbook, Google wallet and Windows Hub.


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28719 Los Alisos Blvd, Mission Viejo, CA
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Originally posted by: Cj on 6/19/2006 7:11:11 PM
Taking a trip in mid August down to Buffalo Point in Arkansas and just looking for some information on fishing and what works. Never been to Arkansas, only fished in the Illinois - Indiana area. I've done some research on the web with little help on the species and tricks to use. Bringing my 14' jon and 10hp to do some drift fishing down the river. If you know of some hot spots in the area or what type of lures / flys work well (I cast or fly). Thanks for you help, this is my first post so please don't let me down.


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11 Simple and Satisfying Mexican Chicken Casserole RecipesBy: Tired of bland cheesy chicken casserole recipes that fill you up without the flavor? Try any one of our 11 Simple and Satisfying Mexican Chicken Casserole Recipes. These easy Mexican casseroles will spice up any dinner table with south-of-the-border flair! Table of Contents Featured Recipe:Easiest Ever Chicken Salsa Casserole With just 6 ingredients, Easiest Ever Chicken Salsa Casserole is a simple chicken casserole recipe you can whip up in no time with things you already have in your refrigerator. Even better, this Mexican casserole is filled with zesty Latin flavors.
Instructions: 1. Preheat oven to 375 degrees F. Mexican Chicken Casseroles with Rice
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recipe reviews for:
"This savory bread is made easy with a shortcut using cornbread mix with creamed corn. Jalapeno peppers and Monterey Jack cheese give this tasty bread an unmistakable South-of-the-Border flair."
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About the Liquid Lite
Liquid Lite is the first underwater boat drain plug light in the world. This underwater light, utilizing LED technology, is perfect for attracting bait fish, night diving for lobster or just your nighttime enjoyment.
You can also use Liquid Lite out of the water for short periods of time. This can be very helpful when loading your boat on a dark ramp.
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Radius™ Audio Learning System
Motivate Students to Learn After School with Interactive Technology!
Perfect for 21st Community Learning Centers Funding
Grades PreK and up.
Combining interactive CD technology with advanced card reading capabilities, the Radius Audio Learning System offers unique opportunities for students to practice reading, math, and science skills after school.


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This "Earnhardt Tribute Truck" will be auctioned off NO RESERVE to the highest bidder on Saturday April 5th @ 1:00 pm All proceeds will... More
This 1949 Chevrolet 3100 Truck 2dr Stepside Truck features a 216c.i. 6-Cyl. 6cyl Gasoline engine. It is equipped with a 4 Speed Manual transmission.... More
1966 Chevrolet 1/2 Ton C 10 Pickup. Mint condition. Factory stock appearance. Nice Fresh Frame-Off Restoration; Number Matching 327 high torque V8; 12 Volt electrical.... More
This is a great, heavy duty, classic truck. Imported from the USA, this truck was first registered in New Zealand in September 2005. GREAT OVERALL CONDITION.... More
NOT your typical Chevy S-10. For starters it has the Tahoe appearance package and comes with these extras: 350 Chevy Motor with 5177 Miles New Door... More
1964 Chevrolet C-10,1/2 ton,shortbed,stepside pick up from California,that has been the recent recipient of a body off the frame restoration,nicely done.It has the original... More
With the low original mileage of 30,526, and the desirable 5-window Deluxe Cab, this stunning example certainly warrants close attention. This truck comes equipped with... More


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Ferdinand Marcos
His Excellency Ferdinand Marcos PLH |
Marcos in 1982. | |
10th President of the Philippines | |
In office December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986 |
Prime Minister | Himself (1978–1981) Cesar Virata (1981–1986) |
Vice President | Fernando López (1965–1973) Arturo Tolentino (Feb 16–25, 1986) |
Preceded by | Diosdado Macapagal |
Succeeded by | Corazon Aquino |
3rd Prime Minister of the Philippines | |
In office June 12, 1978 – June 30, 1981 |
Preceded by | Office established (Position previously held by Jorge B. Vargas) |
Succeeded by | Cesar Virata |
Secretary of National Defense | |
In office August 28, 1971 – January 3, 1972 |
President | Himself |
Preceded by | Juan Ponce Enrile |
Succeeded by | Juan Ponce Enrile |
In office December 31, 1965 – January 20, 1967 |
President | Himself |
Preceded by | Macario Peralta |
Succeeded by | Ernesto Mata |
11th President of the Senate of the Philippines | |
In office April 5, 1963 – December 30, 1965 |
President | Diosdado Macapagal |
Preceded by | Eulogio Rodriguez |
Succeeded by | Arturo Tolentino |
Senator of the Philippines | |
In office December 30, 1959 – December 30, 1965 |
Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte's Second District | |
In office December 30, 1949 – December 30, 1959 |
Preceded by | Pedro Albano |
Succeeded by | Simeon M. Valdez |
Personal details | |
Born | Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos[1] September 11, 1917 Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Philippines |
Died | September 28, 1989 Honolulu, Hawaii, United States |
(aged 72)
Resting place | Marcos Museum and Mausoleum, Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines |
Political party | Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (1978–1989) |
Other political affiliations |
Liberal Party (1946–1965) Nacionalista Party (1965–1978) |
Spouse(s) | Imelda Romuáldez (1954–1989; his death) |
Children | Ma. Imelda Marcos Ferdinand Marcos, Jr. Irene Marcos-Araneta Aimee Marcos |
Alma mater | University of the Philippines College of Law |
Profession | Lawyer, Soldier |
Religion | Roman Catholicism, formerly Iglesia Filipina Independiente |
Signature | |
Military service | |
Allegiance | Philippines |
Rank | Major |
Battles/wars | World War II |
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos, Sr. (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was a Filipino strongman who held the title of President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He was a lawyer, member of the Philippine House of Representatives (1949–1959) and a member of the Philippine Senate (1959–1965). He was Senate President from 1963 to 1965.
While in power he implemented wide-ranging programs of infrastructure development and economic reform. However, his administration was marred by massive authoritarian corruption, despotism, nepotism, political repression, and human rights violations.
In 1983, his government was accused of being involved in the assassination of his primary political opponent, Benigno Aquino, Jr. Public outrage over the assassination served as the catalyst for the People Power Revolution in February 1986 that led to his removal from power and eventual exile in Hawaii. He was accused that he and his wife Imelda Marcos had moved billions of dollars of embezzled public funds to the United States, Switzerland, and other countries, as well as into alleged corporations during his 20 years in power.
Early life[edit]
Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was born 11 September 1917, in the town of Sarrat, Ilocos Norte to Mariano Marcos and Josefa Edralin.[2] He was baptized into the Philippine Independent Church.[3]
In December 1938, Ferdinand was prosecuted for the murder of Julio Nalundasan along with his father, Mariano, his brother, Pio, and his brother-in-law Quirino Lizardo; Nalundasan one of the elder Marcos' political rivals. Nalundasan had been shot and killed in his house in Batac on 20 September 1935–the day after he had defeated Mariano Marcos a second time for a seat in the National Assembly. According to two witnesses, the four had conspired to assassinate Nalundasan, with Ferdinand Marcos eventually pulling the trigger. In late January 1939, they were denied bail[4] and in the fall[when?] of 1939 they were convicted. Ferdinand and Lizardo received the death penalty for premeditated murder, while Mariano and Pio were found guilty of contempt of court. The Marcos family took their appeal to the Supreme Court of the Philippines, which overturned the lower court's decision on 22 October 1940, acquitting them of all charges except contempt.[5]
Marcos studied law at the University of the Philippines, attending the prestigious College of Law. He excelled in both curricular and extra-curricular activities, becoming a valuable member of the university's swimming, boxing, and wrestling teams. He was also an accomplished and prolific orator, debater, and writer for the student newspaper. He also became a member of the University of the Philippines ROTC Unit (UP Vanguard Fraternity) where he met his future cabinet members and Armed Forces Chiefs of Staff. He sat for the 1939 Bar Examinations, receiving a near-perfect score and graduating cum laude despite the fact that he was incarcerated while reviewing; had he not been in jail for 27 days, he would have graduated magna cum laude. He was elected to the Pi Gamma Mu and the Phi Kappa Phi international honour societies, the latter giving him its Most Distinguished Member Award 37 years later.[6]
He claimed to have led a 9,000-man guerrilla force called Ang Mahárlika (Tagalog, "The Noble") in northern Luzon during the Second World War, although his account of events was later cast into doubt after a United States military investigation exposed many of his claims as either false or inaccurate.[7]
The gifted child[edit]
In Seagrave's book "The Marcos Dynasty", he mentioned that Marcos possessed a phenomenal memory and exhibited this by memorizing complicated texts and reciting forward and backward such as the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines. Sen. Miriam Defensor-Santiago, in an interview with the Philippine Star on March 25, 2012, shared her experience as a speech writer to President Marcos: "One time, the Secretary of Justice forgot to tell me that the President had requested him to draft a speech that the President was going to deliver before graduates of the law school. And then, on the day the President was to deliver the speech, he suddenly remembered because Malacañang was asking for the speech, so he said, 'This is an emergency. You just have to produce something.' And I just dictated the speech. He liked long speeches. I think that was 20 or 25 pages. And then, in the evening, I was there, of course. President Marcos recited the speech from memory." [8]
Personal life[edit]
He was married to Imelda Romualdez-Marcos, on May 1, 1954 and the marriage produced three children:
- Maria Imelda "Imee" Marcos (born November 12, 1955) Governor of Ilocos Norte
- Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos, Jr. (born September 13, 1957) Senator of the Philippines
- Irene Marcos (born September 16, 1960)
Congressional career[edit]
House of Representatives[edit]
When the Philippines was granted independence on July 4, 1946 by the American government, the Philippine Congress was established. Marcos ran and was three times elected as representative of the 2nd district of Ilocos Norte, 1949–1959. He was named chairman of the House Committee on Commerce and Industry and member of the Defense Committee headed by Ramon Magsaysay. He was chairman, House Neophytes Bloc in which (President) Diosdado Macapagal, (Vice President) Emmanuel Pelaez and (Manila Mayor) Arsenio J. Lacson were members. He was also a member of the House Committee on Industry; LP spokesman on economic matters; member, Special Committee on Import and Price Controls and on Reparations; House Committees on Ways and Means, Banks Currency, War Veterans, Civil Service, Corporations and Economic Planning; and the House Electoral Tribunal.[9]
He was the topnotcher in the senatorial elections in 1959. He was Senate minority floor leader, 1960; executive vice president, LP 1954–1961; president, Liberal Party, 1961–1964; Senate President, 1963–1965. During his term as Senate President, former Defense Secretary Eulogio B. Balao was also closely working with Marcos. Marcos led a controversial political career both before and after his term as Senate President. He became Senator after he served as member of the House of Representatives for three terms, then later as Minority Floor Leader before gaining the Senate Presidency. He introduced a number of significant bills, many of which found their way into the Republic statute books.[9]
Presidential styles of Ferdinand E. Marcos, Sr. |
Reference style | His Excellency |
Spoken style | Your Excellency |
Alternative style | Mr. President |
First term (1965–1969)[edit]
Presidential campaign[edit]
Marcos was famous for his anti-Japanese guerrilla activity during World War II—something that set him apart from his political opponents, many of whom had collaborated with the Japanese. Marcos won the presidency in 1965.[10]
Infrastructure programs[edit]
In his first State of the Nation Address (SONA), Marcos revealed his plans for economic development and government reform. Marcos wanted the immediate construction of roads, bridges and public works, which included 16,000 kilometers of feeder roads, some 30,000 lineal meters of permanent bridges, a generator with an electric power capacity of one million kilowatts (1,000,000 kW), and water services to eight regions and 38 localities.[citation needed] He also urged the revitalization of the judiciary, the national defense posture and the fight against smuggling, criminality, and graft and corruption in the government.[citation needed]
To accomplish his goals "President Marcos mobilized the manpower and resources of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) for action to complement civilian agencies in such activities as infrastructure construction; economic planning and program execution; regional and industrial site planning and development; community development and others."[11][unreliable source?] The employment of technocrats in key positions and the mobilization of the AFP for civic actions resulted in the increasing functional integration of civilian and military elites.[12][unreliable source?]
Vietnam War[edit]
To the surprise of many, soon after becoming president, Marcos wanted the Philippines to become involved in the Vietnam War. He asked Congress to approve sending a combat engineer unit to South Vietnam. When the previous Philippine president, Macapagal, suggested in 1964–1965 to send troops it had been Marcos who had led the opposition against this plan on both legal and moral grounds. Despite opposition against the new plan, the Marcos government gained Congressional approval and Philippine troops were sent from the middle of 1966 as the Philippines Civic Action Group (PHILCAG). PHILCAG reached a strength of some 1,600 troops in 1968 and between 1966 and 1970 over 10,000 Filipino soldiers served in South Vietnam, mainly being involved in civilian infrastructure projects.[13][unreliable source?]
Second term (1969–1972)[edit]
1969 presidential election[edit]
In 1969, Marcos was reelected for a second term—the first Filipino president to win a second term.[14] The election was marked by massive violence, vote-buying, and fraud on Marcos' part,[15][16] and Marcos used $56 million from the Philippines' treasury to fund his campaign.[17] His running mate, incumbent Vice President Fernando Lopez was also elected to a third full term as Vice President of the Philippines.
Student uprising[edit]
In 1970, students in Manila mobilized enormous numbers of people to attend protests against U.S. imperialism and the "rise of fascism" under Marcos. The protests later became known as the First Quarter Storm.[18]
Martial Law and the New Society[edit]
" | It is easier perhaps and more comfortable to look back to the solace of a familiar and mediocre past. But the times are too grave and the stakes too high for us to permit the customary concessions to traditional democratic processes. | " |
In a privilege speech before Senate, Benigno Aquino, Jr. warned the public of the possible establishment of a "garrison state" by President Marcos. Days later, Marcos declared martial law on September 22, 1972, by virtue of Proclamation № 1081 which he signed on September 21, 1972, extending his rule beyond the constitutional two-term limit. He justified this by exaggerating threats of Communist and Muslim insurgencies.[20] He would later tell historians that he signed Proclamation No. 1081 as early as September 17.[21] Ruling by decree, he curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties, closed down Congress and media establishments, and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists, including his staunchest critics, senators Benigno Aquino, Jr., Jovito Salonga and Jose Diokno.[22][23] Marcos claimed that martial law was the prelude to creating his Bagong Lipunan, a "New Society" based on new social and political values.[24][citation needed]
A constitutional convention, which had been called for in 1970 to replace the Commonwealth era 1935 Constitution, continued the work of framing a new constitution after the declaration of martial law. The new constitution went into effect in early 1973, changing the form of government from presidential to parliamentary and allowing Marcos to stay in power beyond 1973.[citation needed]
After putting in force amendments to the constitution, legislative action, and securing his sweeping powers and with the Batasan under his control, President Marcos lifted martial law on January 17, 1981. However, the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus continued in the autonomous regions of Western Mindanao and Central Mindanao. The opposition dubbed the lifting of martial law as a mere "face lifting" as a precondition to the visit of Pope John Paul II.[25]
Marcos had a vision of a Bagong Lipunan (New Society) similar to Indonesian president Suharto's "New Order administration". He used the years of martial law to implement this vision. According to Marcos' book, "Notes on the New Society," it was a movement urging the poor and the privileged to work as one for the common goals of society and to achieve the liberation of the Filipino people through self-realization.[citation needed]
Marcos confiscated businesses owned by the oligarchy. More often than not, they were taken over by Marcos' family members and close personal friends, who used them as fronts to launder proceeds from institutionalized graft and corruption in the different national governmental agencies as "crony capitalism," Marcos' friends using them for personal benefit. With genuinely nationalistic motives, crony capitalism was intended to redistribute monopolies traditionally owned by Chinese and Mestizo oligarchs to Filipino businessmen though in practice, it led to graft and corruption via bribery, racketeering, and embezzlement. Marcos also silenced the free press, making the state press the only legal one. He also seized privately owned lands and distributed them to farmers. By waging an ideological war against the oligarchy, Marcos gained the support of the masses though he was to create a new one in its place. Marcos, now free from day-to-day governance which was left mostly to Juan Ponce Enrile using his power to settle scores against old rivals, such as the Lopezes, who were always opposed to the Marcos administration. Leading opponents such as Senators Benigno Aquino, Jr., Jose Diokno, Jovito Salonga and many others were imprisoned for months or years. This practice considerably alienated the support of the old social and economic elite and the media, who criticized the Marcos administration endlessly.[citation needed][26]
Between 1972 and 1976, Marcos increased the size of the Philippine military from 65,000 to 270,000 personnel.[24] Military officers were placed on the boards of a variety of media corporations, public utilities, development projects, and other private corporations. At the same time, Marcos made efforts to foster the growth of a domestic weapons manufacturing industry and heavily increased military spending.[27]
The GNP of the country stood at $11.5 billion by 1980, which represented a 6.6% average annual growth rate. The 1980 GNP was four times greater than the GNP in 1972. Rice production increased from 5.1 million metric tons in 1972 to 7.25 million metric tons in 1980 due to Masagana 99.[28]
From the declaration of martial law in 1972, until 1983, the U.S. government provided $2.5 billion in bilateral military and economic aid to the Marcos regime, and about $5.5 billion through multilateral institutions such as the World Bank.[29]
In a 1979 U.S. Senate report, it was stated that U.S. officials were aware, as early as 1973, that Philippine government agents were in the United States to harass Filipino dissidents. In June 1981, two anti-Marcos labor activists were assassinated outside of a union hall in Seattle. On at least one occasion, CIA agents blocked FBI investigations of Philippine agents.[30]
The Marcos regime instituted a mandatory youth organization, known as the Kabataang Barangay, which was led by Marcos' eldest daughter Imee. Presidential Decree 684, enacted in April 1975, required that all youths aged 15 to 18 be sent to remote rural camps, where they underwent a ritualistic program designed to instill loyalty to the First Couple.[31][32]
Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile, Chief of Staff of the Philippine Constabulary Fidel Ramos, and Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines Fabian Ver were the chief administrators of martial law from 1972 to 1981, and the three remained President Marcos' closest advisers until he was ousted in 1986. Enrile and Ramos would later abandon Marcos' 'sinking ship' and seek protection behind the 1986 People Power Revolution. The Catholic hierarchy and Manila's middle class were crucial to the success of the massive crusade.[citation needed]
Prime Minister[edit]
In 1978, the position returned when Ferdinand Marcos became Prime Minister. Based on Article 9 of the 1973 constitution, it had broad executive powers, that would be typical of modern prime ministers in other countries. The position was the official head of government, and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. All of the previous powers of the President from the 1935 Constitution were transferred to the newly restored office of Prime Minister. The Prime Minister also acted as head of the National Economic Development Authority. Upon his reelection to President, Marcos was succeeded as Prime Minister by Cesar Virata in 1981.[citation needed]
Cabinet under Martial Law[edit]
Third term (1981–1986)[edit]
" | We love your adherence to democratic principles and to the democratic process, and we will not leave you in isolation. | " |
On June 16, 1981, six months after the lifting of martial law, the first presidential election in twelve years was held. As to be expected, President Marcos ran and won a massive victory over the other candidates. The major opposition parties, the United Nationalists Democratic Organizations (UNIDO), a coalition of opposition parties and LABAN, boycotted the elections.
Impeachment attempt[edit]
On August 13, 1985, fifty-six Assemblymen signed a resolution calling for the impeachment of President Marcos for alleged diversion of U.S. aid for personal use,[36] citing a July 1985 San Jose Mercury News exposé of the Marcoses' multi-million dollar investment and property holdings in the United States.[citation needed]
The properties allegedly amassed by the First Family were the Crown Building, Lindenmere Estate, and a number of residential apartments (in New Jersey and New York), a shopping center in New York, mansions (in London, Rome and Honolulu), the Helen Knudsen Estate in Hawaii and three condominiums in San Francisco, California.[citation needed]
The Assemblymen also included in the complaint the misuse and misapplication of funds "for the construction of the Film Center, where X-rated and pornographic films are exhibited, contrary to public morals and Filipino customs and traditions."[citation needed]
During these years, Marcos's regime was marred by rampant corruption and political mismanagement by his relatives and cronies, which culminated with the assassination of Benigno Aquino. Critics considered Marcos the quintessential kleptocrat,[37] having looted billions of dollars from the Filipino treasury. The large personality cult in the Philippines surrounding Marcos also led to disdain.[citation needed]
During his third term, Marcos' health deteriorated rapidly due to kidney ailments, often described as lupus erythematosus. He was absent for weeks at a time for treatment, with no one to assume command. Marcos' regime was sensitive to publicity of his condition; a palace physician who alleged that during one of these periods Marcos had undergone a kidney transplant was shortly afterward found murdered. Many people questioned whether he still had capacity to govern, due to his grave illness and the ballooning political unrest.[38]
With Marcos ailing, his equally powerful wife, Imelda, emerged as the government's main public figure. Marcos dismissed speculations of his ailing health as he used to be an avid golfer and fitness buff who liked showing off his physique. In light of these growing problems, the assassination of Aquino in 1983 would later prove to be the catalyst that led to his overthrow. Many Filipinos came to believe that Marcos, a shrewd political tactician, had no hand in the murder of Aquino but that he was involved in cover-up measures. However, the opposition blamed Marcos directly for the assassination while others blamed the military and his wife, Imelda. The 1985 acquittals of Ver as well as other high-ranking military officers for the crime were widely seen as a miscarriage of justice.[citation needed]
By 1984, U.S. President Ronald Reagan started distancing himself from the Marcos regime that he and previous American presidents had strongly supported even after Marcos declared martial law. The United States, which had provided hundreds of millions of dollars in aid, was crucial in buttressing Marcos's rule over the years.[39] During the Carter administration the relation with the U.S. soured somewhat when President Jimmy Carter targeted the Philippines in his human rights campaign.[citation needed]
In the face of escalating public discontent and under pressure from foreign allies, Marcos called a "Snap election" in 1986, with more than a year left in his term. He selected Arturo Tolentino as his running mate.[citation needed] The opposition to Marcos united behind Aquino's widow, Corazon, and her running mate, Salvador Laurel.[40][41]
The "People Power movement" drove Marcos into exile and installed Corazon Aquino as the new president.[42] At the height of the revolution, Enrile revealed that his ambush was faked in order for Marcos to have a pretext for imposing martial law. However, Marcos maintained that he was the duly elected and proclaimed president of the Philippines for a fourth term.[citation needed]
The Philippine government today is still paying interest in public debts incurred during Marcos' administration. It was reported that, when Marcos fled, U.S. Customs agents discovered 24 suitcases of gold bricks and diamond jewelry hidden in diaper bags and in addition, certificates for gold bullion valued in the billions of dollars were allegedly among the personal properties he, his family, his cronies and business partners surreptitiously took with them when the U.S. provided them safe passage to Hawaii. When the presidential mansion was seized, it was discovered that Imelda Marcos had over 2700 pairs of shoes in her closet.[43]
Aquino's assassination[edit]
In 1983, opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr. was assassinated by his Philippine military escort at the Manila International Airport upon his return to the Philippines after three years in the United States. Popular speculations pointed to three suspects; first was Marcos himself through his trusted military chief Fabian Ver; the second theory pointed to his wife Imelda who had her own burning ambition now that her ailing husband seemed to be getting weaker and the third was that crony Danding Cojuangco planned the assassination because of his political ambitions. Ninoy's brutal death while under the custody of military security combined with Marcos' dictatorial governance and plundering of public coffers ultimately led to an irreversible spiral that saw widespread protests and his eventual ignominious eviction from Malacanang.[44]
To help finance a number of economic development projects, the Marcos government borrowed large amounts of money from international lenders.[45][46] The Philippines' external debt rose from $360 million (US) in 1962 to $28.3 billion in 1986, making the Philippines one of the most indebted countries in Asia.[45] A sizable amount of this money went to Marcos family and friends in the form of behest loans. These loans were assumed by the government and are still being serviced by taxpayers, to this day. These loans were ostensibly funded to construct the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant but after Marcos' ouster, the plant was not utilized. Today, more than half of the country's revenues go toward the payment of interest on these loans, with the principal amounts remaining largely untouched. During the time of the late Pres. Corazon Aquino, these debts were repudiated and finance secretary Jaime Ongpin, threatened to resign unless they were. He had a personal reason: Aurita Villoso, DBP internal auditor, said loans were granted to Ongpin's Delta Ventures Resources Inc (DVRI) amounting to P660 million. The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (the central bank of the Republic of the Philippines) tried to resist the repudiation bill's passage in the Congress, but due to international pressure Aquino did allow the denial of these debts. [47]
Foreign capital was invited to invest in certain industrial projects. They were offered incentives, including tax exemption privileges and the privilege of bringing out their profits in foreign currencies. One of the most important economic programs in the 1980s was the Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran (Movement for Livelihood and Progress). This program was started in September 1981. It aimed to promote the economic development of the barangays by encouraging its residents to engage in their own livelihood projects. The government's efforts resulted in the increase of the nation's economic growth rate to an average of six percent or seven percent from 1970 to 1980.[48]
The Philippine economy suffered a great decline after the Aquino assassination in August 1983. The political troubles hindered the entry of foreign investments, and foreign banks stopped granting loans to the Philippine government.[citation needed] In an attempt to launch a national economic recovery program, Marcos negotiated with foreign creditors including the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), for a restructuring of the country's foreign debts – to give the Philippines more time to pay the loans. Marcos ordered a cut in government expenditures and used a portion of the savings to finance the Sariling Sikap (Self-Reliance), a livelihood program he established in 1984.[citation needed]
However, the economy experienced negative economic growth from the beginning of 1984 and continued to decline despite the government's recovery efforts. The failure of the recovery program was caused by civil unrest, rampant graft and corruption within the government, and Marcos' lack of credibility. Marcos himself diverted large sums of government money to his party's campaign funds. The unemployment rate ballooned from 6.30% in 1972 to 27.65% in 1985.[49][citation needed]
Between 1972 and 1980, the average monthly income of wage workers had fallen by 20%. By 1981, the wealthiest 10% of the population was receiving twice as much income as the bottom 60%.[50]
With help from the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations, Marcos brought the "Green Revolution" (industrialized, chemical agriculture) to the Philippines. These reforms resulted in high profits for transnational corporations, but were generally harmful to small, peasant farmers who were often pushed into poverty.[51] After declaring martial law in 1972, Marcos promised to implement agrarian reforms. However, the land reforms "served largely to undermine Marcos' landholder opponents, not to lessen inequality in the countryside",[52] and "encouraged conversion to cash tenancy and greater reliance on farm workers".[53] From 1972 to 1980, agricultural production fell by 30%.[50]
Under Marcos, exports of timber products were among the nation's top exports. Little attention was paid to environmental impacts of deforestation. By the early 1980s, the industry collapsed because most of the Philippines' accessible forests had been depleted.[54]
Corruption charges[edit]
Since as early as March 1968, Ferdinand Marcos was reported to have deposited large amounts in Swiss banks including Credit Suisse, under the pseudonym "William Saunders" (an alias he had used during his World War II days), while Imelda used the pseudonym "Jane Ryan".[55] In 1988, he was indicted by the federal grand jury in Manhattan, USA, in a racketeering case that included charges that he embezzled more than $100 million from the Philippine Government and used the money to buy three buildings in New York City.[56]
At 5:00 a.m., February 25, 1986, Marcos talked to United States Senator Paul Laxalt, asking for advice from the White House. Laxalt advised him to "cut and cut cleanly", to which Marcos expressed his disappointment after a short pause.[57] In the afternoon, Marcos talked to Enrile, asking for safe passage for him and his family including his close allies like General Ver. Finally, at 9:00 p.m., the Marcos family was transported by four Sikorsky HH-3E helicopters[58] to Clark Air Base in Angeles City, Pampanga, about 83 kilometers north of Manila, before boarding US Air Force C-130 planes bound for Andersen Air Force Base in Guam, and finally to Hickam Air Force Base in Hawaii where Marcos arrived on February 26. Marcos died in Honolulu on September 28, 1989, of kidney, heart and lung ailments.
Marcos was interred in a private mausoleum at Byodo-In Temple on the island of Oahu, visited daily by the Marcos family, political allies and friends. His remains are currently interred inside a refrigerated crypt in Ilocos Norte, where his son, Ferdinand, Jr., and eldest daughter, Imee have since become the local governor and representative, respectively. A large bust of Ferdinand Marcos (resembling Mount Rushmore) was commissioned by the tourism minister, Jose Aspiras, and carved into a hillside in Benguet. It was subsequently destroyed; suspects included left-wing activists, members of a local tribe who had been displaced by construction of the monument, and looters hunting for the Marcos' legendary hidden treasure.[59] Imelda Marcos was acquitted of embezzlement by a U.S. court in 1990 but was still facing a several hundred additional corruption charges in Philippine courts in 2006.
In 1995 some 10,000 Filipinos won a U.S. class-action lawsuit filed against the Marcos estate. The charges were filed by victims or their surviving relatives for torture, execution and disappearances.[60][61]
Corazon Aquino repealed many of the repressive laws that had been enacted during Marcos' dictatorship. She restored the right of access to habeas corpus, repealed anti-labor laws, and freed hundreds of political prisoners.[62]
From 1989 to 1996, a series of suits were brought before U.S. courts against Marcos and his daughter Imee, charging them with executions, torture, and disappearances committed under their command. A jury in the Ninth Circuit Court awarded $2 billion to the plaintiffs and to a class composed of human rights victims and their families.[63] On June 12, 2008, the US Supreme Court (in a 7–2 ruling penned by Justice Anthony Kennedy in "Republic of the Philippines v. Mariano Pimentel") held that: "The judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit is reversed, and the case is remanded with instructions to order the District Court to dismiss the interpleader action." The court dismissed the interpleader lawsuit filed to determine the rights of 9,500 Filipino human rights victims (1972–1986) to recover $35 million, part of a $2 billion judgment in U.S. courts against the Marcos estate, because the Philippines is an indispensable party, protected by sovereign immunity. It claimed ownership of the funds transferred by Marcos in 1972 to Arelma S.A., which invested the money with Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc., in New York.[64][65][66]
Human rights groups place the number of victims of extrajudicial killings under martial law at 1500 and Karapatan, a local human rights group's records show 759 involuntarily disappeared (their bodies never found). Military historian Alfred McCoy in his book "Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy" and in his speech "Dark Legacy" cites 3,257 extrajudicial killings, 35,000 torture victims, and 70,000 incarcerated during the Marcos years.[67][68] The newspaper Bulatlat (lit. "to open carelessly") places the number of victims of arbitrary arrest and detention at 120,000.[69]
- Today's Revolution: Democracy (1971)
- Notes on the New Society of the Philippines II (1976)
- An Ideology for Filipinos (1980)
- Marcos' Notes for the Cancun Summit, 1981 (1981)
- Progress and Martial Law (1981)
- The New Philippine Republic: A Third World Approach to Democracy (1982)
- Toward a New Partnership: The Filipino Ideology (1983)
- A Trilogy on the Transformation of Philippine Society (1988)
See also[edit]
- List of Filipinos by net worth
- List of heads of state and government by net worth
- List of South East Asian people by net worth
- Rolex 12
- ^ National Security Archive (U.S.); Philippines. President (1965-1986 : Marcos) (1990). The Philippines: U.S. policy during the Marcos years, 1965-1986. Chadwyck-Healey. p. 37.
- ^ David Joel Steinberg (2000). The Philippines: A Singular and a Plural Place. Basic Books. pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-0-8133-3755-5.
- ^ Celoza, Albert F. (1997). Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: the political economy of authoritarianism. Greenwood Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-275-94137-6.
- ^ Mariano Marcos vs. Roman A. Cruz Philippines Supreme Court
- ^ Justice Jose P. Laurel penned the ponencia (in People vs. Mariano Marcos, et al., 70 Phil. 468) which was concurred by Chief Justice Ramón Avanceña and Justices Imperial, Díaz, and Horilleno.
- ^ See page 32, http://www.utoledo.edu/as/pdfs/100years.pdf
- ^ McCoy, Alfred W. (1999). Closer than brothers: manhood at the Philippine Military Academy. Yale University Press. pp. 167–170. ISBN 978-0-300-07765-0.
- ^ Miriam Santiago on love, loss and her home, Philippine Star, March 25, 2012.
- ^ a b Ferdinand Edralin Marcos. Philippines Senate
- ^ Abinales, P.N. (2000). Making Mindanao: Cotabato and Davao in the formation of the Philippine nation-state. Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-971-550-349-5.
- ^ Manuel A. Caoili. "The Philippine Congress and the Political Order," Philippine Journal of Public Administration, Vol.XXX no. 1 (January, 1986), p. 21.[unreliable source?]
- ^ Manuel Caoili, op. cit[unreliable source?]
- ^ Lieutenant General Larsen, Stanley Robert (1985) "Chapter III: The Philippines" in Allied Participation in Vietnam, U.S. Department of the Army[unreliable source?]
- ^ Timberman, David G. (1991). A changeless land: continuity and change in Philippine politics. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 63.
- ^ Boudreau, Vincent (2004). Resisting dictatorship: repression and protest in Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-521-83989-1.
- ^ Hedman, Eva-Lotta E. (2006). In the name of civil society: from free election movements to people power in the Philippines. University of Hawaii Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-8248-2921-6.
- ^ McCoy, Alfred W. (2009). Policing America's empire: the United States, the Philippines, and the rise of the surveillance state. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-299-23414-0.
- ^ Silliman, G. Sidney & Noble, Lela Garner (1998). "Introduction". Organizing for democracy: NGOs, civil society, and the Philippine State. University of Hawaii Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8248-2043-5.
- ^ "THE PHILIPPINES: Farewell to Democracy". Time. January 29, 1973.
- ^ Mendoza Jr, Amado (2009). "'People Power' in the Philippines, 1983–1986". In Roberts, Adam & Ash, Timothy Garton. Civil resistance and power politics: the experience of non-violent action from Gandhi to the present. Oxford University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-19-955201-6.
- ^ Mijares, Primitivo (1976). The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos. Union Square.
- ^ Brands, H.W. (1992). Bound to empire: the United States and the Philippines. Oxford University Press. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-19-507104-7.
- ^ Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1991). "28. Proclamation 1081 and Martial Law". Philippines: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress.
- ^ a b Mijares, Primitivo (1976). "A Dark Age Begins". The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos. Union Square.
- ^ "In many tongues, pope championed religious freedoms". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved August 21, 2006.
- ^ For a detailed treatment of corruption under Marcos, see Chaikin, David & Sharman, Jason Campbell (2009). "The Marcos Kleptocracy". Corruption and money laundering: a symbiotic relationship. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-61360-7.
- ^ Moran, Jon (June 1999). "Patterns of Corruption and Development in East Asia". Third World Quarterly 20 (3): 579.
- ^ http://www.gov.ph/1980/07/28/ferdinand-e-marcos-fifteenth-state-of-the-nation-address-july-28-1980/
- ^ Bello, Walden (Winter 1985/1986). "Edging toward the Quagmire: The United States and the Philippine Crisis". World Policy Journal 3 (1): 31.
- ^ Shalom, Stephen R. (1993). Imperial alibis: rationalizing U.S. intervention after the cold war. South End Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-89608-448-3.
- ^ McCoy, Alfred W. (2009). An Anarchy of Families: State and Family in the Philippines. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-299-22984-9.
- ^ Wurfel, David (1988). Filipino Politics: Development and Decay. Cornell University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-8014-9926-5.
- ^ The Ministry of Industry and Ministry of Trade were merged by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1981 as the Ministry of Trade and Industry.
- ^ The Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and Communications and Ministry of Public Highways were merged by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1981 as the Ministry of Public Works and Highways.
- ^ "Philippines: Together Again". Time. July 13, 1981.
- ^ Blitz, Amy (2000). The contested state: American foreign policy and regime change in the Philippines. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 167–168. ISBN 978-0-8476-9934-6.
- ^ See for example Wintrobe, Ronald (2000). The Political Economy of Dictatorship. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11; 132. ISBN 978-0-521-79449-7.
- ^ Wurfel, David (1988). Filipino Politics: Development and Decay. Cornell University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-8014-9926-5.
- ^ Pace, Eric (September 29, 1989). "Autocrat With a Regal Manner, Marcos Ruled for 2 Decades". The New York Times. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
- ^ Pollard, Vincent Kelly (2004). Globalization, democratization and Asian leadership: power sharing, foreign policy and society in the Philippines and Japan. Ashgate Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-7546-1539-2.
- ^ Parnell, Philip C. (2003). "Criminalizing Colonialism: Democracy Meets Law in Manila". In Parnell, Philip C. & Kane, Stephanie C. Crime's power: anthropologists and the ethnography of crime. Palgrave-Macmillan. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-4039-6179-2.
- ^ Tate, C. Neal (1999). "Judicial Defense of Human Rights during the Marcos Dictatorship in the Philippines: The Careers of Claudio Teehankee and Cecelia Muñoz Palma". In Gibney, Mark & Frankowski, Stanislaw. Judicial protection of human rights: myth or reality?. Greenwood Publishing. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-275-96011-7.
- ^ "Ferdinand E. Marcos". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 19, 2007.
- ^ Thompson, Mark R. (1995). The anti-Marcos struggle: personalistic rule and democratic transition in the Philippines. Yale University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-300-06243-4.
- ^ a b Boyce, James K. (1993). The political economy of growth and impoverishment in the Marcos era. Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-971-550-096-8.
- ^ See Hutchcroft, Paul David (1998). Booty capitalism: the politics of banking in the Philippines. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3428-0.
- ^ http://www.sunstar.com.ph/breaking-news/2011/10/07/ex-dbp-execs-share-different-behest-loan-meaning-183716
- ^ Aniceto C. Orbeta Jr., Structural Adjustment and Poverty Alleviation in the Philippines, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, April 1996.
- ^ http://www.gov.ph/1985/07/22/ferdinand-e-marcos-twentieth-state-of-the-nation-address-july-22-1985/
- ^ a b Morada, Noel M. & Collier, Christopher (1998). "The Philippines: State Versus Society?". In Alagappa, Muthiah. Asian security practice: material and ideational influences. Stanford University Press. p. 554. ISBN 978-0-8047-3348-9.
- ^ Nadeau, Kathleen M. (2002). Liberation theology in the Philippines: faith in a revolution. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-275-97198-4.
- ^ Kang, David C. (2002). Crony capitalism: corruption and development in South Korea and the Philippines. Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-521-00408-4.
- ^ Sidel, John Thayel (1999). Capital, coercion, and crime: bossism in the maPhilippines. Stanford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8047-3746-3.
- ^ Boyce, James K. (2002). The political economy of the environment. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-1-84376-108-2.
- ^ "The Marcos Chronology". http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
- ^ "MARCOS AND WIFE, 8 OTHERS CHARGED BY U.S. WITH FRAUD". The New York Times. 22 October 1988. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
- ^ George de Lama; Dorothy Collin (February 26, 1986). "Marcos Flees, Aquino Rules". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
- ^ Halperin, Jonathan J. (1987). The Other Side: How Soviets and Americans Perceive Each Other. Transaction Publishers. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-88738-687-9.
- ^ "Philippines blast wrecks Marcos bust". BBC News. December 29, 2002. Retrieved November 19, 2007.
- ^ Brysk, Alison (2005). Human rights and private wrongs: constructing global civil society. Psychology Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-415-94477-9.
- ^ Hrvoje Hranjski (September 12, 2006). "No hero's resting place as Imelda Marcos finds site for husband's grave". The Scotsman (UK). Retrieved November 19, 2007.
- ^ Schirmer, Daniel B. & Shalom, Stephen R. (1987). The Philippines reader: a history of colonialism, neocolonialism, dictatorship, and resistance. South End Press. p. 361. ISBN 978-0-89608-275-5.
- ^ Stephens, Beth (2008). International human rights litigation in U.S. courts. BRILL. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-57105-353-4.
- ^ jurist.law.pitt.edu, Supreme Court rules in Marcos assets
- ^ supremecourt.gov, REPUBLIC OF PHILIPPINES ET AL. v. PIMENTEL, June 12, 2008, No. 06–1204
- ^ "Court ruling hinders Marcos victims seeking funds". USA Today. June 12, 2008.
- ^ "Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime". Hartford-hwp.com. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
- ^ Alexander Martin Remollino (September 17, 2006). "Marcos Kin, Allies Still within Corridors of Power". Bulatalat. Retrieved November 19, 2007.
- ^ Benjie Oliveros (September 17, 2006). "The Specter of Martial Law". Bulatalat. Retrieved November 19, 2007.
Further reading[edit]
- Aquino, Belinda, ed. (1982). Cronies and Enemies: the Current Philippine Scene. Philippine Studies Program, Center for Asian and Pacific Studies, University of Hawaii.
- Bonner, Raymond (1987). Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy. Times Books, New York ISBN 978-0-8129-1326-2
- Celoza, Albert F. (1997). Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: the political economy of authoritarianism. Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 978-0-275-94137-6.
- Salonga, Jovito (2001). Presidential Plunder: The Quest for Marcos Ill-gotten Wealth. Regina Pub. Co., Manila
- Seagrave, Sterling (1988): The Marcos Dynasty, Harper Collins
- Library of Congress Country Studies: Philippines. The Inheritance from Marcos
External links[edit]
- Philippine government website on the country's presidents
- The Philippine Presidency Project
- Marcos Presidential Center
- Heroes and Killers of the 20th century: killer file: Ferdinand Marcos
- Ferdinand Marcos at the Internet Movie Database
Political offices | ||
Preceded by Eulogio Rodriguez |
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President of the Philippines December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986 |
Succeeded by Corazon Aquino |
Preceded by None |
Presiding Officer of the Legislative Advisory Council 1976–1978 |
Succeeded by Position abolished |
Preceded by Jorge B. Vargas (Ministries involved) |
Prime Minister of the Philippines 1978–1981 |
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House of Representatives of the Philippines | ||
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It was the black '73 model ...
I've seen many photos of Elvis' Stutz Blackhawks. However, does anyone know for sure which one he was driving the night before his death when he went to the dentist? Was it the 1973 model? The 1972 was white and he wasn't using the '71 model as much by then right?
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Upcoming Events & Meetings
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- Published on Wednesday, 24 February 2010 21:49
NATIONAL NIGHT OUT - Tuesday August 2nd Evening, various locations
OUTDOOR MOVIE IN THE PARK & BACK-TO-SCHOOL DESSERT MIXER - Friday September 16th @ 6:30 PM Hoyt Arboretum Shell
SHNA, Friends of Hoyt Arboretum, Friends of Trees and students of the Sylvan Middle Schools cohost this late summer dessert mixer and movie under the trees in Hoyt Arboretum. You provide something to sit on, dessert to share and beverages for yourself. Friends of Trees volunteers will present several mini-tours of the groves near the Wedding Meadow. September in Portland will provide the scenery and weather. Freshly popped popcorn! Gather at 6:30. Movie at sundown.
STREET TREE PRUNING WORKSHOP - Saturday November 5th @ 9:30 AM
OREGON ZOOLIGHTS & HOLIDAY FOOD DRIVE - Thursday, December 8th @ 6:30 PM
Celebrate the season with your neighbors at a special FREE exhibition of the ZooLights and Cookie Exchange. Bring your favorite batch of homemade cookies to share and a packaged food item to donate to the Oregon Food Bank. Check in at the front gate and gather in the designated Zoo meeting room to drop off your donation and sample cookies. Zoo entrance is free for you and your guests who arrive with you. Local ID required.


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Rob Ford Has Given Out The Worst Advice For Daylight Savings
It's okay Robby. People will let this go, just as they did the crack cocaine and public drunken stupors.
It's okay Robby. People will let this go, just as they did the crack cocaine and public drunken stupors.
The 2014 season of Formula One racing begins on Sunday 16 March in Melbourne, Australia. New technical rules and driver moves mean the new season is the most unpredictable in years. If you're a fan, this epic video by YouTube user Boris9077HD will get you all revved up for the season. If you're not a fan, this might go some way to explaining what all the fuss is about. Short version: Epic Video Is Epic…
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Cheese + Chips + Salsa + Sriracha? There are so many different ways to make the most delicious snack in the world.
Board games are not just a great way to have fun. They are beneficial! Board games can actually make you more awesome. Here are 8 things board games can teach you:
It is almost 50 years old, but you know what? Old is truly gold
This winter has been pretty intense. Yet, in spite of all the cold, snow, and ice, winter is still awesome.
What better way to celebrate Mindy and the gang getting a third season?
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This list makes for a pretty good game of I Spy.
What's stopping us from getting stronger? It's how we treat each other. Here are six ways we can stop hating and start communicating:
Chip and Dale are kind of jerks…hilarious jerks.
Zombies are real, just ask your bartender.
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Charlie the Maltese terrier was just hours away from death last weekend, vets saved his life with a bottle of vodka.
Great video from the Addo Elephant National Park in South Africa.
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What do Mufasa, Mr. Banks, and Mrs. Potts all have in common? They were all EXCELLENT Disney parents. You won't find any Lady Tremaines in this list.
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You already know who Salman Rushdie, Arundhati Roy and Vikram Seth are. Here are few others who are just as exceptionally good.
Oy with the poodles already!
Cod Damn!!!
If only we could all be so lucky.


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African-American entrepreneur Wally Amos founded the Famous Amos cookie brand. He also worked as a talent agent and discovered Simon & Garfunkel.
Pamela Anderson first gained fame in the pages of Playboy and rose to international fame with her role on Baywatch. She garnered more fame in 2010, when she competed on Dancing with the Stars.
Dan Aykroyd is a Canadian actor and comedian known for his performances on Saturday Night Live, and in the hit films The Blues Brothers and Ghostbusters.
Benjamin Oliver Davis, Sr., was the first African-American general for the U.S. Army, after starting as a volunteer in the Spanish-American War.
Missy Elliott is a Grammy Award-winning singer, rapper, songwriter and producer who achieved great success while breaking boundaries in the field of hip-hop.
An early 20th century filmmaking pioneer and one of the first to make a narrative fiction film, Alice Guy-Blaché made more than 1,000 films and ran her own film studio in New Jersey, experimenting with sound syncing, color tinting, interracial casting and special effects.
Debbie Harry is a singer and actress who became famous for leading the new wave band Blondie. Her blond hair and cool sexuality made her an instant music icon.
Estée Lauder started her own beauty company in 1946. Her business, which includes such product lines as Estée Lauder, MAC Cosmetics and Clinique, continues to thrive to this day.
Anglo-American stage and film actor Charles Laughton starred in The Old Dark House and Mutiny on the Bounty. He also directed The Night of the Hunter.
Track and field athlete Carl Lewis competed in four Olympic Games. He won nine gold medals, including four at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles.
Mireya Moscoso was a Panamanian politician and the first woman president of Panama (1999–2004). She oversaw the U.S. handover of the Panama Canal.
Tommy Mottola is a high-powered music executive who is credited with launching the careers of Mariah Carey, Beyoncé and Celine Dion, among others.
Juan Carlos Onetti was an Uruguayan novelist and short-story writer whose existential works, including A Brief Life, chronicled the decay of modern urban life.
Sydney Pollack is an Oscar-winning film director, producer and actor. His director credits include Tootsie and Three Days of the Condor.
Princess Diana was Princess of Wales while married to Prince Charles. One of the most adored members of the British royal family, she died in a 1997 car crash.
American film and TV actor Alan Ruck is beloved for his role as Cameron Frye, the best friend of Ferris Bueller, in John Hughes's 1986 film Ferris Bueller's Day Off.
French author Amandine Aaurore Lucile Dudevant wrote many popular novels during the Romantic period under the pseudonym George Sand.
Fred Schneider is best known as the lead singer of rock band The B-52s. He's known for his style of reciting poetry over music, called sprechgesang.
Chandra Shekhar Singh was a politician and legislator who served as Prime Minister of India from 1990-1991.
Dancer and choreographer Twyla Tharp founded the Twyla Tharp Dance Company. Her work for the American Ballet Theatre combined classical and modern styles.
Liv Tyler is an actress best known as an elf named Arwen in the Lord of the Rings films.
Gideon Welles was a 19th century journalist and politician who served as secretary of the U.S. Navy under presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.
As a member of the NAACP, Walter White investigated lynchings and worked to end segregation. He was the organization's executive secretary from 1931 to 1955.


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Actress Diane Kruger attends the amfAR Cinema Against AIDS 2009 benefit at the Hotel du Cap during the 62nd Annual Cannes Film Festival on May 21, 2009 in Antibes, France. 62nd Annual Cannes Film Festival - amfAR Cinema Against AIDS - Arrivals Hotel du Cap Antibes, France May 21, 2009 Photo by Dominique Charriau/WireImage.com To license this image (57505864), contact WireImage.com
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When I upload an image using the Wordpress image uploader, it opens a box for a description of the image (alt tag). Is there any reason to bother with doing...
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If I don't want to use an "off-the-shelf" theme with Wordpress, what's the easiest way to effectively customize a theme? I'm not sure I'm ready to build one...
If customers must run XP after April 8, switch to alternate browser that still gets patches, advises team from Dept. of Homeland Security.
Microsoft has added features to the text editor of Outlook Web App to improve its handling of text, tables, images and hyperlinks.
Should Android be able to run Windows applications? Plus: Three alternative browsers for Linux, and Wil Wheaton does not enjoy using Ubuntu these days.
Security experts say many airlines lack the latest tracking equipment; it's still unclear what was carried on missing Malaysia Airlines plane.
Slick video conjures up thinner, lighter Apple iPhone with bigger screen.
A sneak peek at the annual Computing Research Association's (CRA) report on computer science enrollments at colleges shows that strong demand for technically-savvy workers is luring students in a big way.
Adobe released updates for Flash Player that fix two vulnerabilities that could allow attackers to bypass security controls in the software.
The right to data protection was underlined by European politicians on Wednesday as the European Parliament voted by a huge majority in favour of new laws safeguarding citizens rights.
Sharing a selection of signals intelligence data without permission is illegal, the committee found.
Cisco unveiled Wednesday an array of video conferencing products as it seeks to provide video collaboration systems for meeting rooms of all sizes.
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