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Thrillville (PSP)
Manufacturer: LucasArts Part number: 40439
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- Visit Thrillville for a nonstop party in a theme park you create. An all-access pass to adventure and fun, Thrillville for PSP lets you experience a fully interactive and customizable amusement park where you can play dozens of midway minigames, interact with your park guests, and even build and ride roller coasters and over 100 attractions. Thrillville combines elements of ... Read more
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Toy Story is one of the most popular franchises to come from Pixar Animation Studios. The series marked the first feature-length film to come from the studio, spawned a spin-off TV series and more recently, has its own attraction at Disneyland and Walt Disney World called Toy Story Midway Mania. Disney Interactive Studios decided the latter would make a great a video game, and while at first glance it appears like a competent home version of the ride it's actually nothing more than another shallow mini-game compilation for the Wii.
The premise of Toy Story Mania is Andy's toys have set up a carnival and challenge each other to a host of mini-games. The story doesn't really go anywhere and is composed entirely of a brief introduction video and a few of the toys making comments before and after completing each round.
Those that have been lucky enough to experience the Disneyland attraction will know it's quite a dazzling display of technology. The ride has visitors wear a pair of 3D glasses and sit in a cart that takes you through multiple shooting galleries which are displayed on giant screens. Your goal is to use the laser gun attached to the cart and rank in the highest score by shooting targets. For the most part the game competently recreates this – galleries are almost exact replicas of those featured in the ride, and the game even comes packaged with a set of 3D glasses to make the experience that little bit more authentic. Each shooting gallery also features a number of objectives to complete which range from shooting down a specific target a certain amount of times, to making an event occur such unmasking a hidden bunker during one of the Army Men levels. It never takes itself too seriously and is just plain good fun.
To mix things up a little the developers have incorporated dozens of mini-games that are designed to compliment the shooting galleries. These range from guiding a ball through a maze by tilting the Wii remote, playing a game of Pick-A-Cup and wildly mimicking a break-dancing Hamm. All these examples have been done hundreds of times before, which ultimately make Toy Story Mania feel dull and unimaginative. So really, the main attraction here are the shooting galleries, but even they have their faults. Firstly, there are times where your crosshair disappears when you move it over backgrounds. This can get particularly frustrating when you're trying to shoot specific targets and complete objectives. Secondly, there are moments where you can activate events and rank in bonus points but rotating the Wii remote. Again, it's unimaginative and feels like an excuse just to tack on half-arsed waggle controls.
Another element that's poorly integrated is the game's multiplayer support. Supposedly you're able to play with up to four players, however, this isn't simultaneously. The shooting galleries only allow two players to compete per round, so if you have more than two people playing it means you'll have to take turns sitting out. To make matters worse, most of the non-shooting mini-games can only be played by one person at a time, which is just pathetic. There are dozens of other party titles available on the Wii that integrate multiplayer efficiently, so you really have to question the design decisions the developers made considering how packed out the market already is.
It's a shame the gameplay is lacklustre because Toy Story Mania has really high production values. The quality of character animations is almost flawless, with each toy closely resembling their movie counterpart. In fact, we'd go as far to say there will be times where you will have to do a double take to know if you were actually watching one of the films or playing the game. The sound is also top notch – despite having to recast several characters there is not a single moment where you'll go "Hey, that doesn't sound like the Woody I know". The music is also very inspiring and fits in well with the franchise.
Despite having high production values and being a competent home version of the ride, Toy Story Mania is ultimately just another shallow mini-game compilation for the Wii. The only real attraction here are the shooting galleries, everything else has been done at least a hundred times before which makes the experience feel dull and unimaginative. To top it off, multiplayer support is poorly integrated which is disappointing given there are dozens of better party games available.
Joseph Rositano
05 Nov, 2009
05 Nov, 2009
Toy Story Mania Review
Wii Review | It's time to chuck the toys into the fireplace.
The Score
Toy Story Mania is a decent home version of the popular Disneyland and Walt Disney World attraction, but ultimately it's just another lacklustre mini-game compilation for the Wii. | 5 |
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Kirk R. and Mary A. Malone of Marietta are celebrating their 35th anniversary. They were married June 12, 1976, in Columbus, with Ivan Burks officiating.
She is the daughter of Wanda Burks and the late Carl Rober Burks. He is the son of the late Jack R. and Charlotte Malone.
They are the parents of: Greg (Jessica) Malone; Shawn (Gloria) Malone; Nicole (Joe) Banfield; and Natalie (C.J.) Vaughan.
The couple are the grandparents of: Gaven and Kaleb Malone; Baylee and Julia Malone; Jacob and Jackson Banfield; and one deceased grandson, Reese Bradley Malone. They are expecting another grandchild in August.
They celebrated with a Western Caribbean cruise with family and friends.


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My wife thinks that giving gifts during Chanukah is just an imitation of what everyone else is doing at this time of year. Are Chanukah gifts Jewish?
The original Jewish custom is to give "Chanukah gelt" (money) rather than presents. There are a number of reasons given for this practice:
Now, to get back to your question, it is true that the practice of giving gifts on Chanukah has been popularized largely due to Chanukah's proximity to the Christian holiday season. As such, to maintain Jewish tradition, many Jewish families make a point to give Chanukah gelt as opposed to other presents. Your wife knows what she's talking about.
1. | Shabbat 22a. |
2. | Likutei Levi Yitzchak, Igrot, p. 358. |
3. | Shabbat 23a. |
4. | Magen Avraham, preface to Orach Chaim 670. |
5. | This subtle form of "bribery" is an essential component in the educational process. Maimonides discusses the importance of using incentives and prizes until a child is old enough to independently understand the importance and beauty of the Torah and mitzvahs (Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Teshuvah 10:5). |
6. | Likutei Levi Yitzchak ibid. |
7. | Likutei Sichot, vol. 10, p. 291. |


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The International Vocational Education and Training Association (IVETA) invites the submission of proposals for presentation on the theme of Internationalization in Technical -Vocational Education and Training (TVET) for its international conference on August 20-23 in Helsinki (Finland) and St. Petersburg, (Russian Federation). TVET is used to include VET and CTE.
Details on the Conference - Click Here
Proposal Submission - Click Here
Internationalization, together with developments in information technology, is one of the predominant trends in present-day society, having an impact on all citizens and societal institutions. In the field of vocational education and training, international influences have been evident for many years. Information across borders and contact with other countries have become natural elements of our daily life and work. Internationalization of vocational education and training is not an end in itself but rather a means to achieve the general aims for education and training in relation to individuals, the labour market and the society at large.
Thank you for your continued support of IVETA!
IVETA President, Olga Oleynikova and Madlen Serban, Director of ETF signed a Declaration of Intent to do the following:
© 2013 - International Vocational Education and Training Association


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LONG, P. and PALMER, N. J., eds. (2008). Royal tourism : excursions around monarchy. Tourism and cultural change, 14 . Clevedon, Channel View Publications.
Full text not available from this repository.Abstract
There are multiple and complex relationships between royalty and tourism which have received little attention in the academic literature. This book draws on historical, sociological and cultural perspectives to examine the royal tourism phenomenon in several international and theoretical contexts. Authors in this volume examine subjects such as: the history, development and trajectories of royal tourism; royal tourism and national identities; the interpretation of royalty to tourists; the image(s) and representations of royal tourism; tourist perceptions of royaltyand royal properties and sites; royalty, tourism and national image, identity and citizenship.
Item Type: | Edited Book |
Research Institute, Centre or Group: | Centre for Tourism, Hospitality and Events Research |
Related URLs: | |
Depositing User: | Nicola Palmer |
Date Deposited: | 22 Jul 2010 12:09 |
Last Modified: | 25 Nov 2010 09:40 |
URI: | http://shura.shu.ac.uk/id/eprint/2339 |
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Forum Index » Gear Swap » FS New with tags Marmot Zeus 800 Fill Down Jacket Size XL
JACKET SOLD.Time to clear some stuff out of the gear closet for new purchases.For sale: Marmot Zeus 800 fill down jacket. New with tags. $95 shipped in the CONUS via USPS. Payment via Paypal Personal/Gift or add 3%.Thanks,Chris
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WindSat Passive Microwave Polarimetric Signatures of the Greenland Ice Sheet WindSat has systematically collected the first global fully polarimetric passive microwave data over both land and ocean. As the first spaceborne polarimetric microwave radiometer, it was designed to measure ocean surface wind speed and direction by including the third and fourth Stokes parameters, which are mostly related to the asymmetric structures of the ocean surface roughness. Although designed for wind vector retrieval, WindSat data are also collected over land and ice, and this new data has revealed, for the first time, significant land signals in the third and fourth Stokes parameter channels, particularly over Greenland and the Antarctic ice sheets. The third and fourth Stokes parameters show well-defined large azimuth modulations that appear to be correlated with geophysical variations, particularly snow structure, melting, and metamorphism, and have distinct seasonal variation. The polarimetric signatures are relatively weak in the summer and are strongest around spring. This corresponds well with the formation and erosion of the sastrugi in the dry snow zone and snowmelt in the soaked zone. In this paper, we present the full polarimetric signatures obtained from WindSat over Greenland, and use a simple empirical observation model to quantify the azimuthal variations of the signatures in space and time. 2622 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, VOL. 46, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2008 WindSat Passive Microwave Polarimetric Signatures of the Greenland Ice Sheet Li Li, Senior Member, IEEE, Peter Gaiser, Senior Member, IEEE, Mary R. Albert, David G. Long, Fellow, IEEE, and Elizabeth M. Twarog Abstract WindSat has systematically collected the first global fully polarimetric passive microwave data over both land and ocean. As the first spaceborne polarimetric microwave radiometer, it was designed to measure ocean surface wind speed and direction by including the third and fourth Stokes parameters, which are mostly related to the asymmetric structures of the ocean surface roughness. Although designed for wind vector retrieval, WindSat data are also collected over land and ice, and this new data has revealed, for the first time, significant land signals in the third and fourth Stokes parameter channels, particularly over Greenland and the Antarctic ice sheets. The third and fourth Stokes parameters show well-defined large azimuth modulations that appear to be correlated with geophysical variations, particularly snow structure, melting, and metamorphism, and have distinct seasonal variation. The polarimetric signatures are relatively weak in the summer and are strongest around spring. This corresponds well with the formation and erosion of the sastrugi in the dry snow zone and snowmelt in the soaked zone. In this paper, we present the full polarimetric signatures obtained from WindSat over Greenland, and use a simple empirical observation model to quantify the azimuthal variations of the signatures in space and time. Index Terms Greenland ice sheet, ice, polarimetric microwave radiometry, snow,WindSat. I. INTRODUCTION FOR DECADES, microwave radiometry has proven to be a valuable tool for polar research because of its high sensitivity to the physical properties of snow. For example, microwave emission is very sensitive to snow wetness; hence, Abdalati and Steffen [1] and Mote and Anderson [27] used microwave data to detect snowmelt over Greenland. Over dry snow regions, snow and surface air temperatures have been inferred from satellite radiometer data [32], [37], [42]. Grody and Basist [18] and West et al. [45] also showed that snow stratification can change microwave emission and its frequency dependence. Abdalati and Steffen [2] and Flach et al. [12] modeled the relationship between microwave emission and snow accumulation/microstructure. The influence of hoar formation on the emission was also demonstrated using ground and satellite-based data [19], [25]. Shuman et al. [31] demonstrated how to detect the formation of hoar with passive mi- Manuscript received February 23, 2007; revised September 4, 2007. This work was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research and in part by the NPOESS Integrated Program Office. L. Li, P. Gaiser, and E. M. Twarog are with the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 USA. M. R. Albert is with Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. D. G. Long is with the Center for Remote Sensing, Microwave Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TGRS.2008.917727 crowave data, creating a reliable dating tool for snow pits and ice cores, therefore improving the interpretation of ice core paleoclimatic records. Recent studies also revealed correlations between azimuthal modulation of microwave emission from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imagers (SSM/I) and snow surface roughness induced by winds [24]. The aforementioned work used heritage satellite microwave radiometers, such as the SSM/I and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR), which measure only vertically and horizontally polarized radiation. These two polarizations represent the first two of the four elements of the radiometric Stokes vector, which fully defines electromagnetic radiation. The third and fourth components of the Stokes vector, representing the cross correlation of the first two components, were originally neglected because they were presumed to be too small or zero at satellite footprint scales [38], [40]. However, several airborne radiometer campaigns over the ocean demonstrated measurable ( 2.5 K maximum) third and fourth Stokes parameters with signatures that are mostly related to the asymmetric structures of the ocean surface roughness [15], [30], [48]. Following this discovery, the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) developed and launchedWindSat, the first spaceborne polarimetric microwave radiometer, under the sponsorship of the U.S. Navy and the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System [14]. Using the polarimetric signature over the ocean, WindSat has demonstrated that it is indeed feasible to retrieve ocean surface vector winds from a multifrequency polarimetric radiometer (e.g., [9]). In addition to successfully retrieving ocean vector winds and supporting new science in oceanography, the WindSat mission has measured unexpected and unexplained polarimetric signals (the third and fourth Stokes parameters) from Greenland and Antarctica that are about eight times stronger than those from the ocean. For example, Fig. 1 depicts all four modified Stokes parameters collected from ascending and descending passes at 18.7 GHz over the Northern Hemisphere for the period of February 1 9, 2004. The strong third and fourth Stokes parameters stand out clearly and uniquely over Greenland against a much weaker ocean and land background. Although the third Stokes parameter shows a small (< 1 K) signal over land elsewhere, over Greenland the third Stokes parameter varies between 10 to 20 K, which is roughly eight times stronger than the ocean polarimetric signal. In this paper, we focus our analysis on WindSat data over Greenland, characterizing its polarimetric signatures and their associated temporal and spatial variations. We also discuss the related surface and volume scattering theory related to these observed signatures. The main purpose of this paper is to present the unique polarimetric signatures of polar ice sheets uncovered 0196-2892/$25.00 2008 IEEE Authorized licensed use limited to: Brigham Young University. Downloaded on February 2, 2009 at 12:20 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. LI et al.: WINDSAT PASSIVE MICROWAVE POLARIMETRIC SIGNATURES OF THE GREENLAND ICE SHEET 2623 Fig. 1. Composite WindSat polarimetric measurements at 18.7 GHz for the four Stokes parameters collected by WindSat during February 1 10, 2003. by WindSat and to stimulate new polar research activities in areas of snow asymmetry structure and its interaction with microwaves. Fig. 2. Greenland map showing postulated locations of key ice facies [10] and study site locations for WindSat data. II. GREENLAND CLIMATOLOGY As one of Earth s two great ice sheets, the Greenland ice sheet is an environmentally sensitive area that plays a significant role in global sea level and climate change. The polar firn contains records of both long- and short-term local climate through the layering of the firn that is created by patterns of snow deposition and of hoar complex formation. The firn physical properties control microwave emission, linking the sensor data to environmental change in the polar region. The physical properties of the snow and firn also control air snow exchange processes, which affect both the atmospheric chemistry (e.g., [11]) and the chemical and physical content of the firn that eventually becomes the ice core record (e.g., [4]). Therefore, understanding the polarimetric signature, uniquely afforded byWindSat, and its relationship to the snow properties and microstructures could have a profound impact on climate studies. Based on snow metamorphism and melt, the Greenland ice sheet can be subdivided into several distinct facies or zones [10], [23]. These zones are shown in Fig. 2 and are defined as follows. The dry-snow zone of the central Greenland, delineated by the blue line in Fig. 2, experiences negligible snow melt due to its high altitude and low physical temperature. Nevertheless, snowpack diagenesis does take place, resulting in growth in snow grain size and formation of a winter wind slab. The annual accumulation in the dry snow zone is closely related to precipitation and/or wind flow patterns. Down-slope from the dry snow zone is the percolation zone where summer melt water percolates down through the snowpack. In Fig. 2, the percolation zone is depicted by the purple line. The melting and refreezing cycle produces larger snow grains, ice lenses, pipes, and layering. Further down-slope in the soaked or wet-snow Authorized licensed use limited to: Brigham Young University. Downloaded on February 2, 2009 at 12:20 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. 2624 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, VOL. 46, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2008 zone delineated by the orange line, melt water saturated the snowpack down to the previous summer surface. Such wet snow in the summer generates thick layers of dense ice during the refreezing in the fall. As a general rule, there is no significant melting in the winter anywhere in Greenland. The glacier exhibits a large range of surface roughness in various forms, such as sastrugi, which are indicators of air snow interaction and often can be detected by many high-resolution remote-sensing sensors. Herzfeld [20] performed ice surface classification based on image data such as synthetic aperture radar. Germain et al. [15] and Nolin and Payne [29] extracted surface roughness from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) data. These data can be potentially useful in interpreting rough surface effect on WindSat polarimetric signatures. The Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net) collects climate information on Greenland s ice sheet using automatic weather stations (AWSs) [33]. Among them, we selected three station locations in two different ice sheet zones, as shown in Fig. 2. The Summit and North Greenland Ice-Core Project (NGRIP) sites are both well studied and located inside the dry snow zone, but have different snow characteristics. The JAR site is within the soaked snow zone. These sites have very different seasonal atmospheric temperature variations and different snow properties that reflect changes in surface energy balance, as described above, which result in significantly different emission/ scattering signatures in WindSat data. III. WINDSAT INSTRUMENT AND DATA The modified Stokes vector provides a full characterization of electromagnetic radiation [38]. It is defined as IS = TV TH U V = C 1 EVE V 1 EHE H 2 Re EVE H 2 Im EVE H (1) where the first two Stokes parameters TV and TH are the brightness temperatures of vertical and horizontal polarizations, respectively. The third (U) and fourth (V ) Stokes parameters represent the cross-correlational terms of vertical and horizontal polarizations. The total radiated energy is represented by I = TV + TH, while the linear polarization difference Q = TV TH, together with U and V , describes fully the polarized components. In the past, Q was often referred as polarization difference and used extensive to represent polarized nature of natural radiation. U and V were generally assumed to be zero and neglected in microwave radiometry [38], [40]. For decades, satellite microwave radiometers, including SMMR, SSM/I, and AMSR-E, have been measuring the first two components for many science applications, neglecting the third and fourth components. As a fully polarimetric microwave radiometer,WindSat measures all four parameters of the modified Stokes vector at 10.7, 18.7, and 37.0 GHz, along with TV and TH at 6.8 and 23.8 GHz. The conically scanned WindSat has a forward swath of about 1000 km and a 53 Earth incidence angle (EIA). The 830-km orbit is sun synchronous with ascending equatorial crossings at 6:00 P.M. local time. In the standard WindSat Sensor Data Record (SDR) products, all the brightness temperatures of different frequencies are resampled and beam-averaged to a common spatial resolution of approximately 40 km by 60 km (the approximate 6-GHz ground footprint). We then bin the SDR swath data onto the 25-km Northern and Southern Hemispheres EASE-grid and compile them into separate daily ascending and descending data files. A time series of brightness temperature data are then extracted from the EASE-Grid data for the selected Greenland sites. In this paper, we use two years of WindSat data from February 2003 to January 2005. IV. AZIMUTHAL MODULATION MODELING A random medium is reflection symmetric if, for any realization of the medium permittivity and permeability, there is another realization that is a mirror image to the former realization. For example, a wind roughened ocean surface can be regarded as reflection symmetric with respect to the wind direction. In general, the signatures of the U and V are directly related to the reflection symmetry of the target media. Using a reflection operator for Maxwell s equations, Yueh et al. [47] showed that, if a random medium is reflection symmetric about an azimuthal plane, TV and TH are even (i.e., cosine) functions of azimuthal direction, while U and V are odd (i.e., sine) functions. For a random medium with no preferred azimuthal orientation, the reflection symmetry holds for any azimuthal plane. In this case, the U and V can be shown to be zero. U and V respond most strongly to the azimuthal asymmetry structure of the snowpack and, thus, are strong functions of the observation geometry. TV and TH respond mostly to the dielectric properties and temperature of the snow/firn. When analyzing U and V , it is essential to account for the azimuth modulations to separate the observation geometry effects from environmental variations. Then, we can examine the changes in the microwave signature to infer the temporal and spatial variations in the physical properties of the ice sheet. A simple and effective way to define the microwave signature is to construct an empirical observation model with a small number of model parameters that can account for the signature variability and separate different effects in the measurements. Given the constant EIA of the WindSat conical scanning geometry, U and V over Greenland are functions of satellite azimuth look angle (observation geometry) and ice-sheet characteristics [5]. We thus adopt the following simple empirical observation model for the polarimetric emissions: U V = U0 + U1 sin( 1) + U2 sin 2( 2) V0 + V1 sin( 1) + V2 sin 2( 2) (2) where is the compass azimuth observation angle at the pierce point ( = 0 points to the north, = 90 points to the east); {Ui} and {V i} are the coefficients of the azimuth modulation, and { i} and { i} are the orientations of different harmonics. The first harmonic coefficients U1 and V1 describe the emission signatures that are related to the 180 asymmetry structures of the snowpack. The second harmonic coefficients U2 and V2 represent the 90 asymmetry structures. For the more familiar case of ocean surface scattering, the 180 asymmetry is induced by the asymmetric surface features on the leeward and windward faces of large-scale waves, while the 90 asymmetry Authorized licensed use limited to: Brigham Young University. Downloaded on February 2, 2009 at 12:20 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. LI et al.: WINDSAT PASSIVE MICROWAVE POLARIMETRIC SIGNATURES OF THE GREENLAND ICE SHEET 2625 Fig. 3. Four Stokes parameters at 10.7 GHz observed by WindSat over the Summit study site in Greenland during April 2003. The solid line is the fitted second-order harmonic model. See text for discussion. is due to the difference in surface roughness between upwind and crosswind directions. For the case of firn, combined surface roughness and volume scattering from snow dunes and sastrugi can produce similar 180 and 90 asymmetry structures [24]. Our approach is to examine the temporal variations of the model coefficients (2) of WindSat polarimetric data at different locations in Greenland. Signatures in vertical and horizontal polarization channels, as well as AWS in situ data, are included for comparison to illustrate the new information content in the polarimetric channels. Because the dry snow zone characteristics change slowly over Greenland, we estimate the model parameters using a 30-day time window and intervals. Measurements from both ascending and descending passes are combined in the estimations. For wet snow zone, the melt signal is very strong and rapid, and it dominates the data point before the onset of the melt. Thus, our observation data model can still capture the dynamics of the polarimetric signature well on monthly time scales, although the model error will increase slightly. V. RESULTS A. Azimuthal Modulation Over Dry-Snow Zone Scatter plots of 10.7-GHz brightness temperatures versus azimuth look angles are shown in Fig. 3 for the month of April 2003. The azimuthal angle is defined as the compass azimuth angle of the radiometer antenna beam at the pierce point of the Earth s surface. The measurements are extracted from the WindSat EASE-Grid data set near the Summit site. Each data point represents a single satellite overpass with no binning or averaging performed in the azimuthal direction. The measurements centered on 210 correspond to satellite descending passes at approximately 7:30 A.M. local time; while the measurements around 340 are from ascending passes near 4:30 P.M. local time. Fig. 4. Time series ofWindSat observations over the Greenland Summit study site from April 1, 2003 to December 30, 2004. The 10.7-, 18.7-, and 37.0-GHz data are color coded with black, purple, and blue, respectively. (a) In situ air and snow temperature. A 30-day running average is applied to the air temperature to delineate its trend and minimize short-term diurnal and storm fluctuations. (b) Vertically polarized brightness temperature of descending orbits. The top left panel in Fig. 3 shows 10.7-GHz vertical polarization brightness temperatures. There is an asymmetric brightness temperature difference of about 2 K between ascending and descending passes with less than 1 K of scatter in the data. This 2 K difference is not likely a diurnal effect because 10.7-GHz radiation has a snow penetration depth of more than 10 m, while the hourly sampled snow temperature varies very slowly with time, even at 1-m depth [as shown in Fig. 4(a)]. We note that in the horizontal polarization plotted in the top right panel, scatter in the data are large, more than 8 K, which overwhelms any similar small azimuthal modulations on the order of 1 2 K. The large scatter in horizontal brightness temperatures and the relatively small dynamic range in vertical polarization are consistent with previous theoretical and experimental studies [13], [31]. In sharp contrast to TV and TH, the bottom panels showing 10.7 GHz U and V observations reveal well-pronounced azimuthal dependencies, both within and between the passes. The scatter in the data are much less than TH and comparable to the scatter in TV. However, there are clearly azimuthal dependencies within the 290 to 360 azimuth angles of ascending passes, while TV shows azimuthal dependencies only between ascending and descending passes. The peak-to-peak signals of the azimuthal modulations are also much larger, about 7 and 18 K for U and V , respectively. This is a unique and extremely strong signal compared to either the ocean or other land areas. Although the azimuth sampling range is limited, the data fit the empirical second-order harmonic model in (2) very well, as depicted by the solid lines. We also fit the model to WindSat U and V data from different months and obtained similar azimuthal modulation signals, indicating that WindSat Authorized licensed use limited to: Brigham Young University. Downloaded on February 2, 2009 at 12:20 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. 2626 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, VOL. 46, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2008 polarimetric data can be well modeled using the second-order harmonic model. In addition to the strong azimuthal signal, a striking signature of the Greenland polar firn is its stronger V signals relative to U. Fig. 1 shows that such a signature exists for most part of Greenland. This unique signature has never been observed in nature before and cannot be explained by surface scattering alone. Tsang [39] formulated a theory for passive microwave polarimetry for the case of discrete scatterers and rough surface scattering. Using vector radiative transfer simulations, he showed that U and V can be very significant if the discrete scatterers have certain statistical asymmetrical configurations. He also suggested it is possible to retrieve information concerning particle orientation distribution from the U and V . Following these studies, polarimetric signatures of 1-D rough soil surfaces and 2-D asymmetrical surfaces were also investigated using an integral equation approach [22], [43]. In addition, fully polarimetric two-scale models were developed for ocean surface scattering and compared with experiment data (e.g., [15], [48], and [49]). Except for the volume scattering model developed by [39], all ocean and land surface scattering models predicted a much weaker fourth Stokes parameter. Exploring this strong polarimetric signature could potentially open a new area of microwave remote sensing of the cryosphere. B. Temporal Variation of Dry-Snow Zone 1) Summit Site: Fig. 4(a) plots time series of in situ air temperature at 1-m height and snow temperature at 1-m depth extracted from the GC-Net AWS stations at the Summit site. A 30-day running average is applied to the air temperature to delineate its trend and minimize short-term diurnal and storm fluctuations. Note that no running average was applied to snow temperature at 1-m depth, since it shows very little fluctuation and minimal temporal or seasonal variation. At this site, snow accumulation events occur throughout the year. The total accumulation is about 65 cm/year. In the dry snow region of Greenland, TV and TH are very sensitive to the effective physical temperature of the dry firn [37], [50]. Fig. 4(b) shows time series of WindSat vertically polarized brightness temperatures over the Summit site for the 10.7-, 18.7-, and 37-GHz channels. Clearly, the WindSat measurements follow the general seasonal variations of in situ air or snow physical temperatures, although the different frequencies peak at different times. For example, the 10.7-GHz data peak about early September (Day 245 and 600), while the 18-GHz data peak about five days earlier than 10-GHz data. This phase difference between the two peaks is due to the different penetration depths at the different frequencies [37]. In summer, there is a temperature gradient in the snow due to the warming of near-surface layers, while the deeper layers are still cold from the previous winter. The 37-GHz brightness temperatures respond more closely to the air temperature due to its shallower penetration depth whereas because of its greater penetration depth, the 10.7-GHz data correspond more closely to the snow temperature at depth. For example, there is no clear summer maximum from June to August (days 150 to 220) for air temperature, but there are two local maximums at days 175 and 240. A more distinct structure is the shortterm air temperature increase around day 290. All of these air temperature variation features are evident in the 37-GHz data but are not reproduced in the 10.7- and 18.7-GHz data, which are more correlated with deeper snow temperatures. Fig. 5(a) (d) shows time series of WindSat first (U1 and V1) and second (U2 and V2)-order harmonic coefficients of (2) at the Summit study site. Each coefficient data point is derived using a 30-day time window, as discussed in Section IV. The U and V harmonics at 10.7-, 18.7-, and 37-GHz channels are included and color-coded in the plots. Overall, the harmonic coefficients of both U and V can reach as high as 10 K individually, or 20 K for combined first and second harmonics, which is the total signal measured by radiometer and is very large compared to the azimuthal variations observed over the ocean.Well-pronounced seasonal variations are evident in most harmonic coefficients, except for the second harmonic of the U in Fig. 5(c). For all three frequencies, the V signals are about the same strength as the U over Greenland. As discussed earlier, this is in striking contrast to a weaker V signatures generated by ocean surface scattering. In general, all harmonic coefficients increase starting early winter and peak in spring or early summer, and remain close to their minimums during summer and fall. The first harmonics peak near mid-April [Fig. 5(a)] and early June [Fig. 5(b)] for U and the V , respectively, which suggests that 180 asymmetry snow structures affect the U and V differently. Similarly for V , there is an offset between the second peak in Fig. 5(b) (around day 530, as indicated by line A) for the first harmonic, and in Fig. 5(d) (about day 470, as indicated by line B) for the second harmonic. This suggests that the 180 and 90 asymmetrical structures change differently to impact the fourth Stokes parameter. The seasonal variations demonstrated in Fig. 5 reflect changes in snow characteristics. The significant impacts of the surface roughness on the first two modified Stokes parameters have been well studied in the past. Therefore, it is important to understand the surface roughness effects on the third and fourth Stokes parameters. Albert and Hawley [3] analyzed surface roughness data collected at the centimeter-to-meter scale during the winter-over experiment in 1998 at Summit, Greenland. They found that the change in surface roughness is related to the winter formation and summer erosion of sastrugi, which are the most visible asymmetrical features over polar firn. The snow accumulates through episodic snowfall events, and the wind subsequently erodes it into rough features and sastrugi during times of high winds and cold temperatures. The dune crests are oriented orthogonally to the wind direction, while the sastrugi are oriented parallel to the wind direction. They become more level during the summer by sublimation and deflation [16], [17]. Albert and Hawley [3] showed that surface roughness heights are less than 8 cm from late June to later December but started to increase around January. From January to March, the surface roughness became up to 25 cm. Such a temporal signature in the surface roughness is very consistent with seasonal variations of harmonic coefficients in Fig. 5, as discussed in previous paragraph. However, it is necessary to point out that such a consistency does not suggest that surface scattering by sastrugi is the mechanism that produces the strong polarimetric signatures. Numerical simulations of ocean [49] and snow [46] surfaces all indicate that rough surface scattering alone cannot produce large polarimetric signature, particularly the fourth Stokes parameter. Although rigorous theoretical and experimental studies are needed to determine the exact physics Authorized licensed use limited to: Brigham Young University. Downloaded on February 2, 2009 at 12:20 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. LI et al.: WINDSAT PASSIVE MICROWAVE POLARIMETRIC SIGNATURES OF THE GREENLAND ICE SHEET 2627 Fig. 5. Time series of WindSat observations over the Greenland Summit study site from April 1, 2003 to December 30, 2004. The 10.7-, 18.7-, and 37.0-GHz data are color coded with black, purple, and blue, respectively. (a) First harmonic of U. (b) First harmonic of V . (c) Second harmonic of U. (d) Second harmonic of V . behind the observation, it is possible that the WindSat U and V data respond to the coupled volume and surface scattering associated with asymmetry structures of polar firn microstructure and rough surfaces. In addition to their sensitivity to snowpack temperatures, brightness temperatures also depend on the snow microstructure (grain size, shape, and arrangement and nature of bonds), accumulation, stratification, and surface roughness. For example, Fig. 6 plots time series of the ratio of vertical and horizontal polarized brightness temperatures (termed the TV/TH ratio), which is much less sensitive to physical temperature variations than brightness temperatures themselves but still has significant variations on both weekly and seasonal time scales that are not correlated with temperature variations. The modified Q (TV TH) is also plotted in Fig. 6 for comparison and shows similar structures. There are sustained progressive declines of the TV/TH ratio from April to mid-July 2003 (day 100 to 200, as indicated by label A ), and from February to mid-May 2004 (day 400 to 500, as indicated by label B ). The TV/TH ratio rises subsequently outside these two declining periods. Using observations from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project II site, [31] attributed the summertime decreases in SSM/I 37 GHz TV/TH ratio to the decreases in near surface density and increases in centimeter-scale surface roughness, which are created by intense insolation and periodic surface temperature change that cause the formation of coarse-grained summertime hoar complex. Such conclusion should apply to WindSat data also, since WindSat was built on SSM/I heritage and nearly the same center frequency and incidence angle for the 37-GHz channels [14]. Additional discuss on the summertime variation in TV/TH for firn are contained in [26]. Similar to the TV/TH ratio, the U and V signals are expected to be much less sensitive to snow temperatures than to microstructures of snow. If we refer to the variation of the signal strength or sensitivity with frequency as the spectral Fig. 6. Time series of WindSat TV/TH ratio of descending orbits observations over the Greenland Summit study site from April 1, 2003 to December 30, 2004. The 10.7-, 18.7-, and 37.0-GHz data are color coded with black, purple, and blue, respectively. signature, the U and V show very different spectral signatures than the TV/TH ratio. For example, Fig. 6 shows that TV/TH ratios of the lower frequencies at 10.7 and 18.7 GHz are stronger than the ratio at 37 GHz; while Fig. 5(d) shows that the 18.7- and 37-GHz channels fourth Stokes parameter second harmonics are stronger than at 10 GHz. The second harmonic of the third Stokes parameter shows lower sensitivity to frequency than any of the other harmonics. These differences between the TV/TH ratios and polarimetric channels, along with their differences in seasonal variations represent new information available from polarimetric passive microwave data. They can also serve as additional validation to theoretical models, which now must be consistent with not only TV and TH, but also U and V . Although the TV/TH ratio has been used effectively to identify hoar formation events in summertime, it does not provide sufficient constraints to differentiate snow parameters, and therefore, no accurate model has yet been developed to quantitatively estimate hoar amount and snow accumulation [2]. Inclusion of the polarimetric observations can provide the additional constraints to help separate snow parameters. Authorized licensed use limited to: Brigham Young University. Downloaded on February 2, 2009 at 12:20 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. 2628 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, VOL. 46, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2008 Fig. 7. Time series of WindSat observations over NGRIP site from April 1, 2003 to December 30, 2004. The 10.7-, 18.7-, and 37.0-GHz data are color coded with black, purple, and blue, respectively. (a) First harmonic of U. (b) First harmonic of V . (c) Second harmonic of U. (d) Second harmonic of V . Another way to examine the new information content is to compare the spatial distribution of the first two modified Stokes parameters against the third and fourth Stokes parameters. Fig. 1 shows that the spatial patterns of U and V are very different from TV and TH. In contrast, TV and TH have very similar patterns and are highly correlated. In other words, there is significant decorrelation or new information content in the polarimetric channels. 2) NGRIP Site: It is necessary to test the repeatability and examine the spatial variations of WindSat polarimetric signature in the dry-snow zone. Moving downslope to the northeast region of the dry-snow zone at the NGRIP site as shown in Fig. 2, the snow accumulation is about 40 cm/year. While the Summit and NGRIP sites are separated by only about 300 m in elevation, the NGRIP climatological summer air temperatures are a few degrees warmer than at the Summit, which leads to relatively larger mean snow grain size [23]. Long and Drinkwater [23] analyzed Seasat-A scatterometer data over the Greenland and showed that the volume scattering is significantly stronger in the northeast region (covering the NGRIP site) than at the Summit. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect differences in WindSat data between these two sites. Fig. 7 provides charts similar to Fig. 5 but at the NGRIP site. All Stokes parameters have similar seasonal variations as at the Summit site, but there are indeed significant differences in the spectral signatures from these two sites. Again, the U signals are relatively weak during the summer and stronger in late winter and early spring, which is similar to the polarimetric signatures at the Summit in Fig. 5. However, the V signals are strong during all seasons except summer. The V signal at the NGRIP site is even stronger than the U, but is comparable to the V signal at the Summit. The second harmonic of U has a stronger signal and a distinct seasonal variation at NGRIP [Fig. 7(c)], while it is relatively small and flat at the Summit [Fig. 5(c)]. In addition, frequency dependencies Fig. 8. Time series of WindSat observations over the JAR study site on Greenland from April 1, 2003 to December 30, 2004. The 10.7-, 18.7-, and 37.0-GHz data are color coded with black, purple, and blue, respectively. (a) In situ air and snow temperature. (b) Vertically polarized brightness temperature of ascending orbits. (c) Vertically polarized brightness temperature of descending orbits. The symbol M indicates melting period, and S suggests strong volume scattering. Fig. 9. Time series of WindSat observations over the JAR study site on Greenland from April 1, 2003 to December 30, 2004. The 10.7-, 18.7-, and 37.0-GHz data are color coded with black, purple, and blue, respectively. (a) First harmonic of U. (b) First harmonic of V . (c) Second harmonic of U. (d) Second harmonic of V . Authorized licensed use limited to: Brigham Young University. Downloaded on February 2, 2009 at 12:20 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. LI et al.: WINDSAT PASSIVE MICROWAVE POLARIMETRIC SIGNATURES OF THE GREENLAND ICE SHEET 2629 of these two sites are different for the second harmonic of V [Figs. 5(d) and 7(d)]. The similarity in polarimetric signatures, and their seasonal variation, between these two sites confirms the repeatability of WindSat measurements. On the other hand, the observed differences in the polarimetric signatures provide opportunities to study snowpack structures. C. Temporal Variations of Wet-Snow Zone Microwave emission is very sensitive to snow wetness, and microwave radiometer data have been used to detect snowmelt over Greenland [1], [6], [7], [27]. For dry snow, volume scattering dominates the emission signatures due to the relatively small extinction coefficient and large scattering albedo. However, with even a very small amount of liquid water present in the snowpack, the scattering albedo is dramatically reduced to a very small value, and the large change in dielectric properties limits the penetration depth to a few wavelengths beneath the surface. With the near absence of volume scattering in the snow medium, the snowpack approaches the nonscattering characteristics of a nearly blackbody radiator [41]. To examine melting signatures, we extracted a time-series of WindSat data near the JAR site (69.50 N, 49.68 W) in the wet-snow zone, which is only about 16 km away from well-studied Swiss Camp site (69.57 N, 49.32 W). Abdalati and Steffen [1] used this Swiss Camp site to develop an SSM/I snowmelt algorithm for Greenland, and it will be interesting to use the same site to analyze WindSat data. However, there is a significant data gap in 2003 and 2004 for the Swiss Camp site due to an AWS instrument malfunction. Because of this data gap, we opted to use the JAR site for our analysis. Fortunately, the data from the two sites are very close for air and snow temperature measurements. Fig. 8(a) plots time-series of air temperature at 1-m height and snow temperature at 1-m depth, and WindSat vertically polarized brightness temperatures for ascending and descending passes. From June to September [day 150 to 250, as indicated by M for melting period in Fig. 8(a) and (b)], the air and snow temperatures are quite stable with a mean of about 272 K and a diurnal variation of about 5 K. In Fig. 8(b), for ascending passes (4:30 P.M. local time), the brightness temperatures of the three frequencies are all quite stable approaching 267 K and are essentially frequency independent, a feature of strong snowmelt signature. For the descending passes (7:30 A.M. local time), refreezing of the wet or saturated snowpack generates larger snow grains, dries the snow, and enables much deeper penetration. As a result, volume scattering dominates the signature, as indicated by the very large difference (up to 70 K) between 18.7- and 37-GHz channels near the label S in Fig. 8(c). As was the case for the dry zone sites, the polarimetric signatures shown in Fig. 9(a) (d) for the JAR site are significant and exhibit well-defined seasonal variations. Polarimetric signatures at all frequencies are very weak in the summer (day 150 to 250 and 500 to 600), and are the strongest in late March (around 450). This means that the polarimetric harmonics drop quickly and significantly to about 1 K or lower when melting starts, and slowly increase once refreezing begins. Volume scattering is strongest during the summer when refreezing occurs at night during descending passes [as indicated by the S in Fig. 8(c)]. However, the very strong volume scattering does not produce a very strong polarimetric signal, probably because the ice crystals generated through melt/freeze cycling do not exhibit a strong azimuthal variation. In general, the overall polarimetric signal strength is weaker for this wet-snow site than the dry-snow sites and, as shown in Fig. 9(c), the U second harmonic amplitude is always small. Another interesting feature is that the 18.7- and 37-GHz Stokes parameters are reduced much more, relative to the dry snow sites, than 10.7 GHz. One possible cause is that the melting and refreezing cycle reduces asymmetric structures through recrystallization near the surface, coincident with the 18.7- and 37-GHz penetration depths. Such metamorphic changes do not have a directional preference, reducing the general asymmetry of the firn structure. However, at the greater penetration depths of 10.7-GHz radiation, this process has much less impact. Further coordinated field, laboratory, and modeling work are necessary to fully understand these features. VI. SUMMARY The four parameters of the Stokes vector provide a full characterization of polarization. The first and second modified Stokes parameters (TV and TH) have broad science applications and are widely used in microwave radiometry. All previous passive microwave satellite sensors measured only the first two modified Stokes parameters. Tsang [39] showed theoretically that random media of asymmetry structures can produce large polarimetric microwave signatures of the third and fourth Stokes parameters through volume and surface scattering [22], [43]. Subsequent ocean experimental studies observed significant third Stokes parameter (up to 2.5 K), but the fourth Stokes parameter is much smaller [48]. WindSat, the first spaceborne polarimetric microwave radiometer, detected, for the first time, distinct and strong third and fourth Stokes parameter signals up to 15 K over the polar region. In addition, WindSat data contain fourth Stokes parameters that are larger than the third Stokes parameters, also for the first time in nature. The polarimetric signature exhibits distinct geophysical and observation geometry signatures, which are related to asymmetrical structures of polar ice sheets, including possibly the millimeter-scale snow crystals, meter-scale surface roughness, and up to kilometer-scale moulins and crevasses. The third and fourth Stokes parameters have well-defined large azimuthal modulations and significant seasonal variations, which reflects geophysical variations in snow microstructure, melting, and possibly snow surface roughness. We used a second-order data observation model to separate and quantify the azimuthal modulation and extract polarimetric signature variations due to geophysical changes. The model data fit the observations very well. The extracted polarimetric signatures are relatively weak in the summer and are strongest near spring. This corresponds well with the formation and erosion of the sastrugi in the dry snow zone and snowmelt in the soaked zone. It is possible that the WindSat U and V data respond to the coupled volume and surface scattering associated with asymmetry structures of polar firn microstructure and rough surfaces. Remote sensing data have long been used to study the roughness surface scattering by the asymmetry structure of sastrugi. For example, Ledroit et al. [21] attributed the azimuthal modulation of normalized radar cross-sectional measurements to sastrugi and correlated such a modulation with the katabatic wind direction. Ashcraft and Long [8] assume that snow surface Authorized licensed use limited to: Brigham Young University. Downloaded on February 2, 2009 at 12:20 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. 2630 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, VOL. 46, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2008 roughness at the 3 300-m scales are the primary mechanism driving the modulation, and developed successfully an ERS scatterometer model to extract the azimuthal modulation and surface snow properties. When compared with normalized radar cross-sectional data, the WindSat third and fourth Stokes parameters are the only satellite measurements that respond primarily to the asymmetry structures of polar snow and show very clean azimuthal modulations. In addition, the fourth Stokes parameter responds solely to the snow microstructure at the centimeter wavelength scales and can be used to separate snow large- and small-scale structures. 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Li Li (M 96 SM 06) received the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China, in 1987 and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Washington, Seattle, in 1995. He is currently with the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, working on spaceborne radiometry of land and ocean, particularly the algorithm study for the WindSat spaceborne radiometer and risk reduction for the National Polarorbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Microwave Imager/Sounder. From 1997 to 2004, he was a Senior Scientist with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena. He was a Visiting Student from 1993 to 1995 at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO. From 1995 to 1997, he was with the Caelum Research Corporation, working at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service Office of Research and Application, Camp Springs, MD. Dr. Li is a member of the American Geophysical Union. He was the recipient of the 1993 1995 National Center for Atmospheric Research/Research Applications Program Fellowship. He received the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Group Achievement Awards in 2002 and the JPL Technical Excellence Award in 2002. Peter Gaiser (S 91 M 93 SM 04) received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, in 1987 and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, in 1993, where he studied microwave remote sensing, with emphasis on synthetic aperture interferometric radiometry. He has been with the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL),Washington, DC, since 1993, and is currently the Head of the Remote Sensing Physics Branch, Remote Sensing Division. While at NRL, he has been involved in a variety of microwave and millimeter-wave radiometry projects, with concentration on polarimetric radiometry research. His research interests include instrument design, development, and calibration, data collection, and model development specifically for the purpose of ocean wind vector measurements from space. He is the Principal Investigator for the WindSat spaceborne polarimetric microwave radiometer demonstration project. Mary R. Albert received the B.S. degree in mathematics from Pennsylvania State University, University Park, in 1975, the B.E. and M.S. degrees in engineering sciences from Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, in 1983, and the Ph.D. degree in engineering sciences from the University of California, San Diego, in 1991. She is a Senior Research Engineer with the Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, where her research is centered on transfer processes in porous media, including air-snow exchange in the polar regions and in soils in temperate areas. She is also an Adjunct Professor of engineering with the Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, where she serves as a Thesis Advisor to students at the undergraduate, master s, and Ph.D. levels. She has been the Principal Investigator on many research projects in Greenland and Antarctica. She currently serves on the Government Performance and Results Act Advisory Committee for the National Science Foundation, the Executive Committee of the American Geophysical Union Cryosphere Focus Group, the Editorial Boards of Hydrological Processes and Cold Regions Science and Technology, and, in the past, has served on the National Research Council Polar Research Board. Dr. Albert was the recipient of the 1989 Department of the Army Research and Development Award and the 1996 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Women in Science Achievement Award. She has received numerous Equal Employment Opportunity and Special Act Awards. David G. Long (S 80 F 08) received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, in 1989. From 1983 to 1990, he was with NASA s Jet Propulsion Laboratories (JPL), where he developed advanced radar remote sensing systems. While with JPL, he was the Project Engineer on the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) project, which flew from 1996 to 1997. He also managed the SCANSCAT project, the precursor to SeaWinds, which was launched in 1999 and 2002. He is currently a Professor with the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University (BYU), where he teaches upper division and graduate courses in communications, microwave remote sensing, radar, and signal processing and is the Director of the BYU Center for Remote Sensing. He is the Principle Investigator on several NASA-sponsored research projects in remote sensing. He has numerous publications in signal processing and radar scatterometry. His research interests include microwave remote sensing, radar theory, spacebased sensing, estimation theory, signal processing, and mesoscale atmospheric dynamics. He has nearly 300 publications. Dr. Long has received the NASA Certificate of Recognition several times. He is an Associate Editor for the IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS. Elizabeth M. Twarog received the B.S. degree from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Northeastern University, Boston, MA, in 1992, 1995, and 1998, respectively, all in electrical engineering. From 1993 to 1998, she was with the Radar Systems Laboratory in the field of polarimetric low grazing angle radar sea scatter and airborne radar imaging of the coastal ocean. Since joining the Passive Microwave Section, Remote Sensing Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, in 1999, she has been involved with microwave spaceborne polarimetric radiometry. She was a member of the WindSat satellite technical and science teams. Her research interests include microwave receiver system testing, satellite postlaunch calibration, and passive millimeter-wave interferometry. Authorized licensed use limited to: Brigham Young University. Downloaded on February 2, 2009 at 12:20 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
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Four Bitchin' Babes
The Four Bitchin' Babes is a group of female singer-songwriters with rotating membership, performing mainly humorous, satirical or light-hearted songs in the folk genre. The group was described as "slyly outre" writing songs about the "humorous satire of everyday life" with an "inherent charm" ranging from "sentimental to lusty, spiritual to hysterical". The artists have made numerous albums and have worked with Celine Dion's producer Jeff Bova. Followers of the band have been termed Babeophiles.
- Mar
26 - Mar
27Four Bitchin' Babes
Time: 07:30 pm
Venue: Ball State University Pruis Hall - Muncie, Indiana
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24Four Bitchin' Babes
Time: 08:00 pm
Venue: Rams Head On Stage - Annapolis, Maryland
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14Four Bitchin' Babes
Time: 07:30 pm
Venue: Birchmere Music Hall - Alexandria, Virginia
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24Four Bitchin' Babes
Time: 08:00 pm
Venue: Rams Head On Stage - Annapolis, Maryland
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Charlie Saines
Main Address:
Golf Jackson Inc.
3600 Wayland Dr
Jackson, MI 49202-1293
(517) 796-4653
3600 Wayland Dr
Jackson, MI 49202-1293
(517) 796-4653
Kenneth Saines is a PGA Professional in Jackson, MI. The PGA of America comprises 27,000 men and women professionals with one singular goal in mind - to make the game of golf more enjoyable for you.
Services Offered:
- Instruction
- Club Fitting
- Play Golf of America Participant
Free Fitting Month
Welcome to Golf Month
National Awards
- 2006 PGA President's Council on Growing the Game
(517) 796-4653


text:
High Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that is found in cells of the body. Cholesterol is also found in foods. The body uses cholesterol to make hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help digest foods. However, too much cholesterol in the blood can build up in the walls of arteries (plaque) and can cause narrowing or hardening of the arteries. When too much plaque builds up on the walls of the coronary arteries, oxygen-rich blood flow to the heart can slow or even stop. Mainstays in treating high cholesterol include diet, weight loss, physical activity, and when necessary, drug treatment. Lowering cholesterol levels can slow down, reduce, or even stop plaque from building up. Lowering cholesterol may decrease the chance of having a heart attack.
For Consumers
General Information
Research Spotlights
Ongoing Medical Studies
- Find Active Medical Research Studies on Cholesterol (ClinicalTrials.gov)
Safety Information
For Health Professionals
NCCAM Clinical Digest
Clinical Practice Guidelines
Scientific Literature
Systematic Reviews/Reviews/Meta-analysis (PubMed®)
- Randomized Controlled Trials (PubMed®)


text:
Item# 02280363000 | Model# 80363Specifications & Dimensions
Dimensions: | |
Depth (In.): | 15.25 |
Depth with Door Open (in.): | 37.562 |
Height (In.): | 16.406 |
Interior Capacity: | 1.5 cu. ft. |
Interior Dimensions (HxWxD): | 8.937 x 20.25 x 13.937 |
Shipping Depth (in.): | 19.281 |
Shipping Height (in.): | 20.062 |
Shipping Width (in.): | 33.281 |
Weight (lbs.): | 63.93 |
Width (in.): | 29.875 |
Product Overview: | |
Accessories Included: | Full-width rack, 1 round rack; Dishwasher-safe Grease Filters (2); Charcoal Odor Filter |
Weight, Shipping: | 69.45 |
Exterior Features: | Electronic touch controls with large Blue LED display |
Color: | |
Color Family: | Stainless steel |
General Features: | |
Power Cord Included: | Yes |
Microwave Configuration: | |
Child Lock: | Yes |
Clock: | Yes |
Convection Cooking: | Yes |
Exhaust Fan Air Flow (CFM): | 300 |
Heating Type: | Microwave/convection |
Interior Light: | Incandescent |
Microwave Power Levels: | 10 |
Rack: | Yes |
Sensor Cook: | Yes |
Turntable Diameter (In.): | 13.593 |
Vent Location and Direction: | vertical and horizontal |
Venting: | Vented |
Microwave Settings: | |
Defrost: | Yes |
Delay Start: | Yes |
Extend Cook: | 30 Seconds |
Maximum Microwave Cooking Time (min.): | 99.99 |
Multi-Setting Cook: | Multi-staged cooking |
Number of One-Touch Settings: | 6 |
One-Touch Foods: | Yes |
Speed Cooking: | Yes |
Power Source: | |
Cord Length (ft.): | 3.197 |
Wattage: | 900 |
Wattage Range: | 700 - 999 watts |
Styling: | |
Door Release: | Pull-to-open |
Door Swing: | Left |
Certifications: | |
ADA Compliant: | No |
ANSI Certified: | No |
CSA Listed: | No |
ENERGY STAR Compliant: | No |
ETL Listed: | No |
NSF Certified: | No |
UL Safety Listing: | Yes |
Ratings & Reviews
Overall, others give this:
Reviewers may have received a benefit, like a sweepstakes entry or rewards program points, in exchange for writing a review.
Those benefits were not conditioned on the positive or negative content of the review.
Most Helpful Reviews
Tacoma, WA
via sears.com
I am impressed with the microwave features, but my favorite is convection cooking. The problem with this unit is, the turntable cannot be stopped using the convection feature. The user manual says, if using a cake pan 9x13 turn off the turntable. It does not work. I had a technician from sears come to my home. He checked it out, made some phone calls and then told me that in the user manual it was a misprint per manufacture. YOU CANNOT STOP THE TURNTABLE IN CONVECTION MODE. This means I am limited to the size of pan/ dish I can use with convection because the three legged rack MUST BE USED ON THE GLASS TURNTABLE on convection settings. I do like everything else on this microwave, so it's a keeper. I just have to get bigger round dishes for the convection use. The option for turntable on / off works great for microwave use.
Tracy, CA
via sears.com
Bought a week ago and will be returning. Sensory cook/reheat don't allow you to edit how much food you have in the microwave. Ex, 1 or 2 servings. There is no sensory reheat option for "a plate of food" you have to reheat a casserole which is 7 mins. "Favorites" is preprogramed w/ reciepes from the back of the manual with no way to add your own. Low wattage means that it takes a long time to heat anything. I am extreamly disappointed and will be returning the item.
Scotts Valley, CA
via sears.com
Overall quite happy with this purchase. The noise level is good (i.e. low) for microwave operation, but I wish the vent/fan was less noisy considering the price of this unit. Also worth noting, during convection cooking, the vent/fan is turned on at the low setting to "protect" the oven. So if you're using the convection oven for any length of time, don't expect a quiet kitchen.
via sears.com
the microwave is only 950 watts the convection is a slow bake
The reviewer indicated they are affiliated with this product.
Virginia Beach, VA
via sears.com
Kenmore Elite convection microwave cooks evenly and great... I love it.
Pomona, CA
via sears.com
Microwave purchased to replace an eleven year old Kenmore Elite unit. Looks good, works great. Falls short considering the cost, due to the noisy two speed exhaust fan (the former had five speeds) and the tinted door glass severely limits sight of the item being cooked inside to near invisible.
- FREE Local Delivery on Appliances! Items sold by Sears. Offer ends 22-Mar-2014 See details.
- Buy More Save More on Kitchen Appliances! Get an Extra 5%-10% off when you Buy 3 or more. Offer ends 21-Mar-2014 See details.


text: Forretress has a lot of useful resistances in Ubers, including Psychic, Ice, and Dragon as well as Toxic. Hidden Power Bug 2HKOes Latias, Latios, Mewtwo, and the like and OHKOes Deoxys-A. Forretress can set up Spikes and use Rapid Spin to get rid of Spikes set up by enemy Forretress and Deoxys-D. Counter lets it take a hit from the likes of Rayquaza, Groudon, and the rare Heracross and OHKO back. It also helps against physical Tyranitar. Hidden Power is also always countered, regardless of its type, so if you encounter a Hidden Power Fire Forretress, you can take the hit, survive with the Special Defense EVs (enemy Forretress needs near max Special Attack and sunlight to OHKO this Forretress spread), and OHKO it back, leaving the way clear for your Spikes to dominate. The given EVs ensure Forretress will always survive a +1 Special Attack Deoxys-A Thunder, so you're safe from anything but the rare Fire Punch on that end. |


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RNIB Peterborough office entrance
Our Peterborough site is designed to allow easy access throughout for 350 staff and many visitors, the site features tactile paths and colour contrasts to the walkways of the building. It's home to some of RNIB's specialist services.
RNIB Peterborough Bakewell Road Orton Southgate Peterborough PE2 6XU Tel: 0303 123 9999 Email: email@example.com
Contact: email@example.com
Last updated: 15 April 2013
Right now we can only reach one in three of the people who need our help most. Please make a donation and help us support more blind and partially sighted people.


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Snikiddy News
Good Housekeeping names EYV "Most Nutritious"
Check out the great feature from Good Housekeeping featuring Snikiddy Italian Herb & Olive Oil EYV chips!
Read more » -
EYV are now available at Whole Foods Market locations in Mid-Altantic Region
Hitting shelves now with 2 exclusive flavors Korean Barbecue and Curry. Grab a bag now! Check out a list of stores.
Read more » -
EYV are now available at a Kroger banner near you
Eat Your Vegetables are hitting shelves now at a Kroger banner near you. The flavors offered are Sea Salt, Sour Cream & Onion, and exclusive to Kroger: Soy Ginger.
Read more » -
Good Housekeeping features Snikiddy Baked Fries
Good Housekeeping compares the calories of one order of Nathan's Famous Cheese Fries to bags of Snikiddy All-Natural Cheddar Cheese Baked Fries. See how they stack up!
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We're proud to sponsor two LPGA girls!
We here at Snikiddy were thrilled to be able to sponsor two wonderful young ladies, so they could attend the LPGA Team Championship & Academy at Kiawah Island Club in early June.
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Snikiddy Eat Your Vegetables now Available at Walgreens
Now on sale! Support Snikiddy's test at Walgreens with your purchase of Eat Your Vegetables!
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Snikiddy Now Available at select Target Locations
This June select Target locations will begin to carry 3 Snikiddy Baked Fries and 3 Snikiddy Eat Your Vegetables®!
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We have a Winner!
The iPad 3 winner has been chosen. Congratulations to Rolando Heredia and thank you to everyone that entered!
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Win an iPad 3
March is Snikiddy's Customer Appreciation Month, click to enter to win an iPad 3
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Snikiddy® brings you Eat Your Vegetables®
…including The Fresh Market, Shaws,Toys 'R' Us, Babies 'R' Us, Andronico's, Wegmans, Akin's, Chamberlain's, Roots Market, Earth Fare, Whole Foods Market (Rocky Mt. Region and Florida Region) and our great online partner Alice.
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It's our hope that this holiday season you spend time doing the things you love with those you hold close to your heart.
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Congratulations to Pamela Buscher Segarra our Facebook Fan of the Year!
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Now Available!
Snikiddy Sea Salt and Barbeque Baked Fries
Available through our online partner, alice.
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Bike to Work…
And win a Jamis bike!
Margie Gonazalez was the winner of our first "Bike to Work" contest.Congratulations Margie!
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Help us grow
Centre for Metropolitan History
Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London: Camden Society old series, volume 53
J.G. Nichols (editor)
Year published
Supporting documents
Citation Show another format: BHO MLA Turabian Chicago MARC21 Wikipedia
'The Chronicle of the Grey Friars: Richard III', Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London: Camden Society old series, volume 53 (1852), pp. 23-24. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=51585 Date accessed: 12 March 2014. Add to my bookshelf
(Min 3 characters)
Ricardus Tertius Rex. Footnotes
And the two sonnyes of kynge Edward were put to cilence, and the duke of Glocester toke upone hym the crowne in July, wych was the furst yere of hys rayne. And he and hys qwene crownyd on one daye in the same monyth of July.
ij°.A°. Thys yere the duke of Buckyngham was be-heddyd at Salsbery, and is burryd at the Gray freres. (fn. 1) . And many lordes [and] knygttes with dyvers other flede into France at that tyme.
iij°. A°. This yere in August the erle of Richmond with the erle of Pembroke that long hade bene banyshed, came into Ynglond, and the other gentylmen that flede into France, [and] made a felde besyde Leyceter, and the kynge there slayne.
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text:
The New York Times Company Sells Some Assets
The New York Times is having a pretty good week so far.
The New York Times Company will get a cool $100 million in net profit for their interests in Indeed.com, the job search site, reports Reuters. Japanese executive search firm, Recruit Co Ltd., will acquire the website.
This comes after yesterday's announcement that The New York Times Company had finalized the sale of About.com to Barry Diller's IAC for $300 million in cash. That adds up to a nice bit of change. Read More


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Home ›4/15/2013 This Way Out
Program #1,306
Hosted by Greg Gordon and produced with Lucia Chappelle
"NewsWrap": Uruguay appears to be a few months away from being the latest country to open civil marriage to lesbian and gay couples, but a judge in Paraguay refuses to register a gay couple's legal Argentine marriage, while the French Senate begins debate on a marriage equality measure that also includes adoption rights, and the city of Bisbee, Arizona prepares to fight the state over its civil unions ordinance; Gambian President Yahya Jammeh once again almost literally tells gays and lesbians to drop dead, while a government office in Nepal is apparently bent on destroying the country's pioneering 12-year-old LGBT Blue Diamond Society; activists in St. Petersburg, Russia's second-largest city, plan a ban-defying Pride event, while a Brazilian import charges fans of his adopted St. Petersburg football team with racism and homophobia; St. Petersburg "hometown boy" and President Vladimir Putin calls for a ban on the adoption of Russian orphans by foreign same-gender couples, but a critique from above proudly waves during his visit to Amsterdam to participate in the Netherlands-Russia 2013 Year of Friendship (written by GREG GORDON, produced by STEVE PRIDE, and reported this week by WENZEL JONES and CAROLE MEYERS)
"RUSSIAN MATHEMATICIAN SOFIA KOVALEVSKAYAIS" is profiled in this "RAINBOW MINUTE" (produced at WRIR-FM in Richmond, Virginia by JUDD PROCTOR & BRIAN BURNS and read by TONYA UTKINA)
LESLIE JORDAN packs a load of talent and personality into his 4-foot-11-inch frame. He's a scene-stealing Emmy winner with prominent roles on TV shows like "Will and Grace," "Sordid Lives," "Ally McBeal" and "Star Trek: Voyager." Those credits, and his featured role in the Oscar-winning movie "The Help", have made Jordan a familiar face around the world. But the Chattanooga, Tennessee-born actor is also a natural storyteller. He toured some of his tales in a one-man show in the U.S. called "My Trip Down the Pink Carpet" that also had a successful run in London's West End in 2011. Jordan returned to the British capital last month with a new autobiographical slice of life called "FRUIT FLY", which he chatted up with ROSIE WILBY on her Resonance-FM "Out in South London" radio show
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Air Date:
April 15, 2013
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recipe reviews for:
"Pineapple and orange juices with fizzy citrus soda."
Cooking Level: Intermediate
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Everything you need to party like a leprechaun.
New for spring! Good-for-you food you'll love to eat.
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and helpful cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for just $9.99!
A refreshing, delicious fruit punch with ginger ale and orange sherbet.
See how to make a delicious and refreshing Mexican-style fruit punch.
See how to make a refreshing alcohol-free punch.


text:
Swiss can't hold early lead, fall 4-1, despite Conz's 46-save effort
BUFFALO "We want USA! We want USA!" shouted Canadian fans as time wound down. They'll get their wish in 24 hours, but it wont be for gold, only a trip to gold.
Canada defeated Switzerland 4-1 this afternoon at HSBC Arena setting up a re-match of the 2011 gold-medal game between Canada and the United States tomorrow night at 7:30 pm. Get your tickets now before theyre gone.
"Its going to be a tremendous game tomorrow same it was last year," said Ryan Johansen. "Were really looking forward now and start preparing. They have been one of the top teams of this tournament in the last few years."
Coming into the game, Canada had a perfect 18-0-0 record against Switzerland in U20 history dating back to 1980. The aggregate goals totals of 122-32 were strong evidence of just how heavily-favoured Canada was before the game.
But this Swiss team was different. Persistent and resistent, strong, and confident, it gave Canada all it could handle before going down. Goalie Benjamin Conz, 19 and still undrafted, was the star of the game for the Swiss, stopping 46 of 50 shots. Ryan Johansen, Casey Cizikas, and Louis LeBlanc scored for Canada, one a period, after Inti Pesoni opened the scoring early for the Swiss.
Zack Kassian, back in the lineup after serving a two-game suspension, added an empty netter to close out the game.
"It was a tough game for us," said captain Nino Niederreiter. "Everybody was pretty tired at the end. I think we had a great effort from the whole team."
Canadas goaltending woes were as evident at the start of the game as had been the case all tournament. Coach Dave Cameron started Mark Visentin in place of Olivier Roy, who had struggled throughout the tournament, but just 69 seconds into the game Visentin spotted the Swiss a goal.
Pestoni got a puck from behind the Canadian goal and backhanded a light shot that dribbled between Visentins blocker and post and in as the goalie went down on the play to cover the short side.
"I thought we were nervous at the start," admitted coach Dave Cameron. "Giving up that first goal gave us a chance to see how he [Visentin] could handle the pressure."
The Swiss gave Canada a great chance to come right back by taking two quick penalties, but the Canadians couldnt muster much of an attack with the two-man and then one-man advantage. Later in the period, though, they shook off the cobwebs to tie the game on another power play.
Brayden Schenn passed to Ryan Johansen in the slot. Johansen was covered by two Swiss players, but he outwitted the pair to get a quick shot off and fool goalie Conz between the pads at 15:06. Canada dominated the rest of the period after its sluggish start, but as the teams went to the dressing room after the opening 20 minutes, the Swiss had to be happy with how the game had gone through one period.
The second period went almost perfectly for the Swiss. Almost. Although Canada dominated puck possession and scoring chances, few of those chances were serious threats to break the 1-1 tie. The Swiss played determined team defence, aggressive on the puck carrier and limiting their opponents time to make choices with the puck. And the clock wound down and down.
At the same time, the Canadian defence limited the Swiss attack for the most part and gave Visentin an easy 20 minutes of play. Finally, though, with two and a half minutes left in the period, Canada got the chance and seized it.
Casey Cizikas collected the puck coming in over the Swiss blue line on a two-on-one, but the look in his eyes suggested a pass was not going to happen. He drifted in on goal, the defenceman slid to cut off the pass, and Cizikas roofed a shot over the glove of the right-catching Conz at 17:28 for a 2-1 Canada lead.
Canada got the insurance goal it needed early in the third on a routine cycle. Cody Eakin spotted Louis LeBlanc at the top of the circle from the corner of the Swiss end and got him the puck, and LeBlanc fired a quick shot that beat Conz between the pads again at 4:17.
"It was a great pass to the slot," said LeBlanc. "We played a few times together in summer camps, so theres some chemistry between me and him."
As for the semi-finals, Cameron wants to see more from his team. "It all comes down to how we play. We have to be consistent. We have to be aware what it takes to win."


text:
Fusion MS-AV700 DVD/CD/AM/FM/Sirius/VHF/WX/USB/AUX Stereo Receiver
Item # 98149
Key Features
Daylight-viewable color TFT screen
Aluminum die-cast chassis
NMEA 2000 connectivity
Our Price $649.99
Availability: Sold Out
- Additional discounts do not apply.
Prices, promotions, styles and availability may vary by store and online.
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back to topProduct Description
Features:* 70W x 4 Output with built-in Class-D amplifier
* Daylight viewable 2.7" QVGA color TFT LCD screen
* 320 x 240 resolution
* Rugged aluminum die-cast chassis
* Powerful ARM 9 350 MHz processor
* IPX5 water resistance
* Ethernet Connectivity
* NMEA 2000 Connectivity
* Fusion-link capable
* 4 Zone Support - Zones are nameable
* Zones 2 - 4 can be disabled; each zone has a sub out, balance control, and volume limit control
* DVD/CD(AV700 only)iPod/iPhone/AM/FM/VHF and WX/AUX/USB/Sirius
* Partner (AV700) with iPod dock (MS-IPDK or MS-IPDKUSB)
* VHF Receiver with squelch control - listen to VHF channels like Weather
* Customizable AUX screen - select from an image of a TV/DVD/Game or Portable media device
* Tone control operated by holding the encoder down - bass & treble
* Complete Control of the iPod Music Library - Fully integrated iPod user interface
* iPod/iPhone track art displayed in color
* Amazingly Simple Controls - Most operations are controlled by the rotary encoder
* ID3 Tag (Title /Album/Artist) - displays embedded information from music files
* Customizable Splash Screen image - OEM customers only
* Multi language user interface - English, French, Italian, German, Spanish and Dutch
* Key and LCD adjustable backlighting
* 12 or 24-hour clock with alarm function


text:
Scaffolding for Digital Curation Education: A One Week Unix Fundamentals Course
Date: January 2013
Creator: Helsing, Joseph; Lewis, Paulette; Moen, William E. & Salter, Jacqueline
Description: This poster discusses scaffolding for digital curation eductaion. As the demand for digital curation skills continues to grow, so does the need for an efficient way to teach digital curators how to interact with Unix based on computers and servers at the console and terminal level. The major challenge with teaching these skills is the amount of time it takes for instruction since there are too many fundamentals to teach in a weekend workshop yet not enough for an entire course. Thus, the authors proposed a week long scaffolding course to teach students the fundamental tools and processes to successfully interact in a Unix environment. The authors will teach students how to perform commands such as changing directories, moving and copying files, compressing folders, and altering permissions in the Unix environment. This will give students some basic preparation for digital curation work and for the (4) intermediate and advanced courses in digital curation and data management offered by the iCamp Project at the University of North Texas.
Contributing Partner: UNT College of Information


text:
By: Chris Gilson, firstname.lastname@example.com
The Freezing Rain Advisory has been canceled for the Quad Cities and all surrounding counties.
Most neighborhoods around the QCA, picked up between .10" -.20" of ice. But, don't worry the ice and slush will continue to melt. Temps will stay above freezing tonight and climb into the lower 50s for your Monday with some light rain showers.


text:
Latest AD Ceuta Videos
Barcelona v AD Ceuta
3 years ago
AD Ceuta v Barcelona
3 years ago
Latest AD Ceuta Match Round Up
Last Match
Segunda B Sat, 12th May 2012
Latest AD Ceuta Transfer Rumours
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In the Stands
by matt
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by ManOnDMoon
84 comments
9 comments
by matt
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by BluFFmaster
16 comments


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The first WordPress XML Sitemap plugin that comes with comprehensive support for Sitemapindex, Multi-site and Google News sitemap.
Requires: 3.0 or higher
Compatible up to: 3.7.1
Last Updated: 2013-10-27
Downloads: 351,121
2 of 4 support threads in the last two months have been resolved.
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