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Iraqi Air Force
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. (February 2011) |
Iraqi Air Force | |
Founded | April 22, 1931 |
Country | Iraq |
Branch | Air force |
Size | Approximately 14,000 personnel (2013)[1][2] |
Anniversaries | April 22 (Air Force Day)[3] |
Equipment | Approximately 200 aircraft |
Engagements | Anglo-Iraqi War Six-Day War Yom Kippur War Iran–Iraq War Invasion of Kuwait Persian Gulf War 1991 uprisings in Iraq Iraqi no-fly zones Iraq War |
Commanders | |
Current commander |
Staff Lieutenant General Anwar Hamad Amin |
Insignia | |
Fin flash | |
Air Force Ensign | |
Aircraft flown | |
Fighter | F-16IQ |
Reconnaissance | CH 2000, Ce 208 ISR, KA 350 ISR |
Trainer | Ce172, Ce 208, T-6A, Bell 206B, OH-58C, Utva Lasta 95 |
Transport | C-130E, C-130J, An-32B, KA 350ER, Mi-17, UH-1H |
The Iraqi Air Force (IQAF) (Arabic: القوة الجوية العراقية; Al Quwwa al Jawwiya al Iraqiya) is the aerial warfare service branch of the Iraqi Armed Forces, responsible for the policing of international borders and surveillance of national assets. The IQAF also acts as a support force for the Iraqi Navy and the Iraqi Army and it also allows Iraq to rapidly deploy its developing Army.
The Iraqi Air Force was first founded in 1931, during British rule of Iraq with only a few pilots. Aside from a brief period during the Second World War, The Iraqi Air Force operated mostly British aircraft until the 14 July Revolution in 1958, when the new Iraqi government began increased diplomatic relationships with the Soviet Union. The air force used both Soviet and British aircraft throughout the 1950s and 1960s. When Saddam Hussein came to power in 1979, the air force grew very quickly when Iraq ordered more Soviet and French aircraft. Its peak came a few years after the long and bloody Iran-Iraq War, in 1988, when it consisted of over 950 aircraft, becoming one of the largest air forces in the region. Its downfall came during the Gulf War and continued while coalition forces enforced no-fly zones. The remains of Iraq's air force was destroyed during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Currently, the IQAF is rebuilding and receiving most of its training and aircraft from the United States.
- 1 History
- 2 Air Force commanders
- 3 Order of battle
- 4 Aircraft inventory
- 5 See also
- 6 Notes
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
The Royal Iraqi Air Force (RIrAF) considered its founding day as 22 April 1931, when the first pilots flew in from training in the United Kingdom.[3] Before the creation of the new air force, the RAF Iraq Command was in charge of all British Armed Forces elements in Iraq in the 1920s and early 1930s.[4] The RIrAF was based at the airport in the Washash neighborhood of Baghdad, and consisted of five pilots, aeronautics students trained at the RAF College Cranwell, and 32 aircraft mechanics.[3] The original five pilots were Natiq Mohammed Khalil al-Tay, Mohammed Ali Jawad, Hafdhi Aziz, Akrem Talib Mushtaq, and Musa Ali.[3] During the early years of the Royal Iraqi Air Force, it mainly received aircraft from the United Kingdom as well as Breda Ba.65 attack planes and SM-79 bombers from Italy.[4]
In the years following Iraqi independence, the Air Force was still dependent on the Royal Air Force. The Iraqi government allocated the majority of its military expenditure to the Iraqi Army and by 1936 the Royal Iraqi Air Force had only 37 pilots and 55 aircraft. The following year, the Air Force showed some growth, increasing its number of pilots to 127.[5]
The RIrAF was first used in combat against the revolts by tribes in Diwaniya and Rumaytha southern Iraq in 1934 under order of Bakr Sidqi, where it suffered its first combat loss. Its first combat against another conventional military was in the 1941 Anglo-Iraqi War when the Iraqi government made a bid for full independence following a coup by Rashid Ali against pro-British Iraqi leaders. The RIrAF was destroyed as a fighting force, resulting in an alliance with the Axis which involved Luftwaffe aircraft (painted in Iraqi markings) and Italian Regia Aeronautica aircraft assisting Iraqi ground forces. The German units were Special Staff F and Fliegerführer Irak. However losses, a lack of spares and replacements resulted in their departure, following which the coup was defeated by British forces.
A roughly 1946 order of battle for the Air Force can be found in Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II.
The RIrAF was still recovering from its destruction by the British in 1948[4] when they joined in the war against the newly created state of Israel in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.[4] Even though the RIrAF now had some modern aircraft, the RIrAF played a small role in the first war against Israel. From 1948 to 1949 the RIrAF operated Avro Anson training-bombers from Jordan from where they flew a number of attacks against the Israelis.[4] Some of the Ansons were replaced by the modern Hawker Fury fighter however these aircraft flew only two missions against Israel in Iraqi markings before most were transferred to the Egyptians.[4] 14 Hawker Furies had been delivered but by June 7, 1948 only 6 remained operational.[4] Despite these early problems the RIrAF purchased more Furies, acquiring a total of 38 F.Mk.1s single seaters and 4 two-seaters.[4] which equipped numbers 1 and 7 Squadrons RIrAF. The only RIrAF Fury victory was an Israeli Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bomber.
1950s and early 1960s[edit]
During the 1950s, the RIrAF was affected when the monarchy was toppled in 1958 resulting in the cessation of arms imports from western countries such as Great Britain.[4] From 1950 to 1958 most of the RIrAF aircraft were from the United Kingdom. The first jet fighters, the de Havilland Vampire of the RIrAF were delivered in 1953. The RIrAF also received de Havilland Venoms and Hawker Hunters during the mid-1950s.[4] In 1954 and 1956, 19 de Havilland Vampire jet fighters 14 ex-RAF Hawkers funded by the U.S. were delivered.[4] They also received 4 Bristol 170 Freighters in 1953.[4]
During the 14 July Revolution in 1958, the King of Iraq was overthrown and the country established diplomatic and political relationships with Warsaw Pact countries, while simultaneously severing relations with western nations.[4] The Iraqi Air Force (IQAF) dropped the "Royal" from its name after the revolution.[4] The Soviets were quick to supply MiG-17s, and later MiG-19 and MiG-21 fighters, as well as Ilyushin Il-28 bombers to the new Iraqi government.[4] They also received 13 Ilyushin Il-14 transports in 1959 from Poland.[citation needed] The first MiG-17s were first delivered in 1958 to replace the de Havilland Vampire.[citation needed] During the late 1960s and or early 1970s additional MiG-17 examples may have been purchased and then forwarded to either Syria or Egypt.[4]
Tom Cooper and Stefan Kuhn list the air force's squadrons in 1961 as:[6]
- No.1 Squadron, Venom FB.Mk.1, based at Habbaniyah AB, CO Capt. A.-Mun'em Ismaeel
- No.2 Squadron, Mi-4, based at Rashid AB, CO Maj. Wahiq Ibraheem Adham
- No.3 Squadron, An-12B, based at Rashid AB, CO Capt. Taha Ahmad Mohammad Rashid
- No.4 Squadron, Fury FB.Mk.11, based at Kirkuk Air Base, CO Maj. A. Latif
- No.5 Squadron, MiG-17F, based at Rashid AB, CO Maj. Khalid Sarah Rashid
- No.6 Squadron, Hunter, based at Habbaniyah AB, CO Capt. Hamid Shaban
- No.7 Squadron, MiG-17F, based at Kirkuk, CO Maj. Ne'ma Abdullah Dulaimy
- No.8 Squadron, Il-28, based at Rashid AB, CO Maj. Adnan Ameen Rashid
- No.9 Squadron, MiG-19, in process of formation.
The IQAF received about 50 MiG-19s during the early 1960s but most of these remained in their crates and were subsequently re-delivered to Egypt and only the 6th squadron ever operated the (roughly) 18 MiG19P and missile armed MiG19PMs, which it did From Rasheed Air Base in Baghdad. Iraq also received MiG21F-13 fighters in 1962 and Tu-16 bombers after 1963.
The November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état realigned Iraq with NATO powers, and as a result, more second-hand Hawker Hunters were delivered to the IQAF.[4] For several years aircraft imports from the Communist Eastern European nations had been suspended until 1966, when MiG-21PF interceptors was purchased from the Soviet Union.[4] after the death in an aircraft accident of Abdelsalam Aref, the Iraqi president, who was then replaced by his brother.
In 1966, Assyrian Iraqi Captain Munir Redfa defected with his MiG-21F-13 to Israel who in turn gave it to the United States for evaluation under the code-name "Have Donut".[7] However by then the MiG21-F13s had been replaced by MiG21FL and PFM in the Iraqi air force's frontline units and the MiG21-F13s were being used as operational conversion trainers.
Six-Day War[edit]
During the Six-Day War, it bombed several air bases and land targets including strikes by Tu-16 bombers on Israeli airbases, where one of the striking bombers was shot down by Israelis, but the rest of the bombers returned safely. It also played a significant role in supporting Jordanian troops.[3] As well, the Iraqi Air Force had one Pakistani pilot Saiful Azam who claimed two kills of Israeli fighters over H3 in an Iraqi Hawker Hunter. Iraqi pilots in Hawker Hunters made a further five claims against Israeli planes in air combat.[4] Due to Hunters and MiG21PFMs the IQAF were successfully able to defend their air bases in western Iraq from additional Israeli attacks.[4] On the same day the IQAF also were able to break through Israeli air spaces and destroyed five Israeli aircraft in air fighting.[3]
1970s and the Yom Kippur War[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2008) |
Throughout this decade, the IQAF grew in size and capability, as The 20 year Treaty of friendship with the USSR signed in 1971 brought large numbers of relatively modern fighter aircraft to the air force.[citation needed] The Iraqi government was never satisfied with the Soviet supplying them and while they were purchasing modern fighters like the MiG-21 and the Sukhoi Su-20, they began persuading the French to sell Mirage F-1s fighters (which were bought) and later Jaguars (which were however never ordered).[4]
Before the Yom Kippur War, the IQAF sent 12 Hawker Hunters to Egypt where they stayed to fight; only 1 survived the war.[4] The IQAF first received their Sukhoi Su-7s in 1968; they were originally stationed in Syria. Aircraft deployed to Syria suffered heavy losses due to Israeli aircraft and SAMs.[citation needed] In addition, they were hit with friendly fire from Syrian SAMs.[citation needed] A planned attack on the 8th of October was canceled due to these heavy losses as well as disagreements with the Syrian government.[citation needed] Eventually, all aircraft besides several Sukhoi Su-7s were withdrawn from bases in Syria. During the war in October 1973, the first air strike against Israeli bases in Sinai was composed of Iraqi planes; they hit artillery sites and Israeli tanks, and they also claimed to have destroyed 21 Israeli fighters in air combat.[8] Shortly after the war, the IQAF ordered 14 Tu-22Bs and two Tu-22Us from the USSR as well as Raduga Kh-22 missiles from Soviet Union.[citation needed] By 1975, 10 Tu-22Bs and 2 Tu-22Us were delivered.[citation needed]
The 1970s also saw a series of fierce Kurdish uprisings in the north of the country against Iraq.[citation needed] With the help of the Shah of Iran, the Kurds received arms and supplies including modern SAMs as well as some Iranian soldiers.[citation needed] The IQAF suffered heavy casualties fighting the Kurds, so they began using their new Tu-22s in combat against them (using 3 tonne bombs from high altitude to avoid the Iranian HAWK SAM batteries that the Shah had set up near the Iraqi border to cover the Kurdish insurgents) as they were able to avoid a greater percentage of SAMs due to their higher bombing altitude and improved electronic countermeasures.[4] During the mid-1970s, tensions with Iran were high but was later resolved with the Algiers Treaty.[citation needed]
1980s and war with Iran [edit]
Between 1980 and the summer of 1990, the number of combat aircraft in the IQAF went from 332 to over 950.[3] Before the Iraqi invasion of Iran, the IQAF had expected 16 modern Dassault Mirage F.1EQs from France and were also in the middle of receiving a total of 240 new aircraft and helicopters from their Eastern European allies. When Iraq invaded Iran in late September 1980, the Soviets and the French stopped delivery of additional aircraft to Iraq but resumed deliveries a few months later.[9]
The IQAF had to instead fight with obsolete Su-20, MiG-21 Fishbeds and MiG-23 Floggers.[9] The MiG-21 was the main interceptor of the force while their MiG-23s were used for ground attack and interception.[citation needed] The Su-20 were pure ground attack aircraft. On the first day of the war, a formation of MiG-23s and MiG-21s raided airports and airfields of the Iranian Air Force, but the Iranian aircraft were not heavily damaged because of strong concrete hangars that housed the planes.[citation needed] In retaliation for these aerial attacks, the Iranian Air Force launched Operation Kaman 99 a day after the war was launched.
During late 1981, it was soon clear that the modern Mirage F-1s and the Soviet MiG-25s were effective against the Iranians.[9] The IQAF began to use their new Eastern weaponry which included Tu-22KD/KDP bombers, equipped with Kh-22M/MP air-to-ground missiles, MiG-25s equipped with Kh-25 air-to-ground missiles as well as Kh-25 and Kh-58 anti-radar missiles and even MiG-23BNs, equipped with Kh-29L/T missiles.[9] In 1983, to satisfy the Iraqis waiting for their upgraded Exocet-capable Mirage F-1EQ5s, Super Etendards were leased to Iraq. The Iranian gunboats and the Iranian oil tanker fleet suffered severe damage at the hand of the 5 Super Etendards equipped with Exocet anti ship missiles. One of these was lost during their 20 month combat use and 4 returned to the Aeronavale in 1985 interceptors.[9]
While the IQAF generally played a minor role in the war against Iran, it had bombed airfields in Tehran and other Iranian cities.[3] The air force had a more successful role attacking tankers and other vessels using Exocet missiles on their French built Mirage F-1s. On May 17, 1987, an Iraqi F-1 mistakenly launched two Exocet anti-ship missiles into the American frigate USS Stark crippling the vessel and killing 37 sailors.[3]
By 1987, the air force consisted of 40,000 men, of whom about 10,000 were a part of the Air Defense Command.[3] Its main base was in Tammuz (Al Taqqadum), Al Bakr (Balad), Al Qadisiya (Al Asad), Ali Air Base, Saddam Airbase (Qayarrah West) and other major bases including Basra. The IQAF operated from 24 main operating bases and 30 dispersal bases, with nuclear-hardened shelters and extensive runways.[3]
Notable Iraqi Pilots of the Iran-Iraq War[edit]
Unlike many other nations with modern air forces, Iraq was engaged in a long and protracted war. The 8 year long conflict with Iran gave the Air Force the opportunity to develop some battle-tested and hardened fighter pilots. Though information about the IQAF is, at best, hard to access, two men stand out as the best Iraqi fighter aces.
Mohommed Rayyan, nicknamed "Sky Falcon," who flew MiG-21 MFs in 1980-81, and claimed two confirmed kills against Iranian F-5Es in 1980. With the rank of Captain, Rayyan qualified on MiG-25Ps in late 1981 and went on to claim another eight kills, two of which are confirmed, before being shot down and killed by IRIAF F-14s in 1986.[10]
Captain Omar Goben was another successful fighter pilot. While flying a MiG-21 he scored air kills against two F-5E Tiger IIs and one F-4E Phantom II in 1980. He later transferred to the MiG-23 and survived the war, but was killed in January 1991 flying a MiG-29 versus an American F-15C.[10]
1990s – Persian Gulf War and no-fly zones[edit]
In August 1990, Iraq had one of the largest air forces in the region even after the long Iran–Iraq War. The air force at that time contained more than 500 aircraft in their inventory. Theoretically, the IQAF should have been 'hardened' by the conflict with Iran, but post-war purges of the IQAF leadership and other personnel decimated the air force, as the Iraqi regime struggled to bring it back under total control.[9] Training was brought to the minimum during the whole of 1990.
The table below shows the Iraqi Air Force at the start of the Gulf War, its losses, damaged aircraft, flights to Iran and remaining assets at the end of the Gulf War. This is a combination of losses both in the air (23 aircraft)[11] and on the ground (227 aircraft) and exclude the helicopters and aircraft that belonged to Iraqi Army Aviation, Iraqi Navy and the Aviation wing of the Iraqi Department of Border Enforcement.[12]
Aircraft | 1990 | destroyed | damaged | to Iran | survived |
France Mirage F1EQ | 76 | 23 | 6 | 24 | 23 |
France Mirage F1K (Kuwaiti) | 8 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
USSR MiG-23BN | 38 | 17 | 0 | 4 | 18 |
USSR Su-20 | 18 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 8 |
USSR Su-22R | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
USSR Su-22M2 | 24 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 11 |
USSR Su-22M3 | 16 | 7 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
USSR Su-22M4 | 28 | 7 | 0 | 15 | 6 |
USSR Su-24MK | 30 | 5 | 0 | 24 | 1 |
USSR MiG-21/China F7 | 236 | 65 | 46 | 0 | 115 |
USSR MiG-23ML | 39 | 14 | 1 | 7 | 17 |
USSR MiG-23MF | 14 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 7 |
USSR MiG-23MS | 15 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 9 |
USSR MiG-25RB | 9 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
USSR MiG-25PDS | 19 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
USSR MiG-29B | 37 | 17 | 4 | 4 | 12 |
USSR MiG-23UM | 21 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 12 |
USSR Tu-16 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
China Xian H-6 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
USSR An-26 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
USSR Il-76 | 19 | 3 | 1 | 15 | 0 |
France Dassault Falcon 20 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
France Dassault Falcon 50 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
USA Lockheed Jetstar | 6 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
USSR MiG-25U | 7 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
USSR Su-22-UM3 | 25 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 21 |
Czechoslovakia L-39 | 67 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 66 |
Brazil Tucano | 78 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 64 |
Switzerland FFA AS-202 Bravo | 34 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 17 |
Eloris trainer | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
United Kingdom Jet Provost | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 |
France Mirage F1BQ | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
USSR MiG-29UB | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
During the 1991 Gulf War, the Iraqi Air Force was devastated by the United States, the United Kingdom and their allies. Most airfields were heavily struck, and in air combat Iraq was only able to obtain four confirmed kills (and 4 damaged and one probable kill), while sustaining 23 losses.[11] All of the out of service (six) Tupolev Tu-22s that Iraq possessed were destroyed by bombing at the start of Operation Desert Storm, though they had already been withdrawn from the inventory of the Iraqi Air Force and were simply used as decoys and do not appear on the operational list of lost aircraft from the Iraqi Air Force (like all other old aircraft which were used solely to deflect raids from operational assets).
The MiG-25 force (NATO reporting name 'Foxbat') recorded the first Iraqi air-to-air kill during the war. A MIG-25PDS, piloted by Lt. Zuhair Dawood of the 84th Fighter Squadron, shot down an U.S. Navy F/A-18 Hornet from VFA-81 on the first night of the war. In 2009 the Pentagon announced they had identified the remains of the pilot, U.S. Navy Captain Michael "Scott" Speicher, solving an 18-year mystery. Captain Speicher, who was a Lieutenant Commander at the time, was apparently buried by nomadic Bedouin tribesmen close to where his jet was shot down in a remote area of Anbar province.
The second air-air kill was recorded by a pilot named Jameel Sayhood on January nineteenth. Flying a MIG-29 he shot down a Royal Air Force Tornado GR.1A with R-60 missiles. The RAF aircraft serial ZA396/GE was piloted by Flight Lieutenant D J Waddington, and Flight Lieutenant R J Stewart, and crashed 51 nautical miles South-East of Tallil air base.[13]
In another incident, an Iraqi Foxbat-E eluded eight USAF F-15C Eagles, firing three missiles at a USAF EF-111 electronic warfare aircraft, forcing them to abort their mission. In yet another incident, two MiG-25's approached a pair of F-15 Eagles, fired missiles (which were evaded by the F-15s), and then out-ran the American fighters. Two more F-15s joined the pursuit, and a total of ten air-to-air missiles were fired at the Foxbats; none of which could reach them.
In an effort to demonstrate their own air offensive capability, on 24 January the Iraqis attempted to mount a strike against the major Saudi oil refinery in Abqaiq. Two Mirage F-1 fighters laden with incendiary bombs and two MiG-23s (along as fighter cover) took off from bases in Iraq. They were spotted by USAF E-3 Sentry AWACS aircraft, and two Royal Saudi Air Force F-15s were sent to intercept. When the Saudis appeared the Iraqi MiGs turned tail, but the Mirages pressed on. Captain Iyad Al-Shamrani, one of the Saudi pilots maneuvered his jet behind the Mirages and shot down both aircraft. After this episode, the Iraqis made no more air efforts of their own, sending most of their jets to Iran in hopes that they might someday get their air force back. (Iran never returned the jets.)[14]
The ethnic Assyrian Air Vice Marshall Georges Sada was sacked and imprisoned by Saddam Hussain for refusing to execute prisoners of war.
During the Persian Gulf War, most Iraqi pilots and aircraft (of French & Soviet origin) fled to Iran to escape the bombing campaign because no other country would allow them sanctuary. The Iranians impounded these aircraft after the war and never returned them, putting them in the service of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force[15] – claiming them as reparations for the Iran–Iraq War. Because of this Saddam Hussein did not send the rest of his Air Force to Iran just prior to Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003, instead opting to bury them in sand. Saddam Hussein, preoccupied with Iran and regional power balance, is reported to have had commented: "The Iranians are even stronger than before, they now have our Air Force."[16]
These included: Mirage F1s, Su-20 and Su-22M2/3/4 Fitters, Su-24MK Fencer-Ds, Su-25K/UBK Frogfoots, MiG-23 Floggers, MiG-29A/UB Fulcrums and a number of Il-76s, including the one-off AEW-AWACS prototype Il-76 "ADNAN 1". Also, prior to Operation Desert Storm, ten Iraqi MiG-23s were sent to Yugoslavia for servicing, but were never returned due to the Yugoslav Wars.
Persian Gulf War aircraft losses claimed by the Allies[edit]
Aircraft | Origin | No. Shot Down | No. To Iran |
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 | USSR | 4 | 0 |
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 | USSR | 9 | 12 |
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 | USSR | 2 | 0 |
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29 | USSR | 6 | 4 |
Dassault Mirage F-1 | France | 9 | 24 |
Sukhoi Su-7/17 | USSR | 4 | 0 |
Sukhoi Su-20 | USSR | 0 | 4 |
Sukhoi Su-22 | USSR | 2 | 40 |
Sukhoi Su-24 | USSR | 0 | 24 |
Sukhoi Su-25 | USSR | 2 | 7 |
Ilyushin Il-76 | USSR | 1 | 15 |
Mil Mi-8 | USSR | 1 | 0 |
Observation helicopter | 1 | 0 | |
U/I helicopter | 1 | 0 | |
Total Number Loss[17] | 44 | 137 |
The Iraqi air force itself lists its air-to-air losses at 23 airframes[11] compared to the US claims of 44. Similarly the Allies initially acknowledged 0 losses in air combat to the Iraqi air force, and only in 1995 acknowledged one loss, and after 2003 another one loss a further two Iraqi claims and one probable are still listed by the Allies as lost to "ground fire" rather than an Iraqi fighter.
As well as the Persian Gulf war, the IQAF was also involved in the 1991 uprisings in Iraq. Alongside Army aviation Mi-8, Mi-24, Gazelle, Alouette and Puma helicopters were used to counter the attempted Shi'ite and Kurdish revolts between 1991 and 1993.
After the Gulf War, the air force consisted only of a sole SU-24 (nicknamed "waheeda" in the Iraqi airforce which translates to roughly "the lonely") and a single squadron of MiG-25s purchased from the Soviet Union in 1979, Some Mirages, MiG-23ML and SU-22s also remained in use with the MiG-29s being withdrawn from use by 1995 due to engine TBO limits and MiG-21s withdrawn due to obsolescence. During the period of sanctions that followed, the Air Force was severely restricted by no-fly zones established by the coalition and by restricted access to spare parts due to United Nations sanctions. Many aircraft were unserviceable and a few were hidden from American reconnaissance to escape potential destruction. In patrols of the no-fly zones, three Iraqi MiGs were lost. Despite several attacks from U.S. F-15s and F-14s firing AIM-54 and AIM-120 missiles at the Iraqi fighters, the Iraqi maneuvers ensured they were able to avoid any casualties in their dispute over Iraqi airspace. The last recorded air-to-air kill was on 23 December 2002, when a MiG-25 Foxbat shot down an American RQ-1 Predator.[18]
Recent information released by the DTIC containing the top-secret archives of the defunct Iraqi Airforce sheds light on the true losses and operations of the airforce during 1991.[12]
Operation Iraqi Freedom – 2003[edit]
By 2003, Iraq's air power numbered an estimated 180, of which only about a half were flyable.[19] In late 2002, a Yugoslav weapons company provided servicing for the MiG-21s and MiG-23s, violating the UN sanctions.[19] An aviation institute in Bijeljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, supplied the engines and spare parts.[20] These however, were too late to improve the condition of Iraq's air force.
On the brink of the US led invasion, Saddam Hussein disregarded his air force's wishes to defend the country's airspace against coalition aircraft and ordered the bulk of his fighters disassembled or buried. Air Vice Marshal Abed Hamed Mowhoush was apparently the air force commander immediately prior to the war. Some were later found by US excavation forces around the Al Taqqadum and Al Asad air bases, including MiG-25s and Su-25s.[21] The IQAF proved to be totally non-existent during the invasion; a few helicopters were seen but no fighters flew to combat coalition aircraft.[22]
During the occupation phase, most of Iraq's combat aircraft (mainly MiG-23s, MiG-25s and Su-25s) were found by American and Australian forces in poor condition at several air bases throughout the country while others were discovered buried.[23] Most of the IQAF's aircraft were destroyed during and after the invasion, and all remaining equipment was junked or scrapped in the immediate aftermath of the war. None of the aircraft acquired during Saddam's time remained in service.[17]
Post-Invasion to present[edit]
The Iraqi Air Force, like all Iraqi forces after the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, is being rebuilt as part of the overall program to build a new Iraqi defense force.[24] The newly created air force consisted only of 35 people in 2004 when it began operations.[25]
In December 2004, the Iraqi ministry of defense signed two contracts with the Polish defence consortium BUMAR.[26] The first contract, worth 132 million USD, was for the delivery of 20 PZL W-3 Sokół helicopters and the training of 10 Iraqi pilots and 25 maintenance personnel.[26] They were intended to be delivered by November 2005, but in April 2005 the company charged with fulfilling the contract announced the delivery would not go ahead as planned, because the delivery schedule proposed by PZL Swidnik was not good enough.[26] As a result only 2 were delivered in 2005 for testing.
The second contract, worth 105 million USD, consisted of supplying the Iraqi air force with 24 second-hand Russian-made, re-worked Mi-17 (Hips).[26] As of 2008, 8 have been delivered and 2 more are on their way. The fleet of Hips is already operational. The Mi17s are reported to have some attack capability.[27]
The Air Force primarily serves as a light reconnaissance and transport operation.[28] On March 4, 2007, the IQAF carried out its first medical evacuation in the city of Baghdad when an injured police officer was airlifted to a hospital.[29]
In 2007, the USAF's Second Air Force, part of Air Education and Training Command, was given responsibility to provide curricula and advice to the Iraqi Air Force as it stands up its own technical training and branch specific basic training among others. This mission is known as "CAFTT" for Coalition Air Forces Training Team.[24][28]
During the 2008 Battle of Basra the Iraqi Air Force planned, executed, and monitored 104 missions in support of Iraqi ground security forces in Basra during Operation Charge of the Knights in the Basra area between March 25 and April 1.[30]
In 2009 the first of several Iraqi officers completed their flying training at RAF Cranwell, a development with echos of the Iraqi Air Force's early beginnings.[31]
On April 29, 2009 the first 3 of an unspecified number of Beech 350 Super King Air light transport airplanes arrived at London-Luton airport on delivery to the Iraqi Air Force.
On August 30, 2009 the Iraq Defense Ministry revealed that they had discovered 19 Soviet Mig-21 and MiG-23 aircraft that had been stored in Serbia. Saddam Hussein sent the 19 jet fighters to Serbia for repairs in the 1980s, during the Iran-Iraq war but was unable to bring them back after sanctions had been imposed on his country. The Serbian Government promised to make two of the aircraft available "for immediate use," and would proceed to restore the remaining aircraft on a rush basis.[32]
It was reported in December 2007 that a deal had been reached between the Iraqi government and Serbia for the sale of arms and other military equipment including 36 Lasta 95 basic trainers.[33] It is speculated that Iraq may buy 50 Aérospatiale Gazelle attack helicopters from France.[34] In July 2008, Iraq had formally requested an order for 24 light attack and reconnaissance helicopters. The aircraft would either be the U.S. Army's new ARH-70 helicopter or the more popular MH-6 Little Bird.[35]
On October 14, 2008, Aviation Week reported that two Hellfire-equipped Cessna 208Bs were spotted at an ATK facility in Meacham Airport, Fort Worth, Texas. The Iraqi air force is due to receive 3 armed Cessna Caravans in December 2008, with two more to be delivered in 2009. This represents the first IQAF strike capability since the start of the war in 2003.[36]
The Iraqi government announced in November 2008 that the Iraqi Air Force would purchase 108 aircraft through 2011. Ultimately the force will consist of up to 516 total aircraft by 2015, then 550 total aircraft by 2018. Specific types being purchased included Eurocopter EC 635 and Bell ARH-70 type helicopters. Additionally, 24 T-6 Texan II aircraft would be purchased for the light attack role.[37]
Over the summer of 2008, the Defense Department announced that the Iraqi government wanted to order more than 400 armored vehicles and other equipment worth up to $3 billion, and six C-130J transport planes, worth up to $1.5 billion.[38]
Iraq will buy 28 Czech-made L-159 training jets valued at $1 billion (770 million euros) Twenty-four of the planes will be new, while four will come from Czech army surplus stocks
Iraq's air space will be unguarded from December 2011 until 18 F-16 jet fighters and their pilots are ready two years later.[39] November 2011, there are currently six Iraqi F-16 candidates in the U.S. for different phases of pilot training. These students will form the core of Iraq's future F-16 force,[40] which is equipped with the Northrop AN/APG-68v9 radar.[41]
Air Force commanders[edit]
- 1936, Muhammed Ali Jawad[5]
- 1941, Mahmud Salman[42]
- 1959, Jalal Al-Awqati
- 1963, Hardan al-Tikriti[43]
- 1965, Arif Abdul-Razak
- 1968, Jassam Mohammed al-Shahir[44]
- 1973–1976, Brigade Nima Al Dulaimi
- 1978–1983, Mohamed Jessam Al-Jeboury
- 1985, Air Marshal Hamid Sha'aban[45]
- 1990 Muzahim Hassan al-Tikriti[46]
- Khaldoon Khattab
- mid-1990s to 2003, Hamid Raja Shalah[47]
- 2005– Kamal Barzanji[48][49]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
- 2008–present Anwar Hamad Ameen[49][50]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Order of battle[edit]
The Iraqi Air Force consists of nine squadrons and one training wing:[51]
- Flight Training Wing – The flight training wing operates mostly fixed wing aircraft such as the T-6A, Cessna 172, Cessna 208 and Beechcraft King Air 350. Wing including 1st and 12th Squadrons is moving from Kirkuk to Tikrit.[51]
- 1st Flight Training Squadron – The Iraqi Air Force's primary fixed wing training squadron operating 4 T-6A, 12 Cessna 172 and 5 Cessna 208. It is based in Tikrit.
- 12th Flight Training Squadron – A training squadron currently operating 10 Bell 206 helicopters. Based at Kirkuk.
- 2nd Squadron – A helicopter airlift squadron operating sixteen UH-1H Huey II helicopters donated by Jordan. The helicopters were refurbished and upgraded by the United States and delivered in 2006–2007. It is based in Taji.[52]
- 3rd Squadron – A reconnaissance squadron operating 8 Cessna 208 Caravan reconnaissance aircraft. Its base is Kirkuk Air Base.[52]
- 4th Squadron – A helicopter airlift squadron operating 30 Mil Mi-17 helicopters. It is based in Taji.[52]
- 15th SOF Squadron – A helicopter squadron being formed specifically for the ISOF. The unit consists of 26 Mi-17-v5 helicopters.
- 23rd Squadron – An airlift squadron operating 3 ex-USAF C-130E Hercules transport aircraft. Its base is at New Al Muthana Air Base located at Baghdad International Airport.[53]
- 70th Squadron – A reconnaissance squadron operating 16 CH-2000 light reconnaissance aircraft. It is based in Basrah.[52]
- 87th Squadron – A light transport and reconnaissance squadron currently operating the Beechcraft King Air 350. It is based at New Al Muthana Air Base.[54]
- Technical Training Wing – Based at Taji.
Aircraft inventory[edit]
Current inventory[edit]
Aircraft[55] | Origin | Type | Versions | In service[56] | Notes |
Fighter Aircraft | |||||
Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon | USA | Multirole Fighter Aircraft
Conversion Trainer |
F-16IQ (C Block 52)
F-16IQ (D Block 52) |
0(6) |
Initial payment for 18 aircraft made September 2011. Follow on order for 18 additional aircraft (36 total) announced December 2011.[57]
Helicopters | |||||
Mil Mi-35 | Russia | Attack and transports Helicopter | Mi-35M | 6 | Deliveries start October 2013 |
Bell 206 JetRanger | USA | Utility helicopter | 206B | 10 | |
Bell UH-1 Iroquois | USA | Utility helicopter | 15 | Used for medivac/search and rescue | |
Bell 412 EP | USA | Utility helicopter | 0 (12) | Used for search and rescue | |
Bell OH-58C Kiowa | USA | Training helicopter | 9 | On loan from US Army | |
Mil Mi-28 | Russia | Attack Helicopter | Mi-28NE | 0 (30-40)[60] | However there are reports that only Mi-35s were ordered.[61] |
Mi-17/Mi-171 | Russia | Medium Utility | 60 | ||
Boeing AH-64 Apache Helicopter | USA | Attack Helicopter | AH-64E | 0 (24)[62] | |
Bell 407 | USA | Armed Scout | 30 | ||
Eurocopter EC635 | France
Germany |
Light Multi-Purpose Helicopter | EC635-T2 | 24 | |
SA342 | France | Utility Helicopter | 6 | ||
Trainer Aircraft | |||||
Cessna 208 Caravan | USA | Advanced Training | TC208 | 5 | |
Cessna 172 | USA | Basic Training | 172R | 18 | |
Hawker Beechcraft T-6 Texan II | USA | Advanced Training | T-6A | 15 | Option for up to 20 aircraft. |
PAC Super Mushshak | Pakistan | Basic Training/Light Attack | 0(20) | Contract signed in 2014. PAF to provide training. | |
KAI T-50 Golden Eagle | South Korea | Attack and Advanced trainer | T-50IQ | 0(24) |
ordered by Iraqi Government in Dec 2013.[63] |
Lasta 95 | Serbia | Intermediate Trainer/Light Attack | 20[64] | Delivered between Dec. 2010 and Mar. 2011. | |
Transport Aircraft | |||||
Antonov An-32 | Ukraine | medium transport | An-32B | 6 | All 6 aircraft delivered as of October 2012.[65] |
Beechcraft King Air 350 | USA | light/ VIP transport | 350ER | 14 | All operated by 87th sqn. |
Lockheed C-130 Hercules | USA | tactical airlift/ transport | C-130E
6 |
Reconnaissance Aircraft | |||||
Beechcraft King Air 350 | USA | surveillance and reconnaissance | 350ISR | 10 | |
Cessna 208 Caravan | USA | ground surveillance
strike |
3 |
3 armed with Hellfire missiles. |
SAMA CH2000 | Jordan | liaison | 16 | ||
Seabird SBL-360 Seeker | Jordan | Observation/ liaison | SB7L-360A | 2 | Both aircraft upgraded with Westar reconnaissance sensors and returned to service in 2009. |
RQ-11 Raven | USA | Light / Short range reconnaissance | 12 | [66] |
Anti-Aircraft | |||||
Name | Origin | Quantity | Notes | ||
Pantsir-S1 | Russia | 0 | 42-50 on order[67] | ||
AN/TWQ-1 Avenger | USA | 10 | 40 on order[68] | ||
FIM-92 Stinger | USA | 681 | |||
MIM-23 Hawk | USA | 0 | 6 on order upgraded to Hawk XXI[69] |
Possible sales and acquisitions[edit]
- The Iraqi government is seeking the return of 8-12 MiG-21s sent to Yugoslavia in 1989; they will need to be refurbished if they are returned to service.[70][71]
On 19 November 2009, the US DSCA announced a formal request from the Iraqi government to buy up to 27 light and medium utility helicopters, in a deal worth up to $1.2 billion.[citation needed] The Government of Iraq has requested a possible sale in a couple of categories.[citation needed]
The Light Utility Observation category already fits the EC635, which reportedly has an option for additional helicopters in the contract. Candidates in these requests include:
- 15 AgustaWestland AW 109s or
- 15 Bell 429 Medical Evacuation and Aerial Observation helicopters; or
- 15 EADS UH-72 Lakota Light Utility helicopters, which won America's LUH competition; MEDEVAC is one of their roles.
In the medium utility category, candidates include:
- 12 AgustaWestland AW139 Medium Utility helicopters; or
- 12 Bell 412s, which would possess many similarities to Iraq's less-advanced Huey-IIs; or
- 12 Sikorsky UH-60M Black Hawk helicopters equipped with 24 T700-GE-701D engines.
However these could be delayed, for reasons that go beyond the standard 30-day Congressional blocking period. A drop in global oil prices from their recent $100+/bbl highs has affected Iraq's budgets, and delayed a number of existing military purchases. This combination of budget issues, and a rigid agreement concerning the end of America's combat presence in Iraq, has left the Iraqi government in a position where it is unlikely to be able to properly enforce the military mandates it will assume. American and Iraqi personnel have been assessing what is possible by 2011–2012, and what might be done. Prioritization of requests will be especially tight in this environment.
Throughout 2010 and 2011, the Iraqi government and the MoI announced intentions to buy Dassault Mirage F1 and F-16C Block 52 fighters.[72][73][74] Whereby the Iraqi cabinet specified a sum of $900m as a first installment of $3b worth of aircraft, equipment, spare parts, and training.
The deal to buy the F-16 fighters seemed to teeter as the GoI reversed its decision on the 12th of February and wanted to divert the initial sum of $900m to economic reconstruction.[57][75] However, on the 12 July 2011, the GoI re-iterated its interest in the F-16s due to the pending withdrawal of American forces from Iraq, and some sources indicate that the GoI is interested in doubling the number of fighters to be purchased to 36.[76][77][78]
There were talks to buy Czech made combat aircraft Aero L-159 ALCA with possible sale or oil trade of either 24 or 36 aircraft from Czech Air Force surplus.[79][80][81] The purchase was not done and as of 2013, the Czech Republic has not been able to secure its first export deal for its L-159 Alca fighter aircraft.[82]
In 2012, Iraq made the announcement of purchases worth $4.2-$5 billion of Russian weapons. As of October 9, 30 Mi-28N Havoc helicopters and 42-50 Pantsir-S1 air defense systems have been ordered.[83] After agreeing with the deal, the Iraqi government reportedly called off the deal due to corruption concerns.[84] The reported cancellation was soon said to be false, and the deals are going ahead.[85] In May 2013, Iraq reopened its investigation of corruption in the deal.[86]
See also[edit]
- ^ "Iraqi Air Force executes over 100 missions in support of Operation Charge of the Knights -Sale-". Salem-News.com (2008). Retrieved 2008-09-06.
- ^ Zavis, Alexandra (2008-09-07). "Iraq's air force taking to the skies again – Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Iraqi Air Force". Global security IQAF. globalsecurity.org. 2005. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Cooper, Tom (2003). "Iraqi Air Force Since 1948 Part 1". Air Combat Information Group. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
- ^ a b Al-Marashi, Ibrahim; Salama, Sammy (2008). Iraq's Armed Forces. Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 0-415-40078-3.
- ^ Tom Cooper and Stefan Kuhn, Kuwait Emergency, Air Combat Information Group, accessed January 2014.
- ^ "Stealing a Soviet MiG". Jewish virtual library (2005). Retrieved 2008-09-14.
- ^ "IRAQ". Arabs At War. 1. University of Nebraska Press. 2002 [1997]. p. 167.
- ^ a b c d e f Cooper, Tom (2003). "Iraqi Air Force Since 1948 Part 2". Air Combat Information Group. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
- ^ a b David Nicolle; Tom Cooper (2004). Arab MiG-19 and MiG-21 Units in Combat. Osprey Publishing. p. 82.
- ^ a b c ("The First Night" by Cooper/Sadik (IAPR, Vol.26))
- ^ a b c Iraqi Perspectives Project Phase II. Um Al-Ma'arik (The Mother of All Battles): Operational and Strategic Insights from an Iraqi Perspective, Volume 1 (Revised May 2008)
- ^ Aviatsya i Vremya 5/2005 , Ahmad Sadik & Diego Fernando Zampini " The third day (and beyond...)" pages 45-46
- ^ "The Gulf War – The Air Campaign". indepthinfo.com. 2005. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
- ^ "Iran 'makes own warplane'". BBC News. 1999-06-29. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
- ^ Woods, Kevin; Michael R. Pease, Mark E. Stout, Williamson Murray, James G. Lacey (2006). The Iraqi Perspective Report. Naval Institute Press. p. 40. ISBN 1-59114-457-4.
- ^ a b "Iraqi Air Force Equipment – Introduction". globalsecurity.org. 2005. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
- ^ "Pilotless Warriors Soar To Success". CBS News.com. 2003-04-25. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
- ^ a b "Analysis: Iraq's air force". BBC News. 2003-03-17. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
- ^ "Saddam and the Yugoslav link". Asia Times. 2002-10-26. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
- ^ Air Force News – Air Force Times HOME
- ^ "Iraqi Air Force". Scramble on the Web. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
- ^ "Scramble on the Web – Iraqi Air Force". Scramble. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
- ^ a b "U.S. Airmen Help Iraqi Air Force Fly". Air Force News. March 29, 2007. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
- ^ "DefenseLink News Article: Iraqi Air Force Growing in Size, Capability". American Forces Press Service. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
- ^ a b c d "(New) Iraqi Air Force (IqAF) and Iraqi Army Air Corps". MILAVIA. 2007-05-01. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
- ^ "Iraq to Have Some Air Strike Capability, U.S. Says". Reuters. 2007-12-06. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
- ^ a b Schloeffel, Senior Airman Eric (2008-06-24). "Iraqi airmen reach maintenance goals, keep fleet soaring". 506th Air Expeditionary Group Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 2012-12-12. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
- ^ Kent, Cpl. Jess (March 22, 2007). "Iraqi Air Force performs first MEDEVAC". Blackanthem Military News. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
- ^ Iraqi Air Force News Story
- ^ http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/TrainingAndAdventure/IraqiPilotGraduatesFromRafCranwell.htm[dead link]
- ^ Remnants of Iraq Air Force Are Found
- ^ Limun.hr – Iraq to buy 35 airplanes from Serbia
- ^ Iraqi Security Forces Order of Battle: July 2008 Update – The Long War Journal
- ^ Iraq Seeks Armed Reconnaissance Helicopters
- ^ "New Iraqi Airborne Strike Capability". Aviation Week. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
- ^ http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/11/plans_for_iraqi_air.php
- ^ Iraq Seeks F-16 Fighters
- ^ Ziezulewicz, Geoff. "USAF general: Iraqi air defenses to have two-year 'gap'." Stars and Stripes, 7 November 2011.
- ^ http://archive.is/20120719080603/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123280298
- ^ http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Iraq-Seeks-F-16-Fighters-05057/?utm_campaign=newsletter&utm_source=did&utm_medium=textlink&utm_term=The%20New%20Iraqi%20Air%20Force:%20F-16IQ%20Block%2052%20Fighters&utm_campaign=newsletter&utm_source=did&utm_content=Offshore+Patrol+Cutter+%7C+LCS+Costs%2C+Plans+%7C+F-16s+for+Iraq%2C+Oman%2C+Thailand&date_sent=2012-03-16+14%3A16%3A34
- ^ Lyman, Robert (2006). Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad. Campaign. Oxford, New York: Osprey Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 1-84176-991-6.
- ^ Sada, 55.
- ^ Sada, 64.
- ^ The Air War In The Persian Gulf
- ^ Sada, 127.
- ^ "FOXNews.com – U.S. Forces Capture Iraqi Air Force Commander". FOXNews.com. 2003-06-14. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
- ^ http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/iraq-aircrew-053005.htm
- ^ a b "Ambassador Hosts Iraqi Air Force Commander U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Warsaw, Poland". U.S. Diplomatic Mission. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
- ^ http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2010/09/u-s-air-war-soars-in-post-combat-iraq/ U.S. Air War Soars in 'Post-Combat' Iraq
- ^ a b http://home.comcast.net/~djyae/site/?/page/Iraq_Order_of_Battle
- ^ a b c d "Iraqi Air Force". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
- ^ "Iraqi air force takes flight with help from U.S. Airmen". U.S. Air Force. 2007-03-29. Archived from the original on 2012-07-29. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
- ^ mnf-iraq.com
- ^ http://www.longwarjournal.org/multimedia/OOBpage15-Equipment.pdf[verification needed]
- ^ World Air Forces 2013 - Flightglobal.com, pg 18-19, December 11, 2012
- ^ a b Iraq Seeks F-16 Fighters, Defense Industry Daily, LLC in association with Watershed Publishing
- ^ http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/iraq-to-get-first-f-16-jets-in-early-2014-official/
- ^ Iraq says signs contract for 18 F-16 fighters - Reuters.com, October 18, 2012
- ^ 13 Russian Mi-28NE helicopters arrive in Iraq, ITAR-TASS, January 5, 2013
- ^ http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2013/11/08/Iraq-takes-first-delivery-of-Russian-helicopters-in-43-billion-deal/UPI-70551383926479/
- ^ Adam Entous (Jan. 27, 2014). "Iraq to Get Apache Attack Helicopters, Missiles From U.S.". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- ^ "Korea Aerospace Industries has signed the contract with Iraq for exporting 24 T-50 jet trainer aircraft". December 12, 2013.
- ^ Serbian MoD visit
- ^ Antonov Aircraft 'Halts Work' on Iraqi Contract | Iraq Business News
- ^ Iraqi Security Forces Order of Battle 2010: 02/03
- ^ http://www.armyrecognition.com/october_2012_new_army_military_defence_industry_uk/russia_will_deliver_30_mi-28ne_attack_helicopters_50_air_defense_systems_pantsir-s1_to_iraq_0910125.html
- ^ http://www.almadapress.com/ar/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=18139.html
- ^ http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/iraqs-new-integrated-air-defense-system-016046/
- ^ Iraq to fetch MiG fighter planes from Serbia (AFP) – Aug 29, 2009
- ^ "Saddam's Lost MiGs", AirForces Monthly, March 2010
- ^ France Offers To Sell Iraq Mirage Fighter Jets - Defence News
- ^ Iraqi Cabinet Approves US Fighter Jet Deal - Iraq Business News
- ^ قرارات الجلسة السادسة بتاريخ 26/1/2011
- ^ Menas Associates: Iraq: F-16 deal shelved
- ^ Iraq reportedly in talks to buy 36 US F-16 fighter jets in a deal worth billions
- ^ Iraq Wants to Double its F-16 Buy (or Does It?)
- ^ Iraq looking to buy F-16 fighters – Arabian Aerospace
- ^ Aero Vodochody boss optimistic about Iraq L-159 decision
- ^ Czechs ready to trade L-159 fighters for Iraqi oil | Czech Position
- ^ http://www.en.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20110524/164189099.html
- ^ "Blow dealt to hopes for L-159s". Prague Post. June 12, 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
- ^ Iraq is Buying Russian Weapons Again - Defenseindustrydaily.com
- ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20278774
- ^ Iraq to go ahead with billion-dollar Russian arms deal - Globalpost.com, November 10, 2012
- ^ Iraq Reopens Russian Arms Deal Probe - Rian.ru, May 21, 2013
- Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948–91, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln/London, 2002
- Sada, Georges; Black, J N (2006). Saddam's Secrets. Integrity Media Europe. ISBN 1-59145-504-9.
Further reading[edit]
- Sean Boyle, 'Iraqi boasts air defence network,' Jane's Intelligence Review, June 2002, p. 2-4
- Craig Caffrey, 'Labour pains: born-again air forces test their new wings,' Jane's International Defence Review, September 2011, 68-74.
Armed groups in the Iraq War | |||||
Insurgents | Now-defunct Ba'athist rebels and insurgents | Iraqi Armed Forces and Police | Militias and others | ||
Shia militias
Sunni militias
Kurdish militias
Minority militias


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Europe Start From The Dark | Sony Music Sweden |
The subject of much debate already, the new Europe album is bound to keep fans and pundits of the scene talking indefinitely. Could the much loved hard rock band reform after all these years and actually keep everyone happy? Probably not, but on the strength of this album, they seem to have a narrow margin voting in their favor. For the record – this is a solid album – for the most part. This is a good modern hard rock album. The question remains – is this what fans wanted from Europe in 2004? While many will answer yes, many others will answer no. I feel I am in an ideal position to comment without bias. Europe as a band were never a personal favourite, yet I own a few of their discs. However, I am a very keen follower of the guys individually and remain a big fan of Joey Tempest's solo work (aside from the last album) and John Norum's also. And the remaining guys have all been a part of some very classy releases over the past few years. So a reformation was of great interest to me – what would the band do? Like many, I was hoping for an album that showcases what the band did best in their past, yet with an updated feel. It seems for many, the updated sound goes to far, with the band relying heavily on current trends in down tuned guitars to stay fashionable. One you get used to the sound and get over the fact the album isn't a hairspray commercial, there are some fine songs to enjoy. It's a pretty heavy collection of songs, even if the guys do sound a little restrained at times. The whole album requires a lot of listening to get into it, but the effort is largely rewarded. However, the second half of the album is nowhere near as good as the first and the over feeling I have is the album is good, but not classic. Track By Track: Got To Have Faith is a personal favourite and a cool way to start the album. Not too heavy and a powerful rhythm section. The chorus is effective, but made even better by a mellow mid-song bridge, before kicking into a good solo. At least the guys didn't ditch the solos! Start From The Dark is a crunchy hard rocker with another good chorus and some strong down tuned riffs from Norum. Flames is a heavy modern rocker with a semi-industrial vibe. Completely out of character for the band, but it works thanks to some strong lead vocals and a chorus that grows on you each listen. Hero is possibly the closest track to a more familiar Europe sound. No surprise that this will be a single and the lead track for the US release of the album. A commercial, yet modern mid-tempo ballad that isn't too far off recent era Bon Jovi. Wake Up Call is another heavy and more aggressive number along the lines of Flames. Tough, hard edged and featuring a subtle bridge to chorus arrangement. Cool track… Reason is another enjoyable track which sees the band offering a very modern, updated take on the mid-tempo moody rocker genre. Song #12 is sadly where things begin to slip a little and the songs begin to sound a bit same-ish. In fact, this track is bloody awful, with barely a discernable hook or melody evident. Roll With You is a dark and moody ballad which is one of the few tracks to feature piano or keyboards. A good chorus which could have been better had it had a little more energy. Sucker is much better. This is another album highlight and despite the guitar sound, is closer to the traditional Europe vibe. Spirit Of The Underdog is another dark and heavy modern rocker. The guitar sound is just a little too modern for these guys and the chorus doesn't save the song. America thankfully sees the tempo lifted and some solid riffing put into play. But the guitar sound employed throughout the album is getting a little tired and once again, the chorus doesn't save the overall song – even though it's not a bad track. Settle For Love is an semi-acoustic ballad and really seems out of place on the album,. More fitting of one of Tempest's solo albums, this track features some fine guitar work, but not too much in the way of memorable hooks.
On the positive, the band shows they are able to deliver some classy rock songs no matter what year it is. For the most part they have updated their sound successfully, but forgot a couple of extra killer choruses which could have made the difference here. A little more emphasis should have been placed on reconnecting with their past and that would have delivered a more balanced record.
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Rating: 85
I think that this is a very good CD. I had a friend in Finland send it to me because it wasn't available in the US. The CD really grew on me and it never left cd player for a week. A lot of recent cds barely make it to the end of the day. If you don't have it, get it.
Rating: 76
Modern, not melodic sounding. The songs are just average in my
opinion. The wrong direction in my opinion.
Rating: 99
I love the new heavier sound! I can't wait for their next album to come out!
Rating: 80
Pretty Good release from Europe. Yes it has a modern feel but its melodic rock. The songs are great. And it's heavier than their old stuff aswell. Well done lads...more of the same please.
Rating: 20
A really poor album. Absolutely no song that sticks in your head, no great melodies- just a big great nothing!
Rating: 100
It's quite easy to bash any album out there, if you want to be malicious, but the fact is that this album is superb songwriting and melodies and sound. Forget the 80s, people change, the sound has changed, but their talent will never change. I have enjoyed it, these guys simply cannot make a bad record. The sounds can be different, but melodies are great.
Andrew, I must say I don't really get your criteria. Because of your rating of Cornerstone's Once Upon Our Yesterdays where you gave them 90 or something I bought the album and that was without any doubt the worst record I have ever heard. On the other hand you give Europe 80...nevermind, it's all about taste I guess.
Europe rocks, I saw them live in Hammersmith in London, and I can't wait for the next studio release...
Rating: 65
I respect them for trying something new and updating their sound but I think they will alienate a lot of the fans that gave them their success in the first place. The modern grungey style's not really my cup of tea. I don't hate it but the better tracks on the album are the ones which are vaguely redolent of classic Europe, like Hero and Roll With You. The rest of it is interesting enough to listen to if you forget about who it is but on the whole its a disappointment. I can't stand Song No 12, Sucker and Spirit Of The Underdog! I've given it 65 - but more out of respect for the fact that they've tried to move on. Its not an complete disaster but its hardly a rip roaring success either. Lukewarm!
Rating: 99
I wasn't sure what to expect when I first listened to this. On one hand part of me yearns for the slick melodicism and triumphant bombast of yesteryear. On the other hand, I believe artists are at their best when they apply gradual evolution and growth to their sound and was hoping to see some sort of maturity and change as well.
Fortunately, what I got was a welcome and refreshing surprise. "Start From The Dark" is one of the best modern Hard Rock/Metal albums out there, combining the best elements of both the old and new school. This is some pretty full-throttle, meat 'n potatoes Hard Rock/Metal with lots of crunchy guitar riffs, intelligent arrangements, and tasteful melodic leadwork. John Norum seems to have mastered the concept of punctuating a song without just playing flamethrower, and thus his solos sound more efficient and thought through and demonstrate great maturity and flexibility. Joey Tempest continues to display an ear for crafting solid song constructs with subtle hooks and infectious melodies that pull you in track after great track. After listening to this album only a few times, I had every song memorized and could list all the songs and write all the lyrics. Rarely can I do this when listening to a new album, and this is clear evidence of how memorable this material really is.
Simply put, this is excellent stuff! This is what Radio Rock should sound like! Standouts include "Got To Have Faith" with it's addictive vocal hook, the darkly catchy title track, heartfelt power-ballad "Hero", fist-pumping anthem "Wake Up Call", and the Thin Lizzy-esq, feel-good "Sucker". This is a mature and developed album. While a certain dark vibe permeates much of the material, it never becomes maudlin or depressing, but rather reflects a band that's intent upon expressing personal growth and soul-searching with the goal of remaining in this for the long haul. The end result is a selection of charismatic and intelligent, yet accessible songs that are at once cathartic and uplifting, thoughtful and life-affirming. This is what good music is supposed to be all about. "Start from the dark" is one of the finest albums of 2004/2005 and the strongest material EUROPE has ever recorded. Welcome back guys!!
Rating: 99
Wow! I know I'm late reviewing this, but it never came out in the states. Finally got a Russian (!?!) copy, but I've been listening to a downloaded (illegal?) copy for months. First off, forget "The Final Countdown." Very good album, but another time, another place. This is the here and now and these Swedes have been gone far too long. Great to have 'em back, I must admit. Very suprised at the guitarwork of John Norum. He makes the album with that excellent tone. Riffs from Europe? You bet'cha! This finished at #4 of my Fave Discs of '04. Just an incredible comeback. Best tracks are 'Faith,' 'Sucker,' 'Spirit Of The Underdog' and the title cut. Old fans might be taken aback by the lack of keys, but Norum's axework teamed with Joey Tempest's stellar vocals make this a winner in my book!
Rating: 99
This is a great album! I agree you'll have to listen to it a couple of times... but than it's the best! I realy am a big Europe fan, always have been but the Prisoners in Paradise album disappointed me al little bit. That's why I'm so glad they have done something different.
There is one thing I don't understand about some reviews here. Why is it a bad thing if a band changes their sound over the years? Do we want them to stay the same, even after 12 years? Songwriters need a chance to grow and I can emagine nobody likes doing the same thing over and over again. I think every Europe album so far is different from the one before and that's a good thing. I don't need 6 albums that all sound the same. Do you?
Having said that... Give this album a chance even if you don't like the old Europe sound! And if you have the chance see them live, that will be the best experience!
Rating: 0
In one word: 'dreadful'.
Rating: 99
A really great cd... For me the best of EUROPE after "Wings of tomorrow"... I heard it many many times... I think that the rating of Melodicrock.com is very wrong and after the unacceptable and unfair rating of John Norum's "Optimus" i believe that you have problem with this great band...
Sorry that is my opinion
Rating: 89
This is not old Europe,but this certainly is welcome.Good job Mr Tempest and band.Solid and memorable songwriting!!
Rating: 88
A very solid effort by this veteran band. I enjoy the updated sound since it is tougher and more in your face. I keep an open mind about the fact that some artists may change their approach and this is the case with Europe. Even though it is more of an extreme change than most it does'nt take away what is there, which is quality song writing. A most solid album.
Rating: 25
A crap CD from begin to end (certainly the last songs). Another band jumping on the modern bandwagon and forgetting their loyal fans. Down tuned guitars is not what we need from Europe !
No, a major disappointment !
Rating: 65
Tough one this.On one hand its a good album, but on the other it isn't.I am a huge fan of Europe (the guitar and keyboard driven band who have the same names as these guys!!) and don't know why they are doing a sound that every new/recent band is doing ...IT DOESN'T SOUND DIFFERENT IF IT'S THE CURRENT TREND.
To conclude,it is a fairly good album and I may even say buy it,but it certainly is not Europe and they should have come back with a great melodic rocking album or gone out on a high by Leaving 'Prisoners..' as their last release.
Rating: 100
the pressure is mounting and the guys are ready and counting... they are real good it is not delirious.. i get the feeling that they can win again...and they´ve got nothing left to lose they start from the dark....you wrote many soundtracks to my life... you guys are the rock in my life....THIS IS THE NEW EUROPE it doesn´t matter if some people don´t talk the way you guys do..´cause there must be a reason....that amplify my deepest thoughts ....yes, we´re a suh suh sucker for a guitar hero....growing up with grace... but the journey´s still on for my BRAZIL THIS IS AMERICA AND START FROM THE DARK IS EUROPE TAKE CARE ALL OF YOU!!!!!
Rating: 65
First off, if you are into the grunge/modern sound of rock, then the new album may be quite enjoyable to you.
Having said that, those that love Europe for the sound of the albums of the past will for the most part find this one BLAND.
How many of you Kiss fans out there that loved albums like "Rock And Roll Over" and "Destroyer" felt that the 90's album "Carnival Of Souls" had the same Kiss sound? "Start From The Dark" is Europe's equivalent.
For those who crave the old Europe sound like I do, try Crystal Blue's "Detour" album of 2003. Totally enjoyable album from beginning to end.
It's a very funny yet scary thing when Crystal Blue sounds more like Europe these days than Europe does.
Rating: 95
One of the best records from europe! And no second final countdown! Fantastic! see you at www.EuropeFans.de
Rating: 80
This is a good album. Well produced, good sound, great songs but let´s be clear: this is not Europe. They should have renamed the band.
I enjoy the cd, but i miss their old sound. I prefer a happy sound that the dark sound that we have in some songs.
Rating: 70
Not a "bad" album. But not a great one. Some good songs (very different anyway from what the band used to sound), many average tracks. All in all it does not deserve to be huge. Let's hope the next one will have better songwriting.
Rating: 95
This is a fantastic album, great modern melodic rock. Not that I´m not into the new James Christian album, which is more classic melodic rock style. But who would believe that Europe would release an album in the likes of The Final Countdown or Out of this World in 2004, when You´ve heard the last couple of albums from Joey Tempest(which are great)who always has been the main songwriter in Europe. This is without a doubt the best album Europe has released. The only thing that I don´t get is why; Got to have faith is the first single release.
Rating: 97
No matter what some fans of their old music might say, give this album a big chance - you will be greatly rewarded! I think their debut was really good, Wings of tomorrow nearly top-notch, whereas TFC, OOTW and PIP are all-time classics - as good as it gets!
So what about this new album? Well, it contains segments from their past, while focusing on an updated sound that reflects the albums that the individual members have been part of for the last decade (after taking a break from Europe). Most important is the fact that this is a very well produced album with excellent vocal and instrumental performances, and really strong songs that come to life after you give the disc numerous spins in your player. While maybe not so infectious on the first listen, I still think Hero could be and should be a huge single. Let's hope for that, Europe deserves that and hard rock needs it.
In my opinion, this is a huge album, full of heavy melodic rock with power. Since Kee never left the band, he was asked to join for this album. However, he wanted to continue with his hew band instead and naturally the option came for John to rejoin his old mates. He obviously said yes - a decision warmly welcomed. From seeing them live again, it seems the chemistry and performance excitement is stronger than ever.
Rating: 93
I LOVE the album, and especially the title track and "Spirit of the underdog", also "Flames" is excellent. If there wouldnt be the weird "Song no.12" the rating would be 95.
Just saw the band last Sunday, two days back and they ROCKED !!!
VERY good concert, one of the top 3 shows I saw this year and I see a lot ! Also the chemistry in the band is just great and you see it - they are actually having fun playing !
The record is one of my top 4 records of 2004.
PS : something is just not right when a album like the SHADOWS FADE gets a higher (?!?) rating than Start from the dark !
Rating: 10
Very sad reunion effort. John Norum, a guitar hero by all rights, underplays his terribly down-tuned guitars with one of the worst guitar tones I've heard in recent memory. The songs begin to all sound the same, even after repeated listens. At least Tempest's voice doesn't sound so whiney anymore (his singing was best on "Prisoners In Paradise"). This is a terrible attempt at a sell-out & update to the modern nu-breed metal sound, & the only bands to have really updated their sound successfully have been new TNT & Harem Scarem. This effort is just heart-wrenching. Tesla's new one (which sucks) was a more valiant statement than this! I don't know if this is the band's fault, the producer's fault, or the record company's fault...but someone had a real brain fart to put this together. Too bad...so sad.
Rating: 99
I´ve benna a fan since '82 of Europe. I didn´t like the Out of this world album for it´s a bit too softly produce...
But this one... Man, it blew me away !
I was lucky enough to be at the releaseparty and they performed some new songs, and a classic (the final...).
When I listened to the album the songs just grew on me... Songs like "Spirit of the underdog", "America" and very powerful "flames"... If you like them on the album, wait `till you hear them live... It´s just one song I miss live "spirit of the...". I went to the consert at Hovet 21/10 and the night was magic... I don´t know if they are going to be as bigselling as in 86-87, but for you that has a chance to see them: Take it !
EUROPE IS BACK.... And they want YOU to know it !!!
I know... I like ;)
Rating: 100
i have been a fan for many years and i have liked every one of there albums but this one is i think this one is the best one yet. i have waited a long time for a new album and i think they have proven that it is worth the wait. i am hoping the US will give them a chance because i think they will be surprised. i cant wait til they come to the US
Rating: 100
Thought this was not what I expected to hear from Europe I can not say I am displeased. At first maybe a bit confused.... I Thought "no this couldn't POSSIBLY be TFC Europe I know and love...Where's the Keyboards" BUT...... After listening to it a few more times I am conpletely astounded by how fast it grew on me. The keys are still there though not as prominent (and it helps if you have kick ass speakers lol) Joey's voice, though maybe not as high in range as before is still just as powerful and soulful. The Guitar solos are just great! It's been forever since I've heard modern sounding music with a guitarist who just smokes!!!! It's about time! I have to disagree with a few of you here in that Song #12 is one of my favorites on the whole CD I don't find it weak or boring at in fact I find it quite moving! Just the whole dark vibe I really really Love. My other faves are Hero... for sentimental reasons of course and Spirit of the Underdog. I hope everyone will open thier minds and really give this CD the chance it deserves!!!!!!!!
Rating: 99
This is by far the best album Europe have ever made.
Welcome back
Rating: 95
I must say that I love the new heavier sound!!! However the heavy sound on the CD is nothing compared to the live experience. They setlist includes 6 of the new songs and my favourite live track was "Wake Up Call" and especially Ian's drumming. Actually after all that heavy stuff the closing with "The Final Countdown" felt like almost the worst song in the set(my all time favourite song). If you can see the guys live then don't miss it!!! I rate their concert as nbr one. Seen bands like Metallica, Iron Maiden, Bon Jovi, Accept, AC/DC etc.
Rating: 100
First of all it's great to have a band like Europe back on track! A band with these qualities should not dissapear from the hard rock scene. I'm a big fan of all their albums especially "Out of this World", but I give this album a 100 score because for me it gives another perspective on the band. The album is a lot rougher than the previous stuff and it shows what major capabilities the guys have. It's absolutely true that the sound of the album grows the more you listen to it. There are some very special songs on it like Flames and beautiful lyrics. I hope this album will bring them even more fans because they just deserve it!!! Looking forward to the concert in Antwerp.
Rating: 95
Very nicely said, Todd. I totally echo the thoughts of all the POSITIVE-MINDED reviewers here! The band has made an excellent comeback. The songs are wonderful, with a fresh and contemporary sound that still contains the personality of the band. The sound employed on this album might be surprising to those who just know the band for its most commercial albums, The Final Countdown and Out of this world, hence the negative reviews some have given it. However those of us familiar with ALL Europe albums realize they've always made sound changes from album to album (listen to the self-titled debut, then listen to Prisoners in Paradise, for example, and you can see how much they evolved in only 8 years, from 1983 to 1991). Europe has always been a progressive band, never repeating itself. The difference is that in the old days the band would put out an album every 2-3 years so the sound changes were quicker to recognize. "Start from the Dark" is the first album in THIRTEEN (13) years! 13 years worth of the members' musical progression is being heard for the first time on a Europe album, thus the sound is not as instantly recognizable as "Europe", and repeat listening is required for it to click with some fans. None of this means anything to those who are simply unwilling to accept change. However, for the devoted Europe followers, especially those who also follow Joey Tempest and John Norum solo, this is an album that grows to be a classic! This is Europe 21st Century and I love it!
Rating: 90
While many were hoping for Out of this World or Final Countdown Part 2, Europe return to the scene with a much anticipated CD. I would have to say that I loved both the CD's I mentioned above, they are 80's era classics that are still fun today. Out of this World is a benchmark for other records to aspire to as far as sound and hooks are concerned. Start from the Dark, the title really says it all. This is Europe circa 2004, The hooks are still there as are the bands undeniable chops. These guys are some of the best individual players on their instruments in the world, and it shows on this disc. What we are given on this phenomenal release is the best of Europe as a band, the heavy guitar from John Norum is front and center, Mic Michaeli's keyboard work is more an accent and support instrument on this disc, but it works so well as do all the other players. Joey Tempest's voice is what it always has been, which is to say excellent. If you are looking for the dynamic high pitched wails from the 80's, they are there in places, but not at the forefront. What is offered instead is a singer in total control of his voice, and the sound on offer is one that shines. Mr. Tempest will likely find it easier to do these songs justice on the road. Which leads us to the songs, and they are quite good. The disc as a whole is very even, which is to say it is hard to pick a standout; I liked EVERYTHING!!! Got to have Faith is a classic Europe opening track, and it is clear from the start that John Norum is going to really shine as a guitarist. Start from the dark, Hero, Roll With You, Spirit of the Underdog, really the whole album is excellent. Some folks will say the disc is a departure from Europe's success, but if you go back and listen to the first couple of releases and the Prisoners in Paradise disc, then give Joey Tempest's last CD a spin, you will realize that it is not at all a departure. The sound is modern, but with more of a metallic bite. The polish in terms of the sound is still evident as is Joey's fantastic voice, only this time he is in total control of all facets of his voice. The CD is what I would characterize as a grower, if you give it a spin and keep slipping it in from time to time it will become a personal favorite. Give it a chance folks, it really is an EXCELLENT CD!!!
Rating: 85
Really enjoy the cd especially Start From the Dark, Flames, Reason and Hero.The cover art is excellent as well but i doubt they will get the exposure either in the USA to make it a hit unfortunately.
Rating: 80
Not a record breaking album.
I agree with someones review there, saying that bands are afraid of writing tunes like in the 80s.
Bands should never change their style, specially Europe, who had such a tradmark sound, which is hardly noticed in this CD
Rating: 80
Rating: 95
I like the album very much. Different from the previous 5 Europe records, but not surprising since all Europe records have had sound changes (there's a quantum leap difference between the 1983 debut and Prisoners in Paradise!!). This is a little more modern than I imagined it would be for this band, but I think the change is great! My musical tastes have broadened over the years along with the band. Great to keep things fresh!
I dearly love the old Europe stuff and have been a fan for 20 years, but as long as they don't take the old records away from me I have no problem hearing something a bit different. I'm sure the band want's to move forward and I move forward along with them. Besides, it's not all that different. It's not like they're doing Rap or Hip Hop. It's still ROCK! Joey Tempest still sounds like Joey Tempest. John Norum still sounds like John Norum. Europe still sounds like Europe....Europe 2004.
Rating: 90
vey good album! :)
Rating: 90
I am a big Europe fan. Their return to the scene is just excellent. They got the sound of the early 80s (Europe, WOT) and pushed it towards the 00's.
The only minus is that some tracks sound the same, but still this is a great rock album. The best return of a band ever.
Rating: 1
First, Skid Row released a new album in 2003, which sounds like Nickelback with some punk influence. Now, Europe releases an album that sounds like nu-metal mixed with Soundgarden. What's going on? Can noone write rock songs like they did in the 80s and begining of the 90s? Why are the artists so afraid to do something that will not sound modern?
I tried listening to this album many times, hoping that it would grow on me... unfortunately, I seem to dislike it more each listen.
Rating: 25
Unbelievable the reviews ive been reading on this page. Are we talking about the same record???
THis record got nothing to do with the Europe i knew. Iam sorry but this is a very weak effort.
Rating: 40
I really don't understand the excitement over this at all. It's a complete sell-out in terms of style, as they're clearly hoping to ride on the back of the current nu-breed trend. I've been a huge fan of their last 2 albums, but this one leaves me cold. Is pretty reminiscent of Kee Marcello's latest direction (which is why I'm surprised he didn't want to be involved in this re-union...), but the songs just don't have any of the hooks or melodies to keep most melodic rock fans interested. That said, the production is huge, and all the musicians sound on fine form, and I do actually quite like the title track and "Got to Have Faith" after repeated listens. But I do hope they find some bu-breed fans, as they've sure lost me as a fan after this weak effort.
Rating: 95
Excellent work; impressive melodies and song quality! Must have CD!
Rating: 100
Definately not a first listen CD, it gets better each time with a few songs that could really do well on the radio if they could just get some airplay! I love the updated sound and think in time that many of these songs will mean more to me than the ones that first brought me to the band and that I've grown up on. WELCOME BACK EUROPE!
Rating: 80
Well said Scott. There more I listen the harder it now to put this album away, and although as I've no doubt stated Europe was never one of my favourites I really enjoyed Prisoners and Out of this world (hated Countdown, go figure) and am very happy with SFTD as stated in my earlier review.
Moving my grade to 80% cause apart from one or two cheese balls, these here fine songs indeed!
Rating: 98
Great album from a great band! The first five songs are fantastic, the other "only" very good. it will become a classic. They managed also to do something modern without repeating the 80s athmosphere
Rating: 99
Wow, what a difference 12 years makes!! The band's done a great job updating its sound, moving into the 21st Century, but without selling out in any way. It sounds like they've gone back to their pre-final countdown roots (more Rock, less Pop), but also realize it's the year 2004, not 1984. The guys haven't been living in a time capsule the past 12 years and it shows, as some modern influences are heard while still leaving a recognizable EUROPE imprint. I heard a radio interview with Joey Tempest that the band recorded this album in 40 days (in secret) without any influence from record company execs. Indeed, the music sounds free and uncompromised, and with the vibe of a debut album with its live energy. "Start from the Dark" is a perfect title!
The biggest impression I get from the album is the band seems to be on a mission to demand ROCK CREDIBILITY, something they didn't get from a lot of critics in the past (as most fans are painfully aware). MISSION ACCOMPLISHED. Indeed, this is the heaviest, most serious, and most raw guitar driven album EUROPE has ever made, but still with very nice melodies that make for a balanced listening experience. They keyboards add good atmospheric feel to the songs without taking over or adding too much sweetening. I feel the collaboration of Joey Tempest and John Norum has reached an all time high and seems more 50/50 than in the past. Truly, this is one of the most underrated duos in rock! Joey's voice and melody along with John's riffs is nothing less than magic and it really comes to fruition on this album!
There are lots of great hooks to be heard, especially in the rockers "Got to have faith", "Wake up call" "Sucker" and "Flames". Contrary to the opinions of some, I think "Sucker" is really, really cool! I love the "she's a su-su-su-su-suker for a guitar hero" line. This hook could work really well with a young audience in particular, and this is good because the interest of younger fans will help keep the band around for years to come! "America" is very John Norum and an absolute bonecrusher (so is "Wake up Call")!! "Reason" and "Roll with you" are excellent dark ballads and great examples of how the guys have matured.
"Hero" is a real highlight as well, a very strong feel-good ballad that has beautiful sentiment and ROCKS at the same time! No surprise this is going to be the first song sent to European and American radio. If Aerosmith's "Don't wanna miss a thing" could be a hit, so can this! If it doesn't, the band needs a new promotional team!!
BOTTOM LINE: Better to move forward than backward. This is an excellent classic rock/modern rock hybrid. The modern touches may through some people a curve at first, but with repeat listening this album grows TREMENDOUSLY. This is an excellent album for all true fans of EUROPE, Joey Tempest, John Norum, and most regular visitors to Melodicrock.com. Check it out!
OK, enough said.
Rating: 99
No album is 100% perfect in my opinion, but I give this a 99%. Why? Because I LOVE each and every song on the album! It's that simple. Like a lot of people, the modern touches surprised me at first. At first listen I thought the album was good. After a couple more listens I thought is was FANTASTIC and I'm still listening to it at least once a day. Songs like "Hero", "Reason" and "Sucker" were instant classics for me. I didn't think it was possible, but I think the EUROPE of 2004 is even better than the EUROPE of the 1980's! More mature sound and more accomplished songwriting is the big impression I get from the album...and Joey's voice has never sounded better! THE MAGIC IS BACK!!
Rating: 100
If you aren't waiting for another The Final Countdown... this album is for YOU!
In my opinion, this is the best album that Europe could make for their return, and in fact, it's Europe's best one. Before listening the samples, I was expecting to only like Start From The Dark but after them I thought it would be brilliant. And I was right! I like all the songs very much. I agree that Song #12 and Settle For Love seem the weakest tracks, but that's because they are in other style and I think they improve the album with more variety. All the other tracks are more than perfect! 10 out of 10. This is a classic album and both Europe and non Europe fans will really enjoy it a lot!
Rating: 90
Europe prove their class with an excellent album of modern and relevant rock songs. My favourite Europe album has always been "Out of This World" but that was 1988 and it was totally unrealistic to expect the guys to try and live in the past and dish up a real '80s' sounding CD this time round. Great vox from Mr. Tempest and John Norum never stands still with his playing. A real grower for everyone who gives it a chance. Don't be put off on first listen. Like the titls says, 'Start From The Dark' and you won't be disappointed.
Rating: 100
I very rarely award an album a clean 100 / 100, but this is a truly brilliant album from a very tight, melodic and energetic band. There are no weak songs, (some are better than others I admit). The guitar playing of John Norum compliments the songs perfectly and instead of trying to show off his chops, his playing shows a great maturity and flexibility. Joey Tempest's vocals are laid-back and always melodic. The bass and drums are quite outstanding and I must say that the band sounds like they could kick a lot of butt live. The keys are used sparingly and again compliment the song rather than dominate. Along with the recent releases from Dare, Alter Bridge and Zillion, this is one of the most enjoyable and complete records of the year for me. "GTHF" is a superb opening cut and contains a wonderful bridge section that is beautifully delivered. "Hero", "Flames", "Reason" and "Settle for Love" stand up to anything featured on this website so far this year. This is a band that despite their image from the '80's wear their hearts on their sleeves and their influences are clear to hear in their music. There is little innovation on this record, but Europe is about foot-tapping melodic rock and this is a prime example of just that.
Rating: 0
Can't rate it since it's not out in the US and I'm still waiting for my Swedish import, but, other than compilations, what albums have they released after the prisoners album, Mark? Are you saying it's their worst studio album.
Rating: 90
much better than i amagined it would be. John Norum rocks on this. and joey sounds good as well.
Rating: 98
This album ROCKS!!!! Europe's present a great comeback with a classic line-up (i dreamed with Norum/Marcello playing together!), but without a doubt, the album kill star to finish.
I hope that in this world tour Europe play again in Chile, South America. Must buy!
Rating: 88
Listening to the samples of the album i was dissapointed.With great comebacks such as the new scorpions,magnum,marillion albums i thought that this sounded way too modern and didn't have anything to do with the Europe sound(including the first two albums).But when i heard the whole album i was impressed!I can't really say that this is really a modern album.For me it has a modern and very good production but overall there is still the classic europe feeling and even sound (in some cases) somewhere in there.For me the term "Modern" resembles lousy vocals, simplistic heavy riffs and no solos.This isn't the case here.
To sum it up i would say that Europe went to some degree back to their heavy sound of their first two albums(just updating it a bit).The only thing that i would like to hear more are the keyboards(propably in the next album).Best songs: Got to have faith,Flames(wow!!!),Hero ,Spirit of the underdog,settle for love,but overall there isn't a track that i din't like.Great to see these guys back!!
Rating: 95
This album needs lots of time to be fairly reviewed. U need to accept a Europe witout the sound of the 80s and a Joey without high notes. Then U have to accept theres almost none keyboard that we are used to, first after then can u enjoy this album. The songs are very good and the new sound is brave for a band like this with HUGE expectations from the old fans. I think this was the only way for Europe to survive in the future to come. Everything else would've been a step back. Tempest/Norum are perfect songwriters together and bringing the honestly up to the surface. They doing now what they couldent do before when recordcompany demand hits! Start from the dark is a killer if you just give it some time, and if you dont "need" a massive hit. A straight forward damn good album! BUY IT!
Rating: 98
I just like it!! It rocks and I love norums playing!
Rating: 100
This is probably the best album Europe has ever done. I absolutely LOVE this album. It has very quality song writing, some absolutely killer guitar solos from original guitarist John Norum (my personal favorite guitarist!), and Joey Tempest has never sounded so great! The sound has been updated to 2004 and reflects a darker, heavier feel, but the melodies are still there. 'Flames', 'Wake Up Call', 'Hero', 'Spirit of the Underdog', 'Got To Have Faith', and the title track show that they have not lost their edge. Also, 'Song #12' and 'Reason' show that they can also deliver a harder and darker edge. This album is just amazing. Get This Album!! Europe are Back!!!
Rating: 85
Good album no doubt about it, but in terms of what they've done I can't see this album gaining them any new fans, but it will probably lose them many.
It's kinda like Winger tried to do with Pull, and look what happened to them afterwoulds.
Rating: 75
Good return! I'm in favour of the darker tones and less than happy lyrics on offer here, as I was NEVER a fan of the Final Countdown (cheesy) but recognised the fact these guys could write a great melody equating to a decent song. Tracks in their early days pre Countdown were heavier which I think is where the band have attempted to return with SFTD. After overdoing the perm/poodle music for so long I'm glad for the dark return as I've always been a closet fan and SFTD may just be the album that brings me out (jokes... just jokes...)
Favourites are the title track, Flames, Wake up call and Spirit of the Underdog which dips come chours time but what a cool intro! Opener Got to have Faith is for me the more traditional Europe rocker and should decide for you whether you'll dig this album or not.
Good basic rock but nothing incredible.
Rating: 10
The most depressing and senseless album after Dokken's "Shadowlife". They should have never returned!
Rating: 98
Well this is a surprise.
Andrew after reading your review, I was only disappointed with the score you gave for this CD. I have always enjoyed the sound that Europe had. They had gone through some sound changes in the past, but nothing had me ready for what I was about to hear. After the first listen, all I could say was that it was a cool and heavy CD. After a few listens, I had to say that this CD will never be far from my earshot. There are one or two songs on the CD that seem a little weak, but hey they can't all be winners. I have even been enjoying those tracks. Joey Tempest voice is still in kick ass form, but John Norums guitar work is phenomenal. The rest of the group makes such a tight knit sound that you are surprised to find that to be Europe.
I have had people listen to the CD and say things like.... "That is Europe The final countdown guys Holy smokes I never would have guessed that"
I find it nice to see a band step out of their comfort zone and try something different. It does not always work, but in this case, Halleluah. Europe, as a band, have evolved into an incredible sound machine. My favorite song on the disc is WakeUp Call, man that song rocks.
It would be nice to see an huge success from this CD, but I am not sure if it will. Too bad, Rock sure could use a kick in the pants in the charts today, and let the Rap/House/Dance stuff kinda take the back burner for a while.
To all who will fall in love with this CD.... Rock On My Brothers. To the others who don't.... Sorry you missed it.
Rating: 99
A wonderful Album! I can't stop to play it. My Favourite are "Flames", "Hero", "Reason", "Settle for Love", "Sucker" and "Spirit of the underdog", but all the songs are amazing! I'm so happy to have found the ticket for the Milano's concert! It will be my 1st time too see them! And otherwise the ticket for that concert are all already SOLD OUT! :-) Then in March there will be other dates in Italy :-D
Rating: 75
Incredibly boring album! I'm missing the always recognizable typical Tempest melodies and especially choruses. The guitar sound is so amazingly boring and used to death nowadays. That's pretty typical Europe too....when something's on the verge of dying out they jump on it.
With that said, I do think there are some good and some OK songs on the disc. The best tracks: Hero, Wake Up Call
Rating: 98
Probably the best cd europe has ever released after the prisoners album. An incredible set of songs, maybe not with the happyness that other europe albums has, but with a modern sound and a really nice production. For me, they've rounded the perfect!
Rating: 95
I was very impressed when I first listened to this record and it keeps growing. I think the songs are GREAT except for SUCKER, which is a lousy track and it shouldn't have been on the album. I love the modern sound and the live-feel on the drums. I haven't been a huge fan of Europe before but this is a strong comeback and a push in the right direction. Sadly it will probably not be a huge world-wide succes because of the lack of hitsongs like "T.F.C."
I can't wait to see them in Gothenburg 22 oct.


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ACParadise Network:
American Cosplay Paradise
American Cosplay Experience
American Cosplay Snapshots
Cosplayer Matt^2
> Costume of Seiya Kou from Sailor Moon Sailor Stars
- Most Recent Photo
- Series
- Sailor Moon Sailor Stars
- Character
- Seiya Kou
- Special Variation:
- Performance Suit
- Year Completed:
About this Costume
- Construction Details:
- So you can't blame a guy for trying. Even if he does turn into a chick. The jacket was made by Jubei-chan but the rest of the costume is closet pieces. I kept tripping on my hair.


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At the January session of the Monroe Town Council, Jeremy Brown, the town's legal counsel, reported that he and clerk-treasurer Rachel Burkhart have worked out "a more streamlined process" for dealing with delinquent water and sewer bill payments. Brown said there are two parts to the plan. Sewer bills that are unpaid by Monroe residents will be attached as liens on their property. When the site is sold, the sewer payment must come to the town from the proceeds of the sale.
Maxine J. Hakes, 80, of Decatur, died on January 4, 2011 at Adams Memorial Hospital. She was born in Adams County on March 15, 1930 to Bernard and Frieda (Black) Keller. On May 20, 1950, she married Paris Hakes. He preceded her in death on December 25, 2000. Maxine attended Decatur Church of God and was a homemaker.
Ernest Roe, 83, of Decatur, died on Wednesday in Adams Memorial Hospital. Funeral arrangements are pending at Zwick and Jahn Funeral Home, Decatur.
Margaret Scherer, 87, formerly of Decatur, died on Wednesday in The Village of Heritage nursing home at Monroeville. Funeral arrangements are pending at Zwick and Jahn Funeral Home in Decatur.
Raymond L. Zurcher, 77, of Berne, died on Wednesday at Swiss Village Retirement Community. He was born in Adams County on July 22, 1933 to Christian F. and Martha Ebnit Zurcher. Among survivors are his wife, Marjorie; one son, Dwight Zurcher of Berne; and two daughters: Mrs. Brian (Susan) Culy of Linn Grove and Mrs. Mike (Elaine) Liechty of Berne. Funeral services will be held at 2 p.m. Sunday in First Mennonite Church at Berne, with burial in MRE Cemetery, rural Berne.
At Tuesday's meeting of the Adams County Commissioners, Commissioner Doug Bauman reported that the county's payroll in 2010 came to more than $6 million, which, he said, makes the county "an economic driver" locally. However, the $6,049,283.51 total covers only those people paid by the county, not the two judges and the prosecutors. Both judges and the prosecutor each get more than $100,000 per year and there are several deputy prosecutors.
COLUMBUS, Ohio (AP) — A test treatment has not been completely effective against a cause of the toxic algae that led to warnings and a decline in tourism at a major Ohio lake this summer. Aluminum sulfate, or alum, spread over test areas appeared to have no impact on phosphorous at one site in Grand Lake St. Marys, The Columbus Dispatch reported Friday. The phosphorous levels in the water were reduced by 50 to 60 percent at two other sites.
"The super dual at Calumet is very good, but this one is definitely one of the very best, with six out of the eight ranked. You can't get much tougher," stated Bellmont coach Brent Faurote on Saturday's annual wrestling feast, the Bellmont Super Dual.
Bellmont can complete a perfect NHC season tonight as the Braves travel to Homestead. The host Spartans are 4-2 in the NHC and 11-5 overall. Bellmont enters 16-2 and 6-0 in the league. Carroll is 5-1 in the NHC and could still be co-champions of the regular season if Bellmont falls to the Spartans. Bellmont has lost only one NHC match since the conference was formed in 1989.
Robert Boknecht, 81, of Highland Falls, NC, died unexpectedly on January 2, 2011, at his residence. Born and raised in Decatur, he graduated from Valparaiso University in 1951 with a double major in psychology and geography. He was Vice President of Employee Relations for Standard Oil until his retirement. Survivors include his sons, Mark (Rita) and John, both of Atlanta, GA; four grandchildren; brother Ed (Dorothy) Boknecht of Fort Wayne; and niece Dianne (Steve) Koch.