text:
ON THE ASSIGNMENT OF GENDER TO CHICANO ANGLICISMS: Robert N. Smead* Brigham Young University Abstract The creation of neologisms through linguistic borrowing is a complex process. For donor language models to be transformed into host language replicas, phonological and morphological adaptation must take place. Part and parcel of that adaptation is the assignment of gender to loanwords in a host language like Spanish. The present article examines gender assignment in two corpora of loan-words (New Mexican and Southern Colorado Spanish: N=212 and General Chicano Spanish: N=595). Through the application of variable rule methodolo-gy (GoldVarb 2), five factors are posited as significant. Two of these categorically determine gender assignment when present: (1) the biological sex of the referent and (2) the presence of a derivational suffuc (or a sequence which can be inter-preted as such), additionally, gender assignment for these Anglicisms responds variably tothree other factors: (3) the terminal phoneme(s) of the loanword, (4) the gender of a common Spanish synonym, and (5) the gender of the Spanish hyperonyrn. I n a language like Spanish, gender assignment, i.e., the assignment of a noudnominal to a particular category (such as masculine, feminine, or neuter) has rnorphosyntactic reper-cussions for the construction of a noun phrase (NP). Through a process known as agreement, other noun phrase constituents (e.g., determiners and adjectives) must demon-strate concord with the nucleus. Furthermore, anaphoric reference to the nucleus must also be marked for agreement. Thus, while gender may be considered a nominal classifi-cation system, its effects transcend the lexicon. Corbett (1991) notes that all known gender systems have a semantic core in which many animates are assigned gender on the basis of biological sex. However, this criterion, known as gknero natural in Spanish, plays only a limited, indiect role in the assignment of gender to nouns whose underlying referent is inanimate. For instance, some nouns may be treated as if their underlying referent were animate and assigned a gender based on char-acteristics or qualities perceived as masculine or feminine. The Chicano Anglicism plogue "I acknowledge the tireless and invaluable help of Jens Clegg, my research assistant, without whom this project would not have been completed. I also thank the Spanish and Portuguese Department and College of Humanities for their financial support. 277 (mf.) 'plug' illustrates this principle; presumably the masculine refers to t h e plug end of the electrical cord while the feminine refers to the receptacle or outlet. This interpretation is reinforced by the semantic extension of plogue/ploga (f.) to mean 'kept woman or mistress' and the gender is derived directly from biological sex. It is also hypothesized that some nouns are assigned gender through metonymy; indeed, Espinosa (1914: 286) claims that some Anglicisms that take masculine gender in New Mexican Spanish d o so because they denote "masculine articles of clothing, male occupations, or mechanical instruments or new machinery and inventions." As will be demonstrated, however, gender assignment in such cases responds to formal criteria that apply to nearly all nouns with inanimate refer-ents. That is, phonological shape determines to a great degree what Spanish terms geizero gramatical. Spanish nouns/nominals must be marked as masculine or feminine (the neuter occurs only with pronouns, eg., esto 'this' and in constructions like lo bueno 'the good thing' or lo de Maria 'that business about Mary' and refers either to unidentified items or a complex situation). Recent studies such as those by Bergen (1980); Teschner (1983) and (1987); Teschner and Russell (1984); Teschner and Alatorre (1984); and Arias Barredo (1990) note that both semantic and formal (principally phonological) criteria may determine gen-der assignment in Spanish. However, certain restrictions and complications exist.l With regard to animates, the biological sex of the referent normally takes precedence over the phonological shape of the noun: e.g., el chmara 'the cameraman7; la modelo 'the female model' except in the case o f : Epicenes; that is, when the gender of the noun is invariable. Some examples include: ingel 'angel' and individuo 'individual' (both m.), and estrella 'star' or 'celebrity7 and persona 'per-son' (both f). The names of certain animals in which biological sex can be distinguished only by the addition of the invariant forms macho 'male' or hembra 'female': la ballena macho 'the male whale' and el castor hembra 'the female beaver.' Such terms retain the grammatical gender assigned to them regardless of sex. Collective nouns which, unlike pronominals, maintain the same gender regardless of whether the group is mixed or comprised of individuals of the same sex; thus a large gath-ering of people may be referred to despectively as la chusma or elgentio 'mob.' Masculine plural nouns which may refer to a mixed group, a malelfemale pair, or a col-lection of males: lospadres may be glossed as 'the parents,' 'the father and mother,' or 'the fathers.' Names which originally referred to a male individual and are applied metaphorically 'to females: un Hitler con faldas 'a Hitler in skirts' and un Franco femenino 'a female Franco.' With regard to inanimates, the phonological shape of the word becomes the primary criterion for gender assignment. Applied linguists such as Bull (1965) and Bergen (1978) have suggested the acronyms NORSEL or LONERS as a mnemonic device for those endings which consistently take masculine gender. It should be noted that each letter rep-resents a word-final phoneme or grapheme. In addition, -s excludes -is and -n excludes -ion. According to the summary provided in Whitley (1986: 146)' these endings correlate with masculine gender in approximately 90-100% of the cases. ON THE ASSIGNMENT OF GENDER TO CHICANO ANGLICISMS 279 In a similar vein, Chastain (n.d.) has proposed A-D-ION-IS as an acronym for fem-inine gender. If one stipulates that -ion be expanded to -lion or -sion and -is to -sis/-tis, Whitley indicates that these endings correspond to the feminine in about 97-100% of the cases. While both Bull's and Bergen's research has proven invaluable t o beginning and intermediate students (and serves as an excellent point of departure for a discussion of Spanish gender), many contradictions remain. Other linguists have furthered our understanding and have revealed a complex set of patterns that respond to both phono-logical and morphological factors. For example, Teschner (1983), utilizing a reverse dictionary based on the Royal Academy's Diccionario de la lengua espaffola( 18th edition, published in 1956) found that some 60% of words ending in -2 are feminine (note that the acronyms given above do not treat this ending despite the fact that it is a fairly common one). H e posits subcategorization as an essential step: nouns ending in -ez (particularly when -ez is a derivational morpheme denoting 'quality or characteristic of') and in - h i d - d r i d - t r i z are predominantly feminine while all others (-iz, -az, -oz, -uz) are predominantly masculine. As the previous example illustrates, gender assignment may correlate only weakly with phonological shape. Other complexities that lead to contradictions in gender assignment among inanimates include such factors as: Diachronic variation: In some cases gender assignment has changed from feminine to masculine. The older feminine assignment is now considered archaic (or rustic). Examples include puente 'bridge,' calor 'heat,'fin 'end,' andisis 'analysis.' Diatopiddiastractic variation: Gender may vary in accordance with regional and social factors. In some cases, the terminal phoneme(s) of the word may change to reflect the assignment: eYZa sarte'n 'frying pan,' eYla mar 'sea,' el bombillo, la bombilla 'lightbulb,' etc. Homophony: some pairs that share the same phonological form are distinguished by gen-der assignment: el corte 'cut,' la corte 'court;' la man'ana 'morning,' el man'ana '(to)morrow,' etc. Ellipsis or metonymy: an associated term, generally the term designating a superordinate category, determines gender assignment (here the term in parentheses is the one that determines gender): la (emisora} nzimero uno 'the number one (radio station)'; la (compan'ia} IBM'the IBM (company)'; el (carro) Toyota 'a Toyota (car)'; el (epuipo) Cruz Azul'the (soc-cer team) Cruz Azul'; el (rio) Amazonas 'the Amazon River', etc. The purpose of this paper is to examine gender assignment for two corpora of Chicano Anglicisms. I t will be demonstrated that gender assignment is governed by hier-archically ordered competing factors. Two of these factors categorically determine gender assignment for all nouns within their purview, namely, (1) the biological sex of the refer-ent and (2) the presence of a derivational suffur (or a sequence which can be interpreted as such); additionally, gender assignment for these Anglicisms responds variably to three other factors: (3) the terminal phoneme(s) of the loanword, (4) the gender of a common Spanish synonym, and (5) the gender of the Spanish hyperonym. Furthermore, it will be noted that while the process of gender assignment in the Chicano community has been regularized and simplified, it follows monolingual norms and tendencies with few signif-icant deviations. 2 8 0 ROBERT N. SMEAD Review of the Literature The question of whether native speakers have vahd intuitions regarding the gender of unfamiliar nouns was studied by Natahcio (1983). In her study, 100 native Spanish-speak-ing undergraduates at the University of Texas El Paso were asked to assign gender to 44 uncommon Spanish nouns. Exactly one-half of the items corresponded to each gender. Furthermore, each set of 22 items was again halved into those that followed Bull's rules (regarding phonological shape and gender assignment) and those that did not. She found that her subjects were most successful in assigning the correct gender to those nouns that followed Bull's rules: 85% of the masculine nouns and 76% of the feminine were assigned to the correct g e n d p However, they were much less successful when the item in question deviated from the expected gender assignment: only 37% of the masculine and 20% of the feminine were correctly assigned. Moreover, Natahcio (1983: 53) states that "they dis-agreed significantly [with the normative assignment] in the case of two endings, -d and -sis/-itis." While Bull found that 97% of nouns ending in -d and 98% of those ending in -sis/-itis were feminine, Natahcio's subjects preferred the masculine at 67% and 60%, respectively. She concludes that with the exception of the two endings noted above, her subjects had internalized something akm to BuLl's generahzations. Chaston (1996) investigated the largely anecdotal claim that the Chicano communi-ty is characterized by widespread gender vacillation and nonstandard gender assignment (e.g., eVla calle (f.) 'street' and laprograma (m.) 'program,' respectively). In order to quan-tify and contextuahze the phenomena in question, sociolinguistic interviews were conducted with 15 Spanish-English bilinguals of Mexican heritage (ages 18-24) studying at the University of Texas. H e discovered that only 7.3% of the 562 article/noun combi-nations extracted from the interviews deviated from the norm with regard to gender; only six nouns exhibited gender vacillation (defined as an initial error followed by a subsequent correct assignment made in the same stretch of discourse by the speaker him/herself). Five speakers exhibited standard usage; that is, their use of gender in article/noun combinations was judged 100% accurate. The other 10 speakers ranged from 97% to 75% accuracy. According to quantitative analyses (performed by GoldVarb 2), the language used by the consultants in conversation with their parents correlates significantly with standard usage. Indwiduals who speak only Spanish (that is, without resorting to code-switchng or lan-guage mixing) rarely or never commit errors in agreement; errors increase with the amount of English spoken so that speakers near the end of the bilingual continuum who use English exclusively with parents tend to exhibit nonstandard (inaccurate) usage. In terms of linguistic factors, three terminal phonemes (TPs) were associated most often with agreement errors: -I, -4 -cidn. Chaston concludes that while gender vacillation and non-standard gender agreement do occur, they are not widespread among bilingual Mexican-American university students. Garcia (1998) also addresses the issue of gender marking among speakers of a Southwestern variety of Spanish. Specifically, she analyzed 904 NPs produced in free con-versation by 11 Spanish-English bilinguals residing in San Antonio. While no formal measure of language proficiency was administered, she describes her consultants as fluent in conversational topics in Spanish. Her results confirm Chaston's findings reviewed above: Among these speakers, there were few instances of gender vacillation (with a hand-ful of nouns ending in -e and escuela 'school' ) and nonstandard gender assignment -(principally-witkp~og~ama_and_other_noyo_fs Greek origin with ending in -a; there was O N THE ASSIGNMENT OF GENDER TO CHICANO ANGLICISMS 281 a marked preference for the feminine rather than the standard masculine). Garcia calcu-lates that 94% of the determiners agreed with masculine nouns and 96% agreed with the feminine. Noudadjective agreement was lower; 92% of adjectives agreed with their mas-culine heads (as contrasted with 83% accuracy for feminine agreement). She rightly concludes that gender marking is a feature of Southwest Spanish and parallels the norms and tendencies of standard Spanish for the most part. The problem of gender assignment for loanwords has received attention in numerous languages. Both Ibrahim (1973: 51-62) and Corbett (1991: 70-82) provide accessible summaries of the factors thought to operate in a wide variety of language dyads. While some of the factors must be discounted in this case (e.g., assignment of the model's gen-der to the replica or assignment on the basis of morphological class), many of the factors mentioned have been observed or empirically tested in the case considered here (loan-words into Spanish).2 Some linguists who have studied gender assignment for loanwords in Spanish have concluded, as does Prado (1982: 259), that the process is highly predictable and results in a large majority of the replicas being assigned to a single gender. Most linguists, however, would agree with Wagner (1990: 62), who notes instances of variable assignment and sug-gests that the process is not straightforward. Indeed, as w d be seen, it is beset by multiple and potentially conflicting factors. Apart from Espinosa (1914), who adduces both analogical factors (as cited in the introduction) as well as phonological factors for gender assignment to English loanwords in New Mexican Spanish, Zamora (1975) represents the earliest attempt in recent years to elucidate the problem. While he also examines gender assignment for loanwords from three indigenous languages (Arahuacan, Nahuatl, and Quechua), only the sections that treat gender assignment for English loanwords and switches will be reviewed here. Thirteen educated bilingual Puerto Ricans ranging in age from 20 to 55, and residing in the Northeastern United States were selected to participate in his study. All but two of these had studied Spanish formally. The subjects responded to two written surveys: the first required that they construct Spanish sentences utilizing 10 common English words that do not function as loanwords in Puerto Rican Spanish (in order to examine how incipient loanwords are assigned g-ender); the second consisted of a list of 20 Puerto Rican Anglicisms to w h c h the respondents supplied the definite article and their reasons for gender selected. Zamora states that in the first survey the assignment was made with one exception on the basis of the gender of the translation equivalent while three factors were adduced for the second survey: phonological shape (primarily determined by the TPs), semantic association (gender of the translation equivalent), and the gender originally transmitted and learned with the 10anword.~ While Zamora7s research represents a valuable step in researching gender assignment for Anglicisms in Spanish, it is subject to several criticisms. First, as in other research which will be reviewed herein, the tasks which his subjects completed are highly artificial and may not reflect actual usage in some instances. In ~articulart,h e validity of the first task appears doubtful. Since the items in question represent either core vocabulary or high-frequency terms in both English and Spanish, it is unhkely that they would be borrowed. Second, whde it is entirely possible that his respondents utilized a semantic approach to assign gen-der to the English terms in cpestion, this remains unproven since, in many cases, the terminal phoneme also correlates with the gender assigned. For example, four of the terms utilized,f200r,p en, glass, andpenci(, take masculine gender on the basis of the TP employed (as well as being paired with masculine translation equivalents: piso/suelo, boZ@-+, va~o/vidrio, and Qiz, respectively). Interestingly enough, he states that the term cup (also included in his list of ten terms) and pronounced [k6] by his subjects was assigned mascu-line gender (which does not correlate with the gender of the translation equivalent taza). As he himself states, gender assignment follows formal criteria in this instance, and is based upon the ~ronouncedf orm and not its written equivalent. Therefore, the model source (written vs. spoken) and mode of transmission (often represented by the degree of phono-logical adaptation or integration) are also important variables to be considered. Barkin (1980) investigated gender assignment to Anglicisms via a pictorial question-naire and free conversation. Her informants consisted of 33 Mexican American migrant workers residing in Florida. She claims that phonological integration plays a role in assigning gender: unassimilated forms were either not assigned a gender or the informants vacillated in selecting a single !gender, while partially assimilated/wholly assimilated loan-words were assigned gender in a more consistent fashion. These findings, however, have not been substantiated by other researchers. Poplack et aL (1982a) examined gender assignment for Anglicisms in Montreal French and Nuyorican Sp a n i~hT.~he Spanish corpus consisted of some 300 hours of taped speech recorded in East Harlem, New York, from 16 residents (children, parents, and elders). Utilizing variable rule methodology (which allows for all competing factors to be considered simultaneously), these researchers found that gender assignment for English loanwords in this variety of Spanish responds primarily to three factors: physiological gen-der (biological sex), phonological gender (based on TPs), and analogical gender (gender of the translation equivalent), in that order. They also discovered that the degree of phono-logical integration influenced the assignment of gender in that unintegrated forms were more likely to be assigned masculine gender. While easily the best executed and most comprehensive study of its kind, we shall have occasion to question two of the conclusions reached by these researchers. Utilizing visual stimuli, Banfield (1994) elicited gender assignment for 54 loanwords among 29 Mexican migrant farm workers (all with minimal English skills) from San Luis Obispo County, California. While some unassimilated loans received ambivalent treat-ment, the masculine gender was assigned most often (52% of the loanwords were accompanied by a masculine determiner or adjective as opposed to 35% for the feminine). He provides evidence that two factors, namely phonological shape and analogical gender, operate for these incipient bhnguals. His study is marred by two flaws, however. First, he appears to confuse phonological integration with lexical adoptiodassimilation. Second, it is unclear whether the oral model (provided when the informant could not identifjr the object pictured) was presented with English or Spanish phonology. If it was presented with English phonology, the informants, due to their limited English proficiency, may have failed to establish phonemic correspondences between the two languages (thus misidentifying the phonological shape of the loanword). In her study of English loanwords appearing in the Spanish and Mexican press, Sinchez (1995: 134-37) catalogues various factors as determinants of gender assignment. Most of these have been discussed already and do not merit further treatment here. She does, however, make three important contributions to a list of possible factors. Sinchez notes that the masculine functions as the default gender-that is, if other formal or semantic criteria do not unequivocally identify the loanword in question as feminine, it is assigned-to-the-masedine;She-alsoobsen.es thatnot onlycan a loanword be assig-n- ed a ON THE ASSIGNMENT OF GENDER TO CHICANO ANGLICISMS 2 8 3 gender on the basis of its translation equivalent, but it may inherit the gender of its hyper-onym. Thus, since deporte 'sport' is masculine, the specific sports themselves are assigned masculine gender. These include some loans which would be assigned to the masculine on the basis of their TP: waterpolo,f;itbol, and tenis, as well as others for which the masculine could not be predicted: go$ surjng, etc. This factor is one that operates in monolingual varieties of Spanish (often termed elliptical or metonymic gender as noted in the intro-duction) and has not been empirically investigated or differentiated from analogical gender (gender of the translation equivalent). Lastly, she also posits morphological adap-tation as a pertinent factor. That is, the addition of a derivational suffur which is associated with a particular gender (e.g., -iza in goliza 'a series of goals') determines the assignment of feminine gender to an originally masculine noun gol. Again, I am not aware of a previ-ous study that takes into account this factor. Clegg (1997) reports on an experiment with 40 native Spanish speakers (20 males and 20 females). Each participant assigned a gender to 20 potential English non-words, select-ing either the masculine or feminine definite article after reading the item (which included a definition) and attempting a Hispanicized pronunciation of the term in question. Fourteen words represented the decidedly infrequent TPs (two in each case): /-t/,/ -b/, /-p/, /-M, /-h/, /-g/, and /-m/ and 6 words (two each ending in /-o/, /-a/, and /-I/) were employed as distractors. For allTPs except /- a/, mascdne gender assignment ranged from 82.5 to 92.5%. I n some instances, the attempted pronunciation (and written representa-tions of the same) evidenced phonological adaptatiodintegration. Whiie the informants' age and amount of contact with English (in terms of formal study and residence in the United States) were also taken into account, Clegg determined that these sociolinguistic factors did not play a,role in the assignment of gender. To summarize, then, it may be assumed that native speakers of Spanish are in gener-al agreement regarding the gender of unfamiliar nouns (such as loanwords) which employ common TPs and/or have an underlying animate (human) referent. Furthermore, while gender vacillation and nonstandard gender assignment do occur in the Chicano commu-nity, the effects of these processes on loanword gender assignment by competent speakers of the variety are probably negligible. Finally, the research points to several other factors, most variable in nature, that appear to bias gender assignment. On the semantic side, the gender of the translation equivalent (synonymic gender) as well as the gender of the super-ordinate term (hyperonymic gender) have been posited as important variables. With regard to formal factors, both the gender assigned to the derivational suffur. as well as the strong possibility that the masculine operates as the default (when the TP or other seman-tic factors underdetermine assignment) warrant further consideration. Data and Methodology The data for this research project derive from two sources, Galvin's (1995) Diccionario del espafiol chicano and Cobos's (1983) Dictionary $ N e w Mexico and Southern Colorado Spani~hE.~n glish loanwords, glossed as gendered nouns in their respective dictionaries, were entered into a GoldVarb 2 token file along with a coding string consisting of the gen-der assigned to the term in question (this factor is designated as the dependent variable); the biological sex of the underlying referent (if applicable); the TP; the gender of a com-mon synonym (if one exists); the gender of the respective hyperonym (again, if applicable); and the gender assigned to the derivational suffur. (if one was employed). Simon and Schusteri International Spanish Dictionary and Santamaria (1983) were utilized to deter-mine both synonymic and hyperonymic gender in some instances. The data were entered into two token files and processed separately since the Spanish of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado is recognized as a regional variety distinct from that of the rest of the Southwest (Cobos 1983, viii-xvi). This resulted in two corpora: Cobos yielded 212 tokens while Galvan yielded 595. The data were cross-tabulated, allowing one to isolate any knockout factors (those that result in categorical application or non-application) or singleton factors (factor groups consisting of a single factor) which cannot serve as input to variable rule analyses. Additionally, the cross-tabs provide the descriptive analyses (raw numbers and percentages) inchled in the subsequent tables. The binomial step- uplstep-down variable rule analysis was performed on the remaining factors (some TPs, synonymic as well as hperonymic gender). This procedure generates probability coefficients (esti-mates of the strength of individual factors) and also determines which factor groups operate in a statistically significant fashion in assigning gender. While the data extraction and encoding processes were generally straightforward and uneventful, several complications did arise. First, it was necessary to limit the tokens to only loanwords since both dictionaries included calques and hybrid forms as well and these were not always distinguished.6 This was done to restrict the scope of the inquiry and because gender assignment for calques and hybrids was viewed as unproblematic. For instance, gender assignment for a hybrid like accent0 where the [ks] is thought to derive from the English 'accent' does not differ from the assignment for the standard Spanish acento (m.). Simlliarly, gender assignment for the calque word yarda (which under influ-ence from U.S. English has come to mean 'the property on which a house sits') has not been affected: it remains feminine even though its meaning is no longer restricted to 'unit of measurement.' Additionaly, other terms that demonstrated variable adaptation (e.g., guaifa and huifa 'wife') but employed the same TP were counted as one. Second, a few tokens in the Galvin corpus were glossed with no indication of gender. Thus, terms like b h p e r 'bumper7, crourn 'chrome7, chpsul 'capsule', and jaiscul 'high school' where gender was omitted were simply di~carded.~ Third, multiple entries were made for forms assigned more than one related meaning (bil 'statement, account, or dollar bill') and double-gendered forms (isquirno mf. 'eskimo7). I t should be duly noted that the advantages of utilizing these corpora far outweigh the disadvantages. Being highly accessible, authentic materials that incorporate only attested, established forms, they are a rich source of raw data. Apart from the difficulties discussed above, the fact that no sociolinguistic factor can be adduced from the lexical entries places a significant limitation on thx study. For example, it is quite likely that one's placement along the bilingual continuum could have repercussions on the gender assigned to a loan-word like biurichap (mf.) 'beauty shop'. I hypothesize that a Spanish-dominant speaker would assign masculrne gender to the term in question while an English-dominant speak-er may vacillate (thus giving the appearance of a double-gendered noun). Obviously, further research that incorporates such variables will need to be conducted. Results and Discussion As was stated in the introduction, two factors categorically determine gender assignment for all loanwords within their purview. T h e first of these, biological sex of the underlying -referent, is-summarized-in-table1 O N THE ASSIGNMENT OF GENDER TO CHICANO ANGLICISMS 285 TABLE 1 : BIOLOGICAL SEX OF REFERENT AND GENDER ASSIGNMENT Source M Examples F Examples Totals Cobos 21 buquipa 5 'bookeeper' cbarquefiarque 'shark, hustler' petroi(ino) 'highway patrol' Galv6n 99 boi escout 5 8 'boy scout' bos 'boss' droma < drummer 'traveling salesman' guachimbn 'night watchman' saico 'psycho, crazy' granma 26/212 'grandma' (12.2%) guaina 'wino' jaina 'girlfriend' beibisira 'babysitter' guafa/hu;f. 'wife' 6ssquimo 'eskimo' (f) ofendora 'juvenile offender' quira 'kiddo' What is most noteworthy is that a minority (approximately one-tenth to slightly more than a quarter) of the loanwords respond to biological sex. Indeed, many of the terms extracted from Galv5.n exhibit either common gender or consist of forms derived from a common base for both the masculine and feminine versions (cf. isquimo cited above as well as chiridn/-a and ofendor/-a). This has the overall effect of inflating the descriptive statistics the for Galvin corpus. Also worthy of comment is the disparity evi-dent in the number of masculine and feminine tokens. Much of this must be ascribed to traditional male and female roles; thus, while the dictionaries do not register buquipa, petrolina, or bus as feminine (with an underlying female referent), these are certainly pos-sible and if uttered in the appropriate context would be understood as such. Other terms, however, make inherent reference to one sex or the other: granma, guaifa (both f.); boi escout, guachimdn (both m.). Finally, while the DEC exhibited no forms with epicene gender, Cobos (1983) regis-ters three invariably masculine terms (regardless of the sex of the animal referent): bole 'baldy, a horse or cow with a white head', mayico 'maverick, unbranded or stray animal', and torque 'turkey'. The second factor, which is categorical in its application, the gender assigned to a derivational suffix, requires some explanation. Recall that Teschner's study of 1-z/ appeals to morphological criteria and that Sknchez posits morphological adaptation as a significant variable for loanword gender assignment. Remember, too, that the gener-alizations based on the TPs /-n/ and /-s/ also incorporate morphological caveats: NORSEL excludes the derivational suffixes -cidn and -sis/-tis, which correlate with the feminine (A-D-ION-IS). ROBERT N. SMEAD I n other words, I propose the following hierarchy: regardless of phonological or morphological ending, biological sex predominates as an indicator of gender for ani-mates (except in the case of epicenes and other related instances): the terms virgen 'virgin', modelo '(female) model' (both f ), and pianista 'pianist' (mf) illustrate this. T h e suffur -isfa may take either gender; the TPs -n and -0, which usually correlate with the masculine, are superseded by the semantic criterion of biological sex. While it is true that formal criteria apply almost categorically in all other instances, the gender accord-ed the suffur takes precedence over the terminal phoneme. Consider the examples summarized in table 2, where the TPs do not determine gender, but the entire mor-phemic sequence does. TABLE 2: FORMAL CRITERIA TERMINAL PHONEME(S) VS. TERMINAL MORPHEME Ending Status Gender Assigned Counterexample -n Phonemic Masc. imagen (f.) 'image' -6n* Phonemic Masc. razdn (f.) 'reason' -i6n Phonemic Fern.** sarampidn (m.) 'measles' -ci6n Morphemic Fem. None Ending Status Gender Assigned Counterexample -e Phonemic Masc. calle (f.) 'street' -mbre Phonemic Masc. hambre (f.) 'hunger' -dumbre Morphemic Fem. None \ \ Ending Status Gender Assigned Counterexample -d Phonemic Fem. ceiped (m.) 'grass, lawn' -dad/-tad Morphemic Fern. None *-dn is also an augmentative; the inclusion of forms like cuchardn (m.) 'serving spoon' causes the masculine to predominate. **On the basis of the inclusion of -cidn as well as words like regidn or religidn (both f), -ion is a correlate of feminine gender. In other words, while most terminal phonemes are assigned to one gender or the other, there are, nonetheless, common exceptions. Even omitting from consideration all animates, we find counterexamples to the general tendencies. Thus, /-a/ is classed as a feminine marker, but did (m.) 'day' is a common counterexample. Similarly, while /-o/ is considered a correlate of mascSne gender, common exceptions include mano 'hand' and ON THE ASSIGNMENT OF GENDER TO CHICANO ANGLICISMS 287 foto.'photo'. Nevertheless, if either of these TPs .constitutes the terminal element of a derivational suffur, the assignment is categorical-there are no exceptions. Terminal mor-phemes, then, take precedence over terminal phonemes. TABLE 3: TERMINAL MORPHEME AND GENDER ASSIGNMENT Source M Examples F Examples Totals Cobos 12 boguecito 'baby buggy' sax$dn* 'saxophone' oyodin* 'iodine' trocdn 'semitrailer' 9 gasolinera 211186 'gas station' (11.2%) lonchera 'lunch pail' marbolina 'marble' requera 'wrecker, tow truck' Galvk 34 cokrin* 24 'cold cream' creydn* 'crayon' fonazo 'a blast, a lot of fun' picheo 'pitching' brillantina* 581438 'hair oil' (13.2%) checadita 'check-up' gas$a** gasoline guachateria 'washateria, laundromat' *Terminal sequence identical to a derivational suffix (may be interpreted as such). HUncommon suffur; probably represents word play. Three points must be made regarding table 3. First, note that only a small percentage of loanwords (only slightly more than 10%) respond to this criterion. This may explain why this factor has been slighted in the other studies reviewed herein. Second, as will be seen in the next section, final /-n/ and /-o/ for inanimates are categorically assigned mas-culine gender, regardless of whether or not they constitute the terminal element of a derivational suffur. The TP /- a/, however, is assigned feminine gender in a categorical fashion only when it is part of a terminal morpheme. Third, I hypothesize that certain ter-minal sequences that are not morphemic may be interpreted as such. Thus, the sequence -in (colcrin, oyodin) or -ina (brillantina) cannot be classified as diminutive suffures but quite possibly are interpreted as such. Similarly, while -on is an augmentative in the case of trocoiz, it is not in the case of creyoiz or saxofbn; nonetheless, it is probably construed the same in all three instances. TABLE 4: MASCULINE TERMINAL PHONEMES: NORSEL TP Cobos N/(O/o) Calvin N/(%) BullO/~* T&R%** -n fon 10/10 balu'n 27/27 96.3 48.3 'fun' 'balloon' (no -ion) (includes -ion) ton tochdaun 'ton' 'touchdown' -0 dip0 18/18 jaipo 32/32 99.7 99.8 'depot' . jando 'syringe, hypo' caucho , 'handout; money' 'couch, sofa' -r estiquer 4/4 queinper 23/26 99.2 98.5 'sticker' 'camper' (88.4) '(semi) trailer' 'scooter' -s cab& 5/7 $us 15/15 92.7 57.3 'caboose' (71.4) 'fuse' (no -is) (includes -is) velis 'valise' rices 'recess' -e bonque 76/77 diche 91/95 89.2 ' 89.3 'bunk (bed)' (98.7) 'ditch' (95.7) donye sinque 'dump' 'sink' -1 guinchil 11/11 gudfol 23/24 96.6 97.8 'windshield' 'waffle' (95.8) sacarol suiminpul 'sucker rod' 'swimming pool' *Percent masculine from Bull (1965) **Percent masculine from Teschner and Russell (1984) As expected, nearly all the remaining forms ending in NORSEL are assigned to the masculine. I n fact, while gender assignment for four of the TPs is variable in at least one of the corpora, no masculine TP is assigned to the feminine in more than four instances. ON THE ASSIGNMENT OF GENDER TO CHICANO ANGLICISMS L U Y AS wdl be seen, these exceptions are accounted for by synonymic or hyperonymic gen-der assignment. TABLE 5: FEMININE TERMINAL PHONEMES: A-D-ION-IS TP Cobos N/(%) Galvdn N/(%) Bull%* T&R%** -a baica 39/42 'bike' (92.8) cuilta 'quilt' Pl0P 'plug' cuara (m.) t 'quarter, twenty-five cents' laira 69/78 98.9 96.3 'lighter' (88.4) boila 'boiler' dona 'doughnut' chahua (m.)t 'shower; bridal or baby shower' -d raid (m). 0/i raund (m.) 012 97.0 97.5 'ride' 'round' Note: Only two terms ended in -ion (both assigned feminine gender), complexibn (Cobos); taxacidn (Galvgn). No term ended in -is, except for an occasional plural: fonis 'funnies, comics'. *Percent feminine from Bull (1965) **Percent feminine from Teschner and Russell (1984) +Several items in both corpora where the final /-a/ derives from {-er] ( [a] or [a]) are assigned masculine gender Regarding the feminine TPs, one does not appear at all (-is) and both -ion and -d appear only twice. Only -a appears with any frequency. Both loanwords that incorporate -d follow the tendency that Natalicio and Chaston noted: they are assigned to the mascu-line. In the case of -a, a number of the exceptions are unaccounted for. Particularly intriguing are those that derive from [-er] and are assigned masculine gender; it is entire-ly possible that the graphemic form (retained in memory) influences their assignment while the (r-colored) schwa is assigned phonologically to /a/. This argument receives sup-port from the fact that many of the forms appear as doublets: bompa and bdmper 'bumper', for example. TABLE 6: OTHER TERMINAL PHONEMES TP Cobos N/(%) Calvin N/(%) Bull N/(%)* T&R N/(%)t -b No examples 'club' -k No examples Ccl bloc 12/14 18/19 23/24 'city block' (85.7) (94.7) (95.8) estroc 'stroke' t j No examples blich 717 313 313 Cch) 'bleach' spich -f No examples blaf 111 415 414 'bluff' (80) -g No examples ring 111 414 313 'ring' g&ni jotquey 'wienie' 'hotcake' peni ( d . ) 'penny; -u champ6 111 chou 'shampoo' 'show' 'influenza' -m No examples cokrim 414 32/33 30130 'cold cream' (96.9) chuingom 'chewing gum' -p No examples teip 617 414 ' 515 'tape' (85.7) ON T H E ASSIGNMENT OF GENDER TO CHICANO A ~ G L I C I S M S 291 picap 'pick-up truck' biurichap (mf) 'beauty shop' -t No examples bldaut 19/19 35/37 3 9/42 'flat tire' (94.5) (92.8) Yet 'jet (plane)' -ks No examples cIorox 4/4 29/29 30/33 {XI 'bleach' (90:9) incorntax 'income tax' *Percent masculine from Bull (1965) .(including number of tokens) +Percent masculine from Teschner and Russell (1984) (including number of tokens) Table 6 reports on TPs that occur infrequently in standard Spanish. As such, they rep-resent forms that are unadapted phonotactically Only in the case of /-i/ (graphemically, (-i] or 1-y]) and /-u/ could one expect to encounter a sufficient number of nouns in Standard Spanish on which to base a statistically ~ i g ~ c agnenter alization. Nonetheless, for all 11 less common TPs, Bull as well as Teschner and Russell report masculine assign-ment. Several researchers such as Luke (1990) and Chaston (1996) have noted similar trends. Luke reports that the masculine is preferred for unadapted English nouns in code-switched discourse among Chicanos in New Mexico. Chaston also observed this tendency with his consultants in Texas. In his study of gender vacillation and nonstandard agree-ment, 40/42 switches occurred with a form of the masculine article. He states that the masculine tends to be assigned to English switches as well as to new cognate vocabulary. Prado (1982) offers considerable evidence that the masculine gender is unmarked in Spanish and could hnction as the default option in cases in which other factors underde-termine gender assignment. These facts contradict Poplack, et al. (1982a: 21) who discount the unmarked tendency "[as being] of limited explanatory value'' in loanword gender assignment. In light of the present findings, however, it does appear that the mas-culine is preferred if no specific factor biases assignment toward the feminine. The paucity of less common TPs encountered in Cobos (only 2 of the 11 found in Galvin) may have to do with the fact that older, established loanwords also tend to be more integrated phonologically (particularly among a population with strong host lan-guage dominance). Also, the Galvin corpus may represent a more socially integrated and highly bilingual segment of society. Tables 7 and 8 summarize what many researchers including Poplack, et al. (1982a) have considered to be a single factor: namely, analogical assignment. However, utilizing a distinction advanced by Bookless (1982), we recognize both synonymic and unique loan- words. Synonymic loanwords are those that compete for the same semantic space with a native language term. O n the other hand, unique loanwords designate a new referendcon-cept and fill what traditionally have been called lexical gaps. In terms of gender assignment, synonymic loans may be assigned the gender of the translation equivalent or that of the superordinate category; unique loans have no strict native language equivalent but may derive gender from a hyperonym. Furthermore, as noted in the introduction, hyperonymic gender functions in standard Spanish: the term which determines the gen-der is frequently omitted, giving rise to nomenclature like elliptical gender; see Whitley (1986: 147, 166) and Butt and Benjamin (1995: 11,15) for further discussion. TABLE 7: SYNONYMIC GENDER IN GALVAN Synonym (m.) Examples Synonym (f.) Examples calent6n jira congeladora Pfser (mf.) 'heater' 'freezer' arrancador estara bicicleta baic 'starter motor' 'bike' silenciador moja coca cola couc 'muffler' 'coke, coca cola' jardin de niiios quinda leche milque 'kindergarten' 'mW While the Cobos corpus was coded for synonymic gender, no clear-cut examples emerge from the analyses; other more robust factors (biological sex and morphological and phonological gender) are posited as. determinants in this case. Cobos himself, in the intro-duction to b s dictionary, provides a plausible explanation for this. H e states: The lack of a continuous, day-to-day contact with the people of Mexico throughout the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, together with a dearth of books, dictionaries and other reading material, stagnated and impov-erished the Spanish of the colonists. Many times these people could not recall the name of a particular article and had no recourse but to coin a new term. (1983: xii-xiii) In other words, if synonymic gender plays a role at all for New Mexican loanwords, it is entirely possible that regional vocabulary provides the translation equivalent. Since the corpora were coded utilizing sources that reflect general or Mexican usage, this factor may have gone undetected. As table 7 attests, several forms in Galvin that derive from a model with [-el;] have masculine translation equivalents. In some cases, this may be coincidental-some forms such as estara and nzoJa probably predate their respective equivalents arrancador and silen-ciador and would have already been assigned to the masculine before the appearance of the ON THE ASSIGNMENT OF GENDER TO CHICANO ANGLICISMS 293 native language synonym. Nonetheless, there can be little doubt that this factor operates for the loanwords assigned feminine gender. O n the basis of the TP alone, all the exam-ples provided would normally take the masculine. TABLE 8: HYPERONYMGICE NDER Hyperonym Cobos Hyperonym Calvin galleta craques (f. pl.) galleta cuqzle (f.) 'cracker' 'soda crackers' 'cookie' 'cookie' polvo bequenpaura (m.) pelota sopol (f.) 'powder' 'baking powder' 'ball' 'softball' cami6n treila (m.) alergiadfiebre jeypver (mf.) 'truck' 'semi(trai1er)' 'allergies/fever' 'hay fever' Bothfiiser (from table 7) and jeyfiver show evidence of dual assignment based on competing processes: phonological assignment provides impetus for the masculine while semantic criteria contradict this tendency. These two loans provide evidence that speakers may not always agree as to which factor takes precedence in the assignment process. Both corpora contain loans that derive gender from the Spanish term galleta, which is considered hyperonymic since it may be glossed as 'cookie or cracker' (similar to the British biscuit). While both forms that derive from a model with [-er] may not respond exclusive-ly to the factor examined here (see above), the feminine forms do provide incontrovertible evidence as to the operation of hyperonymic gender in the two corpora examined. TABLE 9: THE GOLDVARB2 ANALYSIS FOR COBOS Factor ProbC* Inputw: Terminal Phoneme: /a/ Terminal Phoneme: /e/ Terminal Phoneme: /s/ Hyperonymic Gen: masc. Hyperonymic Gen: fem. p = .016 *Probability coefficient (above SO0 progressively favors the masculine; below SO0 progressively favors the feminine). **Input probability reflects the general tendency for the masculine to occur in spite of or unaccounted for by the factors specified. 294 RO BERT N. SMEAD TABLE 10: THE GOLDVARB2 ANALYSIS FOR GALVAN Factor ProbC* Input" Terminal Phoneme: /a/ Terminal Phoneme: / J Terminal Phoneme: /e/ Terminal Phoneme: /id Terminal Phoneme: /I/ Terminal Phoneme: /p/ Terminal Phoneme: /r/ Terminal Phoneme: /u/ Synonymic Gen.: masc. Synonymic Gen.: fem. Hyperonymic Gen: masc. Hyperonymic Gen: fem. p = .Ol8 *Probability coefficient (above SO0 progressively favors the masculine; below SO0 progressively favors the feminine). *Input probability reflects the general tendency for the masculine to occur in spite of or unaccounted for by the factors specified. Tables 9 and 10 summarize the results of the GoldVarb 2 analyses performed on the data. While the binomial step-up and step-down proceeded in a normal fashion for Cobos, one item must be noted with regard to Galvin. Convergence did not obtain after 20 iterations (the maximum allowed in this version). According to Rand and Sankoff (1990: 24 fn. lo), "in this case, [the] estimations may not be as accurate as desired, or there may be some non-uniqueness in the variable rule model defined by the condition file." Nonetheless, the following observations are in order. In the Cobos analysis, only three factors show any bias toward the feminine. Two of these, the TP /-a/ and gender marking which coincides with a feminine hyperonym, are expectedly robust. T h e other factor, /-s/ as a TP, unexpectedly demonstrates a strong bias toward the feminine. A sim-ilar pattern occurs for the Galvin file, in which the TP /- a/, gender marlung which coincides with either a feminine synonym or hyperonym is again expectedly robust. The TP /-u/, however, like /-s/, demonstrates a similarly strong bias toward the feminine, which is quite unexpected. T h e coefficients for these two TPs are interpretable only by tahng into account the extreme bias towards the masculine (as demonstrated by the respective input probabilities) and by positing that the other factors included in the analysesdo-not-completelyacco~~~tfo~the~feminin~agsesnindmere nt for some of the Anglicisms with these TPs. O N THE ASSIGNMENT OF GENDER TO CHICANO ANGLICISMS 295 Conclusions It has been demonstrated that gender assignment for Chicano loanwords responds prin-cipally to a set of five factors. If the underlying referent is human, biological sex always determines gender assignment. For inanimates, both morphological and phonological criteria determine or strongly bias gender assignment. In a handful of exceptions, other semantic criteria play a significant role. This study of loanword gender assignment in Spanish contributes to our understanding of the processes involved for at least three rea-sons. First, it is one of two to incorporate variable rule methodology, which allows competing factors to be examined simultaneously and subsequently ranked. Second, fac-tors previously postulated but not empirically tested (morphological, synonymic, and hyperonymic gender) have been investigated and found to significantly influence gen-der assignment. Third, it is the only study of its kind to examine gender assignment among New Mexicans as well as those of Mexican ancestry in the southwestern United States. I t is expected that further research in this area will shed even more light on the process of gender assignment to loanwords and in particular, on the questions raised by this study. Notes lThe following two sections rely heavily (but not exclusively) on Butt and Benjamin (1994: 1-16). 2Lexical innovation due to linguistic contact involves both a model from the donor language (English, in this instance) and a replica in the host language (Spanish). Since nouns are not assigned grammatical gender in English, gender for English loanwords in Spanish cannot derive from the gender of the English model. Similarly, since Spanish nouns are not declined, morphological class cannot serve as a basis for assigning gender. 3Zamora Munn6 and Bkjar (1987) further this line of research and examine gender assignment to French loanwords in Spanish where both phonological shape and gender of the model are posited as principal determinants. 4Poplack et al. (1982b) is the Spanish language version of the article. 5The preliminary version of t h s article, presented at the Sixteenth Conference on Spanish in the United States and held in conjunction with the Seventh University of New Mexico Conference on Ibero- American Culture and Society: Spanish and Portuguese in Contact with Other Languages on 12-14 February 1997 in Albuquerque was based only on data from Galvin (1995). Pursuant to the suggestion of one of the conference participants we incorporated Cobos (1983) as representative of the New Mexican and Southern Colorado region. It was not possible, however, to incorporate the English loan-words from Espinosa (1914: 304-11) because he did not indicate gender on his word list. "or a more in-depth treatment of the general nature of calques and loanwords in Chicano Spanish, see Smead and Clegg (1996) and Smead (1998). 'Ckpsul would have provided an interesting case in point due to the change in TP: The standard form is cdpsula (f.w)h ile the form cited in the DEC could be assigned masculine gender. In the absence of any clear indication, however, the form was discarded. References Arias Barredo, Anbal. 1990. Gtnero gramatical y motivaci6n semintica. Estudios de Lingiiistica 6: 107- 21. Banfield, Robert L. 1994. Gender assignment of English loanwords in the Spanish language. Master's thesis, Brigham Young University. Barkin, Florence. 1980. The role of loanword assimilation in gender assignment. Bilingual Review/Revista Bilingiie 7, no. 2: 105-12. Bergen, John J. 1978. A simplified approach for teaching the gender of Spanish nouns. Hirpania 61: 865- 76. . 1980. The semantics of gender contrasts in Spanish. Hispania 63: 48-57. Bookless, T. C. 1982. Towards a semantic description of English loan-words in Spanish. Quinquereme 5, no. 2: 170-85. Bull, WilLam. 1965. Spanish for teachers:Applied linguistics. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Butt, John, and Carmen Benjamin. 1994. A new referencegrammar of modern Spanish. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC. Chastain, Kenneth. n.d. Spanish and English as comnlunication systems. Unpublished ms. Chaston, John M. 1996. Sociolingulstic analysis of gender agreement in article/noun combinations in Mexican American Spanish in Texas. Bilingual Review/Revista Bilingiie 21, no. 3: 195-202. Clegg, Jens. 1997. Native Spanish speaker intuition in gender assignment to English loanwords. Unpublished ms. Cobos, Rubin. 1983. A dictionary ofNew Mexican and Southern Colorado Spanish. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press. Corbett, Greville. 1991. Gen.de,: New York: Cambridge ~ni;ersity. De Gimez, Tana, ed. n.d. Simon and Schusterk international Spanish dictionary. New York: Prentice Hall. Espinosa, Aurelio M . 1914. Studies in New Mexican spanish. Part 111: The English elements. Revue de Dialectologie Romane 6: 241-317. Galvin, Roberto A. 1995. The dictionary of Chicano SpanisWEl diccionario del espaiiol chicano. 2d ed. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC. Garcia, Maryellen. 1998. Gender marking in a dialect of Southwest Spanish. Southwest Journal of Linguistics 17, no. 1: 49-58. Ibrahim, Muhammad Hassan. 1973. Grammatical gender: Its origin and development. Janua Linguaram, no. 166. The Hague: Mouton. Luke, Chad. 1990. Gender agreement in Spanish-English language mixing: A preliminary study. Unpublished ms. Natahcio, Diana. 1983. Native speaker intuitions as a basis for determining noun gender rules in Spanish. SouthwestJournal of Linguistics 6, no. 1: 49-55. Poplack, Shana, Alicia Pousada, and David Sankoff. 1982a. Competing influences on gender assignment: Variable processes, stable outcome. Lingua 57: 1-28. Poplack, Shana, Alicia Pousada, and David Sankoff. 1982b. Un estudio comparativo de la asignaci6n de gtnero a prtstamos nominales. In E l espa5ol del Caribe: Ponencias del M Sinzposio de Dialectologia, edited by Orlando Alba, 237-69. Santiago, Repcblica Dominicana: Universidad Cat6lica Madre y Maestra. Prado, Marcial. 1982. El gtnero en espaiiol y la teoria de la marcadez. Hispania 65: 258-66. Rand, David, and David Sankoff. 1990. GoldVarb 2.1. Montreal: Centre de recherches mathtmatiques, Universitt de Montrtal. Sinchez, Maria F. 1995. Clasificaci6n y andisis de prtstamos del inglts en la prensa de Espaiia y Mtxico. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen. Santamaria, Francisco J. 1983. Diccionario de mejicanismos, 4th ed., revised and expanded. Mexico, DF: Editorial Pornia. Smead, Robert N. 1998. English loanwords in Chcano Spanish: Characterization and rationale. Bilingual Review/Revista Bilingiie 23, no. 2: 113-23. Smead, ~ o b e rNt ., and J. Halvor cGgg. 1996. English calques in Chicano spanish. In Spanish in contact: -- issues in bilingual=, edited by h a R oca and John B. Jensen. Somervae, MA.: Cascadda. O N THE ASSIGNMENT OF GENDER TO CHICANO ANGLICISMS 2 9 7 Teschner, Richard V. 1983. Spanish gender revisited: -2 words as illustrating the need for expanded phonological and morphological analysis. Hirpania 66: 252-55. . 1987. Noun gender categories in Spanish and French: Form-based analyses and comparisons. In Current Trends and Issues in Hispanic Linguistics, edited by Lenard Studerus, 81-109. El Paso: University of Texas at El Paso. Teschner, Richard V., and William M. Russell. 1984. The gender patterns of Spanish nouns: An inverse dictionary-based analysis. Hispanic Linguistics 1: 115-32. Teschner, Richard V, and Yiyuk Estela Alatorre. 1984. The gender of Spanish nouns in -s: A description refined. Hispania 67: 409-11. Wagner, Claudio. 1990. El enfoque lingiiistico de la normativa: el caso de 10s prtstamos. Estudios Filaldgicos 25: 55-65. Whitley, M. Stanley. 1986. Spanisbfinglisb contrasts: A course in Spanish linguistics. Washington, D C: Georgetown University Press. Zamora, Juan Clemente. 1975. Morfologia bilingiie: la asignaci6n de gCnero a 10s prtstamos. Bilingual Review/Revista bilingiie 2.239-47. Zamora Munnt, Juan C., and Eduardo C. Btjar. 1987. El gtnero de 10s prCstamos. Revista Espagola de Linguistics 17, no. 1: 131-37.
Click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.


text:
Intermediate players who are looking for a racquet with solid all-around performance should take a closer look at the YOUTEK Speed Elite. This one offers enough added zip off groundstrokes and mid-court shots to help put the point away, but maintains control with easy access to spin. The new d3o material placed in the frame's shaft is designed to react to each shot. This d3o is "smart" and softens the feel when touch is desired and stiffens up when more power is needed. Our TW playtesters found a solid feel from all areas of the court, offering plenty of power for some baseline bashing and lots of mobility up at net. We found the mobile feel lent itself to easy access to faster swing speeds, making topspin easy to generate. Our testers found plenty of consistency and control through spin. Overall, the Speed Elite is an impressive, solid hit and well worth a demo for 3.5+ NTRP players or juniors transitioning into an adult frame.
Note: This racquet does not come with a head cover
Price Reflects Summer Scorcher Promotion Discount
Midplus Specs |
Head Size: 100 sq. in. / 645 sq. cm. |
Length: 27 inches / 68.58 cm |
Strung Weight: 10.7oz / 303g |
Balance: 2 pts HL |
Swingweight: 315 |
Stiffness: 65 |
Beam Width: 22mm Straight Beam |
Composition: Graphite / d3O |
Power Level: Low-Medium |
Swing Speed: Medium-Fast |
Grip Type: HydroSorb Tour |
String Pattern: 16 Mains / 19 Crosses Mains skip: 7T.9T.7H.9H One Piece No Shared Holes |
String Tension: 52-62 pounds |
Similar Racquets | ||
Babolat AeroPro Team GT A light and fast feeling racquet that makes it easy to hit with spin and pace while offering comfort and a generous sweetspot. String pattern: 16x19. Headsize: 100sq.in. Length: Standard. | Gamma Tour 300X This maneuverable option offers plenty of comfort, good feel and lots of power on tap. A must try for intermediate level players. Headsize: 98 sq. in. Length: 27". Strung weight: 10.8 oz. | Pacific Raptor The Raptor offers excellent lightweight mobility while providing plenty of access to spin at higher swing speeds. Head size: 102 square inches. Balance: 1pt head light. Length: 27.3". |

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Factory Direct Pricing - Save up to 30%!
FREE Art Prep & Design - $50 Savings! More details
Our Guarantee
Why buy this product?
What our customers say:
"Great service.Great prices. You beat the competition by almost 50%." University of Houston
"This was the easiest imprinted product order I've ever done." PRIDE
Meet some of our customers • View customer testimonials
"These round badge holders really looked smart on all the delegates sporting them. "
View All Reviews
Overall Rating 5.0
Safe & Secure Ordering
You may submit your artwork during or after placing your order.


text:
An adult 21 years or over must be present to sign for delivery of alcoholic beverages. Order tracking numbers will be emailed to you upon shipment, so you'll know when to expect delivery. We offer the following options for your convenience:
Ground: Delivery generally between 1 and 7 business days once the package leaves our warehouse.
3 Day: Delivery to businesses by 4:30 pm and to residences by 7:00 pm in 3 business days once the package leaves our warehouse.
2 Day: Delivery to businesses by 4:30 pm and to residences by 7:00 pm in 2 business days to most areas once the package leaves our warehouse.
Overnight p.m.: Next business day delivery by 3:00 pm to most U.S. addresses ( by 4:30 p.m. to rural areas) once the package leaves our warehouse.
Overnight a.m.: Next business day delivery by 10:30 am to most U.S. addresses once the package leaves our warehouse; Remote areas by noon, 4:30 pm or 5:00 pm; Saturdays by noon, 1:30 pm or 4:30 pm. In extreme heat, ice-packs will be added.
Note: Saturday delivery available to most locations. Please click to change "delivery method" and check the adjacent calendar to see if Saturday shipping is available.
To perform a search, enter a keyword, phrase or item number in the search field and click "search."
We offer two ways to locate information:
We have added the following products to your shopping cart from a previous visit:
Our winemaking regimen for the Benchland Select included using the "rack and return" process of draining the fermenting juice off the skins and then returning it to the stainless steel tanks. This procedure greatly reduces the young wine's astringency by softening its tannins while deepening its dark color. As the wine was fermented dry, it was taste-tested for optimum flavor levels before it was separated from the skins and then aged for twenty-six months in a combination of new (65%) and one year old (35%) French oak barrels. The resulting wine reflects the exceptional quality of the fruit sourced from three select vineyards in the Napa Valley's western foothills; including Jack and Dolores Cakebread's own "Hill Ranch." The 1998 Benchland Select Cabernet Sauvignon displays aromas of an intense red fruit character and the spiciness of mocha, cocoa and nutmeg. The flavors seamlessly echo those of its aromas, showing a soft, elegant wine that offers plenty of ripe fruit with a lingering balance of vanilla, cedar and supple, well-integrated tannins.
Over 30 years ago, Jack Cakebread came to photograph the Napa Valley for a book and while there, he casually mentioned his interest in one day owning a vineyard to some family friends who had a ranch in Rutherford. When he returned home that afternoon, the phone rang and it was the family friends offering to sell their property. He headed back up to the valley that same afternoon...Read More About Cakebread
It's hard not to think of Napa Valley when thinking of California wines. The region is, after all, the one that brought world recognition to California wine making. The area was settled by a few choice wine families in the 1960's who bet that the wines of the area would grow and flourish. They were right. The Napa wine industry really took off in the 1980's, when vineyard...Read More About Napa Valley
(cab-uhr-NAY sow-veeh-yawn) King of Red Many refer to Cabernet Sauvignon as the king of red grapes. Perhaps that title is due to its ability to grow worldwide in a number of climates, or to the fact that it produces wine with such character yet such diversity. Either way, this grape is responsible, as a whole or a partner, for some of the greatest wines in the world. In Bordeaux,...Read More About Cabernet Sauvignon
Ship on us for a month!
After your free trial, Steward-Ship is just $49/year.
*Some exclusions apply


text:
The Rust programming language
Mix It Up
Largely unnoticed by the public, the Mozilla Foundation is tinkering with its own programming language, Rust, which is intended to make writing reliable, fast, and concurrently running applications easier. For this purpose, the developers are borrowing generously from other languages.
According CTO Brendan Eich, Mozilla is currently creating the programming language of the future in the form of Rust. For one thing, Rust is claimed to offer more security than C++; for another, it will bring comprehensive parallel programming to the web browser.
Developer Graydon Hoare began work on Rust back in 2006; three years later, the Mozilla Foundation took over the helm. Nonetheless, it took until January 2012 before the first version appeared with the number 0.1.
Read full article as PDF:
Price $2.95
Direct Download
Read full article as PDF:
Price $2.95
Tag Cloud
New TLS Attack Takes the S out of HTTPS
Vulnerability affects many Linux web servers
Munich Adopts Kolab
The Bavarian capital shuns Microsoft, Google, and other alternatives to implement an open source groupware solution.
Canonical Announces Ubuntu Smartphones
Phone vendor partnerships bring Mark Shuttleworth's dream of Ubuntu on a phone a step closer to reality.
Piviti Seeks Funding
Donors will get to vote on new features for the free video editor.
Debian Tech Committee Votes for systemd
Debian project puts init out to pasture and says no to Ubuntu's Upstart.
The Mask: Scary New Face of Internet Intrusion
Ultra-sophisticated attack tool might have originated from a state-sponsored intelligence service.
Epoch 1.0 Released
New alternative for init comes with a small footprint and minimal configuration.
Wayland 1.4 Challenges X11
X marks the target for the next-generation windowing system.
Red Hat Adopts CentOS
Super-clone CentOS Linux gets beamed up to the mother ship.
W3C Promotes Media Source Extensions
HTML technology will enable new video editing and playback options.


text:
RFE: Conference Listings
This service is joint project of RFE and EconBiz.
- International Association of Engineers (IAENG)
Dates: | July 06-08, 2011 |
Description: | 2011 International Conference of Financial Engineering |
Location: | London, United Kingdom |
Subject: | The conference ICFE'11 is held under the World Congress on Engineering 2011. Topics: Investment banking; Corporate strategic planning; Risk management; Primary and derivative securities valuation; Swaps & derivatives trading or dealing; Financial information systems management; Portfolio optimization Portfolio management; Securities trading; Stocks and exchange rates prediction; Interest rate modeling; Financial mathematics; Applications of computer science methods in finance. [gemäß den Informationen des Anbieters - according to site editor's information] |
JEL Code: | G |
URL: | http://www.iaeng.org/WCE2011/ICFE2011.html |


text:
by Comedy Central
Download this app if: you want to enjoy the best moments from the news satire show.
Advisor Review
Get free daily laughs with The Daily Show Headlines app — Looking for a smart laugh? The free iPhone app, The Daily Show Headlines, is chock-full of laughs and can be found right in your pants pocket. With this app from Comedy Central, you can watch the headlines from Jon Stewart's The Daily Show from the past two weeks. The app is great for quick...
Developer Notes
Now you can watch some of The Daily Show's best moments on your Android device, with headlines from the past two weeks, a clip archive, upcoming guest news and schedule alerts. Plus, get digital exclusives from Jon Stewart and The Best F@#king News Team Ever.
Note: Full episodes of The Daily Show...
Central comedy — No full eps here but lots of good moments to enjoy again.


text:
Why Helping Others Improve Helps YOU by Andy Robinson - May, 2010 Nothing else compares to the personal satisfaction and fulfillment of helping other people bring their dreams to life. Beyond the intrinsic satisfaction, however, is the true power of this principle -- When you help improve the lives of other people, your own life will improve...in many ways. When you consistently undertake efforts and actions to help other people grow, you create important cause-and-effect results: W... |
College Graduate? Tap into your Alumni Career Services for Free Job-Search Tools! by Sharon Cohen - May, 2010 (Career Transition Action Plan Part III) Are you a college student who needs a job? Are you a recent graduate who needs a job? Are you an alumnus from way back, who needs a job or is in career transition? Would you like to re-energize your job search and tap into low cost or free resources? If so, read on... This article is the 3rd in a series for career changers, people in career transition and job seekers.... |
Will Your Resume Get You an Interview? by Patricia Erickson - May, 2010 Is your resume ready for your career change? Does it generate enough impact to get interviews with perspective employers? Be sure it does before you send it out! Let's say you're a teacher and your contract was not renewed. Your district made budget cuts and the inevitable finally happened - your job was eliminated. You saw the writing on the wall long before your job was eliminated and you went back to school for nursing.... |
It Takes More Than a Great Resume to Get a Great Job by Liz Handlin - May, 2010 I write resumes for a living, so obviously, I am a big believer in the importance of job seekers having powerful and well written resumes. With that said, I have been amazed recently at some conversations I have had with folks who have strong resumes yet who aren't finding jobs. Remember that we are in a down-economy so every job seeker needs to be on his or her A-game or the job search will not be successful. A resume isn'... |
Just The Facts Please by Liz Handlin - May, 2010 Do you want to drive a recruiter or resume writer crazy? Then be sure and give long rambling monologues as answers to simple questions. Just like in the movie, "Dragnet", resume writers and recruiters are looking for. "Just the facts, ma'am". If you hire a resume writer you should be prepared for an interview (some use questionnaires instead of personal interviews) in which you will be asked questions like "what kind of bud... |
Resume Formatting and Content by Liz Handlin - May, 2010 I have worked with a lot of clients over the years and most of them tend to land jobs pretty quickly after they have a completed resume. But times are tough and it tends to take longer for almost anyone to find a job and when people don't find jobs as quickly as they would like they tend to second guess nearly every aspect of their job search. Am I wearing the right kind of interview suit? Did I offend the interviewer? Why... |
Who Should You Listen to When it Comes to Resume Advice? by Liz Handlin - May, 2010 Once you embark upon a job search your resume, perhaps previously gathering dust in a file drawer, will become the most important document you own. Job seekers have a tendency to show everyone they know a copy of their resume; many of them seem to weigh each opinion equally and continuously edit the resume based on the most recent "great advice" they have been given. It seems like everyone has an opinion about what you need... |
Who Are You? by Suzanne Bates - May, 2010 Well, who are you? (Who are you? Who, who, who, who?) I really wanna know (Who are you? Who, who, who, who?) Tell me, who are you? (Who are you? Who, who, who, who?) 'Cause I really wanna know (Who are you? Who, who, who, who?) The Who, 1978 When the English rock band The Who (Roger Daltrey, Pete Townshend, plus bassist john Entwistel and drummer Keith Moon) recorded one of their iconic 70's anthems, their chorus posed... |
Find Those People by Nan S. Russell - May, 2010 The Emperor's New Clothes was a favorite childhood story of mine. It made me laugh. I couldn't believe all those adults were standing around, watching the emperor make a fool of himself and not telling him the truth. When I grew up and went to work, I discovered it wasn't that easy. In twenty years in management, I found the majority of people operated like the Emperor's ministers: people more concerned with personally look... |
Craft Your Resume To Get An Interview by Ramon Greenwood - May, 2010 Your resume is the all-important first step in the your search for a job, but don't expect it to close the deal. Instead, craft it with a single objective in your mind: Get invited in for an interview where you can elaborate on and sell your qualifications in face-to-face communications with one or more decision makers. Remember recruiters use resumes as an essential part of the screening process to help weed through t... |
If you know of an article that should be listed here, please let us know. | ||
[<< Prev] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 [Next >>] |
DiversityIowa.com About Us Member of Local JobNetwork™ Terms of Use Privacy Policy Accessibility | Job Seeker Articles Jobs by Category Jobs by Company Jobs by City Radio Programs Employment Resources/Articles Career Fairs/Events Iowa Employment Resources Create Your Resume | Employer Resources Local Hiring Government Compliance OFCCP Digest OFCCP Resources Talent Management Social Media Recruiting | ||
Copyright © 1994-2014 Infosoft Group, Inc. All rights reserved. BRKWEB03 | Send comments to firstname.lastname@example.com |


text:
Child Care Management Software
Mon.-Fri. 8:00 am - 4:00 pm PST
The Nation's Number One Selling
Child Care Management Software
Procare User Map
click here
Software Pricing
Hardware Pricing
Family & Child Data
Family Accounting
Agency Accounting
Payment Processing
Time & Attendance
Menus & Meal Counts
Activity Manager
Child Care Security
Employee Data
Payroll Software
Expenses and Ledger
Standard Features
Keyless Entry System
Procare Dashboard
Corporate Organizer
Full Overview List
Centralized Data
Data Hosting Introduction
Data Hosting FAQ
Data Hosting Facility
Data Hosted versus Web-Based
Web Apps
Check-in Solutions Overview
8" Touch
Biometric ID Pad
Signature Pad
Card Reader
Card Swipe Technologies
Texas Approved
Ticket Printer
Door Access
Keyless Entry System
Check-in Solutions FAQ
Corporate Tools
Corporate Organizer
Tumble Bugs Day School
Hear from Procare Users
Share Your Story
Share Your Story Guidelines
Top US Centers
Product Overview
Data Hosting
Check-in Solutions
System Requirements
Corporate Solutions
Online Wait List
PDF, News, Video Library
Web Apps
Payment Processing
Credit Card Processing
The TE Advantage
Ways to Pay
Contact Tuition Express
Making TE Mandatory
Tuition Express Processing Time
Contact Us
About Procare
Get Social
Procare in the News
Employment Opportunity
Refer Procare
v9 to v10 Overview
Conversion Table
Feature Comparison
Conversion Support
Technical Support
Support Web Site
Version 9 Support
Remote Assistance
Powered by Procare
Conversion to v10
Free Learning Tools
Live Webinars
Custom Training
Procare University
Online Store
Procare Update
Update Frequent Questions
Procare W2 / 1099 Software
Products & Services
Tuition Express
Search for:
Product Overview
Family & Child Data
Family Accounting
Agency Accounting
Payment Processing
Time & Attendance
Menus & Meal Counts
Activity Manager
Child Care Security
Employee Data
Payroll Software
Expenses and Ledger
Standard Features
Keyless Entry System
Procare Dashboard
Corporate Organizer
Full Overview List
Data Hosting
Check-in Solutions
System Requirements
Corporate Solutions
Online Wait List
PDF, News, Video Library
Web Apps
Bookkeeping & Family Accounting Software for Child Care, Day Care and Preschool
Track Family & Agency Balances, Record Payments, Print Statements
Procare Family Accounting is the accounts receivable and billing software of choice for child care centers, day care providers and preschool administrators. Family Accounting works with our popular
Family Data
module, to easily track each family's balance including their history of registration fees, tuition charges, family discounts and payments received. Easily handle daycare bookkeeping tasks like printing daycare tax statements & parent receipts. Quickly record payments yourself using the Batch Payment feature or choose to automate payment collection with
Tuition Express
Child Care Billing - Software Features
The Automated Child Care Billing feature records child care and day care tuition charges, supply and activity fees, co-payments and family discounts in seconds. Add the
Attendance Tracker
to handle hourly billing, overtime and late pick up fees. Quickly record late payment fees and print notices for all past due accounts. Split fees for divorced parents and separate family co-payments from government agency totals with the optional
Agency Accounting
Process Recurring Tuition Fees
Link Fees to Child's Schedule
Billing for Divorced & Subsidized Families
Financial History for Each Family Account
Record Fees as a Batch to Specific Groups
Post Late Fees as a Percentage or Fixed Amount
Track Deposits for Summer, Fall, etc.
Print Receipts Automatically
Complete Audit Trail / Change Log
Daycare Accounting Reports
Print standard child care accounting reports including:
Family Account Balance
Account Activity Reports
Customer Statements & Receipts
Aging Reports / Accounts Receivable
Total Revenue & Income Reports
Bank Deposit Reports
Year End Tax Statements
Receivable Journal Summary
Enhance Family Accounting with optional modules
Family Accounting is an add-on to Procare's popular
Family Data
module. Other add-on software modules can further simplify the management of your child-centered business including the
Tuition Express™ Payment Processing Service
to collect family payments automatically. For attendance based billing add the
Attendance Tracker
module and
Procare check in solutions


text:
Thread Options
- Subscribe to this message's RSS Feed
- Mark Thread as New
- Mark Thread as Read
- Float this Thread to the Top
- Bookmark
- Subscribe
- Printer Friendly Page
How do I get my Adobe ID from my nook to use for Adobe Digital Editions?
- Mark Message as New
- Bookmark
- Subscribe
- Subscribe to this message's RSS Feed
- Highlight This Message
- Print This Message
- E-mail this Message to a Friend
- Report Abuse to a Moderator
This message has been moved to a more appropriate location. This helps to keep our boards organized.


text:
Melanie McGrath is an award-winning writer and journalist. Here she collects together fiction, nonfiction and some journalism written over the last decade or so and writes her blog... href="https://twitter.com/mcgrathmj" class="twitter-follow-button" data-show-count="false">Follow @mcgrathmj</a>
The Boy in the Snow published October 2012
(3 November 2012 in US) When Arctic guide Edie Kiglatuk stumbles across a boy's body in the Alaskan forest, she little imagines what her discovery will lead her to. With the local police convinced the death is linked to the Dark Believers, a sinister offshoot of the Russian Orthodox Church, Edie's friends insist she leave the investigation to the proper authorities. But remaining in the area as back-up for her ex-husband Sammy's bid to win the famous Iditarod dog sled race, Edie cannot get the frozen corpse out of her mind. While Sammy travels across some of the world's toughest and most deadly terrain, Edie sets off on an investigation which will take her into a dark world of sex, politics, corruption and greed - as a painful secret from her past finally catches up with her... IN THE UK BUY HERE: HARDCOVER EBOOK IN THE USA BUY HERE: HARDCOVER EBOOK What the reviews say: This is turning into a series that readers will want to follow with close attention Daily Express (click for full review) Outstanding...this affecting novel should melt even the most frozen human hearts Publishers Weekly McGrath adds an element of Inuit spirituality to this fast-moving mystery of corruption and cover-ups, meeting expectations established by the compelling series opener Booklist |
Selected JournalismTravel
A girl's own African adventure Gift of the Gabon Reviews Bird Cloud by Annie Proulx The Stranger in the Mirror by Jane Shilling Doctoring the Mind:Why Psychiatric Treatments Fail by Richard Bentall General features Something's Wrong Melanie McGrath interviews Tracey Emin Falling from the Tree They have been walking, leaping and even sailing the planet for millions of years - but will the lemurs, man's long-lost cousins, survive the destruction of Madagascar's forests? The Witching Hour Witchcraft was outlawed in this country for the best part of a thousand years. But now, officially tolerated and with a new religion of their own, witches are flooding out of the broom closet. Call it magic, call it hocus-pocus, they say anyone can do it ... Full list of articles |
Events15 September 2011 Bouchercon International Mystery Festival, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 11.30am panel 'It Takes All Sorts' More information 24 September 2011 - Newcastle Macmillan Crime Scene Saturday 10am-4pm panels and workshops with MJ McGrath, MR Hall, LC Tyler and Ann Cleeves more information |


text:
Cuts (rushes, cuts) for stories in Colour Pictorial - CP 344. The original stories are on Pathe Master tape *PM0153*.
Cuts for story ISLAND OF VULCANO in CP 344. Mostly similar footage to the cut story; several shots at the hot springs; nice C/U of the head of a man who is buried up to his...
We always welcome comments and more information about our films.
All posts are reactively checked. Libellous and abusive comments are forbidden.


text:
Wiki Home
Wiki Home
Welcome to the Nokia Developer Wiki, home to 8986 community created articles, code examples, and other resources for developing on Nokia's Windows Phone (Lumia), Nokia Asha and HERE Location platforms (and all our other service and legacy platforms too).
The wiki is easy to use, but if you do need help there is plenty of guidance in the Help or from our discussion board. Content improvements are welcomed, and significant contribution is rewarded through the Wiki Contributor of the Month program.
You can use the search box above (or site search) to find specific topics. Alternatively browse through categories listed below.
Software Platforms |
Other Resources |
Using the Wiki |
Natural Languages |
Announcements and NewsContributors of the Week Thanks to the community members who contributed over the last week (image courtesy of Wordle). For more detail see Wiki contributor of the week#13 May 2013
COM winner for April: Marcos Fabio Pereira Marcos Fabio Pereira (mfabiop ) has been selected as COM winner for the month of April. Marcos created a number of articles including the very useful How to use SQLite in Windows Phone (and its translation to Portuguese - Como usar o SQLite no Windows Phone). He has also written about How to write a state machine to handle speech recognition and a series of articles on connecting and using the Arduino hardware platform on both Windows Phone and the Nokia Asha software platform: Windows Phone 8 communicating with Arduino using Bluetooth, Windows Phone 8 comunicando com Arduino usando Bluetooth, Series 40 communicating with Arduino using Bluetooth, Simple home automation project with a Windows Phone 8 an Arduino and a TV. Marcos has every reason to be proud - he was up against the toughest competition in many months, with great articles and translations from bintk , cadlg , vinayppatil and somnathbanik . What set him apart this month was that he also reviewed other developers work and provided helpful constructive criticism to help them improve their work. We'll be sending Marcos a a bright red Lumia 820. Please join me in congratulating him on the discussion boards. Next month we've got another bright red Lumia 820 for our Wiki Contributor of the Month. That could be you - all you need to do is contribute useful articles, example codes, tutorials, or significantly shape up the existing ones! Marketing in a Box Wiki Competition is now complete Series 40 Webinars - Contribute and Win Competition 2013Q1 with Marketing in a Box is now complete and winners have been announced. We highly recommend you check out the winning articles as they are truly outstanding: Getting the most out of Marketing In a Box (cadlg ) and Integrating your social presence with the Digital Marketing Toolkit website (jappit ). We hope cadlg
and jappit
enjoy their brand new Nokia Asha 311 and Nokia 808 PureView. Thank you to everyone who contributed.
Featured Article of the Week
See Featured Articles for other great articles from the community.
Featured Video of the WeekOur UI expert Jan Krebber reviews two apps submitted by Nokia Developer members: Know your phone by Mustafa Mansour Hassanien and Package Tracker by Shai Ifrach of Futuresoft. Jan shares the app reviews and provides details on how the UX of these applications might be improved, as well as providing general guidance that will help with the design of any app. In addition, Jan takes a quick look into where to place ads in an app, based on a request from last month's UI Clinic. The media player is loading... Find out more about developing for Series 40 at: http://www.developer.nokia.com/Series40 and more about design for full-touch Series 40 apps here. Check out the current webinar schedule here: http://www.developer.nokia.com/webinars See Featured Videos for other great videos from the community. |


text:
For Sailing People | ||
Yachting, sailing, cruising, marinas and ports information. Caribbean, Mediterranean. Navigation software, digital charts | ||
Section in Russian language |
Digital nautical charts for navigation for Mediterranean, Caribbean and other parts of World. Digital Atlas of Mediterranean region in scale 1:500 000. Full coverage. Charts in format BSB 2.0, Raster Image and especially for Fugawi and SeaCleare II. Free navigation software SeaClear II documentation, download, language files and manual... More information... |
Information for Mediterranean sailing and Cruising. Hundreds colored maps and plans of marinas and picturesque anchorages in Turkey, Greece, Adriatic, Spain, France and Italy... Sailing Direction with information about currency, winds, buoyage system, customs formalities with many color charts and schemes... More information... |
Caribbean's Islands and countries... Antilles, Virgin Islands and Grenadines... Lots of color plans, nautical charts, and plans composed with detailed information from Sailing Directions... More information... |
Layout and
specification of many famous boats from Beneteau, Jeanneau, Gib Sea,
Hunter and Bavaria... More information... |
?1yachtua.com 1998-2010 |


text:
Slideshow posted in Local | Friday, December 07, 2012
6 of 9: Around 6:45am many viewers reported seeing a streak of light light and flash up in the sky. If captured a photo or video, email it to us at email@example.com or upload it on our iWitness reports page. ( Photo / iWitness/ABC13)


text:
Quality CareFind out why Mayo Clinic is the right place for your health care. Make an appointment.
Meet the StaffFind a directory of doctors and departments at all Mayo Clinic campuses. Visit now.
Research and Clinical TrialsSee how Mayo Clinic research and clinical trials advance the science of medicine and improve patient care. Explore now.
Visit Our SchoolsEducators at Mayo Clinic train tomorrow's leaders to deliver compassionate, high-value, safe patient care. Choose a degree.
Professional ServicesExplore Mayo Clinic's many resources and see jobs available for medical professionals. Get updates.
Give to Mayo ClinicYou are an essential partner in our work to find answers for our patients. Donate now.
Drug information provided by: Micromedex
Check with your doctor:
Check the labels of all nonprescription (over-the-counter [OTC]) or prescription medicines you now take. If any contain a barbiturate or acetaminophen, check with your health care professional. Taking them together with this medicine may cause an overdose.
The butalbital in this medicine will add to the effects of alcohol and other CNS depressants (medicines that slow down the nervous system, possibly causing drowsiness). Some examples of CNS depressants are antihistamines or medicine for hay fever, other allergies, or colds; sedatives, tranquilizers, or sleeping medicine; other prescription pain medicine; narcotics; other barbiturates; medicine for seizures; muscle relaxants; or anesthetics, including some dental anesthetics. Also, drinking large amounts of alcoholic beverages regularly while taking this medicine may increase the chance of liver damage, especially if you take more of this medicine than your doctor ordered or if you take it regularly for a long time. Therefore, do not drink alcoholic beverages, and check with your doctor before taking any of the medicines listed above, while you are using this medicine.
This medicine may cause some people to become drowsy, dizzy, or lightheaded. Make sure you know how you react to this medicine before you drive, use machines, or do anything else that could be dangerous if you are dizzy or are not alert and clearheaded.
Before you have any medical tests, tell the person in charge that you are taking this medicine. Caffeine (present in some butalbital and acetaminophen combinations) interferes with the results of certain tests that use dipyridamole (e.g., Persantine) to help show how well blood is flowing to your heart. Caffeine should not be taken for 8 to 12 hours before the test. The results of other tests may also be affected by butalbital and acetaminophen combinations.
Before having any kind of surgery (including dental surgery) or emergency treatment, tell the medical doctor or dentist in charge that you are taking this medicine. Serious side effects can occur if your medical doctor or dentist gives you certain medicines without knowing that you have taken butalbital.
If you have been taking large amounts of this medicine, or if you have been taking it regularly for several weeks or more, do not suddenly stop taking it without first checking with your doctor. Your doctor may want you to reduce gradually the amount you are taking before stopping completely in order to lessen the chance of withdrawal side effects.
If you think you or anyone else may have taken an overdose of this medicine, get emergency help at once. Taking an overdose of this medicine or taking alcohol or CNS depressants with this medicine may lead to unconsciousness or possibly death. Signs of butalbital overdose include severe drowsiness, confusion, severe weakness, shortness of breath or unusually slow or troubled breathing, slurred speech, staggering, and unusually slow heartbeat. Signs of severe acetaminophen poisoning may not occur until 2 to 4 days after the overdose is taken, but treatment to prevent liver damage or death must be started within 24 hours or less after the overdose is taken.
Portions of this document last updated: Dec. 01, 2013
Copyright © 2013 Thomson Healthcare Inc. All rights reserved. Information is for End User's use only and may not be sold, redistributed or otherwise used for commercial purposes.
Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. Proceeds from website advertising help support our mission. Mayo Clinic does not endorse non-Mayo products and services.
Advertising & Sponsorship
Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic.


text:
Michele Z.'s Questions & Answers
489 Results
- Sort by:
- Date |
- Most Answers |
- Least Answers |
- Urgency
- Show:
- All |
- Open Questions |
- Closed Questions
I Want to know well I know that moths are attracted to kitty litter are spiders attracted to kitty litter too cause I was just scooping Shorty's litter box and a huge dark gray spider crawled out of it Shorty does like to play with spiders and then e… more ›
This used to be a user friendly site where we could share our joys, sorrows, experiences and advice. Now all I seem to get is aggravation. Can't view my friends' jounals when I click on them, can't post any journals, either. I think I've reached … more ›
I recently found holes in the grass in my backyard around the pear tree they are only there and are too big to be from earth worms but too small to be from gophers and we don't really get gardner snakes around here so what animal could these holes be… more ›
So Abby's food has not changed and Shorty has never liked her food and always stayed out of it the same with Shasta's food he doesn't like it and has never touched it but the past two days outta no where he has been wolfing down their dry dog food wh… more ›
Okay so my cat doesn't seem to have fleas but has black specks all over her white fur. She has itched her back to the point she is bleeding. No change in type of food she eats, no change in litter, and no change in the flea medicine we use. Any idea … more ›
Tags: itchy, black, fleas, cat, Specks
So recently my dog has stopped listening to me completly. It doesn't matter what I do he just won't listen, I know it isn't a problem with respect, he won't listen to anyone and he is not a dominate dog.
July 2, 2012 | By Supersoccerstar | 3 | Just Curious
I dont know if i should flush it or bury it?
February 25, 2012 | By BethanyBubbz | 14 | Just Curious
Apparantly people do not understand the difference between answering a question - and not listening, ignoring the vast majority of the question, and instead outright telling someone what to do regarding matters entirely unrelated to the actual proble… more ›
well this is the third day that all our pictures are gone. no matter how many times we reload them they dissapear, if anyone has any sugestions for the zoo on how to fix this or at least let us know they are gone forever please let them know. you can… more ›
I found the perfect steps for Shorty and Skitters for getting up on to my bed they both have hip problems but Skitters gets extermly excited and will try and run and jump off the bed and that hurts her she lands on her butt instead of all fours I usa… more ›
A potential adopter is interested in one of my foster cats - a one year old inquisitive and playful male who can also be very shy and cautious at first, but shows a lot of interest in watching the birds outside through the windows. As… more ›
I've tried a couple of times to add my dog's groomer, but it never shows up. How do I get it to show up so I can write a review?
Got a question about your pet? Get the answers you need from Zootoo's community of pet experts and owners.
Most Popular Questions
Recent Answers
Answer by Momba
A: The best thing to do is make sure of what it is by seeing your vet. It could be nothing, but why take the chance that it could be something… more ›
Answer by Momba
A: Maybe you could experiment with a harness when the cats are eating, and if Simon shows aggression toward Stacy, pull him back. Maybe he'll … more ›
Q: Anyone else?
Answer by Debra B.
A: I will try to send you a z2 private message and see what happens. I don't log onto this site very often anymore, maybe once a week, dependi… more ›


text:
A uniquely designed nursing top with an elastic hem line that adds a bubble effect for a flattering drape. A cute design to flatter the belly when you are pregnancy or disguise your postpartum belly, when you are not. To nurse, pull aside the outer layer to reveal nursing openings for discreet nursing access for your beautiful new baby.
Sale: Get additional 20% off of this item (final price $58.40) when you use coupon code Clearance20 .


text:
Hong Kong celebrity mums pose with their children for charity
Inspired by Hong Kong actress Jo Koo, eleven other Hong Kong celebrity new mothers posed with their children for a charity calendar photoshoot. All proceedings for the sale of the calendars will be donated to the Hong Kong Early Psychosis Intervention Society.
Being a mother in the Year of the Dragon, Jo was inspired to organize a photo-shoot with fellow celebrity "dragon" mothers. She was grateful that the eleven mothers were willing to help out for charity.
During the four days of shooting, Jo commented that it was very challenging to make the babies stay focused and to capture each of their expressions.
Singer Miriam Yeung posed with her son, Torres, who had just woken up from his sleep and clinged tightly to his mother.
Fellow singer Kelly Chan has regained her svelte figure after giving birth to second son, Riley (nicknamed "Xiao Long Bao") just eight months ago.
"Riley is so cute and chubby. I don't believe Kelly actually gave birth to him!" Jo joked.
Hong Kong TVB actress, Shirley Yeung and her nine-month-old daughter, Krystal, had the best chemistry during the photo-shoot. Krystal reportedly enjoyed herself during the photoshoot.
Other celebrity mums who also posed for the charity calendar included Janet Chow, Josephine Ng, Joyce Lee, Claire Yiu, Annie Man, Yoyo Chen, Lillian Ho and Yu Chiu.
Latest Photo Galleries on xinmsn
entertainment videos
- Entertainment
- Asia Celeb News
- Hollywood Buzz
- Korean Buzz
- Celeb Interviews
- Celeb Bios
- Celeb Blogs
- Photo Galleries
- Music Reviews
- Movies
- xinFirst Webisodes
- TV Channels
- Channel 5
- Channel 8
- Channel U
- okto
- Suria
- Vasantham
- Radio
- Class 95FM
- Gold 90.5FM
- Lush 99.5FM
- Symphony 92.4FM
- Capital 95.8FM
- Love 97.2FM
- Ria 89.7FM
- Warna 94.2FM
- Oli 96.8FM
- Lifestyle
- Beauty & Fashion
- Food
- Going Out
- Health
- Relationships
- Travel
- Work Life
- Style
- Style:Men
- Style:Weddings
- Style:Living
- i-Weekly i周刊
- Timepieces
- Mother & Baby
- Elle
- Postbox
- News
- Singapore
- World
- Regional
- Sci-Tech
- Weird
- Business
- News Videos
- Sports
- Local Sports
- World Football
- Formula One