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Asphalt. Huge, heaping obsidian piles of oozing rock and tar, steaming tons of it mounded up on the banks of Flushing Creek in Corona, Queens. More than a million pounds of asphalt a day. This may well be the greatest legacy of the city's innovative, controversial, visionary, despised Transportation Commissioner Janette Sadik-Khan.
Completed in May 2010, the Harper Street asphalt plant produces 250,000 tons annually, much of it made from recycled rocks ripped from roads around New York. If asphalt could be considered state of the art, this would be it. The plant saves the city $5 million every year and keeps thousands of asphalt trucks that would be importing the road rock off the streets, preventing more potholes as a result.
And that is precisely the point of this plant, one of two the city now owns: to repave and repair the streets more efficiently and sustainably. It is one of hundreds of programs launched in the past four years by Ms. Sadik-Khan and the mayor, part of a $4.3 billion capital campaign. That is more than many states have spent over the same period and as much as had been spent in the first six years of the Bloomberg administration, meaning essentially a 50 percent increase in road spending under the current commissioner.
"One of the things I'm most proud of at DOT is that we've really increased our commitment to the basics, even while we launch new programs," Ms. Sadik-Khan said in an interview last week. "We've got an unprecedented commitment to the road and bridge network."
The Department of Transportation oversees more than 6,375 miles of surface roads in the five boroughs and 787 bridges. The Port Authority is in charge of four, the M.T.A. seven. Along those roads and bridges, there are 500 miles of on-street bike lanes, more than half of which have been built in the past four years. Of the 775 projects funded under the current capital plan, only a handful involved pedestrian plazas, like the closure of Times Square and the rest of Broadway, or bike lanes, like the litigious route along Prospect Park West. Some of these projects are so cheap, they do not even make the budget. All told, DOT has spent $19.2 million on plazas and $15.8 million on bike lanes. That is less than 1 percent of all capital spending over the past four years, or about as much as the $30 million DOT spent on the one asphalt plant.
Tour the Public Works of Janette Sadik-Khan >>
"She has done more for drivers than anyone since Robert Moses," one transportation professional told The Observer. Rarely is that comparison a complimentary one—Janette Sadik-Khan has long been dubbed Mrs. Moses, but it is by those who disagree with her programs and (often very successful) tactics. There is a perceived imperiousness, a sense of know-it-all-ism, my-way-or-no-highway. DOT points to the thousands of community meetings held each year for its new programs, and the poll numbers that continue to grow in the department's favor.
No matter. The critics still honk their horns and file their lawsuits. Meanwhile, the same driven demeanor of Ms. Sadik-Khan that has seen so many bike lanes built also goes about the dirty, dismal work of so many bridges repaired and so many potholes filled—400,000 last year alone. With all the angst and ink spilled over bike lanes, the department and its supporters lament the fact that drivers have yet to appreciate all the benefits made on their behalf.
"She's been very successful, which can be beneficial but also controversial if people do not agree with you," said Mitchell Moss, director of the Rudin Center for Transportation at N.Y.U. "Essentially, she's taken a very shy agency and put it out there on the front pages."
Part of the problem for DOT is that its sexiest projects—literally, think of all the models in skirts and hunks with no shirts biking around the city—are the most controversial. As for the public plazas, like Times Square, they feel like tourist amenities more than anything, even as they protect natives from taxis, which, by the way, are whizzing by a little bit faster than before thanks to all the street redesigns. "So much of what DOT does is invisible," said "Gridlock" Sam Schwartz, a former DOT traffic engineer who now runs his own consultancy. It is at grade or beneath it.
The biggest project so far undertaken actually had a bit of wow factor to it. The $669 million replacement of the Willis Avenue Bridge connecting northern Manhattan and the South Bronx involved floating the 350-foot-long, 2,400-ton middle section down the Hudson, where it was installed by barge. DOT invited the press out for the occasion while also posting pictures to Flickr and videos to YouTube of the floating span.
In the end, there was only a day or two's worth of stories, compared to at least a year's worth of reports lambasting bike lanes. All the while 70,000 people drive across the bridge each day, compared to the roughly 17,000 people who commute by bike across all five boroughs.
Take the repairs to the Brooklyn Bridge as another example. At $508 million, it ranks near the top of DOT's infrastructure spending list. For years the tabloids had complained about the bridge's poor maintenance. In June 2010, Vice President Joe Biden came to town to tout the project, which had gotten $30 million in federal stimulus, on top of another $192 million in federal funds. (Capitalizing on her experience at U.S. DOT, Ms. Sadik-Khan has been a master of winning federal money, which comprises roughly 30 percent of the capital budget, with another 5 percent coming from the state.)
A critical piece of infrastructure and a beloved landmark were being fixed all at once. And what do the papers write about? Construction barriers creating narrower walkways, where tourists and bicyclists are forced to mix it up. Therein lies the challenge for DOT—nobody notices the job the department is doing until it screws it up. Such was the case of the Interstate-35 bridge in Minneapolis that drew so much attention to New York's infrastructure after it collapsed in August 2007, just four months after Ms. Sadik-Khan was appointed.
"She's had no disasters, which is pretty amazing," Mr. Schwartz said. "Not just freak accidents, like when the Staten Island Ferry crashed, but mistakes, like when Commissioner Chris Lynn reversed the Queensboro in the '90s. It led to massive gridlock. So far, Janette has made almost no mistakes."
She may have misjudged the politics on Prospect Park West, for example, but short of a few parking complaints, traffic is flowing fine, with no noticeable change in travel times. "Almost everything Janette has done is good for drivers," said Paul Steely White, the executive director of Transportation Alternatives. "Everything that gives people more transportation choices means fewer people choose to drive. Isn't that a goal for drivers?"
In total, the city has spent $2.6 billion on bridge maintenance in the past four years, and all bridges are now either in a state of good repair or being worked on to reach that point. Beyond the two aforementioned bridges, $386 million went to the Belt Parkway bridges—talk about outer-borough love. Add to that list the $175 million reconstruction of the Staten Island Ferry bus ramps and parking lots, all of which came from federal stimulus funds, the largest such project in the state. Tens of millions more have been spent at numerous stretches throughout the five boroughs: Borden Avenue and Queens Boulevard in Queens, East Fordham Road in the Bronx, Grand Army Plaza and Eastern Parkway in Brooklyn, Richmond Avenue on Staten Island, and whole swaths of Lower Manhattan. More than 3,600 miles of roads have been resurfaced at a cost of $633 million.
And $801 million has been spent on new traffic lights, street lights, signs and road markings and paint. Some of these are the same old stop signs, but just as often it is an energy-efficient light pole or a high-tech program like Midtown in Motion, a $1.6 million real-time traffic monitoring suite that adjusts traffic signals throughout the day to help clear jams. "It's dynamic controls for a dynamic city," Ms. Sadik-Khan said. And yet when the Bloomberg administration recently mulled red-light cameras to catch scofflaws, the story made the wood of the Daily News, albeit with a cyborg mayor. "Mike to Drivers: Smile!" the copy read. Ignoring the safety and savings from automated enforcement, the tab played up the fees and nanny-state fear.
Even something as simple as paint can become transformative in her hands. On Church Avenue in Kensington, not far from where this reporter lives, the street was recently repaved, and afterward two new white stripes ran down either side. They marked not a bike lane—though they are frequently used as such—but more of an extra-wide parking lane. Before, there was effectively one and a half lanes on either side of the street, where anxious drivers would jostle around each other, honking and speeding. Now, cars respect the lines, traffic has slowed and the streets feel considerably safer. It is the same as on Prospect Park West, where going from three lanes to two has slowed a thoroughfare once described as a drag strip.
This does not mean people are getting to their destinations more slowly, as many might think. Studies have shown that reducing speeds from 40 MPH in urban settings to only 20 MPH has little impact on travel times; it simply means less time waiting at stop lights. New York may be at the end of hurry-up-and-wait driving. For pedestrians, though, the difference is huge. At 40 MPH, 70 percent of accidents are fatal. At 30 MPH—the legal speed limit in New York—only 20 percent of accidents are fatal.
This is part of the reason the department has overseen such a decline in traffic fatalities, as well. From 393 pedestrians, cyclists and motorists killed in 2001, the number was 271 last year, up slightly from 258 the year before. That averages out to roughly a reduction by one-third. "No number of traffic fatalities is O.K., but it's crazy these stats don't get more play, especially given all the press the NYPD gets for keeping murders down," one DOT official said. Even if drivers believe themselves to be impervious, as Mr. Moss puts it, "Everyone is a pedestrian at some point."
Yet who has benefited most from these safety improvements? Bicycling and motorcycling fatalities have remained roughly constant at 19 and 35 annually for the past 10 years. Pedestrians have faired better, with 193 deaths in 2001, compared to 152 last year, a decline of 21 percent. Driving fatalities, meanwhile, have fallen from 146 to 61 the past two years, a nearly three-fold decline.
Even when she is working on behalf of drivers, Ms. Sadik-Khan has had a hard time winning them over. "Filling potholes, fixing the Brooklyn Bridge? None of those things speak to the core problem," Robert Sinclair Jr., manager of media relations at AAA New York, told The Observer. "They're Band-Aids on gaping wounds." It would seem Mr. Sinclair agrees with the administration as to the deficiency of its streets, but he sees too much focus on bikes while taking for granted what changes have been made. "Smooth roads are what we're supposed to have," Mr. Sinclair said.
Brooklyn Borough President Marty Markowitz has gone so far as to pen songs mocking Ms. Sadik-Khan, and he maintains that she attacks drivers despite the outsized investment she has made for them. "I firmly believe that this DOT, under this commissioner, is committed to stigmatizing private automobile use and has deliberately used bike lanes and other measures to accomplish this goal," Mr. Markowitz said in a statement. "I do not object to all bike lanes but it remains a fact that less than 1 percent of all commuters use their bikes for transportation." By that logic, DOT is actually underspending on bicycle facilities.
Not all car-centric outer-borough pols dislike Ms. Sadik-Khan. She has found an ally in Staten Island Borough President James Molinaro. "I have the highest respect for her," he said in a telephone interview Tuesday. "That does not mean we agree all the time, but there's always an opportunity for give and take." He points to Father Capodanno Boulevard, where an on-street bike lane was removed, despite outcry from advocates, because another had been built in a neighboring park. Meanwhile, DOT installed its first smart signals in the borough, among other innovations. "I have 5 percent of the city's population, but 18 percent of its registered motor vehicles," Mr. Molinaro said. "She has been an asset to Staten Island, as far as I'm concerned."
"Have you ever heard of a beloved Transportation Commissioner?" Mr. Schwartz asked. "It's not a particularly well-regarded job. While a lot of drivers may dislike her, she is fortunate that so many other New Yorkers are in the Sadik-Khan fan club."
The fact remains, there may only be so much she can do. Mr. Schwartz explained that going back at least to the 1950s, midtown traffic has been constant: If it moves above 7 MPH, everyone rushes into the nearest car or cab, and it slows down again. If it falls below 5 MPH, people start to abandon automobiles. There is nothing to be done about it, except maybe closing down 34th Street so buses become a viable option. "New York is not a happy place to drive," Mr. Schwartz said.
"We need to define a new approach," Ms. Sadik-Khan said. "It can't be just one perspective from behind the windshield. We need to innovate and find new solutions because we can't pour any more concrete, we've run out of room."
And yet even that may not be enough, may never be enough. "The streets of New York are always going to be a site of controversy because people are fighting for public space," Mr. Moss said. "It's not about bikes or anything ekse, it's a matter of the streets always being contentious. When you have 8.2 million people in a very small space, it's bound to get competitive." His solution? Widen the sidewalks.
Tour the Public Works of Janette Sadik-Khan >>
mchaban [at] observer.com | @MC_NYC
this is a reputational rehab piece, for the bike mafia, and her Don boss, who needs all the help he can get which won't be enough
i would like our author to divide the dollars spent on bicycles by the number of bicycles, probably an obama's worth of dollars per rider, no surprise there, seasonally adjusted of course, how many bicyclists in winter, commish? as we have alternate side parking, how about alternate season bike lanes
as for faster traffic, well you can't have it both ways, either traffic is NOT slowed, as one paragraph says, or traffic IS slowed, and accidents are no longer s fatal
btw i support traffic cameras, and would also like real-time linkage to insurance status, and traffic warrants and other warrants
Yeah! How about alternate season parks and schools? How many tennis court users in the winter, commish? How many empty school cafeterias in summer?
as for faster traffic, well you can't have it both ways, either traffic is NOT slowed, as one paragraph says, or traffic IS slowed, and accidents are no longer s fatal
It's counterintuitive, but this is actually not true. It is entirely possible to reduce cars' maximum speed but also reduce the amount of time they spend stopped, thus actually improving travel time.
Try reading the article before commenting:
"Studies have shown that reducing speeds from 40 MPH in urban settings to only 20 MPH has little impact on travel times; it simply means less time waiting at stop lights."
Here's some quick math for you Jackmorpher. $15.8 million spent on 250 miles of bike lanes for 17,000 daily cycling commuters works out to about $12 foot in infrastructure or $929 per cyclist. Lets contrast that with the projected $16 Billion (low-end est.) it will cost taxpayers to build the 8.5 mile long 2nd avenue subway which is projected to service 200,000 users per day: $356,500/ft and $80,000 per user. Bicycles are the most cost effective transportation mode we have.
The number per cyclist is far lower. The 17,000 figure is a screenline count, measured at 6 entry points into Manhattan (bridges, the Staten Island Ferry terminal and the West Side Greenway) and was actually 18,809 in the Spring of 2011.
There are far more daily cyclists, many of whom weren't counted in that figure. Anyone who stays within a borough and doesn't cross a bridge doesn't get counted, so if you run errands on a bike in a bike lane or bike from Greenpoint to DUMBO for work, you also don't get captured in these screenline counts.
The per-cyclist cost of bike lanes is probably much much less than $900. Considering how many cyclists also own cars (many), have a drivers license (most), and pay taxes (all), we're more than paying our share.
As for expensive projects, don't forget the $500 million Brooklyn Bridge rehab project happening right now. You can be sure the bridge wouldn't need so much work if it weren't for heavy car traffic using the free bridge every day.
First the Bus islands and lanes in SoHo are a big mistake ,it cut down Broadway to a one lane street. On Spring if any vehicle is making a left hand turn its gridlock because you can only use one lane the rest are for Tourist Buses Same for Spring because of the grid lock no one can move down Spring St .Whats so annoying is all these decisions are being made for TOURISTS not New Yorkers and while Im at it the new BID set up on Broadway is a failure ,last weekend garbage was every where piling up and overflowing on the corners. Bring back ACE immediately
It seems you're under the impression that SoHo traffic moved any faster before the bus islands came along. And that the tourism industry… as uninteresting as it is to locals, including myself… has no benefit to the city and would simply go away if we narrowed the sidewalks and turned streets into highways.
Yeah, buddy, you've got my vote in 2013. You'll be running as a Republican, right? Or "Tea Party / The Way Things Ought To Be Party" specifically?
Far and away Mayor Bloomberg's best decision as Mayor was his appointment of Janette Sadik-Khan. Both Bloomberg and Sadik-Khan recognize that in order for NYC to succeed its policies need to factor in the enormous costs associated a car centric or overly car-accomodating model. Those who oppose Sadik-Khan and bristle at her and Mayor Bloomberg's transporation policies are like ostriches with their heads in the sand. Their car centric model is unhealthful and completely unsustainable. My biggest fear is that the next Mayor and DOT commish don't share Bloomberg's and SK's vision.
My only gripe is that it takes over a MONTH to pave the streets after crews tear it up, when in many cases the asphalt wasn't that bad to begin with. This happens in every neighborhood, from the Bronx to Astoria to the LIE to right off of Central Park. Aside from it being annoying to motorists, it leaves jagged edges on manholes, gas valves etc which can cause flats (accidents) and furthermore it makes virtually every street corner non-ADA accessible. For WEEKS. Is is so hard to schedule road paving soon after asphalt removal?
"in many cases the asphalt wasn't that bad to begin with."
As the oil filter guy used to say, you can pay a little now, or a lot more later.
It's been conclusively proven that it's much cheaper to resurface a road when it is still in relatively good condition, rather than waiting until it needs full reconstruction. A dollar of preventive maintenance or resurfacing can prevent spending five dollars only a few years later.
From a system-wide perspective, it's more cost-effective to concentrate on keeping the good roads good, and fix the bad ones as the budget allows. If you concentrate on the roads in poor condition, by the time all of them are fixed, the roads that were good when you started will be poor.
Unless they are doing cold-in-place recycling, it does seem they could be doing a better job on scheduling. CIPR needs at leasta week to set before putting the top course on.
Finally, a positive story about Sadik-Khan. Just the reduction in crash deaths alone is huge. I only regret that Cuomo didn't tap her for State DOT. We could use her help in the suburbs. We're getting fatter and fatter in our cars, and too scared to walk anywhere for fear of being mowed down by cars.
Quoting a Transportation Alternatives spokesperson on what's good for drivers is the journalistic equivalent of quoting a Nazi on what's good for Jews.


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On November 22, 2013: The Office of Tribal Government Relations and the VBA Loan Guaranty Office held a webcast on the Native American Direct Loan Program. Please view the webcast below:
Please click here for more information.
Download Information [PDF]
The VA OTGR is creating a Veteran photo grid that will display images of tribal leaders (past and present—elected and appointed officials) who are Veterans or who are current active duty military. Please submit a high resolution jpeg image to email@example.com. Also include name, tribal affiliation, branch of service, years of service plus any additional information that would be noteworthy to add. Our goal is to post the grid to the VA OTGR website in early 2014. We're already collecting images. If you have questions, don't hesitate to contact our tribal government relations specialists directly (contact numbers are listed under Who We Are on this website).
The OTGR team works to strengthen and build closer relations between the VA, tribal governments and other key federal, state, private and non-profit partners in an effort to effectively and respectfully serve Veterans across Indian Country. This work is done in the spirit of government to government consultation and collaboration, respectful of the special relationship that exists between the United States and tribal governments.
Our efforts focus on three important goals: facilitating VA's Tribal Consultation Policy, facilitating increased access to health care and promoting economic sustainability (highlighting opportunities for Veterans to access fiscal, educational, housing and other special programs and benefits through the VA).
We bring key partners to the table to address important issues raised by tribal leaders. Linking decision makers and stake holders to tribal leadership ensures Indian Country's Veterans know who we at VA are, what VA offers Veterans and how to reach VA to ensure access to the full range of services and benefits our Veterans have courageously earned through their service.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs' Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury (PH/TBI) Research Program (formerly called Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Traumatic Brain Injury Research Program) was established in 2007 in response to U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans' Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, Public Law 110- 28, which provided $150 million (M) for research on PTSD and $150M for research on TBI. An additional $1M was provided for research on PTSD in Public Law 109-289. Key priorities of the PH/TBI Research Program are to complement ongoing DOD efforts to ensure the health and readiness of our military forces and to support the Department of Defense Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence in its efforts to advance and spread PH/TBI knowledge, enhance clinical and management approaches and facilitate other vital services to best serve the needs of warrior families impacted by PH problems and or TBI.
Congressional Appropriations
- $482.3 million in FY07, FY09-11
- $86.1 million in FY12 (approximated)
Funding Summary
- 322 Awards in FY07, FY09-12
- Previous Applications Recommended for Funding
Integration Panels
- FY13 Military Operational Medicine Joint Program Committee (JPC) 5 Members
- FY13 Combat Casualty Care Joint Program Committee (JPC) 6 Neurotrauma Steering Committee
- Previous Years' Integration Panels
- FY12 Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium (CENC) Government Steering Committee
- FY12 Consortium to Alleviate PTSD (CAP) Government Steering Committee (GSC)


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Results 1 to 5 of 28
Thread: Your Favourite Words??
March 29th, 2013 08:43 PM #1
Your Favourite Words??
I wasn't sure which forum to post this in, so I figured this one was as good as any!
We use Nameberry because we all have an interest in names. Many of us like certain names, purely because of the flow, or rhythm, and how we hear them when they're said aloud. So that got me thinking! Do any of you have certain words that you love the sound of?
Some of mine are:
-sphygmomanometer (blood pressure meter)
-dactylographie (french word for 'typing')
March 29th, 2013 08:52 PM #3
I quite like 'meridian'. I'm sure there are more. I'll edit if I can think of any. I'm writing a book (or should be, lol, I'm actually being naughty and posting here instead) at the moment so all my words end up being used up and my regular non-book thinking becomes gloopy.
Jory Leander Atticus, August Eli Benedict, Casimir Mordecai Stewart,
Edmond John Meirion, Horatio Ethell Emery, Bram William Jasper,
Julian Remy Charles, Vasiliy Lochlan Michael.
Aira Rose ___, Eleni Fiorella Charlotte, Sylvia Sayuri Noor,
Merit Eleanora Adelaide, Clover Elodie Seraphine, Bridie Scarlett Viola,
Marguerite Cecilia Iris, Eilidh Clara Valentine.
Beta read The Self Invention: 21 a go-go.
March 29th, 2013 08:54 PM #5
Nor and vermillion have always been my two favorite words. I'm loving the sound of dactylographie, I imagine it's gorgeous in a french accent.
Life is too short to be spent in nursing animosity or registering wrongs.
- Charlotte Bronte via Jane Eyre
Crushes:Marcheline and Antheia
Eloise India Story. Rosamund Margot May. Violet Calpurnia Bea. Elizabeth Adelaide Primrose.
Finnian August Fox. Theodore Jonas Sterling. Gideon Asa Charles. Calum Jacoby Robin.
March 29th, 2013 09:03 PM #7
I hear words I like the sound of all the time, tell myself I should remember them and then I instantly forget them
One of my all time favourites is kalashnikov. Bit of a weird one. Not at all beautiful or eloquent like your words, but I always found it fun to sayWilliam - Peter - Henry ~ Rose - Morwenna - Alice
March 29th, 2013 09:37 PM #9Senior Member
- Join Date
- May 2012
- Posts
- 1,809


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So, I finished my school carnival.
I have no photos. On Saturday I could barely move.
It was sad...
I have no idea why I volunteered for it, but something told me I should. I actually was going to volunteer to do it, but then I couldn't get the attention of the powers that be, so I gave up, but then they put out the call again and I said I would.
And I learned a lot.
Just like I always do when I volunteer for stuff.
I learned that people just do what they can do, and you need to accept it and move on. You also need to accept that YOU can just do what you need to do. I'm not as good at that part, I think I could work on it.
I am always amazed at what moms who work hard can do. There are a bunch of really amazing moms in our PTO. They are wonderful moms and wonderful women, and those two don't always go hand in hand.
One thing is that I know a lot about the school now. I jumped in with both feet (more like headfirst, not knowing how deep it was), and I'm mostly grateful that I did that. I like knowing what teachers volunteer for things, and which ones are fun to be around. Knowing teachers can only be a good thing, right? I also adore our principal, and that's a happy thing too.
And while I would NEVER recommend taking on such a huge assignment your first year in a school I can only give you a shove to volunteering time and time again. It's a good example to your kids, it shows you care and you learn so many things.
More things then you can put into a blog post. Even when you can move your arms....
So, what about you? Do you think volunteering at school is worth it. How do you keep your mind from wandering to ALL the parents who never lift a finger? In the immortal words I heard yesterday, "STOP. IT." :) But, more on that later. :)


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Vacation Rentals for Vegetarian in Boston and Surrounds Back to list view
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diesleengine in 154Moderator: Team Cub
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diesleengine in 154I just read about the vw deisle engine in a 154. I put a azuzu in one ,has full powersteering, live hydralics, 3pt dual hydralic valves. 6ft. disc,14in.one bottom plow, to much power. when I get my granddaughter to show me how to put pic one I`ll do it
Re: diesleengine in 154dirtbuggy,
Yes, Please post as many pictures as you can. Especially, close ups of the engine verses frame detail and the flywheel - PTO detail. Water pump clearances etc. If the pictures are too big to post - please email them to me. I will re-size them and post them here in the forum. I have been looking for an inexpensive fairly easy, non-butchering motor transfer for my son's 184. He lives in Colorado at 7,300 feet elevation and the lack of oxygen cuts all engines by 25% Horsepower. He loves the 184 with all the choices of implements, but is down to 13 or 14 HP. A motor transplant would give him a tractor that would be everything that he needs. Thanks, NJDale
Re: diesleengine in 154Ditto on the power loss Dale
BTW, I was just ready to order the parts to rebuild my PTO and my German Shepard tried to eat my neighbors little fuzzball dog through the fence. Now I'm stuck with a vet bill...always something Jim
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Things look quiet here. But I've been doing a lot of blogging at dan.langille.org because I prefer WordPress now. Not all my posts there are FreeBSD related. I am in the midst of migrating The FreeBSD Diary over to WordPress (and you can read about that here). Once the migration is completed, I'll move the FreeBSD posts into the new FreeBSD Diary website.
A passphrase is often associated with ssh and pgp identity keys. In order to use the keys, you must enter your secret passphrase. But passphrases are optional, as you can see in the above link.
To further protect your private key you should enter a passphrase to encrypt the key when it is stored in the filesystem. This will prevent people from using it even if the gain access to your files.
Always, always, type in a good pass-phrase when prompted for one. It can be multiple words (i.e. spaces are just fine within the phrase), so you could choose a sentence that you can remember. Changing some of the words by misspelling them or by changing some of the letters into digits is highly recommended to increase the strength of your pass phrase.
I know what you are thinking, the purpose of you trying scp in the first place was so you didn't have to enter a password (or passphrase), or store them in clear text in your scripts. And you are right, you will be prompted for your passphrase if you set one. But I did a little research and found a way around that. The ssh protocol suite has two utilities for this, ssh-agent and ssh-add. What you would do is run "ssh-agent $SHELL" and use "ssh-add" to add your public key's passphrase into memory. I hope I am making sense, because like I said my knowledge of crypto, and ssh is not great, but I set my system up like this and it works for me. I found a very good resource at http://csociety.ecn.purdue.edu/~sigos/projects/ssh/overview/ if you would like to check it out.


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Adrenal Tumors
Adrenal tumors are treated in the Center for Endocrine Tumors, one of the largest programs of its kind in the country.
Find a doctor
Adrenal tumors are treated in the Center for Endocrine Tumors, one of the largest programs of its kind in the country.
About this ProgramThe Center for Endocrine Tumors at Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center is a comprehensive program specializing in the treatment of all types of adrenal tumors:
- Adrenal tumors, nonfunctional (usually benign)
- Adrenal tumors, functional (usually benign)
- Aldosteronoma
- Cushing's syndrome
- Pheochromocytoma
- Sex hormone secreting tumors
- Adrenal cancer either functioning or non-functioning
Although many adrenal conditions are benign (non-cancerous), our program combines the resources of the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and the Massachusetts General Hospital's Division of Endocrinology to provide advanced treatment for all patients.
Innovative ApproachesOur program is one of the largest and most specialized in the country in treating adrenal conditions as well as other disorders of the endocrine system. Among the innovations that make our program distinct are:
- State-of-the art radiology technology for imaging adrenal tumors. These include adrenal protocol CT scans, adrenal protocol MRI scans, MIBG and octreotide radionuclide scans
- The most advanced endocrinology and radiology testing to determine abnormalities of adrenal function, including bilateral adrenal vein catheterization
- The most advanced surgical techniques
- High volume surgical expertise
- Expertise in molecular diagnostics of adrenal tumors
- Advanced clinical trials to find better therapies for adrenal cancers
Multidisciplinary Patient CarePatients in the Center for Endocrine Tumors may be cared for by a coordinated team of experts, which include:
- Endocrinologists with expertise in diagnosing and treating adrenal conditions, including diagnosing those with familial genetic syndromes involving the adrenals and excess production of certain hormones. They also have experience in evaluating incidentally detected adrenal tumors so they can be followed properly long term. They provide care for patients whose adrenal glands have been removed surgically or inhibited with chemotherapy
- Surgeons who are leading the way in performing and developing the most advanced surgical approaches for adrenal tumors including laparoscopic adrenalectomy and partial (cortical sparing) adrenalectomy
- Diagnostic and interventional radiologists who utilize an array of medical imaging techniques including MRI, CT scans, ultrasound, adrenal vein catheterization and angiography to locate and biopsy adrenal tumors when indicated. Interventional radiologists who are capable of treating benign and malignant adrenal tumors with radiofrequency ablation in selected cases
- Nuclear medicine physicians who utilize radionuclide scans such as MIBG and octreotide to image both benign and malignant
- Endocrine pathologists who examine fine needle aspiration and core biopsies as well as pathological specimens of adrenal tumors. Molecular diagnostics are used when indicated
- Endocrine (Medical) oncologists who prescribe the most effective chemotherapy and medications
- Radiation oncologists who specialize in delivering the optimal therapeutic dose while protecting healthy tissue
- Support services, including specialized nursing staff, social workers, psychiatrists, nutritionists and others
Laparoscopic surgical removal of an affected adrenal gland is the standard of care in most cases and is highly effective therapy.
Diagnostic ExpertiseImaging tests are most commonly used to evaluate and diagnose adrenal tumors. Our center features the most state-of-the art imaging facilities available, including:
- Ultrasound
- CT scan
- PET/CT scan
- MIBG scan: a specialty technology that is used to detect adrenal pheochromocytomas, extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas (paragangliomas) and metastatic pheochromocytomas. Octreotide scanning is also used for extra-adrenal paragangliomas particularly those of the head and neck
- Angiography and adrenal venous sampling
Excellence in Surgical CareAdrenal surgery has been revolutionized with the development of operative laparoscopy, a minimally invasive approach that removes the affected gland while minimizing post-operative pain and overall recovery time. Our surgeons conduct a high volume of these procedures and research has shown that outcomes improve when patients are treated in high volume facilities.
Treating Cancer through Clinical TrialsThe Center for Endocrine Tumors is conducting clinical trials for patients with advanced endocrine cancers, and the adrenal tumor center is active in clinical research, with collaborative studies involving surgery, medical endocrinology, radiology and pathology.
Developing Better Therapies through ResearchOur physician researchers are leading or participating in clinical trials to advance therapies for adrenal gland conditions and to improve the lives of all our patients.
Adrenal Tumors / Pheochromocytoma
Tumors of the adrenal glands can cause many problems by excess secretion of certain adrenal-produced hormones, most often resulting in high blood pressure, which can be extreme.
Illuminations Program
Illuminations is a rotating art exhibit displayed in the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center. The program aims to enlighten and encourage patients and their loved ones by enhancing our environment of care.
The following related clinical trials and research studies are currently seeking participants at Massachusetts General Hospital. Search for clinical trials and studies in another area of interest.
Could a ban on large sugary drinks be effective?
Christina Scirica, MD, MPH, a MassGeneral Hospital for Children pulmonologist and weight expert, answers questions on the potential effectiveness of the New York City ban on the sale of sugary drinks in containers larger than 16 ounces at restaurants, delis, sports facilities, and street vendors that was passed September 7, 2012.
Illuminations Program
Illuminations is a rotating art exhibit displayed in the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center. The program aims to enlighten and encourage patients and their loved ones by enhancing our environment of care.
Cancer Center
55 Fruit StreetBoston, MA 02114
Phone: 617-726-5130
Discover the Cancer Center patient experience
Our approach to patient care unites cancer specialists across the hospital to create a personalized treatment plan for each patient, ensuring the best possible outcomes.


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Pre-Marketing: Businessmen as president
November 5, 2012: 7:15 AM ET* Businessmen as president: A historical circle
* Casey Johnston: Is Facebook "broken on purpose?"
* Matthew O'Brien : How to build a better jobs report
* Morning Call: U.S. futures slightly higher, European shares slip and the Nikkei falls.
* Kris Nair: The curious case of VC associates
* Help: Kravis-led fund has $35 million for New York
* William Alden: Goldman Sachs never lost power
* No electricity: New Yorkers on food stamps can't buy food
* Gabriella Stern: Inside the mind of a New Jersey superintendent
* Gavyn Davies: Bonds should vote for Obama, equities for Romney
* Get Term Sheet: Sign up for our daily email on deals & deal-makers
* Sarah Lacy: The difference between founder Larry Page and CEO Larry Page


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The Deal
- $349 for a B&O PLAY music system for iPad, iPad 2, or iPad 3 ($549 list price)
- Available colors: black or white
- Free shipping and free returns
BeoPlay A3 Music System by Bang & Olufsen
The triangular design of B&O PLAY's iPad music system allows it to blast well-defined audio from a variety of postures. In addition to its spatial and portable versatility, the device automatically adjusts sound balance according to its orientation and the attentiveness of nearby listeners. The sleek, portable speaker system happily connects with iPad devices with a 30-pin connector, and it gleans power through an included battery or power adapter. iPads can then be used in myriad fashions, including as a mini-TV, video conferencing system, gaming board, and a kitchen patio accessory.
- Portable, sleek music system blasts well-defined stereo sound
- Triangular design for up to four different listening and viewing positions
- Senses orientation of device, adjusting speakers for best sound quality
- Compatible with devices with a 30-pin connector, such as iPad, iPad 2, or iPad 3
- Five-hour battery playing time
- Two-year warranty from B&O PLAY by Bang & Olufsen, with additional 1-year warranty upon registration with B&O PLAY
- Designed in Denmark, made in China
- Dimensions: 14.13"x2.75"x8.25"
In the box: A3 speaker frame, power adapter, two rubber collar adaptors for iPad, iPad 2, and iPad 3, user guide
How to get your goods: by purchasing this Groupon and providing your name and shipping address, your order is complete!
For questions pertaining to this deal, please visit the deal Q&A on this page. For post-purchase inquiries, please contact Groupon customer service.
View the Groupon Goods FAQ for additional information, including how list price is determined.
In a Nutshell
Portable stereo system for iPad, iPads 2 & 3 blasts sharp stereo sound from a variety of positions & adjusts sound levels for orientation
The Fine Print
Limit 1 per person. Free returns. Free shipping. Does not ship to AK/HI/Canada/Puerto Rico. Most orders are delivered within 2 1/2 weeks from the purchase date. Does not ship to PO boxes. See return policy. Must pay applicable tax and provide name and shipping address at checkout, which will be shared to facilitate shipping. Goods sold by Groupon Goods. See the rules that apply to all deals.


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The SC2GG Practice League has been restructured into a Practice Ladder. The purpose of this ladder is to provide a simple and organized way for people to play BW, improve and have fun.
You can read more about why we switched to a ladder format HERE.
Click here to go to the Practice Ladder thread. The ladder and info will be found in this thread.


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TheBump.com - the inside scoop on pregnancy.
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The u/s tech told me my baby has a lot of hair, and I'm super curious to find out what color it is!
BFP#1 09/2009 * EDD 6/19/2010 * Born 6/12/2010
BFP#2 6/03/2012 * EDD 2/09/2013 * MC @ 5w2d 6/13/2012
hope everything is going well.
Congratulations :)


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Sandra Smith, Sales Associate
Coldwell Banker West Shell
2721 Erie Ave Cincinnati, OH
Office: (513) 321-9944 , Mobile: (513) 646-6507 , Fax:
2721 Erie Ave Cincinnati, OH
Office: (513) 321-9944 , Mobile: (513) 646-6507 , Fax:
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Our business philosophy is simple: We strive to deliver a positive experience for every customer.
* if you already have a photo or video, uploading a new file will replace your current selection.
Contact Sandra Smith
Coldwell Banker West Shell
2721 Erie Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45208
Office Phone:
(513) 321-9944
Mobile Phone:
(513) 646-6507
(513) 321-9944
(513) 533-2096
About Sandra Smith
- Our Mission is: To be acknowledged by our clients as the real estate company that creates trust by delivering real estate services with the highest degree of quality, value, and integrity. We are a full service real estate company dedicated to "Delivering More Than You Ever Imagined."
- Member, Cincinnati Area Board of Realtors
- Member, Ohio Association of Reatlors
- Member, National Association of Realtors
- University of Kentucky - Education
- Xavier University
- Licensed since 1987
- Recognized as Bronze Award Winner
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2014 Artistic Rain Barrel Program: Prairie Theme
For a sixth year, local artists are being challenged to creatively paint rain barrels with a prairie theme to celebrate the important roles that prairies play in water quality. The Spring Creek Prairie Audubon Center and the City of Lincoln Watershed Management will select artists based on their applications addressing the prairie theme. Teachers are encouraged to use this activity as a teaching tool in their classroom. A total of 25 artists will be selected for this year's program.
Selected artists have five weeks to paint and return their barrels. During the month of April, the barrels will be on display with interpretative signage at SouthPointe Pavilions and will be available for purchase on the Spring Creek Prairie Audubon Center website . All proceeds will support the Spring Creek Prairie Audubon Center educational information for exhibits and other environmental education programs.


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hypertrophy (haɪˈpɜːtrəfɪ) | |
—n , pl -phies | |
1. | atrophy Compare hyperplasia enlargement of an organ or part resulting from an increase in the size of the cells |
—vb , -phies, -phies, -phying, -phied | |
2. | to undergo or cause to undergo this condition |
hypertrophic | |
—adj |
hypertrophy hy·per·tro·phy (hī-pûr'trə-fē)
A nontumorous enlargement of an organ or a tissue as a result of an increase in the size rather than the number of constituent cells. v. hy·per·tro·phied, hy·per·tro·phy·ing, hy·per·tro·phies
To grow or cause to grow abnormally large.


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Event Name
- OR - Select an option belowhttp://www.cafelataza.com A decidedly unhip atmosphere plain tables and brighter-than-average lighting and a full menu of Mexican-influenced cafe fare (sandwiches, assorted salads, and breakfast dishes like chorizo and eggs) distinguish this joint from the many other Mission District coffeehouses offering free WiFi. That's right; At Cafe La Taza, the phrase "working lunch" takes on new meaning. Just try not to drip juice from your mango pork sandwich all over your laptop. The coffee is well-made, and the orange juice squeezed fresh daily. More >>
http://www.caferoyale-sf.com A regular series of free acoustic, jazz, comedy, and film events draw curious locals and tourists alike to this windowed cafe nestled between the Union Square, Nob Hill, and upper Tenderloin neighborhoods. Filled with sunlight during the day and candlelit at night, the ceramic hex tile floors and high ceilings go for a classy vibe, while a large semi-circular sofa cozies up the middle of the room. There's even a pool table, should you feel like knocking around a few billiard balls. Fans of pulp literature should also drop into Kayo Books next door, then saunter to the other end of the block and see the apartment building where Dashiell Hammett wrote The Maltese Falcon. More >>
http://www.caffetrieste.com Unchanged since the Beat poets chose to frequent it in the 1950s, the cafe hosts Saturday afternoon opera, and still makes the best cappuccino in town. During the hours without live music, there's plenty of entertainment to be had just watching streams of people walk by the windows. More >>


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SOURCE Anfas Fair Management and Investment Co
ANTALYA, Turkey, December 19, 2013 /PRNewswire/ --
Anfas Food Product 21st International Food Specialization Fair, which is the most comprehensive and largest food fair ever held in Turkey, as well as the "Anfas Bevex" Beverage Specialization Fair to be held simultaneously shall be open for visitors between February 19-22, 2014 at Antalya Expo Center.
B2B Meeting Opportunity for International Participants and Visitors
This year, the Fair welcomes firms from Greece, Hungary, Spain, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Russia and Poland besides Turkish Firms to exhibit their food and beverage products.
The Fairs, which recorded over 400 participating firms and 5000 brands last year, are expected to be visited by 45,000 professionals from around 40 countries this year.
The Wine Street, to be specifically decorated within the Anfas Food Product Fair, shall allow Firms to introduce themselves. Furthermore, connoisseurs and sommeliers from all corners of the World as well as Turkey shall visit the Fair under the activity of "2nd Professional Tasting Days", which will host such activities as tastings at Wine Street, Blind Tastings for Banquette Wines, Wine and Health Panel, Raki and Fish: Perfect Match Workshop, Beer and Hamburger Workshop, Traditional Turkish Cuisine and Turkish Wines Workshop. http://www.anfasfoodproduct.com
Opportunity of Meeting with Food and Beverage Experts in International Activities
We do expect to receive a great deal of attention from 6th Creative Barmen Competition and "Gluten-Free Life Certification Program to be held in cooperation with Cooks and Chefs Federation of Turkey as well as "Tasting Days for Ottoman Cuisine", offering magnificent Ottoman Tastes and "Chocolate Activities".
Those professionals who would like to be a participant or visitor to Anfas Food Product and BEVEX Fairs or Gourmets, sommeliers or masters of wine who would like to participate in "Professional Tasting Days" are required to send their request for participation along with their contact information to firstname.lastname@example.com
Range of Products offered by participating firms is as follows:
Meat and meat products, milk and milk products, Poultry products and game meats, Sea Food, All kinds of Fresh or Dried Fruits and Vegetables, Frozen Food and Canned Goods, Biscuits, Honey, Jam, Chocolate and All kind of Candies, Oils, Legumes, alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, Food Packages.
Isil Arikan / international sales and visitors executive email@example.com, +90-242-462-20-00 Ext:222
©2012 PR Newswire. All Rights Reserved.
310 Broadway Cape Girardeau, MO 63701 FCC Public File firstname.lastname@example.com 573-335-1212 EEO Report Closed Captioning


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Luke Marcum Fucks Tristan Phoenix
Informazioni scena
Luke Marcum Fucks Tristan Phoenix : Tristan Phoenix, Luke Marcum
- Aggiornato : 2008-07-03 |
- Lunghezza : 19:25 min |
- Dimensione : 214 MB |
- Images : 1 |
- Visualizzazioni : 1599 |
Tristan defines fun as anything that'll penetrate him. Today he's paired up with Luke who's eager to have some fun. The guys are pretty much in synch: Luke thinks Tristan is cute; Tristan utters that Luke is 'gorgeous'. Luckily for gorgeous hunk luke (who's never done anything like this before) experienced boytoy Tristan is here to hold his hand ... and more!Luke's muscular build overwhelms Tristan's slight frame as they embrace and kiss. Then Tristan goes down on Luke, guzzling his fat dick down his throat. Luke's toes curl; he shuts his eyes and a happy look settles on his mug. Luke then sucks on Tristan's cock and rims his asshole, lubing it up with spit to make it slick and primed for assault. He drives his cock in, slamming into Tristan's ass with a series of hard thrusts. Tristan flips onto his back and Luke continues fucking him hard making him shoot his wad. Then with Tristan nuzzzled next to him on the bed, Luke jerks himself off.
Recommended Scenes
Cross Country, Part 2 : Kane O'Farrell, Franco DiMera, Roman Heart, Dean Monroe, Trey Casteel
Aggiornato il : 09-01-2005


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Book a dog sledding or snow mobile tour, a photography course or a cruise to make the most of your northern lights experience in Northern Norway.
Northern lights offers
Source: Visitnorway
View all listings for Northern Norway (1538)
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Search, compare and book accommodation in Norway.
Wide selection of hotels, cottages, flights, ferry, cruise and rental cars for your trip to and within Norway.
Compare rates from leading car rental companies nationwide.
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Kirk Kerkorian's Tracinda To Explore Options For MGM Mirage
MGM Mirage said Tuesday it will begin to review plans from its majority investor Tracinda to buy the group's Bellagio Hotel and City Center properties.
"The company is mindful of its obligations, including to its shareholders, lenders, employees and the communities in which the company operates,' said MGM Mirage, which will start the review at its schedule annual shareholders' meeting today.
On Monday, Billionaire investor Kirk Kerkorian's Tracinda said it planned to explore strategic options for its investment in MGM Mirage and would enter into talks to purchase the No. 2 U.S. casino operator's Bellagio Hotel and Casino, and CityCenter properties in Las Vegas.
Tracinda said the alternatives for its MGM Mirage
investment may include financial restructurings of all or a substantial part of the remainder of the casino and hotel operator.
News of Kerkorian's gambit sent shares of MGM Mirage surging 23% to $77.50 in electronic trading before the opening bell. Rival casino stocks also jumped with Wynn Resorts and the Las Vegas Sands both up about 4%.
In January, Tracinda tried to increase its stake in MGM Mirage to more than 61%, but failed to buy all the shares it wanted. It owned 55.9% of MGM Mirage as of January 11.
Tracinda said it has made no decision on any restructuring transactions for MGM Mirage, and reserved the right not to pursue any deals.
MGM Mirage could not be immediately reached for comment.
CNBC's David Faber said "it'd be difficult for Tracinda to do an arm's-length transaction, under which it could buy the properties."
Faber said that Tracinda "may be considering a partner to buy the remaining 44%" of MGM Mirage -- then "that partner could sell Tracinda the Bellagio and CityCenter." Another possibility: the Tracinda announcement may mean the hotel and casino company is in play overall, Faber said.
A sale or restructuring of MGM Mirage, which has a market capitalization of $17.8 billion, would follow a wave of mergers and private equity deals in the sector. Harrah's Entertainment, the world's largest casino operator, was recently acquired for $17.1 billion by two private equity firms.
Deutsche Bank said in a note Tracinda could sell some or all of its stake to purchase the properties, and MGM could unlock the underlying value of its portfolio and use the proceeds to pay down debt.
Bellagio, MGM's biggest cash cow, and its massive CityCenter property now under construction both target the U.S. gambling capital's growing number of well-heeled visitors with exclusive shops, high-end restaurants and entertainment.
Competition for high rollers has been growing in Las Vegas, with new resorts from Wynn Resorts and Las Vegas Sands.
Tracinda said it has made no decision on any restructuring transactions for MGM Mirage, and reserved the right not to pursue any deals.
Board Review
MGM Mirage's board said it would review Tracinda's statement after the company's annual meeting on Tuesday. MGM Mirage owns 19 properties in Nevada, Mississippi and Michigan. It has investments in three other U.S. properties, land holdings in Atlantic City, and stakes in projects under construction in the United States and Macau.
CityCenter is MGM's latest Vegas development, located between the Bellagio and Monte Carlo resorts at the busier end of the Strip. Slated to open in November 2009, it will include 2,700 private residences, a Mandarin Oriental luxury boutique hotel, a 4,000-room resort casino and a 470,000-square-foot retail and entertainment area.
Despite cost overruns, analysts said confidence about CityCenter's prospects increased when MGM Mirage raised its estimate of gross proceeds from the sale of residential units to $2.7 billion from $2.5 billion.
Big Bets On Casino Mergers
"I still feel very comfortable with my $85.50 (stock price) target as a minimum value for the company," said Jefferies & Co. analyst Larry Klatzkin, who said he has the highest price target of his peers on MGM and believes it is undervalued.
The sector as a whole has been busy. Station Casinos announced
plans in December for a $4.7 billion management-led buyout. And Trump Entertainment Resorts hired Merrill Lynch as a financial adviser to weigh strategic options, such as refinancing or selling some or all of its Atlantic City casinos, according to media reports.
Keith Brenan, senior vice president at real estate advisory firm the Weitzman Group, said investors have been unlocking value in the Strip over the last decade. "I think you'll see that evolution continue," Brenan said.
Kerkorian's Tracinda recently was among the bidders vying for DaimlerChrysler's money-losing Chrysler Group. Cerberus Capital Management won the hand of Chrysler last week, but a source familiar with the situation said Kerkorian has not dropped his bid for Chrysler.


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a place for zinesters - writers and readers
having no money makes it hard to be choicy, any suggestions?
Started by Cheering and Waving Press. Last reply by Iris Kelley Jul 20, 2012.
i have thought about this a lot when i write.i do short fiction zines, not essay or informative zines.so i try to throw in, as description, that my characters are vegan or eat at vegetarian…Continue
Started by Johnny Misfit!. Last reply by enola dismay Jun 21, 2012.
http://www.etsy.com/listing/83439046/hungry-monkey-benefit-vegan-cookzine Hungry Monkey Vegan Cookzine has…Continue
Tags: animal, rights, zine, benefit, recipes
Started by Adriana Pope Nov 27, 2011.
Started by James N. Dawson. Last reply by James N. Dawson Aug 26, 2010.
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Ist preference given to distros and zines. Rates and details are here. Limited space. Very Low Cost!
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Scion Repair in Fox River Grove
We found 30 Scion service shops and mechanics in Fox River Grove.
2 are RepairPal Certified.
Douglas Automotive Barrington
417 W. Main Street
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Douglas Automotive Crystal Lake
123 E. Virginia Rd
Crystal Lake,
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Structure of a typical chemical synapse |
In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell (neural or otherwise).[1] Santiago Ramón y Cajal proposed that neurons are not continuous throughout the body, yet still communicate with each other, an idea known as the neuron doctrine.[2]
The word "synapse" (from Greek synapsis "conjunction," from synaptein "to clasp," from syn- "together" and haptein "to fasten") was introduced in 1897 by English physiologist Michael Foster at the suggestion of English classical scholar Arthur Woollgar Verrall.[3][4]
Synapses are essential to neuronal function: neurons are cells that are specialized to pass signals to individual target cells, and synapses are the means by which they do so. At a synapse, the plasma membrane of the signal-passing neuron (the presynaptic neuron) comes into close apposition with the membrane of the target (postsynaptic) cell. Both the presynaptic and postsynaptic sites contain extensive arrays of molecular machinery that link the two membranes together and carry out the signaling process. In many synapses, the presynaptic part is located on an axon, but some presynaptic sites are located on a dendrite or soma. Astrocytes also exchange information with the synaptic neurons, responding to synaptic activity and, in turn, regulating neurotransmission.[5]
There are two fundamentally different types of synapses:
- In a chemical synapse, electrical activity in the presynaptic neuron is converted (via the activation of voltage-gated calcium channels) into the release of a chemical called a neurotransmitter that binds to receptors located in the postsynaptic cell, usually embedded in the plasma membrane. The neurotransmitter may initiate an electrical response or a secondary messenger pathway that may either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron. Because of the complexity of receptor signal transduction, chemical synapses can have complex effects on the postsynaptic cell.
- In an electrical synapse, the presynaptic and postsynaptic cell membranes are connected by special channels called gap junctions that are capable of passing electric current, causing voltage changes in the presynaptic cell to induce voltage changes in the postsynaptic cell. The main advantage of an electrical synapse is the rapid transfer of signals from one cell to the next.[6]
Synaptic communication is distinct from ephaptic coupling, in which communication between neurons occurs via indirect electric fields.
Synaptic polarization[edit]
The function of neurons depends upon cellular polarization. The distinctive structure of nerve cells allows action potentials to travel directionally (from dendrites to axons), and for these signals to then be received and carried on by post-synaptic neurons or received by effector cells. Nerve cells have long been used as models for cellular polarization, and of particular interest are the mechanisms underlying the polarized localization of synaptic molecules. PIP2 signalling regulated by IMPase plays an integral role in synaptic polarity.
Phosphoinositides (PIP, PIP2, and PIP3) are molecules that have been shown to affect neuronal polarity.[7] They are synthesized by combinational phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (PI), a phospholipid cell membrane component. PI is derived from myo-inositol, which is obtained via three pathways: uptake from the extracellular environment, synthesis from glucose, and the recycling of phosphoinositides. Both the synthesis of myo-inositol from glucose and the recycling of phosphoinositides require myo-inositol monophosphatase – IMPase – an enzyme that produces inositol by dephosphorylating inositol phosphate.[8] IMPase has been studied in vivo at some length due to its relevance in the study of bipolar disorder resulting from its sensitivity to lithium.[9] In 2006, a gene (ttx-7) was identified in Caenorhabditis elegans that encodes IMPase. Organisms with mutant ttx-7 genes demonstrated behavioral and localization defects, which were rescued by expression of IMPase and application of inositol. Wild type organisms treated with lithium displayed similar defects to those exhibited by the ttx-7 mutants. This led to the conclusion that IMPase is required for the correct localization of synaptic protein components.[10]
The egl-8 gene encodes a homolog of phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ), an enzyme that cleaves PIP2. When ttx-7 mutants also had a mutant egl-8 gene, the defects caused by the faulty ttx-7 gene were largely reversed; this suggests that an accumulation of PIP2 corrected the adverse effects of the mutant ttx-7 gene. Furthermore, a mutation in the unc-26 gene (encoding a protein that dephosphorylates PIP2) suppressed the synaptic defects in the ttx-7 mutants. The egl-8 mutants were resistant to lithium treatment. This is genetic evidence that disruption of IMPase alters the levels of PIP2 in neurons; these results suggest that PIP2 signaling establishes polarized localization of synaptic components in living neurons.[8]
Role in memory[edit]
It is widely accepted that the synapse plays a role in the formation of memory. As neurotransmitters activate receptors across the synaptic cleft, the connection between the two neurons is strengthened when both neurons are active at the same time, as a result of the receptor's signalling mechanisms. The strength of two connected neural pathways is thought to result in the storage of information, resulting in memory. This process of synaptic strengthening is known as long-term potentiation.[11]
By altering the release of neurotransmitters, plasticity of synapses can be controlled in the presynaptic cell. The postsynaptic cell can be regulated by altering the function and number of its receptors. Changes in postsynaptic signaling are most commonly associated with N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR)-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), which are the most analyzed forms of plasticity at excitatory synapses.[12]
Additional images[edit]
See also[edit]
- ^ Schacter, Daniel L.; Gilbert, Daniel T.; Wegner, Daniel M. (2011). Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-4292-3719-2. LCCN 2010940234. OCLC 696604625.
- ^ Elias, Lorin J.; Saucier, Deborah M. (2006). Neuropsychology: Clinical and Experimental Foundations. Boston: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 978-0-20534361-4. LCCN 2005051341. OCLC 61131869.
- ^ "synapse". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
- ^ Tansey, E.M. (1997). "Not committing barbarisms: Sherrington and the synapse, 1897". Brain Research Bulletin (Amsterdam: Elsevier) 44 (3): 211–212. doi:10.1016/S0361-9230(97)00312-2. PMID 9323432. "The word synapse first appeared in 1897, in the seventh edition of Michael Foster's Textbook of Physiology."
- ^ Perea, G.; Navarrete, M.; Araque, A. (August 2009). "Tripartite synapses: astrocytes process and control synaptic information". Trends in Neurosciences (Cambridge, MA: Cell Press) 32 (8): 421–431. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.001. PMID 19615761.
- ^ Silverthorn, Dee Unglaub (2007). Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach. Illustration coordinator William C. Ober; illustrations by Claire W. Garrison; clinical consultant Andrew C. Silverthorn; contributions by Bruce R. Johnson (4th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-8053-6851-2. LCCN 2005056517. OCLC 62742632.
- ^ Arimura, Nariko; Kaibuchi, Kozo (December 22, 2005). "Key regulators in neuronal polarity". Neuron (Cambridge, MA: Cell Press) 48 (6): 881–884. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.11.007. PMID 16364893.
- ^ a b Kimata, Tsubasa; Tanizawa, Yoshinori; Can, Yoko et al. (June 1, 2012). "Synaptic Polarity Depends on Phosphatidylinositol Signaling Regulated by myo-Inositol Monophosphatase in Caenorhabditis elegans". Genetics (Bethesda, MD: Genetics Society of America) 191 (2): 509–521. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.137844. PMID 22446320.
- ^ Cade, John F. J. (September 3, 1949). "Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement". The Medical Journal of Australia (Sydney: Australasian Medical Publishing Company) 2 (10): 349–352. PMC 2560740. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
- ^ Tanizawa, Yoshinori; Kuhara, Atsushi; Inada, Hitoshi et al. (December 1, 2006). "Inositol monophosphatase regulates localization of synaptic components and behavior in the mature nervous system of C. elegans". Genes & Development (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press) 20 (23): 3296–3310. doi:10.1101/gad.1497806. PMC 1686606. PMID 17158747. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
- ^ Lynch, M. A. (January 1, 2004). "Long-Term Potentiation and Memory". Physiological Reviews 84 (1): 87–136. doi:10.1152/physrev.00014.2003. PMID 14715912.
- ^ Krugers, Harm J.; Zhou, Ming; Joëls, Marian; Kindt, Merel (October 11, 2011). "Regulation of Excitatory Synapses and Fearful Memories by Stress Hormones". Frontiers in Behavioural Neuroscience (Switzerland: Frontiers Media SA) 5: 62. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00062. PMC 3190121. Retrieved 2013-03-21.


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Preview: Whitecaps FC vs FC Edmonton - 1st leg
Whitecaps - 10 months ago
Watching: whitecapsfc.com's Carl Valentine previews the first match in this year's Amway Canadian Championship.
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Reaching Abstract
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been a while! :)
Created Jun 05, 2011. Unless noted Copyright 2011
HiroDaZero .
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I really like this! It has a surreal serenity to it. Love the simplicity of design and the color palette... 5H
Welcome back. Surreal and trippy. I like how his hear appears to be a tear in the sky. :o Great contrast... I love your art so much. XD
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Uriah HiggsDelta Middle School students for the month of October are Uriah Higgs, Garret Abeyta and Reagan Clay.
Ms. Denham honors Uriah for being an outstanding eighth grade student at Delta Middle School.
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Virtuous Kids and Teacher
Lincoln Elementary and the Kiwanis Club of Delta recently recognized the Virtuous Kids: (top row) Jarrin Crandall (generous), Kayden Dawson (positive and persevering), Alexis Fausto (gracious), Mrs. St. Jean (great teacher); (middle row) Salena Banuelos (responsible), Josie Rumble (respectful); (bottom row) Kealy Crawford (respectful), Keyla Mejia (friendly and brave), Tyler Dunn (respectful), Brian Delasancha (kind and affectionate), Zanaida Rodriguez (responsible), Kaycee Burnett (hard worker and on task), John Michael Martinez (gracious).
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Product description | MLB2011 latest by オーセンティックコンバーティブル jacket All-around jacket for superior functionality can be switched in long sleeve and short sleeve. Sleeve part improves performance specification and the wearer in the mesh. Usually also is one of sports to come in handy. |
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ACTing UP at the mayor's budget address
photo | Kaytee Riek, ACT UP Philadelphia |
Members of ACT UP Philadelphia attended the mayor's budget address. |
March 4 ACTing UP at the mayor's budget address
March 3 "Ray Charles could see that signature was doctored," says judge in State Senator corruption trial
Trial against state Sen. Jane Orie-R and her sister, Janine Orie, began on Feb. 10 and was halted this afternoon when prosecutor Lawrence Claus uncovered allegedly forged documents being held as evidence in Orieâs defense. Orie was accused last month of misusing her legislative office and staff to perform political chores. These âpolitical choresâ were in an effort to help Orieâs sister, Supreme Court Justice Joan Orie Melvin with her 2009 election campaign. Sister Janine Orie is being charged for aiding in the senatorâs corruption scams. Judge Jeffery Manning, after examining the documents in question, said âRay Charles could see that signature was doctored.â The signature was supposedly that of Orieâs former top aide and major witness for the prosecution, Jamie Pavlot, who testified that she did not recognize the documents. The documents show that the signature from page two, which seems to be legitimate, has been cut and pasted onto the first and third pages. The signature on the first page contains lingering marks from the signature above it. The one on the third page looks as if the lingering marks were whited out before the signature was shoddily pasted in place. The Judge has not formally called for mistrial, but it is an option at this point. Photostream needs your help…...in the way of wonderful pictures of our city, of course. Keep 'em coming. Post your photos to CP's Photostream this weekend during the forecasted showers to alleviate your boredom, and ours. Post them to our Flickr page by logging in and uploading your photos, like this one by Photostream member corvussolus, of what appears to be a band playing in someone's living room. We dig it. By uploading photos to our Flick page you are allowing CP to post these pictures to our Photostream and, possibly, our print edition. ADVERTISEMENT Nerd out with CP: follow the mayor's budget address on Twitter!Where the nation gets the State of the Union , Philadelphia gets the Mayor's Budget Address. He's delivering it right now â follow my updates on Twitter for the duration of the speech. First update here: The mayor's speech was interrupted almost at the outset by activists with ACT UP, who are determined to get the city to end the waiting list for housing for people with AIDS. The author apologizes for previous typing errors in this post. Thanks to a certain cat, he was without the benefit of his usual laptop computer and forced to rely on inferior technology.
February 28 Philly lawyer speaks to the "two ethniticities [sic]" attractive to Philly casinosOn Thursday, the House Gaming Oversight Committee heard testimony regarding the possible re-bidding of the casino license originally granted to Foxwoods Casino. As reported by PlanPhilly (but not, as far as I can tell, any of the mainstream media), the testimony included comments by Philadelphia attorney James DiVergilis, who had this to say about Philly's attractiveness to the gambling industry: The casual statement that the industry is targeting particular ethnic groups horrified at least some of the Committe. Representative John Lawrence (R-Delaware) responded that "With all due respect, your comments with regard to particular ethnic groups being more or less likely to participate in gambling was somewhat surprising and shocking to me. And disturbing, frankly. I wonder where you come across this information." "It's all in the literature," DiVergilis replied, adding "I agree with you ... I'm just ... repeating." "Well are you saying you're a proponent for bringing hte gaming facility to this city?" asked Lawrence. "As a proponent for jobs, absolutely," said DiVergilis. Another interesting tidbit: Besides pronouncing the word "ethnicities" incorrectly several times, DiVergilis appeared to announce that he'll be running for judge â he ran unsuccessfully for judge in the Court of Common Pleas in 2003. Rep. Lawrence remarked to PlanPhilly later: "This gentleman is running for judge, he's not just somebody off the street. That's a position of public trust." Is Mayor Street … working undercover?There I was, waiting for a bus at 30th Street Station when whom should I see but â was it really? â former mayor John Street in disguise? "Haha, somebody just told me that the other day," chuckled Curtis, a SEPTA security officer bearing what seemed to me a more-than-passing resemblance to our former mayor. "Other people say I look like Samuel L. Jackson!" he added.
February 25 Did The Public Record "borrow" from Philly Clout?You decide. Philly Clout posted this morning about the possibility of a story in this week's Public Record "borrowing" from Clout's February 18 post. Interestingly enough, when comparing parts of the two articles there is definitely a similarity (similarity meaning word-for-word in this case). Here's just a small sample of the "borrowing" by The Public Record: Philly Clout "You would think that John Featherman, the only Republican who has declared a run for mayor this year, would be psyched that nobody else from his party wants to get into the race." The Public Record "You would think John Featherman, the only Republican who has declared a run for Mayor this year, would be psyched that nobody else from his party wants to get into the race." Check the full stories out, let us know what you think happened. February 24 Bill proposes to auction off revoked casino licenses – but could a casino come back to Philly anyway?The Pennsylvania House Gaming Oversight Committee held a hearing at City Hall this morning to discuss a bill which would allow the auctioning of Category 2 slot-machine casino licenses. If passed, House Bill 65, which was referred to the Gaming Oversight Committee on Jan. 24, would allow the bidders to choose locations across the state. The bill would allow for two licenses, currently revoked, to be put up for auction, one of which is the the revoked license of the former Foxwoods Casino, though it is currently under appeal. But, Dan Hajdo, board member and a spokesperson for Casino-free Philadelphia, said Philadelphia is still a potential spot for the licenses. Hajdo said his organization chose not to testify at the hearing because the bill âdoesnât do anything to prevent a new casino in Philadelphia.â âIt doesnât do anything to help the people of Philadelphia,â Hajdo said. âWe think any real change is going to come from the community.â âCasinos are destructive...for gambling addicts, their families and communities,â Hajdo added. âThe state should not be supporting their spread, they should be protecting [the] citizens.â Union rally at City Hall ends early, but gathers supportive crowds
The union rally this morning outside City Hall was set for 11:30, but barely lasted the proposed three hours it was supposed to. It was not due to lack of support, however. Several stragglers from the rally told CP reported at least several hundred people arriving to fill the area outside the Municipal Services Building. "It's not just the unions out here doing it, it's people who care," said Leon Oboler. Oboler, National Writer's Union member and rally participant, said he had hoped the rally would last longer but mentioned that he saw it as a great networking opportunity for all involved. "Unions can stand up to big corporations," said Oboler. "As a group we can make a difference." Sam Warden (above, left) is a former union member also showing his support for the cause. He explained that this rally was to support union workers throughout the country. The sign he is holding in the above photo displays the beliefs of many union members present at today's rally: that the union works for the people, ensuring their labor (and human) rights on the job. ADVERTISEMENT FRACKTRACK: Corbett did not repeal Rendell's moratorium on drilling in state parks last week — but he plans toSo, for those of you who were curious about how Governor Tom Corbett plans to proceed with regard to the Rendell Administration's moratorium on Marcellus Shale drilling in certain state parks and forests, you now have something close to concrete information. This is from an AP story published Tuesday: But that's misleading: Corbet hasn't repealed October's much-discussed moratorium on Marcellus Shale drilling in certain state parks and forests; he moved "to quietly rescind a recent state policy to minimize the impact of natural gas drilling on public state park and state forest land where the state doesn't own subsurface mineral rights drew considerable and perhaps unwanted attention." Which is a slightly different policy. Does that clarify things for you? Even if it doesn't, the distinction between the two similar policies -- and between "repeal" and "quietly rescind" -- might not even matter. In yesterday's Inquirer, a Corbet spokesman said the administration wants to get rid of the moratorium, too: So if you're planning on doing any camping in Pa. state parks, now may be the time to do it. --------- For more background, check out Isaiah Thompson's cover story about Ed Rendell's "plot to pillage Pennsylvania's forests, consequences be damned," and, more recently, his post about why the moratorium is mostly meaningless anyway. Litmus Test: City Paper runs new DROP report and proposals by an actual actuary.
This is the second of two reports by CP contributor Ralph Cipriano, who's 2010 story "The Billion Dollar Boondoggle" exposed the program's costs to be substantially higher than previously thought. (Click here to read the first, "Council Study says DROP can be fixed â not so fast.") By Ralph Cipriano Whatâs the cost of DROP? It depends on whoâs doing the math. City Paper documented last year that the Deferred Retirement Option Plan (DROP) was costing taxpayers more than $1 billion in past and future cash bonuses paid to retiring municipal employees, according to the cityâs own pension records detailed on Excel spreadsheets. A Boston College study released last August by Mayor Nutter figured that since 1999, the DROP program had cost the city pension fund an extra $258 million. DROP is a double dip that has allowed some 10,000 city employees to simultaneously collect their salaries and pensions for up to four years, with the pension money coming in the form of lump-sum cash bonuses that average more than $100,000 per retiree. But the Boston College study looked at the pension side of the double-dip and ignored the salaries that employees collect while theyâre in DROP. On Tuesday, the City Council unveiled a new study by Bolton Partners Inc., a Baltimore actuarial firm, that said Boston College had gotten it wrong, and that DROPâs added cost to the pension fund was really $100 million. City Council, which has six members signed up for more than $2 million in future DROP bonuses, hired Bolton Partners to punch holes in the Boston College study as part of a campaign to keep DROP. But in the latest reportâs executive summary, Thomas Lowman, Boltonâs chief actuary, made a declaration that called all of the cityâs prior DROP studies into question â but which confirmed CP's findings, that the program is far more expensive than previously thought. âIt should also be understood that the BC (Boston College) DROP study and prior actuarial DROP studies focused solely on pension cost . . . and not any other payroll or personnel cost,â Lowman wrote. âIn this sense, the BC cost is not intended to represent the full economic impact.â Amen. Meanwhile, City Council President Anna Verna used the occasion of the unveiling of the new DROP report to publicize some possible reforms that would allegedly make DROP cost-neutral for taxpayers, such as: â Requiring employees who enter DROP to wait until they reach the minimum retirement age. â Lowering the 4.5 percent interest rate paid to all DROP participants. â Requiring employees enrolled in DROP to continue making contributions to the pension fund. Employees enrolled in DROP currently donât have to make any contributions to the pension fund. Employees not enrolled in DROP contribute between 1.8 and 7.5 percent of their salaries to the pension fund. â Giving city employees the option to receive only a portion of their DROP money as cash bonuses, and then âreduce their monthly pension checks by an amount that would pay for the lump sum.â City Paper asked Joe Boyle, the Philadelphia area actuary whose pro-bono services led to our original expose, to review the Bolton study. Boyle says that although Bolton wasnât asked to do a full-blown actuarial study to assess the cost to the taxpayers for DROP, nevertheless, he was impressed by both the Bolton study and by the proposals for reforming DROP. âThis is a pretty thorough analysis and their suggestions are to be lauded,â Boyle says. But, Boyle said, if all of the reforms are passed, the city will have scaled down what was originally a great deal into something that people can either take or leave. âIf they truly make this a cost-neutral program, then in effect, theyâve eliminated DROP as a benefit,â Boyle says. âThereâs no advantage to taking DROP.â DROP can be fixed, says Council study â not so fast, says CP's Ralph Cipriano
This is the first of two reports by CP contributor Ralph Cipriano, who's 2010 story "The Billion Dollar Boondoggle" exposed the program's costs to be substantially higher than previously thought. On Tuesday, City Council President Anna Verna unveiled a new study of the cityâs now-infamous Deferred Retirement Option Plan (DROP) that claims it costs less that previously reported. DROP is a pension perk that allows city employees to pick a future retirement date and then treat themselves to a double-dip during their last years on the job. For a maximum of 48 months, employees enrolled in DROP get to simultaneously collect their salaries and their pensions, with the pension money stored in a tax-deferred account and paid out the day the employee retires in a lump-sum cash bonus that averages more than $100,000. The DROP program also allows elected officials (like City Council members) to Âretire for a day, collect fat bonuses, and then go back to work the very next day and resume collecting their salaries. Last year, a City Paper exposé (Cover Story, âThe Billion Dollar Boondoggle,â Ralph Cipriano, April 22) found that the program begun in 1999 is costing taxpayers more than $1 billion in past and future cash bonuses, according to city records reviewed by City Paper. Mayor Nutter joined the fray last August when he unveiled a Boston College study that said that since 1999, DROP had cost the city $258 million in extra pension costs. The Boston College study, however, looked at only the pension side of the double dip, and ignored salary costs. The City Council, which includes six members scheduled to receive more than $2 million in future DROP bonuses, then commissioned its own study, by Bolton Partners Inc., a Baltimore actuarial firm, to challenge the findings presented by the mayor. On Tuesday, Council president Anna Verna unveiled the results. Bolton Partners found that Boston College professors had made âseveral substantial errorsâ that overstated the cost of DROP by ânearly $160 million.â Bolton put DROPâs added cost to the pension fund at âapproximately $100 million.â Verna, who will collect a DROP bonus herself next year of $584,777, took occasion at the unveiling of the Bolton study Tuesday to proclaim that DROP can be fixed â but first we need another study. The city has already spent $80,000 on the Boston College study, and $30,000 on the Bolton Partners study. But Verna announced that sheâs asked an actuary to prepare a âcost analysisâ that would weigh several proposed reforms of DROP (see below), and figure out how to make the program âcost-neutralâ for taxpayers. And who, says Verna, should perform this cost analysis? Why, the very man who helped create DROP in the first place. Since 1995, with the exception of two years, Kenneth A. Kent has served as actuarial consultant to the city pension board. From 2000 until 2010, the city has paid two firms that employed Kent more than $3 million for his expertise. Based on Kentâs advice, the pension board designed a DROP program that was supposed to be cost-neutral. The city was supposed to earn an annual 9 percent return on investments, so it could afford to pay employees enrolled in DROP an interest rate of 4.5 percent. Instead of earning that 9 percent interest rate on investments, though, the city in the past dozen years has earned only 4 percent. Based on that 9 percent projection, Kent estimated back in 2000 that the city pension fund would swell to $8.5 billion last year. He was off by $4.5 billion. Instead of being cost-neutral, the program has proved very, very expensive. When Kent and the pension board designed the DROP program, they also did not foresee a stampede of some 10,000 applicants, which is why DROP has been so expensive. An undaunted Verna proclaimed on Tuesday that Kent would finish his analysis by early April, and then the Council would hold public hearings on DROP. With Kentâs track record, donât be surprised if you find the Nutter administration commissioning ⦠another study. ADVERTISEMENT Curious about ACT UP's protests? They're having one right now.
A few weeks ago, I wrote about the badass AIDS activist group ACT UP, who will do literally anything â get arrested, storm the New York Stock Exchange, sing morbid carols outside of Mayor Michael Nutter's house â to get their way. Curious about what their legendary protests look like in person? They're outside of City Hall right now, in hopes of pushing for the Mayor to provide $2 to $4 million in funding for housing for people with HIV/AIDS ... and they're doing something dubious with alarm clocks, fog horns and noisemakers. February 23 CP's Photostream wants to see your Philly Photos
We all know what it's like to look out our windows at the wonderful city of Philadelphia. But this is only one window, sent in by Flickr user Several seconds. What about the rest of you? Whether it's your windows, your pets, your breakfast. We don't care, CP just wants to see some of your photos on our Photostream. Upload them now to CP's Photostream Flickr page via Yahoo! By posting to our Flickr page you allow us to post your photos to the Photostream and, possibly, the print version of CP! February 21 No, I am not running for an at-large Council seat. But thanks for asking, and here's who is.No, this author is not running for an at-large City Council seat in this May's primary elections â perhaps you've confused me with Isaiah Thomas, a legislative assistant for State Rep. Tony Payton Jr., who is running for that elected position. You can find out more about that Isaiah, or any of the other known candidates for Philadelphia City Council, at the Committee of Seventy's excellent primer, "Council Districts and Candidates at a Glance," If you have even a remote interest in the upcoming election â and it's going to be a free-for-all â visit that page and bookmark it. So as to be fair to Mr. Thomas' opponents, here are the other presumed candidates listed by Seventy for the at-large Council seats: POTENTIAL CANDIDATESÂ (Democrats)Lawrence Clark (D) Potential Candidates (republicans)Tim Gerard (R) |


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How 3D content works: Blu-ray vs. broadcast
As 3D content becomes ever more available, the differences in how it works become important. Just like all HD isn't the same, all 3D isn't the same either.
More than a simple "how it works," this guide will help you understand why some 3D looks better than others.… Read more