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Frequently Asked Questions
Your Account
Do I need to create an account to order?
No, you can order without a Ticketline account. On Step 3 of the order process, under "Do you have a Ticketline account?" simply select No and fill in your billing details. If you'd like us to save these details for you to use next time, just tick the box at the end of the form and we'll send you an Account Activation email.
Creating an account will not only save you time next time you order (especially important when popular events go on sale - it could make the difference between getting tickets and missing out) but will also give you access to all sorts of new features and exclusive content.
How do I create a Ticketline account?
Click here to create an account or at any time select Sign up at the top of the page. All you need for a Ticketline account is an email address and a password and you will have immediate access to exclusive features of the site.
You can then choose to save your billing and postal details if you like, which will be securely stored by us, saving you time next time you order. This can be especially important when popular events go on sale - it could make the difference between getting tickets and missing out.
I've forgotten my password, what do I do now?
Click Forgot Your Password?, enter your email address and we will send you an email containing a special link that, when clicked, will allow you to enter a new password for your account.
What do I do if I move house/change my address?
Please reply to your confirmation email (ensuring that you include the email we sent you) and request a change of address. Alternatively, please send us proof of the old address and proof of the new address (such as a household bill) along with your Customer Number and previous postcode to us at:
Customer Services,
PO Box 4061,
If you fail to do so, we cannot accept responsibility for tickets sent to your old address. We strongly advise ensuring you have royal mail redirection in place before you move in case tickets have already been posted.
Delivery & Collection
When will I receive my tickets?
Tickets should reach you at least 7 days before the event unless tickets are being collected from the venue. Where tickets are booked within 14 days of an event and are being posted, tickets should reach you at least 2 days before an event.
You can track your order progress from the Order Tracking page. Enter your Customer Number and Order Number from your confirmation email in the boxes provided.
If our order tracking page doesn't answer your query, please contact Customer Services.
I am ordering tickets for an event taking place in the next 5 days. Will you post my tickets to me?
If you are ordering tickets for an event that is taking place in the next 5 days you will need to collect your tickets at the venue box office. Please note that tickets must be collected by the card holder in person who will be asked to present the card that was used to buy the tickets.
What is the procedure for collecting tickets at a venue?
When you are collecting tickets from the venue, you will need to go to the venue box office. At some venues, there is a separate queue for customers collecting pre-paid tickets. This will usually be marked, but if not please check with the venue staff.
Tickets will be left in the name of the card holder that booked tickets for the event. The card holder must collect the tickets in person, present the card and sign a receipt. Only the card holder that booked the tickets can collect them, so to avoid disappointment, please do not attempt to collect tickets booked using someone else's card.
I was told I would receive my tickets 1 week before the event and I haven't received them.
You can track your order progress from the Order Tracking page. Enter your Customer Number and Order Number from your confirmation email in the boxes provided.
We always do our best to ensure you have received your tickets 1 week before the event at the very latest. However occasionally this is not possible due to circumstances beyond our control, such as a delay in the tickets being printed and sent through to us. We do everything within our power to ensure you receive your tickets before the event, however if circumstances mean we are unable to post them to you in time, we will make alternative arrangements for you to collect your tickets at the venue.
If you have not received your tickets 1 week before an event, or 2 days before an event where tickets have been booked within 2 weeks of an event, please contact Customer Services.
For events taking place Monday to Friday, the latest you can inform us of non-receipt of tickets is 12 noon on the day of the event. For events on a Saturday or Sunday, you must let us know by 12 noon the Friday before. If you do not let us know by this time, we cannot guarantee you will be allowed entry.
My friend has booked tickets for the same event as me. She has already received her tickets and I haven't.
Tickets for some performances may be sent out in batches. You should receive your tickets very soon. Alternatively, your friend could have purchased their tickets from a different ticket agent. Sometimes different agents receive their tickets from the promoters of the event at slightly different times. If you have any concerns then please call us on 0844 888 4420.
I have been sent the wrong number of tickets/the wrong tickets.
Please click here to contact Customer Services.
I have lost my tickets, what should I do?
If you have misplaced your tickets, you should contact us as soon as possible. Click here to contact Customer Services. Please select 'I've lost my tickets' from the Query Type dropdown.
We will do whatever we can to help, however you should be aware that it is not always possible for tickets to be duplicated. Where tickets can be reissued a duplication fee equal to the original despatch fee may be charged.
Event Alerts
What information will I receive if I subscribe to your event alerts?
Our event alerts brings you the latest news on live music and entertainment across the UK. We send our main ticket alert Ticket-talk weekly, usually on a Thursday. It contains advance notice of the most popular tours and events that are about to go on sale and updates on any other new events that have gone on sale during the previous week.
You will receive exclusive presale invitations on some of the most popular events to go on sale, so that you can keep one step ahead of the general public as well as special offers and discounts on selected events.
How do I subscribe to your event alerts?
Click here to sign up or at any time select Sign up at the top of the page.
All you need is an email address and a password (or if you already have a Ticketline account just sign in and head to the Preferences tab), and you be able to subscribe to our main weekly alert, Ticket-talk, as well as set up your alert preferences.
Not only will you be able to specify genres you are particularly interested in, but you can "Become a fan" of any event or artist and we will keep you informed next time tickets go on sale.
You can then choose to save your billing and postal details if you like, which will be securely stored by us, saving you time next time you order. This can be especially important when popular events go on sale - it could make the difference between getting tickets and missing out.
I am not receiving your event alerts even though I have subscribed. What shall I do?
Many email programs will block email that fits the criteria that they define as Spam or Junk email. While this can sometimes be helpful, mail that you might be expecting from Ticketline could get unintentionally blocked by your email program's spam filters.
To prevent this from happening, simply add newsletter.ticketline.co.uk to your address list to guarantee that you receive our event alerts. Some email programs refer to this as "whitelisting" or a "safe or trusted sender list". If you cannot find this option in your email program, or do not know how to add us to your list, please review your email program's help documents for more information.
Some email programs require just the domain name to be placed in the Address Book.
In that case, simply add: newsletter.ticketline.co.uk
If your email program requires you to add addresses, please try the following:
*@newsletter.ticketline.co.uk (The asterisk at the beginning allows any address from newsletter.ticketline.co.uk
to be automatically placed in your whitelist.)
If you were expecting an email from us prior to adding our address to your whitelist, and did not receive it in your Inbox, please check your Junk or Bulk mail folders to see if it was delivered there by your spam filter. Once you have added ticketline.co.uk to your safe or trusted sender's list you will receive all emails from us that you might be expecting, such as our weekly Ticket-talk.
How do I unsubscribe to your event alerts?
On every event alert you receive you will be offered the opportunity to unsubscribe. You can also unsubscribe by signing in and amending your subscriptions on the Preferences tab.
Contact Us
How do I contact Ticketline?
If your query is not answered here in our FAQs, click here to contact Customer Services.
Your Order
How do I know my order has gone through?
The final stage of the order process confirms if your order has been successful or not. Once an order is completed you will receive an order number which is unique to that particular order. This will be displayed for you to save or print and will also be emailed to you.
If you do not receive an order number, this means that your order may not have successfully completed. If this is the case, please contact Customer Services.
I haven't received a confirmation email. What should I do?
During busy periods it can take up to 24 hours for the confirmation email to arrive in your inbox.
To ensure that you receive your confirmation email please add email@example.com to your address book. If you do not receive your confirmation email within 24 hours, please check your spam folder before contacting Customer Services.
Can I track the progress of my order?
You may track your order progress from the Order Tracking page by entering your Customer Reference and Order Reference from the confirmation email in the boxes provided.
Why can't I buy tickets for several events in one order and pay just one shipment fee?
Unlike most things you can order online where the goods are ready and waiting to be sent out, and so can be combined into one package for shipment, depending on the event we might receive tickets from venues or promoters several months or a few weeks before the event takes place, so unfortunately due to the nature of the industry it is not possible to send different tickets out together.
Why do I need an order number?
Your order number is the final stage in confirming that your order has completed and uniquely identifies your order should you have a query on it. By quoting this number in any correspondence that you have with Ticketline, we can swiftly trace your order and answer any questions that you may have. You will receive a unique order number for every order that you make with Ticketline, which you will need to retain should a query arise.
Can I order by phone?
Yes you can purchase by phone, click here to find out about other ways to buy.
Can I order if I live outside the UK and do you mail my tickets to me?
Yes you certainly can, we can send tickets to your postal address as long as the order has been made at least 4 weeks prior to the event taking place. There may be certain events for which we cannot post tickets outside the UK.
For exceptional events where we are unable to post or for any orders made for events taking place within the next 4 weeks, you will be notified at the time of purchase that tickets must be collected from the venue box office where the event is taking place 1 hour before the performance begins.
Where tickets need to be collected, please note that tickets must be collected by the card holder in person who will be asked to present the card that was used to buy the tickets.
Our system still conducts mandatory checks on addresses outside the UK to ensure that the delivery and bank addresses correspond.
Can I order VIP tickets or corporate hospitality packages?
Occasionally it is possible to purchase VIP tickets or corporate hospitality packages for certain events. If these are available, it will be advertised or clearly marked.
What are your standard terms and conditions of sale?
Click here to view our Terms and Conditions.
Which payment methods do you accept?
We accept Visa, Mastercard, Maestro and American Express cards. We regret that we do not accept Diners Club cards.
How quickly is money charged to my credit/debit card?
Your credit card is charged by us as soon as your tickets are purchased, however it can take up to 7 days for the money to be debited from your account. Although tickets may not be sent out to you for some months, the tickets are secured for you as soon as your card is charged.
How do you securely store my card details?
All our transactions are processed over 128 bit SSL which encrypts your credit and debit card information. We send this encrypted information to our bank so they can process your transaction.
You can store more than one card number with us to give you more flexibility when booking.
We do not keep any of your card information on our servers or in our offices to maximise your security. All card information is stored by our bank at their secure data centre.
Why do you charge a booking fee?
The organisers of events do not pay for the services that we or any other ticket agency offer. Ticketline pay full price for the tickets they receive from the event organizers, who set the ticket price. The booking fee is our only income which enables us to provide our customers with a great service.
That service is to offer people a convenient way of purchasing and receiving tickets either by phone, app or website and have the tickets posted to them, so that they don't have to travel to and queue up at a venue box office.
The order charges cover all the costs associated with running our business, including providing an order service 7 days a week, processing orders, developing the technology to make the order process as simple and efficient as possible, distributing tickets and credit card commissions to name but a few.
How do Ticketline work to combat identity fraud?
Ticketline are focused on protecting our customers from ID and card fraud. We are constantly improving our systems and procedures to make them more secure while still maintaining a quick and easy order process.
Our system conducts address checks on every single purchase made verifying that the delivery address matches the registered bank account address. We also are a member of Visa and MasterCard's 3D secure payments scheme where the customer may be asked to verify their identity directly with their bank as part of the online order process.
In a small number cases we may contact you to request additional ID before despatching your tickets to ensure that they go to the correct address.
Refunds & Exchanges
An event has been cancelled, what should I do next?
It is your responsibility to ensure that the event for which you have booked is taking place on the date it was scheduled for when you booked. However, when an event is cancelled, we will do our best to inform you as soon as possible after we are notified by the event organisers.
You may be asked to return your tickets to us at the address below. We will refund the face value of the ticket to the card that was used to pay for them. Where you are asked to return tickets, the refund will not be processed onto your card until we receive the tickets. We therefore recommend that all tickets that need to be returned are sent by secure post to:
PO Box 4061,
We cannot accept responsibility for tickets that we do not receive.
An event has been postponed, what should I do next?
It is your responsibility to ensure that the event for which you have booked is taking place on the date it was scheduled for when you booked. However, when an event is postponed, we will do our best to inform you as soon as possible after we are notified by the event organisers. Your tickets will remain valid for the new date unless we advise you differently.
If you cannot attend the new date you will be asked to return your tickets to us for a refund. We must receive the tickets a week before the new date or 1 week after you have been notified of the change, whichever is the later, unless specified otherwise. When we have received your tickets we will refund the face value of the tickets to the card that was used to pay for them.
Please note that a refund cannot be processed until we receive the tickets. We therefore recommend that all tickets that need to be returned are sent by secure post to:
PO Box 4061,
We cannot accept responsibility for tickets that we do not receive.
If a concert is sold out are extra tickets ever released?
Occasionally extra tickets are made available for certain events. Sometimes the capacity of an event may be extended or the sightlines may be altered, for example. It is often nearer the date of the event. It is always worth checking up until the date of the performance just in case.
If you are subscribed to our event alerts you will usually be notified of any extra ticket allocations or new dates for the popular concerts. Click here to sign up.
What is your policy on refunds?
Tickets cannot be refunded or exchanged after you have completed a purchase except for in the following circumstances:
- If we fail to fulfil an order as a result of any negligence, or similar act or omission of our own or in breach of contract. In these circumstances you will be entitled to a full refund including any booking fee charged.
- If an event is cancelled, moved to another date, or if there are significant changes to the event, namely a change of the headline act or venue and you no longer want to go to the event. In these circumstances we will only refund the face value of the ticket(s) to the card that was used to pay for them, as they are circumstances beyond our control and lead to us incurring further costs and charges.
We will only give refunds when we have received the tickets that you want to return and only in the circumstances mentioned above. It is your responsibility to ensure that we receive any tickets that you return so we recommend that all tickets that need to be returned are sent by secure post to:
PO Box 4061,
We cannot accept responsibility for tickets that we do not receive.
Although we will always attempt to notify you when an event is cancelled, postponed or materially changed, it is your responsibility to ensure that an event is going ahead as advised at the time of order.
I can no longer make the event for which I have booked. Can I exchange my tickets for another day or show?
Unfortunately not. We regret that we are unable to offer refunds or exchanges unless an event is cancelled, postponed or the content significantly changed.


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- Shop
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Choose Your Savings
- MyLowe's
Prices, promotions, styles, and availability may vary. Our local stores do not honor online pricing. Prices and availability of products and services are subject to change without notice. Errors will be corrected where discovered, and Lowe's reserves the right to revoke any stated offer and to correct any errors, inaccuracies or omissions including after an order has been submitted.
Item #: 11983 | Model #: 0195310
Enter ZIP code to see price.
Female quick connectors sold separately
Ready to Use Home Defense Max Perimeter and Indoor Insect Killer
Application Method | Pull 'n Spray |
Kills Spiders | Yes |
Kills Grub Worms | No |
Kills Ticks | Yes |
Kills Ants | Yes |
Harmful to Fruits | No |
Harmful to Vegetables | No |
Delivery System | Liquid |
Days Protected | 12.0 |
Product Package Size | 1.33 gallon |
Kills Fleas | Yes |
EPA Registration Number | 239-2663 |
Series Name | N/A |
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Neither team was able to find the net through the first period. But Toronto struck first, and often, in the second period, netting five straight goals. Matt Hussey scored for the Monsters at 17:07 in the second, assisted by Jeff Jillson and Dan DaSilva.
Cody McLeod put Lake Erie on the board again in the third, but following another Marlies goal, it would not prove to be enough. Mike Wall recorded 39 saves in goal for the Monsters, compared to 17 by Toronto's Scott Clemmensen.
The Monsters return home to The Q on Saturday for a back-to-back, facing Hamilton at 7:30 p.m., followed by a rematch with Toronto on Sunday. This is the first of four back-to-back-to-backs the Monsters will play this season.


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I may be wrong here, but am I to understand that BMG are going to release as a video 'If I Can Dream'..........? I will have to go back and have a look at their site for clarification. :help:
now with so much elvis stuff set to come out isnt it a better time to put out a single?
i know what im about to suggest may shock even scare but how about a jailhouse rock remix.now before you cast doubt think about it.jailhouse rock has that super bass line and beat,they could use the jailhouse rock video but jazz it up with some special effects,plus its one of the kings most famous tunes.i know many are gonna think 'but jailhouse rock's a classic elvis tune and to let a dj get a hold of it and remix it would be disasterous' however although very true isnt rubberneckin' a classic? or little less conversation? any way's what do you think? did any one see the jailhouse rock remix they used in that advert?the cartoon effect one? if so i think that was simply stunning!!!
I may be wrong here, but am I to understand that BMG are going to release as a video 'If I Can Dream'..........? I will have to go back and have a look at their site for clarification. :help:
"Walk A Block In My Socks"
Sorry this is incorrect, I must have read it wrong.....my bad...... :cry:
"Walk A Block In My Socks"
They have made a new "If I Can Dream" video clip for promotional purposes.
And there is a single coming out. "That's Alright Mama"
I thought I had read it somewhere, thanks Sam. I hope this has a great impact on sales of the product.......Won't this be good to see on advertisments.......I can just see all the old folks now......running from whichever room they happen to be in at the time see the ad......
"Walk A Block In My Socks"
I've always like the 10minutes long commercial for the Timelife "Elvis Presley Greatest Hits" 2CD. Excellent commercial and a nice treat every other day
Perhaps it would be better if a Sun box would be released by Timelife. They have tons of hours to fill with commercials. At least then we'd know for sure that we would actually SEE the commercial on tv
"A year from now, you'll wish you had started today"
Follow TCB-World on Twitter for website updates and Elvisnews: http://twitter.com/tcbworldcom
I've never looked forward to a TV ad before..........another first for Elvis? They just keep on coming.....
"Walk A Block In My Socks"


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Enamel Cast Iron Oval Skillet (15.75-in.): Cherry by Le Creuset
Finally a skillet for the BIG catch of the day! The 15.75-in. Oval Skillet from Le Creuset is now available in the states for the first time and in three distinctive, beautiful colors! With the Oval S... See complete description »
Item #219820 - Hurry, Only 3 In Stock!
Ships from Our Warehouse in 1-2 business days. Gift wrap is available for this item.
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Enamel Cast Iron Covered Wok (14.25-in.): Cherry by Le Creuset
- $320.00 $269.95
Finally a skillet for the BIG catch of the day! The 15.75-in. Oval Skillet from Le Creuset is now available in the states for the first time and in three distinctive, beautiful colors! With the Oval Skillet, cooking diverse and large quantities of food has never been more simple. The grand surface can embrace cuts of meat from sizeable fish such as turbot and halibut, as well as cook double the amount of food, four to six pancakes at a time! What can be cooked in the Oval Skillet is endless, imaginative cooks have used Le Creuset skillets in preparing an entire meal - from sautéing vegetables to broiling fish.
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Although I do like the overall size of this pan, if I make bacon I have to keep things moving around during the process. Since the pan sits on only one burner when I use it the center of the pan is naturally the hottest area.
Putting the whole pan in the oven does solve this problem.
I haven't tried an entire fish yet. I'm sure it will be great.
Nothing is perfect in this world, but the workmanship and finish of this pan is excellent. A superior product!!!
Its wonderful -- extra wide, heavy, almost non-stick (cast iron will soon be non-stick). I use it almost every day.
I mainly bought this pan for bacon and fish, but I am finding it is useful for so much more. It can go from stove top to oven, which is so convenient. This pan is great for preparing almost any food. I can fit it in my dishwasher, too, which was a nice surprise. It's low profile fits in my oven, which is where it lives in my house. I find myself reaching for it over and over again instead of my other large skillet, because the larger surface area accommodates larger amounts of meats without overlapping them in the pan. Although it is shallow, it holds a lot of food. If you fill it to the absolute brim, it holds 10 cups of liquid, which is over half of a gallon to give you an idea.
I have prepared everything in this pan including a pound of bacon, french toast, pork chops, fish, sauce type dishes and stir fry. Once you get used to working with the cast iron and controlling the temperature, you will be set for a lifetime of use. It does take some practice if you are used to cooking in sttel or aluminum types of pans. You need to use a little oil or cooking spray to keep food from sticking.
As expected, when using an oval pan on a round burner, there is some degree of uneven heating. You really need to either move the food or move the pan around on the burner so the food cooks evenly. I have a ceramic top, and I just move the pan as needed. I also like to use this to my advantage to put items to
This pan is very pricey, but it does work very well for grilled sandwiches, even pancakes. It has a very nice large surface!
- $240.00
- List Price
- $209.95
- You Save
- $30.05
- Quantity:
- 100% Satisfaction Guarantee. Details
Spirit Thermolon™ Ceramic Nonstick Fry Pan Set (2-pc.) by Zwilling J.A. Henckels
- $165.00 $99.95
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- Special Value
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Customer Reviews
Read reviews for this product
Posted 11/9/2013 at 8:56 AM by Rena
I ordered this ornament just for my sweet baby granddaughter who I read to daily. Jordan loves Fairy Tales. She knew them by heart at the age of two but is now four.
Sending the same ornament to different places? If you order more than one of an item and want them shipped to different addresses, please order them individually. We will ask you for the individual shipping addresses later in the ordering process.
Hickory Dickory Dock Christmas Ornament
Personalized Christmas Ornament
Material: Resin
and credit card.
Ornaments shown on our site are personalized, as examples only, so you can see where we put the words/names you give us. Some ornaments allow you to select hair or uniform color. If there is no color choice, it is not available on that particular ornament. We will do everything possible to catch any mistakes in spelling, etc., but are not responsible if we do as you request, and it is then not correct. The ornament you see above is the way it will look when you get it, except for the personalizing instructions you give us and any optional attributes you select.
Read what our customers say about our Personalized Christmas Ornaments and their shopping experience!
11/12/2012 - "Thank you so much for your prompt response and quick resolution of this I truly enjoy shopping your site and have recommended it to many, many people. You certainly stand behind your "100% satisfaction guaranteed". Thanks again and I wish you, your family and staff the happiest of holidays. Sincerely, Theodora F."
12/3/2005 - "I received my personalized ornaments today, and wanted to let you know how much I LOVE them! I give Christmas ornaments every year to family and friends as keepsakes once I "found" Ornament Shop there has been no other place for me! There are so many categories to choose from that even the "pickiest" of shoppers will find something they love. Your website is clear, concise, and the hair color option pulls everyone in! Anyone in doubt as to where to purchase a high quality, personalized Christmas ornament? Ornament Shop is the place to order gorgeous ornaments that never disappoint! I can hardly wait for the box to arrive so I can look at each of them personalized JUST for me! Great job, as always! Thank you so much.Janet H."
3/23/2006 -
"I just received the ornament I ordered for our daughter and her husband and their two boys for their new home. This will be their first Christmas there. The ornament is absolutely beautiful and I wanted to take a moment to say thank you. I am so glad I found your website and will keep it in my "favorites" for the future.
Happy holidays to you and your family.
Page R."


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PS3 rumble controller now official
One of gamers' biggest beefs with the PlayStation 3 will soon be a thing of the past. At the kickoff press conference for the Tokyo Game Show, Sony Computer Entertainment President Kaz Hirai confirmed longstanding rumors that a rumble-ized version of the PS3 Sixaxis controller is on the way. The Dual Shock 3--which looks essentially identical to the existing Sixaxis PS3 controller--will hit Japan in November, then make its way to North America and Europe early in 2008. Devil May Cry 4 and Metal Gear Solid 4 are two of the first 11 games that will support the new Dual Shock's vibration function, and existing titles can be retroactively updated to support rumble via online updates.
Other notable announcements from Hirai's keynote:… Read more


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For more information about NIDCD employment opportunities, call or write:
Gayle Mundell 301-496-9800 email@example.com
The Notification and Federal Employee Anti-Discrimination and Retaliation (No FEAR) Act (Public Law No. 107-174) became effective on October 1, 2003. Its intent is to increase federal agency accountability for acts of discrimination or reprisal against employees. This act requires that federal agencies post on their public web sites certain summary statistical data relating to equal employment opportunity complaints filed against the respective agencies.
In accordance with this act, statistical information relating to NIH equal employment opportunity complaints is available through NIH's Office of Equal Opportunity and Diversity Management at (301) 496-6301.


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ND officials aim to restructure foster care system
FARGO, N.D. (AP) — North Dakota is at the forefront of a new trend in the way foster care is administered: Don't put children in foster care.By: ANDI MURPHY, Associated Press
FARGO, N.D. (AP) — North Dakota is at the forefront of a new trend in the way foster care is administered: Don't put children in foster care.
The idea is to help families help themselves so they can keep their children, rather than having a judge order them into the foster care system.
When children stay with their families, they typically do better in school, and the odds of them aging out of the foster care system and struggling with adult life free of the assistance they received before are diminished, said Gary Wolsky, president and CEO of The Village Family Service Center in Fargo.
"The problems get costlier to fix if left untended," Wolsky said. "Prevention is always cheaper."
The effort could save taxpayers a bundle because it's more expensive to put a child through foster care than it is to help the whole family, Wolsky said.
The family preservation initiative has also grabbed the attention of some North Dakota lawmakers, who say they hope to see the idea take off in the state.
"In the long run, I think it will cost us less money," said Sen. Judy Lee, R-West Fargo.
Lee is chairwoman of the Legislature's Human Services Committee and sponsored a bill in 2009 to secure more money for prevention and early intervention family programs.
Lee thinks keeping children with their families is better for the child. It keeps them in the same schools and communities, and is less stressful than placing them with strangers, she said.
Though Lee isn't taking a firm stance on the initiative for the next legislative session beginning in January, she thinks there could be a chance for cases to come forward that would make way for additional changes to foster care.
Wolsky and others with The Village are acting as advocates for the state social services departments and are asking for a shift in funds from foster care to family preservation programs, along with a new child welfare philosophy.
North Dakota lawmakers have had an eye on early family intervention since 2006, when a pilot family empowerment program the Family Group Decision Making Program was started.
Before such programs existed, the number of children in North Dakota's foster care system was on the rise. Now it's on the decline, going from a high of 2,314 children in 2005 to 2,106 in 2009, according to a recent snapshot of child welfare data by the state Department of Human Services.
Tara Muhlhauser, director of the Human Services Department, couldn't say if the new trend in family care caused the recent decline in foster children numbers. But she hopes that's the case and that it will continue.
Muhlhauser also attributes some of the decline to the national Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997.
This puts an emphasis on child safety, permanency, and placing foster children in adoption as soon as necessary, which may include terminating parental rights of biological parents. There are still times when, for a variety of reasons and despite additional help, parents are not able to adequately care for a child.
Nationally, about 463,000 children were in foster care on Sept. 30, 2008, the most recent statistics available.
That's a 16 percent decrease from 2000 when there were 552,000 children in foster care, according to the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System report.
Of those children, 47 percent were placed in non-relative care, 24 percent were placed with family and 10 percent were placed in institutions.
In North Dakota, about 18 percent of children returned to their parents from foster care are back in the foster care system within a year. About 36 percent of children in foster care are placed in three different homes. Foster kids also score 20 percent lower on standardized tests, according to data by The Village.
"You start bouncing kids around from place to place, you could almost say we're part of the problem than part of the solution," Wolsky said.
The best chance to avoid a troubled, homeless 18-year-old is for service programs to act while the individual is legally still a child, he added.
For 18-year-olds who are released from the foster care system, life can be tough, and they sometimes find themselves on the streets looking for their biological parents. These young adults have far fewer service and aide programs to take advantage of than children do, Wolsky said.
It costs an estimated $3,000 to $4,000 for one family to participate in family preservation programs. This method tends to cost less over the long term because foster children usually spend an average of a year in foster care, said Sandi Zaleski, who works for The Village and is the director for these programs.
On the flip side, a foster family with a 10-year-old could get up to $752 a month, which adds up to $9,024 a year, not including other expenses.
In 2008, North Dakota legislators increased the state's foster care rates to be on par with the Minimum Adequate Rates for Children report, a national report showing the costs of raising a foster child.
At any given time, there are more than 1,000 foster children in various foster programs in North Dakota. Depending on the kind of foster care a child receives, regular foster families can receive up to $825 a month for children 13 and older, and $656 a month for children younger than 5. Both are $290 more than what the rates were before 2008, Muhlhauser said.
In Minnesota, basic foster rates range from $647 a month for regular foster care to $337 for both adoption assistance and kinship care. These rates do not include payment rates for children with physical, emotional and mental problems, which can bump rates up to $1,100 a month for regular foster care and $500 for both adoption assistance and kinship care, according to the Minnesota Department of Human Services' benefit comparison chart.
Minnesota revamped its child welfare system five years before North Dakota started making strides, and the state shows a 30 percent decrease in the foster children population.
In 2000, Minnesota had about 16,967 children in out-of-home foster care 5,286 less than in 2009, when there were 11,699 kids in out-of-home foster care, according to the state's child welfare report.
Minnesota implemented a pilot project in 2000 called Alternative Response, which was originally an alternative program to help families get the help they needed from welfare programs and find programs they were eligible for.
The program operated in 20 counties, and over a four-year period it demonstrated that children are safer when programs responded to their families first, said Erin Sullivan-Sutton, assistant commissioner for Minnesota Children and Family Services.
"We didn't go into this with the notion to save money in foster care" or with foster care in mind, Sullivan-Sutton said.
After the program was done in 2005, Minnesota legislators allotted money to all 87 counties to continue what had been started.
Information from: The Forum, http://www.in-forum.com
Tags: daily updates, north dakota, family, fargo, foster


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Water Reuse
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
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OCR for page 1
Water Reuse
OCR for page 1
c ontents
What is Water Reuse?
Types of Water Reuse 3
Case Study: The Trinity River in Texas 6
Ensuring Water Quality 7
Treatment Technologies 8
The Evolving Role of Environmental Buffers 9
Assessing the Risks of Potable Water Reuse in Context 10
Costs of Water Reuse Projects 11
Public Preferences and Acceptability 12
OCR for page 1
I n communities all around the world,
water supplies are coming under increasing
pressure as population growth, climate change,
pollution, and changes in land use affect water quantity
and quality.
To address existing and anticipated water shortages,
many communities are working to increase water
conservation and are seeking alternative sources of
water. Water reuse--the use of treated wastewater,
or "reclaimed" water, for beneficial purposes such as
drinking, irrigation, or industrial uses--is one option
that has helped some communities significantly expand
their water supplies.
This booklet summarizes the main findings of
the National Research Council report Water Reuse:
Expanding the Nation's Water Supply Through Reuse
of Municipal Wastewater. The report provides an
overview of the options and outlook for water reuse
in the United States, discusses water treatment
technologies and potential uses of reclaimed water,
and presents a new analysis that compares the risks
of drinking reclaimed water to those of drinking water
from traditional sources.
OCR for page 1
S ome of the United States' fastest-growing and most populous cities are
located in the nation's most arid areas, while some other areas with abundant water
are only sparsely populated. For example, Las Vegas, Nevada, located in the Mojave
Desert, was among the most rapidly growing U.S. cities from 2000 to 2009. People flocked
to the already-parched city, despite
record-low water levels at its primary
water source, Lake Mead. Population
growth has even led to water stresses
in areas previously considered water-
rich, such as Atlanta, Georgia.
Water reuse offers an opportu-
nity to significantly expand supplies
of freshwater in communities facing
water shortages. Coastal areas of the
United States, for example, discharge
12 billion gallons of wastewater into
estuaries and oceans every day--an
amount equivalent to six percent of the
Water demands from Las Vegas, Nevada, combined with years of
country's total daily water use. Reusing below average precipitation have drained Lake Mead to record-low
this water would directly augment the levels, leaving a white "bathtub ring" 100 feet high.
nation's total water supply.
Public Supply Water Use
(billions of gallons per day)
Reuse, Recycle, Reclaim? 1.0
Waterreuse, wastewaterreuse, and 0.5
waterrecycling all generally mean the 0.0
same thing: using treated wastewater 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
for a beneficial purpose. The process Year
of treating wastewater prior to reuse Although conservation and improvements in technology have reduced water
is called water reclamation. use for some purposes, such as cooling thermoelectric power plants and other
industrial uses, public (or municipal) water use continues to rise, driven in
part by expanding and shifting populations. Data from Kenny et al. (2009).
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What is Water Reuse?
I n conventional municipal water systems, water from
a river, lake, or aquifer is treated to meet drinking water standards
before being distributed for all uses. After the water is used, the
community's wastewater--the water that flows down the drain or is
flushed down the toilet--is treated to remove pollutants before it is
discharged into downstream water bodies.
Water reuse is the use of treated wastewater for beneficial purposes,
which increases a community's available water supply and makes it
In the United States and other countries,
more reliable, especially in times of drought.
purple pipes are used to distinguish
Types of Water Reuse nonpotable distribution systems,
helping to prevent cross-connections.
There are two main types of water reuse projects:
Nonpotable reuse projects treat wastewater for specific purposes
other than drinking, such as industrial uses, agriculture, or landscape irrigation. Nonpotable
reuse could also include the use of reclaimed water to create recreational lakes or to build or
replenish wetlands that support wildlife.
Potable reuse projects use highly treated reclaimed wastewater to augment a water supply
that is used for drinking and all other purposes.
Nonpotable Reuse
Nonpotable reuse systems typically have lower water quality objectives than potable systems,
and the level of treatment varies depending on the end use. Nonpotable reuse usually requires
a "dual distribution system"--separate systems of pipes for distributing potable and nonpotable
water. Depending on the extent of a community's nonpotable water distribution system,
nonpotable reclaimed water can be used for flushing toilets, watering parks or residential
lawns, supplying fire hydrants, washing cars and streets, filling decorative fountains, and many
other purposes.
The country's oldest dual distribution system is in Grand Canyon Village, Arizona, which
has been using reclaimed water for nonpotable uses since 1926. In St. Petersburg, Florida,
which began building a large-scale nonpotable reuse
system in the 1970s, reclaimed water now satisfies
about 40 percent of the city's total water demand,
with many of the city's parks, schools, golf courses,
residential lawns, fire hydrants, and commercial build-
ings drawing reclaimed water for non potable uses.
In St. Petersburg, Florida, reclaimed
water is used for nonpotable purposes
such as landscape irrigation.
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Potable Reuse
Potable reuse systems use advanced treatment processes to remove contaminants from waste-
water so that it meets drinking water standards and other appropriate water quality objectives.
Typically, the highly treated reclaimed water is then released into a surface water body or
aquifer (also called an environmental buffer) before being withdrawn, further treated, blended
with other conventional water supply sources, and piped to homes and buildings.
Potable water reuse systems have existed in the United States for 50 years. The Sanitation
Districts of Los Angeles County, for example, have been using highly treated reclaimed water
to augment Southern California's potable water supply since 1962. Similar systems are in place
in other locations in California and in other states, including Virginia, Texas, Georgia, Arizona,
and Colorado. About half the nation's potable reuse systems have come on line during the
past decade.
Reclaimed water at the Orange County, California, Groundwater Replenishment System is treated by reverse osmosis
( left) and other advanced treatment systems before it is either injected into potable water supply aquifers or allowed to
percolate into groundwater through infiltration basins (right). Producing 70 million gallons of potable water per day, the
project is the country's largest potable water reuse system. It uses wastewater that would otherwise have been discharged
into the Pacific Ocean.
Global Reuse of Treated Wastewater
Treated Wastewater Use
According to 2008 estimates, the
United States reuses a greater volume
of water than any other country
(shown here in billions of gallons per
1.00 day, BGD), and it is ranked thirteenth
among countries by per capita water
0.50 reuse. Qatar and Israel have the
highest water reuse per capita. Data
0.00 from Jiménez and Asano (2008).
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De Facto Reuse
Throughout the United States, some communities may already be reusing wastewater without
even realizing it. De facto reuse occurs when a community draws water from a river or reservoir
that includes wastewater from upstream communities. De facto reuse is quite common,
although it has not been systematically analyzed in the United States in more than 30 years.
Since last assessed, de facto reuse has likely increased as expanding cities now discharge
more treated wastewater into water sources used by downstream communities. De facto reuse
is particularly pronounced in dry periods, when natural water supplies are reduced and waste-
water makes up a larger proportion of the water flow.
The process of treating wastewater and storing, distributing, and using reclaimed water in nonpotable, potable, and
defacto reuse. In this schematic, municipal wastewater from City 1 is treated and supplied via a separate distribution
system for nonpotable purposes, such as industrial cooling, agriculture, and landscape irrigation. A portion of the city's
wastewater receives additional advanced treatment for potable water reuse. The highly treated water is used to recharge
groundwater supplies, before it is withdrawn, disinfected, and blended with other drinking water supplies. Some of the
treated wastewater effluent from City 1 is also discharged to a nearby river, where it mixes with river water and natural
runoff. City 2, a downstream community, withdraws water from the river, treats it to drinking water standards, and uses
the water for any purpose. Because the water drawn from the river contains a significant fraction of treated wastewater,
this process is called de facto reuse.
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Case Study: The Trinity River in Texas
The Trinity River--the main water source for the city of Houston, Texas--
provides one documented example of de facto water reuse, although it is by
no means a unique situation in the United States. Dallas and Fort Worth draw
water from the river's headwaters and discharge their treated wastewater
downstream. During summertime and other times when the river's natural flow
is reduced, the river consists almost entirely of treated wastewater as it flows
away from Dallas and Fort Worth.
After a two-week southward journey, during which natural processes
eliminate some trace organic contaminants, the water collects in Lake
Livingston--one of Houston's main drinking water reservoirs. There it mixes
with rainwater and other water in the reservoir until it is drawn into a drinking
water treatment plant and distributed through Houston's taps. Over the course
of a year, about half the lake's water is made up of treated wastewater from
Dallas and Fort Worth. After treatment, the potable water from the Trinity
River meets Environmental Protection Agency drinking water standards.
In one example of
de facto water reuse,
treated wastewater from
Dallas/Fort Worth flows
into Lake Livingston,
one of Houston's main
drinking water reservoirs.
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Ensuring Water Quality
A community's wastewater typically contains a wide range of microorganisms
and chemicals, some of which could be harmful to public health or to ecosystems.
Water managers can choose from a portfolio of treatment options to design a waste-
water treatment system that reduces contaminants to levels that will be acceptable for the
intended uses of the reclaimed water.
Major wastewater contaminants include:
Pathogens. Bacteria, viruses, and other infectious organisms enter wastewater from human
excrement and other waste. Viruses with the potential to cause disease are of particular
concern for potable reuse because they are very small, can be difficult to eliminate from
water, and some can cause infection even at low concentrations.
Nutrients. Municipal wastewaters are rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. Some forms of
nitrogen can present a health risk for potable reuse if not properly treated. Excess nutrients
can also cause the overgrowth of algae when reclaimed water is used to augment lakes. On
the other hand, some nonpotable uses, such as irrigation, are actually enhanced by higher
nutrient levels.
Organic chemicals. Pharmaceuticals, natural hormones, household chemicals, and
byproducts formed during the treatment process are often present in wastewater. High levels
of such chemicals could pose a health risk, particularly for potable uses, unless they are
effectively removed or degraded by appropriate water treatment processes.
Other contaminants. Metals and salts are examples of other contaminants that could affect
drinking water taste or pose a risk for human health and the environment.
Today's advanced analytical methods can detect many contaminants at extremely low
levels--but the presence of a contaminant at a low but detectable concentration doesn't always
mean that the water poses a significant human health or environmental risk. For example, the
risk posed by a particular contaminant varies with the concentration of the contaminant, the
intended use of the reclaimed water, and the degree to which people will be exposed to it.
Water intended for drinking typically must meet
higher quality standards than water intended for
nonpotable uses. In addition, different nonpotable
uses can have different treatment requirements--
water used for industrial cooling might have
different quality requirements than those for a lake
where swimming is allowed.
Secondary sedimentation basin in
a wastewater treatment plant.
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Treatment Technologies
There are a number of technologies available for treating wastewater intended for reuse,
many of which can be used in combination. To choose the appropriate combination of
treatment options, water managers must consider the specific contaminants that are of
concern, the intended use of the water, costs, and other factors such as energy use or waste
disposal options.
The National Research Council report reviewed options for ensuring water quality in water
reuse projects. Because protecting public health is of utmost importance for any drinking water
system, the report's authoring committee recommended potable water reuse systems include
several redundant treatment elements to strengthen the reliability of the system.
In addition to redundant treatment processes, the committee recommended that water reuse
systems incorporate plans for monitoring water quality and quickly responding to problems
caused by equipment malfunctions, operator error, or changes in the quantity or quality of
incoming wastewater. For nonpotable reuse systems, it is also important to prevent drinking
water contamination from the inadvertent cross-connection of nonpotable water and potable
water pipes.
Product Water
Low Rate Processes
Stabilization ponds
Aerated lagoons
Treatment processes commonly used in water
reclamation. At each stage of processing, several
High Rate Processes
treatment options are available. Water managers Activated sludge
can choose one or more of these options to create Trickling lters
Rotating bioreactors
a process that will treat water to the quality Membrane bioreactors
needed for its intended use. Water treatment
begins with preliminary and primary treatment,
which targets suspended and particulate matter,
followed by secondary treatment to remove
biodegradable organic carbon. Water managers Screening Sedimentation
Grit Removal
can then choose to proceed to advanced treatment,
which provides additional removal of nutrients, Sludge
trace organic chemicals, and suspended solids. Processing
Engineered natural processes allow reclaimed
water to blend with water from other sources and
provide additional natural treatment to further
remove contaminants from the water.
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The Evolving Role of Environmental Buffers
In many potable reuse systems, environmental buffers such as aquifers, lakes, or wetlands
serve a number of purposes. They are used to hold reclaimed water to provide additional time
before it is introduced into a drinking water system and to allow it to blend with water from other
sources. Environmental buffers may also provide additional natural treatment to further remove
contaminants from the water, and they create psychological distance between the water's
source (treated wastewater) and its destination (drinking water) by incorporating natural envi-
ronments into the process.
Until recently, environmental buffers were considered a core element of all potable reuse
projects. However, the National Research Council committee concluded that environmental
buffers do not provide any water quality services that cannot also be provided by the use
of engineered processes, such as advanced treatment and constructed storage facilities.
Although environmental buffers remain useful elements of water treatment systems that should
be considered alongside other options, they are not essential elements to reach water quality
goals. Since 2010, several potable reuse projects have been developed or proposed that do not
incorporate environmental buffers.
Engineered Unit Processes and Operation
Product Water Product Water
Disinfection Disinfection
Nitrogen Removal
Nitri cation/denitri cation
Break point chlorination
Managed Aquifer Recharge
Soil-aquifer treatment
Phosphorus Removal Riverbank ltration
Biologically Arti cial recharge and
Chemically recovery
Suspended Solids Removal Wetlands
Chemical coagulation Natural
Organics Removal
Carbon adsorption Reservoirs
Nano ltration
Reverse osmosis
Dissolved Solids Removal
Nano ltration
Reverse osmosis
Brines water in process
Spent carbon residuals
Spent resins
Sludges product water
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Assessing the Risks of Potable
Water Reuse in Context
T he committee that wrote the National Research Council report conducted an
analysis that compares the estimated risks of drinking water from two potable reuse
projects to a de facto reuse scenario in which five percent of the source water comes
from wastewater discharged upstream after secondary treatment. The assumed de facto reuse
conditions of scenario 1 are likely typical in many places and are generally perceived as safe.
In scenario 2, treated wastewater is allowed to filter slowly through surface soils into an aquifer
(also called soil aquifer treatment) before potable reuse. In scenario 3, advanced treatment
techniques including microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and advanced oxidation are employed
before the water is injected into an aquifer and used as a source of drinking water.
The analysis compared the risks of exposure to four pathogens (adenovirus, norovirus,
Salmonella, and Cryptosporidium) and 24 chemical contaminants including pharmaceuticals,
0.1 Adenovirus
0.01 Cryptosporidium
Relative risk
* *
De facto Potable reuse-- Potable reuse--
reuse soil aquifer advanced
treatment treatment
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 * risk for salmonella
and cryptosporidium
below limits of model
Relative risk, shown on a logarithmic scale, posed by selected pathogens in a typical de facto reuse scenario (1), compared to
two potable reuse scenarios (2, 3). The smaller the number, the lower the relative risk. For example in Scenario 2, the risk of
illness due to Salmonella is estimated to be less than 1/100th of the risk due to Salmonella in Scenario 1. Overall, the results
indicate the risk of exposure to these pathogens from drinking reclaimed water does not appear to be any higher than the
risk experienced in at least some current drinking water treatment systems.
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personal care products, natural hormones, industrial chemicals,
and byproducts from water disinfection processes.
The results suggest that the risk of exposure to certain microbial
and chemical contaminants from drinking reclaimed water does not
appear to be any higher than the risk experienced in at least some
current drinking water treatment systems--and may, in fact, be
orders of magnitude lower.
The analysis revealed that carefully planned potable water
reuse projects should be able to provide a level of protection from
waterborne illness and chemical contaminants comparable to--
and, in some cases, better than--the level of protection the public
experiences in many drinking water supplies across the nation. However, the committee pointed
out that the analysis was presented as an example and should not be used to endorse certain
treatment schemes or to determine the risk at any particular site without site-specific analysis.
Costs of Water Reuse Projects
I nvesting in a water reuse system is a complex decision with both costs and
benefits that extend many years into the future. Generally, water reuse is more expensive
than drawing water from a natural freshwater source, but less expensive than seawater
desalination. In many cases, lower-cost water sources are already being used, so the cost of
water reuse should be compared with the cost of any available new water sources. The costs of
water reuse vary greatly from place to place depending on location, water quality requirements,
treatment methods, distribution system needs, energy costs, interest rates, subsidies, and many
other factors.
Potable reuse systems can be more or less expensive than nonpotable reuse systems.
Nonpotable reuse may require less treatment, depending on the intended use of the reclaimed
water, and can also reduce the peak demand on a potable system, which can be a huge factor
on water use in arid locations. However, nonpotable reuse also typically requires a separate
piping system, which can be a significant expense depending on where and how far the
nonpotable water must be distributed.
Water managers should also consider non-monetary costs and benefits of reuse projects,
such as increased water supply reliability in times of drought, greenhouse gas emissions, and
ecological impacts, to determine the most socially, environmentally, and economically feasible
water supply option for their community.
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Public Preferences and
T he public is a major stakeholder in any water management decision, and
community members often play an important role in making decisions about water
reuse projects. As with any water project, the success or failure of a proposed reuse
project can ride on public perceptions of how the project relates to public health, public finance,
taste and aesthetics, land use, environmental protection, and economic growth.
Humans have a natural revulsion to water that is perceived to be contaminated, and some-
times that feeling can translate into opposition to reusing treated wastewater, even when
reclaimed water is shown to be of high quality. In some cases, people may even prefer lower-
quality water from a source perceived as "natural" over higher-quality water coming from an
advanced wastewater treatment facility. Reclaimed water's history as wastewater causes a
psychological barrier for many people that can be hard to overcome.
However, when communities are actively engaged in discussions about water reuse, the
technologies and science behind it, and the overall context of water management, both the
public and water managers are better equipped to engage in meaningful dialogue.
In Redwood City, California, for example, a proposed water reclamation project was tempo-
rarily stalled by opposition from a small citizens' group in 2002. In response, a task force was
established that brought the two sides together to discuss the project, review reliable sources
of information, and weigh alternative options. A modified reuse project was eventually approved
that was widely supported by the community. As the Redwood City experience demonstrates,
frequent and open communication among water managers, citizens, and governments can be
critical for communities to address the concerns of the public and make informed decisions
about water reuse.
Green Cay Wetlands in Palm Beach County,
Florida, provide additional nutrient removal for
several million gallons of highly treated wastewater
per day. The water then recharges groundwater
supplies. Environmental buffers, such as this one,
have been important for gaining public support in
past potable reuse projects.
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This booklet is based on Water Reuse: Expanding the Nation's Water Supply
through Reuse of Municipal Wastewater by the Committee on the Assessment of
Water Reuse as an Approach to Meeting Future Water Supply Needs. The report
was supported by funding from the Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S.
Bureau of Reclamation, the National Science Foundation, the National Water
Research Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Water
Research Foundation, Orange County Water District, Orange County Sanitation
District, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Irvine Ranch Water
District, West Basin Water District, Inland Empire Utilities Agency, Metropolitan
Water District of Southern California, Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts,
and the Monterey Regional Water Pollution Control Agency. Production of this
booklet was supported by additional funding from the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.
For more information relating to the report, visit:
Committee on the Assessment of Water Reuse as an Approach to Meeting Future Water
Supply Needs
Rhodes R. Trussell (Chair ), Trussell Technologies, Pasadena; Henry A. Anderson, Wisconsin Division of
Public Health; Edmund G. Archuleta, El Paso Water Utilities PSB, Texas; James Crook, Environmental
Engineering Consultant, Norwell, Massachusetts; Jörg E. Drewes, Colorado School of Mines; Denise D.
Fort, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Charles N. Haas, Drexel University, Philadelphia; Brent M.
Haddad, University of California, Santa Cruz; Duane B. Huggett, University of North Texas, Denton; Sunny
Jiang, University of California, Irvine; David L. Sedlak, University of California, Berkeley; Shane A. Snyder,
University of Arizona, Tucson; Margaret H. Whittaker, ToxServices LLC, Washington, D.C.; Dale Whittington,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Stephanie E. Johnson (Study Director ), Sarah E. Brennan (Program
Assistant, from July 2010), Stephen Russell (Program Assistant, until July 2010), National Research Council.
Data Sources for Charts
p.2Kenny, J., N. Barber, S. Hutson, K. Linsey, J. Lovelace, and M. Maupin. 2009. Estimated Use of Water
in the United States in 2005. USGS Circular 1344. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey.
p.3J iménez, B., and T. Asano. 2008. Water reclamation and reuse around the world. In B. Jimenéz and
T. Asano, eds., Water Reuse: An International Survey of Current Practice, Issues and Needs. London:
IWA Publishing, pp. 3-26.
p.1©iStockphoto.com/Jitalia17. p.3(top) Mr Noded; (bottom) Dennis MacDonald/World of Stock.
p.4Orange County Water District, Orange County, California. p.6Kuru via Wikipedia.
p.7Jonutis/shutterstock. p.12©2011 Kim Y. Seng.
© 2012 National Academy of Sciences.
About the National Academies
The National Academies--the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of
Medicine, and the National Research Council--provide a public service by working outside the framework of
government to ensure independent advice on matters of science, technology, and medicine. They enlist commit-
tees of the nation's top scientists, engineers, and other experts--all of whom volunteer their time to study
specific concerns. The results of these deliberations are authoritative, peer-reviewed reports that have inspired
some of the nation's most significant efforts to improve the health, education, and welfare of the population.
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text:
For Immediate Release
Contact: Bernie Mulligan, 212.785.0157, ext. 140
LATHAM, Mar. 15, 2012 - Governor Cuomo's bill hurts future generations of public sector working women in New York. The governor and legislators who voted for this bill must face the fact that it will have a disproportional negative impact on working women.
It will now be harder to recruit and retain quality employees in many women-dominated professions, like nursing and teaching, while more male-dominated fields get a pass.
While this may be more politically expedient for the governor, it does a great disservice to millions of New York's working women and their families.
The terms of this bill mean that employees will contribute more of their salaries, receive less in their pensions and be forced to retire later in life.
These diminished pensions mean that these retired nurses will have a lower quality of life because they chose to work for the public good.
Women statistically live longer than men and pension cuts to female-dominated professions hurt working women and their families. With many older women now in single person households, this new plan makes permanent another disadvantage for working American women.
Our 13,000 members in the public sector - working in under-funded and frequently understaffed facilities - have physically, mentally and emotionally demanding jobs. Our patients are often very sick because they can't afford to go to the doctor.
Whether we work in the NYC Health and Hospitals Corporation, Westchester Medical Center, Erie County Medical Center or a municipal hospital like Massena General in the North Country, we are the backbone of our state's health care system.
The governor's bill is another attack on the quality of public services in this state - and on the dedicated career professionals who perform those services with pride and determination every day.
The governor's plan to undercut services to New Yorkers and dismantle public services will hurt thousands of nurses and millions of New Yorkers who rely on them for care.
Shame on the governor and legislators who voted for this terrible proposal.
The New York State Nurses Association is the voice for nursing in the Empire State. With more than 37,000 members, it is New York's largest professional association and union for registered nurses. The association represents registered nurses, and some all-professional bargaining units, in New York and New Jersey. It supports nurses and nursing practice through education, research, legislative advocacy, and collective bargaining.
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text:
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