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Household Access to Microcredit and Child Work in Rural Malawi
This paper examines the effect of household access to microcredit upon work by seven to eleven year old children in rural Malawi. Given that microcredit organizations foster household enterprises wherein much child labor is engaged, this paper aims to discover whether access to microcredit might increase work by children. It is found that, in the peak harvest season, household access to microcredit, measured in a novel manner as self-assessed credit limits at microcredit organizations, raises the probability of child work in households with sample means of owned land and number of retail sales enterprises. It appears this is due to children having to take up more domestic chores as adults are busied in household enterprises following improved access to microcredit.Download Info
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Paper provided by Department of Economics, Louisiana State University in its series Departmental Working Papers with number 2007-09.Length:
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Handle: RePEc:lsu:lsuwpp:2007-09
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- Hazarika, Gautam & Sarangi, Sudipta, 2008. "Household Access to Microcredit and Child Work in Rural Malawi," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 843-859, May.
- Sudipta Sarangi & Gautam Hararika, . "Household Access to Microcredit and Child Work in Rural Malawi," Departmental Working Papers 2006-08, Department of Economics, Louisiana State University.
- Hazarika, Gautam & Sarangi, Sudipta, 2005. "Household Access to Microcredit and Child Work in Rural Malawi," IZA Discussion Papers 1567, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
- J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:
- NEP-AFR-2007-06-30 (Africa)
- NEP-AGR-2007-06-30 (Agricultural Economics)
- NEP-ALL-2007-06-30 (All new papers)
- NEP-DEV-2007-06-30 (Development)
- NEP-LAB-2007-06-30 (Labour Economics)
- NEP-MFD-2007-06-30 (Microfinance)
References listed on IDEASPlease report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Hoddinott, John & Haddad, Lawrence, 1995. "Does Female Income Share Influence Household Expenditures? Evidence from Cote d'Ivoire," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 57(1), pages 77-96, February.
- George Psacharopoulos, 1997. "Child labor versus educational attainment Some evidence from Latin America," Journal of Population Economics, Springer, vol. 10(4), pages 377-386.
- Jean-Marie Baland & James A. Robinson, 2000. "Is Child Labor Inefficient?," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 108(4), pages 663-679, August.
- Diagne, Aliou & Zeller, Manfred, 2001. "Access to credit and its impact on welfare in Malawi:," Research reports 116, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
- Rajeev H. Dehejia & Roberta Gatti, 2002.
"Child labor: The role of income variability and access to credit across countries,"
Discussion Papers
0102-69, Columbia University, Department of Economics.
- Rajeev Dehejia & Roberta Gatti, 2002. "Child Labor: The Role of Income Variability and Access to Credit Across Countries," NBER Working Papers 9018, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Sonia Bhalotra & Christopher Heady, 2003.
"Child Farm Labor: The Wealth Paradox,"
World Bank Economic Review,
World Bank Group, vol. 17(2), pages 197-227, December.
- Sonia Bhalotra & Christopher Heady, 2003. "Child Farm Labor: The Wealth Paradox," Bristol Economics Discussion Papers 03/553, Department of Economics, University of Bristol, UK.
- Bhalotra, Sonia & Heady, Christopher, 2001. "Child farm labour : the wealth paradox," Social Protection Discussion Papers 24088, The World Bank.
- P. Deb & F. Rosati, 2002.
"Determinants of Child Labour and School Attendance: The Role of Household Unobservables,"
UCW Working Paper
9, Understanding Children's Work (UCW Programme).
- Partha Deb & Furio Rosati, 2002. "Determinants of Child Labor and School Attendance: The Role of Household Unobservables," Hunter College Department of Economics Working Papers 02/9, Hunter College: Department of Economics.
- Dehejia, Rajeev H & Gatti, Roberta, 2005. "Child Labor: The Role of Financial Development and Income Variability across Countries," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 53(4), pages 913-32, July.
- Gautam Hazarika & Arjun Bedi, 2003. "Schooling Costs and Child Work in Rural Pakistan," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 39(5), pages 29-64.
- Beegle, Kathleen & Dehejia, Rajeev H. & Gatti, Roberta, 2006. "Child labor and agricultural shocks," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(1), pages 80-96, October.
- Mark M. Pitt & Shahidur R. Khandker, 1998. "The Impact of Group-Based Credit Programs on Poor Households in Bangladesh: Does the Gender of Participants Matter?," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 106(5), pages 958-996, October.
- Ravallion, Martin & Wodon, Quentin, 1999.
"Does child labor displace schooling? - evidence on behavioral responses to an enrollment subsidy,"
Policy Research Working Paper Series
2116, The World Bank.
- Ravallion, Martin & Wodon, Quentin, 2000. "Does Child Labour Displace Schooling? Evidence on Behavioural Responses to an Enrollment Subsidy," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 110(462), pages C158-75, March.
- Wydick, Bruce, 1999. "The Effect of Microenterprise Lending on Child Schooling in Guatemala," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 47(4), pages 853-69, July.
- Amin, Shahina & Quayes, Shakil & Rives, Janet M., 2006. "Market work and household work as deterrents to schooling in Bangladesh," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 34(7), pages 1271-1286, July.
- Binder, Melissa & Scrogin, David, 1999. "Labor Force Participation and Household Work of Urban Schoolchildren in Mexico: Characteristics and Consequences," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 48(1), pages 123-54, October.
- Kathleen Beegle & Rajeev Dehejia & Roberta Gatti, 2003.
"Child Labor, Crop Shocks, and Credit Constraints,"
NBER Working Papers
10088, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Beegle, Kathleen & Dehejia, Rajeev H & Gatti, Roberta, 2005. "Child Labour, Crop Shocks and Credit Constraints," CEPR Discussion Papers 4881, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Basu, Kaushik & Van, Pham Hoang, 1998. "The Economics of Child Labor," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 88(3), pages 412-27, June.
- Nankhuni, Flora J. & Findeis, Jill L., 2004. "Natural resource-collection work and children's schooling in Malawi," Agricultural Economics, Blackwell, vol. 31(2-3), pages 123-134, December.
- Diagne, Aliou, 1998. "Impact of access to credit on income and food security in Malawi," FCND discussion papers 46, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
- FurioCamillo Rosati & Zafiris Tzannatos, 2006. "Child Labour In Vietnam," Pacific Economic Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 11(1), pages 1-31, 02.
- George Psacharopoulos & Harry Anthony Patrinos, 1997. "Family size, schooling and child labor in Peru - An empirical analysis," Journal of Population Economics, Springer, vol. 10(4), pages 387-405.
- Ranjan, Priya, 1999. "An economic analysis of child labor," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 64(1), pages 99-105, July.
- Ersado, Lire, 2005. "Child Labor and Schooling Decisions in Urban and Rural Areas: Comparative Evidence from Nepal, Peru, and Zimbabwe," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 33(3), pages 455-480, March.
Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.Cited by:
- Eric Edmonds, 2007.
"Child Labor,"
Working Papers
id:988, eSocialSciences.
- Edmonds, Eric V., 2008. "Child Labor," Handbook of Development Economics, Elsevier.
- Eric V. Edmonds, 2007. "Child Labor," NBER Working Papers 12926, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Edmonds, Eric V., 2007. "Child Labor," IZA Discussion Papers 2606, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
- Swaminathan, Hema & Salcedo Du Bois, Rodrigo & Findeis, Jill L., 2010. "Impact of Access to Credit on Labor Allocation Patterns in Malawi," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 38(4), pages 555-566, April.
- Congdon Fors, Heather, 2008.
"Child Labor: A Review of Recent Theory and Evidence with Policy Implications,"
Working Papers in Economics
324, University of Gothenburg, Department of Economics.
- Heather Congdon Fors, 2012. "Child Labour: A Review Of Recent Theory And Evidence With Policy Implications," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(4), pages 570-593, 09.
- Alvi, Eskander & Dendir, Seife, 2011. "Weathering the Storms: Credit Receipt and Child Labor in the Aftermath of the Great Floods (1998) in Bangladesh," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 39(8), pages 1398-1409, August.
- Mueller, Valerie & Shariff, Abusaleh, 2009.
"Preliminary evidence on internal migration, remittances, and teen schooling in India:,"
IFPRI discussion papers
858, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
- Valerie Mueller & Abusaleh Shariff, 2011. "Preliminary Evidence On Internal Migration, Remittances, And Teen Schooling In India," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 29(2), pages 207-217, 04.
- Hamna Ahmed, 2012. "The Impact of Public School Enrolment on Child Labor in Punjab, Pakistan," Lahore Journal of Economics, Department of Economics, The Lahore School of Economics, vol. 17(2), pages 1-34, July-Dec.
- Asadul Islam & Chongwoo Choe, 2013.
"Child Labor And Schooling Responses To Access To Microcredit In Rural Bangladesh,"
Economic Inquiry,
Western Economic Association International, vol. 51(1), pages 46-61, 01.
- Islam, Asadul & Choe, Chongwoo, 2009. "Child Labour and Schooling Responses to Access to Microcredit in Rural Bangladesh," MPRA Paper 16842, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Lulit Mitik & Bernard Decaluwé, 2009. "Market Labor, Household Work and Schooling in South Africa: Modeling the Effects of Trade on Adults' and Children's Time Allocation," Cahiers de recherche 0933, CIRPEE.
- Bruno Martorano & Chris De Neubourg & Marco Sanfilippo & UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2012. "The Impact of Social Protection on Children: A review of the literature," Innocenti Working Papers inwopa666, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.
- Chowa, Gina & Ansong, David & Masa, Rainier, 2010. "Assets and child well-being in developing countries: A research review," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(11), pages 1508-1519, November.
- Shimamura, Yasuharu & Lastarria-Cornhiel, Susana, 2010. "Credit Program Participation and Child Schooling in Rural Malawi," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 38(4), pages 567-580, April.
- Christian Lehmann & Guilherme Issamu Hirata, 2010. "Unintended Effects of Microfinance: An Increase in Child Labour in Some Contexts?," One Pager 108, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth.
- Del Carpio, Ximena V., 2008. "Does child labor always decrease with income ? an evaluation in the context of a development program in Nicaragua," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4694, The World Bank.
- Kasat, Puja, 2010. "Innovative Approaches to Developmental Microfinance in India," MPRA Paper 22238, University Library of Munich, Germany.
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Purity ball
A purity ball is a formal dance event attended by fathers and their daughters which promotes virginity until marriage for teenage girls. Typically, daughters who attend make a virginity pledge to remain sexually abstinent until marriage. Fathers who attend promise to protect their young daughters' "purity of mind, body, and soul."[1] Proponents of these events contend that they encourage close and deeply affectionate relationships between fathers and daughters, thereby avoiding the premarital sexual activity that allegedly results when young women seek love through relationships with young men.[2] Critics assert that the balls promulgate messages encroaching upon women's freedom,[2] promote anti-feminist ideals, and ignore homosexuality.[3]
In 1998, the first purity ball was organized by Randy and Lisa Wilson in Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States of America. This event was created for the Wilsons' five daughters and the fathers that he viewed as not having a place in their daughters' lives.[4]
The ceremony is a formal event as daughters get dressed up in ball gowns, and the evening typically consists of dinner, a keynote speaker, ballroom dancing and a vow for fathers and daughters.[5] The girls can range in age from their college years to four years old,[6] however the majority of girls are "just old enough… [to] have begun menstruating" as purity ball guidelines advise.[7] Some ceremonies state a minimum age requirement.[8]
The ceremonies traditionally begin with a formal dinner, followed by a keynote speech and the ritualized chastity pledges.[8] Although the chastity pledges differ between organisations, the purity balls held by the creator of the concept, Pastor Randy Wilson, follow a symbolic ritual. The fathers or mentors pledge to shield and protect their daughters, to live pure lives themselves as a man, husband and father, and, to be a man of integrity and responsibility as he acts as a role model for his family.[8] The father's protecting role over the daughter's virginity is emphasized throughout the night, as Wilson states "Fathers, our daughters are waiting for us… They are desperately waiting for us in a culture that lures them into the murky waters of exploitation. They need to be rescued by you, their dad."[9] One widely used pledge for fathers reads: "I, (daughter's name)'s father, choose before God to cover my daughter as her authority and protection in the area of purity. I will be pure in my own life as a man, husband and father. I will be a man of integrity and accountability as I lead, guide and pray over my daughter and my family as the high priest in my home. This covering will be used by God to influence generations to come."[5]
Remembrance gifts are given at some ceremonies to represent the girl's promise of chastity and the father's oath to protect her and guide her in her lifestyle. One form of token is a charm bracelet or necklace in the shape of a heart for the girl and a key for her father, which symbolizes the father's duty to protect the young girl's heart, only giving away the key to her husband on her wedding day.[6] The ceremonies close with a father-daughter waltz which aims to solidify the bond between father and daughter and elucidate the promoters' concept of a "proper date".[8] Lisa Wilson, wife to Randy Wilson and co-founder of Generations of Light, a popular Christian ministry in Colorado Springs, states ""We wanted to set a standard of dignity and honor for the way the girls should be treated by the men in their lives".[7]
Wilson advises fathers to praise their daughters' physical attractiveness: "I applaud your courage to look your daughter in the eye and tell her how beautiful she is." Participants are described as "dates", and, according to Glamour magazine, could be mistaken for heterosexual romantic partners in the absence of information about their consanguinity.[2]
Beliefs and rationale[edit]
Advocates of purity balls assert that they promote physical, psychological, and spiritual integrity. Randy Wilson, one of the co-founders of the purity ball, states that "The idea was to model what the relationship can be as a daughter grows from a child to an adult. You come in closer, become available to answer whatever questions she has."[6] Wilson did not want virginity pledges to become characteristic elements of purity balls. as he questions the wisdom of such promises: "It heaps guilt upon them. If they fail, you've made it worse for them."[6] In an interview with Anderson Cooper, Wilson said that purity balls encourage fathers to participate in their daughters' lives, provide guidance, and teach coping skills.[10]
Purity Balls have been criticized for promoting the notion that girls and their virginities are like property to be dominated by men, and that females are incapable of controlling their own desires. Writer and feminist Eve Ensler criticizes purity balls for implying that fathers, rather than young women themselves, have the freedom to control whether and with whom the young women engage in sexual intercourse.[2] Glamour claims that National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health data supports the conclusion that teenagers making virginity pledges, including those promulgated through purity balls, usually do not adhere to the required standard of chastity, and are less prepared to utilize safer sex precautions in mitigating the risks of sexual activity when it does occur. Furthermore, Glamour states that the percentage of teenagers in a given area who have made virginity pledges is positively correlated with the frequency with which sexually transmitted diseases occur.[2] An article in Time magazine says that there is a scientific controversy as to the efficacy of the virginity pledges at purity balls.[11]
Opponents of purity balls claim that they encroach upon women's freedom of choice to date whom they please and to make their own independent decisions without the help of men. In this view, the philosophy of purity balls implies that young girls are not capable of making their own choices.[12] Jennifer Freitag, a Southern Illinois University Carbondale doctoral student, argues that, from a feminist perspect, the purity ball ritual can be considered sexist discrimination as it rarely applies to men, and ignores whether women desire heterosexual marriages. Freitag further asserts that the purity balls and virginity pledges give women fewer opportunities to explore their future mates and presume that the girls will marry men, ignoring lesbianism, bisexuality, and transsexualism. Also, Freitag claims that purity balls have psychological elements of father-daughter incest.[3]
Conservative journalist Betsy Hart supports the idea of sexual abstinence prior to marriage. However, she has expressed concerns that purity balls are pervaded by a preoccupation with physical chastity which may inadvertently imbue the social construction of girls attending them with erotic attributes. She claims that this "sexualizing" shifts attention away from maintenance of the internal moral and spiritual virtue which she believes is required by the tenets of the Christian faith.[13]
See also[edit]
- ^ http://generationsoflight.com/html/index.html
- ^ a b c d e Would you pledge your virginity to your father?; Glamour; January, 2007; Jennifer Baumgardner.
- ^ a b "Daddy's Little Girl". Retrieved March 23, 2012.
- ^ "The Pursuit of Teen Purity". Retrieved March 15, 2012.
- ^ a b "Generations of Light". Retrieved March 18, 2012.
- ^ a b c d "The Pursuit of Teen Girl Purity". Retrieved March 25, 2012.
- ^ a b "Would You Pledge Your Virginity to Your Father?". Retrieved March 22, 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Father Daughter Purity Ball". Retrieved March 22, 2012.
- ^ "Dancing the Night Away, With a Higher Purpose". Retrieved 01/28/2014.
- ^ "Purity Myth". Why is the pressure to Be Pure only on Women?. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
- ^ The Pursuit of Teen Girl Purity; Time Magazine; July 17, 2008; Nancy Gibbs
- ^ "Father-Daughter Purity Balls Still Drawing Crowds, Criticisms". Retrieved March 23, 2012.
- ^ Betsy Hart (Feb 3, 2007). "Hart: Girl's sexuality is personal property".
External links[edit]
- The Purity Ball: Time Magazine photo essay of a purity ball


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Local Atmosphere: I like the atmosphere, but the weather isn't great
Nightlife: There is always a party going on
Computers: Wireless is available everywhere, but support isn't
Transportation: The Bentley shuttle is fine but isn't great
Drug Safety: Peer pressure is present, and everyone participates
Majors: The classes are boring, but the degree is worth it
Majors: I have yet to have an internship
Off-Campus Housing: As a freshman, I am required to live on campus
Off-Campus Dining: Nothing is open late and the quality is never great
Athletics: There are many ways to participate with the teams
Diversity: The diversity on campus is shockingly noticeable.
Academics: The professors are very nice, and they seem happy.
Athletics: Great intramural sports clubs! Everyone plays and joins in. Varsity sports are rarely attended and school spirit is very subpar. Women's basketball however is awesome and everyone loves that. Go Lady Falcons!
Academics: Great education but only if you are interested in business of finance. If you are not interested in business or finance however there are very limited options outside of this field.
Health & Safety: Campus police are active and around campus but do not interfere with normal weekly activities. Health and Wellness center does not take time or energy to look at students with medical problems and typically brushes off issues as normal teenage problems.
Weather: Typical Northeast weather, hot in the summer and very cold in the winter
Local Atmosphere: 30 minutes from the great city of Boston but nothing to do within walking distance
Overall Experience: You arent in the city like you thin you are. People are drunk and high all the time and the food sucks. The only thing keeping me from saying its the worse is that half of the professors know what they are talking about.
Facilities: Its there but dont come here if you want artistic things.
Guys & Girls: If you want to f*** and move on they are great. Don;t try to find a long lasting relationship with a nice guy. You go to look hard to find the right guy.
Diversity: Evey one is very cliquey and all the international kids stick together. There are like ten kids. So if you are gay DONT come here. You will get gay bashed. We are all white.
Majors: If you want to be a business major and only learn business its great.
Majors: You get to take a ton of those classes with professional that are really into their field
Nightlife: Its great if you want to be drunk or get drunk and raped.
Weather: Its new england. It changes on the flip of a coin and it is cold in the winter and warm in the summer. It is what it is
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Written by Kat Webber
The Bentley experience is hardly a normal college experience, and the majority of students here would choose Bentley again in a heartbeat. From day one, you are set on a track to receive a unique business education. Hard work and effort are mandatory, but the rewards are endless. The combination of intense business and fun liberal arts courses creates well-rounded students that employers love to sign on. Students who are unhappy with their Bentley experience are usually those who find the school to be more business-focused than they had expected. But those who become immersed in the atmosphere always find it to be exciting, strenuous, and worth while.
Bentley students have the opportunity to interact with professors who are leaders in the field, learn from renowned companies in the classroom, and have access to the latest technology. This creates a distinctive class of business schools in which Bentley is quickly becoming a leader. From the relatively diverse campus to the professor-student relationships and general campus life, the University is so much more than "just a business school." If you want to have a college experience that you can reflect back on and say you received an excellent real-world business education, were exposed to state-of-the-art technology, and had a good time while doing it, then Bentley is for you.
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Recent Web Log Entries By Ben Nadel
Using IIS URL Rewriting And Application.cfc's OnMissingTemplate() Event Handler
Posted: September 8, 2009 at 9:37 AM by Ben Nadel
When I first starting looking into IIS URL rewriting using IIS Mod-Rewrite , I stated that I didn't want to start distributing the business logic of my application too widely. As such, all my URL rewriting configuration file did was reroute missing-file requests to my ColdFusion application's front-controller. This way, all of the URL mapping was... read more »
Comments (15) | Post Comment | Ask Ben | Permalink
RewriteCond Directives Evaluated After RewriteRule Directives In URL Rewriting
Posted: September 4, 2009 at 11:19 AM by Ben Nadel
This is a minor point, but an important one regarding the control flow of directives within IIS Mod-Rewrite's URL rewriting configuration files. When I first looked at the RewriteCond (rewrite condition) and RewriteRule (rewrite rule) directives , I thought of them like programmatic IF-Statements such that the RewriteCond directives would be eval... read more »
Comments (1) | Post Comment | Ask Ben | Permalink
Understanding The IIS Mod-Rewrite Server Variables
Posted: September 3, 2009 at 8:26 PM by Ben Nadel
When writing RewriteCond (rewrite condition) and RewriteRule (rewrite rule) directives in IIS Mod-Rewrite's URL rewriting configuration files, we have access to several server variables. We can get the value of these server variables using the following syntax: %{VARIABLE_NAME} So, for example, to get the name of the requested file name, we wo... read more »
Comments (6) | Post Comment | Ask Ben | Permalink
Understanding The IIS Mod-Rewrite Log File And Work Flow
Posted: September 3, 2009 at 2:33 PM by Ben Nadel
As I have just started experimenting with URL rewriting in ColdFusion using IIS Mod-Rewrite , I have a lot of learning to do. While some of my experiments are working, I am getting some very unexpected (and frustrating) results which clearly indicate that I need to get a stronger hold on the work flow executing behind each URL rewrite. To gather ... read more »
Comments (12) | Post Comment | Ask Ben | Permalink
Exploring IIS Mod-Rewrite For Rewriting URLs In A ColdFusion Application
Posted: September 1, 2009 at 2:59 PM by Ben Nadel
I've always liked the concept of URL rewriting; but, I've never actually known very much about it. To date, all of the URL "rewriting" that I've done has always been built on top of IIS's 404 error URLs or ColdFusion's OnMissingTemplate() event handler . This has worked, but has always been a hacky solution. Using 404 error handling is easy, bu... read more »
Comments (35) | Post Comment | Ask Ben | Permalink
Creating A "Down For Maintenance" Page Using Application.cfc
Posted: January 9, 2008 at 9:07 AM by Ben Nadel
As some of you may or may not noticed, my site was down earlier for maintenance (more on that later). None of the ColdFusion pages on my site were available, no matter what URLs you used. Creating a page like this is insanely easy when you are using ColdFusion's Application.cfc component. If you have ever examined the application event methods ava... read more »
Comments (16) | Post Comment | Ask Ben | Permalink
ColdFusion 404 Handling Makes Sub Domain Redirects Hard
Posted: September 19, 2007 at 1:07 PM by Ben Nadel
My site runs on the handling of 404 Page Not Found IIS errors within ColdFusion . It is through this mechanism that I am able to translate things like: www.bennadel.com/foo/bar.htm ... into: www.bennadel.com/index.cfm?dax=foo.bar This has been really cool for search engine optimization, but has certainly added some complexity to the page load... read more »
Comments (9) | Post Comment | Ask Ben | Permalink
Exploring Path Info And How It Interacts With ColdFusion And The Browser
Posted: July 18, 2007 at 4:11 PM by Ben Nadel
Earlier today, I blogged about using addition URL path information to solve the Save-As problem that crops up when streaming files using ColdFusion and CFContent. IIS puts this extra URL path information into the CGI variable, path_info. Before today, I had never used this, so I thought it would be good to do a little exploration to see how diff... read more »
Comments (4) | Post Comment | Ask Ben | Permalink
Why Do I Even Get Any Huge Ass Traffic?
Posted: June 26, 2007 at 8:42 AM by Ben Nadel
There was a post yesterday on Full As A Goog (sorry I cannot remember the URL - the Full As A Goog "Search" functionality seems to search the visible page only) with a video that had information about internet porn. It stated that there were literally hundred of millions of porn sites current on the internet. That's a lot of porn. Recently, I ... read more »
Comments (16) | Post Comment | Ask Ben | Permalink
Ask Ben: Truncating The Event Titles In A Calendar Display
Posted: May 7, 2007 at 3:29 PM by Ben Nadel
Say you need to display items on the calendar by text description. You need to show the "title" of the event(s) in an abbreviated form. For example: Long Event Title Goes Here Ben Nadel Might need to be abbreviated as Long Event Title. . . How would you repeatedly determine where to truncate an event title for a calendar? For something like th... read more »
Comments (12) | Post Comment | Ask Ben | Permalink
Skin Spider : Page Data Component
Posted: November 5, 2006 at 11:38 AM by Ben Nadel
To learn all about Skin Spider, click here . To view the most updated application, click here . To view the current code base, click here . Until now, the only thing we set programmatically about the page was a variable called REQUEST.Page. We used this value to determine which primary navigational element was turned on. This was nice and si... read more »
Comments (4) | Post Comment | Ask Ben | Permalink
Ooops, Links Not Working
Posted: June 21, 2006 at 6:31 PM by Ben Nadel
I just realized that one line of code I put into my 404 page-not-found handler (for search engine optimization SEO) was breaking my links. Yikes! I guess that should teach me to more thoroughly test my code once it goes life. ... read more »
Comments (0) | Post Comment | Ask Ben | Permalink
Search Engine Optimization... Another Go Round
Posted: June 19, 2006 at 8:51 AM by Ben Nadel
After talking to Michael Dinowitz at last week's NYCFUG meeting, I have moved my site over to use more search engine optimized links. Instead of going to directories, such as "blog/", all my site links go to "actual" pages, such as "blog/blog-entries.htm". All the pages go to ".htm" files so that the ColdFusion error handler doesn't get called... read more »
Comments (3) | Post Comment | Ask Ben | Permalink
What Search Engine Spiders See
Posted: June 15, 2006 at 9:57 AM by Ben Nadel
I was just posting a Search Engine Optimization question on the House of Fusion CF-Talk list when Nick Tong posted a link to " What Search Engine Spiders See ". This page blows my mind. It allows you to enter in a url and get a report back regarding the page content based on how the search engine web spiders/crawlers see your content. It is fant... read more »
Comments (5) | Post Comment | Ask Ben | Permalink
Search Engine Optimization... Continued
Posted: June 14, 2006 at 9:37 AM by Ben Nadel
In attempt to try an optimize my search engine indexability, I have added a "Complete Web Log Entry List" link as the first item on my homepage content. This way, there will be a page that will have every web log entry's detail page listed for indexing. One of the problems that I have found with search engines is that they will index my "recent"... read more »


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Tower View Accommodation and Cultural Centre
Welcome to Tower View Hostel At Tower View we offer a homely experience at budget rates Our mission is to help people have a most enjoyable stay in the Kingdom! A member of GO Kerry Have some of your holidays been a bit of a damp squib? Any hostel can offer you a bed. We wont stop there. |
Availability & Rates
To view availability and prices please select dates and click 'Update Dates'B&B Facilities & Policies
- Bicycle hire
- Bicycle parking
- Board Games
- Book exchange
- Breakfast Included
- DVDs
- Free City Maps
- Free Internet Access
- Free Parking
- Free Wifi
- Hair Dryers
- Internet Access
- Kitchen
- Lounge
- Luggage Storage
- Outdoor Terrace
- Parking
- Tea/Coffee Making Facilities
Cancellation Policy
This property has a 3 day cancellation policy. Failure to cancel within this time will result in a cancellation charge equal to the first night of your stay.Must-Read Guesthouse Info
This property has specific Terms & Conditions.Crisp white Linen included
Self catering Kitchen
All rooms are ensuite
Food can be ordered in the Dining Room. Local ingredients used.
Eggs supplied by our own Hens. You can meet them out the back!(see
Join our trip
This property has 24 hour cancellation policy.
In the interest of tired travellers – Tower View Hostel has a strict curfew of 1.30am to ensure everyone has a good night's sleep.
Located Near
Situated right in the heart of premier activities in Kerry. The town centre is a 15-minute walk or a 2-minute drive away on the R693, Tralee Aqua Dome and Wetlands Centre are less than 5 minutes' walk. One minute by car! Siamsa Tire close.


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schoolsexpert's Page
This member hasn't added any personal information yet.
Leave schoolsexpert a message to find out more.
All Recent Activity
Forum Post: Charter School Teacher
I have a child at the charter school but not for much longer. I heard from very close, reliable sources the administrators didn't provide this teacher with the necessary support and supervision. It is more »


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BOOKS: | Sci-Fi/Fantasy | Mystery/Thriller | Literature | Romance | Biography |
MOVIES: | Sci-Fi/Fantasy | Comedy & Personal Dramas | Action Dramas |
Author Berryere's Book
Reviews |
Message Board |
Dragon's Keeper |
Skeletal remains of a genuine Dragon are found, but subsequently lost. A group of investigators searching for the truth discover that an ancient telepathic wizard is also trying to recover the bones, but personality conflicts in the group threaten to tear them apart. Romance, altered agendas and identities and revenge come into play when the reality about magic and dragons is revealed... ...
Rik Andreas Berryere Message Board 7/3/2008 9:08:48 PM |
Talk about the novels, new and used books that Berryere has written! |


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Get Map and Directions | Email Us | Visit our website | Get Financing | Get a Free, Instant Offer on Your Trade-in | View our Cars
View our inventory
We offer financing to suit a variety of needs.
We take care of you during and after your purchase.
View Hide Why You Should Buy A Used Car From Us
In keeping with the tradition of the Alexander Family, our dealership has made the commitment to serve you with the best, and we have a quality-driven staff to see that commitment through. We are happy to serve you. Stop in or call us today! 570-368-8677
View Hide Disclaimer
Sales Tax, Title, License Fee, Registration Fee, Dealer Documentary Fee, Finance Charges, Emission Testing Fees and Compliance Fees are additional to the advertised price.


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Major oil price shocks have disrupted world energy markets four times in the past 30 years – 1973-74, 1979-80, 1990-1991 and 1999-2000. Each of the first three oil price shocks was followed by an economic recession in the U.S. The GDP has continued to grow despite the rising oil prices in recent years (2002-2006).
Note: Oil price is the composite refiner acquisition cost.Source: Greene, D.L. and N.I. Tishchishyna, Costs of Oil Dependence: A 2000 Update, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL/TM-2000/152, Oak Ridge, TN, 2000, and data updates.
Return to 2007 Facts of the Week


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Concentrate is a long-tail search analytics tool from Juice Analytics. Concentrate is for SEO and paid search professionals who want to make sense of search keyword data and make the most of search investments. We offer free accounts for Google Analytics users, and allow paying users to upload data from other sources.
Concentrate is designed to eat up huge lists of search keyword data and spit out actionable results. The site runs on Django & MySQL with Satchmo for SAAS subscription payments, and boto for communicating with various Amazon web services and scaling backend processing.
Tags: advertising, analytics, boto, business, dashboard, excel, flex, jquery, keywords, longtail, nltk, queries, reporting, satchmo, scipy, search, sem, seo, subscription, web, wordtree
Visit this website at http://www.concentrateme.com/
Created by pskomoroch on 10th Jan 2009


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Pittsburgh Pirates Gear
Pittsburgh Pirates Kids
Pittsburgh Pirates Kids Newborn & Infant
(54 items)
Product ID: 818184
Main Content
You want what's best for your little princess, and there's nothing better than growing up a Pirates fan. Make your newborn the most adorable Pirates fan around with this Diaper set by Majestic. This two-piece pinstriped outfit imitates a jersey and features "Pirates" printed across the chest with a small team logo printed on the bottoms. Your little girl will certainly have a bright future being groomed as a Pirates fan!
- 100% Cotton fabric
- Screen print graphics
- Sublimated graphics
- Two snaps on left shoulder
- Rough hewn seams
- Lightweight ribbed bloomers
- Elastic waistband
- Imported
- Officially licensed Pirates diaper set
Pirates Customers also liked:
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game
or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are
received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items
are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite
number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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Sara Stewart (I)
Sara was born in Edinburgh Scotland, to American parents. After spending some time in the US, she trained at The Central School of Speech and Drama, and made London her home. Her work has been diverse, ranging from classical tragic heroines like "Natalya Petrovna" in Turgenyev's "Month in the Country" for the RSC; Gwyneth Paltrow's overbearing ...
See full bio »


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Being awed by Iguassu Falls, getting up close and personal with the falls on an optional boat ride
Experience the stunning beauty and raw power of one of the greatest natural wonders on earth—Iguassu Falls. Wider than Victoria Falls and taller than Niagara, Iguassu Falls are set in the tropical jungles near the 3-way border between Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. On this complete falls experience, you'll spend four days exploring both the Argentine and Brazilian sides. Iguassu is one of those places that needs to be seen to be believed.
G Adventures' Classic trips provide meaningful small-group travel experiences to curious travellers eager to interact with the world as it truly is.
Learn moreArrive at Iguassu at any time and transfer to hotel (Note: See Trip Details for choice of airports).
Today we tour the Argentine side of Iguassu Falls. Wander the extensive walkways to experience this awesome natural wonder. This incredible setting is home to a wide variety of wildlife, and there are plenty of optional tours available locally.
You will be picked up from your hotel this morning for a half-day excursion to National Park Iguazú on the Brazilian side. Enjoy the panoramic view of the falls, along with a possible visit to a bird park, where the tropical birds will provide a colourful show. Return to the hotel in the afternoon for some time to relax.
Depart at any time.
Find dates, prices, and more trip options.
Book Now


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Skip to Main Content
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Register Now for May Mini-mester and Summer
- March 07, 2014
Registration is under way for May mini-mester classes, which begin May 12 as well as Summer I classes, which begin June 2 and Summer II classes, which begin July 10.
Get a Preview of College Life at LSC-CyFair April 5
- March 07, 2014
Participants can attend information sessions on admissions, testing, advising, registration and financial aid and learn more about the variety of colleges academic and workforce programs, transfer opportunities and campus life.
Educational Reform Talk and Q&A Set April 8
- March 04, 2014
Save the date April 8 for the Educational Reform: Serving Our Children Through Effective Schools talk followed with a Q&A session.
Learn About LGBT Issues During Gay Pride Week
- March 04, 2014
In an effort to raise awareness of issues facing Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender students, Lone Star College-CyFairs Gay Pride Week activities will be held March 24-27.
Need Money for College? Stop by FAFSA Saturdays
- March 04, 2014
Free financial aid workshops are available several Saturdays throughout the spring semester at Lone Star College-CyFair.
LSC-CyFair Wellness Efforts Earns American Heart Association's Fit-Friendly Worksite Gold Level Award
- March 04, 2014
Promoting a culture of wellness is not new to LSC-CyFair as the college has adopted the spirit of the initiative of making the health and wellness of their employees a priorityin a variety of ways for years.
Dont Miss Jazz, Sunny Side Up Concert April 7
- March 04, 2014
Jazz Combo pays homage to the masters who pioneered jazz music from its New Orleans birthplace to the worldwide treasure that gives jazz prestige.
Enjoy Chamber N Chocolate Concert March 27
- February 25, 2014
Take a break with the String Ensembles free performance followed with dessert.
Four Recognized as Staff Excellence Winners
- February 25, 2014
Congratulations to Staff Excellence Award winners Huyen Doan, Christina Rosa, Cynthia Shade and Bessie Steward.
Annual Prom Dress Give-Away Begins March 29
- February 25, 2014
This event, set March 29 - April 6, benefits teens without the financial means to purchase a dress for prom.
LSCS News Archive


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The Iowa Lakes Wrestling program has been in existence since the 2008-2009 season.
In their inaugural season, the Lakers had an outstanding season placing 6th in the NJCAA Div. 1 National Tournament. In 2010 the team finished 7th, followed by a 10th place finish in 2011.
The Lakers wrestling program has produced a total of 13 All-Americans and one two time national champion.
The Lakers wrestle a very fan friendly, aggressive, and intense style. They are consistently looking to put points on the score board. The Lakers Wrestling program has transferred numerous students onto respectable four-year colleges, with many athletes that continue to wrestle.
2013-2014 Wrestling Team
Cody Alesch
Head Coach


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Aloe Cadabra Personal Lubricant Natural Aloe -- 2.5 oz
Good stuff
This is the best natural lubricant I have found. (I've also tried Emerita and Aloe Life.)
Getting rid of non-natural lubes got rid of problems with inexplicable UTIs, yeast infections, and irritated feelings.
This product keeps well. It doesn't discolor or become goopy. It also doesn't absorb quite as fast as other natural lubes.
Very neutral, mild smell. Taste is acceptable. I wouldn't put it on pancakes, but it's fine. ;)
Bonus points for being a fantastic sunburn soother!
May 15, 2013
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e-Publishing for the Future.
Nov 25, 2013
Aug 25, 2013
Jul 14, 2013
May 26, 2013
I heard about this book through a friend and WOW, what a great discovery. It was suspenseful and exciting. Once you start reading it, you will have difficulty putting it down! (Until You See Me, by Roberta Degnore)
- Gift Girl
This is a fast read, pacing is top notch, the drama is intense. I recommend this if you are looking for action, political thriller, a little bit of Jack Ryan-esque hero. (The Repatriation of Henry Chin, by Isaac Ho)
- Henson
Degnore's "Until You See Me" takes the reader on a thrilling and emotional roller coaster ride -- full of fast paced twists and turns, highs and lows, and characters that will stay with you long after the book ends. (Until You See Me, by Roberta Degnore)
- Lisa
A must read if you're a "Twilight Zone" aficianado -- or just one us who likes to get that behind the scenes perspective! ("Twilight Zone: The Crossing," by Ralph Phillips)
- Ray DiZazzo
I bought this book because my sons favorite song is Twinkle Twinkle little star and it has lived up to its expectations. My son can not get enough. Thank you Kerry Liu for writing such a wonderful book! (The Sun and the Moon, by Kerry Liu)
- Allison Bradley


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A project that would have seen the largest convention center in the U.S. constructed in New York City will not come to fruition.
Back in January, New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo had proposed building a 3.8-million-square-foot convention center and casino in Queens, N.Y., at the site of the Aqueduct Racetrack near John F. Kennedy International Airport. The $4 billion facility would have been the largest in the country. Under the plan, the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center in Manhattan would be demolished and the site on the West Side would be redeveloped.
However, on June 1, Cuomo said that talks between the state and the developer, the Genting Group, had broken down, according to The New York Times. The Times reported that talks broke off because the Malaysian-based developer wanted exclusive rights to operate a casino in the New York City–area. The state legislature has passed a constitutional amendment that allows seven new casinos to be built in the state, which still needs to be brought before voters for approval.
The governor said next year he would entertain proposals from other companies to build a similar casino and convention center at a site yet to be determined.
Many in the meetings industry are opposed to the governor's plan. A group of 21 trade-show producers called the Friends of Javits wrote a letter to the governor saying they would not patronize the new facility if it were built at the proposed location. The main objection among show producers is the distance from Manhattan and the lack of public transportation. Many would like to see the Javits, which is undergoing a $463 million expansion and renovation, remain open. "Our main concern is the preservation or expansion of Javits, or the creation of a comparable facility in Manhattan," said Joseph Spinnato, president, Hotel Association of New York City. "We are watching with great interest any future proposals regarding Aqueduct {Racetrack} that might come forth."


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University Relations
Broadcasting Services Staff
KMOS-TV and 90.9 The Bridge are managed by a core staff which supervises students attending the university. These students work in all aspects of the stations, production, on-air operations and promotions, traffic, print promotion and outreach.
We take pride in the accomplishments of KMOS-TV alumni who are employed coast to coast, serving in various telecommunications industry functions. For over 30 years, KMOS-TV has served the training needs of many of UCM's students. Below is the current listing of staff members and the student employees who work in each area.
Michael O'Keefe, Interim Director Sarah Bailey, Administrative Finance Coordinator Karen O'Keefe, Secretary Membership and Underwriting Mark Pearce, Coordinator, Corporate & Community Support Louise Beasley, Underwriting Coordinator, KMOS Education and Outreach Sandy Kelley, Outreach Coordinator KMOS-TV Program Services Michael O'Keefe, Program Services Coordinator Nellie deLaurier, Traffic Assistant KMOS-TV On-Air Operations Josh Tomlinson, On-Air Operations Coordinator
Engineering, KMOS-TV and KTBG-FM KMOS-TV Production Roy Millen, Production Coordinator Josh Leonard, Multi-Media Producer |


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The Weird And Explosive Story Of The World's First Traffic Light
It's safe to say most of us have a love/hate relationship with traffic lights: we love how they make traffic manageable on a large scale, and we hate their stupid, red-faced arrogance as they demand we stop and go just because they say so. We don't usually think of them as dangerous. But the very first one sure was.


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recipe reviews for:
"If you like Gooey Butter Cake you will love these cookies. You can't stop eating them."
My Profile | Cooks I Like Reviews | Photos | Recipes | Menus | Blog
Cooking Level: Intermediate
Cooking Level: Beginning
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Everything you need to party like a leprechaun.
New for spring! Good-for-you food you'll love to eat.
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and helpful cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for just $9.99!
See how to make yummy gluten-free peanut butter cookies.
See how to make sensational oatmeal peanut butter cookies.
See how to make a delicious butter cookie that's truly versatile.


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Quick View LEGO Movie LED Keylight - Unikitty by LEGO® In Stock $14.95 Introducing the all new LEGO Movie LED figural Unikitty Keylights! With all new touch sensitive technology, lightly touch her nose to activate her LED light-up horn. Add to your keychain, or clip onto your backapack. Posable head and light-up horn make this the ultimate gift for a Lego Movie fan. See Details $14.95 was
Quick View 70805 LEGO MOVIE Trash Chomper by LEGO® On re-order $31.96 Rise up against the robots by converting the garbage truck with opening trash masher into a flying Trash Chomper with gobbling mouth, wing cannons and garbage-can exhausts. But watch out! The Micro Manager is preparing to fire its hidden flick missiles at the helpless citizens, so hurry! Includes… See Details $31.96 was $39.95
Quick View 70807 LEGO MOVIE MetalBeard's Duel by LEGO® On re-order $35.96 Arrr, me hearties! MetalBeard lost his body parts in a previous battle with Lord Business, but has rebuilt himself from old ship scraps to become more powerful than ever. Now, the giant Micro Manager is challenging him. Grab the pirate sword from the holster on his back and fire the cannons on his… See Details $35.96 was $44.95
Quick View 70804 LEGO MOVIE Ice Cream Machine by LEGO® On re-order $31.96 Red alert! The Micro Manager is firing his triple flick missiles at a passing jogger. Use your creativity to rebuild the ice cream van into a supersonic flying Ice Cream Machine. Jump into the cockpit, soar into the sky and target the robot with the adjustable giant cone gun on the roof and… See Details $31.96 was $39.95
Quick View 70808 LEGO MOVIE Super Cycle Chase by LEGO® On re-order $47.96 No time to waste! Use your Master Builder skills to help Wyldstyle assemble a two-seater, flaming-fast dragster from the materials she collects. Help Emmet to escape from the Robo SWATs. Rev up the engine to jump over the spike strip road block and speed away. Dodge the Robo Police guns and their… See Details $47.96 was $59.95
Quick View 70806 LEGO MOVIE Castle Cavalry by LEGO® On re-order $31.96 Keep a look-out for Lord Business' robots from the castle tower with the soldiers and knights. Get the crossbow ready and prepare the mobile catapult on the ground. If you see the Micro Manager trying to grab the civilians, use your creative skills to convert the castle into an armored Castle… See Details $31.96 was $39.95
Quick View LEGO Movie LED Keylight - Emmett by LEGO® Out of stock $11.95 Introducing the all new LEGO Movie LED figural Keylights! Press the button on their chests to turn on the super bright LED lights on their feet! Add to your keychain, clip onto your backapack or collect them all. Posable arms and light angling legs make this the ultimate gift for a Lego Movie fan. See Details $11.95 was
Quick View LEGO Movie LED Keylight - Bad Cop by LEGO® In Stock $11.95 Introducing the all new LEGO Movie LED figural Keylights! Press the button on their chests to turn on the super bright LED lights on their feet! Add to your keychain, clip onto your backapack or collect them all. Posable arms and light angling legs make this the ultimate gift for a Lego Movie fan. See Details $11.95 was
Quick View 75022 LEGO Star Wars Mandalorian Speeder by LEGO® In Stock $23.96 Get to the rendezvous point in the LEGO® Star Wars™ Mandalorian™ Speeder with the treacherous Sith Lord Darth Maul minifigure with mechanical legs. Plot the Mandalorian takeover and take on anyone who gets in your way with hidden flick missiles, rear weapon storage and elevating cannon! Then, face… See Details $23.96 was $29.95
Quick View LEGO Ninjago Kai's Fire Mech by LEGO® In Stock $12.95 Help the ninjas to collect the 4 elemental blades and awaken the mythical golden mech! Lord Garmadon has sent his scout to snatch the elemental blade of fire from Kai but Kai is ready and waiting in his mighty Fire Mech! The scout's crossbow weapon is no match for the mech's huge double-edged fire… See Details $12.95 was
Quick View 70803 LEGO MOVIE Cloud Cuckoo Palace by LEGO® On re-order $19.96 Revel with Unikitty in Cloud Cuckoo Land, the happiest, most positive and creative place in the universe! Join Emmet, Wyldstyle and all the master builders in this multi-colored playful paradise where the sun is always shining and a cute snail glides between the bright flowers. But beware!… See Details $19.96 was $24.95
Quick View Builders of Tomorrow® Set by LEGO® Out of stock $34.95 LEGO® bricks for endless building fun! A box with all of the basic LEGO bricks you need to build just about anything, the only limit is your imagination! See Details $34.95 was


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A Jamestown man continues to be on the run after a Friday afternoon bust took two other city men into custody.
Donald W. Dean, 38, is wanted for his connection to the methamphetamine raid at 181 Barrows St. at 5 p.m. Friday, which saw 28-year-old Joseph A. Snyder and 23-year-old Dustin R. Verrett taken into custody.
There are currently several outstanding warrants for Dean and the JPD is asking for the public's assistance locating him.
Article Photos
Donald W. Dean
Anyone who may know the whereabouts of Dean is asked to call the JPD at 483-7537 or an anonymous tip can be left at the department's tip line at 483-8477. All calls will be kept confidential.


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The World of Darkness resembles the contemporary world, but darker, more devious, more conspiratorial. Humanity is losing hope as it is secretly preyed upon and controlled by supernatural creatures such as vampires, werewolves and wraiths. One facet that sets the World of Darkness apart from most other horror fiction is that these creatures are not solitary predators to be hunted down and destroyed, but they are numerous and intelligent; enough so to form secret societies, develop various factions and allegiances, and use humans as pawns in power struggles and murderous games often lasting centuries or millennia.
However, the rising power and strength of human civilization has started to restrict their power, and an atmosphere of gloom resides over many of the games as once-almighty supernatural beings, the dark Princes and Lords of previous eras, in their turn face the bleak and unbearable prospect of a future spent struggling and shrinking under the ever-more powerful gaze and control of a world-wide technocratic cabal, which intends to stamp out mysticism - and their supernatural rivals in the same course - by making reason and science paramount. In the meantime, normal humanity, tool or prey of all factions, is oppressed and hounded in this hidden, all-encompassing conflict, barely capable of fighting and for the majority not even aware of their enemies.
Interlocking conspiracies, some mirroring those existing in our own world, some unique, can be found throughout the setting. Cabals of powerful mages, coteries of cunning vampires, and other, stranger powers vie within their own cultures and with each other for control of the world. The dichotomy between rich and poor, influential and weak, powerful and powerless, is much more pronounced than in our world. Decadence is common and corruption is everywhere. This dark reflection is seen everywhere: gargoyles and gothic construction influence architecture, while the leather look and punk atmosphere crowd the streets. Everything is as gloomy in the WoD as the most pessimistic tabloid headlines present it.
Abysmal Lynx wrote:Most werewolves couldn't give two shits about mother earth, it's all about protecting their territory, and the spirits tend to be a bigger pain then the humans.
Basically they're still trying to keep a balance, but it isn't just humans that try to throw it out of whack, and most don't care about the world at large, only the parts they control. Think less eco-terrorists and more street gangs.
cj iwakura wrote: »All the goths typically flock to Vampire, in my experience. They've never bothered me though. It's not like it doesn't fit the universe. We had an awesome Masquerade community in Tampa.
Owen Edwards wrote: »cj iwakura wrote: »All the goths typically flock to Vampire, in my experience. They've never bothered me though. It's not like it doesn't fit the universe. We had an awesome Masquerade community in Tampa.
Know a guy called Eloy Lasanta? Runs Third Eye Games, comes from a WoD background?
cj iwakura wrote: »That kind of rings a bell? Should I?
cj iwakura wrote: »As far as favorites go, Keys to the Supernal Tarot is great. The only Order sourcebook I have is Guardians of the Veil. Some great stuff in there all around.
How does Mage society not make sense, though? Five orders, Seers who act against them, and some Banishers who want to kill them all.
cj iwakura wrote: »You should talk with Krata, I think he likes Werewolf. (Not sure if he's into NW though)
cj iwakura wrote: »I'll just quote that, as I really don't know any better. You should talk with Krata, I think he likes Werewolf. (Not sure if he's into NW though)
I have never tried a WoD setting. I have only ever played D&D. But an old roommate had an old Mage books on his shelf, and I absolutely loved looking through it. The whole magic is your perception concept blew my role playing mind. The Son's of Ether spoke to me on some deep level. Wizard/Mad Scientists character where technobable was a requirement? Hells yeah!
Never found a group that wanted to try it though. And I never really wrapped my head around the mechanics, so running the game myself has never been an option. My interest in the new versions ended when I found out they threw all the coincidental/vulgar magic out the window for some tower of Atlantis fluff.
cj iwakura wrote: »If it's going to be horror based or at least supernatural and focused around mortals, then WoD is the right system to use.
Edit: For the sake of those who've never played or don't own the core rulebook, should I include a "how to create your character" writeup, or is that considered bad form to give them access to information they should only possess by owning the sourcebooks?
The Horror Recognition Guide, besides having a neat alliterative name, isn't much of a guide--it certainly won't help you with recognition of said horrors.
I purchased this book for its use as a potential prop in my existing conspiracy game. Although I'm familiar with the World of Darkness and the Hunter setting, I'm not running a Hunter game. I took the marketing text describing the book at face value: "Can be used as a prop in any Hunter: The Vigil game, or can be used by Storytellers and players as a resource from which to draw new encounter and story ideas."
The book contains a series of faux documents: hand-written diary pages, pictures, typed case files, and printouts of email correspondence. Collectively they each tell a tale of a Philadelphia Hunter cell and their encounters with the supernatural. These horrors range from your bog-standard bloodsucker to creepy cats that possess old ladies to alien doctors to something that may or may not be an ogre. In other words, standard World of Darkness stuff: werewolves, vampires, Frankenstein's monsters, dark faeries, mages, and some other weirdness.
As fiction, the stories range from entertaining to tedious. Although the Guide is supposed to be a series of documents collected to tell a story, the various pieces often read as if they were verbatim fiction--which they are. The journals are a little too coherent and verbose. Still, this is all about crafting a story from multiple sources and the premise holds up across the stories.
A few entries stand out. Blood Dolls is about vampires, which at this point have been so thoroughly covered that it's difficult to write anything new and interesting about them. Fortunately, the author gets this and shifts gears from fiction to one of the better pieces in the book--a how-to guide on capturing an inanimate vampire. Unfortunately, the only other place an official document appears dealing with horrors is Gnosopharm, which actually makes mages (if I'm interpreting the story correctly) scary.
Ten Photos, on the other hand, works because it's so utterly unhinged from the tidy hierarchy of horrors in the World of Darkness. The pictures are bizarre and disturbing. Because it's so vague, Storytellers have a lot of leeway to invent the stories behind each photo.
As a role-playing supplement, the Guide is far less successful. Many of the tales are actually resolved by the hunters, leaving a prospective Storyteller without an easy hook to work with. Others are so frustratingly vague as to be of no use - you could just as easily pick up a random weird story from the Internet and use that instead.
Since it's a non-standard size with a wide binding, photocopying the book is problematic. The alternative is to just hand the players the book, which seems a bit overwhelming given that any particular scenario is likely to focus only on one chapter. As an electronic .PDF, the Guide is a much more flexible prop. As a printed book, not so much.


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A military initiative meant to open the design of military vehicles to everyone started registration Tuesday, marking the first step in the way equipment like tanks and fighter jets are designed.
For decades, the Department of Defense and its network of contractors have designed and manufactured vehicles and other tools in more or less the same way: Essentially, a single contractor develops a prototype, which is then manufactured, tested, reviewed and revised. That might have worked in the 1950s and 1960s, but the process has become so long and complex that the Pentagon has spent billions upon billions on dead-end projects.
At least part of the process needed to be rethought, and DARPA's "Adaptive Vehicle Make" project is the result. It treats development less as a special design case and more like a big bucket full of LEGO blocks.
The DoD is taking all the parts you might need to build the "Fast, Adaptable, Next-Generation Ground Vehicle" (FANG) and making them all available for mixing and matching using a suite of powerful online tools the department calls VehicleFORGE. Anyone can piece together an engine and drivetrain and submit it for evaluation.
Of course, the point isn't to have amateurs putting together pieces of junk, although plenty of failed designs are expected. The library of parts is even called C2M2L, or "camel," a nod to the original collaborative design failure ("a horse designed by committee"). But the DoD also expects talented non-military individuals and teams to do a lot of really valuable design work — motivated, of course, by a million-dollar prize.
The creation process is extremely flexible: Teams can compare and fit together existing parts, view them in a collaborative CAD environment, modify the size and materials, and even submit their own designs. The winner will be judged on a set of design requirements such as cost, speed, weight, resilience and so on.
Tuesday brought a DARPA briefing and the opening of the contest website for registration; the tools themselves are still under construction, though they were complete enough for demonstration (you can download the presentation here; the demo starts at 9:45). The design process will start in mid-January, when the tools and libraries are set to be made available.
The first phase of the contest, teams will have three months to design the FANG's drivetrain — after that is finalized, the winning design will be passed on to another contest to design the chassis, and then the winner of that will go on to a third and final contest to design the production vehicle itself.
You can learn more about the project, or register to participate, at DARPA's VehicleFORGE website.
Devin Coldewey is a contributing writer for NBC News Digital. His personal website is coldewey.cc.


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EconlibThe LibraryOther Sites |
Return to Title Page for Friends of the Constitution: Writings of the "Other" Federalists, 1787-1788The Online Library of LibertyA project of Liberty Fund, Inc.Search this Title:Also in the Library:
Benjamin Franklin Speech - Colleen A. Sheehan, Friends of the Constitution: Writings of the "Other" Federalists, 1787-1788 [1998]Edition used:Friends of the Constitution: Writings of the "Other" Federalists, 1787-1788, edited by Colleen A. Sheehan and Gary L. McDowell (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1998).
About Liberty Fund:Liberty Fund, Inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. Copyright information:The copyright to this edition, in both print and electronic forms, is held by Liberty Fund, Inc. Fair use statement:This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit.
Benjamin Franklin
The Federal Convention, 17 September 1787 Like Washington's, the views of Benjamin Franklin on the proposed Constitution carried great weight in the minds of his countrymen. In the final session of the Constitutional Convention on 17 September, Franklin gave James Wilson a speech to read which contained the elder statesman's reasons for assenting to the proposed document. Two days later the Pennsylvania Gazette reported that the speech was "extremely sensible" and that Franklin's support of the Constitution would recommend it to his fellow Pennsylvanians. At the request of Nathaniel Gorham, a delegate to the Convention from Massachusetts, Franklin provided him a version of the speech; Gorham's hope was that its publication in Massachusetts would influence those in his state who were still opposed to the document's ratification. Gorham deleted some portions of the speech and it appeared in the Boston Gazette on 3 December; this is also the version which appears here. By 21 December, the speech was reprinted twenty-six times. I confess that I do not entirely approve of this Constitution at present, but Sir, I am not sure I shall never approve it: For having lived long, I have experienced many Instances of being oblig'd, by better Information or fuller Consideration, to change Opinions even on important Subjects, which I once thought right, but found to be otherwise. It is therefore that the older I grow the more apt I am to doubt my own Judgment and to pay more Respect to the Judgment of others. Most Men indeed as well as most Sects in Religion, think themselves in Possession of all Truth, and that wherever others differ from them it is so far Error. [Sir Richard] Steele, a Protestant, in a Dedication tells the Pope, that the only Difference between our two Churches in their Opinions of the Certainty of their Doctrine, is, the Romish Church is infallible, and the Church of England is never in the Wrong. But tho' many private Persons think almost as highly of their own Infallibility, as that of their Sect, few express it so naturally as a certain French lady, who in a little Dispute with her Sister, said, I don't know how it happens, Sister, but I meet with no body but myself that's always in the right. In these Sentiments, Sir, I agree to this Constitution, with all its Faults, if they are such: because I think a General Government necessary for us, and there is no Form of Government but what may be a Blessing to the People if well administred; and I believe farther that this is likely to be well administred for a Course of Years, and can only end in Despotism as other Forms have done before it, when the People shall become so corrupted as to need Despotic Government, being incapable of any other. I doubt too whether any other Convention we can obtain, may be able to make a better Constitution: For when you assemble a Number of Men to have the Advantage of their joint Wisdom, you inevitably assemble with those Men all their Prejudices, their Passions, their Errors of Opinion, their local Interests, and their selfish Views. From such an Assembly can a perfect Production be expected? It therefore astonishes me, Sir, to find this System approaching so near to Perfection as it does; and I think it will astonish our Enemies, who are waiting with Confidence to hear that our Councils are confounded, like those of the Builders of Babel, and that our States are on the Point of Separation, only to meet hereafter for the Purpose of cutting one another's Throats. Thus I consent, Sir, to this Constitution because I expect no better, and because I am not sure that it is not the best. Much of the Strength and Efficiency of any Government, in procuring & securing Happiness to the People depends on Opinion, on the general Opinion of the Goodness of that Government as well as of the Wisdom & Integrity of its Governors. I hope therefore that for our own Sakes, as a Part of the People, and for the Sake of our Posterity, we shall act heartily & unanimously in recommending this Constitution, wherever our Influence may extend, and turn our future Thoughts and Endeavours to the Means of having it well administred.— On the whole, Sir, I cannot help expressing a Wish, that every Member of the Convention, who may still have Objections to it, would with me on this Occasion doubt a little of his own Infallibility, and to make manifest our Unanimity, put his Name to this Instrument.— Energetic but Limited GovernmentThe debate between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists over the nature of the Union led naturally to the issue of governmental power and responsibility. The question was not only about the power of the central government vis à vis the states but also and more fundamentally about the power of the national representatives vis à vis the people. Federalists and Anti-Federalists generally agreed that in a free government a due dependence of the representatives on the people was required, otherwise there was no security for the people's rights and liberties. Anti-Federalists claimed that the proposed scheme of government, with a small number of representatives governing in a large territory, did not provide for the necessary degree of responsibility and that the liberty of the people was in danger. Federalists countered this charge, arguing that in the new order interest, reputation, and duty would bind the representatives to the Constitution and public opinion. While the Federalists presented the case that the elective principle, separation of powers, bicameralism, and numerous governmental checks would work to prevent the representatives from overstepping their constitutional bounds, they did not develop a clear, united understanding about the nature of public opinion or how governmental dependence on it was to be fostered and maintained. Some Federalists echoed Anti-Federalists, arguing for a close, direct dependence of the representatives on the will of their constituents, such that the representatives would act as mirrors reflecting the people's interests and views. Unlike the Anti-Federalists, however, such Federalist writers as "Socius," "America," and Roger Sherman claimed that the proposed constitutional system was sufficient to maintain a close connection between the government and the people. The interests of the representatives and the interests of the people will be the same, they asserted. Other proponents of the Constitution, such as Fisher Ames, James Wilson, and John Dickinson, set forth a subtler theory of representation in which the governing officials were responsible to the general opinion or sense of the public but not dependent on fleeting impulses or narrow, supposed interests. While most of the leading Federalists shared in this view, their position was not without some ambiguity. United in the general claim that the authoritative force in the American republic is the reason or sense of the people, they left unresolved the issue of what precisely constituted the public sense and how it was to be achieved by the people and depended on by the representatives. Fisher Ames, for example, understood the proposed system, with its large territory and insulation from the rule of faction, to encourage a certain degree of independence in the representatives during the ordinary business of public policy-making. The power of the representatives is the power of the people, Ames said; the watchfulness of the people's representatives is the guard of the people themselves. In the delegation of power to trustees, Ames argued, the true sovereignty of the people and the real protection of liberty become manifest. John Dickinson also believed that the will of the people must be a reasonable and not a distracted will, and that it was "the sense of the people" that the representatives were to express. However Dickinson further declared that the people's will is the "superior will" and that to preserve liberty the people must "trust to their own spirit" and practice the "living principle of watchfulness and controul" over their representatives. Only a few years later, in the early 1790s, there would occur a split within the Federalist camp partly because this matter of what constituted the public sense, and a due dependence of the representatives on it, was never settled. In 1792, some of the Federalists formed the first American political party—the Republican Party—to oppose the Federalist administration of government. These former Federalists, led by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, were joined by many who had been Anti-Federalists in the 1780s. One of their major criticisms of the Federalist administration was that the government was not sufficiently responsible to public opinion, and that it was in fact charting an antirepublican course largely independent of the people themselves. The disagreement in respect to the theory of representation between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists, as well as among the Federalists themselves, points to the fundamental democratic challenge of the Founding generation: how to retain the spirit and principles of popular government without falling prey to its defects. The leading Federalist argument demonstrated that if representation was merely a vehicle for the expression of the narrow, unmodified interests and views of the populace, then the defects of democracy are not cured. What was necessary, powerful Federalist voices contended, was the establishment of a constitutional system that effectively placed limitations on the power of governmental officials so that they could not tyrannize over the people and that also controlled the collective power of the people so that they could not tyrannize over themselves. The solution they offered is summed up in the term "constitutionalism." American constitutionalism meant that the people are sovereign and the supreme law of the land is of their own making. Further it involved the republican idea that the people never act directly but only through the refining filter of representation. The representatives are dependent on the people's authority, but they are responsible first and foremost to the Constitution because it embodies the most fundamental, sovereign power of the people and is the source of all legitimate governmental activity. Accordingly, the Constitution is a higher law than legislative law, and government is limited in its powers to those delegated to it by the people and enumerated in the Constitution. In the debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists over the need for a bill of rights, Anti-Federalists generally believed that the absence of a written declaration was a major defect of the proposed Constitution. Without a bill of rights, they claimed, the government may become one of unlimited powers and trample on the rights and liberties of the people. Most Federalists argued that a written declaration of rights was unnecessary in theory and ineffectual in practice. In practical terms, Federalists claimed that the people's rights and liberties are protected by the numerous constitutional safeguards that provide for mutual checks among the departments of government. Further, they insisted, the real security for the people's rights is achieved by connecting the interests of the rulers with the interests of the people so that the rulers will have no motive to invade the rights of the people; or they argued that the true security for rights and the preservation of liberty can only be achieved by the ongoing perseverance of a freedom-loving people of sound sense and honest hearts. In theoretical terms, many Federalists claimed that the very idea of a constitution of enumerated and limited powers removes the need for a bill of rights. Elaborating on the notion of constitutionalism, they maintained that because the people delegate power to the government, and not vice versa, all powers that are not delegated are necessarily reserved to them as men or as citizens. The enumeration of the rights of the people carries with it the potential for abuse, for in the future it may be presumed that only those rights listed belong to the people. And it would be sheer folly, they said, to attempt to enumerate all the rights of mankind. Some Federalists, James Wilson for example, demonstrated more fully the theoretical underpinnings of this argument. Wilson argued that all government derives its authority from the people, and government is obliged to act for the people; it must, however, act for the people only on the basis of the authority granted it by the people. Those who would have government do more than this misunderstand "the principle on which this system was constructed"—that is, the supreme and absolute authority of the people. The "inherent and unalienable right of the people" to establish government and organize its just powers, Wilson showed, is derived from the truths of the Declaration of Independence. In regard to the Declaration's teaching, he proclaimed: "This is the broad basis on which our independence was placed; on the same certain and solid foundation this system is erected." Precisely because the Constitution is erected on the foundation that all men are created equal and their rights are inalienable, there is no need for a bill of rights; because this is the only legitimate basis for government, there is no wisdom in risking a contrary understanding. Despite the forceful reasoning of Wilson and others, the issue of where sovereignty ultimately resides in the American republic was neither unanimously agreed to nor practically solved by the Founding generation. "Alfredus," for example, asserted that the state constitution of New Hampshire is a compact between individuals; the federal Constitution, however, "is not a compact between individuals, but between several sovereign and independent political societies already formed and organized." Although he quotes Wilson at length and claims only to add to his reasoning, one must question whether this is a mere addition or rather a radical alteration of Wilson's view. According to Wilson, not only do the American people possess supreme power, they have not and ought not "to part with it to any government whatsoever." They may delegate certain powers in such proportions to the various governments as they think appropriate, but it is they, and only they, who are and always remain supremely and absolutely sovereign. To complicate matters further, Tench Coxe blithely stated that "the contracting parties in the federal compact are the people of the several states and the federal state governments." Thus we see that during the Founding era there is not only a divergence of opinion on the issue of sovereignty but a lack of clarity in the meaning of the term itself. Indeed the word "sovereignty" was often used in two different senses—one referring only to the federal nature of the polity and the constitutional division of power between the national and state governments, and the other referring to who or what possesses the fundamental and absolutely final authority in the regime. In respect to the degree of power in the federal head, Federalists contended that in order to regulate trade, restore public and private credit, give respectability to the states both at home and abroad, safeguard property, and enlarge commerce, a federal government of limited powers but sufficient energy was absolutely necessary. Furthermore many of them forcefully attacked Anti-Federalist reasoning at its core, arguing that only a government of substantial energy can protect liberty. If the people are to retain their liberty, they must be protected against the influence of licentious passion within themselves. Thus drawing the distinction between liberty and license, Dickinson identified the issue of the character of the "predominant authority" in the polity as critical. His discussion of this issue sets forth the substantive republican grounds for the new Constitution and the corollary purpose for the principle of representation. He taught that nothing short of the formation of a people of sound, republican character will answer the cause of liberty in America. The predominance of "the true spirit of republicanism" requires that "life and vigor [be] communicated through the whole, by the popular representation of each part, and the close combination of all." |


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Local Organizations and Referrals
In addition to the organizations listed below, please call the hotline at 1-888-373-7888 or text to BeFree (233733) for specialized victim services referrals.
Covenant House Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA
Dawn's Place
Philadelphia, PA
Nationalities Service Center
Philadelphia, PA
Freedom and Restoration for Everyone Enslaved (FREE)
Reading, PA
Project to End Human Trafficking
Pittsburgh, PA
Volunteer Opportunities:
YWCA York
York County Task Force on Human Trafficking
York, PA 17403
Sexual Assault Hotline- 1-800-422-3204
Domestic Violence Hotline-1-800-262-8444
If you are interested in additional volunteer opportunities, click here.
If you are interested in receiving regular updates from the National Human Trafficking Resource Center or Polaris Project, click here.
Current state laws
Pennsylvania - Current Criminal Statutes | |
18-3001 | Definition |
18-3002 | Trafficking of persons subjected to forced labor |
18-3003 | Restitution for offenses |
18-3004 | Forfeiture |
18-911 | Definition of Racketeering Activity |
For additional information about State and Federal Policy, including pending legislation and current statutes in other states, please visit the Policy section.
For general information and additional resources about human trafficking in the United States, please visit the Resources section.
NHTRC Call Statistics
To view call statistics for Pennsylvania, click on the links below.
NHTRC Pennsylvania Report (12/7/2007 - 9/30/2013)
2013 January - June Report
2012 Annual Report
2012 Quarter 3 Report
2012 Quarter 2 Report
2012 Quarter 1 Report
2011 Annual Report
2010 Annual Report
2009 Annual Report
For general hotline statistics and reports, click here.
If you are aware of a report or publication that you would like included, please email or call the NHTRC.


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Rio slums: From no-go to must-buy
Topics: From the Wires, News
RIO DE JANEIRO (AP) — Five years ago, Rio de Janeiro's "favela" hillside slums had such a bad rap that they were virtual no-go zones, where drug lords laid down the law and outsiders set foot at their peril.
But since 2011, police have seized control of dozens of favelas from drug gangs, and things have changed so dramatically that some of the slums are now seen as hot real estate investments — so hot, in fact, that two Europeans recently locked horns in a legal battle over a battered favela house.
Rio's slum "pacification" program is part of a strategy to make the city safe ahead of the 2014 soccer World Cup and 2016 Olympics. Murder rates are down, and SecoviRio, an organization representing Rio's real estate professionals, estimates that in the 72 hours after police took the first three favelas, property prices there jumped by 50 percent — and are still climbing.
In the Vidigal slum, middle-class Brazilians and foreigners who can't afford chic Rio neighborhoods are snapping up properties wedged between tony beachfront areas like Copacabana and Ipanema.
"It used to be you'd say the word 'favela' and people would instantly think: drug trafficking, machine guns, grenades, kidnappings," said Anderson Ramos, a real estate agent with V.D.G. Imobiliaria, Vidigal's first real estate agency. "But now, you say 'favela' and they think pacification and good deals on houses."
"We're seeing upper-class people, millionaires, famous musicians practically queuing up."
Andreas Wielend, one of the two Europeans fighting over a Vidigal property, got a killer deal when he bought an abandoned cinderblock house from a German businessman in late 2009. The deal was so sweet the owner had seller's remorse. When Wielend was away on vacation last fall, the former owner took over the house and changed the locks.
"It was unbelievable," Wielend said. "This house was my baby, I worked so hard to renovate it, and then I'm kicked out on false pretenses. It was surreal."
The sparring foreigners are part of growing group of wealthy buyers keen on acquiring ocean-view properties in Vidigal that are seen as bargains in a city whose real estate prices are among the highest in the Americas.
"I hate to use the word fashion, but the favelas are in fashion, for the first time," said Leonardo Schneider, SecoviRio's vice president.


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I like the wrap around- nice color transitions also.
Taste the Rainbow boys
Nice placement of hand on joystick- I'd wear it just so people would look.
I'm liking it.
One of the better VZ here- always a true artist.
I like that u think out of the box and it was not another animal. This site needs fresh ideas badly.
I would try larger image -inner edge of lower right sun go into lower right corner
Nice - good balance if I had to wear animal t- this might be one.
try bolder size and placement. Middle is for target shooting.