text:
Omega-3 fatty acid
Types of fats in food |
See also |
Omega-3 fatty acids (also called ω-3 fatty acids or n-3 fatty acids[1]) are polyunsaturated fatty acids with a double bond (C=C) at the third carbon atom from the end of the carbon chain. The fatty acids have two ends, the carboxylic acid (-COOH) end, which is considered the beginning of the chain, thus "alpha", and the methyl (CH3) end, which is considered the "tail" of the chain, thus "omega." The nomenclature of the fatty acid is taken from the location of the first double bond, counted from the methyl end, that is, the omega (ω-) or the n- end.
The three types of omega-3 fatty acids involved in human physiology are ALA (found in plant oils), EPA, and DHA (both commonly found in marine oils). Common sources of animal omega-3 EPA and DHA fatty acids include fish oils, egg oil, squid oils, krill oil, while some plant oils contain the omega 3 ALA fatty acid such as seabuckthorn seed and berry oils, clary sage seed oil, algal oil, flaxseed oil, Sacha Inchi oil, Echium oil, and hemp oil.
Omega-3 fatty acids are vital for normal metabolism but some of the potential health benefits of supplementation are controversial. Omega-3s are considered essential fatty acids, meaning that they cannot be synthesized by the human body -except that mammals have a limited ability, when the diet includes the shorter-chain omega-3 fatty acid ALA (α-linolenic acid, 18 carbons and 3 double bonds), to form the more important long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20 carbons and 5 double bonds) and then from EPA, the most crucial, DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22 carbons and 6 double bonds) with even greater inefficiency. The ability to make the longer-chain omega-3 fatty acids from ALA may also be impaired in aging.[2][3] In foods exposed to air, unsaturated fatty acids are vulnerable to oxidation and rancidity.[4] Fish are much more efficient than mammals at converting the ALA to the EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids.[citation needed]
Health effects[edit]
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Supplementation does not appear to be associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality.[5]
The evidence linking the consumption of fish to the risk of cancer is poor.[6] Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids does not appear to affect this either.[7]
A 2006 review concluded that there was no link between omega-3 fatty acids consumption and cancer.[8] This is similar to the findings of a review of studies up to February 2002 that failed to find clear effects of long and shorter chain omega-3 fats on total risk of death, combined cardiovascular events and cancer.[9][10] In those with advanced cancer and cachexia, omega-3 fatty acids supplements may be of benefit, improving appetite, weight, and quality of life.[11] There is tentative evidence that marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce the risk of breast cancer but this is not conclusive.[12][13]
The effect of consumption on prostate cancer is not conclusive.[13] There is a decreased risk with higher blood levels of DPA, but an increased risk of more aggressive prostate cancer with higher blood levels of combined EPA and DHA (found in fatty fish oil).[14]
Cardiovascular disease[edit]
Evidence does not support a beneficial role for omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in preventing cardiovascular disease (including myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death) or stroke.[5][15] Fish oil supplementation has not been shown to benefit revascularization or arrythmia and has no effect on heart failure admission rates.[16] Eating a diet high in fish that contain long chain omega-3 fatty acids does appear to decrease the risk of stroke.[17]
Large amounts may increase low-density lipoproteins (LDL) (see below), up to 46%, although LDL changes from small to larger, buoyant, less atherogenic particles.[18]
Omega-3 fatty acids may have a modest effect on systolic blood pressure, though studies have produced inconsistent results.[19] The 18 carbon α-linolenic acid (ALA) has not been shown to have the same cardiovascular benefits that DHA or EPA may have.[20]
Some evidence suggests that people with certain circulatory problems, such as varicose veins, may benefit from the consumption of EPA and DHA, which may stimulate blood circulation, increase the breakdown of fibrin, a compound involved in clot and scar formation, and, in addition, may reduce blood pressure.[21][22] Evidently, omega-3 fatty acids reduce blood triglyceride levels,[23][24][25] and regular intake may reduce the risk of secondary and primary heart attack.[26] ALA does not confer the cardiovascular health benefits of EPA and DHA.[27]
Large amounts may increase the risk of hemorrhagic stroke in women; lower amounts are not related to this risk.[28]
Although not confirmed as an approved health claim, current research suggests that the anti-inflammatory activity of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids may translate into clinical effects.[29]
For rheumatoid arthritis (RA), one systematic review found a consistent, but modest, evidence for the effect of marine n-3 PUFAs on symptoms such as "joint swelling and pain, duration of morning stiffness, global assessments of pain and disease activity" as well as the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.[30] However, the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) has stated that there may be modest benefit from the use of fish oils, but that it may take months for effects to be seen, and cautions for possible gastrointestinal side effects and the possibility of the supplements containing mercury or vitamin A at toxic levels. Due to the lack of regulations for safety and efficacy, the ACR does not recommend herbal supplements and feels there is an overall lack of "sound scientific evidence" for their use.[31] The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine has concluded there is "no dietary supplement has shown clear benefits for RA", but that there is preliminary evidence that fish oil may be beneficial, and called for further study.[32]
Developmental disorders[edit]
Although not supported by current scientific evidence as a primary treatment for ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, and other developmental differences,[33][34] omega-3 fatty acids have gained popularity for children with these conditions.[33]
A Cochrane review found "there is little evidence that PUFA supplementation provides any benefit for the symptoms of ADHD in children and adolescents",[35] while a different review found "insufficient evidence to draw any conclusion about the use of PUFAs for children with specific learning disorders."[36] Another review concluded that the evidence is inconclusive for the use of omega-3 fatty acids in behavior and non-neurodegenerative neuropsychiatric disorders such ADHD and depression.[37] A different systematic review concluded there is a modest effect for omega-3 fatty acids in ADHD, but its effect is less than more traditional pharmaceutical medications.[38]
Fish oil has only a small benefit on the risk of early birth.[39][40]
Mental health[edit]
There is some evidence that omega-3 fatty acids are related to mental health,[41] including that they may tentatively be useful as an add-on for the treatment of depression associated with bipolar disorder[42] and there is preliminary evidence that EPA supplementation is helpful in cases of depression.[43] There is, however, a significant difficulty in interpreting the literature due to participant recall and systematic differences in diets.[44]
Cognitive aging[edit]
Epidemiological studies suggest that consumption of omega-3 fatty acids can reduce the risk of dementia, but evidence of a treatment effect in dementia patients is inconclusive.[45] However, clinical evidence suggests benefits of treatment specifically in patients who show signs of cognitive decline but who are not sufficiently impaired to meet criteria for dementia.[46]
Omega-3 fatty acids that are important in human physiology are α-linolenic acid (18:3, n-3; ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n-3; EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, n-3; DHA). These three polyunsaturates have either 3, 5, or 6 double bonds in a carbon chain of 18, 20, or 22 carbon atoms, respectively. As with most naturally-produced fatty acids, all double bonds are in the cis-configuration, in other words, the two hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bond; and the double bonds are interrupted by methylene bridges (-CH
2-), so that there are two single bonds between each pair of adjacent double bonds.[citation needed]
List of omega-3 fatty acids[edit]
This table lists several different names for the most common omega-3 fatty acids found in nature.
Common name | Lipid name | Chemical name |
Hexadecatrienoic acid (HTA) | 16:3 (n-3) | all-cis-7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic acid |
α-Linolenic acid (ALA) | 18:3 (n-3) | all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid |
Stearidonic acid (SDA) | 18:4 (n-3) | all-cis-6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acid |
Eicosatrienoic acid (ETE) | 20:3 (n-3) | all-cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid |
Eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA) | 20:4 (n-3) | all-cis-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid |
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) | 20:5 (n-3) | all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid |
Heneicosapentaenoic acid (HPA) | 21:5 (n-3) | all-cis-6,9,12,15,18-heneicosapentaenoic acid |
Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), Clupanodonic acid |
22:5 (n-3) | all-cis-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic acid |
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) | 22:6 (n-3) | all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid |
Tetracosapentaenoic acid | 24:5 (n-3) | all-cis-9,12,15,18,21-tetracosapentaenoic acid |
Tetracosahexaenoic acid (Nisinic acid) | 24:6 (n-3) | all-cis-6,9,12,15,18,21-tetracosahexaenoic acid |
Mechanism of action[edit]
The 'essential' fatty acids were given their name when researchers found that they are essential to normal growth in young children and animals, though the modern definition of 'essential' is more strict. A small amount of omega-3 in the diet (~1% of total calories) enabled normal growth, and increasing the amount had little to no additional effect on growth.[47]
Likewise, researchers found that omega-6 fatty acids (such as γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid) play a similar role in normal growth. However, they also found that omega-6 was "better" at supporting dermal integrity, renal function, and parturition. These preliminary findings led researchers to concentrate their studies on omega-6, and it is only in recent decades that omega-3 has become of interest.[47]
In 1964, it was discovered that enzymes found in sheep tissues convert omega-6 arachidonic acid into the inflammatory agent called prostaglandin E,2,[48] which both causes the sensation of pain and expedites healing and immune response in traumatized and infected tissues.[47] By 1979, more of what are now known as eicosanoids were discovered: thromboxanes, prostacyclins, and the leukotrienes.[47] The eicosanoids, which have important biological functions, typically have a short active lifetime in the body, starting with synthesis from fatty acids and ending with metabolism by enzymes. However, if the rate of synthesis exceeds the rate of metabolism, the excess eicosanoids may have deleterious effects.[47] Researchers found that certain omega-3 fatty acids are also converted into eicosanoids, but at a much slower rate. Eicosanoids made from omega-3 fatty acids are often referred to as anti-inflammatory, but in fact they are just less inflammatory than those made from omega-6 fats. If both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are present, they will "compete" to be transformed,[47] so the ratio of long-chain omega-3:omega-6 fatty acids directly affects the type of eicosanoids that are produced.[47]
This competition was recognized as important when it was found that thromboxane is a factor in the clumping of platelets, which can both cause death by thrombosis and prevent death by bleeding. Likewise, the leukotrienes were found to be important in immune/inflammatory-system response, and therefore relevant to arthritis, lupus, asthma, and recovery from infections. These discoveries led to greater interest in finding ways to control the synthesis of omega-6 eicosanoids. The simplest way would be by consuming more omega-3 and fewer omega-6 fatty acids.[47]
They are required during the prenatal period for the formation of synapses and cell membranes. These processes are also essential in postnatal human development for injury response of the central nervous system and retinal stimulation.[49]
Conversion efficiency of ALA to EPA and DHA[edit]
Men's bodies convert short-chain omega-3 fatty acids to long-chain forms (EPA, DHA) with an efficiency below 5%.[50][51] The omega-3 conversion efficiency is greater in women, but less-studied.[52]
These conversions occur competitively with omega-6 fatty acids, which are essential closely related chemical analogues that are derived from linoleic acid. Both the omega-3 α-linolenic acid and omega-6 linoleic acid must be obtained from food. Synthesis of the longer omega-3 fatty acids from linolenic acid within the body is competitively slowed by the omega-6 analogues. Thus, accumulation of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in tissues is more effective when they are obtained directly from food or when competing amounts of omega-6 analogs do not greatly exceed the amounts of omega-3.[citation needed]
The conversion of ALA to EPA and further to DHA in humans has been reported to be limited, but varies with individuals.[53][54] Women have higher ALA conversion efficiency than men, which is presumed[citation needed] to be due to the lower rate of use of dietary ALA for beta-oxidation. This suggests that biological engineering of ALA conversion efficiency is possible. Goyens et al. argue that it is the absolute amount of ALA, rather than the ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, that controls the conversion efficiency.[55]
The omega-6 to omega-3 ratio[edit]
Some older clinical studies[47][56] indicate that the ingested ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 (especially linoleic vs alpha-linolenic) fatty acids is important to maintaining cardiovascular health. However, three studies published in 2005, 2007 and 2008, including a randomized controlled trial, found that, while omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are extremely beneficial in preventing heart disease in humans, the levels of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (and, therefore, the ratios) did not matter.[57][58][59]
Both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are essential; i.e., humans must consume them in their diet. Omega-6 and omega-3 eighteen-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids compete for the same metabolic enzymes, thus the omega-6:omega-3 ratio of ingested fatty acids has significant influence on the ratio and rate of production of eicosanoids, a group of hormones intimately involved in the body's inflammatory and homeostatic processes, which include the prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes, among others. Altering this ratio can change the body's metabolic and inflammatory state.[60] In general, grass-fed animals accumulate more omega-3 than do grain-fed animals, which accumulate relatively more omega-6.[61] Metabolites of omega-6 are more inflammatory (esp. arachidonic acid) than those of omega-3. This necessitates that omega-6 and omega-3 be consumed in a balanced proportion; healthy ratios of omega-6:omega-3, according to some authors, range from 1:1 to 1:4 (an individual needs more omega-3 than omega-6).[62] Other authors believe that ratio 4:1 (when the amount of omega-6 is only 4 times greater than that of omega-3) is already healthy.[63][64] Studies suggest the evolutionary human diet, rich in game animals, seafood, and other sources of omega-3, may have provided such a ratio.[65][66]
Typical Western diets provide ratios of between 10:1 and 30:1 (i.e., dramatically higher levels of omega-6 than omega-3).[67] The ratios of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids in some common vegetable oils are: canola 2:1, hemp 2-3:1,[68] soybean 7:1, olive 3–13:1, sunflower (no omega-3), flax 1:3,[69] cottonseed (almost no omega-3), peanut (no omega-3), grapeseed oil (almost no omega-3) and corn oil 46:1 ratio of omega-6 to omega-3.[70]
Although omega-3 fatty acids have been known as essential to normal growth and health since the 1930s, awareness of their health benefits has dramatically increased since the 1980s.[71][72]
On September 8, 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration gave "qualified health claim" status to EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids, stating, "supportive but not conclusive research shows that consumption of EPA and DHA [omega-3] fatty acids may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease."[73] This updated and modified their health risk advice letter of 2001 (see below). As of this writing, regulatory agencies[who?] do not accept that there is sufficient evidence for any of the suggested benefits of DHA and EPA other than for cardiovascular health, and further claims should be treated with caution.
The Canadian Government has recognized the importance of DHA omega-3 and permits the following biological role claim for DHA: "DHA, an omega-3 fatty acid, supports the normal development of the brain, eyes and nerves."[74]
Dietary sources[edit]
Common name | grams omega-3 |
Herring, sardines | 1.3–2 |
Mackerel: Spanish/Atlantic/Pacific | 1.1–1.7 |
Salmon | 1.1–1.9 |
Halibut | 0.60–1.12 |
Tuna | 0.21–1.1 |
Swordfish | 0.97 |
Greenshell/lipped mussels | 0.95[77] |
Tilefish | 0.9 |
Tuna (canned, light) | 0.17–0.24 |
Pollock | 0.45 |
Cod | 0.15–0.24 |
Catfish | 0.22–0.3 |
Flounder | 0.48 |
Grouper | 0.23 |
Mahi mahi | 0.13 |
Orange roughy | 0.028 |
Red snapper | 0.29 |
Shark | 0.83 |
King mackerel | 0.36 |
Hoki (blue grenadier) | 0.41[77] |
Gemfish | 0.40[77] |
Blue eye cod | 0.31[77] |
Sydney rock oysters | 0.30[77] |
Tuna, canned | 0.23[77] |
Snapper | 0.22[77] |
Eggs, large regular | 0.109[77] |
Strawberry or Kiwifruit | 0.10-0.20 |
Broccoli | 0.10-0.20 |
Barramundi, saltwater | 0.100[77] |
Giant tiger prawn | 0.100[77] |
Lean red meat | 0.031[77] |
Turkey | 0.030[77] |
Cereals, rice, pasta, etc. | 0.00[77] |
Fruit | 0.00[77] |
Milk, regular | 0.00[77] |
Bread, regular | 0.00[77] |
Vegetables | 0.00[77] |
Daily values[edit]
As macronutrients, fats are not assigned Dietary Reference Intakes. Macronutrients have acceptable intake (AI) levels and acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDRs) instead of RDAs. The AI for omega-3 is 1.6 grams/day for men and 1.1 grams/day for women, while the AMDR is 0.6% to 1.2% of total energy.[78]
A growing body of literature suggests that higher intakes of α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may afford some degree of protection against coronary disease. Because the physiological potency of EPA and DHA is much greater than that of ALA, it is not possible to estimate one AMDR for all omega-3 fatty acids. Approximately 10 percent of the AMDR can be consumed as EPA and/or DHA."[78] There was insufficient evidence as of 2005 to set an upper tolerable limit for omega-3 fatty acids.[78]
Heavy metal poisoning by the body's accumulation of traces of heavy metals, in particular mercury, lead, nickel, arsenic, and cadmium, is a possible risk from consuming fish oil supplements.[medical citation needed] Also, other contaminants (PCBs, furans, dioxins, and PBDEs) might be found, especially in less-refined fish oil supplements.[citation needed] In reality, however, heavy metal toxicity from consuming fish oil supplements is highly unlikely, because heavy metals selectively bind with protein in the fish flesh rather than accumulate in the oil. An independent test in 2005 of 44 fish oils on the US market found all of the products passed safety standards for potential contaminants.[79][unreliable source?]
The FDA has advised that adults can safely consume a total of 3 grams per day of combined DHA and EPA, with no more than 2 g per day coming from dietary supplements.[80]
Throughout their history, the Council for Responsible Nutrition and the World Health Organization have published acceptable standards regarding contaminants in fish oil. The most stringent current standard is the International Fish Oils Standard.[81][non-primary source needed] Fish oils that are molecularly distilled under vacuum typically make this highest-grade, and have measurable levels of contaminants (measured parts per billion and parts per trillion).[citation needed]
A recent trend has been to fortify food with omega-3 fatty acid supplements. Global food companies have launched omega-3 fatty acid fortified bread, mayonnaise, pizza, yogurt, orange juice, children's pasta, milk, eggs, popcorn, confections, and infant formula.[citation needed]
The American Heart Association has set up dietary recommendations for EPA and DHA due to their cardiovascular benefits: Individuals with no history of coronary heart disease or myocardial infarction should consume oily fish or fish oils two times per week; those having been diagnosed with coronary heart disease after infarction should consume 1 g EPA and DHA per day from oily fish or supplements; those wishing to lower blood triglycerides should consume 2–4 g of EPA and DHA per day in the form of supplements.[82][dated info]
The most widely available dietary source of EPA and DHA is cold water oily fish, such as salmon, herring, mackerel, anchovies, and sardines. Oils from these fish have a profile of around seven times as much omega-3 as omega-6. Other oily fish, such as tuna, also contain n-3 in somewhat lesser amounts. Consumers of oily fish should be aware of the potential presence of heavy metals and fat-soluble pollutants like PCBs and dioxins, which are known to accumulate up the food chain. After extensive review, researchers from Harvard's School of Public Health in the Journal of the American Medical Association (2006) reported that the benefits of fish intake generally far outweigh the potential risks. Although fish are a dietary source of omega-3 fatty acids, fish do not synthesize them; they obtain them from the algae (microalgae in particular) or plankton in their diets.[83]
Fish oil[edit]
Marine and freshwater fish oil vary in content of arachidonic acid, EPA and DHA.[84] They also differ in their effects on organ lipids.[84] Not all forms of fish oil may be equally digestible. Of four studies that compare bioavailability of the glyceryl ester form of fish oil vs. the ethyl ester form, two have concluded the natural glyceryl ester form is better, and the other two studies did not find a significant difference. No studies have shown the ethyl ester form to be superior, although it is cheaper to manufacture.[85][86]
Krill oil is a newly[when?] discovered source of omega-3 fatty acids. Various claims are made in support of krill oil as a superior[citation needed] source of omega-3 fatty acids. The effect of krill oil, at a lower dose of EPA + DHA (62.8%), was demonstrated to be similar to that of fish oil.[87]
Calamari oil[edit]
Calamari oil (also known as Squid oil) is another source of omega-3 fatty acid.[88] Calamari is considered to be more environmentally friendly than fish or krill oil, due to it being prepared from the largely unused portions of calamari catches.[89]
Plant sources[edit]
These tables are incomplete.
Table 1. ALA content as the percentage of the seed oil.[90]
Common name | Alternative name | Linnaean name | % ALA |
Kiwifruit | Chinese gooseberry | Actinidia deliciosa | 63[91] |
Perilla | shiso | Perilla frutescens | 61 |
Chia seed | chia sage | Salvia hispanica | 58 |
Flax | linseed | Linum usitatissimum | 53[92] – 59[93] |
Lingonberry | Cowberry | Vaccinium vitis-idaea | 49 |
Camelina | Gold-of-pleasure | Camelina sativa | 36 |
Purslane | Portulaca | Portulaca oleracea | 35 |
Black raspberry | Rubus occidentalis | 33 | |
Hemp | Cannabis sativa | 19 | |
Canola | 9[92] – 11 |
Table 2. ALA content as the percentage of the whole food.[92][94]
Common name | Linnaean name | % ALA |
Flaxseed | Linum usitatissimum | 18.1 |
Butternuts | Juglans cinerea | 8.7 |
Hempseed | Cannabis sativa | 8.7 |
Persian walnuts | Juglans regia | 6.3 |
Pecan nuts | Carya illinoinensis | 0.6 |
Hazel nuts | Corylus avellana | 0.1 |
Flaxseed (or linseed) (Linum usitatissimum) and its oil are perhaps the most widely available botanical source of the omega-3 fatty acid ALA. Flaxseed oil consists of approximately 55% ALA, which makes it six times richer than most fish oils in omega-3 fatty acids.[95] A portion of this is converted by the body to EPA and DHA, though the actual converted percentage may differ between men and women.[96]
100 g of the leaves of Purslane contains 300–400 mg ALA.[97]
In 2013 Rothamsted Research in the UK reported they had developed a genetically modified form of the plant Camelina that produced EPA and DHA. Oil from the seeds of this plant contained on average 11% EPA and 8% DHA in one development and 24% EPA in another.[98][99]
Eggs produced by hens fed a diet of greens and insects contain higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids than those produced by chickens fed corn or soybeans.[100] In addition to feeding chickens insects and greens, fish oils may be added to their diets to increase the omega-3 fatty acid concentrations in eggs.[101]
The addition of flax and canola seeds to the diets of chickens, both good sources of alpha-linolenic acid, increases the omega-3 content of the eggs, predominantly DHA.[102]
The addition of green algae or seaweed to the diets boosts the content of DHA and EPA content, which are the forms of omega-3 approved by the FDA for medical claims. A common consumer complaint is "Omega-3 eggs can sometimes have a fishy taste if the hens are fed marine oils."[103]
Omega 3 fatty acids are formed in the chloroplasts of green leaves and algae. While seaweeds and algae are the source of omega 3 fatty acids present in fish, grass is the source of omega 3 fatty acids present in grass fed animals.[104] When cattle are taken off omega 3 fatty acid rich grass and shipped to a feedlot to be fattened on omega 3 fatty acid deficient grain, they begin losing their store of this beneficial fat. Each day that an animal spends in the feedlot, the amount of omega 3 fatty acids in its meat is diminished.[105]
The omega-6-to-omega-3 ratio of grass-fed beef is about 2:1, making it a more useful source of omega-3 than grain-fed beef, which usually has a ratio of 4:1.[61]
In a 2009 joint study by the USDA and researchers at Clemson University in South Carolina, grass-fed beef was compared with grain-finished beef. The researchers found that grass-finished beef is higher in moisture content, 42.5% lower total lipid content, 54% lower in total fatty acids, 54% higher in beta-carotene, 288% higher in vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), higher in the B-vitamins thiamin and riboflavin, higher in the minerals calcium, magnesium, and potassium, 193% higher in total omega-3s, 117% higher in CLA (cis-9 trans-11, which is a potential cancer fighter), 90% higher in vaccenic acid (which can be transformed into CLA), lower in the saturated fats linked with heart disease, and has a healthier ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids (1.65 vs 4.84). Protein and cholesterol content were equal.[61]
In most countries, commercially available lamb is typically grass-fed, and thus higher in omega-3 than other grain-fed or grain-finished meat sources. In the United States, lamb is often finished (i.e., fattened before slaughter) with grain, resulting in lower omega-3.[106]
The omega-3 content of chicken meat may be enhanced by increasing the animals' dietary intake of grains high in omega-3, such as flax, chia, and canola.[107]
Kangaroo meat is also a source of omega-3, with fillet and steak containing 74 mg per 100 g of raw meat.[108]
Mammalian brains and eyes[edit]
The brains and eyes of mammals are extremely rich in DHA as well as other omega-3 fatty acids.[109] DHA is a major structural component of the mammalian brain, and is in fact the most abundant omega-3 fatty acid in the brain.[110]
Seal oil[edit]
Seal oil is a source of EPA, DPA, and DHA. According to Health Canada, it helps to support the development of the brain, eyes, and nerves in children up to 12 years of age.[111] However, like all seal products, it is not allowed for import into the European Union.[112]
Other sources[edit]
The microalgae Crypthecodinium cohnii and Schizochytrium are rich sources of DHA but not EPA, and can be produced commercially in bioreactors.[citation needed]
Oil from brown algae (kelp) is a source of EPA.[113]
In 2006 the Journal of Dairy Science published a study entitled, "The Linear Relationship between the Proportion of Fresh Grass in the Cow Diet, Milk Fatty Acid Composition, and Butter Properties". The study found that butter made from the milk of grass-fed cows contains substantially more CLA, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and omega-3 fatty acids than butter made from the milk of cows that have limited access to pasture. It was also found that the more fresh pasture in the cow's diet the softer the butter.[114]
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Further reading[edit]
- Allport, Susan. The Queen of Fats: Why Omega-3s Were Removed from the Western Diet and What We Can Do to Replace Them. University of California Press, September 2006. ISBN 978-0-520-24282-1.
- Chow, Ching Kuang. Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications. Routledge Publishing. New York. 2001.
- Clover, Charles. The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat. Ebury Press, London 2004. ISBN 0-09-189780-7
- Stoll, Andrew L. The Omega-3 Connection. Simon & Schuster 2001. ISBN 0-684-87138-6.
External links[edit]
- University of Maryland Medical Center, omega-3 Fatty Acids
- MedlinePlus Herbs and Supplements: Omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil, alpha-linolenic acid


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Russ March 28, 2011
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- Super hot and very sexy real life girlfriend toying and masturbating her pussy with a huge dildo

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ITC to investigate HTC complaint against Apple
The U.S. International Trade Commission announced today that its members have voted to begin an investigation on HTC's behalf into whether Apple infringes on HTC's intellectual property with its mobile phones, tablets, and computers.
HTC first filed its complaint, the latest against the Cupertino, Calif.-based consumer electronics giant, last month, saying Apple was infringing on two of its patents. The Taiwanese handset manufacturer seeks to halt the importation of Apple products into the U.S., as well as compensatory damages, and three times the normal damages for willful infringement.
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text:
You said it. I didnt wake up till 2
You said it. I didnt wake up till 2
Slacker. Lol.Originally Posted by DevilDogMP
I felt good sleeping thoo!
Love the time change, no more running in the dark.
I love the time change too. I use it as an excuse every time!
For what? Early to work.
Probably to skip out on work lol
Puppies will make her move.
She is a she right?
Yes she is a she....


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NOAA > NESDIS > NGDC > MGGD > Bathymetry & Relief > Multibeam | privacy policy |
Comments |
Data for this cruise was original received by NAVO and assigned cruiseID HEN0409P. kjs - later found that the cruise was conducted by James V. Gardner at UNH and had cruiseID HEN04-3. Gardner resubmitted the data. Version1 is Gardners version, Version2 is version from NAVO. |


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The EFEX Department offers undergraduate level coursework to students interested in working with individuals with disabilities but who are not seeking teacher licensure.
The EFEX Department offers an 18-hour undergraduate minor. The undergraduate minor is designed for students who wish to acquire professional knowledge related to working with individuals with disabilities but who do not want to pursue teacher licensure in special education.
See program requirements and contact the advisor for the exceptional education minor for more information.
√ Students in the exceptional education minor must meet with their advisor to sign a Declaration of Minor Form and outline an approved program of study at the beginning of their coursework.
√ The minor must be declared no later than the end of the first semester of a student's Junior Year.
√ Students should meet yearly with their advisor.
The Undergraduate Non-Teaching Minor is designed for students from programs outside of EXED (Communication Science Disorders, Psychology, Elementary Education, Secondary Education, etc.) who desire to learn more about persons with disabilities. The minor is not an endorsement or license for working with special education students. The completion of 18 credit hours of course credit is required for the minor.
√ All students seeking to complete the minor must meet with their non-teaching program advisor to develop an approved program of study. Any changes in that program MUST be approved by the advisor.
√ The minor must be declared no later than the end of the first semester of a student's Junior year.
√ Total of 18 Credits must be completed from the courses listed in this document. Twelve (12) credit hours of coursework are required while the other 6 consist of elective courses. Some electives are open to everyone, while others are only open to those who are IDLS majors and teaching minors. Please do not confuse the two.
√ Must earn a "C" or better in courses for credits to count towards minor (grades of "C-" and below do not count toward the non-teaching minor).
EXED 200 is a pre-requisite to all other minor courses except EXED 440, and therefore, must be taken before any other courses. Courses taken out of sequence without permission from the advisor may not be approved for use toward the minor.
√ All courses MUST be completed by the end of the Spring Semester of the Senior year in order to graduate on time with the minor.
COURSE (# Credits & Semester Offered)REQUIRED COURSESEXED 200 - Nature & Issues of Disabilities - 3 (Prerequisite for all EXED 440 - Classroom Management & Professional Collaboration - 3 Fall/Spring/Summer
COMPLETE ONLY 2 OF THE FOLLOWING SURVEY COURSESTypically OfferedEXED 310 - Survey of Emotional/Behavioral Disorders - 3 EXED 320 - Survey of Learning Disabilities - 3 EXED 330 - Survey of Mental Retardation - 3 EXED 375 - Overview Study of Autism Spectrum Disorders - 3 Fall/Spring Fall/Spring Fall/Spring Fall/Spring/Summer ELECTIVE COURSES(A minimum of 6 credit hours must be completed). Only the courses below may count toward elective credit. Additional characteristics courses (from previous list) may not be used for elective credit. Typically OfferedEXED 220 - Understanding Giftedness - 3 EXED 300 - Educational Technology for Students with Disabilities - 1 EXED 441 - Functional Applicat. of Low Tech Assistive Technology - 2 EXED 306 - Lifespan Issues for Individuals with Disabilities - 3 EXED 401 - Issues in Exceptional Education - 3 TESL 426 - First and Second Language Acquisition - 3 EXED 465 - Perspectives of Early Childhood Special Education - 3 Autism Certificate: EXED 416 - 3, EXED 417 - 3, EXED 418 - 3 (must complete all three in sequential order. It is NOT necessary to complete other electives.) [Permitted if not enrolling in EXED 375] Independent Study: EXED 490 Special Topics - 1-3 (Independent studies must be approved and supervised by individual faculty.) Varies Spring Varies Varies Varies Spring Varies 416-417 Fall Varies ELECTIVE COURSES OFFERED OUTSIDE OF THE EXED DEPARTMENTCSD 420 - Introduction to Sign Language - 3 CSD 421 - Sign Language II - 3 (Prerequisite is CSD 420) KIN 313 - Adapted Physical Education - 3 (KIN Majors only; Must Contact Department Contact Department Contact Department |
Brenda Showalter
A Teacher affects eternity; they can never tell where their influence stops.
-- Henry Brooks Adams


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2416 Clerestory Place 27615 | |
NEIGHBORHOOD YARD SALEThe Pointe at Lemuel Neighborhood (on Litchford Rd, just south of Harps Mill)Sat. March 15th, 8:00am to NoonHuge variety of household items and decor:kitchen tables/chairs, couches, dining room table, lamps, pictures, TV Stand, Chandeliers... More info Email a friend |
6001 Bunchberry Court 27616 | |
Designer clothes, evening gowns, fox fur coat, outdoor furniture, pool supplies, patio umbrella, oriental rugs, wicker sofa, antiques, computer desk & chair, computer monitor, much more! More info Email a friend |
206 Fox Hollow Drive 27527 | |
Ronco Rotisserie oven, Tony Little Gazelle, Dishes, Women's Clothes, Men and Women Bicycles and Misc. More info Email a friend |
2 Mill Haven Court 27713 | |
Moving out! Lots of great items of high quality across many categories of items! More info Email a friend |
21 Stafford Circle Clayton 27527 | |
Multi family yard sale. Household items, clothes, toys, craft items, books, movies, and many other items. More info Email a friend |
601 meeting hall dr 27560 | |
Moving Sale , March.15 1pm-5pm More info Email a friend |
1737 Hillandale Road 27705 | |
Come to St. Luke's Episcopal Church Spring Indoor Yard Sale on Saturday, March 15, 8-noon, at 1737 Hillandale Road, Durham. All net proceeds go to Outreach. Toys, books, furniture, sporting goods, household/kitchen items and small appliances for sale. ... More info Email a friend |
8800 Cold springs road 27615 | |
Large sale Saturday March 15th, children and adult clothes, furniture, toys, kitchen items, dishes, pictures and much more. More info Email a friend |
1009 Hawk Hollow Lane 27587 | |
MULTI FAMILY YARD SALE!!! Funiture,household items,children's toys,tools and clothing More info Email a friend |
I'm moving internationally and I can't take anything with me! Most of my furniture is already sold (I have a coffee table and a washer and dryer that are in need of homes!), but I need to get rid of an entire apartments worth of belongings- I'm only taking... More info Email a friend |


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This idea took hold of more northern people as tensions grew over the spread of slavery in the West. Abolitionists felt slavery went against their values of equality and liberty, as written in the Declaration of Independence and Constitution. They demanded the immediate freeing of the slaves.
Since the first slaves had arrived in America, there were people who wanted slavery abolished. At first, they believed it could be ended over time, but they were becoming impatient. They were resisted by Southerners who knew that the abolition of slavery would destroy their economy.
Therefore, abolitionist leaders like William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Tubman spoke out against the issue of slavery and helped slaves escape to the North.
The so-called stations on the railroad were the hiding places along the way. The slaves would typically sleep by day and travel by night. All the while, there were calls for emancipation - the freeing of slaves.
The North eventually began to feel that the only way to free the slaves was to do it by force. The most notorious rebellions were attempted by a slave from Virginia called Nat Turner and a white settler from Kansas named John Brown.
The story
1. A Nation Divided 2. Events and Battles 3. Leaders 4. Daily Life 5. Aftermath
North or South? Match the abolitionist What would you do? Name that leader Study the artifact Be a columnist Interactive map
SOL Civil War key word index Glossary


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Locations | The Citizens' BlogNew Years ResolutionFriday, February 1, 2013 at 3:50 pm by Administrator
It's a new year and now is the time to make some great new year's resolutions that will help your financial wellbeing. Now is as good of time as any to start a savings plan, it doesn't matter what the savings plan is, just that you are saving. I realize that saving is hard, but it is crucial to start saving something, although it will feel small at first, over time and with continued discipline the amount will grow and can be used for many things from an emergency fund to a vacation fund. In talking to one financial advisor he told me a story of a young family man that didn't think he could save and after some prodding finally started saving a nominal amount he thought he could afford. He continued to do this until his unexpected demise of a heart attack. Upon the financial planner meeting with the widow he informed her of the money that her husband had been saving for the past years, and found out that with insurance and other benefits that the wife would be able to stay in their house and continue to have a similar standard of living, which needless to say was a weight off the shoulders of a grieving widow. When told about the account, she said "I didn't even realize that this savings was going on". Savings plans are not something that have to painful or cause you to "miss out", but they do require discipline, in the consumer friendly world that we live in anybody can spend outside their means, but it takes a smart and disciplined person to live with in a budget and save. Here is a fun example that is turned into a game: Now is also a great time to consolidate and put your financial records in order. It is also a great time to get a shredder, due to the personal information that is out there; even the most mundane items can be used in phishing and other scams to retrieve your financial information. Don't shred everything though, you should and need to retain some records longer than others. Here is a good spreadsheet to help you organize your records: http://www.glorifiedorganizing.com/documents/records.pdf As the world is becoming more automated and more and more people are having an online presence it is a good idea to have the executor of your will know where to access passwords to your accounts upon your death. This will help the executor to obtain the records to distribute the estate in a timely fashion. You work all your life to live comfortably in retirement, take the precautions and actions to ensure that you are able to retire happy, healthy and comfortable. Tags: |
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The Labor Department intends to issue regulations this week ordering businesses to give gay employees equal treatment under a law permitting workers unpaid time off to care for newborns or loved ones.Meanwhile, while Barry works overtime to get the gays to like him, unemployment rates for Blacks remains at 16% (double that of whites). Not that any black person dare complain because...ummm, The One is black himself and blacks should stay silent and be proud that to have a black President who pays them no mind while taking care of his white, liberal base knowing damn well that blacks will be there for him no matter how much he continues to ignore there needs.
Labor Secretary Hilda Solis planned to announce Wednesday that the government would require employers to extend the option that has been available to heterosexual workers for almost two decades, two officials briefed on the plan said Monday. Neither was authorized to speak publicly ahead of the announcement.
The move, coming less than five months before November's congressional elections, seemed likely to incite conservatives and Republicans who stood in lockstep against the Obama administration's earlier efforts to repeal a ban on gays and lesbians serving openly in the military. It also appeared likely to be popular with loyal Democrats and organized labor.
Tuesday, June 22, 2010
While Black Unemployment Remains At 16%, Obama Throws Another Bone To Gays
1 comment:
What makes your post so surreal about Obama working overtime for gays is that there are black gays in the world. So that means if Obama does anything for the gay community blacks will benefit.
The other part that makes it so surreal is the fact that as a gay black man, I'm privvy to the multitude of gay political blogs RIPPING and I mean HATING on Obama because they don't think he's done enough.
I actually blog and half the time I post I'm defending our president against attacks from gay whites. So imagine how it felt like to come here and see what you had to say.More of the same--only pointing the finger at white sissies. I'm so tired of people complaining about Obama for nothin.
You're depressing---just like the gay white folks.
It's an interesting existence these days to be part of two communities who pretty much disown black gays and lesbians on some level.
The white gay establishment disowns us cause we're black and standin strong behind our black brotha President. And the black establishment disowns us cause we're gay. Which is why the black gay community (and it's pretty big) nationally have mobilized behind the president because we realize that straight Negroes and White fags are effed up and can't be trusted to see the reality in front of them in terms of what a resourceful committed workin' day and night leader they have in the White House.
Instead both groups drag down our president with constant criticism, attacks and blah blah because he's not doing things the way they think he ought to do them WHEN they think he ought to do them. President Obama is a good man---the best friend both white gays and straight blacks have ever had in the White House whatever the unemployment rate is in the black community. But you can't see this cause you don't want to see it.
I'm so disgusted with white gay folks and black straight folks I wish I was a straight white man these days and be done with all of yall. You're both embarrassing with your complaining, whining, expectations like you're OWED something and "what have you done for me lately" sorry excuse for attitudes.
Obama don't owe white fags and straight Negroes nothin. Y'all need to get on your knees everyday thankin' the good Lord he's in that White House instead of McCain. Cause then black unemployment would be 50%. Lesser of two evils black man. Snap out of your silliness. Nobody has time for this.


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This wine's natural acidity complements tangy, spicy foods and will offset the richness of creamier dishes. Enjoy with Asian chicken salad, grilled tuna with melted anchovy butter and lemon, or a creamy pasta dish with Portobello mushrooms.
The Hess Collection was founded by Swiss entrepreneur Donald Hess, who first purchased vineyards on Mount Veeder in 1978 and began making wine under The Hess Collection label in 1983. In 1986, he began renovation of the historic winery, originally constructed in 1903 by Colonel Theodore Gier. The winery opened to the public in 1989. The Hess Collection has vineyards on Mount...Read More About Hess
The largest of California's wine growing regions, the Central Coast produces the majority of California's wine. The district sprawls out, covering most of the vineyard land between San Francisco and Santa Barbara. Smaller sub-AVAs of the Central Coast include Monterey Bay, Paso Robles, Santa Ynez Valley, Santa Maria Valley, Santa Cruz Mountains and many others. Notable Facts...Read More About Central Coast
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New outdoor art workshops and captivating live theater performances add to the richness and drama of a visit to spectacular Yosemite National Park. Among the art and theater programs for 2013, announced by Yosemite Conservancy, is a new opportunity to paint amid the ancient Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias, a gripping performance of how African-American cavalryman patrolled Yosemite's wilderness years ago, and a thrilling first-hand account of rescues by park emergency response teams.
"Yosemite has inspired artists, painters, photographers, writers and performers for more than 150 years to create works that portray the park's iconic landscape, wildlife and people. Yosemite Conservancy not only supports art and theater programs that carry on that tradition, but fees from these programs go to important restoration and protection work in the park supported by our organization," said Mike Tollefson, president, Yosemite Conservancy. "Art and theater programs provide entertaining, compelling and creative ways to enrich the visitor experience and encourage stewardship of the park."
From April 8 through Oct. 19, professional artists will lead adult Yosemite Art Center sessions held outdoors for all skill levels. In addition, inspiring new programs will be held in the Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias and at the Thomas Hill Studio in Wawona from June 3 through August 31. Some of the workshops offered are Fun with Watercolor, Create Your Own Art Postcard and Adventures in Ink. The Yosemite Art Center will also host kids-only hour-long sessions from June 17 through August 15 in the morning for ages 6-10 and 90-minute sessions for children 11 and older in the afternoon. Sessions for both adults and children are $10 per person.
Yosemite Theater LIVE! kicks off the season April 12 with Return to Balance presented by famed climber Ron Kauk. The park's cultural history and adventure comes to life as Park ranger Shelton Johnson reprises his role as an African-American cavalryman patrolling Yosemite's wilderness in the early 20th century. Actor Lee Stetson portrays John Muir in adventures about Yosemite wildlife and his dramatic battle to preserve Hetch Hetchy Valley. Filmmaker Steven Bumgardner gives a behind the scenes look into his wildly popular Yosemite Nature Notes series on the park's natural phenomena and history. The Yosemite Search & Rescue Ranger team will share thrilling stories and cautionary advice with photography from actual Yosemite rescue operations.
"Because of Yosemite Conservancy support, people of all ages and abilities have an opportunity to experience the park in unique and memorable ways through art, live performances and cultural programs," said Yosemite National Park Superintendent Don Neubacher.
Yosemite Theater LIVE! performances are held seven nights a week at 7 p.m. at the Yosemite Theater behind the Valley Visitors Center. Specific dates and additional details can be found at www.yosemiteconservancy.org. Tickets are $8 for adults, $4 for children under 13, and children under 4 are free. Tickets are available at Yosemite Conservancy Bookstores and at Tour & Activity Desks.
Through the support of donors, Yosemite Conservancy provides grants and support to Yosemite National Park to help preserve and protect Yosemite today and for future generations. The work funded by Yosemite Conservancy is visible throughout the park, from trail rehabilitation to wildlife protection and habitat restoration. The Conservancy is dedicated to enhancing the visitor experience and providing a deeper connection to the park through outdoor programs, volunteering and wilderness services. Thanks to dedicated supporters, the Conservancy has provided more than $75 million in grants to Yosemite National Park.
Details: yosemiteconservancy.org or (800) 469-7275.


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On our microsite you will find the most important information regarding market developments, services, and our business performance.
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Ted Johnson
Devoted husband, father and ardent latex enthusiast.
Bad Dog
Bug-Eyed Earl
Dead Clown
Johnny Lemonhead
Milkman Dan
Mister Wally
Mr. Bix
Papa Moai
Ted Johnson
Ted's Son
Ted's Wife
The Mailman
The Old Cowboy
ted johnson
swift kick rib tickler
hot buttered fungus
pocket-size butterfly wing clippers
honey wagon hayride
flensing the flopping flanks of fun
shimmering summit of the so-so
perfectly palatable protein pulp
mating meal of the mantid
face down in the fondue
unplanned bathtub logjam
four flopping flats on your funmobile
rubber duck tub cudgel
salivary stock for septic stew
crawdads in your crab grass
tick-and-tapeworm parade
miasmic molasses for the masses
buzzard-picked frontier humor
teeth and nails when all else fails
one more hill in the humor landfill
carefully-stroked beard of hornets
unanimous crap mandate
puerility's pommel horse
swift kick rib tickler
corncobs in your cummerbund
diplomatic picayunity
the sunny side of the sinkhole
mustard mints for picnic breath
man-spoor on your deep-pile
bone-shattering backflip blunder
rendering both horse and rider
proctological sunshine extractor
oily fritter for your slavering critter
frothing fudge foramen
memory's amber-tinged residue
still-twitching humor gobbets
buzzard-stripped frontier humor
pinking shear tracheotomy
sunny side of the sinkhole
beelzebub's blackened breadstuff
nostril napkins for the nosey
mirth's hastily-applied undercoating
luxurious bath in the aftermath
honeywagon joyride
majestic beard of hornets
glory road sinkhole
sandpaper superslide
posthumous buggy whipping
pinking shear tracheotomy
bone-shattering backflip blunder
rendering both horse and rider
buzzard-picked frontier humor
slow burn nocturne
ted johnson with clyde
dirt clods in your fuel rods
baked bean bubble bath
lukewarm juices with no excuses
crippling funnybone arthritis
baptism of fiber
yellow jacket petting zoo
ribcage xylophone
sputtering spigot of spite
silt-choked comedy nozzle
sun-rotted lawn chair of levity
siphoninh off your cephalopods
siphoning off your cephalopods
ted johnson with don
turbo-powered tedium
strip-mined comedy ore
drool string ukelele
the flat tire on your inner journey
the crinkley caress of crenulated crevice clips
vapo-rub in your margarine tub
upholsterer of the swollen
the crinkley caress of crenulated crevice clips
strategic sidekick sacrifice
non-nutritive humor-flavored paste
plaited hairball extensions
drool spot on comedy's cravat
strategic sidekick sacrifice
drool spot on comedy's cravat
ted johnson with johnny lemonhead
gabriel's spit trap
the official pace car for the apocalypse
industrial waste of time
bio-booster battle booties
step stool of stagnation
bubbling bilge pump bisque
hand-crocheted cozies for your vestigial flippers
hopped up on what you mopped up
nibbled to death by marmosets
prescription-strength comedy reliever
forbidden-style funnybone snap
contemplating the corncob
lapels in the lycanthrope leavings
guardrail breach at the humor precipice
hand-crocheted cozies for your vestigial flippers
cavalcade of the unremarkable
prescription-strength comedy reliever
caterwaul from the culvert
ted johnson with ken
hatchet-job afterglow
face first into the furnace
perpetually polishing the big zero
ted johnson with milkman dan
dirt-flavored mouthwash
itch-fighting cortex ointment
the wet snap of an oiled strap
hand-tooled leather support brace on the burly back of bastardry
paragon of pointlessness
scotch tape for a cardboard utopia
blackwatch plaid stump cover
exfoliated by piranhas
filigreed flotsam of fanciness
suction pump for leotard lather
itch-fighting cortex ointment
moldering molecules of mirth
subsumed by spirochetes
punctilio for the piper
ted johnson with mister wally
the telltale tickle of tape worms
gargling with the goulash
comedy as old and flaccid, yet still as funny as grandma's arm flaps
high-strung herald of the haphazard
manifold mosaic of the mundane
jalapeño suppository steering mechanism
zeitgeist scheiss geyser
underskin overhead afterbite
fur clog in the sausage grinder
pointy papules for the populace
the tickle of asphalt on the sagging belly of your lowered expectations
picnic-sized laugh repellant candle
pocket-sized miasma inhaler
asphalt bellyflop
mud flap on your manubrium
your hellride backseat driver
suddenly...the sidewalk
disheartening dungaree download
frosting on your fried fatback
brine barrel bathysphere
lukewarm guano sampler
driftwood in your dungarees
humor replacement surgery
match-lit laugh-repellant coil
zeitgeist scheiss geyser
mordant motes of mirth
makeshift manubrial miter box
burgeoning badinage blight
two-handed humor haft
the soured stench of senescence
hell ride backseat driver
viscose veil of vapidity
lukewarm guano sampler
ted johnson with mr. bix
open wider for the magic cider
the chitinous coating of your cares
horse-whip strap lather
on the tippy-toes of tastelessness
pocked with hot grommets
mirth-tinged monotony
breach in your bilge boots
plastic footwear stench incubator
pock-marked by hot grommets
ted johnson with nick
still-steaming spite-squeezings
the velvet tips on your underclips
skid marks on your skullcap
wrinkled knee on the leotards of lethargy
tepid tureen of taint
dutch rub on your nether lands
carpet knife nerve glissando
blister juice spritzer
dainty doo-dads for the despondent
marked by the musk of misery
tarnished brass laugh snuffer
ballast tank for the subpar
tangerines in your tailpipe
hate the throw-up, but not the throw-upper
ballast tank for the subpar
ted johnson with papa moai
plowshares into polyester
overgrown spite trellis
spittle foam in your bon mot
the languid milkteat of lethargy
tirelessly tilling the topsoil of tedium
puckered piehole of the pointless
rumpled radicchio of ruefulness
pungent slug unguent
persistent pull of the peripheral
wrinkly radicchio of ruefulness
ted johnson with priest
hood-mounted carcass spatula
ted johnson with reuben
the humor dial's lowest setting
the buckling beams of your hopes and dreams
ted johnson with spuderman
piston-powered puerility
ted johnson with ted's son
bitter mug of nether nog
the white-hot cure for sticky valves
buoyant flotsam in an ocean of hurt
butter-side-down in the diaper bucket
pungent unguent for stump-itch
relentlessly serenaded by dancing chimney sweeps
somersault into the asphalt
head first into the hardpan
glistening suction cups on the headboard of hebetude
retro-fitting for the unwitting
countertop tapeworm dispenser
palpably pointless payload
the redolent remnants of roughage
jingle-jangle exit wound
spring-loaded ribcage tickler
carelessly flung mud puppy chum
hand-hewn from fossilized pap
bench-tooled laugh leather
leaky humorous waste containment cannister
let's be honest... my kid draws like crap
pungent unguent for stump-itch
the pine-stench of jingle rot
glittering saliva chinstrap
single-dose gravy ampule
the splintery porch swing of despair
moist sod for your hogan
bunions in your bacon bits
cinder block tetherball
encrusted with dried humor granules
heaping spoonful of armageddon-O's
buttery bolus of blubber
threadbare tapestry of titters
the chin strap on your skullcap
buoyant flotsam in an ocean of hurt
levity's waterboard
tepid gruel for thought
the dimpled rind of remorselessness
pearlescent pustular penumbra
carbon-based crapulence
jagged junk heap of jollities
bum's rush to hurry the hoboes
redeye to anhedonia
the jaundiced jackfruit of jocularity
textured linens for your comedy bedsores
tinseled tabernacle of torpor
mentis fugit
band saw manicure
fuzz-dappled slice from the moldy load of hilarity
gestural ornithology
leguminous potation collywobbles
brackish brine from the brink
tales from the jingle-jangle jungle
suspiciously scabrous bacon bits
cursed humor burial grounds
universal humor solvent
ham-handedly hogtied hopes
forty-foot high yuletidal wave
rust-colored rivulets of regret
humor's perennial hiatus
potshot apocrypha
hand-hewn from fossilized pap
single-dose gravy ampule
shriveled conifer of despondence
languid limpets of lethargy
jaundiced jackfruit of jocularity
board game blisters
gestural ornithology
doomsday's child
metaphysics for the mordant
desultory detour into despondency
moldering morsels for thought
sordidly shaken sleet globe
unpalatable lacquered apples
tiresome titter trek
sandpaper second skin
redeye to anhedonia
pulsating petri dish of peril
wanton waste of wonderment
jaundiced jeers of jubilation
metaphysics for the mordant
green fur on the comedy loaf
hogwash undertow
cursed humor burial grounds
languid limpets of lethargy
festively-flung cinder blocks
discomfort food
desultory detour into despondency
ted johnson with ted's wife
the unmistakable splatter of rotten mellons
field guide to the underside
face-down in the deep end
squirming grubs in the dirt of destiny
something strange in the squirt gun
bite marks on the naugahide
ball bearings in the butter tub
sweetbreads for bottom feeders
pigeon pudding in your propellor
the dimpled rind of remorselessness
seventy miles per into the brick wall of mirth
snapped axle on the wonder wagon
bunched-up under-cluster
do-it-yourself lunchmeat slinky
hell-bent for naugahyde
massive otter spill at the oil refinery
woodchucks in the wainscoting
the catsup bottle in your wine rack
the wobbly wheels of wonder
the beckoning aperture of dismay
hellish hail of molten mirth
the rippling rugae of recompense
the ebullient egg-sac of ennui
that solid waste after taste
fruit-flavored floor wax
therapeutic body-temp sump dunk
testing tedium's tensile strength
bloated groats in the oat-soaking bowl
poorly drawn by billy, age 8
trouser mite pleat infestation
suction-pump laugh vacuum
massive otter spill at the oil refinery
leaky humorous waste containment cannister
the tumescent teat of torpor
fruits of the sluice
milk toast for pantywaists
the catsup bottle in your wine rack
something sour in the squirt gun
that solid waste aftertaste
peanuts on the poop deck
nibbling at the nubs of nihilism
one-way ticket to torpor
the pine-stench of jingle rot
new uses for spent juices
.44 caliber bargain hunters
glittering saliva chinstrap
who's complaining? I only paid the kid a quarter to draw this strip
shimmering strips of sinew
perpetually polishing the big zero
virulent laugh pathogen
forbidden fruit cocktail
hull breach in the gravy boat
buoyant biscuits for bedwetters
fourth-rater by a third grader
dumplings in the deep end
yellowed yarns from yesteryear
catastrophic comedy cave-in
randomly-strewn laugh scraps
standard-issue laugh rations
double your pressure, double your funk
woodchucks in the wainscoting
cardboard fence for a styrofoam utopia
synthetic pelt trading post
pumice patch on the slip-n-slide
iron-on rough patch
unplugged comedy respirator
fleabag feeding frenzy
tin cupful of tepid chowder
seething hotbed of the ho-hum
perdition's oven mitt
the dimpled rind of remorselessness
pocket-sized humor inhaler
menially modulated mirth
synchronized slapdashery
fast-acting panacea antidote
forcible forays into fecklessness
upside to the inevitable downslide
plaque-encrusted humor valve
anti-gravitas field generator
mordant musk of the misbegotten
hilarity's hidey-hole
dimple cheese extractor
telltale sore on the lip of mirth
extirpated jollity enclave
paroxysm of pure paltriness
repugnance's twin sister
the most unimportant comic strip you will ever half-heartedly glance at
mauled lang syne
distended humor sac slowly milked by thrips
field guide to the underside
hellish hail of molten mirth
pallid, bloated groats in the soaking bowl
humor's homely half-sister
poorly drawn by billy, age 8
the briny reek of beached humor
brass hats for knuckleheads
modacrylic pelt trading post
the tumescent teat of torpor
pumping the air back into despair
wisp-like welts of wonderment
still waiting for a beep from the handheld humor detector
rubberized road to rapture
feckless foray into the fundament
dour dumplings of desperation
restive rivulets of revulsion
tarlike tidbits on the floor mat of futility
rechargeable goosebump shaver
ordure polishing chamois
hunkered down in the hopseed
fun extraction pump
perdition's oven mitt
downslide lubricant
sticky, discarded mirth wrapper
borne up from the broth
awkward accoutrements of audacity
cumbersome curds of contrivance
occam's strop
interminable tree sloth battle
rumpled, mirth-stained overalls
bagpipe cottage cheese
tousled tuft of temerity
threadbare sweater vest of solace
salty seasonal solicitations
paroxysm of pure paltriness
skim milk for weak tea
brass hats for knuckleheads
acrylic pelt trading post
humor's homely half-sister
taxidermied tidbits of torpidity
dead air on the humor frequency
concealing cream for humor scars
ted johnson with the mailman
portable backyard sinkhole
jumbo scoop of raw shrimp sorbet
glad tightenings and seasonal greasings
sugar-encrusted holiday polyps
ted johnson with vern
red carpet rug burn
© 1996-2011
Max Cannon
Red Meat
Books available from


text:
I'm sure Grant can lend a hand making some tag teams appear on or even be moved to TWE if need be. We always help each other out
Kaige Chamberlain
Current RTE Tag-Team Champion(w/ Xavier Hightower)
Seraphim/'Father' Black Angel:
Preacher of the Voices
Winner of BotN
Lord Joseph Pythonicus, Archduke of the Black Coast and Lord of the Serpent Port.
@IWACreative_Parody Tweeter
Like Father Like Son
Like Father Like Son
Amateur Wrestling Record: 223-15
Indy Circuit Achievements:
3-time RCW Champion
1-time RCW Tag Champion
1-time RCW Silver Champion
1-time RCW Street Champion
1-time RCW 52 Champion
2012 RCW Crimson Road Battle Royal Winner
Benny The Ball's Teddy is here to fuck you up...
...and then steal your girl!
© 2011 eWrestlingNews, All Rights Reserved.


text:
Quality Management Coordinator
Casual Part-Time (Req. #2013-157). Less than 20 hours per week. Primarily Monday to Friday; 8a.m. to 4:30p.m. May be required to work beyond regularly-scheduled hours.
Kuakini Medical Center
The Quality Management Coordinatorserves a key resource and provides assistance in the implementation of Performance Improvement Plans. The Quality Management Coordinatormanages publicly reported and other significant quality measures and performance improvement activities in collaboration with administrative, clinical and physician leadership. Performs review of medical records for core measures and other clinical indicators based on established definitions and provides real time feedback to clinical staff and physicians to ensure best practice and quality patient care. Additionally, this position abstracts records based on established indicators of the medical staff for peer review for assigned populations; facilitates the peer review process and provides pertinent data for the meetings and provides support for medical staff reappointment. Also, serves as a consultant in the interpretation and/or clarification of standards and regulations relative to the delivery of care. Coordinates the monitoring of the MedicalCenter's compliance to the standards and guidelines of the Joint Commission.
Graduate of an accredited university or college; and/or current RN licensure in the State of Hawaii required. Master's degree in nursing or health field preferred. Minimum three (3) years work experience in an acute-care medical facility preferred. Minimum two (2) years of Performance Improvement experience preferred; or any combination of education and experience which would provide the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities to meet the minimum qualifications to perform the essential functions of this position.
Date Posted: 07/23/2013