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Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm is a weakening of the aorta wall, the largest artery found in human body. When this weakening occurs, it results in balloon-like enlargement of the artery, and if left untreated, it is susceptible to rupture. In the US alone, ruptured AAA is among the top leading causes of death as the patient mortality rate for ruptured AAA stands at 75%. Currently, an estimated 1.7 million people over the age of 55 have AAA and each year, approximately 200,000 people in the US are diagnosed with AAA.
Source: Company presentation
This is where Endologix, Inc., (ELGX) comes in. The company develops, manufactures, markets and sells minimally invasive treatments for aortic disorders. Its main product is a stent graft and delivery system (ELG System). It is mainly for the treatment of AAA which is carried out through endovascular repair (EVAR).
The Company
Endologix, Inc. has its corporate office in Irvine, California. The company was originally founded in 1992 as Radiance Medical Systems, Inc., but in May, 2002, it changed its name to Endologix, Inc. The company's products are sold through direct U.S. sales force and network of agents both in the U.S. and various other parts of Europe, Asia, South America, and Mexico.
Overall, the company maintains 83 U.S. reps and clinical specialists and 22 European reps and clinical specialists. As at March14, 2013, the company had 411 employees in its record.
The company's number one product, the ELG system, is made up of a self-expanding cobalt chromium alloy stent that is covered by ePTFE graft material and a delivery catheter. This system relieves the pressure within the already weakened aorta wall by providing a conduit for blood flow. This way, the potential rupture of the already enlarged aorta walls is averted.
Also to the company's credit is Nellix. This is an investigational EndoVascular Aneurysm Sealing (EVAS) system. It is uniquely designed for treatment of AAA by sealing the aneurysm sac. Another investigational system from the company is Ventana Fenestrated system.
Nellix EndoVascular Aneurysm Sealing System
Source: company presentation
Future Outlook
In comparison to fiscal year 2012, Endologix looks forward to revenue growth of $126 million to $133 million in fiscal 2013. This means a percentage growth of 19-25%. There is a positive anticipation in terms of cash flows from operations in Q2 of fiscal 2013 with the company expecting global revenue for the quarter to be in the range of $34.0 million. If this comes to pass, it means the company will be exceeding analysts' estimate of $130.0 million for fiscal 2013 and $31.2 million for Q2 of fiscal 2013.
For me, I believe it is an achievable feat. This is especially if you consider that the company's Powerlink, Intui Trak System and the AFX Endovascular AAA System are the first among the commercially available endografts to achieve total labeling expansion. This made them to be steps ahead of the competition.
The company's Q1 2013 earnings conference call held on April 30, 2013, revealed that the Ventana IDE clinical trial has been put on hold. The management noted that with this temporary pause, the company expects its gross margins percentage for the middle of the year to be lower than that of the previous fiscal year, being 76%. After that, an increase will be experienced. This is especially with the approval of Nellix and the conclusion of the training of physicians in the U.S. on PEVAR procedures, which the company said it will undertake this second quarter of fiscal 2013.
At the same time, revenue growth outside U.S. in the second half of the year is expected to be in the range of 40-50% while revenue growth in the U.S. is within the range of 15-20%, with possibility of increase as the company brings more centers online with Nellix. The Q2 of fiscal 2013 global revenue is expected to be approximately $34.0 million, a 14% growth in comparison to Q1 of fiscal 2013 and 33% growth in comparison to Q2 of fiscal 2012.
All these point to great potential for the company. Endologix maintains a leadership position in the industry it operates in as far as AAA treatment is concerned and this is the leverage it has against its competitors.
From the several pages of risks outlined in the company's 10-K, I picked a few that should keep investors on their feet as far as investing in Endologix is concerned. Some of these risks are:
- The company operates in a highly competitive market segment that is subject to rapid technological change. What this means is that if the company's competitors successfully develop and market products that are safer, more cost-effective, easier to use and more effective than what Endologix offers, it could have an adverse effect on the company's business and revenues in particular. Therefore, it is important that the company maintain its competitive position as far as development of technologies and products used in aortic disorders are concerned, especially AAA.
- The company's success depends mostly on the continued growth in the number of AAA patients who opt for treatment with endovascular devices instead of open surgery. The report from the company shows that in 2012, approximately 200,000 people in the U.S. were diagnosed with AAA and out of that number, only 68,000 opted for aneurysm repair through EVAR or open surgery. This points to the fact that not only does the company's growth depend on the number of people diagnosed but on the number of diagnosed patients who opt for aneurysm repair through EVAR as against treatment through open surgical procedure.
- Endologix relies on a single vendor for the supply of the specialized graft material used for its products. This means that should there be any disruption in supply as a result of work stoppage, failure of the supplier to comply with regulatory requirements, disruptions in shipping or natural disaster like flood or earthquake, it would affect the company's ability to promptly meet customer demands for its products. This in turn will affect the company financially and at the end of the day, investors are sure to feel the pain as it might have negative impact on share prices.
- All of the company's revenue is generated from a limited number of products. In this case, should there decline in sales, it will have a negative impact on the company's financial standing.
- Finally, the company has a history of operating losses. This means that in order to finance most of the company's activities, the management may have to seek funds through borrowings, carry out debt offerings or initiate collaborative arrangements with some of its corporate partners. If this is the case, there is no assurance that the company will be able to raise such needed funds on favorable terms, or at all. On the other hand, should the company decide to initiate the sale of additional equity, this could lead to additional dilution to the company's stockholders.
Q1 Financial Results
Endologix released its Q1 fiscal 2013 earnings report which showed global revenue to be $29.8 million, a 22% increase in comparison to $24.5 million reported in the same quarter of fiscal 2012. The company's U.S. revenue for the quarter stood at $24.7 million, a 17% increase in comparison to $21.1 million reported as U.S. revenue in the same quarter of the previous year. This increase was mainly due to the continued adoption of the company's AFX system. It was also impacted by the expansion of the company's U.S. sales force as Endologix added more sales reps and clinical specialists for the purpose of providing field support to its sales reps.
The company reported international revenue of $5.1 million which indicates a 46% increase in comparison to $3.5 million reported as international revenue in the same quarter of the previous fiscal year. Europe contributed a higher percentage of the international revenue and this is attributed to the transition carried out in direct sales organization in Europe, which started in September, 2011. Endologix already knows it is at the helm of affairs in terms of the AAA treatment technology and it is widening its coast in order to make the most of the opportunity.
Income statement (millions)
3/31/2013 | 12/31/2012 | 9/30/2012 | 6/30/2012 | |
Total Revenues(Net Sales) | 29.78 | 29.22 | 26.70 | 25.51 |
Cost of Goods Sold | 7.26 | 7.13 | 6.45 | 6.30 |
Selling & Admin Exps | 23.50 | 23.10 | 24.11 | 19.75 |
Operating Income | -4.49 | -5.70 | -6.93 | -5.59 |
Interest Exp | 0.00 | 0.00 | -0.02 | 0.01 |
Pretax Income | -9.00 | -6.28 | -6.01 | -6.82 |
Other Income | -4.51 | -0.58 | 0.91 | -1.22 |
Net Income Bef Extraordinary ... | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Net Income | -9.33 | -6.52 | -5.86 | -6.70 |
Source: nasdaq.com
The company reported gross profit of $22.5 million for Q1 of fiscal 2013. This indicates a decrease to 76% in comparison to 78% reported in the same quarter of fiscal 2012. This decrease is attributed mainly to the outcome of product mix. The company's total operating expenses stood at $27.0 million for the quarter, in comparison to $22.8 million reported in the same quarter of the previous year. Marketing and sales expenses were put at $15.2 million, this shows an increase in comparison to $22.8 million reported in the same quarter of fiscal 2012. This increase is attributed mainly to costs related to the company's direct sales expansion in Europe. The increase in variable compensation expense related to the company's revenue increase also contributed to the increase in marketing and sales expenses.
$3.5 million was reported as expenses for research and development for Q1 of fiscal 2013. This is essentially unchanged in comparison to research and development expenses reported in the same quarter of fiscal 2012. These expenses are attributed to the company's continued development of its Nellix and Ventana systems. Enhancements to the AFX system also contributed to the research and development expenses. Clinical and regulatory affairs expenses increased from $1.4 million reported in the same quarter of the previous year to $2.4 million for Q1 of fiscal 2013. These expenses are associated with the regulatory costs for CE and FDA submissions and follow-up costs of Ventana and Nellix studies.
General and administrative expenses stood at $5.9 million in comparison to $4.1 million reported in the same quarter of the previous fiscal year. This increase is attributed to the expansion of the company's European operations, legal and consulting costs and the new federal Medical Device Excise Tax.
The company reported a net loss of $9.3 million for Q1 of fiscal 2013. This is in comparison to $16.7 million reported as net loss for the same quarter of the previous fiscal year. The company's Adjusted Net Loss (non-GAAP) for the quarter stood at $4.1 million, in comparison to $4.3 million reported as Adjusted Net Loss (non-GAAP) for the same quarter of the previous fiscal year.
Cash and Liquidity
The Q1 of fiscal 2013 results showed the company's total cash and cash equivalents stood at $42.0 million, a decrease in comparison to $45.1 million reported in the three months ended December 31, 2012. There were no outstanding borrowings under the company's revolving credit facility. Endologix maintained a Quick Ratio of 3.60 at end of Q1 of fiscal 2013.
Balance sheet (millions)
Assets | 3/31/2013 | 12/31/2012 | 9/30/2012 | 6/30/2012 |
Cash & Short Term Investments | 42.03 | 45.12 | 47.74 | 51.19 |
Receivables - Total | 25.98 | 22.92 | 19.92 | 18.25 |
Inventories - Total | 18.60 | 18.09 | 19.06 | 19.84 |
Total Current Assets | 88.18 | 87.57 | 88.30 | 91.01 |
Net Property, Plant & Equipment | 5.62 | 4.98 | 4.95 | 4.82 |
Total Assets | 166.18 | 165.10 | 165.83 | 166.19 |
Liabilities | ||||
Accounts Payable | 18.78 | 17.19 | 18.73 | 13.39 |
Debt in Current Liabilities | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Total Current Liabilities | 18.78 | 17.19 | 18.73 | 13.39 |
Long-Term Debt | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Total Liabilities | 77.42 | 70.63 | 71.16 | 66.81 |
Stockholder's Equity | ||||
Minority Interest | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Preferred Stock | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Common Stock | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
Retained Earnings | -209.35 | -200.01 | -193.50 | -187.64 |
Treasury Stock | -0.66 | -0.66 | -0.66 | -0.66 |
Total Stockholders' Equity | 88.77 | 94.47 | 94.67 | 99.38 |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity | 166.18 | 165.10 | 165.83 | 166.19 |
Source: nasdaq.com
The company's management had this to say: "We believe that our cash resources are adequate to operate our business for at least the next 12 months. We expect to generate positive cash flows from operations in the second half of 2013."
Comparative Analysis
Endologix Inc.'s peers in the Medical Equipment industry include Medtronic Inc., Olympus Corp., Covidien Ltd. and Lombard Medical Technologies Plc.
Endologix Inc Benchmark | ||||
Company | Endologix Inc | 272.91 | ||
Peer group | Endologix Inc excluded | 9.70 | ||
Endologix Inc included | 9.78 | |||
Sector | Medical Equipment | 11.20 | ||
STOXX Europe 600 | 7.12 | |||
Country | USA | 9.07 |
Source: infinancialsanalytics
The above table shows the company's EV/EBITDA ratio for the next 12 months in comparison to its industry peers. Endologix Inc.'s ratio stands at 272.91. In comparison to its peer group average of 9.70, it is significantly higher. In comparison to the Sector average of 11.20 and the S&P 500 average of 8.82, it is also significantly higher. Overall, the company's valuation is way above its peers.
Endologix also maintains a 244.2% in three year total returns which is well above its industry peers average and the S&P 500 average of 63.66%. The company has maintained high historical total returns in the last 3 years.
Below is a chart comparing the company's yearly percentage change in the cumulative total stockholder return on its common stock with the cumulative total return on the NASDAQ Composite Index and the NASDAQ Medical Equipment Index. The period is December 31, 2007 to December 31, 2012.
(click to enlarge) Source: investing.businessweek.
All things said, I want to point out that although Endologix is growing from strength to strength, there is more work to be done. In order to continue with the growth streak, it is important that the company work towards successful development of new and additional technologies for the treatment of aortic disorders, especially AAA. This way, the company will be way ahead of its competitors in terms of innovation.
The company should also look into the risk associated with getting its specialized graft material from a single vendor as the threat it poses is very high. What happens to the company's business and stockholders if it is no longer possible for the company to get this material from the single vendor? I'll leave that question unanswered.
With the Endologix, Inc.'s continued strong revenue growth which is mainly driven by its AFX product, the stable gross margins and the improvement on its operating leverage, I think the company is a good addition to an investment portfolio.


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Becky wants to stay inside and play video games all day...her parent's have another idea.
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WordGirl must solve a riddle in order to free Huggy and save the city from Ms. Question and her bridge-blocking robot.
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Air date: 12/21/2012

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Grid.ArrangeOverride Method
.NET Framework 4.5
Arranges the content of a Grid element.
Namespace: System.Windows.Controls
Assembly: PresentationFramework (in PresentationFramework.dll)
- arrangeSize
- Type: System.Windows.Size
Specifies the size this Grid element should use to arrange its child elements.
Return Value
Type: System.Windows.SizeSize that represents the arranged size of this Grid element and its children.
Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows 8, Windows Server 2012, Windows 7, Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 (Server Core Role not supported), Windows Server 2008 R2 (Server Core Role supported with SP1 or later; Itanium not supported)
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Help to Hope
Imagine your life being over at just 15 years old. Well, as the third leading cause of death in young adults aged 15-24, it affects thousands. I believe with this petition, we can, and we will, help those in need. Even though it may seem simple, to someone who has no hope whatsoever, this may seem, to them, like a helping hand. This is only the starting ground. With your signature, we can turn help into hope for those without.
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Far Cry Instincts Evolution (Xbox)
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Which company would you rather own stock in: Google or Yahoo? Chances are, like most people, you'd respond 'Google'. And for good reason: by just about every measure, Google is by far the better company.
But that isn't stopping Yahoo CEO Carol Bartz from giving some advice to the search giant. Last week, she told BBC News that Google needs to diversify its business. "Google is going to have a problem because Google is only known for search … it is only half our business; it's 99.9 [percent] of their business. Google has to grow a company the size of Yahoo every year to be interesting," she said.
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This event benefits the Chesapeake Bay Foundation and Friends of Smallwood State Park.
The General Smallwood Triathlon is proud to support the groups that support us. The Chesapeake Bay Foundation is a watershed protection agency that fights to keep the water we swim in clean. The Friends of Smallwood State Park promote activites and upgrades at our host venue. A nicer park and cleaner water makes for a more enjoyable race all around. Please consider making a donation to one or both of these groups during the registration process.
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Publication: The New York Times
Author: Dana Jennings
03/02/2008 - I was raised a Protestant in a Rockwellian New Hampshire village that was the proud home to stout, wood-frame churches and Saturday night ham-and-bean suppers.There were four of us kids, and these days my sister and my middle brother are born-again Christians, and my youngest brother is a Catholic. Me? I'm the Jew.As startling as all this sacred change might still be to our parents, my siblings and I haven't been alone in our adult search for new divine teams to pray with. According to a survey of religious affiliation released last week by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, more than a quarter of adult Americans have left the faith of their childhood, either choosing a new one or easing into a life of no faith.When it comes to religion, it seems, Americans prefer a buffet of the spirit.Read the full article Religion Is Less a Birthright Than a Good Fit on the New York Times' Web site.


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OK, Angela, you got me..Matty looks really hot surfing...Now if those pants he is wearing slips a little lower......mmmmm I'll leave it to you the think about...lol
OK, Angela, you got me..Matty looks really hot surfing...Now if those pants he is wearing slips a little lower......mmmmm I'll leave it to you the think about...lol
Original by Viking Princess
Once in awhile,
Right in the middle of an ordinary life,
Love gives us a fairy tale.
~Author Unknown
I have a question.. Since Sheryl Crow dumped him a while back for Lance. I was just thinking.. Who is Matty seeing now?
He is not dangerouse and dark but he has his place.
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Thank you ladies for the videos...
For you Amy: This is the newest into I can find and that was as of July 19th. That is new enuf news.
This picture of Matthew McConaughey with girlfriend Camilla Alves
I figured he was seeing someone but didn't know who.. Thanks for answering my question Angela.
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Blondes aren't really my thing, either, but those pics were certainly nice to look at, so thanks for sharing! :D
Maniac #12, Founder of the GBOCL
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Getaway cabin by the river's edge. Enjoy the peace and quiet along the Cumberland River. Tie up your boat in the front yard and try some fishing. We're only minutes away from Dale Hollow Lake. 10 miles east of Tompkinsville. Open March-November.
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Android Honeycomb video shows slick tablet OS
Google released a video today showing off the upcoming version of the Android operating system, called Honeycomb--and it is indeed just for tablets.
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Honeycomb is the next version of the Android platform, designed from the ground up for devices with larger screen sizes, particularly tablets. We've spent a lot of time refining the user experience in Honeycomb, and we've … Read more


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Quick Facts
- NAME: Michael Apted
- OCCUPATION: Director, Television Producer, Journalist
- BIRTH DATE: February 10, 1941 (Age: 73)
- EDUCATION: Cambridge University
- PLACE OF BIRTH: Aylesbury, United Kingdom
- ZODIAC SIGN: Aquarius
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Michael Apted is a British film director known for his documentary series following a group of Londoners with installments every seven years (7 Up, 14Up, etc.).
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Play NowMichael Apted. (2014). The Biography Channel website. Retrieved 04:29, Mar 12, 2014, from http://www.biography.com/people/michael-apted-9542578.
Michael Apted. [Internet]. 2014. The Biography Channel website. Available from: http://www.biography.com/people/michael-apted-9542578 [Accessed 12 Mar 2014].
"Michael Apted." 2014. The Biography Channel website. Mar 12 2014, 04:29 http://www.biography.com/people/michael-apted-9542578.
"Michael Apted," The Biography Channel website, 2014, http://www.biography.com/people/michael-apted-9542578 [accessed Mar 12, 2014].
"Michael Apted," The Biography Channel website, http://www.biography.com/people/michael-apted-9542578 (accessed Mar 12, 2014).
Michael Apted [Internet]. The Biography Channel website; 2014 [cited 2014 Mar 12] Available from: http://www.biography.com/people/michael-apted-9542578.
Michael Apted, http://www.biography.com/people/michael-apted-9542578 (last visited Mar 12, 2014).
Michael Apted. The Biography Channel website. 2014. Available at: http://www.biography.com/people/michael-apted-9542578. Accessed Mar 12, 2014.
a documentary film that interviewed seven-year-old Londoners about their aspirations. Apted followed-up with his subjects every seven years. He also directed Coal Miner's Daughter and The World is Not Enough.
Director. Born February 10, 1941 in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England. After studying law at Cambridge University, Apted promptly turned his attention to film, directing the popular English soap opera Coronation Street by the age of 22.
In 1963, he collaborated with Paul Almond on 7 Up, a documentary film for television that interviewed 14 seven-year-olds, drawn from every social class in London, about their lives, innermost thoughts and aspirations. On his own, Apted followed-up with his subjects every seven years, to create 7 Plus 7, 21 Up, 28 Up, 35 Up and, most recently, Forty Two Up in 1998.
Though his style holds true to his documentarian roots, Apted has also earned acclaim for his dramatic features. Early films included Triple Echo (1973) and Stardust (1975); more mainstream fare followed in 1980 with the Loretta Lynn biopic Coal Miner's Daughter and the story of Native American activist Leonard Peltier in 1992's Thunderheart. His 1994 feature Nell starred Jodie Foster as a childlike forest dweller forced into society, and his thrillers Extreme Measures (1996) and The World is Not Enough (1999) pushed his work even further into the mainstream.
In 2001, the tireless director received winning reviews for the wartime thriller Enigma followed by the Jennifer Lopez revenge flick Enough in 2002.
His most recent feature film project The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010), was a global success.
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< Return To Hearing
The Honorable Orrin HatchFebruary 7, 2002 This is the second hearing that this Committee has convened on the nomination of Charles Pickering, Sr., to be a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. I am aware of some of the allegations that have been levied against Judge Pickering, and I am certainly interested in hearing his response, as I feel sure that we will during the course of this hearing. I am, however, troubled by what appears to be a national agenda by a coalition of left-wing interest groups who have spent months hunting around for an excuse to use the Pickering nomination as a way to attempt to paint this Administration's nominees as extremist. Though I am concerned by the underlying agenda, I believe they have picked the wrong nominee for that. There appears to be a real disconnect here. We have received nearly 100 letters of support for Judge Pickering's nomination to the Fifth Circuit. They include letters from 18 current or former Presidents of the Mississippi State Bar. We have received letters from 27 members of the African-American community, including 4 present or former NAACP officials; 10 public officials; and 4 pastors. Eighteen self-professed Democrats have sent letters, including 2 former Governors and 3 former Lieutenant Governors. And we have received letters from 57 practicing attorneys, including 5 civil rights attorneys, 13 criminal defense attorneys, 10 plaintiff's lawyers, and 14 civil defense lawyers. Some of the Mississippians who have written us have made the trip here to DC to show their support for Judge Pickering. One such supporter is Charles Evers, brother of slain civil rights leader Medgar Evers. In an editorial that appeared in today's Wall Street Journal, Mr. Evers documented Judge Pickering's commitment to civil rights over the past four decades, which has included testifying against the Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1960s; hiring the first black political staffer in the history of the Mississippi Republican Party in the 1970s; representing an African-American man accused of robbing at knife point a sixteen year old white woman in the 1980s; and leading the charge to establish the Institute of Racial Reconciliation at the University of Mississippi in the 1990s. Mr. Evers explained his reasons for coming forward in support of Judge Pickering as follows: "In recent days, I have been saddened and appalled to read many of the allegations which have been put forth about Judge . . . Pickering . . . . These allegations are mostly made by groups with a Washington, D.C., address and a political agenda, not by anyone with real knowledge of Judge Pickering's long and distinguished record on civil rights. As someone who knows Judge Pickering and is familiar with his commitment on matters of race, I could not sit by and watch these groups' attempts to destroy a good man. Let me tell you about the Charles Pickering many of us in Mississippi have known for well over 30 years." Others who could not be here today nevertheless wrote in ardent support of Judge Pickering. For example, Jack Dunbar, former President of the Mississippi Bar, wrote, "I am a Democrat and would not want you to confirm any person to the federal courts of this nation who I felt was gender or racially biased. I have never known Judge Pickering to be a person or judge that was anything other than fair and impartial in his conduct toward women or minorities." William Winter, former Democratic Governor of Mississippi, wrote about Judge Pickering, "While he and I have not always been in agreement on certain public issues, I know that he is a man of reason and sound judgment. He is certainly no right-wing ideologue. He will bring a fair, open and perceptive mind to the consideration of all issues before the court.... He has been one of this state's most dedicated and effective voices for breaking down racial barriers." And Shane Langston, President of the Mississippi Trial Lawyers Association, wrote of Judge Pickering, "We know that he applies the law fairly and equally with regard to economic status, party affiliation, race, sex or religion.... Many members of the MTLA are African-Americans. We represent tens of thousands of African-Americans. We prosecute more race discrimination cases and claims of civil rights violations than any other legal association in the State of Mississippi. Members of our association and I represented the State Conference of the NAACP in a historic challenge to the 'Mississippi State Flag' regarding its divisive Confederate battle symbol. Our organization would never support a judicial candidate with a record of hostility or unfairness toward litigants claiming civil rights violations." These Mississippians, who know Judge Pickering best, urge his confirmation. Those fighting Judge Pickering's nomination, in contrast, seem to consist primarily of a host of Washington lobbyists representing left-wing special interest groups whose main goal is to fight the Pickering nomination in an organized attempt to change the ground rules and impose their political litmus test for all of President Bush's judicial nominees. After an eight-year hiatus, these groups are back on the scene, ready to implement an apparent vicious strategy of Borking any judicial nominee who happens to disagree with their view of how the world should be. I really like the open-mindedness of these groups to views different from theirs. An article in Monday's Legal Times provides a glimpse of what is going on behind the scenes of this confirmation hearing. The article reported, "As a young lawyer in Jones County, Miss., in the 1960s, Charles Pickering Sr. helped put Klansmen in jail. In the early 1990s, when preservationists and black activists clashed over a 'colored only' sign in a county courthouse, Pickering helped craft a compromise that the black community applauded. And as a federal trial judge, Pickering has tried to keep young African-Americans out of the criminal justice system, convening a group of local civic leaders to try to solve the problem. When the Senate Judiciary Committee meets Feb. 7 to consider Pickering's nomination to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit, his liberal opponents won't be focusing on these aspects of the nominee's record. Liberal activists have combed through the decisions that Pickering has written in 11 years as a U.S. district judge in Hattiesburg, Miss., and have concluded that Pickering's confirmation 'poses a grave danger to our rights and liberties.' But a Legal Times analysis of Pickering's important rulings, as well as interviews with community leaders in his home state, offers an alternate view to the liberals' conclusions that Pickering is racially insensitive and indifferent to constitutional rights." The article continued, "[A] look at the 64-year-old Pickering's record shows that although he has often ruled against civil rights claims, the facts of the cases have often tilted strongly against the litigants claiming discrimination. And although in some voting rights cases he has doubted the correctness of relevant Supreme Court decisions, he has followed the law in making his rulings." It is against this backdrop that we must examine the allegations we have heard and evaluate their credibility. I am concerned about the tenor and tone of the attacks that intolerant left-wing special interest groups have launched against Judge Pickering because they indicate to me a broader agenda at work here. I see these attacks as part of an organized campaign by the usual suspects to "change the ground rules" for the confirmation of federal judges. This is precisely what Professors Laurence Tribe and Cass Sunstein and activist Marcia Greenberger advocated to 42 Democratic Senators who attended a retreat last year in Pennsylvania as reported by the New York Times. The goal of that retreat was to plot a way to hinder confirmation of President Bush's judicial nominees. The conclusion they reached, according to someone in attendance who was quoted by the Times, was "for the Senate to change the ground rules." Today's hearing is the culmination of nearly a year of effort to change the ground rules by injecting a political litmus test into the confirmation process. We have even had hearings on injecting political ideology into the confirmation process. Even Lloyd Cutler, former President Clinton's White House Counsel, thought this strategy was misguided. Of course, Professors Tribe and Sunstein, and Ms. Greenberger, who were invited to testify at the first of these hearings by my Democratic colleagues, all testified that injecting politics into the confirmation process is the course the Senate should take. To further put this hearing in the appropriate context, I would like to make an additional observation about how very easy it is to make a political statement in Washington, DC, in 2002 before a friendly crowd that wants to hear it and, indeed, demands to hear it, given their political muscle. It is quite another thing to testify against the Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi in 1967, as Charles Pickering courageously did despite great risk to himself and his family. Although the physical safety of Judge Pickering and his family remained intact, his political career was not so lucky: He was defeated in his next election after testifying against the KKK. Years later, the former Imperial Wizard against whom he testified claimed credit for defeating Judge Pickering's bid for the U.S. Senate in 1976 and for state attorney general in 1979. Any Washington interest groups who question Judge Pickering's commitment to civil rights would do well to remember this. On a separate matter, I would like to note that today's hearing seems to have been orchestrated from the start. President Bush nominated Judge Pickering for the Fifth Circuit on May 25 of last year. For nearly five months, not a single person that I'm aware of raised a question with Judge Pickering about obtaining copies of any of his unpublished opinions. Then, a mere two days before what was to become his first confirmation hearing, Judge Pickering received an oral request from the Committee's Democratic staff to provide a list of all cases in which he had rendered an unpublished opinion. The request covered more than 900 cases, and was impossible to fulfill on such short notice. The request was then revised to include only those unpublished opinions in four categories of cases: Title VII, the Americans with Disabilities Act, ADEA, and the Equal Pay Act. Judge Pickering complied with this request on the following day. At his October 18 hearing, my Democratic colleagues requested that Judge Pickering provide the Committee with his unpublished opinions reversed by the Fifth Circuit - a mere 21 out of more than an estimated four thousand-plus cases that Judge Pickering has decided during his tenure on the federal bench. My friends across the aisle also agreed to limit their request for Judge Pickering's unpublished opinions to specific categories of cases in order to facilitate their production. Accordingly, they asked for those cases pertaining to Voting Rights Act, Fair Housing Act, labor relations, Section 1983, equal protection, habeas corpus, PLRA, and AEDPA cases. Incidentally, Judge Pickering responded in three separate letters the following day. Nevertheless, my Democratic colleagues announced their intention at the October hearing to schedule a second hearing before ever having seen these additional unpublished opinions. Within a week of the hearing, my Democratic colleagues requested more unpublished opinions in the categories of VAWA, Fourth Amendment, and Eleventh Amendment cases. Judge Pickering responded within three days to this request. Apparently dissatisfied with what they found - or did not find - in the opinions that Judge Pickering produced, and contrary to their original representation that they would limit their request to specific categories of cases, my colleagues then asked Judge Pickering for all of his available unpublished opinions, as well as the captions and names of defendants in all criminal cases to come before him. This request came nearly one month after his hearing. Judge Pickering responded by express mail on the same day that he received this request. On December 21, Chairman Leahy inquired further about additional unpublished opinions. He noted that the Committee had received only "approximately 600 opinions," and asked for an accounting of the location of Judge Pickering's remaining unpublished opinions. He also questioned Judge Pickering's effort to obtain copies of his unpublished opinions. Judge Pickering responded, and has since been able to locate additional unpublished opinions which he promptly turned over to the Committee. I would also like to note that holding a second hearing solely for the purpose of examining the record of a single nominee is an extraordinary measure. During my six-year tenure as Chairman of this Committee during the Clinton Administration, we held second hearings for 9 nominees who, for various reasons, faced substantial opposition. In all but one instance, we considered the nominees facing a second hearing along with a slate of other nominees who were making their debut before the Committee. Likewise, the second hearing for all but one of these nominees took place in a new Congress, which allowed any new Members to evaluate the nominee first-hand. I might note that all but one of the nominees who endured second hearings before this Committee were ultimately confirmed. The nomination of the sole individual who was not confirmed was withdrawn. So, the very fact that we are here today considering only the nomination of Judge Pickering in the same Congress is an extraordinary matter. # # # # |


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Availability: Skyline Hotel
Please enter your travel dates.
Superior Double Room, 2 Double Beds
Executive Room, 1 King Bed with Sofabed
Deluxe Room, 2 Queen Beds
Junior Suite, Two Queen and One Sofa Bed
Indoor pool, picturesque New York neighborhood
In Clinton area
Surrounded by recording and TV studios, this Manhattan hotel on 10th Avenue is in the quiet Clinton neighborhood (once called Hell's Kitchen) where West Side Story was filmed.
Near river, theaters
Guests can walk along West 50th Street two blocks east to the Theater District, or two blocks west to the Hudson River. The Skyline Hotel's indoor pool allows year-round swimming.
Wi-Fi, desks
Guestrooms and suites include desks and safes, and wired and wireless Internet access (surcharge). Televisions also offer Internet access, as well as pay movies.
Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Skyline Hotel Amenities
- General
The Skyline Hotel is in New York's Clinton neighborhood, on the West Side of Manhattan.
An Internet center on the mezzanine contains 2 computers with high-speed access (surcharge) and a printer. Wireless Internet access (surcharge) is available in the lobby. A concierge arranges restaurant reservations and offers other services. An indoor saltwater pool is open year-round, offering a dramatic view of the city skyline. Guests also have access to a spacious onsite fitness center. This hotel offers valet parking for a fee (one car allowed per guestroom, no in/out privileges). The hotel provides 2 meeting rooms for guests to use.
- Total number of rooms - 232
- Swimming pool - indoor
- Bar/lounge
- Room service (limited hours)
- Event catering
- Banquet facilities
- Audiovisual equipment
- Business services
- Multilingual staff
- 24-hour front desk
- Porter/bellhop
- Security guard
- Number of floors -
- ATM/banking
- Elevator/lift
- Restaurant
- Air-conditioned public areas
- Tour assistance
- Concierge services
- Luggage storage
- Valet parking (surcharge)
- Number of meeting/conference rooms - 2
- Smoke-free property
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Fitness facilities
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Wireless Internet access - surcharge
- 24-hour business center
- Television in lobby
- Internet
Available in all rooms: Wireless Internet access (surcharge)
Available in some public areas: Wireless Internet access - surcharge
- Parking
Valet parking (surcharge)
- Room Amenities
- Pay movies
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Climate control
- Air conditioning
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Voice mail
- Phone
- Wake-up calls
- Private bathroom
- Complimentary toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- In-room safe
- Desk
- Window opens
- Electronic/magnetic keys
- Satellite TV service
- Premium bedding
- Refrigerator
- Wireless Internet access (surcharge)
- Daily housekeeping
- Cribs/infant beds (surcharge)
- Pillowtop mattress
- Dining
Meemo Tapas Sport Bar - Serves Spanish tapas for lunch and dinner, ideal for sharing. Weekend brunch features all-you-can-drink specials. With 32 televisions, guests can keep up with their favorites teams.
- Recreation
A heated saltwater pool is located on the penthouse floor, boasting a dramatic view of the New York City skyline. Guests are kindly asked to register and wear a cover-up and footwear. No parties allowed.
A fitness center 2 blocks from Skyline Hotel offers discounts to hotel guests.
Central Park, 0.75 mile (1,207 meters) north of this New York hotel, offers a variety of recreational opportunities, including ball fields. Rockefeller Center's skating rink, 5 blocks away, opens in winter, as does Central Park's Wollman Rink.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or near the hotel; fees may apply.
- Ice skating nearby
- Accessibility
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- In-room accessibility
Skyline Hotel Policies & Fees
- Check-in
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Minimum check-in age is 18
Special check-in instructions:
Two (2) photo identification documents, in addition to a credit card, are required and must be presented at check-in to guarantee incidentals and/or damages to the room by the hotel guest.
- Check-out
Check-out time is noon
- Payment types
Accepted at this hotel: American Express, MasterCard, Visa
- Pets
Pets allowed, Pet policy - dogs only, Maximum number of pets per room 2
- General
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
- Fees
- The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Breakfast fee: USD 20.95 for adults and USD 14.95 for children (approximately)
- Fee for in-room wireless Internet: USD 9.95 (for 24 hours, rates may vary)
- Valet parking fee: USD 10 per night
- Valet parking fee for large vehicle: USD 20 per night
- Pet fee: USD 200.00 per room
- Pet deposit: USD 200 per stay
- Crib (infant bed) fee: USD 21.75 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
- Additional Details
Children 12 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. The property allows pets in specific rooms only and has other pet restrictions (surcharges apply and can be found in the Fees section). Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.


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We recently made a trip to visit family out of town. We had the opportunity to capture a four generation setting. The baby woke up happy and curious every morning, even though he missed his local morning news cast team (INCNow)! The Great-Grand parents were thrilled to see their Great-Grandson.
Four Generations
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Gliese 581 g
Extrasolar planet | List of extrasolar planets | |
Parent star | ||
Star | Gliese 581 | |
Constellation | Libra | |
Right ascension | (α) | 15h 19m 26s |
Declination | (δ) | −07° 43′ 20″ |
Apparent magnitude | (mV) | 10.55 |
Distance | 20.3 ± 0.3 ly (6.2 ± 0.1 pc) |
Spectral type | M3V | |
Mass | (m) | 0.31 M☉ |
Radius | (r) | 0.29 R☉ |
Temperature | (T) | 3480 ± 48 K |
Metallicity | [Fe/H] | −0.33 ± 0.12 |
Age | 7 – 11 Gyr | |
Orbital elements Epoch JD 2451409.762[1] |
Semimajor axis | (a) | 0.14601 ± 0.00014[1] AU |
Eccentricity | (e) | 0[1] |
Orbital period | (P) | 36.562 ± 0.052[1] d (0.100 y) |
(877 h) | ||
Mean anomaly | (M) | 271 ± 48[1]° |
Semi-amplitude | (K) | 1.29 ± 0.19[1] m/s |
Physical characteristics | ||
Minimum mass | (m sin i) | 3.1 ± 0.4[1] M⊕ |
Discovery information | ||
Discovery date | September 29, 2010 | |
Discoverer(s) | Steven S. Vogt et al. | |
Discovery method | Radial Velocity | |
Discovery site | Keck Observatory, Hawaii | |
Discovery status | Unconfirmed | |
Other designations | ||
GJ 581 g, Zarmina
Database references | ||
Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia |
data | |
SIMBAD | data |
Gliese 581 g /ˈɡliːzə/, also known as Gl 581 g or GJ 581 g, sometimes unofficially named Zarmina,[2] is an unconfirmed (and disputed) exoplanet claimed to orbit the red dwarf Gliese 581,[3] about 20 light-years[4] from Earth in the constellation of Libra.[5] It is the sixth planet purportedly discovered orbiting the star. The discovery was announced by the Lick-Carnegie Exoplanet Survey in late September 2010, after a decade of observation. However, the ESO/HARPS survey team was not able to confirm that the planet exists.[6][7]
Gliese 581 g has attracted attention because it is near the middle of the habitable zone of its parent star. That means it could sustain liquid water on its surface and could potentially host life similar to that on Earth (the planet is expected to have temperatures around −37 to −12 °C). If it is a rocky planet, favorable atmospheric conditions could permit the presence of liquid water, a necessity for all known life, on its surface. With a mass 3.1 to 4.3 times Earth's, Gliese 581 g is considered a super-Earth and is the planet closest in size to Earth known in a habitable zone. This makes it the most Earth-like Goldilocks planet found outside the Solar System and the exoplanet with the greatest recognized potential for harboring life.[8]
The supposed detection of Gliese 581 g after such a short period of searching and at such close proximity has led some astronomers to hypothesize that the proportion of stars with habitable planets may be greater than ten percent.[1]
The planet was claimed to be detected by astronomers in the Lick-Carnegie Exoplanet Survey, led by principal investigator Steven S. Vogt, professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the University of California, Santa Cruz and co-investigator R. Paul Butler of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The discovery was made using radial velocity measurements, combining 122 observations obtained over 11 years from the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES) instrument of the Keck 1 telescope with 119 measurements obtained over 4.3 years from the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) instrument of the European Southern Observatory's 3.6 m telescope at La Silla Observatory.[1][9]
After subtracting the signals of the previously known Gliese 581 planets, b, c, d and e, the signals of two additional planets were apparent: a 445-day signal from a newly recognized outermost planet designated f, and the 37-day signal from Gliese 581 g.[1][10] The probability that the detection of the latter was spurious was estimated at only 2.7 in a million.[1] The authors stated that while the 37-day signal is "clearly visible in the HIRES data set alone", "the HARPS data set alone is not able to reliably sense this planet" and concluded, "It is really necessary to combine both data sets to sense all these planets reliably."[1] The Lick–Carnegie team explained the results of their research in a paper published in the Astrophysical Journal. Although not sanctioned by the IAU's naming conventions, Vogt's team informally refers to the planet as "Zarmina's World" after his wife,[11] and some cases simply as Zarmina.
Nondetection in new HARPS data analysis[edit]
Two weeks after the announcement of the discovery of Gliese 581 g, astronomer Francesco Pepe of the Geneva Observatory reported that in a new analysis of 179 measurements taken by the HARPS spectrograph over 6.5 years, neither planet g nor planet f was detectable.[12][13] Vogt responded to the latest concerns by saying, "I am not overly surprised by this as these are very weak signals, and adding 60 points onto 119 does not necessarily translate to big gains in sensitivity." He cautioned that not finding the planet in this study does not make a strong case for it not existing, because both data sets may be needed to detect it.[14] More recently, Vogt added, "I feel confident that we have accurately and honestly reported our uncertainties and done a thorough and responsible job extracting what information this data set has to offer. I feel confident that anyone independently analyzing this data set will come to the same conclusions."[15]
Differences in the two groups' results may involve the planetary orbital characteristics assumed in calculations. According to MIT astronomer Sara Seager, Vogt postulated the planets around Gliese 581 had perfectly circular orbits whereas the Swiss group thought the orbits were more eccentric.[16] This difference in approach may be the reason for the disagreement, according to Alan Boss.[16] Butler remarked that with additional observations, "I would expect that on the time scale of a year or two this should be settled."[12] Other astronomers also supported a deliberate evaluation: Seager stated, "We will have consensus at some point; I don't think we need to vote right now." and Ray Jayawardhana noted, "Given the extremely interesting implications of such a discovery, it's important to have independent confirmation."[16] Gliese 581 g is listed as "unconfirmed" in the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia.[17]
In December 2010, a claimed methodological error was reported in the data analysis that led to the discovery of Gliese 581 f and g.[18] The team around Steven Vogt inferred the number of exoplanets by using a reduced chi-square, although the orbital models are nonlinear in the model parameters. Therefore, reduced chi-square is not a trustworthy diagnostic. In fact, an investigation of the fit residuals showed that the data used by Vogt's team actually prefers a model with four planets, not six, in agreement with the results of Francesco Pepe's team.
Further analyses of HIRES/HARPS data[edit]
Another re-analysis found no clear evidence for a fifth planetary signal in the combined HIRES/HARPS data set.[19] The claim was made that the HARPS data provided only some evidence for 5 planet signals, while incorporation of both data sets actually degraded the evidence for more than four planets (i.e., none for 581 f or 581 g). Mikko Tuomi of the University of Hertfordshire performed a Bayesian re-analysis of the HARPS and HIRES data with the result that they "do not imply the conclusion that there are two additional companions orbiting GJ 581".[20]
"I have studied [the paper] in detail and do not agree with his conclusions,"[21] Steven Vogt said in reply, concerned that Gregory has considered the HIRES data as more uncertain.[22] The question of Gliese 581g's existence won't be settled definitively until researchers gather more high-precision radial velocity data, Vogt said. However Vogt expects further analysis to strengthen the case for the planet.[23]
By performing a number of statistical tests, Guillen Anglada-Escude of the Carnegie Institute of Washington concluded that the existence of Gl 581 g was well supported by the available data, despite the presence of a statistical degeneracy that derives from an alias of the first eccentric harmonic of another planet in the system.[24] In a forthcoming paper, Anglada-Escude and Rebekah Dawson claim "With the data we have, the most likely explanation is that this planet is still there."[25]
Physical characteristics[edit]
Gliese 581 g has an orbital period of 37 days, orbiting at a distance of 0.146 AU from its parent star.[1] It is believed to have a mass of 3.1 to 4.3 times Earth's and a radius of 1.3 to 2.0 times Earth's (1.3 to 1.5 times larger if predominantly rocky, 1.7 to 2.0 times larger if predominantly water ice). Its mass indicates it is probably a rocky planet with a solid surface. The planet's surface gravity is expected to be in the range of 1.1 to 1.7 times Earth's, enough to hold on to an atmosphere likely to be denser than Earth's.[1]
Tidal locking and habitability[edit]
Because of Gliese 581 g's proximity to its parent star, it is predicted to be tidally locked to Gliese 581. Just as Earth's Moon always presents the same face to the Earth, the length of Gliese 581 g's sidereal day would then precisely match the length of its year, meaning it would be permanently light on one half and permanently dark on the other half of its surface.[1][26] Tidal locking also means the planet would have no axial tilt and therefore no seasonality in a conventional sense.
With one side of the planet always facing the star, temperatures could range from blazing hot in the bright side to freezing cold in the dark side if atmospheric heat transport is limited. The atmosphere's inventory of volatile compounds such as water and carbon dioxide could then permanently freeze on the dark side. However, an atmosphere of the expected density would be likely to moderate these extremes.
Atmospheric effects[edit]
An atmosphere that is dense will circulate heat, potentially allowing a wide area on the surface to be habitable.[27] For example, Venus has a solar rotation rate approximately 117 times slower than Earth's, producing prolonged days and nights. Despite the uneven distribution of sunlight over time intervals shorter than several months, unilluminated areas of Venus are kept almost as hot as the day side by globally circulating winds.[28] Simulations have shown that an atmosphere containing appropriate levels of CO2 and H2O need only be a tenth the pressure of Earth's atmosphere (100 mbar) to effectively distribute heat to the night side.[29] Current technology cannot determine the atmospheric or surface composition of the planet due to the overpowering light of its parent star.[30]
Whether or not a tide-locked planet with the orbital characteristics of Gliese 581g is actually habitable depends on the composition of the atmosphere and the nature of the planetary surface. A comprehensive modeling study[31] including atmospheric dynamics, realistic radiative transfer and the physics of formation of sea ice (if the planet has an ocean) indicates that the planet can become as hot as Venus if it is dry and allows carbon dioxide to accumulate in its atmosphere. The same study identified two habitable states for a water-rich planet. If the planet has a very thin atmosphere, a thick ice crust forms over most of the surface, but the substellar point remains hot enough to yield a region of thin ice or even episodically open water. If the planet has an atmosphere with Earthlike pressures, containing approximately 20% (molar) carbon dioxide, then the greenhouse effect is sufficiently strong to maintain a pool of open water under the substellar point with temperatures comparable to the Earth's tropics. This state has been dubbed "Eyeball Earth" by the author.
Modeling of the effect of tidal locking on Gliese 581 g's possible atmosphere, using a general circulation model employing an atmosphere with Earthlike surface pressure but a highly idealized representation of radiative processes, indicates that for a solid-surface planet the locations of maximum warmth would be distributed in a sideways chevron-shaped pattern centered near the substellar point.[32][33]
It is estimated that the average global equilibrium temperature (the temperature in the absence of atmospheric effects) of Gliese 581 g ranges from 209 to 228 K (−64 to −45 °C, or −84 to −49 °F) for Bond albedos (reflectivities) from 0.5 to 0.3 (with the latter being more characteristic of the inner Solar System). Adding an Earth-like greenhouse effect yields an average surface temperature in the range of 236 to 261 K (−37 to −12 °C, or −35 to 10 °F).[1][34] Gliese 581g is in an orbit where a silicate weathering thermostat can operate, and this can lead to accumulation of sufficient carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to permit liquid water to exist at the surface, provided the planet's composition and tectonic behavior can support sustained outgassing.[31]
Temperature comparisons |
Venus | Earth | Gliese 581 g | Mars |
Global equilibrium temperature |
209 K to 228 K −64 °C to −45 °C −83 °F to −49 °F |
+ Venus' GHG effect |
+ Earth's GHG effect |
236 K to 261 K −37 °C to −12 °C −35 °F to 10 °F |
+ Mars' GHG effect |
Tidally locked |
Almost | No | yes | No |
Global Bond Albedo |
0.9 | 0.29 | 0.5 to 0.3 | 0.25 |
Refs.[1][34][35] [36][37] |
By comparison, Earth's present global equilibrium temperature is 255 K (−18 °C), which is raised to 288 K (15 °C) by greenhouse effects. However, when life evolved early in Earth's history, the Sun's energy output is thought to have been only about 75% of its current value,[38] which would have correspondingly lowered Earth's equilibrium temperature under the same albedo conditions. Yet Earth maintained equable temperatures in that era, perhaps with a more intense greenhouse effect,[39] or a lower albedo,[40] than at present.
Current Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about −87 °C (−125 °F) during polar winter to highs of up to −5 °C (23 °F) in summer.[35] The wide range is due to the rarefied atmosphere, which cannot store much solar heat, and the low thermal inertia of the soil.[41] Early in its history, a denser atmosphere may have permitted the formation of an ocean on Mars.[42]
Two previously discovered planets in the same system, Gliese 581 c and d (inward and outward from planet g, respectively), were also regarded as potentially habitable following their discovery.[43] Both were later evaluated as being outside the conservatively defined habitable zone, leading Vogt et al. to remark that "The GJ 581 system has a somewhat checkered history of habitable planet claims".[1] However, a subsequent downward revision of the period of planet d from 83 to 67 days has bolstered its habitability prospects, although a large greenhouse effect would be needed.[1]
Potential for life[edit]
In an interview with Lisa-Joy Zgorski of the National Science Foundation, Steven Vogt was asked what he thought about the chances of life existing on Gliese 581 g. Vogt was optimistic: "I'm not a biologist, nor do I want to play one on TV. Personally, given the ubiquity and propensity of life to flourish wherever it can, I would say that... the chances of life on this planet are 100%. I have almost no doubt about it."[44] In the same article Dr. Seager is quoted as saying "Everyone is so primed to say here's the next place we're going to find life, but this isn't a good planet for follow-up."[44] According to Vogt, the long lifetime of red dwarfs improves the chances of life being present. "It's pretty hard to stop life once you give it the right conditions", he said.[45] "Life on other planets doesn't mean E.T. Even a simple single-cell bacteria or the equivalent of shower mold would shake perceptions about the uniqueness of life on Earth."[45]
Scientists have monitored only a relatively small number of stars in the search for exoplanets. The discovery of a potentially habitable planet like Gliese 581 g so early in the search might mean that habitable planets are more widely distributed than had been previously believed. According to Vogt, the discovery "implies an interesting lower limit on the fraction of stars that have at least one potentially habitable planet as there are only ~116 known solar-type or later stars out to the 6.3 parsec distance of Gliese 581".[46] This finding foreshadows what Vogt calls a new, second Age of Discovery in exoplanetology:[47]
Confirmation by other teams through additional high-precision RVs would be most welcome. But if GJ 581g is confirmed by further RV scrutiny, the mere fact that a habitable planet has been detected this soon, around such a nearby star, suggests that η⊕ could well be on the order of a few tens of percent, and thus that either we have just been incredibly lucky in this early detection, or we are truly on the threshold of a second Age of Discovery.[1]
If the fraction of stars with potentially habitable planets (η⊕, "eta-Earth") is on the order of a few tens of percent as Vogt proposes, and the Sun's stellar neighborhood is a typical sample of the galaxy, then the discovery of Gliese 581 g in the habitable zone of its star points to the potential of billions of Earth-like planets in our Milky Way galaxy alone.[48]
See also[edit]
- Drake equation
- Earth analog
- Gliese 163 c
- Gliese 581 c#Habitability and climate
- Gliese 581 d
- Gliese 667 Cc
- Habitable zone
- Habitability of red dwarf systems
- HD 85512 b
- Kepler 22
- Kepler 22 b
- List of extrasolar planets
- Planetary habitability
- Polar night / Twilight / Midnight sun
Notes and references[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Vogt, Steven S.; Butler, R. Paul; Rivera, Eugenio J.; Haghighipour, Nader; Henry, Gregory W.; Williamson, Michael H. (2010-09-29). "The Lick-Carnegie Exoplanet Survey: A 3.1 M_Earth Planet in the Habitable Zone of the Nearby M3V Star Gliese 581". arXiv:1009.5733 [astro-ph.EP].
- ^ http://io9.com/tag/zarmina
- ^ Dvorksy, George. "Astronomers confirm there are two potentially habitable planets orbiting Gliese 581". io9.
- ^ http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-20/science/32763104_1_goldilocks-zone-gliese-581g-planet "Times website"
- ^ Times of India website
- ^ Forveille, T.; Bonfils, X.; Delfosse, X.; Alonso, R.; Udry, S.; Bouchy, F.; Gillon, M.; Lovis, C.; Neves, V.; Mayor, M.; Pepe, F.; Queloz, D.; Santos, N. C.; Segransan, D.; Almenara, J. M.; eeg, H.; Rabus. M. (2011-09-12). "The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXXII. Only 4 planets in the Gl~581 system". arXiv:1109.2505v1 [astro-ph.EP]. "...Our dataset therefore has strong diagnostic power for planets with the parameters of Gl 581f and Gl 581g, and we conclude that the Gl 581 system is unlikely to contain planets with those characteristics...."
- ^ Bonfils; Delfosse; Udry; Forveille; Mayor; Perrier; Bouchy; Gillon et al. (2011). "The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXXI. The M-dwarf sample". arXiv:1111.5019 [astro-ph.EP].
- ^ The planet is much too far away to reach with today's technology: at the speed of the space shuttle, "it would take 766,000 years to get to Gliese 581 g—that's more than three times longer than homo sapiens have been around."—Palmer, Brian (2010-09-30). "Gliese 581 g or Bust!". Slate, Washingtonpost Newsweek Interactive. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
- ^ Alleyne, Richard (2010-09-30). "Gliese 581g the most Earth like planet yet discovered". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 2010-09-30.
- ^ Alexander, Amir (2010-10-06). "Billions Billions? Discovery of Habitable Planet Suggests Many More are Out There". The Planetary Society web site. The Planetary Society. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
- ^ Meichsner, Von Irene (2010-09-30). "Erdähnlicher Planet entdeckt". Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
- ^ a b Kerr, Richard A. (2010-10-12). "Recently Discovered Habitable World May Not Exist". Science Now. AAAS. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
- ^ Mullen, Leslie (2010-10-12). "Doubt Cast on Existence of Habitable Alien World". Astrobiology Magazine. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
- ^ Grossman, Lisa (2010-10-12). "Exoplanet Wars: "First Habitable World" May Not Exist". Wired. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
- ^ Wall, Mike (2010-10-13). "Astronomer Stands By Discovery of Alien Planet Gliese 581g Amid Doubts". Space.com. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
- ^ a b c Cowen, Ron (2010-10-13). "Swiss team fails to confirm recent discovery of an extrasolar planet that might have right conditions for life". Science News. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
- ^ "Notes for star Gl 581". The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ Rene Andrae; Tim Schulze-Hartung; Peter Melchior (2010). "Dos and don'ts of reduced chi-squared". arXiv:1012.3754 [astro-ph.IM].
- ^ Gregory (2011). "Bayesian Re-analysis of the Gliese 581 Exoplanet System". arXiv:1101.0800 [astro-ph.SR].
- ^ Mikko Tuomi (2011). "Bayesian re-analysis of the radial velocities of Gliese 581. Evidence in favour of only four planetary companions". arXiv:1102.3314 [astro-ph.EP].
- ^ http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2011/01/14/habitable-planet-gliese-vogt-gregory.html "Habitable planet find doubted by B.C. scientist".
- ^ http://www.space.com/10897-alien-planet-gliese-581g-great-debate.html
- ^ Yudhijt Bhattacharjee (27 July 2012). "Data Dispute Revives Exoplanet Claim". Science 337 (6093): 398. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..398B. doi:10.1126/science.337.6093.398.
- ^ Guillem Anglada-Escudé (2010). "Aliases of the first eccentric harmonic : Is GJ 581g a genuine planet candidate?". arXiv:1011.0186 [astro-ph.EP].
- ^ Grossman, Lisa (2011-01-18). "New Study Finds No Sign of 'First Habitable Exoplanet'". Wired.
- ^ Berardelli, Phil (2010-09-29). "Astronomers Find Most Earth-like Planet to Date". ScienceNOW. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
- ^ Alpert, Mark (2005-11-07). "Red Star Rising". Scientific American. Retrieved 2007-04-25.
- ^ Ralph D. Lorenz, Jonathan I Lunine, Paul G. Withers, Christopher P. McKay (2001). "Titan, Mars and Earth: Entropy Production by Latitudinal Heat Transport" (PDF). Ames Research Center, University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
- ^ Joshi, M. M.; Haberle, R. M.; Reynolds, R. T. (October 1997). "Simulations of the Atmospheres of Synchronously Rotating Terrestrial Planets Orbiting M Dwarfs: Conditions for Atmospheric Collapse and the Implications for Habitability". Icarus 129 (2): 450–465. Bibcode:1997Icar..129..450J. doi:10.1006/icar.1997.5793.
- ^ Shiga, David (2010-09-29). "Found: first rocky exoplanet that could host life". New Scientist. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
- ^ a b Pierrehumbert, R. T. (2010-12-27). "A Palette of climates for Gliese 581g". Astrophysical Journal Letters (IOP Publishing) 726 (1): L8. Bibcode:2011ApJ...726L...8P. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/726/1/L8. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
- ^ Heng, Kevin; Vogt, Steven S. (2010-10-25). "Gliese 581g as a scaled-up version of Earth: atmospheric circulation simulations". arXiv:1010.4719 [astro-ph.EP].
- ^ Grossman, Lisa (2010-11-01). "Climate Model Suggests Where the Aliens Are". Wired News (Condé Nast Publications). Retrieved 2010-11-03.
- ^ a b Stephens, Tim (2010-09-29). "Newly discovered planet may be first truly habitable exoplanet". University News & Events. University of California, Santa Cruz.
- ^ a b "NASA, Mars: Facts & Figures". Retrieved 2010-01-28.
- ^ Mallama, A.; Wang, D.; Howard, R. A. (2006). "Venus phase function and forward scattering from H2SO4". Icarus 182 (1): 10–22. Bibcode:2006Icar..182...10M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.12.014.
- ^ Mallama, A. (2007). "The magnitude and albedo of Mars". Icarus 192 (2): 404–416. Bibcode:2007Icar..192..404M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.07.011.
- ^ Sagan, C.; Mullen, G. (1972). "Earth and Mars: Evolution of Atmospheres and Surface Temperatures". Science 177 (4043): 52–56. Bibcode:1972Sci...177...52S. doi:10.1126/science.177.4043.52. PMID 17756316.
- ^ Pavlov, Alexander A.; Kasting, James F.; Brown, Lisa L.; Rages, Kathy A.; Freedman, Richard (May 2000). "Greenhouse warming by CH4 in the atmosphere of early Earth". Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (E5): 11981−11990. Bibcode:2000JGR...10511981P. doi:10.1029/1999JE001134.
- ^ Rosing, Minik T.; Bird, Dennis K.; Sleep, Norman H.; Bjerrum, Christian J. (2010-04-01). "No climate paradox under the faint early Sun". Nature 464 (7289): 744–747. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..744R. doi:10.1038/nature08955. PMID 20360739.
- ^ "Mars' desert surface...". MGCM Press release. NASA. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
- ^ Boyce, J. M.; Mouginis, P.; Garbeil, H. (2005). "Ancient oceans in the northern lowlands of Mars: Evidence from impact crater depth/diameter relationships". Journal of Geophysical Research (American Geophysical Union) 110 (E03008): (15 pp.). Bibcode:2005JGRE..11003008B. doi:10.1029/2004JE002328.
- ^ Udry, S.; Bonfils, X.; Delfosse, X.; Forveille, T.; Mayor, M.; Perrier, C.; Bouchy, F.; Lovis, C.; Pepe, F.; Queloz, D.; Bertaux, J.-L. (2007). "The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XI. Super-Earths (5 and 8 M⊕) in a 3-planet system". Astronomy and Astrophysics 469 (3): L43 – L47. arXiv:0704.3841. Bibcode:2007A&A...469L..43U. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077612.
- ^ a b NSF. Press Release 10-172 - Video. Event occurs at 41:25-42:31. See Overbye, Dennis (2010-09-29). "New Planet May Be Able to Nurture Organisms". The New York Times'. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
- ^ a b Borenstein, Seth (2010-09-30). "Could 'Goldilocks' planet be just right for life?". Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
- ^ Vogt 2010, pp. 32–33. For more information, see Turnbull, Margaret C.; Tarter, Jill C. (March 2003). "Target Selection for SETI: 1. A Catalog of Nearby Habitable Stellar Systems". The Astrophysical Journal (Institute of Physics Publishing). arXiv:astro-ph/0210675. Bibcode:2003ApJS..145..181T. doi:10.1086/345779.
- ^ NSF. Press Release 10-172 - Video. Event occurs at 17:00–17:46.
- ^ Vogt 2010, p. 2. See Berardelli, Phil (2010-09-29). "Astronomers Find Most Earth-like Planet to Date". AAAS. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star system Gliese 581. |
Wikinews has related news: New planet found in 'Habitable Zone' |
- National Science Foundation (2010-09-29). "Steven Vogt and Paul Butler lead a team that discovered the first potentially habitable exoplanet". "Video: Steven Vogt of UC Santa Cruz and UC Observatories and Paul Butler of the Carnegie Institution of Washington join NSF's Lisa-Joy Zgorski to announce the discovery of the first exoplanet that has the potential to support life."
- "NASA and NSF-Funded Research Finds First Potentially Habitable Exoplanet". Release 10-237. NASA. 2010-09-29.


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