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Cuba Libre
- This article is about the cocktail. For other uses, see Cuba libre (disambiguation). "Rum and coke" redirects here. For the Dub Pistols album, see Rum & Coke.
This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2012) |
IBA Official Cocktail | |
A Cuba Libre served in a short tumbler. | |
Type | Mixed drink |
Primary alcohol by volume | |
Served | On the rocks; poured over ice |
Standard garnish |
lime wedge |
Standard drinkware | 12 oz. glass |
IBA specified ingredients* | |
Preparation | Build all ingredients in a highball glass filled with ice. Garnish with lime wedge. |
The Cuba Libre (/ˈkjuːbə ˈliːbreɪ/; Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkuβa ˈliβɾe], "Free Cuba") is a highball made of cola, lime, and white rum. This highball is often referred to as a Rum and Coke in the United States, Canada, the UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand where the lime juice may or may not be included.
Accounts of the invention of the Cuba Libre vary. One account claims that the drink (Spanish for Free Cuba) was invented in Havana, Cuba around 1901/1902. Patriots aiding Cuba during the Spanish-American War—and, later, expatriates avoiding Prohibition—regularly mixed rum and cola as a highball and a toast to this Caribbean island.[1]
According to Bacardi:
The world's second most popular drink was born in a collision between the United States and Spain. It happened during the Spanish-American War at the turn of the century when Teddy Roosevelt, the Rough Riders, and Americans in large numbers arrived in Cuba. One afternoon, a group of off-duty soldiers from the U.S. Signal Corps were gathered in a bar in Old Havana. Fausto Rodriguez, a young messenger, later recalled that Captain Russell came in and ordered Bacardi (Gold) rum and Coca-Cola on ice with a wedge of lime. The captain drank the concoction with such pleasure that it sparked the interest of the soldiers around him. They had the bartender prepare a round of the captain's drink for them. The Bacardi rum and Coke was an instant hit. As it does to this day, the drink united the crowd in a spirit of fun and good fellowship. When they ordered another round, one soldier suggested that they toast ¡Por Cuba Libre! in celebration of the newly freed Cuba. The captain raised his glass and sang out the battle cry that had inspired Cuba's victorious soldiers in the War of Independence.[2]
However, there are some problems with Bacardi's account, as the Spanish-American war was fought in 1898, Cuba's liberation was in 1898, and the Rough Riders left Cuba in September 1898,[3] but Coca-Cola was not available in Cuba until 1900.[4] According to a 1965 deposition by Fausto Rodriguez, the Cuba Libre was first mixed at a Cuban bar in August 1900 by a member of the U.S. Signal Corps, referred to as "John Doe".[5]
According to Havana Club:
Along with the Mojito and the Daiquiri, the Cuba Libre shares the mystery of its exact origin. The only certainty is that this cocktail was first sipped in Cuba. The year? 1900. 1900 is generally said to be the year that cola first came to Cuba, introduced to the island by American troops. But "Cuba Libre!" was the battle cry of the Cuba Liberation Army during the war of independence that ended in 1898.[2]
This drink was once viewed as exotic, with its dark syrup, made (at that time) from kola nuts and coca.
Soon, as Charles H. Baker, Jr. points out in his Gentlemen's Companion of 1934, the Cuba Libre "caught on everywhere throughout the [American] South ... filtered through the North and West," aided by the ample supply of its ingredients. In The American Language, 1921, H.L. Mencken writes of an early variation of the drink: "The troglodytes of western South Carolina coined 'jump stiddy' for a mixture of Coca-Cola and denatured alcohol (usually drawn from automobile radiators); connoisseurs reputedly preferred the taste of what had been aged in Model-T Fords."[5]
The drink gained further popularity in the United States after The Andrews Sisters recorded a song (in 1945) named after the drink's ingredients, "Rum and Coca-Cola". Cola and rum were both cheap at the time and this also contributed to the widespread popularity of the concoction.[5]
Recipe variations[edit]
Cubata is a Cuba Libre made from Havana Club Especial instead of Havana Club Blanco, giving it a deeper, more complex flavour.
The Cuba Pintada ("stained Cuba") is one part rum with two parts club soda and just enough cola so that it tints the club soda. The Cuba Campechana ("half-and-half Cuba") contains one part rum topped off with equal parts of club soda and cola. They are both popular refreshments, especially among young people.
Other recent variations are the Cuba Light made with rum and Diet Coke, and the Witch Doctor made with dark rum and Dr. Pepper.
Another variation of the Cuba Libre is the Cuban Missile Crisis. Compared to a normal Cuba Libre, it uses a higher proof rum, such as Bacardi 151 (75.5%).
A variation of the Cuba Libre popular in the West Indies is a "Hot" Cuba Libre which includes a splash of Caribbean hot sauce (for example, Capt'n Sleepy's Quintessential Habanero, or Matouk's).
Some people substitute Cream Soda and spiced rum to create a bright gold drink, often referred to as a Midas.
Another common variation is the use of "golden" or "dark" rum as opposed to to white rum. This variation is the most commonly used in Venezuela.
Another variation is the use of White Rum (Captain Morgan White Rum) and cherry or vanilla Coke. This is most commonly known in the U.S. as "The Gringo".
Local variations[edit]
The drink's name has evolved somewhat in both Cuba and the United States, where some choose to refer to it as a Mentirita ("a little lie"), in an opinionated reference to Cuban politics.
- In Australia, the more popularly known drink is simply Rum and Coke or "Rumbo", which contains no lime, commonly uses a local dark rum and can be purchased in cans as a ready-to-drink. However, the combination of light rum, brown sugar and cola is commonly ordered at cocktail bars as a Cuba Libre.
- In Brazil, there is another variation, made with "cachaça" and lemon without peeling.
- In Britain, the drink is most commonly served without the lime juice and ordered simply as a Bacardi and Coke[citation needed]. When the lime juice is included and rubbed around the rim of the glass it can be known as a Lou Bega, after the popular singer.[citation needed] Often the drink is called Cuban for the original mix and White Cuban when coke is replaced with Sprite or 7up.
- In Chile and Spain, Cuba Libre is also called "Ron-Cola" and "Cubata".
- In Costa Rica, it is normally known as "Ron-Coca", although a low calorie variation called Tico Libre is made with gold or dark rum, diet cola and garnished with lemon for a refreshing finish.
- In Czech Republic and Slovakia, Kofola, a popular local soft drink, is frequently used instead of coke. Also, the rum is often substituted by Tuzemak.
- In India, the more popularly known drink is simply Rum and Coke, which contains no lime, commonly uses a local rum (such as Old Monk). Mixing cola with hard alcoholic beverages other than rum is quite popular in India.
- In the Dominican Republic it is a popular drink poured with a generous amount of locally produced Dominican Rum (i.e. Brugal, Bermúdez, etc.) and cola, topped off with a slice of lime.
- In Greece Thessaloniki, there is another variant, that consists of "retsina" and cola, named "tumba libre". "Tumba" is the name of a neighborhood in Thessaloniki.
- In the Netherlands the drink is usually served without lime and commonly referred to as Baco, from the two ingredients of Bacardi rum and cola (even though many bars don't serve Bacardi, the term baco is widely used.)
- In Mexico, it is one of the most popular alcoholic drinks and it is usually referred to simply as a "Cuba".
- In Nicaragua, when it is mixed using Flor de Caña (the national brand of rum) and cola, it is called a Nica Libre.
- In Puerto Rico, a variation called "Spicy cherry" or "Spicy vanilla" is made of spiced rum, cherry coke or vanilla coke, and garnished with a lime.
- In Peru, a variation called Peru Libre is made with pisco rather than rum.[6]
- In Poland, when it is mixed using Burn and rum, it is called a Poland Libre. This, because Burn is a popular drink to mix in Poland and the drink turns red (the color of Poland).
- In Russia Cuba Libre without the lime juice is called Rock-n-Roll Star, after a popular song that features the recipe. Any distilled spirit could be substituted for a rum in a pinch, but these variations generally do not have any specific names.
- In The U.S.A. the Cuba Libre Commonly known as The Gringo Is mixed with Vanilla Coke and Captain Morgans White Rum.
- In Venezuela the Cuba Libre Preparado ("Prepared Cuba Libre") includes a dash of gin and a dash of Angostura bitters.
- In Newfoundland, there has been a long history of trading dried salted codfish to the West Indies, usually for rum, molasses and spices. Newfoundland Screech, a rum which is actually made in Jamaica, is popularly mixed with coke - without lime. One variation to this drink is called the Tom Morry - which involves equal parts dark rum, water and coke.
- ^ "The Original BACARDI Cuba Libre Celebrates 110th Anniversary". Business Wire. 3 August 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
- ^ a b "Cuba Libre History". Havana Club. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
- ^ "The Rough Riders and Colonel Roosevelt". Theodore Roosevelt Association. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
- ^ "The Chronicle Of Coca-Cola". Heritage. The Coca-Cola Company. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
- ^ a b c Charles A. Coulombe (2005) [2004]. "'Rum and Coca-Cola': A Symbol of Exotic Sophistication". Rum: The Epic Story of the Drink That Conquered the World. New York, NY: Citadel Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8065-2583-9.
- ^ "Peru Libre Cocktail Recipe". Retrieved 19 July 2012.
External links[edit]
- Media related to Cuba libre at Wikimedia Commons


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Discussion about math, puzzles, games and fun. Useful symbols: ÷ × ½ √ ∞ ≠ ≤ ≥ ≈ ⇒ ± ∈ Δ θ ∴ ∑ ∫ π -¹ ² ³ °
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You are not logged in. #1 2009-04-24 21:55:17
Discrete Fourier TransformCan somebody tell me what is the process to calculate the eigenvalues of the discrete fourier transform matrix? Or a reference would be good also. thanks!! #2 2009-04-25 10:17:13
Re: Discrete Fourier TransformHi dannyv; Last edited by bobbym (2009-04-25 10:18:20) In mathematics, you don't understand things. You just get used to them. Some cause happiness wherever they go; others, whenever they go. If you can not overcome with talent...overcome with effort. #3 2009-04-25 13:13:13
Re: Discrete Fourier TransformI found this wikipedia page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_Fourier_transform that gives a really good and correct definitions and properties of the DFT. It also gives the eigenvalues but doesn't tell exactly how to find them. This is a quote from the page: This can be seen from the inverse properties above: operating twice gives the original data in reverse order, so operating four times gives back the original data and is thus the identity matrix. This means that the eigenvalues satisfy a characteristic equation: Therefore, the eigenvalues of are the four roots of unity: is +1, -1, +i, -i What is not clear form me is why is the characteristic equation . How can I derive this algebraically? Also, how do I calculate the multiplicity of these eigenvalues? The calculation of the multiplicities is given in this paper "J. H. McClellan and T. W. Parks (1972). "Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the discrete Fourier transformation". IEEE Trans. Audio Electroacoust. 20 (1): 6674" (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/wrapper.jsp?arnumber=1162342), but my university doesn't have access to this paper, so I haven't read this yet. In summary my questions are as follows: 1) How to derive algebraically the characteristic equation 2) How to calculate the multiplicity of the eigenvalues 3) What is a good alternate reference for this paper Thanks in advanced!!! #4 2009-04-25 18:06:07
Re: Discrete Fourier TransformHi dannyv; In mathematics, you don't understand things. You just get used to them. Some cause happiness wherever they go; others, whenever they go. If you can not overcome with talent...overcome with effort. |

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Richard Holbrooke and Kati Marton's Beresford Spread Sells for a Deeply Discounted $11 M.
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Middlesbrough striker Marvin Emnes has been charged with violent conduct by the Football Association following an incident during Saturday's win at Sheffield United.
The 22-year-old Dutchman, who has until 6pm on Tuesday to respond to the charge, was not booked by referee Andy Woolmer in Boro's 2-1 win.
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South Africa court blocks Zimbabwe helicopter gift
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HARARE, Zimbabwe (AP) -- A South Africa-based civic rights group says a court in that country has again blocked a "donation" of surplus military helicopters to Zimbabwe's military.
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These are all the News & Announcements posted on Monday, 9 November, 2009.
Staff Reading Pick
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Book: Wire in the Blood by Val McDermid Recommended by: Melanie, Librarian Award winning British mystery author, McDermid, has created gritty, intense characters in this riveting psychological thriller. Not for the squeamish, the book follows Dr. Tony Hill, a psychological profiler, as he helps the police find a sadistic serial killer. A BBC TV series is based on McDermid's books. Want more reading suggestions? View previous staff picks. Posted By Logan Library at 2:57 PM in Category:Staff Picks
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Politics of the Bahamas
This article does not cite any references or sources. (December 2009) |
This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Bahamas |
Foreign relations |
The politics of the Bahamas takes place within a framework of parliamentary democracy, with a Prime Minister as the head of government. The Bahamas is an independent country and - as a former British colony - a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Political and legal traditions closely follow those of the United Kingdom. Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state, but executive power is exercised by the cabinet. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of parliament. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature and jurisprudence is based on English common law. The multi-party system is dominated by the Progressive Liberal Party and the Free National Movement. The constitution protects freedom of speech, press, worship, movement, and association.
Political developments[edit]
In the first half of the 20th century, the Bahamas was largely controlled by a group of influential white merchants known as the "Bay Street Boys", who dominated both the economy and the legislature. Executive power rested with the British governor-in-council.
The Progressive Liberal Party was formed in 1953 to represent the disenfranchised black majority and this led to the formation of the United Bahamian Party by the Bay Street Boys. In 1964 the British gave the Bahamas internal self-governance and the white UBP leader Roland Symonette became the country's first premier. In 1967, under the leadership of a young black lawyer named Lynden Pindling, the PLP were elected and went on to lead The Bahamas into independence in 1973.
A coalition of PLP dissidents and former UBP members formed the Free National Movement (FNM) in 1971 under the leadership of Cecil Wallace Whitfield. After Whitfield's death in 1990, another ex-PLP, Hubert Ingraham, became leader of the FNM and took the party to victory in the 1992 general election. The FNM was re-elected by a landslide in 1997, but lost to a resurgent PLP, under the leadership of his former law partner Perry Christie, in 2002. Ingraham turned the party leadership over to Tommy Turnquest in 2002, but in 2007 he returned to lead the FNM to victory again by a five-seat margin.
Among the country's biggest challenges are the privatization of costly and inefficient state-owned corporations, the retraining of hundreds of workers who will be affected by the change, decisions on ways to diversify tax revenues away from import tariffs and license fees, and opening the economy to international trade agreements.
Executive branch[edit]
The Bahamas is a constitutional monarchy based on the Westminster system of parliamentary government. Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state. She is represented ceremonially by a Bahamian governor-general who acts on the advice of the prime minister and the cabinet.
The leader of the majority party in parliament serves as prime minister and head of government. The cabinet consists of at least nine members, including the prime minister and ministers of executive departments. They answer politically to the lower House of Assembly.
The governor-general appoints the chief justice of the Supreme Court on the advice of the prime minister and leader of the opposition. Other justices are appointed on the advice of a judicial commission. The Privy Council in London serves as the highest appellate court for the Bahamas.
Office | Name | Party | Since |
Queen | Elizabeth II | 6 February 1952 | |
Governor-General | Arthur Foulkes | 14 April 2010 | |
Prime Minister | Perry Christie | Progressive Liberal Party | 8 May 2012 |
Legislative branch[edit]
The House of Assembly consists of 38 members, elected from individual constituencies for five-year terms. As under the Westminster system, the government may dissolve the parliament and call elections at any time. The House of Assembly performs all major legislative functions.
The Senate consists of 16 members appointed by the governor-general, including nine on the advice of the prime minister, four on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and three on the advice of the prime minister after consultation with the leader of the opposition.
Political parties and elections[edit]
Parties | Total Seats | Votes | Percentage | ||||||||||
Before | After | ± | |||||||||||
Progressive Liberal Party | 19 | 29 | 10 | 75,815 | 48.62% | ||||||||
Free National Movement | 21 | 9 | 12 | 65,633 | 42.09% | ||||||||
Democratic National Alliance | 1 | 0 | 1 | 13,225 | 8.48% | ||||||||
Bahamas Constitution Party | 0 | 0 | 0 | 96 | 0.06% | ||||||||
Independent | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1,177 | 0.75% | ||||||||
Total | 41 | 38 | 3 | 155,946 | 100% | ||||||||
Source: [1] |
International organization participation[edit]
- World Customs Organization
- Caribbean Development Bank
- Caribbean Community (Caricom)
- United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
- Food and Agriculture Organization
- Group of 77
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
- International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
- International Finance Corporation
- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
- International Labour Organization
- International Monetary Fund
- International Maritime Organization
- International Olympic Committee
- International Telecommunication Union
- Inmarsat
- Intelsat
- Interpol
- Latin American Economic System
- Non-Aligned Movement
- Organization of American States
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SALT LAKE CITY -- Utah Attorney General Mark Shurtleff was in a hospital room being treated for cancer when he let emotions take over and vowed not to appeal the exoneration of an inmate serving a life sentence for a 1993 murder.
Defense attorneys, however, called Shurtleff's flip-flop on Thursday a "tragic case of sour grapes" and insisted they would prevail when the case against Debra Brown is reviewed by the Utah Supreme Court.
Shurtleff announced he was appealing a May 2 ruling by 2nd District Court Judge Michael DiReda declaring Brown "factually innocent" in the 1993 murder of her friend and employer, Lael Brown, 75. The two are not related. Lael Brown was shot in the head inside his home in Logan, about 80 miles north of Salt Lake City.
Brown, 53, is the first inmate exonerated under a 2008 Utah law allowing judges to reconsider convictions on new factual -- not scientific -- evidence.
Her attorneys said Brown was confident she will remain free, as she has been since May 9 when she walked out of Utah State Prison to a belated Mother's Day celebration after 17 years behind bars.
"She was disappointed, of course, but she's not going to let this get her down," brother Dave Scott said. "Deb and her family have faced 17 years of this same stuff like the public's just seeing right now. It's kind of a way of life for her."
But on Thursday, Shurtleff said he now believes, after talking with his staff and prosecutors across the state, that the judge incorrectly applied the statute that freed her by looking at evidence that was not "newly discovered."
He referred specifically to testimony by Del Hall that he had seen the victim alive the afternoon of Nov. 6, 1993, when Brown had an alibi. The state has contended the victim was killed that morning.
Shurtleff said he feared "the floodgates will open" and that every judge will become "another Monday morning quarterback" if DiReda's ruling is not appealed and the system becomes "fatally flawed."
While he acknowledged Brown was a model prisoner and would not push to have her incarcerated again -- either during appeal or if her exoneration is overturned -- he said prosecutors remained convinced she is guilty. He said it's important the state's high court take a look at how the 2008 law was applied.
"It's really about the process, not about Debra Brown and can't be about emotions," said Shurtleff, who had tweeted during treatment, hours after her release that he would not appeal. He issued a formal release later that night indicating his office would not appeal "in the interest of justice and mercy."
"It was very emotional, highly charged," he said of that day. "Many felt in their hearts that enough was enough, and I was one of those."
On Thursday, he was backed by 26 of the state's 29 county attorneys, as well as the original prosecutor from Cache County, when he announced he had changed his mind. "I knew about the case, but I had not studied the facts and had not had a chance to read the judge's decision," he said.
Lead defense attorney Alan Sullivan said letting Brown "blow in the wind" again is unfair.
"The attorney general told us this morning it's not about Deb Brown. Then who is it about? It's all about Deb Brown," said Sullivan, who maintained DiReda's ruling was case-specific and would not set any precedent.
Jensie Anderson, board president of the Rocky Mountain Innocence Center that took over Brown's case nine years ago, said the 2008 statute had safeguards built in "to make sure those floodgates never open."
Katie Monroe, director of the Innocence Center, said law enforcement officials too often work zealously to defend wrongful convictions at all costs. She said Shurtleff was applauded May 9 for "having the courage to do the right thing," and called it unprecedented to see such a flip-flop.
The defense said Hall's testimony is "new evidence," as jurors who convicted Brown in 1995 weren't made aware of it. But they also said even if it weren't new evidence, the law allows judges to look at a case in its totality if a finding of innocence can be made.
Since she was freed, Brown has been gardening, bicycling, attending church and spending time with her three children and seven grandchildren, her brother said. She also has been trying to regain her identity, and has yet to secure a driver's license or even a fishing license.
"You've got to have an ID in this world that we live in," Scott said. "Today, as far as the outside world knows, Debra Brown never existed."


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the bed was comfy and the room was clean. It had a heater and air conditioning.
The room was super small. The bed was pushed up against the wall. Was not the kind of room where you could hang out. There was no business center so if you need to print something out your on your own.
Although the room was small; we were really close to a subway stop so it was easy to get to all the major spots. The area was dead at night but we felt safe. There is a bar called shorty's next door but it never seemed packed.Comfy bed, good pillows, new bathroom
Shower doesnt have a door so water spills onto the floor outside. Takes a good 5 minutes for water to heat up. Shower head comes out of ceiling so girls will struggle to keeo hair dry.
Valet parking. Excellent and friendly customer service by Lucas. Grab and go croissants, muffins and coffee were good.
Wireless was temporarily not working. Small rooms.
The location was perfect! And, we found free parking around the block.
Very clean, modern and new rooms. Breakfast had several types of fresh local pastries and was expected by an hour or so.
If you go expecting a room the size of a small bedroom with a separate bath, you'll love it. If you expect a standard hotel room with areas to walk around, you'll be disappointed. Two people can't walk around without one having to move around the other.
Staff was awesome. Super friendly and hyper-willing to help with service or questions. The hotel itself was much better than I was expecting so that was a very pleasant surprise.
Bed was very, very soft but that is my issue as I prefer super-grim mattresses
Location and room size, design, and cleanliness.
The staff was amazing; from when we checked in, a couple times we asked questions, to when we checked out and left a bag to pick up later. It was quiet, enjoyable, and had everything we needed. Bath and bed linens were very nice.
Because this is a small hotel and built vertically you are destined to take the elevator. There are two elevators and a stairway. It just takes time. Can't really fault the hotel for this but some people might get impatient waiting.
Most Americans are spoiled babies and can't handle anything smaller than a 1500 square foot suite. As with most European style boutique hotels, the rooms are small without a lot of extra space. No, it isn't a place to set up a crib and changing table for your three infants. Yes, it is a VERY comfortable hotel with everything you need. If you were traveling for business there is a desk and room to work if needed.


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Choose from our Gold and Silver Legacy New Year's Party Kit to get your event started right!
Kit for 50 Includes 25 plastic top hats, 25 glittered fringed tiaras, 30 foil horns, 25 leis, 20 noisemakers, and 200 serpentine throws.
Kit for 25 Includes 13 plastic top hats, 12 glittered fringed tiaras, 15 foil horns, 12 leis, 10 noisemakers, and 100 serpentine throws.
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Gold and Silver Legacy New Year's Party Kit
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- Attractive
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- Parties
Everyone wished that there were "blow-out" noisemakers, instead of the "grinders"
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The kit in a whole was great. It was easy to set up and very festive. The only complaint I have is that the serpentine did not work as well as I would have liked. However, overall the kit was great and I would buy this product again in the future.
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Selected writings of Gertrude Stein |
Wat mensen zeggen - Een recensie schrijven
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Review: Selected Writings
Gebruikersrecensie - GoodreadsI did not read all the writing, just the Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas. Not my favorite. But, I'm intrigued to read more about Gertrude Stein, just not more by Gertrude Stein.
Review: Selected Writings
Gebruikersrecensie - GoodreadsNIHILISM, GERTRUDE STEIN, AND MYSELF Two world wars were fought during the first half of the 20th century, making that quindecade unique, so far, in history. Gertrude Stein, an American writer, was ...
Verwante boeken
... Look at me now and here I am: writings and lectures, 1909-43 Gertrude Stein Fragmentweergave - 1971 |
Everybody who was anybody: a biography of Gertrude Stein, Volume 1 Janet Hobhouse Fragmentweergave - 1975 |
The Making of Americans Selected Passages | 229 |
Have They AttackedMary He Giggled a political caricature | 471 |
a love story | 481 |
Copyright | |
4 andere gedeelten niet weergegeven
Overige edities - Alles weergeven
Veelvoorkomende woorden en zinsdelen
ain't Americans asked began beginning Belley better Braque brother Carl Van Vechten certainly never Cezanne colored comes completely Elliot Paul everything excited father feeling Fernande french friends Furr Germans Gertrude Stein girl Guillaume Guillaume Apollinaire happened Harry Gibb hear Hemingway hurt inside interested Jane Harden Jeff Campbell Jem Richards Juan Gris kind knew lanctha later laughed listening looked loving repeating maquis Marie Laurencin Matisse mean Melanc Melanctha Herbert Mildred Miss Charles Miss Dounor Miss Melanctha Miss Stein mother naturally nice once painted Paris Picasso portrait realising Redfern remember Rose Johnson rue de Fleurus Saint Chavez Saint Ignatius Saint Therese soldiers sometimes stay story strong sure talking tell thing Toklas told trouble trude Stein understand Virgil Thomson wanted whole wife woman women wonderful write young


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Departing Columbia J School Dean Nick Lemann is Looking Forward to Some Time Off
Columbia Journalism School Dean Nicholas Lemann announced he is leaving his post via email this morning. Deanships come in five year increments. Mr. Lemann is stepping down after his second term. He will return to Columbia after taking a sabbatical, during which he plans to work on an a book (he hasn't decided on the topic) and contribute to The New Yorker, where he is a staff writer. In a phone conversation with the Observer between meetings this afternoon, Mr. Lemann said he's looking forward to the time off.
"I entered the workforce three days after graduating from college and I've been working ever since," he said. Read More


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AFRICAN GIRL & BABY Big & Small
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LOVE THIS ONE. So creative as well (the background especially) - baby is adorable. great job.
Lovely!!! My son-in-law is there right now.... he is an evangelist.... in Liberia! 5/5 fav/collection!
love your wonderful drawing the ladies clothes are so beautiful her jewelery is stunning and the bady looks so peaceful and adorable 5h fav
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Dexter is a chocolate lab. We got Dexter just over a year ago. It's my first dog that I've ever owned. In the last year with him has been tough. But it's also been wonderful. A dog is a big step in responsibility. I am glad to have him in my life. He's defiantly a great friend.
The most cutest dog in the world.
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SPECIAL ELECTION ISSUE Featured Trades: (MY ANALYSIS OF THE ELECTION) 1) My Analysis of the Election. Won the World Series, but lost the Speaker of the House. I guess San Francisco can't have everything. My expectation that demographic trends would limit Democratic losses turned out to be wrong. The kids stayed home and texted each […]
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SPECIAL ELECTION ISSUE Featured Trades: (WHAT THIS MEANS FOR ECONOMIC POLICY) 2) What The Election Means for Economic Policy. Let's put the economic polices the voters chose under the microscope and see what we got. It is not a pretty picture. The bottom line is that my scenario of a lethargic 2-2.5% GDP growth rate […]
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a journal of finding good food and restaurants i love to eat in Taipei when I'm not in Los Angeles. looking forward to hearing from other food lovers about where your favorite places to eat are, so i can try them next!
Friday, February 03, 2006
italian: i strongly recommend MACARONI GRILL
1F, 30 Sung Shou Road • Taipei 110
Neo 19 Building, near Warner Village/101
(02) 2722-4567
kid friendliness: high chairs available, crayons offered
I just reread my review of Diamond Tony's and it reminded me of how much better Macaroni Grill is. Macaroni Grill is reliable, pleasant and tasty with a good selection of appetizers, pastas and deserts that you would find very similar to what you would eat in LA. Some people would want to be surprised, for me, I like the fact that I can count on going to dinner there knowing what to expect every time because I usually reorder what I like.
It's hard to find a good salad in Taipei, in my opinion, but Macaroni Grill doesn't disappoint with large share-friendly portions. Their Caesar is a nice twist on the original, with chopped tomatoes and raw mushrooms. I also like their other salads which are spinach based- one features pine nuts and orzo rice and the other one includes arugula and strawberries.
caesar salad
I love mushrooms, so I really like their Chicken Marsala which comes with the slightly sweet and salty sauce, a 3-4 pieces of thin chicken, and side of pasta, topped with lots of slices of shitake mushroom. I prefer this over the honey balsamic chicken because that sauce is too sweet and tangy for me. The pasta for the honey balsamic chicken also comes with sundried tomatoes. Their steak with the mashed potatoes is also quite good.
chicken marsala
honey balsamic chicken
The pizza choices at not as wide as CPK, but has the standard favorites BBQ chicken, Pepperoni and one called Four Seasons which has four different sections of one topping- mushroom, pepperoni, bruschetta and canadian ham. The first time I tried it, the canadian ham was way too salty for me, so they've been accomodating to let me have "three seasons" instead and replace the ham with more of the other flavors. The crust is chewy and crispy at the same time and it's a good sized pie for the price that you pay. The sauce is not too salty and it's the right portion of cheese and toppings. The bruschetta and mushroom toppings are a refreshing choice. It's probably the best deal and best crust of all the places I've had.
three seasons pizza
I've had most of their pastas- the lasagna, the spaghetti and meatballs, the seafood creme pasta, the shrimp angel hair. The portions are huge- usually shared family style- so you sometimes have enough to take home as leftovers. The lasagna that day was a bit too salty for me. The angel hair was a little too fine and dry for me, tasted almost like a chinese rice noodle- I'd probably order the spaghetti and lasagna over the angel hair.
Like Chili's, the atmosphere is boisterous, booth and table style seating where families, business lunches and birthday celebrations are all happening at the same time. They have separate Chinese and English menus, upon request. It's pretty crowded, so you should make advance reservations if you have a large group and want to be seated right away. The waiters are usually pretty good about the service and understand if you order in English.
The desserts include tiramisu, chocolate cake, panna cotta, berries with creme and a chocolate swirled cheesecake. My favorite is probably the cheesecake with the oreo cookie crust and the creamy richness of the cheesecake. Big enough to share, but you can eat one yourself if you really have a sweet tooth. I would eat the warm chocolate cake at Chili's over the Mac Grill chocolate cake which is denser and fudgier, but the tiramisu is a not too sweet good choice as well.
eaten here before? |
18 comments:
- Jean said...
i think it's funny because when we're in LA you hardly go to macaroni grill. :P
exactly! isn't it strange?
Another great hungry girl review! It was great seeing you in LA, but I did miss your restaurant reviews. :) Looks like there are more than a couple good Italian places to visit...
- raven said...
I seriously recommend the chicken florentine salad and their grilled salmon. Delicious to share!!! Their pasta servings are equally good, but servings are so small. Better stick to the salad instead! It's the best in TPE. Oh, and their desserts are totally delish -- the best tiramisu and coffee latte cheesecake in town! :D
More power JoanH! - 7/10/2006 12:54 AM
Thanks HG!
We have tried the Macaroni Grill twice in the last week, partly on the strength of your review. So far we have been most impressed by their strawberry salad and pana cotta.
We crazy Australian/Canadian-types are always happy when we can find a decent salad in Taipei...
Keep up the good work. - 9/30/2006 4:18 PM
- joanh said...
hi Tyler and Raven!
THANKS! I'm so flattered! I just went there recently too, and it reaffirmed how much I like it over other chains here. All their salads are pretty good and my pasta favorites right now are the Spaghetti di Mare (crab meat pink cream sauce) and Chicken Rigatoni. I really like the lemon cake dessert and coffee cheesecake they have too!
Hope you guys let me know what you think of the other places! - 9/30/2006 7:43 PM
Sometimes I go to Macaroni Grill just for the Lemon Passion Cake. Great!
- joanh said...
Billy: mmm. I really like their lemon cake too, though people in my group usually go for the chocolate. I think it's seasonal though.
We've linked to your review from ours, at www.foodchannel.com.
- Lesly said...
I find your blog rather interesting. Personally I like Romano's Macaroni Grill. It is a great chain of Italian food restaurants. Macaroni Grill offers Tuscan bread, grill dishes, pasta and macaroni, a diverse range of Italian souses and many other Italian dishes. In addition, the company offers catering services for all kinds of gatherings in California, Arizona, Florida, Georgia and in some other U.S. states. I have learned about the restaurant from www.pissedconsumer.com
Some of the best pizza I've had in Taipei. A bit on the small side though. I recently ate at Famous Larry's New York Pizza and was really impressed. Probably as close to actual NY style pizza as I've had in Taiwan. Price was right too. Somewhere around 300NT for a large (19-inch cheese).
- joanh said...
anonymous: great!
lesly: thanks!
wayne: hmm.. that makes me want to try it. is that NY Pizza Kitchen or a different pizza joint? - 10/27/2008 4:19 PM
Sorry for the slow reply. Haven't checked in for a while.
RE your question, I don't believe Larry's NY Pizza is the same as NY Pizza Kitchen. here's the URL
My only issue with Larry's is the quality isn't consistent enough yet. First time I had it, it was terrific. Second time, the dough wasn't chewy enough. A couple of left-over slices ended up tasting a bit like cardboard. - 11/12/2008 1:32 PM
Related to the pizza questions.
They are different places.
Pizza kitchen is from the NY Bagel people...and they make great pie (pizza).
NY pizza is from the Sabbaba people....and they make terrible pie....calling it inconsistent is just being kind. - 12/02/2008 10:31 AM
- joanh said...
wayne: good to know! thanks for the link. I will have to check it out.
anonymous: i've heard that NY Pizza Kitchen is NY Bagel people but I didn't know that Famous Larry's Pizza is by Sababa people. I'll have to try both and see! - 12/02/2008 10:49 PM
- Ken said...
raven is right - the chicken florentine salad is kick-ass. I'm not much of a salad-guy, but in fact, both salads we ordered were excellent. We had a group of 13, so we had a chance to share lots of different dishes - a bow-tie pasta with creamy sauce and sun-dried tomatoes was yummy, and so was the grilled chicken skewers with wasabi. Shrimp skewers were also excellent. Eggplant parmigiana with pasta was a bit salty, but otherwise quite tasty. Spaghetti with meatballs was ok - the risotto was pretty good. The pizza was a pretty good thin crust pizza, but I think I still prefer Alleycat's crispy, European style pizza. The cheesecake and the tiramisu at the end were monster-sized - I liked the tiramisu. I would definitely come here more often if the portions weren't so big (gotta come with a group). IMHO, joanh's recommendation is right on target.
Has Macaroni Grill closed it's doors or are they closed for renovations? I was there last weekend and it wasn't open. There was a sign in Chinese, but I couldn't read it. :(
- Wynand said...
Has anyone been to Macaroni Grill after the location change? Wondering if they are as good...


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Unedited material of Billy Butlin's visit to South Africa c1961. Catalogued from negative on machine that only views in positive so some details unclear.
Reel 6. Three men surf towards the camera. Camera follows them as they approach the beach. Repeat of shot. Same shot with five men surfing....
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For Christians, compassion for the poor is a non-negotiable. Compassion alone, however, doesn't help the poor. In fact, many ideas that Christian leaders advocate really exacerbate the very problems they were intended to solve. So how do we insure that we not only mean well, but also do good? Jay Richards discusses the need to think economically about wealth and poverty in the Christian community.
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Is the iPhone 4 an iPad killer? Thats the question posed by Dan Frommer on Forbes Velocity tech blog. Of course its mainly just a juicy headline to get you to read the feature, but I kind of know what hes getting at. Although it would be ridiculous to suggest that the iPhone 4 could kill the iPad - the two are completely different entities, after all - the media frenzy surrounding the iPhone 4s June 24th release has certainly drawn attention away from the iPad.
As Frommer points out, since the iPads release, its been the centre of a marketing and media blitz as the must-have gadget of the moment, but now the talk is understandably all about the iPhone 4.
Frommer ponders if the iPhone 4s much-vaunted retina display will put the iPad's screen to shame.
Does this mean our iPad display will look like crap after spending a few hours with the iPhone 4? he frets.
Frommer concludes that it's inevitable that the iPad will be temporarily driven off the front pages and the blogs next week, but once iPhone 4 launch fever has dissipated a little, the two devices will be happily coexisting side-by-side, with the iPad being more of a home-based unit and the iPhone 4 being something to keep with you in your pocket on the go.
Source: Forbes.com


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Funding is available from TWU for the printing of your poster through one of the two on-campus printing services as long as funds last. There are two places on-campus to have posters printed, Kinesiology and Learning Technology Support. Because of the volume of presentations to the Student Symposium and Homecoming activities, it is strongly advised that you begin working with your choice of print facilities ASAP.
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Press the play button to hear the latest news from THE REGION.
A 24 year old Gary man accused of attacking a man in the bathroom of the East Chicago South Shore Train Station last month is now in custody at the Lake County Jail. The Times reports Jawaun Woods was recently transported to Lake County after being released from an Indianapolis hospital for injuries received in a stabbing incident there earlier this month. Published reports say Woods is charged with attempted murder while committing a robbery, robbery resulting in serious bodily injury, and carjacking, all of which are felonies charges. The 28 year old Chicago man injured in the East Chicago incident has since been treated and released.
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Milt Wilcox
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2010) |
Milt Wilcox | |
Pitcher | |
Born: Honolulu, Hawaii |
April 20, 1950 |
Batted: Right | Threw: Right |
MLB debut | |
September 5, 1970 for the Cincinnati Reds | |
Last MLB appearance | |
June 12, 1986 for the Seattle Mariners | |
Career statistics | |
Record | 119-113 |
Strikeouts | 1,137 |
Teams | |
Career highlights and awards | |
Milton Edward Wilcox (born April 20, 1950 in Honolulu, Hawaii) was a pitcher who had a sixteen-year career from 1970 to 1975, 1977–1986. He played for the Cincinnati Reds and Chicago Cubs of the National League and the Cleveland Indians, Detroit Tigers and Seattle Mariners of the American League. He won a World Series title with the Tigers in 1984.
On April 15, 1983, Wilcox came within one out of a perfect game, when Chicago White Sox batter Jerry Hairston, Sr. singled off him in the ninth inning.[1] The perfect game would also have been the first no-hitter by a Tiger since Jim Bunning in 1958.
With Detroit, he was a reliable third starter in the rotation for years, consistently giving his team six and more innings each start. This complemented Jack Morris and Dan Petry, who were power pitchers and considered the aces. His 17 wins in 1984 were important in the Tigers' run to their world championship. (Morris won 19, Petry 18 that year.) He won one game each in that year's ALCS and World Series. That year, he also started his season going 6-0. This was not duplicated by a Tiger pitcher until 2007, by Jeremy Bonderman.
Currently, Milt owns and operates Ultimate Air Dogs with his son Brian Wilcox, and his wife Cathi Bifano Wilcox along with their four dogs Sparky Anderson-Wilcox, Maximus, Nash, and Allie. Ultimate Air Dogs is the premier dock jumping organization in the country, and you can find him at events across the US by visiting ultimateairdogs.com.
See also[edit]
- ^ "Milt Wilcox nearly perfect". The Beaver County Times. 17 April 1983. p. C2. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
External links[edit]
This biographical article relating to an American baseball pitcher born in the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
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Offered at: | (B, G) |
Credit point(s): | 1 |
Offerings: | Trimester 2 |
EFTSL value: | 0.125 |
Unit chair: | A Mellick (G) |
Prerequisite: | HMM301 |
Contact hours: | 3 x 1 hour lectures per week, and as online exercises, case studies, debates and discussions |
Note: Online teaching methods require internet access. Please refer to the most current computer specifications. |
This unit describes how therapeutic targets are identified and how new therapies are developed for human use. It will provide an overview of the major therapeutic classes, including synthetic compounds, natural products, vaccines, nutriceuticals and other biological agents, and covers the therapeutic development pipeline, encompassing target identification and validation, therapeutic discovery and development, pre-clinical trials and toxicity testing.
Mid-semester test (45 minutes) 20%, written report (1200 words) 25%, case study (1200 words) 25%, examination (2 hours) 30%
Prescribed texts
Rang HP. 2006. Drug Discovery and Development: Technology in Transition. 1st Ed. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK
Unit Fee Information
Student Contribution Rate* | Student Contribution Rate** | Fee rate - Domestic Students | Fee rate - International students |
$1076 | $1076 | $3750 | $3503 |
* Rate for all CSP students, except for those who commenced Education and Nursing units pre 2010
** Rate for CSP students who commenced Education and Nursing units pre 2010
Please note: Unit fees listed do not apply to Deakin Prime students.


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Academics: Professors and staff are very kind and for the most part available. We get much attention and they give us one of the . finest academic learning in the city
Weather: We don't not miss much school days. It has to be very severe, other than that we stay open.
Health & Safety: Usually everything is provided for us from the nurse. Safety is not an issue because we have security all around and the are reliable.
Local Atmosphere: There's not much around our area. To get to the attractions, most are downtown DC. There are easily accessible through metro and possibly a 20 minute trip.
Off-Campus Housing: There's not many around the area. There's almost none.
Greek Life: No Greek life on campus unless a student goes to another university on campus
Nightlife: We are a Catholic School, not much of a nightlife
Transportation: Its not good but its not bad. As the population grows and majority of students are commuters, we will probably need more attention in transportation sooner rather than later.
Diversity: There can be more diversity. But there has been an improvement from 3 yrs ago because there was hardly any diversity.
Off-Campus Dining: It can use some improvement. There are not many places anyone can go that is around the area to eat.
Drug Safety: There's no tolerance for drugs on campus. Its pretty much drug-free.
Campus Housing: I get to do things that I wouldn't be able to do at home. Sisters are very kind. And I love my roommates. We chill, laugh, and talk all night.. It's awesome!
Overall Experience: It's okay and it's bad
Parking: I Dont have a car
Nightlife: It's the best I have lots of fun
Campus Dining: Food is nasty serve us the same thing
Academics: A lot of stuff to help you out
Scholarships: Had my ups and downs
Local Atmosphere: It can be boring at times
Off-Campus Housing: The rooms are just old as hell
Drug Safety: The only way you can get drugs in if is if you sneak it. And even then the r.c and campus police finds out and you are expelled
Majors: Professors work with you to make sure you're meeting all the requirements
Academics: There isn't any sports I take interest in.
Academics: No track and field, no cheerleading, no step teams, no dance teams
Diversity: It seems to be very diverse here on this campus
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Saturday, February 25, 2006
Dan Oppland (Saint Louis, Mo./Whitfield) scored 25 points and hauled in 12 rebounds in the final regular season game of his career, but the Oral Roberts Golden Eagles were too strong, toppling the Crusaders 87-78 Saturday night at the Mabee Center in Tulsa, Okla.Copyright ©2014 Valparaiso University Athletics. All Rights Reserved. | www.ValpoAthletics.com |


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» News
» 15 Comments
Typical 1%er keeping her boot on the neck of the downtrodden by murdering them.
It's one thing for millionaires and billionaires like this lady not to pay her fair share, it's quite another to start killing off all the others.
Is this what this country has come to, killing those that earn less than $250,000 yr?
Paid for by Obama 2012. If you believe in not murdering poor people, send $3 RIGHT NOW to BFH@IOTW.
Noteworthy Comment +11 -
Vigilantisms time has come – yet again…
+6 -
I'm not a cop, but I did stay at a Holiday Inn next door to one once, can I play?
Noteworthy Comment +14 -
This is the perfect price for a bounty on Chicago gangbangers.
Then I could go out and make a couple hundred grand a night.
Eliminating the cost of jail is a WIN! WIN!.
Noteworthy Comment +14 -
South San Antonio is a shithole. But the good people of Military City USA will not hesitate sending the maggots that plague them straight to Hell.
Know a couple who have done the sending.
People are fed up with sociopaths. Fed up.
Noteworthy Comment +13 -
Smart lady!
Desperate times call for desperate measures.That one woman said "I don't agree with that at all."
And why is that, ma'am? Are you saying you support thieves and low-lifes, and NOT hardworking small business people?
GFY, and tell your brother to stay away from store.+8 -
Why limit to officers of the law? On the south side, they're just as likely to be the criminals…
+3 -
She has to take the sign down because she didn't build that business.
+3 -
If wonder woman and the green lantern had a well fed daughter….
but seriously, get thee to a gun shop and shooting range!
+6 -
Hee Hee! It's all falling into place!
+1 -
So what is that gun on the sign, an eight shot .50 cal revolver? If she is selling those, I will have to stop by for a look.
+2 -
Somebody else by the name of Trejo has a movie out about vigilante justice — Bad Ass.
+1 -
Heck I'd do it for five big ones and supply my own rounds too. S&W Model 29 6, 1/2″ barrel.
+2 -
Gotta love the smell of a hot shotgun/pistol/AR/AK/M1 in the morning!
+1 -
Every spring my dad would shoot a crow and hang its carcass by a pole in the center of his garden. The crows never came close….


text:
Creating Waves of Awareness
Homoeo Times Journal in association with Homoeopathic Medical Association of India, Karnataka state branch organized a forum on "Dispensing Homoeopathic Medicines Needs quality Assurance?" at Kaveri Hall, Malleswaram Association Club , Bangalore on 17th Jan 2010. Dr.M.R.Srivatsan moderated the forum and Dr.B.T.Rudresh, Dr.Veerabramhasary, Dr.Ramdass, Dr.H.D.Manjunath Kumar were the panelists. We are giving few excerpts from the forum
© 2014 Created by Debby Bruck.
The Pamper Me Network is a revolutionary mobile & internet content distribution system (newswire) that converts your news releases into a format appropriate for distribution on mobile phone networks with guarantee online media listings plus guarantee sales leads / customer enquiries.
Use the Pamper Me Network to share your news releases, articles, coupons, photos, videos and general announcements with thousands of reputable websites and mobile phone app publishers representing millions of journalists, webmasters, business managers, internet & mobile phone app users.


text:
You can now filter search results with text. Example: "person: john" will search only person pages for "john".
Nintendo's struggled to make a memorable Yoshi game since Yoshi's Island, and this new 3DS platformer isn't going to change that.
You're never going to be bored in Hope's Peak Academy's wild world of murder, despair, and bears, but you might occasionally wonder why it's a game.
Titanfall's focus on player mobility and big-ass robots sets it apart from other competitive shooters and makes much of the game look like one big highlight reel.
Game » consists of 5 releases. First released on Dec 16, 2010
Babylon was an ancient city-state in Mesopotamia, fifty-five miles south of modern-day Baghdad, Iraq.
American Settlement
The Capital of Hungary.
An east-Asian nation, China has the largest population of any country on Earth. With a history dating back thousands of years, it is also among the oldest sovereign states still in existence.
Denmark is a Scandinavian Country in Europe which borders Germany to the South.
Country in the Northeast corner of Africa, it borders the Red and Mediterranean Sea. Famous for the Nile Delta, Pyramids, and Mummies.
The fabled "Lost City of Gold" sought by treasure hunters since the Spanish Conquistadors explored South America.
England is on the Island of Great Britain, a set of Islands in the Northwestern part of Europe. Its capital city is London.
An important City in Tuscany in Italy. Was the center of the Italian Renaissance.
A large densely wooded area.
France is a European country, home of the French people and the origin of the baguette.
Germany is a country in Central Europe which borders eight countries and is one of the founding members of the European Union. Almost all of the WWII-themed games take place in a (mostly caricatured) Nazi-Germany (1939-1945), whether they are RTS or FPS. Frequently, villains are stereotypical Germans.
Greece - A European country. The land that brought us The Gods, Souvlaki and Kratos.
India is an Asian country and the second most populated country on Earth.
Japan is an island country located in Eastern Asia and the Western Pacific Ocean. In the video game industry, Japan has for a long time been one of the most important territories for the development and sale of video games.
Capitol City under the rule of Queen Elizabeth and the English Empire.
Mount Fuji is the tallest mountain in Japan and is one of the country's "Three Holy Mountains."
A elevation of land rising to a height greater than 610 meters.
American settlement
A fertile tract in a desert.
A vast empire that has risen to existence in 1299 and lasted till 1923. The Ottoman Empire contained 29 provinces. Constantinople was its capital city.
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated in northern France.
Persia is the former name of Iran and was the largest empire of the ancient world. Much of the events in the Prince of Persia games take place here.
Pyramids are triangular buildings usually made of stone and build in ancient times. Usually filled with tunnels and traps.
One of the biggest symbols of the country of Brazil, with its beautiful beaches and landmarks.
A large stream of water emptying into a lake, ocean or another body of water.
Rome is the present-day capital city of Italy. It has been the seat of power in the Italian peninsula for over 2000 years.
Russia is the largest country in the world. Formerly part of the Soviet Union, it is now a Federation with President Vladimir Putin and its Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev.
Singapore is an independent city state located at the south tip of Malaysia at one of the worlds most busiest naval highways.
A Civilization V City-State
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Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) | |
छत्रपती शिवाजी टर्मिनस | |
Victoria Terminus (Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus)
General information | |
Architectural style | Indo-Saracenic |
Town or city | Mumbai, Maharashtra |
Country | India |
Coordinates | 18°56′23″N 72°50′08″E / 18.9398°N 72.8355°E |
Construction started | May 1878[1][2] |
Completed | May 1888[1] |
Cost | 1614000 (US$26,000)(at that time) Now, 2013.4 million (US$32 million) |
Client | Bombay Presidency |
Design and construction | |
Architect | Frederick William Stevens, Axel Haig |
Engineer | Wilson Bell |
Official name: Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus |
Type: | Cultural |
Criteria: | ii, iv |
Designated: | 2004 (28th session) |
Reference No. | 945 |
State party: | India |
Region: | Asia-Pacific |
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus CST, Mumbai CST, Victoria Terminus, VT Indian Railway Station Junction station |
Station statistics | |
Address | Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji Road, Mumbai, Mumbai City District, Maharashtra India |
Coordinates | 18°56′23″N 72°50′08″E / 18.9398°N 72.8355°ECoordinates: 18°56′23″N 72°50′08″E / 18.9398°N 72.8355°E |
Elevation | 2 m |
Line(s) | 23 |
Connections | Bus stand, taxi stand, Mumbai Suburban Railway |
Structure type | At-grade |
Platforms | 18 |
Other information | |
Opened | May 1888[1] |
Station code | CSTM, MBVT |
Zone(s) | Central Railways (headquarters) |
Division(s) | Mumbai |
Station status | Functioning |
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST), formerly Victoria Terminus (VT), is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and an historic railway station in Mumbai, India which serves as the headquarters of the Central Railways. Designed by Frederick William Stevens with influences from Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and traditional Mughal buildings, the station was built in 1887 in the Bori Bunder area of Bombay to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. The new railway station was built on the location of the Bori Bunder Station[3] and is the busiest railway station in India,[4] serving as a terminal for both long-distance trains and commuter trains of the Mumbai Suburban Railway. The station's name was changed to its present one in March 1996 and it is now known simply as CST (or VT/CSTM).
Bori Bunder (alternatively "Bori Bandar") was one of the areas along the Eastern shore line of Mumbai, India which was used as a storehouse for goods imported and exported from Mumbai. In the area's name, 'Bori' means sack and 'Bandar' means port or haven (in Persian); So Bori Bunder literally means a place where sacks are stored. In the 1850s, the Great Indian Peninsular Railway built its railway terminus in this area and the station took its name as Bori Bunder. On 16 April 1853 the Great Indian Peninsula Railway operated the historic first passenger train in India from Bori Bunder to Thane covering a distance of 34 km (21 mi), formally heralding the birth of the Indian Railways. The train between Bori Bunder and Thane was 57 minutes it was a distance of 35 km (22 mi) apart.
The station was eventually rebuilt as the Victoria Terminus, named after the then reigning Queen, and has been subsequently renamed Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CSTM) after Maharashtra's and India's famed 17th-century king. Though the shortened name is now CST, it still continues to be referred to as VT by the masses.
The station was designed by the consulting British architect Frederick William Stevens (1848-1900). Work began in 1878. He received 1614000 (US$26,000) as the payment for his services.[1] Stevens earned the commission to construct the station after a masterpiece watercolour sketch by draughtsman Axel Haig.[1] The final design bears some resemblance to the St Pancras railway station in London.[1][5] GG Scott's plans for Berlin's parliament building had been published four years before, and also has marked similarities to the station's design.[6]
Opening and growth as Victoria Terminus[edit]
It took ten years to complete[5] and was named "Victoria Terminus" in honour of the Queen and Empress Victoria; it was opened on the date of her Golden Jubilee in 1887.[5][7] It cost £260,000 when it was finished in 1888, the highest for any building of that era in Bombay.[6] This famous architectural landmark in a Gothic-revival style was built as the headquarters of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. Since then, the station came to be known as Bombay VT.
Originally intended only to house the main station and the administrative offices of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, a number of ancillary buildings have been added subsequently, all designed so as to harmonise with the main structure. A new station to handle main line traffic was erected in 1929. The original building is still in use to handle suburban traffic and is used by over three million commuters daily. It is also the administrative headquarters of the Central Railway.
In 1996, the Minister of Railways, Suresh Kalmadi, changed the name of the station to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus[8][9] in honour of Chhatrapati Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire.
In 2008, the station was featured prominently in the Academy Award winning film, Slumdog Millionaire. In 1956, the station was also featured in the film C.I.D. during the song 'Yei Hai Bombay Meri Jaan'.
This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information. (September 2013) |
The station building is designed in the High Victorian Gothic style of architecture. The building exhibits a fusion of influences from Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and traditional Indian architecture. The skyline, turrets, pointed arches, and eccentric ground plan are close to traditional Indian palace architecture. Externally, the wood carving, tiles, ornamental iron and brass railings, grills for the ticket offices, the balustrades for the grand staircases and other ornaments were the work of students at the Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art. The station stands as an example of 19th century railway architectural marvels for its advanced structural and technical solutions.
The VT was constructed using high level of engineering both in terms of railway engineering and civil engineering. It is one of the first and is considered as one of the finest products of the use of industrial revolution technology merged with revival of the Gothic Revival style In India . The centrally domed office structure has a 330 feet long platform connected to a 1,200 feet long train shed, and its outline provides the skeleton plan for building. VT's dome of dovetailed ribs, built without centering, was considered as a novel achievement of the era. The interior of the building was conceived as a series of large rooms with high ceilings. It is a utilitarian building and has had various changes required by the users, not always sympathetic. It has a C-shaped plan which is symmetrical on an east-west axis. All the sides of the building are given equal value in the design. It is crowned by a high central dome, which acts as the focal point. The dome is an octagonal ribbed structure with a colossal female figure symbolizing Progress, holding a torch pointing upwards in her right hand and a spoked wheel in her left hand. The side wings enclose the courtyard, which opens on to the street. The wings are anchored by monumental turrets at each of their four corners, which balance and frame the central dome. The façades present the appearance of well proportioned rows of windows and arches. The ornamentation in the form of statuary, bas-reliefs, and friezes is exuberant yet well controlled. The columns of the entrance gates are crowned by figures of a lion (representing Great Britain) and a tiger (representing India). The main structure is built from a blend of India sandstone and limestone, while high-quality Italian marble was used for the key decorative elements. The main interiors are also decorated: the ground floor of the North Wing, known as the Star Chamber, which is still used as the booking office, is embellished with Italian marble and polished Indian blue stone. The stone arches are covered with carved foliage and grotesques.[10]
Internally, the ceiling of the booking hall was originally painted blue, gold and strong red on a ground of rich blue with gold stars. Its walls were lined with glazed tiles made by Maw & Co of Britain.[11] Outside, there are statues representing Commerce, Agriculture, Engineering and Science, with a statue representing Progress on the central dome of the station.[11] A statue of Queen Victoria beneath the central dome has been removed.[11]
CST has 18 platforms - 7 are for locals trains and 11 are for long distance.[12]
Rumours persist that the design for Chhatrapat Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai was originally designated for Flinders Street Station. However, no convincing evidence, other than architectural similarities to other buildings in their respective cities, has been produced to support the rumour.
Plans are underway to upgrade Mumbai CST (along with Pune Jn. and Nagpur Jn.) by means of a public-private partnership.
Suburban network[edit]
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Mumbai Suburban Railway station |
Station statistics | |
Address | Dr Dadabhai Naoroji Rd, Dhobi Talao |
Coordinates | 18°56′23″N 72°50′08″E / 18.9398°N 72.8355°E |
Line(s) | Central Line, Harbour Line |
Structure type | Standard on-ground station |
Platforms | 7 |
Other information | |
Station code | ST |
Owned by | Ministry of Railways, Indian Railways |
Fare zone | Central Railways |
The network of suburban trains (locally known as locals, short for local trains) radiating out from this station is instrumental in keeping Mumbai running. The station serves long-distance trains as well as two of the suburban lines-the Central Line and the Harbour line. It is the westernmost terminus of Central Railway.
- Central Line the trains terminate at Kurla, Ghatkopar, Thane, Dombivli, Kalyan, Ambarnath, Badlapur, Karjat, Khopoli, Asangaon, Titwala, and Kasara.
- Harbour Line the trains terminate at Bandra, Andheri, Mankhurd, Vashi, Nerul, Belapur and Panvel.
CST has 18 platforms - six are for locals trains and 12 are for long distance.
Air-conditioned dormitories were inaugurated at CST on 16 April 2013 by Union Railway Minister Pawan Kumar Bansal. CST has 78 bed AC dorms — 58 for men and 20 for women. A passenger with a valid ticket can book a bed for 150 for 12 hours and 250 for 24 hours.[13]
In popular culture[edit]
- In Films
The station has been the location of filming the "Jai Ho" song in Slumdog Millionaire;[14] and Ra.One[15] etc.
- 2008 Mumbai Attacks
On 26 November 2008, two terrorists entered the passenger hall of the CST, opened fire and threw grenades at people. The terrorists were armed with AK-47 rifles. One of the terrorists, Ajmal Kasab, was later caught alive by the police and identified by eyewitnesses. The attacks began around 21:30 when the two men entered the passenger hall and opened fire,[16][17] The attackers killed 58 people and injured 104 others,[17] including a police officer, Tukaram Omble; their assault ending at about 22:45.[16] The CCTV captured the attack, and the evidence was used to identify and indict Kasab.
See also[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f "Chhatrapati Shivaji Station". World Heritage Site. www.worldheritagesite.org. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- ^ "File:India Mumbai Victor Grigas 2011-15.jpg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ Aruṇa Ṭikekara, Aroon Tikekar (2006). The cloister's pale: a biography of the University of Mumbai. Popular Prakashan. p. 357. ISBN 81-7991-293-0.Page 64
- ^ "India's impressive railway stations - Rediff.com Business". Rediff.com. 13 October 2011. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ a b c "Advisory Body Evaluation: Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus (India)" (PDF). UNESCO - World heritage - documents associated with listing. UNESCO. 2004. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- ^ a b Bombay Gothic by Christopher W London 2002 India Book House PVT Ltd ISBN 81-7508-329-8
- ^ Image
- ^ "Suresh Kalmadi - Work Profile". Retrieved 21 March 2011.
- ^ "Suresh Kalmadi - In Conversation". Retrieved 21 March 2011.
- ^ "Microsoft Word - IND 945 AN.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-03-26.
- ^ a b c W, Christopher (2002). Bombay Gothic. London: India Book House PVT Ltd. ISBN 81-7508-329-8.
- ^ "New FOB at CST's north end to ease crowd". Mumbai Mirror. 16 January 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ "Dormitories for women at CST, LTT get good response". Indian Express. Apr 19, 2013.
- ^ Outlook Publishing (6 October 2008). Outlook. Outlook Publishing. pp. 69–. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ^ "3,500 VFX shots in RA.One". Mahiram. undated. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
- ^ a b "3 witnesses identify Kasab, court takes on record CCTV footage". The Economic Times (India). 17 June 2009. Archived from the original on 20 June 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
- ^ a b "Photographer recalls Mumbai attacks". The News International. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 20 June 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus). |
- Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus on the UNESCO website
- Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Mumbai
- Google Satellite Map of Mumbai CST
- 360° Panorama