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What Can I Do With A Major In...
You've identified your interests. You've picked a major - now what?
The Fields of Study section of the website offers descriptions of each major, the skills you'll develop in it, related internships WPU students have completed and the types of careers they've gone onto after graduation.
Keep in mind that most careers can be started with different majors so find the one you're most passionate about. You may want to explore information and websites from multiple majors to help you learn about a wide range of career opportunities.
Of course the information provided is representative of a small number of graduates of WPU and there are many more opportunities available in each major. These lists are just a jump-off point for you to explore your options.
Biology | Musical Theatre |
Business Administration | Political Science |
Communication | Pre-Law |
Education | Psychology |
English | Simulation and Game Design |
Liberal Studies | Theatre |


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Floating Skyscrapers - Tribeca Film FestivalTribeca Film FestivalFriday, April 26, 2013 at 8:30 PM (EDT)New York, NY |
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Apr 29, 2013 | 01:36 PM | Corinna Petry
Tags Republic Steel, U.S. Steel, supply agreement, tube rounds, electric-arc furnace, Corinna Petry
CHICAGO Republic Steel has signed a five-year supply deal with U.S. Steel Corp. to provide tube rounds to the steelmakers tubular products division, according....
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Will more metals companies discontinue health care coverage for their employees in light of the Affordable Care Act?
June 20-21, 2013 New York
Billet is the strongest part of the aluminum business right now. ... I can't pinpoint exactly why (but) ... some customers are ordering double what they did last year.
--Aluminum trader


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Uzbeks on Tap
After Sunday's convincing 3-0 win against Czech Republic, the U.S. U-17 Men's National Team finds itself tied for first place in Group D of the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup. The young Americans continue their campaign in their second group match against Uzbekistan on Wednesday, June 22, at 3 p.m. local time (4 p.m. ET).
June 21, 2011
U.S. Under-17 Men's National Team Notes
USA vs. Uzbekistan
Torreon, Mexico
June 21, 2011
UZBEKS ON TAP: After Sunday's convincing 3-0 win against Czech Republic, the U.S. U-17 Men's National Team finds itself tied for first place in Group D of the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup. The young Americans continue their campaign in their second group match against Uzbekistan on Wednesday, June 22, at 3 p.m. local time (4 p.m. ET). That game from Estadio Torreon will be shown live on ESPN3 and Galavision, and on tape delay on ESPNU. Fans can also follow the match live on ussoccer.com's MatchTracker and on Twitter @ussoccer_ynt.
THE SCENARIOS: If New Zealand defeats or draws the Czech Republic on Wednesday and the U.S. tops Uzbekistan, the U.S. would be assured a top two finish in the group, and a place in the Round of 16. If Czech Republic beats New Zealand and the U.S. beats Uzbekistan, six points would likely be enough to send the USA to the knockout stage. The United States would also still be alive in the group with a draw or even a loss on Wednesday.
Group D Standings
Team | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
New Zealand | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | +3 | 3 |
United States | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | +3 | 3 |
Uzbekistan | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | -3 | 0 |
Czech Republic | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | -3 | 0 |
Group D Results
Date | Match | Kickoff (local/ET) | Venue |
June 19 | New Zealand 4, Uzbekistan 1 | -- | Estadio Torreon; Torreon, Mexico |
June 19 | USA 3, Czech Republic 0 | -- | Estadio Torreon; Torreon, Mexico |
June 22 | USA vs. Uzbekistan | 3 p.m. / 4 p.m. | Estadio Torreon; Torreon, Mexico |
June 22 | New Zealand vs. Czech Republic | 6 p.m. / 7 p.m. | Estadio Torreon; Torreon, Mexico |
June 25 | USA vs. New Zealand | 6 p.m. / 7 p.m. | Estadio Hidalgo; Pachuca, Mexico |
June 25 | Czech Republic vs. Uzbekistan | 6 p.m. / 7 p.m. | Estadio Torreon; Torreon, Mexico |
Quick Hits
- Goalkeeper Kendall McIntosh has yet to give up a goal in a game he's started in 2011, posting four shutouts in four starts. His lone goal allowed was a penalty kick after he entered the game against El Salvador on Feb. 22 as a sub.
Esteban Rodriguez continued his streak of playing every minute of official competitions this year, with his 510 minutes from the qualifying tournament combining with 90 minutes in the World Cup opener.
Rodriguez, Mobi Fehr and Alfred Koroma are the only players to appear in all 11 U.S. international matches in 2011.
Alejandro Guido's fifth-minute goal against the Czech Republic marked the second straight time that the U.S. has scored within five minutes of the opening whistle of the FIFA U-17 World Cup.
With the win, the U.S. improved its record against European teams at the U-17 World Cup to 6-8-2.
It was the first time the U.S. has won its opening game at the U-17 World Cup since 2005.
The U.S. was the first team to post three goals against the Czech Republic since Turkey on Sept. 27, 2010, a 1-6 Czech loss.
Sunday's 3-0 win was the first shutout by a U.S. team in the opening game of the U-17 World Cup since 1991, when the U.S. topped Italy 1-0.
The match against the Czechs was also just the fourth time in 49 games at the FIFA U-17 World Cup that the United States won by three or more goals.
The U.S. also won the CONCACAF U-17 Championship game 3-0 against Canada on Feb. 27, with goals from Nate Smith, Andrew Oliver and Alfred Koroma.
Cabrera's lineup had four changes from that championship game, with Kellyn Acosta, Paul Arriola, Mobi Fehr and Alejandro Guido stepping into Sunday's starting lineup.
Both players on the U.S. roster born in 1995 – Arriola and Acosta – earned the start against the Czech Republic.
Seven players representing U.S. Soccer Development Academy clubs started the opening game.
U.S. captain Marc Pelosi earned his 27th career cap on Saturday, adding to his team high.
There are 18 players on the roster who lifted the 2011 CONCACAF U-17 Championship trophy in February.
FOURTH BY THREE: The win against the Czech Republic on June 19 was the first U.S. win by three goals or more at this event since a Freddy Adu hat trick helped the 2003 team top Korea Republic 6-1 in Finland. The only other wins by three or more came on Sept. 11, 1997, against Australia (4-0) and Aug. 26, 1993, against Qatar (5-1).
A LOOK AT THE U.S. ROSTER: Head coach Wilmer Cabrera named his 21-player roster on June 9, the day before the team traveled to Torreon to begin training. The U.S. roster features 18 players who took home the regional crown at the 2011 CONCACAF U-17 Championship in February. There are 15 players representing 14 different clubs in the U.S. Soccer Development Academy, with Arsenal FC the only club to send two players to Mexico in Paul Arriola and Wade Hamilton.
U.S U-17 Men's National Team Roster by Position
GOALKEEPERS (3): 21-Wade Hamilton (Arsenal FC; Murrieta, Calif.), 1-Kendall McIntosh (San Jose Earthquakes Academy; Santa Rosa, Calif.), 12-Fernando Piña (Houston Dynamo; Houston, Texas)
DEFENDERS (6): 16-Kellyn Acosta (FC Dallas Academy; Plano, Texas), 4-Joe Amon (South Carolina United; Summerville, S.C.), 2-Zach Carroll (Vardar; Grand Blanch, Mich.), 6-Mobi Fehr (Tokyo Verdy 1969; Tokyo, Japan), 15-Alessandro Mion (Kendall SC; Miami, Fla.), 3-Nathan Smith (Cal Odyssey; Clovis, Calif.),
MIDFIELDERS (8): 5-Matt Dunn (FC Cologne; Dallas, Texas), 10-Alejandro Guido (Aztecs Premier; Chula Vista, Calif.), 13-Nico Melo (Florida Rush; Kissimmee, Fla.), 11-Marc Pelosi (De Anza Force; Sunnyvale, Calif.), 8-Esteban Rodriguez (Cosmos Academy West; Palmdale, Calif.), 14-Tarik Salkicic (Strictly Soccer; Pinellas Park, Fla.), 17-Andrew Souders (Crew Soccer Academy; Amherst, Ohio), 20-Dillon Serna (Colorado Rapids Academy; Brighton, Colo.)
FORWARDS (4): 18-Paul Arriola (Arsenal FC; Chula Vista, Calif.), 7-Alfred Koroma (Solar SC; Arlington, Texas), 19-Jack McBean (Los Angeles Galaxy; Newport Beach, Calif.) 9-Mario Rodriguez (Central Aztecs; North Hollywood, Calif.)
FIRST GAMES COMPLETE: The first set of games wrapped up Monday night as Groups E and F were the last to play. Germany was the biggest winner of the first round, topping Ecuador 6-1. France topped Argentina 3-0 in one of the biggest surprises of the tournament. Uruguay and Brazil also won 3-0 against Canada and Denmark, respectively. Overall, the five CONCACAF teams (USA, Canada, Jamaica, Mexico and Panama) have won three games and dropped two.
Head Coach: Aleksey Evstafeev
Previous FIFA U-17 World Cups: None
Best Finish: N/A
FIRST TIME OUT: Uzbekistan qualified for their first-ever FIFA event by finishing as runners up at the 2010 AFC U-16 Championship, posting a narrow 0-2 defeat in the final to Korea DPR. Uzbekistan won its group ahead of Jordan, Indonesia and Tajikistan by scoring 11 goals and allowing just one. Uzbekistan, which hosted the tournament, moved on to defeat Syria 2-1 in the all-important quarterfinal game to seal their place in Mexico, and topped Australia in the semifinal by the same score.
Uzbekistan AFC Championship Results
Date | Opponent | Result | Uzbekistan Goalscorer(s) |
Oct. 24 | Indonesia | 3-0 | Sardor, Timur (2) |
Oct. 26 | Jordan | 0-0 | -- |
Oct. 28 | Tajikistan | 8-1 | Abbosbek, Azizbek, Timur (2), Javlon, Nodirhon, Jasurbek |
Nov. 1 | Syria | 2-1 | Abossbek, Timur |
Nov. 4 | Australia | 2-1 | Makhstaliev (2) |
Nov. 7 | Korea DPR | 0-2 | -- |
Uzbekistan Republic Roster by Position
GOALKEEPERS (3): 1-Sergey Smorodin, 12-Ganisher Kholmurodov, 21-Abdumavlon Abduljalilov
DEFENDERS (6): 2-Mirzamurod Jurabaev, 3-Sardor Rakhmanov, 4-Ravshanjon Haydarov, 5-Asiljon Mansurov, 14-Javlon Mirabdullaev, 16-Khasan Askarov
MIDFIELDERS (8): 6-Abbosbek Muratov, 7-Azizbek Muratov, 8-Sardor Sabirkhodjaev, 9-Kholmurod Kholmurodov, 13-Bobir Davlatov, 17-Dior Usmankhodjaev, 18-Muhsinjon Ubaydullaev, 20-Davlatbek Yarbekov
FORWARDS (4): 10-Nodirhon Kamolov, 11-Timur Khakimov, 15-Jasurbek Khakimov, 19-Zabikhillo Urinboev
HIGHLIGHTS FROM EVERY GAME: For exclusive highlights of every game in Mexico, check out the highlights section of FIFA.com. Check out the competition, all the goals and the best saves on FIFA's tournament page.
ARRIOLA'S LESSONS: U.S. U-17 MNT forward Paul Arriola has earned a place on the FIFA U-17 World Cup despite not playing a minute at the CONCACAF U-17 Championship due to a nagging injury. Now, back to 100 percent, Arriola started the USA's opening match in Mexico, notching an assist in the 3-0 win against Czech Republic. ussoccer.com chatted with the Chula Vista, Calif.-native about his time between Jamaica and Mexico and the lessons he's learned along the way.
FOLLOWING IN SHORT FORM: Keep tabs on the U.S. U-17 Men's National Team as they move through the FIFA U-17 World Cup in 140 characters or less by following us on Twitter @ussoccer_ynt.
BLOGGING FROM TORREON: Stay in tune with everything happening at the team hotel and training by keeping up with the YNT Blog on ussoccer.com. You can find exclusive photos and videos as the U.S. continues their journey in Torreon and Pachuca.


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It has been quite a few months since Loren first brought the idea of gamification to my attention, as discussed in the earlier post Gamifying Education. His enthusiasm and prodding has lead me to plan to rethink my approach to homework over the summer (Radical Revamp … in Small Increments). But I need to take the time to research this concept. Hopefully I can then avoid making some basic mistakes in implementation by building on the insights and research of others. With this in mind, I was intrigued to see the article Study's the name of the game by Megan Johnston in The Sydney Morning Herald.
The article begins:
Who would not want to be part of that Science class? Megan continues:
From this, my challenge is to figure out how to structure course challenges so students are gaining knowledge, learning to think critically, and developing their mathematical understanding, not just accumulating rewards. This is the part I need to look into over the summer. How do I make sure my rewards system has a higher goal?  Though since I am focusing simply on increasing student motivation to do homework appropriately, I might be overstating the outcomes I hope to see.
It is encouraging to know that
This article intrigued me so much that I am tempted to quote the whole thing here, but I will try to resist. Instead, here are some of the key points that the article brings up.
- The game system allows differentiation to occur as students' progress at their own pace.
- Gamification allows self-directed learning, and helps students manage their time better.
- Students are motivated by seeing their friends' progress as well as by the rewards they gain for themselves.
- Â One study showed that students learning through playing a game retained more information than those who read the same content in a book.
My thought: Retention is not the same as understanding, analyzing or synthesizing. Does gamification help with these higher-order skills too?
Ok … I admit temporary defeat. Megan begins to addresses some of my questions, so I need to just quote her:
"It's actually much more complicated than just adding points and badges to the classroom," Lee says.
Too often in schools where I have worked students are no longer allowed to fail. I, as the teacher, am expected to do everything in my power to ensure they "succeed", where success is measured in terms of grades rather than in terms of learning. (I obviously have my own very strong feelings about this, but this is not the place to vent them!!) I love the idea of allowing students to fail while motivating them to keep trying and proving to them that they can come back from apparent failure, and they come back stronger, smarter, and wiser!
Though this article does not answer the question of how can I restructure my homework grading system, it highlights current thinking and research in the field of gamification, letting me know that this is a worthwhile avenue to pursue. Not that I ever doubted Loren of course!
My plan to implement a systematic rewards system is barely worthy of being titled as gamification, but I need to start small and see where it leads. Stay tuned!


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Savor a wide variety of International cuisines at Latitude, a casual dining restaurant open from breakfast until dinner. The hotel's signature Japanese restaurant, Kitsho features sushi, teppanyaki and a cozy Sake Bar.
For a quick bite, coffee.com has a delicious menu of pastries, salads, sandwiches, pastas and coffee as well as high-speed Wi-Fi and broadband internet access. For refreshing cocktails and nightly entertainment, the Lobby Lounge is the perfect place to unwind.


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½ Sandwich $5.65, Whole Sandwich $8.75 (includes chips & our homemade salsa)
Lunch Special $10.62
½ sandwich, choice of soup or salad: pasta, fruit, mixed greens, chips & our homemade salsa, one of our freshly baked cookies, and a drink.
TFB Hero
Salami, turkey, smoked ham and provolone served with our homemade red-wine caper vinaigrette, lettuce, tomatoes, red onions, and pepperoncinis.
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Oven-roasted chicken breast, diced and tossed with celery and fresh herbs served on our rustic white sourdough. Served with lettuce and tomatoes.
Smoked Turkey on Whole Wheat Sourdough
Generous portion of smoked turkey on our healthy whole wheat sourdough. Served with our homemade sweet & spicy mustard, mayo, lettuce, tomatoes, pickles & red onions.
Smoked Ham & Cheese on Rustic Sour Rye
Just like it sounds—delicious! Served with our homemade sweet & spicy mustard, mayo, lettuce, tomatoes, pickles & red onions.
La Nicoise on Focaccia
White chunk Albacore tuna, tossed with our homemade vinaigrette dressing and served with lettuce, tomatoes, and red onions.
Vegetarian on Focaccia
Swiss cheese and fresh vegetables served with our homemade lemon vinaigrette dressing.
Pimento Cheese on Rustic White Sourdough
A terrific mild cheddar tossed with fresh garlic, lemon juice, pimentos and mayonnaise. Served with lettuce, tomatoes, and pickles.
TFB Salad $6.95
(includes a roll and choice of dressing: homemade ranch dressing, our signature fresh lemon vinaigrette, our homemade mustard vinaigrette or red wine caper vinaigrette)
Fresh mixed greens with tomatoes, green bell peppers, cucumbers, a boiled egg, homemade croutons and grated parmesan with your choice of dressing.
*Add a scoop of pimento cheese, nicoise salad or chicken salad OR sliced turkey or ham $2.75
Homemade Soup (includes roll)
Cup 4.00, Bowl 5.95


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Saint Lucinus of Angers
Also known as
- Lesin
- Lezin
- Licinius
- 13 February (Roman Martyrology)
- 1 November on some calendars
- 8 June (Angers, France)
- 21 June (translation of relics)
Born to the French nobility. Count of Anjou. He gave up the title and worldly life to become a monk. Bishop of Angers, France, ordained by Saint Gregory of Tours.
- c.618 of natural causes
Additional Information
- Book of Saints, by the Monks of Ramsgate
- Catholic Online
- Catholic Online
- Lives of the Saints, by Father Alban Butler
- Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia of Saints
MLA Citation
- "Saint Lucinus of Angers". Saints.SQPN.com. 26 January 2014. Web. 16 March 2014. <>


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By Rob Berman
11 May 2012
Not only did Rodgers respond to the letter, but he invited Martin to a meeting where the veteran offered the beginner an opportunity to arrange one song in the newest Rodgers and Hart musical, The Boys from Syracuse (1938). Martin seized the moment, and his arrangement of the female trio "Sing For Your Supper" became an instant classic. Anyone who saw the 1997 Encores! production will remember that this arrangement is full of colorful surprises, rhythmic embellishments and beguiling harmonies, and the result is musical heaven. "Sing For Your Supper" created a sensation and led to more opportunities for Martin, including creating vocal arrangements for Rodgers and Hart's next show, Too Many Girls. He began to have imitators as well, and at this time the term "vocal arranger" became a new title found in the Playbills of Broadway shows.
Photo by Joan Marcus
Martin's technique in choral writing was to use the close, tight jazz voicings employed by popular vocal groups of the day such as the Modernaires. The arrangements in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes are typical of his method of writing in eight-part harmony, in which the men sing the same four harmony parts as the women, but down one octave. The result is a thick, textured sound that resembles a saxophone or brass section in a jazz band.
On top of that basic harmonic approach, Martin employed rhythmic variations, syncopations, tempo shifts and even the use of nonsense syllables to further decorate the tunes. Unison lines unexpectedly explode into blasts of harmony. The keys he chose put the voices in exciting ranges. Broadway hadn't heard anything like this before he came along. In an era long before microphones, this new style required singers of superior musicianship, accurate in pitch and rhythm, and possessing great vocal control.
In Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, listen to the lively syncopations and exuberant rhythms in "High Time" followed by the lush blend of the singers in "Bye, Bye, Baby". Martin has great fun with the French language in the Paris scene and the song "Sunshine", and he uses some unexpected group scat singing in "Keepin' Cool with Coolidge."
(Rob Berman is music director of Encores! This piece appears in the Playbill of the May 9-13 Encores! concert of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes.)


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Battle of Trenton
The Battle of Trenton took place on the morning of December 26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, after General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River north of Trenton, New Jersey. The hazardous crossing in adverse weather made it possible for Washington to lead the main body of the Continental Army against Hessian soldiers garrisoned at Trenton. After a brief battle, nearly the entire Hessian force was captured, with negligible losses to the Americans. The battle significantly boosted the Continental Army's flagging morale, and inspired reenlistments.
The Continental Army had previously suffered several defeats in New York and had been forced to retreat through New Jersey to Pennsylvania. Morale in the army was low; to end the year on a positive note, George Washington—Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army—devised a plan to cross the Delaware River on the night of December 25–26 and surround the Hessian garrison.
Because the river was icy and the weather severe, the crossing proved dangerous. Two detachments were unable to cross the river, leaving Washington with only 2,400 men under his command in the assault. The army marched 9 miles (14 km) south to Trenton. The Hessians had lowered their guard, thinking they were safe from the American army, and had no long-distance outposts or patrols. Washington's forces caught them off guard and, after a short but fierce resistance, most of the Hessians surrendered. Almost two thirds of the 1,500-man garrison was captured, and only a few troops escaped across Assunpink Creek.
Despite the battle's small numbers, the American victory inspired rebels in the colonies. With the success of the revolution in doubt a week earlier, the army had seemed on the verge of collapse. The dramatic victory inspired soldiers to serve longer and attracted new recruits to the ranks.
In early December 1776, American morale was very low. The Americans had been ousted from New York by the British and their Hessian auxiliaries, and the Continental Army was forced to retreat across New Jersey. Ninety percent of the Continental Army soldiers who had served at Long Island were gone. Men had deserted, feeling that the cause for independence was lost. Washington, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, expressed some doubts, writing to his cousin in Virginia, "I think the game is pretty near up."[5]
At the time a small town in New Jersey, Trenton was occupied by three regiments of Hessian soldiers commanded by Colonel Johann Rall, numbering about 1,400 men. Washington's force comprised 2,400 men, with infantry divisions commanded by Major Generals Nathanael Greene and John Sullivan, and artillery under the direction of Brigadier General Henry Knox.[6]
American plan[edit]
The American plan relied on launching coordinated attacks from three directions. General John Cadwalader would launch a diversionary attack against the British garrison at Bordentown, New Jersey, to block off reinforcements from the south. General James Ewing would take 700 militia across the river at Trenton Ferry, seize the bridge over the Assunpink Creek and prevent enemy troops from escaping. The main assault force of 2,400 men would cross the river 9 miles (14 km) north of Trenton and split into two groups – one under Greene and one under Sullivan – to launch a pre-dawn attack.[7] Sullivan would attack the town from the south and Greene from the north.[8] Depending on the success of the operation, the Americans would possibly follow up with separate attacks on Princeton and New Brunswick.[9]
During the week before the battle, American advance parties began to ambush enemy cavalry patrols, capturing dispatch riders and attacking Hessian pickets. The Hessian commander, to emphasize the danger to his men, sent 100 infantry and an artillery detachment to deliver a letter to the British commander at Princeton.[9] Washington ordered Ewing and his Pennsylvania militia to try to gain information on Hessian movements and technology.[10] Ewing instead made three successful raids across the river. On December 17 and 18 they attacked an outpost of jägers and on the 21st, they set fire to several houses.[10] Washington put constant watches on all possible crossings near the Continental Army encampment on the Delaware, as he believed William Howe would launch an attack from the north on Philadelphia if the river froze over.[11]
On December 20, 2,000 troops led by General Sullivan arrived in Washington's camp.[12] They had been under the command of Charles Lee, and had been moving slowly through northern New Jersey when Lee was captured. That same day, an additional 800 troops arrived from Fort Ticonderoga under the command of Horatio Gates.[12]
Hessian moves[edit]
On December 14, the Hessians arrived in Trenton to establish their winter quarters.[13] At the time, Trenton was a small town with about 100 houses and two main streets, King (now Warren) Street and Queen (now Broad) Street.[14] Carl von Donop, Rall's superior, had marched south to Mount Holly on December 22 to deal with the resistance in New Jersey, and had clashed with some New Jersey militia there on December 23.[15]
Donop, who despised Rall, was reluctant to give command of Trenton to him.[16] Rall was known to be loud and unacquainted with the English language,[16] but he was also a 36-year soldier with a great deal of battle experience. His request for reinforcements had been turned down by British commander General James Grant, who disdained the American rebels and thought them poor soldiers. Despite Rall's experience, the Hessians at Trenton did not admire their commander.[17] They believed that he was too nice, and not ruthless enough to be successful.[17] His officers complained, "His love of life was too great, a thought came to him, then another, so he could not settle on a firm decision ..."[18] Rall avoided hard work and had little concern for his troops' comfort.[18]
Trenton lacked city walls or fortifications, which was typical of American settlements.[19] Some Hessian officers advised Rall to fortify the town, and two of his engineers advised that a redoubt be constructed at the upper end of town, and fortifications be built along the river.[19] The engineers went so far as to draw up plans, but Rall disagreed with them.[19] When Rall was again urged to fortify the town, he replied, "Let them come ... We will go at them with the bayonet."[19]
As Christmas approached, Loyalists came to Trenton to report the Americans were planning action.[5] American deserters told the Hessians that rations were being prepared for an advance across the river. Rall publicly dismissed such talk as nonsense, but privately in letters to his superiors, he said he was worried about an imminent attack.[5] He wrote to Donop that he was "liable to be attacked at any moment". Rall said that Trenton was "indefensible" and asked that British troops establish a garrison in Maidenhead (now Lawrenceville). Close to Trenton, this would help defend the roads from Americans. His request was denied.[20] As the Americans disrupted Hessian supply lines, the officers started to share Rall's fears. One wrote, "We have not slept one night in peace since we came to this place."[21] On December 22, a spy reported to Grant that Washington had called a council of war; Grant told Rall to "be on your guard".[22]
The main Hessian force of 1,500 men was divided into three regiments: Knyphausen, Lossberg and Rall. That night, they did not send out any patrols because of the severe weather.[23]
Crossing and march[edit]
Before Washington and his troops left, Benjamin Rush came to cheer up the General. While he was there, he saw a note Washington had written, saying, "Victory or Death".[21] Those words would be the password for the surprise attack.[24] Each soldier carried 60 rounds of ammunition, and three days of rations.[25] When the army arrived at the shores of the Delaware, they were already behind schedule, and clouds began to form above them.[26] It began to rain. As the air's temperature dropped, the rain changed to sleet, and then to snow.[26] The Americans began to cross the river, with John Glover in command. The men went across in Durham boats, while the horses and artillery went across on large ferries.[27] The 14th Continental Regiment of Glover manned the boats. During the crossing, several men fell overboard, including Colonel John Haslet. Haslet was quickly pulled out of the water. No one died during the crossing, and all the artillery pieces made it over in good condition.[28]
Two small detachments of infantry of about 40 men each were ordered ahead of main columns.[29] They set roadblocks ahead of the main army, and were to take prisoner whoever came into or left the town.[29] One of the groups was sent north of Trenton, and the other was sent to block River Road, which ran along the Delaware River to Trenton.[30]
The terrible weather conditions delayed the landings in New Jersey until 3:00 am; the plan was that they were supposed to be completed by 12:00 am. Washington realized it would be impossible to launch a pre-dawn attack. Another setback occurred for the Americans, as generals Cadwalader and Ewing were unable to join the attack due to the weather conditions.[7]
At 4:00 am, the soldiers began to march towards Trenton.[31] Along the way, several civilians joined as volunteers, and led as guides (see Captain John Mott) because of their knowledge of the terrain.[32] After marching 1.5 miles (2 km) through winding roads into the wind, they reached Bear Tavern where they turned right.[33] The ground was slippery, but it was level, making it easier for the horses and artillery. They began to make better time.[33] They soon reached Jacobs Creek, where, with difficulty, the Americans made it across.[34] The two groups stayed together until they reached Birmingham, where they split apart.[8] Soon after, they reached the house of Benjamin Moore, where the family offered food and drink to Washington.[35] At this point, the first signs of daylight began to appear.[35] Many of the troops did not have boots, so they were forced to wear rags around their feet. Some of the men's feet bled, turning the snow to a dark red. Two men died on the trip.[36]
As they marched, Washington rode up and down the line, encouraging the men to continue.[27] General Sullivan sent a courier to tell Washington that the weather was wetting his men's gunpowder. Washington responded, "Tell General Sullivan to use the bayonet. I am resolved to take Trenton."[37]
About 2 miles (3 km) outside the town, the main columns reunited with the advance parties.[38] They were startled by the sudden appearance of 50 armed men, but they were American. Led by Adam Stephen, they had not known about the plan to attack Trenton, and had attacked a Hessian outpost.[39] Washington feared the Hessians would have been put on guard, and shouted at Stephen, "You sir! You Sir, may have ruined all my plans by having them put on their guard."[39] Despite this, Washington ordered the advance continue to Trenton. In the event, Rall thought the first raid was the attack which Grant had warned him about, and that there would be no further action that day.[40]
American attack[edit]
At about 8 am, the outpost was set up by the Hessians at a cooper shop on Pennington Road about one mile north-west of Trenton. Washington led the assault, riding in front of his soldiers.[41] As the Hessian commander of the outpost, Lieutenant Andreas von Wiederholdt, left the shop, an American fired at him.[41] Wiederholdt shouted, "Der Feind!" (The Enemy!) and other Hessians came out.[42] The Americans fired three volleys and the Hessians returned one of their own.[41] Washington ordered Edward Hand's Pennsylvania Riflemen and a battalion of German-speaking infantry to block the road that led to Princeton. They attacked the Hessian outpost there.[42] Wiederholdt soon realized that this was more than a raiding party; seeing other Hessians retreating from the outpost, he led his men to do the same. Both Hessian detachments made organized retreats, firing as they fell back.[42] On the high ground at the north end of Trenton, they were joined by a duty company from the Lossberg Regiment.[42] They engaged the Americans, retreating slowly, keeping up continuous fire and using houses for cover.[43] Once in Trenton, they gained covering fire from other Hessian guard companies on the outskirts of the town. Another guard company nearer to the Delaware River rushed east to their aid, leaving open the River Road into Trenton. Washington ordered the escape route to Princeton be cut off, sending infantry in battle formation to block it, while artillery formed at the head of King and Queen streets.[44]
Leading the southern American column, General Sullivan entered Trenton by the abandoned river road and blocked the only crossing over the Assunpink Creek to cut off the Hessian escape.[45] Sullivan briefly held up his advance to make sure Greene's division had time to drive the Hessians from their outposts in the north.[45] Soon after, they continued their advance, attacking the Hermitage, home of Philemon Dickinson, where 50 Jägers under the command of Lieutenant von Grothausen were stationed.[45] Lieutenant von Grothausen brought 12 of his Jägers into action against the advanced guard, but had only advanced a few hundred yards when he saw a column of Americans advancing to the Hermitage.[45] Pulling back to the Hessian barracks, he was joined by the rest of the Jägers. After the exchange of one volley, they turned and ran, some trying to swim across the creek, while others escaped over the bridge, which had not yet been cut off. The 20 British Dragoons also fled.[45] As Greene and Sullivan's columns pushed into the town, Washington moved to high ground north of King and Queens streets to see the action and direct his troops.[46] By this time, American artillery from the other side of the Delaware River came into action, devastating the Hessian positions.[47]
With the sounding alarm, the three Hessian regiments began to prepare for battle.[48] The Rall regiment formed on lower King Street along with the Lossberg Regiment, while the Knyphausen Regiment formed at the lower end of Queen Street.[48] Lieutenant Piel, Rall's brigade adjutant, woke his commander, who found that the rebels had taken the "V" of the main streets of the town. This is where the engineers had recommended building a redoubt. Rall ordered his regiment to form up at the lower end of King Street, the Lossberg regiment to prepare for an advance up Queen Street, and the Knyphausen regiment to stand by as a reserve for Rall's advance up King Street.[45]
The American cannon stationed at the head of the two main streets soon came into action. In reply, Rall directed his regiment, supported by a few companies of the Lossberg regiment, to clear the guns.[49] The Hessians formed ranks and began to advance up the street, but their formations were quickly broken by the American guns and fire from Mercer's men who had taken houses on the left side of the street.[49] Breaking ranks, the Hessians fled. Rall ordered two three-pound cannon into action. After getting off six rounds each, within just a few minutes, half of the Hessians' manning their guns were killed by the American cannon.[49] After the men fled to cover behind houses and fences, their cannon were taken by the Americans.[50] Following capture of the cannon, men under the command of George Weedon advanced down King Street.[45]
On Queen Street, all Hessian attempts to advance up the street were repulsed by guns under the command of Thomas Forrest. After firing four rounds each, two more Hessian guns were silenced. One of Forrest's Howitzers was put out of action with a broken axle.[45] The Knyphausen Regiment became separated from the Lossberg and the Rall regiments. The Lossberg and the Rall fell back to a field outside town, taking heavy losses from grapeshot and musket fire. In the southern part of the town, Americans under command of Sullivan began to overwhelm the Hessians. John Stark led a bayonet charge at the Knyphausen regiment, whose resistance broke because their weapons would not fire. Sullivan led a column of men to block off escape of troops across the creek.[50]
Hessian resistance collapses[edit]
The Hessians in the field attempted to reorganize, and make one last attempt to retake the town so they could make a breakout.[51] Rall decided to attack the American flank on the heights north of the town.[52] Rall yelled "Forward! Advance! Advance!", and the Hessians began to move, with the brigade's band playing fifes, bugles and drums to help the Hessians' spirit.[52][53]
Washington, still on high ground, saw the Hessians approaching the American flank. He moved his troops to assume battle formation against the enemy.[52] The two Hessian Regiments began marching toward King Street, but were caught in American fire that came at them from three directions.[52] Some Americans had taken up defensive positions inside houses, reducing their exposure. Some civilians joined the fight against the Hessians.[54] Despite this, they continued to push, recapturing their cannon. At the head of King Street, Knox saw the Hessians had retaken the cannon and ordered his troops to take them. Six men ran and, after a brief struggle, seized the cannon, turning them on the Hessians.[55] With most of the Hessians unable to fire their guns, the attack stalled. The Hessians' formations broke, and they began to scatter.[54] Rall was mortally wounded.[56] Washington led his troops down from high ground while yelling, "March on, my brave fellows, after me!"[54] Most of the Hessians retreated into an orchard, with the Americans in close pursuit. Quickly surrounded,[57] the Hessians were offered terms of surrender, to which they agreed.
Although ordered to join Rall, the remains of the Knyphausen Regiment mistakenly marched in the opposite direction.[57] They tried to escape across the bridge, but found it had been taken. The Americans quickly swept in, defeating a Hessian attempt to break through their lines. Surrounded by Sullivan's men, the regiment surrendered, just minutes after the rest of the brigade.[58]
Casualties and capture[edit]
The Hessian forces suffered 22 fatalities, 83 serious injuries, and 896 captures. The Americans suffered only two fatalities and five injuries from war wounds, including a near fatal wound to future president James Monroe. Including American soldiers who died of exhaustion, exposure, and illness in the following days, total American fatalities from the expedition may have been higher than those of the Hessians.[59]
The captured Hessians were sent to Philadelphia and later Lancaster. In 1777 they were moved to Virginia.[60] Rall was mortally wounded and died later that day at his headquarters. All four Hessian colonels in Trenton were killed in the battle. The Lossberg regiment was effectively removed from the British forces. Parts of the Knyphausen regiment escaped to the south, but Sullivan captured some 200 additional men, along with the regiment's cannons and supplies. Also captured were approximately 1,000 arms and some much-needed ammunition.[61]
Popular history portrayed the Hessians as having been drunk from Christmas celebrations. An officer in Washington's staff wrote before the battle, "They make a great deal of Christmas in Germany, and no doubt the Hessians will drink a great deal of beer and have a dance to-night. They will be sleepy to-morrow morning."[62] However, historian David Hackett Fischer said, "It wasn't so." He points out that an American soldier John Greenwood, who fought in the battle and supervised Hessians afterward, said, "I am certain not a drop of liquor was drunk during the whole night, nor, as I could see, even a piece of bread eaten."[63] Military historian Edward G. Lengel said, "The Germans were dazed and tired but there is no truth to the legend claiming that they were helplessly drunk."[64]
Following the surrender of the Hessians, Washington is reported to have grabbed the hand of a young officer and said "This is a glorious day for our country."[65] He soon learned that Cadwalader and Ewing had been unable to make the crossing, leaving his worn-out army of 2,400 men isolated.[66] Without their 2,600 men, Washington realized he did not have the forces to attack Princeton and New Brunswick.[66]
This small but decisive battle, as with the later Battle of Cowpens, had an effect disproportionate to its size. The colonial effort was galvanized, and the Americans overturned the psychological dominance achieved by the British Government troops in the previous months. Howe was stunned by the Hessian garrison's being so easily surprised and overwhelmed.[58] Fischer argues the changing attitudes were buoyed more by writings of Thomas Paine and additional successful actions by the New Jersey Militia than they were by the Battle of Trenton.[67]
Aftermath and legacy[edit]
By noon, Washington's force had moved across the Delaware back into Pennsylvania, taking their prisoners and captured supplies with them.[66] This battle gave the Continental Congress a new confidence, as it proved colonial forces could defeat regulars. It also increased re-enlistments in the Continental Army forces. By defeating a European army, the colonials reduced the fear which the Hessians had caused earlier that year after the fighting in New York.[51]
Two notable American officers were wounded: William Washington, cousin of the General, and Lieutenant James Monroe, the future President of the United States. Monroe was carried from the field bleeding badly after he was struck in the left shoulder by a musket ball, which severed an artery. Doctor John Riker clamped the artery, preventing him from bleeding to death.[55]
The hours before the battle served as the inspiration for the painting Washington Crossing the Delaware by German American artist Emanuel Leutze. The image in the painting, in which Washington stands majestic in his boat as it crosses the Delaware River, is generally believed to be more symbolic than historically accurate. The waters of the river were icy and treacherous, and the flag Monroe holds was not created until six months after the battle.[68] In addition, contrary to the painting, the crossing occurred before dawn.[68] On the other hand, Fischer argues that because the crossing took place in a storm, people may have stood to avoid sitting in icy water in the boats.[69] Because of its emotional content, the painting has become an icon of American history.[68]
The Trenton Battle Monument, erected at "Five Points" in Trenton, stands as a tribute to this American victory.[70] The crossing of the Delaware and battle are reenacted by local enthusiasts every year (unless the weather is too severe on the river).[68]
Eight current Army National Guard units (101st Eng Bn,[71] 103rd Eng Bn,[72] A/1-104th Cav,[73] 111th Inf,[74] 125th QM Co,[75] 175th Inf,[76] 181st Inf[77] and 198th Sig Bn[78]) and one currently-active Regular Army Artillery battalion (1–5th FA[79] ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Trenton. There are only thirty current units of the U.S. Army with colonial roots.
In popular culture[edit]
- The A&E movie The Crossing (2000), starring Jeff Daniels as General Washington, shows events from the crossing through the battle.
- The book To Try Men's Souls, by Newt Gingrich covers the crossing through the battle from several different character perspectives.
- The rapper Astronautalis wrote the song "Trouble Hunters" as an anthem to the Battle of Trenton.[80]
See also[edit]
- New Jersey during the American Revolution
- Second Battle of Trenton
- Battle of Princeton
- Battle of Yorktown
- Battle of Saratoga
- ^ Fischer p.254
- ^ a b Fischer p.404
- ^ Fischer p.406
- ^ Fischer p.254—Casualty numbers vary slightly with the Hessian forces, usually between 21–23 killed, 80–95 wounded and 890–920 captured, but it is generally agreed that the casualties were in this area.
- ^ a b c Ketchum p.235
- ^ Stanhope p.129
- ^ a b Brooks p.56
- ^ a b Savas p.84
- ^ a b Brooks p.55
- ^ a b Fischer p.195
- ^ Ketchum p.242
- ^ a b Savas p.83
- ^ Fischer p.188
- ^ Ketchum p.233
- ^ Rosenfeld p.177
- ^ a b Ketchum p.229
- ^ a b Lengel p.183
- ^ a b Lengel p.185
- ^ a b c d Fischer p.189
- ^ Fishcer p.197
- ^ a b Ketchum p.236
- ^ Fischer p.203
- ^ Wood p.65
- ^ McCullough p.273
- ^ McCullough p.274
- ^ a b Fischer p.212
- ^ a b Ferling p.176
- ^ Fischer p.219
- ^ a b Fishcer p.221
- ^ Fischer p.222
- ^ Fischer p.223
- ^ Fischer p.225
- ^ a b Fischer p.226
- ^ Fischer p.227
- ^ a b Fischer p.228
- ^ Scheer p.215
- ^ Kevin Wright. "The Crossing And Battle At Trenton – 1776". Bergen County Historical Society. Retrieved August 14, 2008.
- ^ Fischer p.231
- ^ a b Fischer p.232
- ^ McCullough p.279
- ^ a b c Fischer p.235
- ^ a b c d Fischer p.237
- ^ Ketchum p.255
- ^ Ketchum p.256
- ^ a b c d e f g h Wood p.68
- ^ McCullough p.280
- ^ Fischer p.239
- ^ a b Fischer p.240
- ^ a b c Wood p.70
- ^ a b Wood p.71
- ^ a b Wood p.72
- ^ a b c d Fischer p.246
- ^ Ketchum p.262
- ^ a b c Fischer p.249
- ^ a b Fischer p.247
- ^ Fischer p.248
- ^ a b Fischer p.251
- ^ a b Wood p.74
- ^ Fischer p.255
- ^ Fischer p.379
- ^ Mitchell p.43
- ^ Stryker p.361
- ^ Fischer p.426
- ^ Lengel p.186
- ^ Ferling p.178
- ^ a b c Wood p.75
- ^ Fischer p.143
- ^ a b c d "What's wrong with this painting?". Washington Crossing Historic Park. Retrieved August 14, 2008.
- ^ Fischer p.216
- ^ Burt p.439
- ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 101st Engineer Battalion
- ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 103rd Engineer Battalion.
- ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, Troop A/1st Squadron/104th Cavalry.
- ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 111th Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981. pp.217–219.
- ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 125th Quartermaster Company. [1]
- ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 175th Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1982, pp. 343–345.
- ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 181st Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. 354–355.
- ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 198th Signal Battalion.
- ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery. [2].
- ^ "Planting the Seeds: An Interview with Astronautalis", The Faster Times, August 18, 2010, accessed September 6, 2011.
- Brooks, Victor (1999). How America Fought Its Wars. New York: De Capo Press. ISBN 1-58097-002-8.
- Burt, Daniel S. (2001). The Biography Book. New York: Oryx Press. ISBN 1-57356-256-4.
- Elson, William Henry (1908). History of the United States of America. Macmillan.
- Ferling, John (2007). Almost a Miracle. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-518121-2.
- Fischer, David Hackett (2006). Washington's Crossing. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517034-2.
- Ketchum, Richard (1999). The Winter Soldiers: The Battles for Trenton and Princeton. Holt Paperbacks; 1st Owl books ed edition. ISBN 0-8050-6098-7.
- Lengel, Edward (2005). General George Washington. New York: Random House Paperbacks. ISBN 0-8129-6950-2.
- McCullough, David (2006). 1776. New York: Simon and Schuster Paperback. ISBN 0-7432-2672-0.
- Mitchell, Craig (2003). George Washington's New Jersey. Middle Atlantic Press. ISBN 0-9705804-1-X.
- Rosenfeld, Lucy (2007). George Washington's New Jersey. Rutgers. ISBN 0-8135-3969-2.
- Savas, Theodore (2003). Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution. Savas Beatie. ISBN 1-932714-12-X.
- Sawicki, James A. (1981). Infantry Regiments of the US Army. Dumfries, VA: Wyvern Publications. ISBN 978-0-9602404-3-2.
- Scheer, George (1987). Rebels and Redcoats. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80307-0.
- Stanhope, Phillip Henry (1854). History of England: From the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles. GB, Murray.
- Wood, W.J Henry (2003). Battles Of The Revolutionary War. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81329-7.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Trenton. |
- "The Two Battles of Trenton". The Trenton Historical Society.


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Magazines - 48hrs - SEE/HEAR
Actresses pick up the pen to address personal and social issues in HK Arts Festival plays
Posted Feb 26th 2014, 10:36pm by EDMUND LEE
... on the Run, her arts festival contribution, is a solemn think piece about the education system and social environment of Hong Kong. Li was inspired by what she saw at last year's graduation ...
http://www.scmp.com/magazines/48hrs/article/1432638/actresses-pick-pen-address-personal-and-social-issues-hk-arts -
Lifestyle - Arts & Culture - FILM
Filmmaker's debut exploring Hong Kong social issues hits international film circuit
Posted Nov 19th 2013, 02:48pm by EDMUND LEE
... characters from vastly different social backgrounds, both with personal problems, converge in the form of a daily working relationship. Read the full story in 48 Hours, out on November 21. ...
http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/article/1360171/filmmakers-debut-exploring-hong-kong-social-issues-hits -
News - Hong Kong
Deficit in 15 years if status quo maintained in education, social welfare and health spending
Posted Mar 03rd 2014, 06:54pm
... for the education, social welfare and health sectors are maintained at the existing level and expenditure grows merely with price and demographic changes. The working group on long-term fiscal planning issued the warning yesterday as it rolled out a series of measures needed for the city to maintain a healthy fiscal outlook. If a structural deficit were to be avoided, the task force says Hong ...
http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1439451/deficit-15-years-if-status-quo-maintained-education-social-welfare -
News - Hong Kong - COURTS
League of Social Democrats pair fined for unlawful assembly at liaison office
Posted Mar 01st 2014, 04:09am by SIJIA JIANG
... Sijia Jiang email@example.com Two other activists acquitted for role in protest outside Beijing's liaison office League pair fined for unlawful assembly Two League of Social ... the court. Ho issued a warrant for Yang's arrest and release on HK$2,000 bail on condition he does not leave Hong Kong. His wife, Liu Shasha, says he was detained for illegally entering ...
http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1437504/league-social-democrats-pair-fined-unlawful-assembly-liaison-office -
News - China - XINJIANG
NPC's Xinjiang delegates skirt issues of unrest, Kunming at panel meeting
Posted Mar 07th 2014, 04:00pm by Teddy Ng
... (NPC) deputies from Xinjiang sought to avoid the issue of restiveness in the region at a two-and-a-half-hour meeting that emphasised the region's economy, and it was only when pressed ... was opened for questions from the press, even the queries mostly dealt with the economy. The first question was on providing livelihood and how the regional government used social media ...
http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1442633/npcs-xinjiang-delegates-skirt-issues-unrest-kunming-panel-meeting -
News - World - VENEZUELA
Venezuela sends paratroopers to epicentre of protests, as Maduro issues new threat to media
Posted Feb 21st 2014, 04:38pm by AGENCIES
... forces. Maduro, meanwhile, threatened to silence CNN – the only source of live news for Venezuelans apart from social media – over what he called the US broadcaster's "propaganda war". He shot ... of Maduro on image-sharing social network Instagram, Madonna accused the Venezuelan leader of human rights violations, while also condemning authorities in Russia and Ukraine. "Apparantly [sic] ...
http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1432616/venezuela-sends-paratroopers-epicentre-protests-maduro-issues-new-threat -
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Syrian hackers break into CNN's social media accounts
Posted Jan 24th 2014, 12:20pm by AFP
... to remedy the issue," Penelope Heath, a Hong Kong-based spokeswoman for CNN, said by e-mail on Friday, according the Bloomberg. Some of our organization's social media accounts were ... Agence France-Presse in Washington The Syrian Electronic Army claimed responsibility on Thursday for hacking some of US broadcaster CNN's social media accounts. The network said ...
http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1412407/syrian-hackers-break-cnns-social-media-accounts -
Comment - Letters
Policy address neglected important mental health issues
Posted Jan 28th 2014, 04:12am by LETTERS
... SCMP Editorial Policy address failed to look at important mental health issues There are 198 paragraphs in this year's policy address, but only one addresses the issue of mental ... in May last year. It includes representatives from the health-care and social welfare sectors, legislative councillors, academics and patients' families. However, it disappoints me to say ...
http://www.scmp.com/comment/letters/article/1415285/policy-address-neglected-important-mental-health-issues -
Magazines - 48hrs - SEE/HEAR
Rhymes of passion: Himanshu Suri raps about politics and social injustice
Posted Jan 15th 2014, 10:52pm by BEN SIN
... life, but it was especially rough after that." From then on, Suri became outspoken about social injustice. After finishing school, he landed a job on Wall Street and although he was earning ... performing jokey rap songs under the moniker Das Racist, a reference to their frequent conversations about American racial issues. The band first came to attention with the goofy track Combination ...
http://www.scmp.com/magazines/48hrs/article/1402323/rhymes-passion-himanshu-suri-raps-about-politics-and-social -
News - Hong Kong - SPORT
Rugby tackles social issues at Chinese school
Posted Mar 25th 2013, 12:00am by John Carney
... to be taught the game is a real plus … They're looking forward to it." The School of Rugby programme is aimed at using sport to help youngsters tackle a range of social and educational issues. It is modelled on a similar project in Scotland that had a positive impact on local youth development. Union chairman Trevor Gregory said sport had a prominent role to play in Hong ...
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text:
January 30th, 2009, 03:55 AM | #1 |
zuk sj416 supercharged
sj413 roll-over ???
finally i got my zuk 413 & swaped 4agze ( 210nm of torque & 165hp ) , and i decide to put toyota hilux ( truck ) axles ( 8" ) , but here in jordan . the prices is so high ( 800 $ for both axles ) ... i don't have the much of money for the axles . so im going to put 15"x10" on the zuk axles with 32"/33"x..x15" tires .
the question is : would it be easy to roll-over on the zuk's axles with 10" width wheels and that tires ???? |
January 30th, 2009, 04:10 AM | #2 | |
Senior Member
theres alot of "what ifs" in your question - lift, center of gravity, back spacing, etc. all play a part in how tippy a rig gets. wider and lower is better in general, but theres alot of unknown factors - you might want to move your post to general tech. |
January 30th, 2009, 05:08 PM | #3 |
American Leyland??
How big of a lift are you running.
I would think you are probably running around 6-8 inches of lift. I'd suspect that it would be rather Tippy, but not that bad. Probably have to drive it lightly, which would ruin the fun, especially with the extra power you have |
February 2nd, 2009, 08:39 AM | #4 |
Now pedals a bicycle
get some spacers for your axles 2" on each side. that'll make you plenty wide with the 15x10's if you are going with 2-3" backspacing. If you want more unsurung weight as well, you can just add a buncha trussing :)
Thread Tools | |


text:
Otter Tail Lake Vacation Association
- 28497 County Road 145, Battle Lake, MN 56515 | Get Directions
- Phone: 218-495-2895
- Visit Website
Add to my trip
Error. Submission of this item to your trip planner may have timed out. Please try again or check your trip planner to make sure it has been added.
Year-RoundOtter Tail Lake Vacation Association is non-profit tourism association working to promote the businesses on and around Otter Tail Lake, in West Central Minnesota.


text:
Friends of the ODU Libraries News and Events
The Friends host a variety of events each year to help support the Old Dominion University Libraries.
Friends of the Libraries Newsletter
The Friends of the Libraries Newsletter has all the latest information about what's happening at the Libraries and the Friends' efforts to support them.
Fall Book Sale
The annual book sale is managed by the library's staff association with help from members of the Friends of the Library. Friends members are offered the opportunity to preview and shop the sale one evening before the sale opens to the public. Members wishing to donate books to the sale may drop them off at the circulation desk of the Perry Library in advance of the sale dates.
"Meet the Author" Events
Recent events have featured authors Dan Ailey and James Zumwalt.
Outstanding Achievement Award
The Friends of the Library present an award each year at the Annual Author Dinner to a member of the university community who has consistently excelled through writing in his or her discipline for a span of years. The recipient in 2011 was Osama Kandil, Professor and Eminent Scholar of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Old Dominion University.
Baskets for Books
Information about the past and future Baskets for Books Events
Silent Auction
The Annual Author Dinner also features a silent auction whose items last year included an indoor fountain, a variety of gift baskets, items from several boutiques, and more! The Silent Auction is one of the major fundraising endeavors supporting the Friends of the Old Dominion University Libraries Life Members Endowment Fund.
Staff Reception
An annual Library Staff Reception luncheon recognizes the faculty and staff that make the libraries run. At this event, awards for both Librarian and Staff Member of the Year are presented.


text:
2 plead guilty
in Vt. meth case
BURLINGTON — Two men face up to 20 years in prison after pleading guilty to manufacturing methamphetamine at residence in Island Pond.
James Castrogiovanni and Kevin Dodge, both of Island Pond, pleaded guilty last month in federal court in Burlington.
The Caledonian-Record reported that both men are scheduled to be sentenced on Feb. 25.
Castrogiovanni and Dodge were two of 12 people who were charged following a drug raid last November at an Island Pond apartment house.
AG complaint
to air Thursday
A Vermont judge has set a hearing Thursday morning to hear a complaint from Republican attorney general candidate Jack McMullen about incumbent Democrat Bill Sorrell's alleged ties to a PAC that supported him during the Democratic primary.
McMullen said Sorrell violated the state law saying such PACs need to operate without any coordination with a candidate when they're making independent expenditures on a candidate's behalf.
McMullen points to the role of former Gov. Howard Dean, who he says both advised Sorrell about campaign strategy and appeared in pro-Sorrell ads for a PAC called the Committee for Justice and Fairness.
Both Sorrell and Dean have denied any wrongdoing in the matter.
— The Associated PressMORE IN This Just InBURLINGTON New projects on Lake Champlains waterfront could be starting in Burlington soon. Full StoryBURLINGTON Fire investigators say a floor of a vacant building in Burlington was vandalized,... Full StoryA Rutland man is behind bars after police said he robbed a woman at knifepoint Friday morning. Full Story -
- Most Popular
- Most Emailed


text:
Box: 45 Fold: 5 Moreton Frewen and Bimetallism / Silver Currency
Box: 45 Fold: 6 Moreton Frewen - Miscellaneous Information Box: 45 Fold: 7 "Cardinal Gasquet: A Memoir" - Related Correspondence
@ Nigel J. Abercrombie, 4 ALS 1952-1953
@ John M.T. Barton, TLS 2/18/1954
@ H. Barton Brown, TLS 12/27/1953
@ B. Butler, 2 ALS 1950-53
@ R.U. Butler, 3 ALS
@ Hugh Gaisford, 2 ALS 1954
@ W. Godfrey, archbishop of Cius, apostolic delegate, TLS 10/24/1946
@ W. Hemmick, ALS 2/4/1954
@ G. Hicks, ALS
@ Ethelbert Horne, 4 ALS 1944-49
@ C.C. Martindale, TLS 12/5/1953
@ Angela Perth, ALS 2/10/1952
@ Lord Perth (Eric Drummond), ALS 1/30/1951. Includes ALS from Shane Leslie 2/1/1951.
@ K. Dale Roberts, TLS 2/8/1954
@ Mary Senni, ALS 2/14/1954
@ D. Urban, ALS
Box: 45 Fold: 8 Cardinal Gasquet - Transcribed Correspondence
@ Pope Benedict XV to Cardinal Gasquet, 3 letters 1915.
@ Gasquet to Archbishop John Ireland 1915.
@ Gasquet to Wilfrid Meynell 1906.
@ Gasquet to Sir Bertram Windle 1919-1920.
Box: 45 Fold: 9 Cardinal Gasquet - Corres. to Edmund Bishop (transcriptions) Box: 45 Fold: 10 Cardinal Gasquet - Corres. to Edmund Bishop (transcriptions) Box: 45 Fold: 11 Cardinal Gasquet - Notes Box: 45 Fold: 12 Cardinal Gasquet - Lord Acton Box: 45 Fold: 13 "John Bull in a Benedictine Robe" Galley Box: 45 Fold: 14 "Cardinal Gasquet: A Memoir" - Reviews Box: 45 Fold: 15 "Cardinal Gasquet: A Memoir" - Book Jackets Box: 46 Fold: 1 George V: Death & George VI: Coronation Box: 46 Fold: 2 Miss Emilie Grigsby Box: 46 Fold: 3 Lord Hertford Papers
1. Account by Lord Hertford of an interview with Queen Victoria in 1862 re the death of her husband, the Prince Consort, Albert of Saxe-Coberg, and re Edward VII, Prince of Wales. Autograph and typed manuscripts.
2. Typed transcriptions of correspondence by Edward VII to his wife Princess Alexandria re relations with Bismarck (1907). Also includes correspondence by John Brocklehurst and Edward Stuart Wortley (1908). Re relations between European powers (England, France, Russia) and Japan during pre-World War One period.
Box: 46 Fold: 4 Leonard Jerome and Family - Related Correspondence
@ Harlow D. Curtis to Winston Churchill, TLS 11/28/1943 re Jerome and Churchill family genealogy: "I see I am a distant cousin of yours through your grandmother Clarissa Hall, wife of Leonard Jerome...
@ H.C. Durston, secretary, Jerome Family Association, to Shane Leslie, TLS 10/23/1944, re assistance with the latter's biography on Leonard Jerome.
@ John Fleming to Shane Leslie, TLS 3/14/1968 re papers of Leonard Jerome.
@ Kingsley W. Given, Union College, Schenectady, New York, to Shane Leslie, TLS 11/2/1944: "Your letter to the editor of the New York Times Book Review...set us to work here at Union College, the institution from which your grandfather, Leonard Jerome, received an AB degree in 1840..." Includes information about Leonard Jerome's academic records at Union College.
@ Alice Jerome to Shane Leslie, ALS 10/13/?, re Addison Jerome, her grandfather, and other information about the Jerome family genealogy.
@ William Frewen Jerome, Jr. (sp?) to Shane Leslie, TLS 2/18/1936, re Jerome genealogy.
@ Hilary P. Mead, National Maritime Museum, to Shane Leslie, TLS 1/8/1947.
@ Michael Wolff to Shane Leslie, ALS 9/22/1965 with reference to Margaret Middleton: "...If Margaret Middleton was a niece of Leonard (Jerome's), she was presumably the daughter of the Jerome brothers' only sister Mary..."
Box: 46 Fold: 5 "The Life of Leonard Jerome of New York..." Box: 46 Fold: 6 Leonard Jerome - Essays & Notes by Shane Leslie
2. Autograph essay/notes re Leonard Jerome financial speculations. Entitled, "The Spectre of Speculation." (5 pages)
3. Autograph notes re the courtship and marriage of Leonie Blanche Jerome and John Leslie.
Box: 46 Fold: 7 Leonard Jerome - Letters to Wife and Daughters (transcr) Box: 46 Fold: 8 Leonard Jerome - Notes by Shane Leslie Box: 46 Fold: 9 Leonard Jerome - Notes by Shane Leslie Box: 46 Fold: 10 Jerome Family - Notes Box: 46 Fold: 11 Otto Kahn Box: 46 Fold: 12 Omar Khayyam - Notes on "Rubaiyat" Box: 46 Fold: 13 Omar Khayyam - Notes on "Rubaiyat" Box: 46 Fold: 14 Omar Khayyam - "Rubaiyat" trans. by Edward Fitzgerald Box: 46 Fold: 15 Thomas Babington Macaulay on John Boyle, Earl of Orrery Box: 46 Fold: 16 Cardinal Manning - Related Correspondence
Includes -
@ Mary Anderson to Shane Leslie, ALS 10/9/1913.
@ Sir Francis Cowley Burnand, editor of Punch, to Shane Leslie, 2 ALS 1913
@ Alphonse Chapeau to Iris Leslie, ALS 12/6/1971.
@ Bourke Cockran to Shane Leslie, ALS 9/9/1921.
@ Thomas Dawson to Shane Leslie, ALS 4/19/1921.
@ J. Heatherbarrow (sp?) to Iris Leslie, ALS 8/27/1976.
@ K. Murphy (sp?) to Shane Leslie, TLS 10/1/1943.
@ David Newsome to Shane Leslie, ALS 10/18/1962.
@ Ernest Oldmeadow, editor of the Tablet, to Shane Leslie, ALS 8/4/1939.
@ Edmund S. Purcell to "My dear Lord Cardinal" re Cardinal Manning, 10/30/1894; and to "My Dear Mrs. Pugin, 2/11/1896.
@ Odo Russell to "Mr. Mounsell" ALS 8/24/1871; and to Lord Acton, ALS undated. Letters accompanied by a clipping of a review by Shane Leslie of "The Roman Question: Extracts from the Despatches of Odo Russell from Rome, 1858-1870." edited by Noel Blakiston.
@ Emily H. Stephens to Shane Leslie, ALS enclosing a printed notice for a sermon to be given by Manning on the occasion of a blessing by Cardinal Wiseman, Archbishop of Westminster.
@ John L. Wright to Shane Leslie, TLS 9/10/1962.
Box: 46 Fold: 17 Cardinal Manning - Related Correspondence and Notes
biography on Cardinal Manning.
2. ALS from Shane Leslie addressed to "My dear Lord." 12/25/1913.
3. Autograph transcription by Shane Leslie of a letter by Cardinal Manning to "My dearest Bishop." 2/25/1849.
4. Fragments of autograph notes.
Box: 46 Fold: 18 Cardinal Manning - Galleys for articles by Shane Leslie
1. Cardinal Manning and the Vatican Council
2. Cardinal Manning and his Friends
3. Cardinal Manning and Newman
Box: 46 Fold: 19 Cardinal Manning - Reviews & Newsclippings Box: 46 Fold: 20 Cardinal Manning - Cartoon Box: 46 Fold: 21 Conseulo Marlborough
Box: 46 Fold: 22 Rafael Cardinal Merry Del Val Box: 46 Fold: 23 John Henry Cardinal Newman - Introduction to "Apologia Pro Vita Sua" Box: 46 Fold: 24 "Newman Versus Manning" Box: 46 Fold: 25 Nostradamus Box: 46 Fold: 26 Alfred Noyes Box: 47 Fold: 1 Coventry Patmore
2. Paperbound autograph manuscript by Shane Leslie on Coventry Patmore.
3. Printed transcription of lecture by Shane Leslie on Francis Thompson, disciple of Coventry Patmore: "Francis Thompson / Words spoken in Washington Hall at the University of Notre Dame by Shane Leslie / May 7, 1935."
4. Autograph manuscript review by Shane Leslie of J.C. Reid's book on Patmore: "The Mind and Art of Coventry Patmore," and of E.J. Oliver's "Coventry Patmore."
5. Newspaper clippings re Coventry Patmore.
Box: 47 Fold: 2 John Pine's "Horace" Box: 47 Fold: 3 Marcel Proust Box: 47 Fold: 4 Frederick Rolf (Baron Corvo) - Correspondence About
@ J.B. Blackley, The Bodley Head, 3 TLS 1972-74.
@ C.S.A. Huggett, TLS 3/23/1971.
@ L. David Hunt, TLS
@ Donald Weeks, 6 ALS 1965-66. Includes printed items, "A Baron Corvo Exhibit" by Clarence A. Andrews; "Rolfe and Venice" and "Rolfe in Scotland and Wales" by Donald Weeks; "The Architecture of Aberdeen" by Frederick Baron Corvo.
@ Sir Harold Williams, ALS 3/28/1950.
Box: 47 Fold: 5 Frederick Rolfe (Baron Corvo) - Notes by Shane Leslie Box: 47 Fold: 6 Frederick Rolfe (Baron Corvo) - Printed Information Box: 47 Fold: 7 Sir Denison Ross Box: 47 Fold: 8 Shakespeare - Notes by Shane Leslie Box: 47 Fold: 9 Richard Sheridan's "The Wreck of Westminster Abbey" Box: 47 Fold: 10 "A Thackeray Centenary" Box: 47 Fold: 11 William D. Thomas Box: 47 Fold: 12 Leo Tolstoy - Shane Leslie's Visit 1907 Box: 47 Fold: 13 Laetitia Hill Trevor
2. ALS 6/4/1961 to Shane Leslie from Ran Antrim re Laetitia Hill Trevor.
3. Autograph notes re the genealogy of Laetitia Hill Trevor and the Antrim family. Reference to Charles P. Leslie, the former's brother-in-law. Includes autograph transcription of letters from A. Dungannon (Arthur Hill?) to "Dear Prudy" (Prudence Penelope Trevor?), dated 7/19/1778; and to "My dear Mr. Leslie" (Charles P. Leslie?), dated 1/27/1778.
Box: 47 Fold: 14 Archbishop Ullathorne
DESCRIPTION: Contains autograph and typed notes by Shane Leslie on Moreton Frewen and bimetallism (gold and silver currency). Includes autograph copy of a letter from H.R. Grenfell to Gibbs on the subject of bimetallism.
DESCRIPTION: Contains printed information re Moreton Frewen. Includes references to the Powder River Cattle Ranch and Frewen's papers relating to the ranch.
Letters dated 1946-1954
DESCRIPTION: Contains letters written to Shane Leslie re his biography on Cardinal Gasquet, "Cardinal Gasquet: A Memoir" (Burns Oates, 1954). Includes the following -
DESCRIPTION: Contains autograph transcriptions by Shane Leslie of correspondence to and from Cardinal Gasquet. Includes -
DESCRIPTION: Two notebooks containing autograph transcriptions/notes by Shane Leslie of correspondence from Cardinal Gasquet to Edmund Bishop (c.1885-1902).
DESCRIPTION: Contains typed transcriptions of the correspondence from Cardinal Gasquet to Edmund Bishop. (See Folder 45:9 for autograph transcriptions of this correspondence.)
DESCRIPTION: Contains autograph notes by Shane Leslie re Cardinal Gasquet.
DESCRIPTION: Contains autograph transcriptions by Shane Leslie of correspondence from Lord Acton (Sir John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton?) to Richard Simpson.
DESCRIPTION: Contains galley proof for an article by Shane Leslie on Cardinal Gasquet entitled, "John Bull in a Benedictine Robe."
DESCRIPTION: Contains press cuttings of reviews for Shane Leslie's biography, "Cardinal Gasquet: A Memoir" (1954).
DESCRIPTION: Contains 3 sample book jackets for the book.
DESCRIPTION: Contains carbon copy of a typed letter from Shane Leslie to Veronique Hearst re the death of King George V of England. Also includes typed transcription of a letter dated 5/13/1937 re the coronation of George VI.
DESCRIPTION: Contains typed biographical sketch for Emilie Grigsby: "...an Edwardian hostess...(who)...may be unnoticed but deserves memory in any record of Mayfair in its last brilliant phase."
DESCRIPTION: Contains autograph and typed transcriptions by Shane Leslie from the papers of Francis Hugh George (1812-1884), 5th Marquess of Hertford -
Letters dated 1936-68
DESCRIPTION: Contains correspondence relating to Leonard Jerome, about whom Shane Leslie was writing a biography (not completed/published?).
DESCRIPTION: Contains notebook of autograph manuscript by Shane Leslie for a biography on Leonard Jerome. Full title given on cover page: "The Life of Leonard Jerome of New York with Notices of his Three Daughters Clara, Moreton Frewen, Jennie Randolph Churchill, Leonie Blanche Leslie" by Shane Leslie.
DESCRIPTION: 1. Autograph essay/notes re Leonard Jerome and the transportation of Black slaves to free colonies. Entitled, "The Negro Problem." (5 pages)
Letters dated 1855-1890
DESCRIPTION: Contains autograph transcriptions (into notebook) by Shane Leslie of letters by Leonard Jerome to his wife Clarissa and daughters Clara, Jennie and Leonie.
DESCRIPTION: Contains notebook of autograph notes by Shane Leslie re Leonard Jerome. Originally included many looseleaf inserts (removed to Folder 46:9).
DESCRIPTION: Contains autograph and typed notes, as well as copies of printed articles on Leonard Jerome. Includes transcriptions of correspondence from Jerome to his wife Clarissa Hall Jerome and to daughter Jennie (Jerome) Churchill.
DESCRIPTION: Contains notes by Shane Leslie re the Jerome family. Includes genealogical information, especially re the Hall family (i.e. Clarissa Hall Jerome).
DESCRIPTION: Contains typed fragment by Shane Leslie re Otto Kahn: "During the terrible and trying diplomatic crisis of 1914-1917, when the United States refrained from supporting her future allies, Otto Kahn was one of the few to champion the British cause..."
DESCRIPTION: Contains autograph notes by Shane Leslie on the "Rubaiyat" of Omar Khayyam.
DESCRIPTION: Contains autograph manuscript by Shane Leslie for an introduction to an edition (unidentified) of the "Rubaiyat" by Omar Khayyam as translated by Edward Fitzgerald (first edition 1904).
DESCRIPTION: Contains fourth edition (1907) of the "Rubaiyat" by Omar Khayyam, as translated by Edward Fitzgerald.
July 23, 1835
DESCRIPTION: Contains autograph notes by Shane Leslie on Thomas Babington Macaulay's writings on John Boyle, Earl of Orrery's (1707-1762) "Remarks on the Life and Writings of Dr. Jonathan Swift" (1752)
Letters dated 1/10/1874-8/27/1976
DESCRIPTION: Contains correspondence about Henry Edward Cardinal Manning. Some relating specifically to Shane Leslie's biography, "Henry Edward Manning" (1921). Reference also to a second (?) entitled, "Cardinal Manning: his life and labours," (New York: P.J. Kenedy, 1954).
DESCRIPTION: 1. 1 ALS, 1 ACS (1913) from Shane Leslie to Wilfrid Meynell re his
DESCRIPTION: Galley proof sets for 3 articles by Shane Leslie on Cardinal Manning:
DESCRIPTION: Contains clippings of articles on Cardinal Manning, including reviews of a biography by Vincent Alan McClelland, "Cardinal Manning."
Punch, January 10, 1874
DESCRIPTION: Cartoon from Punch with the following caption, "The Vatican Hatter. Sorry we've nothing in this style to fit you, Dr. Manning. At present we've only got hats for under-sized heads." Accompanied by satirical poem.
DESCRIPTION: Contains typed manuscript re Consuelo Marlborough, nee Vanderbilt.
DESCRIPTION: Typed biographical sketch of Cardinal Merry Del Val by Shane Leslie. Includes prayer card with color picture of the cardinal.
DESCRIPTION: Autograph manuscript and notes by Shane Leslie for an introduction to an edition of Cardinal Newman's "Apologia Pro Vita Sua."
DESCRIPTION: Autograph manuscript for an essay by Shane Leslie on cardinals Manning and Newman.
DESCRIPTION: Autograph notes by Shane Leslie on Nostradamus.
DESCRIPTION: Typed biographical sketch of the poet Alfred Noyes (1880-1958). Includes TLS to Shane Leslie in this regard from E.T. Williams, Dictionary of National Biography, dated 9/4/1963.
DESCRIPTION: 1. Clothbound manuscript binder (color: navy), bearing autograph label: "Coventry Patmore / MS of article in Sublime Failures / very precious."
DESCRIPTION: Typed essay by Shane Leslie on John Pine's edition of Horace.
DESCRIPTION: Contains autograph notes by Shane Leslie re Marcel Proust. Includes printed articles on Proust collected by Sir Shane.
Letters dated 1950-1974
DESCRIPTION: Letters to Shane Leslie re Baron Corvo. Include:
DESCRIPTION: Autograph notes by Shane Leslie re Baron Corvo.
DESCRIPTION: Clipped articles on Baron Corvo. Includes reprint: "Fr. Rolfe and the Scots College, Rome" by Alexander S. MacWilliam. Also, "Frederick Rolfe" in "Opinions by Vincent O'Sullivan."
DESCRIPTION: Contains autograph note by Shane Leslie re Sir Denison Ross.
DESCRIPTION: Contains notebook of autograph notes by Shane Leslie on Shakespeare.
DESCRIPTION: Contains autograph essay by Shane Leslie re a skit attributed to Richard Sheridan and friends, "The Wreck of Westminster Abbey."
DESCRIPTION: Typed manuscript entitled, "A Thackeray Centenary" re William Makepeace Thackeray.
DESCRIPTION: Autograph notes by Shane Leslie re William D. Thomas' (d.1554) "History of Italy," (1549).
Letter date: 12/4/1907
DESCRIPTION: Contains typed letter by Shane Leslie originally written to Fr. Stanton (?) describing his visit with Leo Tolstoy in Moscow, 1907, as well as other observations about Russia. Includes typed and carbon copies (incomplete).
DESCRIPTION: 1. ALS 5/31/1961 to Shane Leslie from Angela Antrim re Laetitia Hill Trevor.
DESCRIPTION: Contains material relating to publication of Archbishop Ullathorne's autobiography, "From Cabin Boy to Archbishop" (Burns Oates, 1941). Includes printed dust jacket; book review; errata list (typescript corrected by Shane Leslie and printed copy); letter and certificate of acknowledgement from the Commonwealth National Library of Canberra, Australia thanking Sir Shane for a presentation copy of the book.


text:
"Bad weather escape"
A couple of days for the two of you, just entirely quiet? Our house with its classy ambience is the ideal place for a small outing from this stormy season.
Our package includes (for each guest):
- Two nights with breakfast from our comprehensive and varied buffet
- In-room mineral water and fruits
- A selected three course dinnera in our Park Restaurant, including a glass of French champagne
- A soothing massage (30 min) as well as the use of our regular Sanctum
Our rates per person
room | price |
double/twin superior | EUR 207,- |
douple/twin deluxe | EUR 227,- |
junior suite | EUR 247,- |
Valid from January - March and November - December. Please inquire about the rates for additional nights.
- Cruise ship packageInto the holidays, without stress
- Kiel Fjord packageEnjoy the Baltic Sea - in sunshine or more adverse weather
- Golf BreakEnjoy a minibreak in and around Kiel
- Bad Weather EscapeDays for couples, entirely romantic
- Feel-good packageEnjoy the Baltic Sea in sunshine or more adverse weather


text:
Congress has struck fear in the hearts of digital marketers that regulation will squash the potential of targeted ads. But something else might get in the way of online targeting's success: customer preference.
According to a recent academic study, big targeted ads online are actually no more effective than run of the mill banner ads. Combining the effectiveness of roadblock ads with targeting may seem like a no brainer to marketers, but web surfers aren't responding as expected.
The University of Toronto's Avi Goldfarb and MIT's Catherine E. Tucker examined 2,892 distinct web ad campaigns on different websites. They then surveyed almost 900 people for each campaign.
Goldfard told AdAge:
"We were interested in the basic question of whether ads work better if they're targeted and more in your face, more visible. We were expecting some kind of linear effect, that you would get a particular jump in effectiveness -- but the opposite is the case."
Both matching advertising to its surrounding content and increasing an ad's obstructiveness have proven to be effective ways of getting people's attention online. But the study found combining both methods actually decreases people's interest in clicking on ads.
And while its been years now that marketers have been proclaiming the simple banner ad dead, Goldfarb and Tucker actually found boring banner ads to be about as effective as highly targeted, obtrusive ads online. When a prominent ad is targeted, the study found people were only 0.3% more likely buy a product than when shown a regular banner with no contextual relevance.
According to Goldfarb:
"That has implications for more sensitive areas like finance and health sites. For people who are more privacy sensitive, there was an overall negative effect. For them, these ads don't work at all.
"Our results show privacy matters in something of a subtle way in online advertising. Sometimes privacy violations are fine, sometimes they're not."
Priivacy groups are quick to argue for the regulation of online advertising, but if targeted ads don't prove effective with consumers, the issue isn't likely to get to that point. Why would marketers pay more for ads that don't work?
According to the study:
If advertisers replace ads that combine contextual targeting and high visibility with the standard ads that our estimates suggest are equally effective, we provide back-of-the-envelope calculations that suggest advertisers could cut ad spending by over 5% without affecting ad performance."
Goldfarb and Tucker found that the larger ads simple magnified people's perception of being manipulated by advertising online:
"Results suggest a possible explanation for the growing bifurcation in internet advertising between highly targeted plain text ads and more visually striking but less
targeted ads."
It's common knowledge that customers often avoid looking at banner advertising online. Getting them to pay more attention to advertising that is relevant to their interests is a major goal of digital marketers. But if people are going to get turned off by more relevant ads, perhaps we've finally found an online marketing privacy breach that customers won't ignore.
Image: CNET


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Since he started coaching endurance athletes back in 1992, Troy Jacobson has been widely considered one of the top coaches in the United States for single sport and multisport athletes alike. His success has helped to revolutionize multisport coaching and has brought the profession of 'online coaching' to an unprecedented level of acceptance.
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