text:
Joan of Arc
Saint Joan of Arc | |
Painting, c. 1485. An artist's interpretation, since the only known direct portrait has not survived. (Centre Historique des Archives Nationales, Paris, AE II 2490)
Saint | |
Born | 6 January, c. 1412[1] Domrémy, Duchy of Bar, France.[2] |
Died | 30 May 1431 (aged approx. 19) Rouen, Normandy (then under English rule) |
Honored in | Roman Catholic Church Anglican Communion[3] |
Beatified | 18 April 1909, Notre Dame de Paris by Pope Pius X |
Canonized | 16 May 1920, St. Peter's Basilica, Rome by Pope Benedict XV |
Feast | 30 May |
Patronage | France ; martyrs; captives; military personnel; people ridiculed for their piety; prisoners; soldiers, women who have served in the WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service); and Women's Army Corps |
Joan of Arc (French: Jeanne d'Arc,[4] IPA: [ʒan daʁk]; ca. 1412[5] – 30 May 1431), nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans" (French: La Pucelle d'Orléans), is a heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint. She was born to a peasant family in north-east France. Joan said she received visions and heard voices of the Archangel Saint Michael, Saint Margaret and Saint Catherine instructing her to support Charles VII and recover France from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War. The uncrowned King Charles VII sent her to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief mission. She gained prominence after the siege was lifted in only nine days. Several additional swift victories led to Charles VII's coronation at Reims. On 23 May 1430, she was captured at Compiègne by the English-allied Burgundian faction, was later sold[6] and handed over to the English, then put on trial by the pro-English Bishop of Beauvais Pierre Cauchon on a variety of charges[7], among which heresy, idolatry and witchcraft,[8], and was burned at the stake when she was about 19 years old.[9]
Twenty-five years after her execution, an inquisitorial court authorized by Pope Callixtus III examined the trial, pronounced her innocent, and declared her a martyr.[9] Joan of Arc was beatified in 1909 and canonized in 1920. She is one of the nine secondary patron saints of France, along with St. Denis, St. Martin of Tours, St. Louis, St. Michael, St. Remi, St. Petronilla, St. Radegund and St. Theresa of Lisieux.
Joan of Arc has been a popular figure in cultural history since the time of her death, and many famous writers, filmmakers and composers have created works about her. Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc have continued in films, theatre, television, video games, music, and performances to this day.
The historian Kelly DeVries describes the period preceding her appearance in the following terms: "If anything could have discouraged her, the state of France in 1429 should have." The Hundred Years' War had begun in 1337 as a succession dispute over the French throne with intermittent periods of relative peace. Nearly all the fighting had taken place in France, and the English army's use of chevauchée tactics (similar to scorched earth strategies) had devastated the economy.[10] The French population had not recovered from the Black Death of the previous century and its merchants were isolated from foreign markets. At the outset of Jeanne d'Arc's appearance, the English had nearly achieved their goal of a dual monarchy under English control and the French army had not achieved any major victories for a generation. In DeVries's words, "The kingdom of France was not even a shadow of its thirteenth-century prototype."[11]
The French king at the time of Joan's birth, Charles VI, suffered bouts of insanity[12] and was often unable to rule. The king's brother Louis, Duke of Orléans, and the king's cousin John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, quarreled over the regency of France and the guardianship of the royal children. This dispute escalated to accusations of an extramarital affair with Queen Isabeau of Bavaria and the kidnappings of the royal children.[13] The matter climaxed with the assassination of the Duke of Orléans in 1407 on the orders of the Duke of Burgundy.[14]
The factions loyal to these two men became known as the Armagnacs and the Burgundians. Henry V of England took advantage of this turmoil to invade France, winning a dramatic victory at Agincourt in 1415 and capturing many northern French towns.[15] In 1418, Paris was taken by the Burgundians, who massacred the Count of Armagnac and about 2,500 of his followers.[16] The future French king, Charles VII, assumed the title of Dauphin – the heir to the throne – at the age of fourteen, after all four of his older brothers had died in succession.[17] His first significant official act was to conclude a peace treaty with Burgundy in 1419. This ended in disaster when Armagnac partisans assassinated John the Fearless during a meeting under Charles's guarantee of protection. The new duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, blamed Charles for the murder and entered into an alliance with the English. The allied forces conquered large sections of France.[18]
In 1420, the queen of France Isabeau of Bavaria signed the Treaty of Troyes, which granted the succession of the French throne to Henry V and his heirs instead of her son Charles. This agreement revived rumors about her alleged affair with the late duke of Orléans and raised fresh suspicions that the Dauphin was illegitimate rather than the son of the king.[19] Henry V and Charles VI died within two months of each other in 1422, leaving an infant, Henry VI of England, the nominal monarch of both kingdoms. Henry V's brother, John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, acted as regent.[20]
By the beginning of 1429, nearly all of northern France and some parts of the southwest were under Anglo-Burgundian control. The English controlled Paris and Rouen while the Burgundian faction controlled Reims, which had been the traditional site of French coronations since 816. This was an important consideration since neither claimant to the throne of France had been officially crowned yet. The English had laid siege to Orléans, one of the few remaining loyal French cities and a strategic position along the Loire River, which made it the last obstacle to an assault on the remainder of the French heartland. In the words of one modern historian, "On the fate of Orléans hung that of the entire kingdom."[21] No one was optimistic that the city could long withstand the siege.[22]
Joan was born the daughter of Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romée[23] in Domrémy, a village which was then in the French part of the duchy of Bar, or Barrois mouvant, situated west of the Meuse River, while the rest of the duchy (east of the Meuse) was a part of the Holy Roman Empire. The duchy of Bar was later incorporated to the province of Lorraine and the village of Domrémy renamed Domrémy-la-Pucelle, in honor of Joan of Arc.[24] Joan's parents owned about 50 acres (20 hectares) of land and her father supplemented his farming work with a minor position as a village official, collecting taxes and heading the local watch.[25] They lived in an isolated patch of eastern France that remained loyal to the French crown despite being surrounded by Burgundian lands. Several local raids occurred during her childhood and on one occasion her village was burned.
At her trial, Joan said she was about 19, so she must have been born around the year 1412. She later testified that she experienced her first vision around 1424 at the age of 12 years, when she was out alone in a field and saw visions of figures she identified as Saint Michael, Saint Catherine, and Saint Margaret, who told her to drive out the English and bring the Dauphin to Reims for his coronation. She said she cried when they left, as they were so beautiful.[26]
At the age of 16, she asked a relative named Durand Lassois to take her to nearby Vaucouleurs, where she petitioned the garrison commander, Robert de Baudricourt, for permission to visit the royal French court at Chinon. Baudricourt's sarcastic response did not deter her.[27] She returned the following January and gained support from two of Baudricourt's soldiers: Jean de Metz and Bertrand de Poulengy.[28] Under their auspices, she gained a second meeting, where she made a remarkable prediction about a military reversal near Orléans.[29]
Robert de Baudricourt granted her an escort to visit Chinon after news from the front confirmed her prediction. She made the journey through hostile Burgundian territory in male disguise.[30] Upon arriving at the Royal Court she impressed Charles VII during a private conference. During this time Charles's mother-in-law Yolande of Aragon was financing a relief expedition to Orléans. Joan asked for permission to travel with the army and wear the equipment of a knight. She depended on donated items for her armor, horse, sword, banner, and other items utilized by her entourage. Historian Stephen W. Richey explains her attraction to the royal court by pointing out that they may have viewed her as the only source of hope for a regime that was near collapse:
After years of one humiliating defeat after another, both the military and civil leadership of France were demoralized and discredited. When the Dauphin Charles granted Joan's urgent request to be equipped for war and placed at the head of his army, his decision must have been based in large part on the knowledge that every orthodox, every rational option had been tried and had failed. Only a regime in the final straits of desperation would pay any heed to an illiterate farm girl who claimed that the voice of God was instructing her to take charge of her country's army and lead it to victory. |
Upon her arrival, Joan effectively turned the longstanding Anglo-French conflict into a religious war.[31] But this course of action was not without its risks. Charles' advisers were worried that unless Joan's orthodoxy could be established beyond doubt – that she was not a heretic or a sorceress – Charles' enemies could easily make the claim that his kingdom was a gift from the devil. To circumvent this possibility, the Dauphin ordered background inquiries and a theological examination at Poitiers to verify her morality. In April 1429, the commission of inquiry "declared her to be of irreproachable life, a good Christian, possessed of the virtues of humility, honesty and simplicity."[31] The theologians at Poitiers did not render a decision on the issue of divine inspiration; rather, they informed the Dauphin that there was a 'favorable presumption' to be made on the divine nature of her mission. This was enough for Charles, but they put the ball back in his court by stating that he had an obligation to put Joan to the test. 'To doubt or abandon her without suspicion of evil would be to repudiate the Holy Spirit and to become unworthy of God's aid', they declared.[32] The test for the truth of her claims would be the raising of the siege of Orléans.
She arrived at the siege of Orléans on 29 April 1429, but Jean d'Orléans, the acting head of the ducal family of Orléans on behalf of his captive half-brother, initially excluded her from war councils and failed to inform her when the army engaged the enemy.[33] However, his exclusions did not prevent her presence at most councils and battles.
The extent of her actual military leadership is a subject of historical debate. Traditional historians, such as Édouard Perroy, conclude that she was a standard bearer whose primary effect was on morale.[34] This type of analysis usually relies on the condemnation trial testimony, where she stated that she preferred her standard to her sword. Recent scholarship that focuses on the nullification trial testimony asserts that the army's commanders esteemed her as a skilled tactician and a successful strategist. Stephen W. Richey's opinion is one example: "She proceeded to lead the army in an astounding series of victories that reversed the tide of the war."[30] In either case, historians agree that the army enjoyed remarkable success during her brief career.[35]
"... the Maiden lets you know that here, in eight days, she has chased the English out of all the places they held on the river Loire by attack or other means: they are dead or prisoners or discouraged in battle. Believe what you have heard about the earl of Suffolk, the lord la Pole and his brother, the lord Talbot, the lord Scales, and Sir Fastolf; many more knights and captains than these are defeated." |
Her Letter to the citizens of Tournai, 25 June 1429; Quicherat V, pp. 125–126, trans. Wikipedia. |
Joan of Arc rejected the cautious strategy that characterized French leadership during previous campaigns. During the five months of siege before her arrival, the defenders of Orléans attempted only one aggressive move and that ended in disaster. On 4 May, the French attacked and captured the outlying fortress of Saint Loup (bastille de Saint-Loup), which she followed on 5 May with a march to a second fortress called Saint-Jean-le-Blanc, which was found deserted. The next day, she opposed Jean d'Orléans at a war council where she demanded another assault on the enemy. Jean d'Orléans ordered the city gates locked to prevent another battle, but she summoned the townsmen and common soldiers and forced the mayor to unlock a gate. With the aid of only one captain she rode out and captured the Augustines fortress. That evening she learned she had been excluded from a war council where the leaders had decided to wait for reinforcements before acting again. Disregarding this decision, she insisted on attacking the main English stronghold called "les Tourelles" on 7 May.[36] Contemporaries acknowledged her as the heroine of the engagement after she was wounded by an arrow between the neck and shoulder but returned to encourage a final assault which succeeded in taking Les Tourelles.[N 1][citation needed]
The sudden victory at Orléans led to many proposals for further offensive action. The English expected an attempt to recapture Paris or an attack on Normandy. In the aftermath of the unexpected victory, Joan persuaded Charles VII to grant her co-command of the army with Duke John II of Alençon and gained royal permission for her plan to recapture nearby bridges along the Loire as a prelude to an advance on Reims and the coronation of Charles VII. This was a bold proposal because Reims was roughly twice as far away as Paris and deep within enemy territory.[37]
The army recovered Jargeau on 12 June, Meung-sur-Loire on 15 June, and Beaugency on 17 June. The Duke of Alençon agreed to all of Joan's decisions. Other commanders including Jean d'Orléans had been impressed with her performance at Orléans and became her supporters. Alençon credited her with saving his life at Jargeau, where she warned him of an imminent artillery attack.[38] During the same battle she withstood a blow from a stone cannonball to her helmet as she climbed a scaling ladder. An expected English relief force arrived in the area on 18 June under the command of Sir John Fastolf. The battle at Patay might be compared to Agincourt in reverse. The French vanguard attacked before the English archers could finish defensive preparations. A rout ensued that decimated the main body of the English army and killed or captured most of its commanders. Fastolf escaped with a small band of soldiers and became the scapegoat for the humiliating English defeat. The French suffered minimal losses.[39]
"Prince of Burgundy, I pray of you — I beg and humbly supplicate — that you make no more war with the holy kingdom of France. Withdraw your people swiftly from certain places and fortresses of this holy kingdom, and on behalf of the gentle king of France I say he is ready to make peace with you, by his honor." |
"Her Letter to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy", 17 July 1429; Quicherat V, pp. 126–127, trans. Wikipedia. |
The French army set out for Reims from Gien on 29 June and accepted the conditional surrender of the Burgundian-held city of Auxerre on 3 July. The other towns in their path returned to French allegiance without resistance. Troyes, the site of the treaty that tried to disinherit Charles VII, capitulated after a bloodless four-day siege.[40] The army was in short supply of food by the time it reached Troyes. But the army was in luck: a wandering friar named Brother Richard had been preaching about the end of the world at Troyes and convinced local residents to plant beans, a crop with an early harvest. The hungry army arrived as the beans ripened.[41]
Reims opened its gates to the army on 16 July. The coronation took place the following morning. Although Joan and the duke of Alençon urged a prompt march on Paris, the royal court preferred a negotiated truce with the duke of Burgundy. Duke Philip the Good broke the agreement, using it as a stalling tactic to reinforce the defense of Paris.[42] The French army marched through towns near Paris during the interim and accepted more peaceful surrenders. The Duke of Bedford led an English force and confronted the French army in a standoff at the battle of Montépilloy on 15 August. The French assault at Paris ensued on 8 September. Despite a wound to the leg from a crossbow bolt, Joan continued directing the troops until the day's fighting ended. The following morning she received a royal order to withdraw. Most historians blame French Grand Chamberlain Georges de la Trémoille for the political blunders that followed the coronation.[43] In October, Joan was with the royal army when it took Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier, followed by an unsuccessful attempt to take La-Charité-sur-Loire in November and December. On 29 December, Joan and her family were granted nobility.
Ruin of the great hall at Château de Chinon where she met the future King Charles VII. The castle's only remaining intact tower has also become a museum dedicated to her.
Entrance of Joan of Arc into Reims in 1429, painting by Jan Matejko
The inner keep at Beaugency is one of the few surviving fortifications from Joan's battles. English defenders retreated to the tower at upper right after the French breached the town wall.
Notre-Dame de Reims, traditional site of French coronations. The structure had additional spires prior to a 1481 fire.
Joan at the coronation of Charles VII, by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres in 1854, is a notable example of attempts to add more feminine characteristics to her appearance. Note the long hair and the skirt around the armor.
A truce with England during the following few months left Joan with little to do. On 23 March 1430, she dictated a threatening letter to the Hussites, a dissident group which had broken with the Catholic Church on a number of doctrinal points and had defeated several previous crusades sent against them. Joan's letter promises to "remove your madness and foul superstition, taking away either your heresy or your lives."[44] However, the truce with England quickly came to an end. Joan traveled to Compiègne the following May to help defend the city against an English and Burgundian siege. A skirmish on 23 May 1430 led to her capture, when her force attempted to attack the Burgundian's camp at Margny.[45] When she ordered a retreat into the nearby fortifications of Compiègne after the advance of an additional force of 6,000 Burgundians,[45] she assumed the place of honor as the last to leave the field. Burgundians surrounded the rear guard, and she was unhorsed by an archer and initially refused to surrender.[46]
"It is true that the king has made a truce with the duke of Burgundy for fifteen days and that the duke is to turn over the city of Paris at the end of fifteen days. Yet you should not marvel if I do not enter that city so quickly. I am not content with these truces and do not know if I will keep them, but if I hold them it will only be to guard the king's honor: no matter how much they abuse the royal blood, I will keep and maintain the royal army in case they make no peace at the end of those fifteen days." |
Her Letter to the citizens of Reims, 5 August 1429; Quicherat I, p. 246, trans. Wikipedia. |
It was customary for a captive's family to ransom a prisoner of war. Joan was in an unusual circumstance. Many historians condemn King Charles VII for failing to intervene. She attempted several escapes, on one occasion jumping from her 70 foot (21 m) tower in Vermandois to the soft earth of a dry moat, after which she was moved to the Burgundian town of Arras.[47] The English bought her[48] for the sum of 10.000 livres tournois from Jean de Luxembourg, a member of the Council of the Duke Philip of Burgundy. Bishop Pierre Cauchon of Beauvais, an English partisan, assumed a prominent role in these negotiations and her later trial.[49]
The trial for heresy was politically motivated. The Duke of Bedford claimed the throne of France on behalf of his nephew Henry VI. Joan had been responsible for the rival coronation, hence condemning her was an attempt to undermine her king's legitimacy. Legal proceedings commenced on 9 January 1431 at Rouen, the seat of the English occupation government.[50] The procedure was irregular on a number of points.
To summarize some major problems: Under ecclesiastical law, Bishop Cauchon lacked jurisdiction over the case.[51] He owed his appointment to his partisan support of the English government which financed the trial. Clerical notary Nicolas Bailly, commissioned to collect testimony against Joan, could find no adverse evidence.[52] Without such evidence the court lacked grounds to initiate a trial. Opening a trial anyway, the court also violated ecclesiastical law in denying her right to a legal adviser. Upon the opening of the first public examination Joan complained that those present were all partisans against her and asked for "ecclesiastics of the French side" to be invited.[53]
The trial record demonstrates her remarkable intellect. The transcript's most famous exchange is an exercise in subtlety. "Asked if she knew she was in God's grace, she answered: 'If I am not, may God put me there; and if I am, may God so keep me.'"[54] The question is a scholarly trap. Church doctrine held that no one could be certain of being in God's grace. If she had answered yes, then she would have convicted herself of heresy. If she had answered no, then she would have confessed her own guilt. Notary Boisguillaume later testified that at the moment the court heard this reply, "Those who were interrogating her were stupefied."[55] In the twentieth century George Bernard Shaw found this dialogue so compelling that sections of his play Saint Joan are literal translations of the trial record.[56]
Several court functionaries later testified that significant portions of the transcript were altered in her disfavor. Many clerics served under compulsion, including the inquisitor, Jean LeMaitre, and a few even received death threats from the English. Under Inquisitorial guidelines, Joan should have been confined to an ecclesiastical prison under the supervision of female guards (i.e., nuns). Instead, the English kept her in a secular prison guarded by their own soldiers. Bishop Cauchon denied Joan's appeals to the Council of Basel and the pope, which should have stopped his proceeding.[57]
The twelve articles of accusation that summarize the court's finding contradict the already doctored court record.[58] The illiterate defendant signed an abjuration document she did not understand under threat of immediate execution. The court substituted a different abjuration in the official record.[59]
Heresy was a capital crime only for a repeat offense. Joan agreed to wear feminine clothing when she abjured. This created a problem. According to the later descriptions of some of the tribunal members, she had previously been wearing male (i.e. military) clothing in prison because it gave her the ability to fasten her hosen and tunic together into one piece, which deterred rape by making it difficult to pull her hosen off.[62][63] A woman's dress offered no such protection. A few days after adopting a dress, she told a tribunal member that "a great English lord had entered her prison and tried to take her by force. [i.e. rape her]"[64] She resumed male attire either as a defense against molestation or, in the testimony of Jean Massieu, because her dress had been taken by the guards and she was left with nothing else to wear.[65]
Her resumption of male military clothing was labeled a relapse into heresy, although this would later be disputed by the inquisitor who presided over the appeals court which examined the case after the war. Medieval Catholic doctrine held that cross-dressing should be evaluated based on context, as stated in the "Summa Theologica" by St. Thomas Aquinas, which says that necessity would be a permissible reason for cross-dressing.[66] This would include the use of clothing as protection against rape if the clothing would offer protection. In terms of doctrine, she had been justified in disguising herself as a pageboy during her journey through enemy territory and she was justified in wearing armor during battle and protective clothing in camp and then in prison. The Chronique de la Pucelle states that it deterred molestation while she was camped in the field. Clergy who later testified at the posthumous appellate trial affirmed that she continued to wear male clothing in prison to deter molestation and rape.[67]
She referred the court to the Poitiers inquiry when questioned on the matter. The Poitiers record no longer survives but circumstances indicate the Poitiers clerics had approved her practice.[68] She also kept her hair cut short through her military campaigns and while in prison. Her supporters, such as the theologian Jean Gerson, defended her hairstyle for practical reasons, as did Inquisitor Brehal later during the appellate trial.[69] Nonetheless, at the trial in 1431 she was condemned and sentenced to die.
Eyewitnesses described the scene of the execution by burning on 30 May 1431. Tied to a tall pillar at the Vieux-Marché in Rouen, she asked two of the clergy, Fr Martin Ladvenu and Fr Isambart de la Pierre, to hold a crucifix before her. An English soldier also constructed a small cross which she put in the front of her dress. After she died, the English raked back the coals to expose her charred body so that no one could claim she had escaped alive, then burned the body twice more to reduce it to ashes and prevent any collection of relics. They cast her remains into the Seine from the only bridge called Mathilda.[70] The executioner, Geoffroy Therage, later stated that he "...greatly feared to be damned."[71]
Posthumous events[edit]
The Hundred Years' War continued for twenty-two years after her death. Charles VII succeeded in retaining legitimacy as the king of France in spite of a rival coronation held for Henry VI at Notre-Dame cathedral in Paris, on 16 December 1431, on the boy's tenth birthday. Before England could rebuild its military leadership and force of longbowmen, lost in 1429, the country lost its alliance with Burgundy at the Treaty of Arras in 1435. The Duke of Bedford died the same year and Henry VI became the youngest king of England to rule without a regent; his weak leadership was probably the most important factor in ending the conflict. Kelly DeVries argues that Joan of Arc's aggressive use of artillery and frontal assaults influenced French tactics for the rest of the war.[72]
In 1452, during the posthumous investigation into her execution, the Church declared that a religious play in her honor at Orléans would allow attendees to gain an indulgence (remission of temporal punishment for sin) by making a pilgrimage to the event.
A posthumous retrial opened after the war ended. Pope Callixtus III authorized this proceeding, also known as the "nullification trial", at the request of Inquisitor-General Jean Bréhal and Joan's mother Isabelle Romée. The aim of the trial was to investigate whether the trial of condemnation and its verdict had been handled justly and according to canon law. Investigations started with an inquest by Guillaume Bouillé, a theologian and former rector of the University of Paris (Sorbonne). Bréhal conducted an investigation in 1452. A formal appeal followed in November 1455. The appellate process involved clergy from throughout Europe and observed standard court procedure. A panel of theologians analyzed testimony from 115 witnesses. Bréhal drew up his final summary in June 1456, which describes Joan as a martyr and implicated the late Pierre Cauchon with heresy for having convicted an innocent woman in pursuit of a secular vendetta. The technical reason for her execution had been a Biblical clothing law.[73] The nullification trial reversed the conviction in part because the condemnation proceeding had failed to consider the doctrinal exceptions to that stricture. The appellate court declared her innocent on 7 July 1456.[74]
Joan of Arc became a symbol of the Catholic League during the 16th century. When Félix Dupanloup was made bishop of Orléans in 1849, he pronounced a fervid panegyric on Joan of Arc, which attracted attention in England as well as France and he led the efforts which culminated in Joan of Arc's beatification in 1909. Pope Benedict XV canonized Joan on 16 May 1920. As Saint Joan of Arc, she has become one of the most popular saints of the Roman Catholic Church.[75]
Joan of Arc became a semi-legendary figure for the four centuries after her death. The main sources of information about her were chronicles. Five original manuscripts of her condemnation trial surfaced in old archives during the 19th century. Soon, historians also located the complete records of her rehabilitation trial, which contained sworn testimony from 115 witnesses, and the original French notes for the Latin condemnation trial transcript. Various contemporary letters also emerged, three of which carry the signature Jehanne in the unsteady hand of a person learning to write.[76] This unusual wealth of primary source material is one reason DeVries declares, "No person of the Middle Ages, male or female, has been the subject of more study."[77]
Joan of Arc came from an obscure village and rose to prominence when she was a teenager, and she did so as an uneducated peasant. The French and English kings had justified the ongoing war through competing interpretations of the thousand-year-old Salic law. The conflict had been an inheritance feud between monarchs. She gave meaning to appeals such as that of squire Jean de Metz when he asked, "Must the king be driven from the kingdom; and are we to be English?"[28] In the words of Stephen Richey, "She turned what had been a dry dynastic squabble that left the common people unmoved except for their own suffering into a passionately popular war of national liberation."[30] Richey also expresses the breadth of her subsequent appeal:
The people who came after her in the five centuries since her death tried to make everything of her: demonic fanatic, spiritual mystic, naive and tragically ill-used tool of the powerful, creator and icon of modern popular nationalism, adored heroine, saint. She insisted, even when threatened with torture and faced with death by fire, that she was guided by voices from God. Voices or no voices, her achievements leave anyone who knows her story shaking his head in amazed wonder.
—Stephen Richey[30]
From Christine de Pizan to the present, women have looked to Joan as a positive example of a brave and active female.[78] She operated within a religious tradition that believed an exceptional person from any level of society might receive a divine calling. Some of her most significant aid came from women. King Charles VII's mother-in-law, Yolande of Aragon, confirmed Joan's virginity and financed her departure to Orléans. Joan of Luxembourg, aunt to the count of Luxembourg who held custody of her after Compiègne, alleviated her conditions of captivity and may have delayed her sale to the English. Finally, Anne of Burgundy, the duchess of Bedford and wife to the regent of England, declared Joan a virgin during pretrial inquiries.[79] For technical reasons this prevented the court from charging her with witchcraft. Ultimately this provided part of the basis for her vindication and sainthood.
Joan of Arc has been a political symbol in France since the time of Napoleon. Liberals emphasized her humble origins. Early conservatives stressed her support of the monarchy. Later conservatives recalled her nationalism. During World War II, both the Vichy Regime and the French Resistance used her image: Vichy propaganda remembered her campaign against the English with posters that showed British warplanes bombing Rouen and the ominous caption: "They Always Return to the Scene of Their Crimes." The Resistance emphasized her fight against foreign occupation and her origins in the province of Lorraine, which had fallen under Nazi control.
Three separate vessels of the French Navy have been named after her, including a helicopter carrier which was retired from active service on 7 June 2010. At present, the controversial French far-right political party Front National holds rallies at her statues, reproduces her likeness in party publications, and uses a tricolor flame partly symbolic of her martyrdom as its emblem. This party's opponents sometimes satirize its appropriation of her image.[80] The French civic holiday in her honour is the second Sunday of May. Traditionalist Catholics, in France and elsewhere, also use her as a symbol of inspiration, often comparing the 1988 excommunication of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre (founder of the Society of St. Pius X and a dissident against the Vatican II reforms), to her excommunication.
Philippe-Alexandre Le Brun de Charmettes is the first historian who wrote Joan of Arc's complete history[81] in 1817, in an attempt to restore her family's reputation from Joan's status as a relapsed heretic. His interest in Joan came at a time when France was still struggling to define its new identity after the Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. The national ethos was in search of non-controversial heroes. As a staunch supporter of King and country, Joan of Arc was an acceptable symbol to the monarchists. As a patriot and the daughter of commoners, she was seen as one prototype of the low-born volunteers, (the soldats de l'an II), who had victoriously fought for revolutionary France in 1792-1793 and as such could be claimed by the Republicans. As a religious martyr, she was also popular in the powerful Catholic community. De Charmette's Orléanide, today largely forgotten, was another attempt to magnify the national ethos as writers like Virgil (the Aeneid), or Camoens (Os Lusíadas) had done for Rome and Portugal.
Joan of Arc has been a popular figure to depict in the culture since the time of her death and many famous writers, filmmakers and composers who have created works about her. They include: William Shakespeare (Henry VI, Part 1), Voltaire (The Maid of Orleans), Friedrich Schiller (The Maid of Orleans), Giuseppe Verdi (Giovanna d'Arco), Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (The Maid of Orleans), Mark Twain (Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc), Jean Anouilh (L'Alouette), Bertolt Brecht (Saint Joan of the Stockyards), George Bernard Shaw (Saint Joan), Maxwell Anderson (Joan of Lorraine), Carl Theodor Dreyer (The Passion of Joan of Arc), Robert Bresson (The Trial of Joan of Arc), Arthur Honegger (Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher), Leonard Cohen (Joan of Arc), and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (Joan of Arc and Maid of Orleans). Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc have continued in film, theatre, television, video games, music, and performances to this day.
Golden statue of Joan of Arc at Place des Pyramides, Paris by Emmanuel Frémiet, 1874
Flag of Charles de Gaulle's government in exile during World War II. The French Resistance used the cross of Lorraine as a symbolic reference to Joan of Arc.
Joan of Arc on horseback, triumphantly raising her sword to the heavens and crepuscular rays at San Francisco's Palace of the Legion of Honor.
This section possibly contains original research. (November 2013) |
Joan of Arc's religious visions have remained an ongoing topic of interest. The consensus among scholars is that her faith was sincere. She identified Saint Margaret, Saint Catherine, and Saint Michael as the source of her revelations, although there is some ambiguity as to which of several identically named saints she intended. Some Catholics[who?] regard her visions as divine inspiration.
Analysis of her visions is problematic since the main source of information on this topic is the condemnation trial transcript in which she defied customary courtroom procedure about a witness' oath and specifically refused to answer every question about her visions. She complained that a standard witness oath would conflict with an oath she had previously sworn to maintain confidentiality about meetings with her king. It remains unknown to what extent the surviving record may represent the fabrications of corrupt court officials or her own possible fabrications to protect state secrets.[82] Some historians sidestep speculation about the visions by asserting that her belief in her calling is more relevant than questions about the visions' ultimate origin.[83]
Documents from her own era and historians prior to the 20th century generally assume that she was both healthy and sane.
A number of more recent scholars attempted to explain her visions in psychiatric or neurological terms. Potential diagnoses have included epilepsy, migraine, tuberculosis, and schizophrenia.[84] None of the putative diagnoses have gained consensus support, possibly due to the limited amount of information available about Joan's life. Two experts who analyse a temporal lobe tuberculoma hypothesis in the medical journal Neuropsychobiology express their misgivings this way:
It is difficult to draw final conclusions, but it would seem unlikely that widespread tuberculosis, a serious disease, was present in this "patient" whose life-style and activities would surely have been impossible had such a serious disease been present.[85]
In response to another such theory alleging that she suffered from bovine tuberculosis as a result of drinking unpasteurized milk, historian Régine Pernoud wrote that if drinking unpasteurized milk could produce such potential benefits for the nation, then the French government should stop mandating the pasteurization of milk.[86]
The fact that Joan of Arc gained favor in the court of King Charles VII has been suggested as evidence against mental illness hypotheses.[citation needed] The argument suggests that Charles VII would have been able to recognize "madness" because his own father, Charles VI, suffered from it. Charles VI was popularly known as "Charles the Mad", and much of the political and military decline that France had suffered during his reign could be attributed to the power vacuum that his episodes of insanity had produced. The previous king had believed he was made of glass, a delusion no courtier had mistaken for a religious awakening. Fears that King Charles VII would manifest the same insanity may have factored into the attempt to disinherit him at Troyes. This stigma was so persistent that contemporaries of the next generation would attribute to inherited madness the breakdown that England's King Henry VI was to suffer in 1453: Henry VI was nephew to Charles VII and grandson to Charles VI. Upon Joan's arrival at Chinon the royal counselor Jacques Gélu cautioned,
One should not lightly alter any policy because of conversation with a girl, a peasant ... so susceptible to illusions; one should not make oneself ridiculous in the sight of foreign nations.
The court of Charles VII was shrewd and skeptical on the subject of mental health.[87][88]
Also potentially relevant is the fact that she displayed none of the objective symptoms that can accompany the mental illnesses which have been suggested, such as schizophrenia. Dr. Philip Mackowiak dismissed the possibility of schizophrenia and several other disorders in a chapter on Joan of Arc. [89] She remained astute to the end of her life and the rehabilitation trial testimony frequently marvels at her astuteness:
Often they [the judges] turned from one question to another, changing about, but, notwithstanding this, she answered prudently, and evinced a wonderful memory.[90]
Her subtle replies under interrogation even forced the court to stop holding public sessions.[55]
Some psychiatrists have also urged that a distinction should be made between different types of experiences. Ralph Hoffman, professor of psychology at Yale University, argues that visionary and creative states, including "hearing voices", are not necessarily signs of mental illness. He lists Joan of Arc's case as a possible example of what Hoffman describes as an "inspired voice", without elaborating on the term.[91]
Alleged relics disproven[edit]
In 1867, a jar was found in a Paris pharmacy with the inscription "Remains found under the stake of Joan of Arc, virgin of Orleans". They consisted of a charred human rib, carbonized wood, a piece of linen and a cat femur – explained as the practice of throwing black cats onto the pyre of witches. They are now in the Museum of Art and History in Chinon museum. In 2006, Philippe Charlier, a forensic scientist at Raymond Poincaré Hospital (Garches) was authorized to study the relics. Carbon-14 tests and various spectroscopic analyses were performed, and the results[92] show that the remains come from an Egyptian mummy from the sixth to the third century BC. The charred appearance comes from the embalming substances, not from combustion. Large amounts of pine pollen were also found, consistent with the presence of resin used in mummification and some unburned linen was found to be similar to that used to wrap mummies. The famous perfumers Guerlain and Jean Patou said that they could smell vanilla in the remains, also consistent with mummification. Apparently the mummy was part of the ingredients of medieval pharmacopoeia and it was relabeled in a time of French nationalism.
Revisionist theories[edit]
The accuracy of the standard accounts of the life of Joan of Arc has been questioned by revisionist authors.
See also[edit]
- Charles VI of France
- Charles VII of France
- The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World, a book describing 15 military engagements which, in the opinion of the author, had a significant impact on world history. The Siege of Orléans is included.
- Françoise de Cezelli
- Gilles de Rais
- Henry V of England
- Jean d'Aulon
- Joan of Arc, a sculpture in Washington, D.C.
- Joanna of Flanders
- John the Fearless
- List of women warriors in folklore
- Maid of Lorraine prophecies
- Marie of Anjou
- Philip the Good
- Pierronne
- Yolande of Aragon
- ^ At Chinon and Poitiers she had declared that she would give a sign at Orléans. The lifting of the siege gained her the support of prominent clergy such as the Archbishop of Embrun and theologian Jean Gerson, who both wrote supportive treatises immediately following this event.</ref>
- ^ (See Pernoud's Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses, p. 98: "Boulainvilliers tells of her birth in Domrémy, and it is he who gives us an exact date, which may be the true one, saying that she was born on the night of Epiphany, 6 January").
- ^ "Chemainus Theatre Festival > The 2008 Season > Saint Joan > Joan of Arc Historical Timeline". Chemainustheatrefestival.ca. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ^ Church of England Holy Days
- ^ Her name was written in a variety of ways, particularly prior to the mid-19th century. See Pernoud and Clin, pp. 220–221. Her signature appears as "Jehanne" (see www.stjoan-center.com/Album/, parts 47 and 49; it is also noted in Pernoud and Clin).
- ^ Modern biographical summaries often assert a birthdate of January 6th for Joan, which is based on a letter from Lord Perceval de Boullainvilliers on 21 July 1429 (see Pernoud's Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses, p. 98: "Boulainvilliers tells of her birth in Domrémy, and it is he who gives us an exact date, which may be the true one, saying that she was born on the night of Epiphany, 6 January").
- ^ Le Procès de Jeanne d'Arc, in Série "Les grands procès de l'histoire", Ministère de la Justice (France), 06 July 2012: http://www.justice.gouv.fr/histoire-et-patrimoine-10050/proces-historiques-10411/le-proces-de-jeanne-darc-24376.html
- ^ Régine Pernoud, "Joan of Arc By Herself And Her Witnesses", pp. 179, 220-222
- ^ Le Procès de Jeanne d'Arc, in Série "Les grands procès de l'histoire", Ministère de la Justice (France), 06 July 2012: http://www.justice.gouv.fr/histoire-et-patrimoine-10050/proces-historiques-10411/le-proces-de-jeanne-darc-24376.html
- ^ a b Andrew Ward (2005) Joan of Arc at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ John Aberth, From the Brink of the Apocalypse, Routledge, 2000 ISBN 0-415-92715-3, ISBN 978-0-415-92715-4 p. 85
- ^ DeVries, pp. 27–28.
- ^ "Charles VI". Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
- ^ Pernoud, Regine; Clin, Narue-Veronique (1999). Joan of Arc: Her Story. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 89.
- ^ "The Glorious Age of the Dukes of Burgundy". Burgundy Today. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
- ^ DeVries, pp. 15–19.
- ^ Sizer, Michael (2007). "The Calamity of Violence: Reading the Paris Massacres of 1418". Retrieved 29 December 2013.
- ^ Pernoud and Clin, p. 167.
- ^ DeVries, p. 24.
- ^ Pernoud and Clin, pp. 188–189.
- ^ DeVries, pp. 24, 26.
- ^ Pernoud and Clin, p. 10.
- ^ DeVries, p. 28.
- ^ Jacques d'Arc (1380–1440) was a farmer in Domremy who held the post of doyen – a local tax-collector and organizer of village defenses. He married Isabelle de Vouthon (1387–1468), called Romée, in 1405. Their other children were Jacquemin, Jean, Pierre and Catherine. Charles VII ennobled Jacques and Isabelle's family on 29 December 1429; the Chamber of Accounts registered the family's designation to nobility on 20 January 1430. The grant permitted the family to change their surname to du Lys.
- ^ Condemnation trial, p. 37.[1]. Retrieved 23 March 2006.
- ^ Pernoud and Clin, p. 221.
- ^ Condemnation trial, pp. 58–59.[2]. Retrieved 23 March 2006.
- ^ DeVries, pp. 37–40.
- ^ a b Nullification trial testimony of Jean de Metz.[3]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.
- ^ Oliphant, ch. 2.[4]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.
- ^ a b c d Richey, p. 4.
- ^ a b Vale, M.G.A., 'Charles VII', 1974, p. 55.
- ^ Vale, M.G.A., 'Charles VII', 1974, p. 56.
- ^ Historians and authors of fictional works often refer to this man by other names. Some call him "count of Dunois" in reference to a title he received years after Joan's death. During her lifetime he preferred "Bastard of Orléans", which his contemporaries understood as an honor because it described him as a first cousin of King Charles VII. That name often confuses modern readers because "bastard" has become a popular insult. "Jean d'Orléans" is less precise but not anachronistic. For a short biography see Pernoud and Clin, pp. 180–181.
- ^ Perroy, p. 283.
- ^ Pernoud and Clin, p. 230.
- ^ DeVries, pp. 74–83
- ^ DeVries, pp. 96–97.
- ^ Nullification trial testimony of Jean, Duke of Alençon.[5] . Retrieved 12 February 2006.
- ^ DeVries, pp. 114–115.
- ^ DeVries, pp. 122–126.
- ^ Lucie-Smith, pp. 156–160.
- ^ DeVries, p. 134.
- ^ These range from mild associations of intrigue to scholarly invective. For an impassioned statement see Gower, ch. 4.[6] (Retrieved 12 February 2006) Milder examples are Pernoud and Clin, pp. 78–80; DeVries, p. 135; and Oliphant, ch. 6.[7]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.
- ^ Pernoud and Clin, pp. 258-259.
- ^ a b Geiger,Barbara (April 2008). "A Friend to Compiegne". Calliope Magazine 18 (8): 32–34.
- ^ DeVries, pp. 161–170.
- ^ Pernoud, Régine. Joan of Arc: Her Story, p. 96.
- ^ Régine Pernoud & M-V Clin: Jeanne d'Arc, Fayard, Paris, 2 May 1986, p. 182.
- ^ "Joan of Arc, Saint". Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition, 12 September 2007 <http://www.library.eb.com.ezproxy.ae.talonline.ca/eb/article-27055>.
- ^ Judges' investigations 9 January – 26 March, ordinary trial 26 March – 24 May, recantation 24 May, relapse trial 28–29 May.
- ^ The retrial verdict later affirmed that Cauchon had no authority to try the case. See also Joan of Arc: Her Story, by Régine Pernoud and Marie-Veronique Clin, p. 108. The vice-inquisitor of France objected to the trial on jurisdictional grounds at its outset.
- ^ Nullification trial testimony of Father Nicholas Bailly.[8]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.
- ^ Taylor, Craig, Joan of Arc: La Pucelle, p. 137.
- ^ Condemnation trial, p. 52.[9]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.
- ^ a b Pernoud and Clin, p. 112.
- ^ Shaw, "Saint Joan". Penguin Classics, Reissue edition (2001). ISBN 0-14-043791-6
- ^ Pernoud and Clin, p. 130.
- ^ Condemnation trial, pp. 314–316.[10]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.
- ^ Condemnation trial, pp. 342–343.[11]. (Retrieved 12 February 2006) Also nullification trial testimony of Brother Pierre Migier, "As to the act of recantation, I know it was performed by her; it was in writing, and was about the length of a Pater Noster."[12] (Retrieved 12 February 2006) In modern English this is better known as the Lord's Prayer, Latin and English texts available here:[13]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.
- ^ This painting is made in a romantic way. That is to say not realistic. The painter did not try to sketch reality but to express his feelings. For example, the Rouen Cathedral had a different tower and it could not be seen this way from the stake. From this standpoint, the Saint-Saviour church, that is represented on the left of the picture, was actually located on the right and partly hidden by a wooden market hall. On the left side, there were half-timbered houses with jettying stuck to each other. Concerning Joan of Arc's appearance : she wore a long white skirt and a mitre of infamy covered her head. There was probably no public to lament.
- ^ The statue is the subject of a registration as a historic monument since 30 October 2002
- ^ Nullification trial testimony of Guillaume de Manchon.[14]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.
- ^ According to medieval clothing expert Adrien Harmand, she wore two layers of hosen or "pants" ("trousers" in British-English) attached to the doublet with 20 fastenings. The outer pants were made of a boot-like leather. "Jeanne d'Arc, son costume, son armure."[15](French). Retrieved 23 March 2006.
- ^ See Pernoud, p. 220, which quotes appellate testimony by Friar Martin Ladvenu and Friar Isambart de la Pierre.
- ^ Nullification trial testimony of Jean Massieu.[16]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.
- ^ "Summa Theologica", II - II, Q 169, Art. 2, ad. 3 [17]. Retrieved 8 January 2014
- ^ Nullification trial testimony of Guillaume de Manchon.[18]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.
- ^ Condemnation trial, p. 78.[19] (Retrieved 12 February 2006) Retrial testimony of Brother Séguin, (Frère Séguin, fils de Séguin), Professor of Theology at Poitiers, does not mention clothing directly, but constitutes a wholehearted endorsement of her piety.[20]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.
- ^ Fraioli, "Joan of Arc: The Early Debate", p. 131.
- ^ In February 2006 a team of forensic scientists announced the beginning of a six-month study to assess bone and skin remains from a museum at Chinon and reputed to be those of the heroine. The study cannot provide a positive identification but could rule out some types of hoax through carbon dating and gender determination.[21] (Retrieved 1 March 2006) An interim report released 17 December 2006 states that this is unlikely to have belonged to her.[22]. Retrieved 17 December 2006.
- ^ Pernoud, p. 233.
- ^ DeVries, pp. 179–180.
- ^ Deuteronomy 22:5
- ^ Nullification trial sentence rehabilitation.[23]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.
- ^ She is the most requested saint profile at Catholic.org.[24]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.
- ^ Pernoud and Clin, pp. 247–264.
- ^ DeVries in "Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc", edited by Bonnie Wheeler, p. 3.
- ^ English translation of Christine de Pizan's poem Le Ditié de Jeanne d'Arc by L. Shopkow.[25] (Retrieved 12 February 2006) Analysis of the poem by Professors Kennedy and Varty of Magdalen College, Oxford.[26] Retrieved 12 February 2006.
- ^ These tests, which her confessor describes as hymen investigations, are not reliable measures of virginity. However, they signified approval from matrons of the highest social rank at key moments of her life. Rehabilitation trial testimony of Jean Pasquerel.[27] Retrieved 12 March 2006.
- ^ Front National publicity logos include the tricolor flame and reproductions of statues depicting her. The graphics forums at Étapes magazine include a variety of political posters from the 2002 presidential election.[28][dead link] (French) Retrieved 7 February 2006.
- ^ Histoire de Jeanne d`Arc by P.A Le Brun de Charmettes-Tome1 Tome2 Tome3 Tome4
- ^ Condemnation trial, pp. 36–37, 41–42, 48–49. Retrieved 1 September 2006.
- ^ In a parenthetical note to a military biography, DeVries asserts:
"The visions, or their veracity, are not in themselves important for this study. What is important, in fact what is key to Joan's history as a military leader, is that she (author's emphasis) believed that they came from God," p. 35.
- ^ Many of these hypotheses were devised by people whose expertise is in history rather than medicine. For a sampling of papers that passed peer review in medical journals, see
d'Orsi G, Tinuper P (August 2006). ""I heard voices...": from semiology, an historical review, and a new hypothesis on the presumed epilepsy of Joan of Arc". Epilepsy Behav 9 (1): 152–7. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.04.020. PMID 16750938. (idiopathic partial epilepsy with auditory features)
Foote-Smith E, Bayne L (1991). "Joan of Arc". Epilepsia 32 (6): 810–5. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1991.tb05537.x. PMID 1743152. (epilepsy)
Henker FO (December 1984). "Joan of Arc and DSM III". South. Med. J. 77 (12): 1488–90. doi:10.1097/00007611-198412000-00003. PMID 6390693. (various psychiatric definitions)
Allen C (Autumn–Winter 1975). "The schizophrenia of Joan of Arc". Hist Med 6 (3–4): 4–9. PMID 11630627. (schizophrenia) - ^ Nores JM, Yakovleff Y (1995). "A historical case of disseminated chronic tuberculosis". Neuropsychobiology 32 (2): 79–80. doi:10.1159/000119218. PMID 7477805.
- ^ Pernoud, p. 275.
- ^ Pernoud and Clin, pp. 3, 169, 183.
- ^ Nullification trial testimony of Dame Marguerite de Touroulde, widow of a king's counselor: "I heard from those that brought her to the king that at first they thought she was mad, and intended to put her away in some ditch, but while on the way they felt moved to do everything according to her good pleasure."[29] Retrieved 12 February 2006.
- ^ Mackowiak, Philip; "Post-Mortem: Solving History's Great Medical Mysteries", ACP Press, 2007
- ^ Nullification trial testimony of Guillaume de Manchon.[30] Retrieved 12 February 2006.
- ^ Hoffman, "Auditory Hallucinations: What's It Like Hearing Voices?" in HealthyPlace.com, 27 September 2003.[31]. Retrieved 12 February 2006.
- ^ Declan Butler. (4 April 2007). "Joan of Arc's relics exposed as forgery". Nature 446 (7136): 593. doi:10.1038/446593a.
- DeVries, Kelly (1999). Joan of Arc: A Military Leader. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1805-5. OCLC 42957383.
- Famiglietti, Richard C. (1987). Royal Intrigue: Crisis at the Court of Charles VI 1392–1420. AMS studies in the Middle Ages, 9. New York: AMS Press. ISBN 0-404-61439-6.
- Lucie-Smith, Edward (1976). Joan of Arc. Bristol: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-0857-2.
- Oliphant, Mrs. (Margaret) (June 2002 (Web page: November 2003)) [1896]. Jeanne d'Arc: Her Life and Death. Heroes of the Nations. IndyPublish.com. ISBN 978-1404310865.
- Pernoud, Régine; Marie-Véronique Clin (1999). Joan of Arc: Her Story. translated and revised by Jeremy duQuesnay Adams; edited by Bonnie Wheeler. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312214425. OCLC 39890535.
Further reading[edit]
- Biographies
- Anon. The First Biography of Joan of Arc with the Chronicle Record of a Contemporary Account. trans. Rankin, Daniel & Quintal, Claire.
- Barrett, W.P., ed. (1932). The trial of Jeanne d'Arc. New York: Gotham house. OCLC 1314152.
- Brooks, Polly Schoyer (1999). Beyond the Myth: The Story of Joan of Arc. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 0-397-32422-7. OCLC 20319268.
- de Quincey, Thomas. The English Mail-Coach and Joan of Arc.
- Fraioli, Deborah (2002). Joan of Arc: The Early Debate. London: Boydell Press,. ISBN 0-85115-880-3. OCLC 48680250.
- France, Anatole. The Life of Joan of Arc.
- Gower, Ronald Sutherland. Joan of Arc.
- Heimann, Nora (2005). Joan of Arc in French Art and Culture (1700–1855): From Satire to Sanctity. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-5085-5.
- Heimann, Nora; Coyle, Laura (2006). Joan of Arc: Her Image in France and America. Washington, DC: Corcoran Gallery of Art in association with D Giles Limited. ISBN 1-904832-19-9.
- Le Brun de Charmettes, Philippe-Alexandre (1817). Histoire de Jeanne d`Arc (in French). Paris: ED. Artus Bertrand. OCLC 8443774.
- Le Brun de Charmettes, Philippe-Alexandre (1821). Smith, Audin, ed. L`ORLEANIDE,POEME NATIONAL EN VINGT-HUIT CHANTS (in French). Paris.
- Le procès de condamnation et le procès de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc. L'histoire en appel. trans. Oursel, Raymond. Paris: Éditions Denoël. 1959. OCLC 1823703.
- Meltzer, Francoise (2001). For Fear of the Fire: Joan of Arc and the Limits of Subjectivity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-51982-1. OCLC 46240234.
- Pernoud, Régine (1955). The Retrial of Joan of Arc; The Evidence at the Trial For Her Rehabilitation 1450–1456. trans. J.M. Cohen. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. OCLC 1338471.
- Pernoud, Régine (1994). Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses. trans. E. Hymans. London: Scarborough House. ISBN 0-8128-1260-3. OCLC 31535658.
- Pernoud, Régine (1995). Jeanne d'Arc: La Reconquête de la France (in French). Gallimard. ISBN 2-07-040230-4. OCLC 39883861.
- Pernoud, Régine; Clin, Marie-Véronique (1999). Joan of Arc: Her Story. trans. Jeremy Duquesnay Adams. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-22730-2. OCLC 39890535.
- Quicherat, Jules-Étienne-Joseph, ed. (1965) [1841–1849]. Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc dite la Pucelle. Publiés pour la première fois d'après les manuscrits de la Bibliothèque nationale, suivis de tous les documents historiques qu'on a pu réunir et accompagnés de notes et d'éclaircissements. (in French) 1–5. New York: Johnson. OCLC 728420.
- Richey, Stephen W. (2003). Joan of Arc: The Warrior Saint. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-98103-7. OCLC 52030963.
- Richey, Stephen W. (2003). Joan of Arc: The Warrior Saint. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-98103-7. OCLC 52030963.
- Romm F. (2008). Загадки Орлеанской девы [Mysteries of The Maid of Orleans] (in Russian). Moscow: ENAS.
- Russell, Preston (2005). Lights of Madness: In Search of Joan of Arc. Savannah, GA: Frederic C. Beil, Pub. ISBN 1-929490-24-0.
- Spoto, Donald (2007). Joan : the mysterious life of a heretic who became a saint. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-081517-5. OCLC 84655969.
- The trial of Joan of Arc : being the verbatim report of the proceedings from the Orleans manuscript. trans. Scot, W.S. London: Folio Society. 1956. OCLC 1182797.
- Related history
- Allmand, C. (1988). The Hundred Years War: England and France at War c. 1300 – 1450. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31923-4.
- Davis, H.W.C. Medieval Europe.
- Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times 3.
- Haaren, John Henry; Poland, A.B. Famous Men of the Middle Ages.
- Lacroix, Paul. Manners, Custom and Dress During the Middle Ages and During the Renaissance Period.
- Lingard, John. The History of England.
- Perroy, Edouard (1965). The Hundred Years War. trans. W.B. Wells. New York: Capricorn Books.
- Pollard, A.F. The History of England: A Study in Political Evolution.
- Power, Eileen Edna. Medieval People.
- Vauchez, André (1997). Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages. trans. Jean Birrell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44559-0.
External links[edit]
Find more about Joan of Arc at Wikipedia's sister projects | |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary | |
Media from Commons | |
Quotations from Wikiquote | |
Source texts from Wikisource | |
Textbooks from Wikibooks | |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
- "Blessed Joan of Arc" (written before her canonization)—1919 version of the Catholic Encyclopedia
- Archive of Joan of Arc materials
- Médailles Jeanne d'Arc, Exonumia: Medallions devoted to Joan of Arc
- Garden of Praise – Joan of Arc
- Catholic Online Saints
- "Joan of Arc"—Encyclopaedia Britannica article
- Site of the Joan of Arc Museum in Rouen, France.
- "A Stirring Icon of Girl Power: A Father and a Daughter Follow the Trail of Joan of Arc"—Article in The Washington Post by Steve Hendrix, 12 October 2008.
- Joan of Arc's Loire Valley Battles on Google Maps
- Poems by Florence Earle Coates: "Rouen: In the Prison of Joan of Arc", "Joan of Arc", "Blessèd", "Rheims"
- Joan of Arc
- 1412 births
- 1431 deaths
- 15th-century Christian martyrs
- 15th-century Christian female saints
- 15th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
- Alleged witches
- Armagnac faction
- Christian mystics
- Executed French women
- Female wartime cross-dressers
- French military leaders
- History of Catholicism in France
- Medieval French saints
- Patron saints of France
- People excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church
- French people executed by burning
- People executed by France by burning
- People executed under the Lancastrians
- People from Vosges
- People of the Hundred Years' War
- Prophets in Christianity
- Roman Catholic mystics
- French Roman Catholic saints
- Women in war in France
- Women in Medieval warfare
- History of Rouen
- People executed by the Kingdom of England by burning
- Michael (archangel)
- Executed people from Lorraine


text:
Once in the ancient past (okay, the 1980s and early 1990s) there was an RPG that set the standard for cinematic science fiction gaming. Many gamers got their start with this system only to see it fade away somewhat in recent years. Now in the year 2011, OpenD6 returns to the stage to bring Astral Empires: The Roleplaying Game to life!
In the Astral Empires RPG Technology Guide players and GMs alike are given insight into the various advancements of the 10,000 AD era. Included are chapters on equipment, weapons, basic starship design, space travel, along with Ship Recognition Displays of twelve different fleets (including the Gladitorial Axis, Albaron Star Kingdom, Zakaji Protectorate, Primean Commonwealth, Colonial Union, Jaenovian Republic, Regellian Federation, Vorwin Star Vikings, Sarlicon Confederacy, J'Garan Expeditionary Force, Promedian Remnant, and Maavus Cluster Alliance).
94 pages with black and white/color illustrations

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- All Comments (10)
GUFFI October 2, 2012
berdugo March 29, 2011
Rex Ryan March 13, 2011
gay February 8, 2011
dik hard February 6, 2011
ewe January 5, 2011
le bro December 12, 2010
yay November 13, 2010
sarah October 3, 2010
- Antynia Rouge was nursing Matt Bird. She wasn't very with the fact that Matt had a fever. However Matt didn't care a bit. He just couldn't get his eyes off of Antynia's gorgeous legs and sexy feet. He touched them and showed Antynia how horny he got. See all the toe sucking and foot fucking the two of them got involved in.


text:
Born in Lyon on 21 February 1844, Widor's musical studies followed an unorthodox route. Rather than going to the Paris Conservatoire, he was encouraged by the organ builder Aristide Cavaillé-Coll (a family friend) to study privately in Brussels with Jacques-Nicolas Lemmens (whose French pupils already included Alexandre Guilmant) and with the venerable François-Joseph Fétis. Back in Paris, Cavaillé-Coll promoted his protégé, introducing him to Liszt, Rossini and Saint-Saëns. Widor's playing as a young man was of such quality that he was invited to participate in the prestigious inaugurations of the organs at Notre-Dame and La Trinité, and in 1869 he became Saint-Saëns's assistant at the Madeleine. In 1870, supported by recommendations from Gounod and Cavaillé-Coll, he was appointed Lefébure-Wély's successor as titulaire of Saint-Sulpice, the post he was to hold for the next sixty-four years, and his earliest assistants included Fauré and Messager. In 'Organ Loft Whisperings' published in the Musical Courier in 1893, Fanny Edgar Thomas gave a description of Widor:
His coloring is brown. It is a long face, the features regularly divided, even with an unusually high brow, and a strong, straight nose. The head is pleasingly shaped; the hair upon it slight and fine and brown … The eyes are large, round, brown, clear and inquiring, full of a changing expression that is very interesting to watch. The slender fingers have that slight turn upward at the point indicating the musician, and he has a very slight lisp.
Writing in 1894, Hugues Imbert recognized the importance of his friend's organ music, but this was not what had first brought Widor's name to wider notice: 'His organ works, novel in terms of form, have been much remarked upon by connoisseurs. The two productions that made him known to the general public were the ballet La korrigane performed at the Opéra in December 1881 and Jeanne d'Arc, a grande pantomime musicale given at the Hippodrome in June 1890.'
from notes by Nigel Simeone © 2011


text:
nicely done.
Just a distraction: imagining the disaster(whatever kind)-hit-area being OH, MI, instead of NY, NJ, what level of uncertainty that might bring to the election outcome!
The Economist welcomes your views. Please stay on topic and be respectful of other readers. Review our comments policy.
nicely done.
Just a distraction: imagining the disaster(whatever kind)-hit-area being OH, MI, instead of NY, NJ, what level of uncertainty that might bring to the election outcome!
Another great one JAS.
I have a prediction based on the above art - With the Northeast having severe issues both with social order and electricity, and being dominated by Democratic votes, I see the potential for a huge drop in the number of votes cast by these highly populated states, and thus a huge drop in the total number of votes for Obama.
My prediction - Obama will win the electoral college, but Romney wins the popular vote (due to the storm).
Wouldn't that be something.
It will be tough choosing and then we will be pessimistic about the future, whatever the results.
Candidate Romney imagines that there will be jobs for everyone selling staples, if only there are a lot of rich people getting richer. Pres. Obama imagines us all working on 3-D printers, turning milk cartons into industrial goods.
Wouldn't it be interesting if there was something in the works that would actually boost productivity.
Within the realm of agro-industrial productivity we seem to have lost it on much of the industrial side, but we could actually become much more successful at agriculture. Amazingly, it is hard to find politicians interested in the concept of universal irrigation whereby we could turn vast areas of under-used land, whether public land or private, into highly productive farms.
Poliical discussion of that might make things interesting.
This looks likely to be one of the hottest contests in US history, but I know Obama will definitely pull through
This blog is the home of "The week ahead" video and podcast, the caption competition and other announcements from The Economist


text:
Not in the Holiday Spirit Yet? Chanticleer Can Help.
At 8 p.m. last Saturday, in a pitch-black St. Ignatius Church, an audience of some 1,300 people sat motionless in the dark. What kept us that way was was 12 male voices, unaccompanied by anything but candlelight and including one astonishing soprano, singing 15th-century plainsong. I couldn't get a photo, of course, so the above shot (of Chanticleer rehearsing before the show) will have to do. There's something about this music that made me think, Why bother with anything else that's been composed in the last, oh, six hundred years? Though I changed my mind when the SF-based group wound up its performance with a medley of Christmas spirituals arranged by its artistic advisor (and former music director) Joseph Jennings. You can catch a repeat performance this Saturday—same place, same time.
More Arts + Culture Postings
Add Comment
The Big Eat 2012: 100 Things to Try Before You Die
The Big Eat 2011: 100 Things to Try Before You Die
The Big Veg 2011: 50 Vegetarian (Or Vegan) Things to Eat Before You Die
Four Ways To Escape the Cold in Mexico
Jams We Love: Our Weekly Playlists
10 Best Dishes $10 in the Inner Sunset
Rise and Dine: A Guide to Brunch at SF's Best Restaurants
The Best Cheese in SF (Recommendations from Local Cheese Shops)
Refreshingly Unhip: The Best Vanilla Ice Cream in SF
The 20 Best Dishes Under $10 in the Tenderloin & Tendernob
Community Gardens Around the City
Horseback Riding Within 1.5 Hours of SF
Four Awesome Northern California Hot Springs
Refreshingly Unhip: SF's Old-School Pastrami Sandwiches
The 7 Best Carne Asada Burritos in San Francisco
The 10 Best Dishes Under $10 in the Outer Sunset
The 20 Best Dishes Under $10 in the Mission
The 10 Best Dishes Under $10 in Bernal Heights
The 10 Best Dishes Under $10 in the Lower Haight
The 10 Best Lunches in Union Square Under $10
Refreshingly Unhip: The Best Glazed Dougnuts in SF
Expert Advice on Parking in The City


text:
Thursday, 27 January 2011
17 comments:
- a lovely being said...
I'm so pleased to see that you liked our premiere issue! We're honored that you were a part of it :)
All the best,
Fallon - 27 January 2011 1:59 pm
- a lovely being said...
I'm so pleased to see that you liked our premiere issue! We're honored that you were a part of it :)
All the best,
Fallon - 27 January 2011 1:59 pm
- the gardeners cottage said...
dearest anna,
did you know that how to make an american quilt was filmed right here in my town of redlands? yes, and the house is just down the street from me. i love it too.
janet - 27 January 2011 3:36 pm
- Karena said...
Anna, I also love Katie, and this will be a great veture. So many exciting happenings so far this year!!
Art by Karena - 27 January 2011 4:23 pm
- Emily said...
What a gorgeous website! Thanks for sharing.
- 27 January 2011 4:35 pm
- Macarena - Chic et Posh said...
Thanks for this Post! Refreshing new online mag. I really like the notes. Xo
- 27 January 2011 5:00 pm
- Issysue said...
I flipped through it quickly but bookmarked it for a return when I've got more time. It was fantastic.
- 27 January 2011 5:36 pm
- candyheartshome said...
Just checked Matchbook Mag out - love it. Paper-based publishing had better watch out, the quality online these days is absolutely top notch! A great read, thanks for the reference.
- 27 January 2011 10:11 pm
- I Dream Of said...
I'm so impressed, the girls did a fabulous job and keep such good company in the first issue.
Jeanne - 28 January 2011 1:04 am
- VictoriaArt said...
Isn't it so sweet? Love to get a look at this today!
Enjoy the rest of the week! - 28 January 2011 5:19 am
- Luciane at HomeBunch.com said...
Thank you for remind me about this magazine! I'll take a look!
I hope you're enjoying your summer and things are better there. I'm in the middle of a snow storm and basically we can't go anywhere for the next 2 days! What's going on with this world??? But at least we're enjoying being at home with our little ones. :-)
Have a great day and drop by sometime to say hello on my blog, ok? That would make my day!
Luciane at HomeBunch.com - 28 January 2011 7:54 am
- Magnolia Square said...
congrats Anna, we are also loving their launch issue!
- 28 January 2011 11:38 am
- the NEO-traditionalist said...
Anna -- You are too sweet! So flattered by this post and am over the moon about meeting you in New York next week. In the meantime, safe travels!
xx Katie - 28 January 2011 1:38 pm
- fialka012 said...
- 29 January 2011 3:54 am
- quintessence said...
Those three are a talented trio and did a wonderful job with their first issue, including having the good taste to include you!!
- 31 January 2011 2:11 am
- A Bite of Life said...
Simply beautiful blog! It's always wonderful to find classy tasteful souls!!
- 8 February 2011 4:02 am
- Mish Mashh said...
Thanks so much for sharing! Really enjoyed reading their magazine and looking forward to future issues!
- 9 February 2011 1:41 am


text:
Columbia Toddler Girls' Benton Springs Fleece Jacket
Item # 430566
Key Features
Ultra-durable 100% polyester MTR fleece
Light enough for picky girls who hate jackets
Warm enough to ward off the stiffest chills
Full-zip front with stand-up collar
Two handwarmer pockets
Our Price $21.99
Sale Price $15.99
Availability: Sold Out
- Additional discounts do not apply.
Prices, promotions, styles and availability may vary by store and online.
You May Also Like
back to topdetails
back to topProduct Description
The Benton Springs is a Columbia staple for good reason - it's an ultra-durable workhorse of a jacket that looks and feels great! Serve it up in bright, fun colors and you've got an instant favorite for active girls everywhere. Made from 100% polyester MTR fleece, this essential cold-weather piece is ideal for just about any outdoor activity. Features a full-zip front, stand-up collar, and two handwarmer pockets. Imported.


text:
Most Recent Articles In Fashion Scoops
Most Recent Articles In Fashion Scoops- 'Brave Miss World' Debuts in Paris
- Lanvin Touts History on Relaunched Web Site
- Moncler Moving to Borsa Italiana's FTSE MIB Index
GEMVARA TAPS ANNABEL TOLLMAN: Fine jewelry e-tailor Gemvara — which in June revealed it closed a $25 million round of funding — has tapped celebrity stylist Annabel Tollman as its first brand ambassador. In her role, effective through awards season, Tollman will use her expertise to help consumers understand how Gemvara operates — through assembling her own selection of jewelry that will appear on the site Nov. 19.
"I am so specific about the length of a sweater or a skirt — and it's refreshing to find the same thing where you can totally customize the color of a metal, length of the chain or color of the stone and give yourself a piece you really want to wear. It's a bespoke experience," Tollman told WWD.


text:
Enzymatic Therapy Fatigued to Fantastic® End Pain™ -- 90 Tablets
No noticeable effect
I've been taking one or two pills a day for a couple weeks now and haven't noticed any lessening of my chronic pain that I have from spinal fusion surgery. I also have arthritis in my ankles, knees,hips, and fingers. I'm still stiff in the morning.
June 8, 2013
I love this product!!!!!
For several years I took prescription pain killers, and suffered severe side effects. When I could no longer tolerate the prescription drugs, I began a search for something that I could take, find relief for my pain, and still function. My first stop was to a natural foods store, where End Pain was suggested along with a few other products. I finally took the End Pain and it worked! Since that day some 5 years ago,I have taken End Pain, and I swear by it. It's the best!
November 11, 2012
A Great Find
Great product that is all natural. Works great and will continue to use as needed. :-)
September 15, 2009
Does what it says
This Enzymatic Therapy is one of top 3 or 4 manufacturers for quality and synergistic products that I know of. I use NSI and other products for many things but for pain in joints/muscles, I use this.
The ingredients are so pure, optimized, synergistically balanced. Rarely I will use two at a time.
May 7, 2007
1-5 of 5


text:
Tag: black bars
How High definition Performs
by admin on Dec.21, 2011, under HDTV Products
How High definition Performs
When the initial high-definition tv (High definition) sets to enter the market in 1997, film buffs, sports activities followers and also technology fans obtained quite excited, and even for good reason. Ads for your pieces recommended at the tv set haven together with excellent resolution along with electronic multichannel. With High definition tv, you might also enjoy movies of their original vast screen file format devoid of the letterbox "black bars" which some people uncover annoying.
But for lots of people, High definition tv hasn't already shipped the ready-made resource regarding transcendent encounters as you're watching pipe. Alternatively, folks have removed looking for a TV and located on their own surrounded by complicated abbreviations as well as lots of alternatives. A number of have got even installed their own fresh High definition units to discover that this image will not look really good. Luckily, a few fundamental information quickly dispel all this confusion.
In the following paragraphs, we'll look at the variations between analog, electronic and also high-definition, make clear the shortened forms along with quality levels and provide the facts on the U . s . transition to all-digital tv. We shall in addition show you exactly what you should know thinking concerning modernizing for you to HDTV.


text:
Its compounds are being used in skin lightening creams in violation of law
Most beauty products in India are tainted with toxic heavy metals, shows a study by Delhi-based non-profit Centre for Science and Environment
Puts the limelight on lax regulations, weak enforcement
Pollution in Sonbhadra area is not new and has been talked about for many years but no action has been taken to check the pollution. This has led to long term health impacts which have now started to show up in the population of the region. CSE took up a study to look at these health impacts and to investigate the possible causes.
There is nothing more criminal than the conspiracy of silence. There is also nothing more abject than scientists participating in acquiescence and deceit.
Laboratory study tests soil, water, fish and human blood, nails and hair.
Laboratory study tests soil, water, fish and human blood, nails and hair.
Penultimate meeting held in Uruguay
The Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) moved an inch closer to preparing a legally binding instrument to regulate mercury on a global scale. The fourth meeting was held at Punta del Este, Uruguay. The six-day meeting attended by over 500 participants began on June 27, 2012.
Regulations to check mercury pollution take backseat as Centre promotes fluorescent light
Mercury pollution of India
New Delhi, November 7, 2003: Mercury, a very toxic and dangerous substance, has severely contaminated land, water, air and the food chain throughout India.


text:
For R & D
LabCollector LIMS solution for your R&D activities management.
Discover it!
For BioBanking
LabCollector LIMS solution for your biobanking activities.
Discover LabCollector features! -
Electronic Lab Notebook
The Electronic Laboratory Notebook for all scientists.
Discover it!
For Chemistry
LabCollector LIMS for your chemical structures management.
Discover LabCollector features! -
For Automation
LabCollector LIMS integrates automation tools.
Discover the Tube sorter ...
For Pharma & Biotech
LabCollector LIMS solution for Pharma & Biotech lab activities.
Discover LabCollector features!
For Lab Services
Discover LabCollector Add-ons to manage your service activities.
Read more -
Storage Accessories
A complete range of accessories to enhance your storage system.
Read more
Start managing your lab information
Latest news22 Rue Méchain , 75014 Paris This 30min webinar will allow users to have an overview of LabCollector and to know better DataLogger add-on : quick install, equipment temperature monitoring via LabCollector web interface, etc. So register and know more about our products ! Paris expo - Portes de Versailles - France -More
Hamburg, 28.02. - 02.03.2013 Lille, 7-8 Feb 2013 |
The first 100% web-based LIS/LIMS |
Fully customizable |
Upgradable & Affordable |
The main concept behind LabCollector LIMS is that each scientist in the lab can manage quickly his data and make them available to the rest of the lab members. Due to Intranet support, data can be accessed from any connected computer in the lab, which accelerates information retrieval in a real collaborative environment. Furthermore, you lab will gain traceability and organization. |
LabCollector LIMS is modular software, that you can adapt and customize extensivelly without any particular informatics skill. Therefore LabCollector LIMS can be used in a variety of different situations and labs. Easily create your own embedded custom modules, add any kind of fields, etc. |
With a single license per lab team, LabCollector LIMS is the most affordable solution that you can find! No expensive leasing plans. Our license is economic and perpetual. And you only pay upgrades if and when you need! |
Current version 4.96 |
Other Products |
New! An easy single-step setup wizard is now provided for Windows systems. No informatics skills needed to manage your server! |
New! A growing number of Modules Add-ons available for LabCollector LIMS: Scheduler, PhotoBank, Electronic Lab Notebook, Sequencing Service Management... |
Give your team the power to quickly make reservations for equipment or facilities. |
Give your team the power to quickly draw colored plasmid maps. |


text:
News & Reference |
Contact: Newsroom News Releases Media Contacts Reports & Publications A comprehensive listing of reports & publications produced by the Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC) and by Judicial Council task forces and committees. Fulton County Court Improvement Task Force Report Georgia Commission on Family Violence: Georgia State Plan for Ending Family Violence Your Guide to the Georgia Courts Research & Statistics Research & statistics produced by the AOC. |


text:
The Verve adds a curved 3D frame to the Riva Studio fire range. A statement frame to create a designer look, the Verve is finished in Jet Black Metallic and is available in all four Riva Studio sizes.
The Riva Studio Verve is also available with our selection of vibrant colour options: Metallic Red, Metallic Blue, Metallic Bronze or Ivory.
Boost Setting
Radiant & Convected Heat
External Air Facility
Approved for Smoke Control areas
Check out the all new Riva Studio Visualiser app, available now on the App Store.
Find a Retailer
Fireplace Tile Surrounds


text:
- December 01st, 2011
- Animation, Artist Review, Publishing
- admin
Garry Parsons was commissioned to illustrate the story for an episode of CBeebies âDriver Danâs Story Trainâ we were so pleased to see the results on screen last week we wanted to give you a sneaky peek into how the magic happensâ¦.
Garry is an awarding winning Childrenâs book illustrator. He has written and illustrated many books, which have become firm favourites in homes across the country, making him the perfect choice to illustrate a story for Driver Dan to read to the nations little ones.
Like all projectâs, this one started off with a written brief from the Art Director at the production company. This brief was a little more prescriptive than usual given the very specific production requirements of the television series. Garryâs artworks needed to work as a traditional story book and as a back drop for live action filming. Â There were various things Garry had to take into consideration, the most important being laying out the page with enough blank space for the live action film to be placed over the top.
After reading the story Garryâs first step was character development. Getting the characters right is key to a great picture book, so Garry created some pencil sketches of the two main characters to share with the Art Director.
Garryâs sketches hit the nail on the head first time so he then cracked on with creating rough sketches for each scene. Garry was provided with rough layouts from the Art Director to help with the placement of the objects. He used these as the basis for his sketches and set about making the story come to life.
The Art Director reviewed the sketches and came back with a few small tweaks and comments, which Garry took on board as he began to produce the final artwork. Garry creates his artwork in photoshop, he works over his pencil sketches, refining the line work and adding in lots of lovely rich textures and colours.
Once the final artwork had been supplied, the production team worked their magic and several months later Drive Dan was reading the story to millions of Children across the country.
Click here to see Garry's artwork in motion!


text:
Dark Knight Rises
The Dark Knight Rises, the last and final instalment in Christopher Nolan's Batman series, packs a serious punch. For almost three hours audiences are held captivated by the reluctant return of the Caped Crusader to save Gotham City from a neo-fascist Nemesis in the guise of the megalomaniacal Bane. The political subtexts are not standard Hollywood fodder.
Nolan not only fesses up to the corruption at the heart of the otherwise civilized veneer of modern liberal Democracy, he also tackles head-on themes such as the inevitable compromise and capitulation to following orders intrinsic to carrying out state sanctioned authority, and ultimately, the darker impulses that may lay at the heart of the nuclear industries push into promoting itself as the clean energy solution of the future.
It is on this second score that The Dark Knight is at its most prescient, timely and cutting. One of the major arms of the Wayne Empire's commercial interests is in developing Nuclear Fusion energy – the silver bullet often touted by the real world nuclear industry as the answer to the impending climate change crisis.
Continue reading "What Batman can teach us about a nuclear future" »
Latest 2 of 67 comments
View all comments-
OSB says:
And, to everyone who sites Fukushima as why we can't have nuclear power think of this. For a plant that was built nearly 45 years ago from an American design that was not meant to be hit by tsunamis, it did pretty well if it took the combined hit of… Read more »
OSB says:
@M I'm at Uni now, I'm left and I disagree with everything the green left says about nuclear! Also I'm studying as an engineer (Aero & Mech) and know that nuclear it the only current viable solution. Read more »
Why is Batman important to me? I was going to write this piece before the tragic events in America, and I think it's still worth sharing some thoughts on why so many people crammed into cinemas worldwide this weekend.
I was introduced to Batman on the same day my brother was born. When I was four and my father was driving like crazy to get my mother to hospital in time to give birth to my brother, I was carted off to a relative's house, sat in front of the television and told to watch whatever I wanted.
Continue reading "I grew up idolising Batman, and he's grown up with me" »
Latest 2 of 95 comments
View all comments-
Kayleigh says:
I came down here to say the same things. Although, other than Alicia Silverstone playing Batgirl I have completely blacked that movie out of existence. Read more »
Kayleigh says:
In what world is the Riddler the "best" of the Batman villains? The Joker and Bane have always been the villains that Batman struggled against, physically and intellectually, the most in the comics. The Riddler is OK, but doesn't even come close. Read more »
Facebook Recommendations
Read all about it
Punch live
Up to the minute Twitter chatter
Recent posts
The latest and greatest
The Punch is moving house
Good morning Punchers. After four years of excellent fun and great conversation, this is the final post…
Will Pope Francis have the vision to tackle this?
I have had some close calls, one that involved what looked to me like an AK47 pointed my way, followed…
Advocating risk management is not "victim blaming"
In a world in which there are still people who subscribe to the vile notion that certain victims of sexual…
Nosebleed Section
choice ringside rantings
From: Hasbro, go straight to gaol, do not pass go
Tim says:
They should update other things in the game too. Instead of a get out of jail free card, they should have a Dodgy Lawyer card that not only gets you out of jail straight away but also gives you a fat payout in compensation for daring to arrest you in the first place. Instead of getting a hotel when you… [read more]From: A guide to summer festivals especially if you wouldn't go
Kel says:
If you want a festival for older people or for families alike, get amongst the respectable punters at Bluesfest. A truly amazing festival experience to be had of ALL AGES. And all the young "festivalgoers" usually write themselves off on the first night, only to never hear from them again the rest of… [read more]Gentle jabs to the ribs
Superman needs saving
Can somebody please save Superman? He seems to be going through a bit of a crisis. Eighteen months ago,… Read more


text:
Best Selling Shows
Production Shows
Cirque du Soleil Shows
Musical Shows
Adult Shows
Magic Shows
Headliner Shows and Concerts
Comedy Shows
Tribute Shows
Hypnosis, Mind Reading & Psychic Shows
Afternoon Shows
In real life, getting up close and personal with Brad Pitt or snapping photos of yourself with George Clooney could earn you a restraining order
Scenic Package: Includes admission to Madame Tussauds, Venetian outdoor gondola ride and a souvenir guidebook.
For questions regarding a VEGAS.com purchase, please call 1-866-983-4279 or send us an email by clicking here.
*Sample prices for shows include taxes but do not include per ticket fees. All offers and pricing are based on availability.


text:
Here are 15 ways to help prevent lung cancer.
New cervical cancer screening guidelines change when and how women should be tested for the disease.
They got it all wrong: Why the PSA test is imperative for saving lives from prostate cancer
Everything you wanted to know about colonoscopy but were afraid to ask
Learn ow this ancient healing Indian medicine can work for you
Get the facts about this disease that affects more than 240,000 men each year.


text:
Historic Preservation is a guide to strategies and resources for students beginning research on the conservation, preservation or restoration of historic buildings, landscapes or cities, with an emphasis on California and the Bay Area. See Environmental Design Library Research Guides for more. For additional assistance please consult the Environmental Design Library reference staff, 210 Wurster Hall.
UC Berkeley faculty, registered students, and staff who are off campus may use items marked UCB Only or UC Only via the Library's proxy service or the Virtual Private Network (VPN).
Compiled by Elizabeth D. Byrne, with thanks to Helaine Kaplan Prentice. Content reviewed: July 2009.
For information about the library's catalogs, see Guide to UCB Library Catalogs http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/Catalogs/guide.html. For information about off-campus access to The Library's online resources, see Connecting From Off Campus http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/Help/connecting_off_campus.html. Also consult the section below on Archives, Associations and Organizations for links to their catalogs and publications.
Use the Advanced Search which allows you to combine keywords (and, or, not), authors, subject headings and more, and limit by date, language, etc. Modify subject headings with the addition of sub-headings, such as place names and standard terms, (many of which will also be useful when searching periodical indexes and databases).
For information about off-campus access to The Library's online resources, see Connecting from Off Campus.
Journal Article Indexes and Databases: See the following web guides for descriptions of and links to the core journal article indexes that cover historic preservation.
Two excellent guides to locating images, maps and plans related to the built environment are found at:
Related guides will also be very helpful:
Below is a selective list of publications that provide an introduction to the history and philosophy of historic preservation, with an emphasis on California and the U.S.
Be sure to check Melvyl catalog for additional titles in the Law Library.
See a complete list of all the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines, as amended and annotated http://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/arch_stnds_0.htm.
See also publications listed under Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Planning below.
This is a selective list of related organizations with useful collections, information or publications. Archival and other original materials are often difficult to locate, so check in directories of archives and special collections to locate manuscripts, drawings and other unpublished materials. Use WorldCAT (UC Only), RLG Union Catalog (UC Only), Online Archive of California, and other guides to determine which institutions have collections on your topic. See also Library Catalogs and Special Collections in Reference Sources on Architecture, an Environmental Design Library reference guide. Use Associations on the Net to identify associations on your topic.
Additional listings at California and Bay Area archives, associations and organizations http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/ENVI/research_sfbayarea.html#organizations.
Bancroft Library & UC Archives
U.C. Berkeley
Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association
2318 Durant St., Berkeley 94704
Berkeley Historical Society
Veteran's Building, 1931 Center St., Berkeley
California Historic Preservation Office
1416 9th Street, Room 1442, Sacramento 95814
(mailing address: P.O. Box 942896 Sacramento 94296)
Historical Society Library
678 Mission St., San Francisco, CA 94105
California State Archives
1020 O St., Sacramento, CA 95814
California State Library, California History Section
900 N St., Room 200, Sacramento, CA 94237-0001
(mailing address: P.O. Box 42837)
California State Library, Sutro Library
1630 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132
Environmental Design Archives U.C. Berkeley, 230 Wurster Hall #1820, Berkeley, CA 94720-1820
Oakland Cultural Heritage Survey
250 Frank Ogawa Plaza 2114, Oakland 94612
510- 238-6879
Oakland Heritage Alliance
446 17th St., Suite 301, Oakland, CA 94612
Oakland Public Library, Oakland History Room
125 14th St., Oakland 94612
San Francisco Architectural Heritage
2007 Franklin St.,
San Francisco, CA 94109
San Francisco History Room and Archives
San Francisco Public Library,
Civic Center, San Francisco, CA 94102
State Historic Preservation Officer
1416 9th St., Room 1442, Sacramento 95814
(mailing address: P.O. Box 942896 Sacramento 94296)
Below is a selective list of publications that focus on the general conservation, restoration or preservation of buildings. Be sure to consult the sections above for more specific aspects.
Below is a selective list of publications that focus on the general conservation, restoration or preservation of the landscape. Be sure to consult the sections above for more specific aspects.
Below is a selective list of publications that focus on overall planning for preservation, or the conservation, restoration or preservation of cities or districts. Be sure to consult the sections above for more specific aspects.
The University of California, Berkeley, Libraries' collections are arranged according to a subject classification system devised by the Library of Congress. For a detailed listing see the Library of Congress Classification Outline http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/lcco/.
The following guide will assist the student who wishes to browse the Environmental Design Library's historic preservation collection. Note that browsing a collection as large as the Environmental Design Library has considerable limitations: users will miss volumes checked out, in remote storage, in other libraries on campus, on the Internet, and in other classifications. Historic preservation materials fall into many classifications, and classifications change over the years, so a thorough search of your subject will require checking the Library catalogs.
If you need help, please be sure to consult an Environmental Design Library reference librarian, 210 Wurster Hall.
Historic Preservation by Broad Subject | LC Classification |
Archaeology, historic sites | CC77 |
Architectural landmarks | NA105-NA106; NA111-NA112 |
By region, state | HE356 |
California, Bay Area | F868-F869 |
Cities and districts | HT119; HT167 |
Economic aspects | HT175-HT176 |
General, historic monuments, handbooks, manuals | E159; NA705 |
General works: Preservation, restoration, conservation of historic & artistic monuments, landmarks, etc. | CC135 |
Historic monuments, illustrative materials | F169 |
Houses--Restoration | NA7200-NA7300s |
Landscapes, gardens | SB457-SB467; SB472.8 |
Laws--California | KFC 610; KFC813-KFC814 |
Laws--US | KF4310 |
Monuments of specific regions, countries | DA-F |
Political aspects--US | HT167 |
Standards | CC136; NA105-NA106 |
Technical & structural aspects | TH3351-TH4800s |