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Glen Rock football seniors recognized for dedication, spirit
The Glen Rock High School football program staged its annual awards dinner at Macaluso's in Hawthorne on Jan. 14.
Receiving the Jim Ronayne Lineman of the Year Award, named in memory of the Glen Rock High School lineman who graduated in 1968 and who later was a highly respected junior football coach in the borough, were seniors Chris Kuiken and David Ott.
"Through his many volunteer positions and his involvement with youth sports, coach Ronayne was the type of guy who always paved the way, but never got the full credit he deserved, just like a true lineman," said fourth-year Panther head coach Jim Kurz, a 1997 Glen Rock graduate. "So his award not only honors a lineman, or in this year's case two linemen, but it also gives honor to those who we feel did not get as much credit as they deserved.
"What comes to mind when I think of Chris Kuiken is the old saying: 'It's not the size of the dog in the fight; it's the size of the fight in the dog'," Kurz said. "It would be impossible to measure the heart that he possessed. Chris was a dominating force for us on both the offensive and defensive lines.
"Chris is exactly what we look for in our players when we ask them to be well-rounded individuals both on and off the field," said Kurz. "Everything he does, he finds a way to succeed. He is a gifted student, a great brother, and, most importantly, he is a good person, and we will definitely miss everything that he stands for."
"It's hard to believe that David Ott did not start playing football until his sophomore year," Kurz said. "And we threw him into the mix, and he became an impact player right away."
"This past season, he played every game for us at left tackle and was a key component to our offense. He was also voted one of our captains, and he will go down as one of the greatest and most consistent, natural leaders we have ever had. His tremendous work ethic and relentless energy encouraged his teammates to always do better.
"It was absolutely enjoyable to watch David's progression," said Kurz. "He always led by example, and we never had to worry about his actions off the field, and he was a guy you always wanted in your corner. David is the type of player and person that every team should have."
Senior Eric Schlett received the J.J. Hernandez Award, named in honor of the 2000 Glen Rock graduate who played football, but was not blessed with the most size or God-given ability, making up for that with an immeasurable amount of dedication and passion.
This award is presented every year to a senior who had not previously been a starter, but dedicated himself in the off-season to not only become a starter, but a successful one at that. Hernandez was there to present the award to Schlett.
"One word that sums up Eric Schlett is 'attitude', and I mean that in the best way possible," Kurz said. "This past off-season, we asked Eric to switch positions from wide receiver to offensive line. He never once complained, and willingly accepted the challenge. With his hard work and tough attitude, he earned a starting position at right tackle. To get there, Eric never missed a practice and was always willing to put in the work to get better."
Seniors David Sasek and Jaejun Kwon received the Dave Koenig Team Spirit Award.
"Dave Koenig is Glen Rock's greatest fan, and he exemplifies the true meaning of high school sports," Kurz said. "He shows up for every game and cheers for the players in a positive manner. He never complains, and he represents our program with sportsmanship and class. This year's winners have done exactly that and more.
"I cannot put into words how much I am going to miss David Sasek, but I know that we will remain close until our dying days," Kurz said. "There is no doubt that he was our 'heart and soul and spirit' this season, and the coaches' go-to guy. He was the backbone of our entire team offensively [at running back], defensively [at linebacker] and on special teams [for which he received an award]. He epitomizes what a high school football player should be and how the game should be played.


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Topricin® Natural Pain Relief & Healing Products will be featured at the 2014 Integrative Healthcare Symposium, held February 20 22 at The Hilton New York in Manhattan. Lou Paradise, pain management expert and President and Chief of Research of Topical BioMedics, Inc., will attend the conference along with keynote speakers Woodson C. Merrell MD, Sc.D.(hc); James S. Gordon, MD; Mark Hyman, MD; Dr. Tieraona Low Dog, MD; and Dr. Jeffery Bland PhD, CNS, FACN, FACB.
Rhinebeck, NY (PRWEB) February 05, 2014
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The Integrative Healthcare annual conference hosts practitioners and health enthusiasts from around the world who will participate in presentations and interactive sessions on topics that tackle Nutrition; Musculoskeletal/Sports Medicine; Integrative Approaches (covering topics such as fertility, gut health, autoimmune and more); Integrative Nursing; and Mind Body Spirit.
The conference is chaired by Woodson C. Merrell, MD Chair, Department of Integrative Medicine Executive Director, Continuum Center for Health & Healing, Beth Israel Medical Center Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and is sponsored by the Israel Medical Centers Continuum Center for Health and Healing.
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At this years 2014 Integrative Healthcare conference, Dr.Merrell will discuss an evidence-based whole systems approach to hepatic detoxification, biotransformation, and elimination of endogenous and exogenous toxins with diet and nutrition interventions utilizing cofactor micronutrients, phytonutrients.
Chief of Research and Formulator of Topricins Pain Relief and Healing technology Lou Paradise says:
Our company, Topical BioMedics, Inc., [founded in 1994 and celebrating 20 years in business in 2014] is proud of our close engagement in supporting the dedicated people at Israel Medical Centers Continuum Center for Health and Healing and we are looking forward to participating at this years conference in purpose to define the future of integrative healthcare.
I congratulate Dr. Merrell on his recent publication, The Detox Prescription, and for the sterling contribution he continues to make promoting vital and robust health throughout the world. In shared mission as The Integrative Health Symposium; Topical BioMedics, Inc., is dedicated to improving patient care. Topricin is not just another pain management tool, but a restorative medicine tool that is restoring hope and quality of life while making a significant dent in reversing and preventing addiction to all classifications of chemical pain pills. We are humbled by the fact that we are making a difference to solve this significant social problem while ending pain and suffering for many people nationwide.
A pain management specialist, Mr. Paradise is a decorated US Marine Corps combat veteran who frequently serves as an expert speaker on the use of natural medicines, conducts pain management seminars, and participates in addressing compliance issues related to regulating natural medicines as a member of the American Association of Homeopathic Pharmacists.
Mr. Paradise has endorsed The Integrative Health Symposium since its founding in 2004. He supports the conference's objective to analyze the research, treatment opportunities, and challenges facing healthcare practitioners and he looks forward to examining new clinical approaches, especially integrative medicine's greater emphasis on prevention, and self-care practices to enhance conventional outcomes in healthcare management.
Topical BioMedics, Inc. will host informational consultations and provide samples of all three Topricin® Natural Pain Relief & Healing Products at Booth #500.
Topical BioMedics is the research and development leader in topical patented natural biomedicines for pain relief. The companys flagship product, Topricin® Pain Relief and Healing Cream, was introduced in 1994 and is now a leading natural therapeutic brand. The formula has the distinction of being the only topical patented for the treatment of the pain associated with neuropathy and fibromyalgia. Topricin was awarded a Parent Tested/Parent Approved Seal of Approval, and was selected as a 2012 Top 100 Green Products by Healthy Holistic Living. Other formulas in the product line include Topricin Foot Therapy Cream and Topricin Junior for children (with 5% sales donated to pediatric cancer foundations).
All Topricin products are made in the U.S.A., formulated with approved medicines as found in the HPUS (Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States) and are in compliance with federal rules for homeopathic over-the-counter medicines. The products contain: no parabens, petroleum or harsh chemicals, are odorless, greaseless and non-irritating, and produce no known side effects, making them ideal and safe for the entire family.
Topricin is available in pharmacies, natural food stores, and retailers nationwide, including Whole Foods, The Vitamin Shoppe, Fred Meyer, Wegmans, CVS (Foot Care Section), Walgreens (Diabetic Section) and other fine stores, as well as directly from the company. For more information, visit http://www.topricin.com
The IHS brings together multi-disciplinary healthcare professionals dedicated to improving patient care and defining the future of integrative healthcare. Sponsored by Beth Israel Medical Centers Continuum Center for Health and Healing, the conference chair is Woodson C. Merrell, MD, Department of Integrative Medicine, executive director, CCHH, Beth Israel Medical Center and assistant clinical professor of medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.
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Calories in Chocolate Cheater's Dream
Calories per Ingredient
Here are the foods from our food nutrition database that were used for the nutrition calculations of this recipe.
Calories per serving of Chocolate Cheater's Dream
120 calories of Soy milk, chocolate, (8 fl oz)
105 calories of Banana, fresh, (1 medium (7" to 7-7/8" long))
Calories per serving of Chocolate Cheater's Dream
120 calories of Soy milk, chocolate, (8 fl oz)
105 calories of Banana, fresh, (1 medium (7" to 7-7/8" long))
Nutrition & Calorie Comments
Gotta try this on my kids... all three are lactose intolerant and love soy milk (especially chocolate). For them I can use the recipe as is. For me I probably will switch to low fat (need to lose weight + no gall bladder). |
Submitted by: MOMMYBOFTHREE (8/30/12) report inappropriate |
Sounds good- I plan to add my whey protein to mine. Pat |
Submitted by: HAPPYMOM8 (2/27/09) report inappropriate |
Since I have to limit my soy intake, I will try this w/ sugar free almond milk. Thanks for sharing. |
Submitted by: JANIRAN (2/27/09) report inappropriate |
Try Soy Slender chocolate Soy Milk, it only has 70 calories in a cup, the Light Soy milks have too much sugar and fat otherwise. |
Submitted by: ETHELMERZ (2/22/09) report inappropriate |
Just made this today, loved it, used light choc soy. It was the best for a night time snack without all the bad calories. thanks |
Submitted by: SANDSHARK (1/15/09) report inappropriate |
This is great! A way to add more potassium without eating another banana . I eat at least 3 per day and I still fall below my nutritional requirement. I've never tried soy milk and I'm adding it to my grocery list for the weekend so I can try this. |
Submitted by: JALICOOK (1/15/09) report inappropriate |
Probably could even add some pysillium husks for fiber. |
Submitted by: JIBBIE49 (10/3/08) report inappropriate |
I've heard that when you freeze a banana for use in a protein drink that it doesn't something good to it. |
Submitted by: JUDYJEANNE (10/3/08) report inappropriate |
This is great! I used 1/2 cup low fat almond chocolate milk and 1/2 banana. I also freeze bananas before they overripen. I slice them in thick slices, coat them with lemon juice before freezing. They are all ready to pop in a shake in any amount you like. I added 1 tsp cocoa powder for extra flavor |
Submitted by: JGOODIN (10/3/08) report inappropriate |
I use skim milk, low carb chocolate syrup , add a tablespoon of peanut butter and a handful of quick oats and ooohh its sooo good! |
Submitted by: 1HOTFUDGEMAMA (10/3/08) report inappropriate |
Yum. I ust made this. I used a frozen banana, 1/2 cup of chocolate soy, 1/2 cup skim milk (to cut calories), 1 TB cocoa to increase chocolate flaovr and 1 TB protein powder. Very good. Will make this all the time now. |
Submitted by: WIGS366 (10/3/08) report inappropriate |
If you want to make something similar with non-chocolate milk (which often has added sugar), just add about 1/2 to 1 tbsp of cocoa powder to milk and banana. The banana provides enough sweetness to make it taste really yummy! |
Submitted by: ANAVLY (10/3/08) report inappropriate |
I put only half a banana in. then with the saved calories i added half a scoop of chocolate protein powder. The added protein is what keeps me full and satisfied. |
Submitted by: LINDS162 (9/7/08) report inappropriate |
Thanks! This was delicious!!! It was also very filling, and healthy: few kcal, low fut, high fiber. Well done! |
Submitted by: HHHBYE (5/10/07) report inappropriate |
Submitted by: TAZNNOID (3/28/07) report inappropriate |
My absolute favorite - I eat it at least 4-5 times a week. I substitute a no sugar soy milk or vanilla soy milk to save calories! |
Submitted by: JRGRACEY1 (3/13/07) report inappropriate |


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Fort Hays State University > About FHSU > Academic Divisions > Forsyth Library > The Learning Commons > Zotero-Wordinstall
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This workshop content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License.
Go to the Zotero Word Processor Integration installation page and choose the download for your operating system.
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text: Gonna have a record breaking December, which is good, but I notice my EPCs have dropped way down - I suspect some advertisers turn down or turned off their holiday budgets right at Christmas. I know I did, on behalf of my PPC clients. Either way, it's all good, and if the changes from this last Panda stick around, next year will be even better.


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Product Description
- Constructed with high-pile, soft plush.
- Realistic life-like design.
This life-like characters are sure to bring out the hunter in any dog. The realistic high-pile plush is soft and has a great texture. Toys help to ensure happy and healthy dogs and puppies! Always supervise playtime. Toy is not for children to play with. Toy is machine washable. Air dry only. If not completely satisfied contact us for a one-time replacement. Limit one per household.
Made in China.


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Undergraduate Majors | Pre-Professional Areas | Graduate Majors | Minors |
Any student may apply a pre-professional area to almost any major. Students should consult their advisor as soon as possible when choosing one of these designations.
*Pre-Education students complete a bachelor's degree in a discipline of their choice and are advised to consult their academic advisor and the Department of Education early in their undergraduate program for information and advice on meeting program and certification requirements. |
*interdisciplinary minor |


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Over the years, Denver Seminary has received enormous support and encouragement from donors like you who believe in the mission of the Seminary. We want, first of all, to say thank you for the contributions you have made in the past, but we also want to take this opportunity to say how much we appreciate your participation in our current effort to raise $2.4 million for the 2011-2012 Growth Initiative.
Construction and upgrades are complete, and we have raised $2.1 million of the $2.4 million needed. And you made it possible. For this we are grateful.
Here is a picture slideshow of the classrooms and Student Center before, during, and after construction. Enjoy!
To see more information about the 2011-2012 Growth Initiative, go to this page.
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Lake Almanor West Women's Golf Club
Our game July 21 was "Best Nine." We had 13 members participating in three flights.
The winners of the first flight were: first place, Barbara Rolland with a net 33; second place, Carol Regimbal with a net 36.
The second flight winners were: first place, Karen Nelson with a net 36; second place, Shirley Friedrichs with a net 36.5.
The third flight winners were: first place, Judy Cooper with a net 38; second place, Pat Fricke with a net 38.5.
The scores were really close, and fun was had by all.
We also had two birdies on the same hole, No. 6, by Pat Fricke and Julie Azevedo.


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Lorne Michaels
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Born Lorne David Lipowitz on Nov. 17, 1944 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Michaels earned an English degree from the University of Toronto and took a sojourn to the United Kingdom in the mid-1960s to pursue a career in, of all things, automotive sales. It became clear relatively early on that his true talents would be wasted in that arena. Michaels' ... Continue Bio >>
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The Marketing and Communication Department is responsible for ensuring consistent and accurate communication of the Indiana Wesleyan University mission and vision. Marketing and Communication team members oversee University branding, marketing, media relations, public relations, Web content, social media networks, events, print materials, promotional items, graphic design, photography and video production.
Marketing and Communication reports to the executive vice president as a member of the University Relations Division.


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Institute of Historical Research
Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066-1300: volume 8: Hereford
J.S. Barrow
Year published
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Comment on this articleDouble click anywhere on the text to add an annotation in-line
Citation Show another format: BHO MLA Turabian Chicago MARC21 Wikipedia
'Prebendaries: Warham', Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066-1300: volume 8: Hereford (2002), pp. 59. URL: http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=34454 Date accessed: 10 March 2014. Add to my bookshelf
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Warham was part of the estates of the church of Hereford by the 11th cent., held in demesne in 1086 (DB I 182b). At the time of the compilation of the Herefordshire Domesday c. 1160 × c. 1170 it was held by the bp. (Herefordshire Domesday p. 27), and bp. Robert Foliot gr. a virgate there to his serjeant Jordan of Tanton 1179 × 1186 (EEA VII no. 160). The preb. of Weram was said in the mid 13th-cent. cath. statutes to owe 10 trugs of wheat and 20 of oats to the common fund each year (LS II 55). The taxation of pope Nicholas IV of c. 1291 states that the treas. of Hereford cath. held, among other properties, a car. at Werram, assessed at £6 13s 4d, and this is prob. a reference to this preb. (Taxatio p. 168b). In 1294 the preb. of Werham was assessed at 100s in the prebendal taxation list entered into bp. Swinfield's register (Reg. Swinfield p. 305). Valor III 12 assessed this preb. at £7 13s 4d.
M. Luke de Bree
Prob. not yet can. when occ. 7 Feb. 1274 (Capes, Charters p. 133); can. perhaps by 14 Dec. 1275 (Hereford ch. no. 1758), and certainly by 8 July 1276 (Reg. Cantilupe p. 83); coll. to treasury 22 Apr. 1277 (Reg. Cantilupe pp. 120-1; list 4); as treas., unnamed, occ. holding car. at Warham c. 1291 (Taxatio p. 168). D. by 21 March 1293 when the treasury was gr. to M. John de Swinfield and his preb. of Warham to Richard of Hertford (Reg. Swinfield p. 529).
Richard of Hertford
Archdcn. of Hereford (list 6); previously preb. of Pratum Minus (list 29); coll. to preb. of Warham 21 March 1293 (Reg. Swinfield p. 529); occ. as M. Richard, archdcn. of Hereford and as resident can., preb. unspecified, 29 Sept. 1295 (Capes, Charters p. 168); d. by 1 June 1303, when his archdcnry. and his preb. of Warham were given to Henry de Schorne (Reg. Swinfield p. 535).
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Tribalism is the state of being organized in,[1] or advocating for, a tribe or tribes. In terms of conformity, tribalism may also refer to a way of thinking or behaving in which people are more loyal to their tribe than to their friends, their country, or any other social group.[2]
The social structure of a tribe can vary greatly from case to case, but, due to the small size of tribes, it is always a relatively simple role structure, with few (if any) significant social distinctions between individuals.[3]
Tribalism implies the possession of a strong cultural or ethnic identity that separates one member of a group from the members of another group. It is a precondition for members of a tribe to possess a strong feeling of identity for a true tribal society to form.[4] The distinction between these two definitions for tribalism is an important one because, while tribal society no longer strictly exists in the western world, tribalism, by this second definition, is arguably undiminished. People have postulated that the human brain is hard-wired towards tribalism due to its evolutionary advantages.[5][6] See Tribalism and evolution below.
Many tribes refer to themselves with their language's word for "people," while referring to other, neighboring tribes with various epithets. For example, the term "Inuit" translates as "people," but they were known to the Ojibwe by a name 'Eskimo' translating roughly as "eaters of raw meat."[7]
Tribalism and violence[edit]
The anthropological debate on warfare among tribes is unsettled. While typically and certainly found among horticultural tribes, an open question remains whether such warfare is a typical feature of hunter-gatherer life, or an anomaly found only in certain circumstances, such as scarce resources (as with the Inuit or Arabs), or among food producing societies.[8][9] There is also ambiguous evidence whether the level of violence among tribal societies is greater or lesser than the levels of violence among civilized societies.
If nothing else, conflict in tribal societies can never achieve the absolute scale of civilized warfare.[citation needed] Tribes use forms of subsistence such as horticulture and foraging which, though more efficient, cannot yield the same number of absolute calories as agriculture.[citation needed] This limits tribal populations significantly, especially when compared to agricultural populations.[10] Lawrence Keeley notes in War Before Civilization that examples exist with low percentage rates of casualties in tribal battle. He also points out that some tribal battles were much more lethal as a percentage of population than, for example, the Battle of Gettysburg. He concludes from the data examined that no evidence consistently indicates that primitive battles are proportionately less lethal than civilized ones.[11]
Tribalism and evolution[edit]
Tribalism has a very adaptive effect in human evolution. Humans are social animals, and ill-equipped to live on their own.[citation needed] Tribalism and ethnocentrism help to keep individuals committed to the group, even when personal relations may fray.[citation needed] This keeps individuals from wandering off or joining other groups. It also leads to bullying when a tribal member is unwilling to conform to the politics of the collective.
Socially, divisions between groups fosters specialized interactions with others, based on association: altruism (positive interactions with unrelated members), kin-selectivity (positive interactions with related members), and violence (negative interactions). Thus, groups with a strong sense of unity and identity can benefit from kin selection behavior such as common property and shared resources. The tendency of members to unite against an outside tribe and the ability to act violently and prejudicially against that outside tribe likely boosted the chances of survival in genocidal conflicts.
Modern examples of tribal genocide rarely reflect the defining characteristics of tribes existing prior to the Neolithic Revolution--for example, small population and close-relatedness.
According to a study by Robin Dunbar at the University of Liverpool, primate brain size is determined by social group size.[12] Dunbar's conclusion was that most human brains can only really understand an average of 150 individuals as fully developed, complex people (Known as Dunbar's number). In contrast, anthropologist H. Russell Bernard and Peter Killworth have done a variety of field studies in the United States that came up with an estimated mean number of ties, 290, that is roughly double Dunbar's estimate. The Bernard–Killworth median of 231 is lower, due to upward straggle in the distribution, but still appreciably larger than Dunbar's estimate. [13][14][15]
Malcolm Gladwell expanded on this conclusion sociologically in his book, The Tipping Point where one of his types - Connectors - were successful due to their larger than average number of close friendships and capacity for maintaining them which tie otherwise unconnected social groups together. According to these studies, then, "tribalism" is in some sense an inescapable fact of human neurology, simply because many human brains are not adapted to working with large populations. Once a person's limit for connection is reached, the human brain must resort to some combination of hierarchical schemes, stereotypes, and other simplified models in order to understand so many people.
Nevertheless, complex societies (and corporations) rely upon the tribal instincts of their members for their organization and survival.[citation needed] For example, a representative democracy relies on the ability of a "tribe" of representatives to organize and deal with the problems of an entire nation.[citation needed] The instincts that these representatives are using to deal with national problems have been highly developed in the long course of human evolution on a small tribal scale, and this is the source of both their usefulness and their disutility. Indeed, much of the political tension in modern societies is the conflict between the desire to organize a nation-state using the tribal values of egalitarianism and unity and the simple fact that large societies are unavoidably impersonal and sometimes not amenable to small-society rules.
In complex societies, this tribalistic impulse can also be channelled into more frivolous avenues, manifesting itself in sports rivalries and other such "fan" affiliations.
"New tribalism"[edit]
In the past 50 years, anthropologists have greatly revised the understanding of the tribe. Franz Boas removed the idea of unilineal cultural evolution from the realm of serious anthropological research as too simplistic, allowing tribes to be studied in their own right, rather than stepping stones to civilization or "living fossils". Anthropologists such as Richard Borshay Lee and Marshall Sahlins began publishing studies that showed tribal life as an easy, safe life, the opposite of the traditional theoretical supposition. In the title to his book, Sahlins referred to these tribal cultures as "the Original Affluent Society," not for their material wealth, but for their combination of leisure and lack of want.
This work is for the progression of humanity and the enlightenment of ourselves, such as that advocated by John Zerzan or Daniel Quinn. These philosophers have led to new tribalists pursuing what Daniel Quinn dubbed the "New Tribal Revolution". The new tribalists use the term "tribalism" not in its widely thought of derogatory sense, but to refer to what they see as the defining characteristics of tribal life: namely, an open, egalitarian, classless and cooperative community. New tribalists insist that this is, in fact, the natural state of humanity, and proven by two million years of human evolution.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
- ^ Definition of "tribalism"
- ^ Definition of tribalism by Macmillan dictionary
- ^ Max Gluckman (2007). "Social beliefs and individual Thinking in Tribal Society". In Robert A. Manners; David Kaplan. Anthropological Theory. Transaction Publishers. pp. 453–464. ISBN 978-0-202-36133-8.
- ^ Kanakasena Dekā; Kanakasena Ḍekā (1993). Assam's Crisis: Myth & Reality. Mittal Publications. pp. 90. ISBN 978-81-7099-473-2.
- ^ Erich Fromm; Michael MacCoby (1970). Social Character in a Mexican Village. Transaction Publishers. pp. xi. ISBN 978-1-56000-876-7.
- ^ "STYLE SECRETS OF THE GANGS : The truth behind tribal fashion". MODE. shortlist.com.
- ^ Karen Lowther; Evan-Moor Educational Publishers (2003). Native Americans: Grades 1-3. Evan-Moor. pp. 14. ISBN 978-1-55799-901-6.
- ^ Douglas P. Fry (2007). Beyond War: The Human Potential for Peace. Oxford University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-19-530948-5.
- ^ Lawrence H. Keeley (1997). War Before Civilization. Oxford University Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-19-988070-6.
- ^ Kumar Suresh Singh (1982). Economies of the tribes and their transformation. Concept. pp. 22.
- ^ Lawrence H. Keeley (1997). War Before Civilization. Oxford University Press. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-0-19-988070-6.
- ^ Dunbar, Robin I. M. (2010). How many friends does one person need?: Dunbar's number and other evolutionary quirks. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-25342-3.
- ^ McCarty, C.; Killworth, P. D.; Bernard, H. R.; Johnsen, E.; Shelley, G. (2000). "Comparing Two Methods for Estimating Network Size". Human Organization 60 (1): 28–39.
- ^ Bernard, H. Russell; Shelley, Gene Ann; Killworth, Peter (1987). "How Much of a Network does the GSS and RSW Dredge Up?". Social Networks 9 (1): 49–63. doi:10.1016/0378-8733(87)90017-7.
- ^ H. Russell Bernard. "Honoring Peter Killworth's contribution to social network theory." Paper presented to the University of Southampton, 28 September 2006. http://nersp.osg.ufl.edu/~ufruss/
External links[edit]
- Sow, Adama: Ethnozentrismus als Katalysator bestehender Konflikte in Afrika südlich der Sahara, am Beispiel der Unruhen in Côte d`Ivoire at: European University Center for Peace Studies (EPU),Stadtschleining 2005 (German)
- "The New Tribalism" by University of Oregon president Dave Frohnmayer, condemning a "new tribalism" in the traditional sense of "tribalism," not to be confused with "new tribalism".
- "Tribalism in Africa" by Stephen Isabirye
- "Tribalism on the terrace" An article in Greek about soccer tribalism in Britain
- "KENYA: It's the economy, stupid (not just "tribalism")" An IRIN article on post election violence in Kenya - January 2008
- Steven Pressfield, "It's the Tribes, Stupid" (five part video series)


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New information has emerged to show that a prediction of neo-Darwinism has been falsified. Everyone knows that animals adapt to their environments. The surge of interest in climate change has stimulated research into morphological change in Galapagos finches, "Siberian warblers, English sparrows, cuckoos, cowbirds, red-winged blackbirds, and many others." The message coming through is that the sizes and shapes of animals can change quickly in response to environmental constraints. These findings have been used as fundamental evidence to support mainstream thinking about organic evolution. As explained by Prothero et al.:
"The classic neontological model of gradualistic evolution argues that organisms are sensitive to small environmental changes, and readily adapt to such changes through transformations of body size or morphology. Such is the tradition of a century of research on the evolution of fruit flies, lab rats, and many other animals, as well as natural examples like the small-scale adaptations of Galapagos finches to drought and other local environmental stresses."
The Page Museum has over 1 million fossil specimens (source here)
Donald Prothero was a student at the American Museum of Natural History when Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould proposed the "punctuated equilibrium" hypothesis.
"The "punctuated equilibrium" paper is a masterpiece of writing and incisive thinking, which poses a number of interesting issues. The first part is a general discourse on the philosophy of science, which argues that all scientists are products of their time and culture and tend to see what they expect to see. In this context, Darwin led paleontologists to expect phyletic gradualism, which they vainly tried to document for over a century before the allopatric speciation model came along. Then Eldredge and Gould introduced the details of the allopatric model, described punctuated equilibrium, and give examples from their own research (phacopid trilobites from Eldredge, Bahamian land snails from Gould). [. . .]
Many paleontologists came forward and pointed out that the geological literature was one vast monument to stasis, with relatively few cases where anyone had observed gradual evolution. If species didn't appear suddenly in the fossil record and remain relatively unchanged, then biostratigraphy would never work - and yet almost two centuries of successful biostratigraphic correlations was evidence of just this kind of pattern. As Gould put it, it was the "dirty little secret" hidden in the paleontological closet. Most paleontologists were trained to focus on gradual evolution as the only pattern of interest, and ignored stasis as "not evolutionary change" and therefore uninteresting, to be overlooked or minimized. Once Eldredge and Gould had pointed out that stasis was equally important ("stasis is data" in Gould's words), paleontologists all over the world saw that stasis was the general pattern, and that gradualism was rare - and that is still the consensus 40 years later." (source here)
Prothero went on to study for a PhD, which he completed in 1981. This research developed a familiarity with the abundant and well preserved fossil mammals of the Big Badlands of the High Plains. After careful analysis, it became clear that every mammalian lineage showed stasis. He found that stasis persisted through a time of major climatic change (the Eocene-Oligocene transition). Intrigued, Prothero "began to re-examine the uncritical acceptance of the notion that fossil mammals track environmental changes". He looked at the middle-late Eocene climate upheaval, the Eocene-Oligocene transition, the great expansion of modern grasslands dated at 7.5 million years ago, and the Pleistocene ice ages. The evidence for stasis was impressive. Ice age stasis was recognised, but widely interpreted in terms of animals migrating to where comfortable climates prevailed. This thesis needed more attention.
"I had a bunch of excellent students in my paleontology classes at both Occidental and Caltech, and several wanted to do research with me. I was at a loss over how to supervise so many undergraduates with limited backgrounds, until I realized that we could do a group of related projects practically in our back yard: the Page Museum at La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. I equipped each one of them with calipers and gave them a measuring protocol, and got them access to the La Brea fossils through the collections managers. Then they each measured a different Ice Age mammal or bird, collecting data on hundreds of bones from all the tar pits with good radiocarbon dates: saber-toothed cats, dire wolves, giant lions, bison, horses, camels, ground sloths, plus the five most common birds: golden and bald eagles, condors, caracaras, and turkeys." (source here)
The studies of individual groups have been published as separate papers, but an overview paper has now appeared. The tarpits allow a sampling of fossil mammals and birds from an interglacial, through a glacial and into the next interglacial. The fauna experienced a major climatic transition and Prothero's goal was to test out the relevance of Bergman's rule (where more cold-adapted species or subspecies tend to have larger body sizes to conserve body heat), and Allen's rule (where more cold-adapted species or subspecies tend to have shorter and more robust limbs and other appendages (such as ears) compared to those of warmer climates). This is what he and his students found:
"After six years of work and publication, the conclusion is clear: none of the common Ice Age mammals and birds responded to any of the climate changes at La Brea in the last 35,000 years, even though the region went from dry chaparral to snowy pinon-juniper forests during the peak glacial 20,000 years ago, and then back to the modern chaparral again." (source here)
So Prothero's research has provided solid evidence for stasis and against gradualism in response to environmental change. He is to be commended for following the evidence and not trying to force-fit it into a Darwinian mould. However, he needs to think again about comments like this:
"In four of the biggest climatic-vegetational events of the last 50 million years, the mammals and birds show no noticeable change in response to changing climates. No matter how many presentations I give where I show these data, no one (including myself) has a good explanation yet for such widespread stasis despite the obvious selective pressures of changing climate. Rather than answers, we have more questions - and that's a good thing! Science advances when we discover what we don't know, or we discover that simple answers we'd been following for years no longer work." (source here)
"Such stasis, along with the examples documented from nearly all other Pleistocene mammals and birds, argues that organisms are not as responsive to environmental change as classical neo-Darwinian theory predicts." (Last sentence of the paper)
It is not fair to say that "no one has a good explanation" for the observed stasis. This blog has addressed these issues repeatedly. Stasis is not an oddity in the fossil record - it is pervasive. There are scientists who have concluded there are limits to variation, and that speciation tends to reduce the ability of organisms to respond to their environments. This approach considers that many speciation events result in genetic loss, restricting phenotypic plasticity. This approach has the merit of explaining the observational data - but anyone proposing that there are limits to variation faces a grilling from evolutionists. It's not a case of rejecting their science - it's a case of rejecting their metaphysics.
Size and shape stasis in late Pleistocene mammals and birds from Rancho La Brea during the Last Glacial-Interglacial cycle
Donald R. Prothero, Valerie J. Syverson, Kristina R. Raymond, Meena Madan, Sarah Molina, Ashley Fragomeni, Sylvana DeSantis, Anastasiya Sutyagina, Gina L. Gage
Quaternary Science Reviews, Volume 56, 21 November 2012, Pages 1-10 | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.08.015
Abstract: Conventional neo-Darwinian theory views organisms as infinitely sensitive and responsive to their environments, and considers them able to readily change size or shape when they adapt to selective pressures. Yet since 1863 it has been well known that Pleistocene animals and plants do not show much morphological change or speciation in response to the glacial-interglacial climate cycles. We tested this hypothesis with all of the common birds (condors, golden and bald eagles, turkeys, caracaras) and mammals (dire wolves, saber-toothed cats, giant lions, horses, camels, bison, and ground sloths) from Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles, California, which preserves large samples of many bones from many well-dated pits spanning the 35,000 years of the Last Glacial-Interglacial cycle. Pollen evidence showed the climate changed from chaparral/oaks 35,000 years ago to snowy pinon-juniper forests at the peak glacial 20,000 years ago, then back to the modern chaparral since the glacial-interglacial transition. Based on Bergmann's rule, we would expect peak glacial specimens to have larger body sizes, and based on Allen's rule, peak glacial samples should have shorter and more robust limbs. Yet statistical analysis (ANOVA for parametric samples; Kruskal-Wallis test for non-parametric samples) showed that none of the Pleistocene pit samples is statistically distinct from the rest, indicating complete stasis from 35 ka to 9 ka. The sole exception was the Pit 13 sample of dire wolves (16 ka), which was significantly smaller than the rest, but this did not occur in response to climate change. We also performed a time series analysis of the pit samples. None showed directional change; all were either static or showed a random walk. Thus, the data show that birds and mammals at Rancho La Brea show complete stasis and were unresponsive to the major climate change that occurred at 20 ka, consistent with other studies of Pleistocene animals and plants. Most explanations for such stasis (stabilizing selection, canalization) fail in this setting where climate is changing. One possible explanation is that most large birds and mammals are very broadly adapted and relatively insensitive to changes in their environments, although even the small mammals of the Pleistocene show stasis during climate change, too.
See also:
Prothero, D.R. Darwin's Legacy, eSkeptic (15 February 2012)
Blog Alert
If you are aware of the combinatorial explosion of folding options for proteins, then this paper deserves your attention. If you are unimpressed by such arguments, then Tompa and Rose (the paper's authors) should provide you with a challenge as they wrestle with the question: "how does a viable cell emerge from the bewildering combinatorial complexity of its molecular components?"
In his blog on this paper, Paul Nelson points out that the paper's arguments bear "strongly on the design debate". Indeed, they represent "so remarkable a challenge to widely held assumptions about (for instance) the origin of cells, that its effect promises to be far-reaching. As in, revolutionary."
For those impressed by the "creation" of a bacterial cell in 2010 (previously discussed here), Tompa and Rose have this to say:
"The inability of the interactome to self-assemble de novo imposes limits on efforts to create artificial cells and organisms, that is, synthetic biology. In particular, the stunning experiment of "creating" a viable bacterial cell by transplanting a synthetic chromosome into a host stripped of its own genetic material has been heralded as the generation of a synthetic cell (although not by the paper's authors). Such an interpretation is a misnomer, rather like stuffing a foreign engine into a Ford and declaring it to be a novel design." (p.2078)
The Humpty-Dumpty Effect: A Revolutionary Paper with Far-Reaching Implications
Paul Nelson
Evolution News & Views, October 23, 2012
The Levinthal paradox of the interactome
Tompa, P. & Rose, G.D.
Protein Science, December 2011, 20(12), 2074-2079 | doi: 10.1002/pro.747
Abstract: The central biological question of the 21st century is: how does a viable cell emerge from the bewildering combinatorial complexity of its molecular components? Here, we estimate the combinatorics of self-assembling the protein constituents of a yeast cell, a number so vast that the functional interactome could only have emerged by iterative hierarchic assembly of its component sub-assemblies. A protein can undergo both reversible denaturation and hierarchic self-assembly spontaneously, but a functioning interactome must expend energy to achieve viability. Consequently, it is implausible that a completely "denatured" cell could be reversibly renatured spontaneously, like a protein. Instead, new cells are generated by the division of pre-existing cells, an unbroken chain of renewal tracking back through contingent conditions and evolving responses to the origin of life on the prebiotic earth. We surmise that this non-deterministic temporal continuum could not be reconstructed de novo under present conditions.
Darwin's solitary illustration of evolutionary branching has left a lasting impression in the minds of readers. From an ancestral form, speciation occurs and the diversity of descendants increases. This can be visualised as a cone of morphological variation, extending from the source. However, the Cambrian Explosion provides empirical evidence against this concept, as a large number of organisms appear abruptly. (For more, see here) Yet it has been tempting for Darwinists to interpret the Cambrian species in terms of a number of cones of increasing diversity that all have their origins deeper in the Precambrian. This was something Stephen Jay Gould attempted to counter by proposing an "inverted cone" model. But there is a need for a third model to be on the table for consideration. For some years, it has been recognised that two groups of animals have very similar disparities in the Cambrian and the Recent. These are the arthropods and the priapulid worms.
"Both are reported to have comparable morphological disparity in the Cambrian and the Recent. This is important for our understanding of the manner in which metazoans radiated, because it implies that Cambrian animals had already explored a variety of 'design' options similar to that realized by their present-day counterparts. [. . .] This challenges the traditional 'cone of increasing diversity' (or, more precisely, it shifts this evolutionary model back in time) in favour of an approximately cylindrical model of bodyplan diversity from the Cambrian to the Recent. It also implies that the magnitude of Cambrian morphological diversity requires some form of explanation: whether in terms of Pre-Cambrian evolution at a small size, the gradual Pre-Cambrian differentiation of internal bodyplans decoupled from the appearance of external (and fossilizable) characters in the Cambrian, or some other mechanism." (p.2057)
Priapulus caudatus (source here)
A recent examination of the available evidence about priapulids and their allies has been undertaken by Matthew Wills and colleagues. Previous analyses appeared in 1998 and 2001, but since then there have been a good number of important fossil finds and two published appraisals of the phylogeny of the group. The authors considered that the time was opportune for a reassessment of the cylindrical model of diversity.
"Does this considerable expansion of our knowledge influence the conclusions of the original paper? We therefore ask to what extent the findings of the initial study are sensitive to factors such as improvements in taxon sampling, the discovery of new fossils through research time and differences in the characters coded." (p.2057)
We shall pass over the "Materials & Methods" and address the results and their implications. The core conclusions of the earlier assessment of disparity have been confirmed.
"It is not surprising that the discovery and description of new fossil taxa (along with better and more detailed studies of both fossil and extant species) has influenced some generalities and many details of the morphospace analyses. However, the general conclusions drawn from the first such study appear robust to these additions and changes." (p.2070)
"Our results were consistent with previous findings: Cambrian priapulids, archaeopriapulids and palaeoscolecids are only marginally less disparate than their extant counterparts." (p.2071)
After pointing out that some of the newer fossil finds are quite close in appearance to some modern forms, the authors point out the significance for grappling with the Cambrian Explosion. Those who seek to smooth out the phenomenon to make it more compatible with Darwinian gradualism are being led by their theoretical premises and are failing to engage with evidence.
"What implications do these new findings have for our understanding of the Cambrian explosion? Most significantly, indices of morphological disparity (unlike morphological phylogenies) are robust to modest differences in taxon and character sampling, lending our results a new rigour. Hence, the near-extant levels of disparity embodied by the Cambrian worms indicate that their appearance in the fossil record must have been preceded by large amounts of morphological change during their divergence from a presumed common ancestor. Although debates on the time available for this divergence are set to continue, the enormous magnitude of the explosion it represents is clear." (p.2072)
The press release about the paper provided this commentary on the significance of the findings:
"Dr Wills first pioneered a study on existing and extinct priapulids in 1998. Fourteen years on, the team looked at a new and expanded data set of anatomical features to see how knowledge of these worms has been affected by new fossil finds. He explained: "The fossils from the Cambrian period can cause a real headache for evolutionary biologists. Instinct tells us to expect simple organisms evolving over time to become increasingly more complex. However during the Cambrian period there was an apparent explosion of different major groups of animals, all appearing simultaneously in the fossil record. We looked at priapulid worms, which were among the first ever predators. What's remarkable is that they had already evolved into a diverse array of forms -- comparable to the morphological variety of their living cousins -- when we first encounter them in the Cambrian fossil record. It's precisely this apparent explosion of anatomical diversity that vexed Darwin and famously attracted the attention of Harvard biologist Stephen Jay Gould.""
The focus on morphological disparity is a welcome aspect of the research, as it allows discussion of overall trends and allows overlaps between fossil and Recent species. The authors present this as one of the strengths of their approach:
"Unlike the results of cladistic analyses (which are extremely sensitive to the details of taxon and character sampling), the results of disparity analyses are much more robust. The intensity of local clustering and discontinuity with which our morphospaces are occupied increases with research time, thus providing greater insights into the structure of the morphospace. Cambrian and post-Cambrian time bins now display positive clustering of their constituent species. Their nonoverlapping distributions also yield a globally heterogeneous pattern when the data for all species are pooled." (p.2072)
From a design perspective, this research is exemplary in drawing out patterns in the data. For too long, we have been led (via the educational system) to view the fossil record through the coloured glasses of Darwinism. This has led to the shoe-horning of data to fit the theory, with very little attention given to testing the theory against the data. With attention to bauplan (or bodyplan) thinking linked to measures of morphospace, and recognising that organisms rich in biological information have phenotypic plasticity that operates independently of natural selection acting on mutations (see here), we have a workable research paradigm. We can enthusiastically endorse the words of co-author Dr Marcello Ruta:
"Detailed scrutiny of other groups of organisms is needed, in order to decipher the rate at which structural, functional and ecological changes occur and how acquisition of new traits impact on group diversification. Ultimately, combined results from these investigations will offer a solid framework for understanding the very roots of Life's grandeur and the astounding variety of species alive today." (source here)
The disparity of priapulid, archaeopriapulid and palaeoscolecid worms in the light of new data
M. A. Wills, S. Gerber, M. Ruta, M. Hughes
Journal of Evolutionary Biology, October 2012, 25(10), 2056-2076 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02586.x
Abstract: Priapulids and their extinct relatives, the archaeopriapulids and palaeoscolecids, are vermiform, carnivorous ecdysozoans with an armoured, extensible proboscis. These worms were an important component of marine communities during the Palaeozoic, but were especially abundant and diverse in the Cambrian. Today, they comprise just seven genera in four families. Priapulids were among the first groups used to test hypotheses concerning the morphological disparity of Cambrian fossils relative to the extant fauna. A previous study sampled at the generic level, concluding that Cambrian genera embodied marginally less morphological diversity than their extant counterparts. Here, we sample predominantly at the species level and include numerous fossils and some extant forms described in the last fifteen years. Empirical morphospaces for priapulids, archaeopriapulids and palaeoscolecids are relatively insensitive to changes in the taxon or character sample: their overall form has altered little, despite the markedly improved sampling. Cambrian and post-Cambrian genera occupy adjacent rather than broadly overlapping regions of these spaces, and Cambrian species still show lower morphological disparity than their post-Cambrian counterparts. Crucially, the significance of this difference has increased with improved taxon sampling over research time. In contrast with empirical morphospaces, the phylogeny of priapulids, archaeopriapulids and palaeoscolecids derived from morphological characters is extremely sensitive to details of taxon sampling and the manner in which characters are weighted. However, the extant Priapulidae and Halicryptidae invariably resolve as sister families, with this entire clade subsequently being sister group to the Maccabeidae. In our most inclusive trees, the extant Tubiluchidae are separated from these other living taxa by a number of small, intervening fossil clades.
See also:
Marine Worms Reveal the Deepest Evolutionary Patterns, ScienceDaily (9 October 2012)
The worm-like molluscs, the Aplacophoria, are not well known to most of us, and they are a difficult group to study because they live in deep waters. Their taxonomy has been somewhat controversial, with little agreement on their relationships with other molluscan groups. However, the consensus has been that they are the "most primordial molluscs to be found on earth". There is an evolutionary story that helps to promote this understanding: the other molluscan groups appeared during the Cambrian Explosion, and they have armour of some kind. It is reasonable to postulate a simpler kind of mollusc that had no armour - which appears to be exactly what we have in the aplacophorians. New research, however, has brought a change of view: these naked molluscs are now considered to have evolved from the ancestral shelled forms.
"A fossil unearthed in Great Britain may end a long-running debate about the mollusks, one of life's most diverse invertebrate groups: Which evolved first, shelled forms like clams and snails, or their shell-less, worm-like relatives? The small new fossil, found in marine rocks along the English-Welsh border, provides the best fossil evidence yet that the simpler worm-like mollusks evolved from their more anatomically complex shelled brethren, rather than the other way around." (Source here)
The reconstructed model of Kulindroplax perissokomos (source here).
The experimental background to this find is worthy of note. Although the fossil was discovered a decade ago, its detailed structure has only been revealed recently - by serial grinding at intervals of 30 micro-metres and recording each step digitally. Then, the images have been processed to reconstruct a 3D model using physical-optical tomography. This has revealed a worm-like body covered by seven protective plates reminiscent of a chiton. The body is that of an aplacophoran, whereas the armour is polyplacophoran. The research paper says it is "the first unambiguous combination of palaeoloricate valves and and aplacaphoran body" (p.960). One of the authors of the research paper refers to it as a "kind of missing link".
"This is a kind of missing link with a worm-like body, bearing a series of shells like those of a chiton or coat-of-mail shell," said Derek E. G. Briggs, director of the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History and one of the paleontologists who studied the new fossil, Kulindroplax perissokomos.
There are two other fossils that hint at affinities between these two groups. Considered as a whole, the authors consider that we have good evidence for the "flexibility and disparity of the palaeoloricate bauplan" (p.95). Their cladistic analysis suggests that these two groups come together in a natural clade: the Aculifera. This is perceived as a sister group to the Conchifera. The emerging phylogenetic analysis may signal an "end to a long-running debate about the mollusks" (source here). The authorts also point out that their work is complementary to some other studies involving molecular evidence (such as that of Kokot, et al. cited below):
"The recovery of Aculifera and Conchifera in all variants of our analysis demonstrates the strong support that fossil data bow offer for the Aculifera hypothesis, paralleling recent molecular evidence favouring this topology." (p.96)
One implication of this study is that the aplacophorans are not the "most primordial molluscs to be found on earth". No longer should they be thought of as appearing on Earth during the Cambrian explosion. These animals are derived, having shed their armour. The Press Release puts it this way: the new fossil "provides the best fossil evidence yet that the simpler worm-like mollusks evolved from their more anatomically complex shelled brethren, rather than the other way around." The research paper concludes:
"Aplacophorans were primitively shelled molluscs; the few living forms represent the survivors of a diverse valve-bearing Palaeozoic clade." (p.96)
The research points us to the value of using the bauplan paradigm in our scientific work. The Darwinist mindset tends to lose sight of the higher taxonomic categories, and its adherents focus on the origin of new species by natural selection acting on natural variations. New biological information is said to be generated by this species-level process. However, bauplan thinking is far more open to flexibility and disparity arising from existing biological information by permutation and combination. This creates a major issue for cladism to address: how do we assess whether characters are primitive or derived? This study gives us a practical example: a character everyone once thought was primitive has turned out to be derived. If most species are permutations within their bauplan, then the weight given to natural selection acting on natural variations is greatly overplayed.
Furthermore, if bauplan thinking is given due weight, the quest for evolutionary linkages is an agenda for finding false positives. Diversification is unlikely to be linear, but fractal, depending on environmental factors. Classic examples of relevant Darwinist misinterpretation are the alleged horse lineage, the mammal-like reptiles, and hominids. Palaeontologists have been much more aware of the "bushy" nature of diversification trends than evolutionary biologists!
The description of "missing link" should also be considered in the light of bauplan thinking. The new fossil has pointed to a common ancestry for the aplacophorans and the polyplacophorans. These are united in the Aculifera, a natural clade. The newly described fossil is a "link" between the two groups, and it has previously been "missing". In this sense, the significance of a missing link is to unite biological groups with a common bauplan. This is quite different from the Darwinian use of the term, whereby a fossil organism marks a key transition in an evolutionary lineage. The two usages of the phrase should not be confused.
A Silurian armoured aplacophoran and implications for molluscan phylogeny
Mark D. Sutton, Derek E. G. Briggs, David J. Siveter, Derek J. Siveter & Julia D. Sigwart
Nature, 490, 94-97 (04 October 2012) | doi:10.1038/nature11328
The Mollusca is one of the most diverse, important and well-studied invertebrate phyla; however, relationships among major molluscan taxa have long been a subject of controversy. In particular, the position of the shell-less vermiform Aplacophora and its relationship to the better-known Polyplacophora (chitons) have been problematic: Aplacophora has been treated as a paraphyletic or monophyletic group at the base of the Mollusca, proximate to other derived clades such as Cephalopoda, or as sister group to the Polyplacophora, forming the clade Aculifera. Resolution of this debate is required to allow the evolutionary origins of Mollusca to be reconstructed with confidence. Recent fossil finds support the Aculifera hypothesis, demonstrating that the Palaeozoic-era palaeoloricate 'chitons' included taxa combining certain polyplacophoran and aplacophoran characteristics. However, fossils combining an unambiguously aplacophoran-like body with chiton-like valves have remained elusive. Here we describe such a fossil, Kulindroplax perissokomos gen. et sp. nov., from the Herefordshire Lagerstatte (about 425 million years BP), a Silurian deposit preserving a marine biota in unusual three-dimensional detail. The specimen is reconstructed three-dimensionally through physical-optical tomography. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that this and many other palaeoloricate chitons are crown-group aplacophorans.
See also:
Which Came First, Shells or No Shells? Ancient Mollusk Tells a Contrary Story
ScienceDaily (Oct. 3, 2012)
Kocot, K.M. et al. Phylogenomics reveals deep molluscan relationships, Nature, 477, 452-456 (22 September 2011) | doi:10.1038/nature10382
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Evolution has become a favorite topic of the news media recently, but for some reason, they never seem to get the story straight. The staff at Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture started this Blog to set the record straight and make sure you knew "the rest of the story".
A blogger from New England offers his intelligent reasoning.
We are a group of individuals, coming from diverse backgrounds and not speaking for any organization, who have found common ground around teleological concepts, including intelligent design. We think these concepts have real potential to generate insights about our reality that are being drowned out by political advocacy from both sides. We hope this blog will provide a small voice that helps rectify this situation.
Website dedicated to comparing scenes from the "Inherit the Wind" movie with factual information from actual Scopes Trial. View 37 clips from the movie and decide for yourself if this movie is more fact or fiction.
Don Cicchetti blogs on: Culture, Music, Faith, Intelligent Design, Guitar, Audio
Australian biologist Stephen E. Jones maintains one of the best origins "quote" databases around. He is meticulous about accuracy and working from original sources.
Most guys going through midlife crisis buy a convertible. Austrialian Stephen E. Jones went back to college to get a biology degree and is now a proponent of ID and common ancestry.
Complete zipped downloadable pdf copy of David Stove's devastating, and yet hard-to-find, critique of neo-Darwinism entitled "Darwinian Fairytales"
Intelligent Design The Future is a multiple contributor weblog whose participants include the nation's leading design scientists and theorists: biochemist Michael Behe, mathematician William Dembski, astronomer Guillermo Gonzalez, philosophers of science Stephen Meyer, and Jay Richards, philosopher of biology Paul Nelson, molecular biologist Jonathan Wells, and science writer Jonathan Witt. Posts will focus primarily on the intellectual issues at stake in the debate over intelligent design, rather than its implications for education or public policy.
A Philosopher's Journey: Political and cultural reflections of John Mark N. Reynolds. Dr. Reynolds is Director of the Torrey Honors Institute at
Biola University.


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Spirit AeroSystems Holdings Inc. Stock Downgraded (SPR)
Editor's Note: TheStreet ratings do not represent the views of TheStreet's staff or its contributors. Ratings are established by computer based on metrics for performance (which includes growth, stock performance, efficiency and valuation) and risk (volatility and solvency). Companies with poor cash flow or high debt levels tend to earn lower ratings in our model. NEW YORK (TheStreet) -- Spirit AeroSystems Holdings (NYSE:SPR) has been downgraded by TheStreet Ratings from buy to hold. The company's strengths can be seen in multiple areas, such as its revenue growth, good cash flow from operations and largely solid financial position with reasonable debt levels by most measures. However, as a counter to these strengths, we also find weaknesses including a generally disappointing performance in the stock itself, feeble growth in the company's earnings per share and deteriorating net income.
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- The revenue growth came in higher than the industry average of 6.2%. Since the same quarter one year prior, revenues rose by 20.9%. This growth in revenue does not appear to have trickled down to the company's bottom line, displayed by a decline in earnings per share.
- Net operating cash flow has significantly increased by 55.37% to $102.70 million when compared to the same quarter last year. The firm also exceeded the industry average cash flow growth rate of 34.34%.
- The debt-to-equity ratio is somewhat low, currently at 0.60, and is less than that of the industry average, implying that there has been a relatively successful effort in the management of debt levels. Although the company had a strong debt-to-equity ratio, its quick ratio of 0.84 is somewhat weak and could be cause for future problems.
- SPIRIT AEROSYSTEMS HOLDINGS has exprienced a steep decline in earnings per share in the most recent quarter in comparison to its performance from the same quarter a year ago. Earnings per share have declined over the last two years. We anticipate that this should continue in the coming year. During the past fiscal year, SPIRIT AEROSYSTEMS HOLDINGS reported lower earnings of $1.34 versus $1.56 in the prior year. For the next year, the market is expecting a contraction of 98.5% in earnings ($0.02 versus $1.34).
- The company, on the basis of change in net income from the same quarter one year ago, has significantly underperformed when compared to that of the S&P 500 and the Aerospace & Defense industry. The net income has significantly decreased by 299.7% when compared to the same quarter one year ago, falling from $67.30 million to -$134.40 million.
-- Written by a member of TheStreet Ratings Staff
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Contact Us
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Community News Briefs
Published on Wed, Oct 29, 2008
Read More
Clallam County regional outreach luncheon
The board of directors and staff of Seattle Children's Hospital, formerly Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, will present information about the latest developments and plans for the hospital, including a guest speaker discussing physical therapy provided to children receiving care at the hospital. Prizes will be given and a sale table will offer great buys.
Seattle Children's Hospital covers four states: Washington, Alaska, Idaho and Montana. From its inception in 1904, it has treated all children in need of care without regard to their families' ability to pay. Guilds throughout the four-state region raise money to help defray the costs of care without compensation provided by the hospital.
The program, sponsored by the Sequim Guild of Children's Hospital, will be held at St. Luke's Episcopal Church, 525 N. Fifth Ave. Friday, Oct. 31. Socializing and shopping will begin at 11:30 a.m. and lunch will be served at noon. Reservations and advance payments are required. To secure a place, send a check for $16 per person to: Regional Outreach, 132 Christian Lane, Sequim, WA 98382. For more information, contact Nan Burris by calling 582-0629 or e-mailing firstname.lastname@example.com.
Prolific poet reads from work
A man who has worked as a laborer, taxi driver, waiter, tree_planter, editor, high school English teacher and a poet_in_the_schools will read from his collected works at Peninsula College's Foothills Writers Series at noon Tuesday, Nov. 4, in the Little Theater, 1502 E. Lauridsen Blvd., Port Angeles.
Michael Daley, who teaches in Mount Vernon, has been recognized by the Seattle Arts Commission, Bumbershoot and the Fessenden Foundation and has received two awards from the National Endowment of the Humanities. In 2001, he received a Fulbright grant to live in Hungary for a year.
Daley releases a CD of his long poem "Frankie The Milkman's Song" in December. He is the author of several books and chapbooks and his poems and essays have appeared in a number of poetry journals and on Garrison Keilor's Writer's Almanac.
Daley is a graduate of the University of Massachusetts. He also earned an MFA from the University of Washington.
Argentinian films screened
Two films from Argentina will be screened in the Peninsula College Little Theater, 1502 E. Lauridsen Blvd., Port Angeles, and Rose Theatre in Port Townsend during the Global Lens Series' Nov. 7 programs.
"The Custodian" will be shown at 6 p.m. and "Kept & Dreamless" at 8 p.m. at the college. Contact Rose Theatre or visit www.ptfilmfest.com. or www.pc.ctc.edu for screening information at the theater.
"The Custodian" is the first feature film of Argentinean director Rodrigo Moreno, who was born in Buenos Aires in 1972. It tells the story of Ruben, a bodyguard for a high profile politician, who loses his own identity as he works for the famous politico. A short film he directed, "Nosotros," won Best Film at the Bilbao Festival in Spain in 1993.
"Kept & Dreamless" gives a glimpse into the political life of Argentina through the lives of 9-year_old Eugenia and her mother, Florencia, who live through Argentina's economic crisis of the 1990s. Although they live a seemingly colorful life surrounded by eclectic neighbors and an offbeat collection of family, young Eugenia is forced to deal with her mother's dysfunctional and drug_addled lifestyle. Vera Fogwill and Martin Desalvo co-directed "Kept & Dreamless," the first feature film for both.
Admission to both films at Peninsula College and the Rose theater is $5. Peninsula College and area high school students are admitted free with a current student ID. Local sponsors of the Global Lens Series include The Port Townsend Film Festival and Peninsula College's Office of Cultural Events, Sound of Unity Series, and Magic of Cinema Film Series.
Senior menu
Here are the Sequim Senior Nutrition Site menus, served at 4:30 p.m. at Suncrest Village Retirement Apartments, 251 S. Fifth Ave. Suggested donation $3. Menus are subject to change.
Wednesday Oct. 29 - chicken fried steak, potatoes and country gravy, peas, tossed green salad, brownie
Thursday Oct. 30 - cook's choice
Friday Oct. 31 - tomato bisque, rice pilaf, broccoli, baked apple
Monday Nov. 3 - baked ham, au gratin potatoes, brussels sprouts, beet and orange salad, creme caramel
Tuesday Nov. 4 - vegetable soup, chicken/rice casserole, baked tomato, berry pie.
Sequim duplicate bridge results
• Oct. 17 game
N/S: 1. Jim De Vogler-Charles Jones; 2/3. (tie), Frank Brown-Pete Mayberg, Marlis Panchyshyn-Robert MacNeal; 4. Fay Coupe-Sueann Swan.
E/W: 1. Sonja Schoenleber-Pat Karls; 2. Bob Wilkinson-Jim Tilzey; 3. Ted Miller-Larry Phelps; 4. John Anderson-Jack Real.
• Oct. 20 game
N/S: 1. Helen Stratton-Paul Stratton; 2. Frank Brown-Jim Tilzey; 3. Judy Hagelstein-Arlene Nunnally; 4. Thomas Larsen-Patrick Thomson.
E/W: 1. Larry Phelps-Ted Miller; 2. Frank Herodes-Nancy Herodes; 3. Joyce Coney-Nancy Smith; 4. Charles Williams-Carol Keller.
The Sequim Gazette
is located at 147 W. Washington Street in Sequim.
Business hours are Monday through Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
, or toll free at 800-829-5810. FAX 360-683-6670.
For a complete company directory with contact information please click
Local display advertising
by PaperG
© 2009 Sequim Gazette. All rights reserved. 147 West Washington, Sequim, WA 98382 • 360.683.3311
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text: Tale of the Tape (Measures): Abusive Lab Test Stanley's FatMax has been the reigning champ of job-site tape measures. But I-Mark's new 16-footer with an inked tip can mark a measurement without a pencil, and Johnson's Stud-Squared has two sliding gauges to assist layout tasks. Can either measure up to the Stanley standard? By Doug Mahoney Email Comments 0 Share Back 3 of 4 Next Return to Gallery Return to Gallery Back Next Burcu Avsar View Thumbnails Johnson Stud-Squared ($17) Standout Challenge: (90 inches) Still short compared with Stanley, but the standout of 7½ feet reaches far enough to meet most measurement needs. Weight Check: (60 washers) Talk about a limp handshakethe Stud-Squared's grip quit at under 2 pounds. Drop Test: At 15 feet, something broke inside. The tool rattled like a maraca. At 25 feet, the mechanism gave out completely and the tape stopped working. Return to Gallery Return to Gallery Back 3 of 4 Next Return to Gallery Back Next Return to Slideshow Related Links


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Awesome pants
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January 18, 2012
Burton knocked it out of the park when designing these. Vents on the inside and outside of each leg guarantee unsurpassed comfort on warmer days. Super roomy for layering if needed on cold days. Six pockets designed into the pants without the typical ballooned-out "cargo pants" look. Packed with more features than I've ever seen while not looking overly technical. I'm 5'9" & 165 lbs. and the Medium size fits great. Velcro cinch tabs in the waist guarantee size range from 30 to 34" most likely - I'm 32". Buy these - you won't be disappointed.
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Pros: Build quality, Great value, Cons: small cargo pocketsBurton Men's Vent Snowboard Pants Photo
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I believe I may be able to help with this... A good friend of mine and I worked together to do something similar for the boot animations, so it should be a similar process. Give me a day to see if I can summon his assistance. He's on this forum, and probably watching! ;-)
Sent from my A210 using Tapatalk HD


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Short Clips Kentucky Bidders
Family Drama
Working with family can be a pain. Just ask Big Sammie and his kids. 3,369 views -
Irregular Regulars
Everyone has a story to tell. Meet a few of the colorful characters that frequent Sammies Auction. 2,617 views -
Who's the Prettiest?
Each cast member of Kentucky Bidders thinks they are the most attractive of the bunch. What do you think? 2,398 views -
Cute Guns Won't Protect Owner
A well known local brings in a pair of small pistols that aren't very useful for self defense. 0 views -
Fight Breaks Out Over Tea Cups
This divorce auction may end up getting everyone into a huge brawl. 0 views -
Gun Used In Famous Feud Still Fires
Whether this gun fires or not will make the difference in the price offered. 1,153 views -
Unbelievable Price Offered For Mini Horse
As tough as it is to find a horse smaller than this one, it could be even tougher to get a better price. 1,437 views -
Kid Bargains Better than Big Sammie
This young boy sells a goat he found for way more money than it's worth. 1,038 views -
Loser Kisses the Goat
Little Sammie and Big Sammie wager a goat's kiss as to whose item will make more money. 637 views -
Bachelor Auction Begins with a Surprise
Sammie auctions off his sons on dates every year for charity. This year's bidding starts with a shock. 1,867 views -
Puddin's Lazy Kart Puts All Other Chairs to Shame
A local inventor combines a recliner chair with a 4-wheeler and wants to sell it for $3,000. 1,068 views -
Elephant Art Appreciation Day
Elephants painted these masterpieces with their trunks, and they are about to be sold for a song. 1,222 views -
Priceless Native American Skull Can't Be Sold
A Native American skull found with an ancient arrowhead lodged in it could be worth a fortune, if it was legal to sell. 1,397 views -
Bloomers In Auction
Big Sammie makes a killing with a plethora of ladies undergarments. 3,003 views -
Shrimp in a Trunk
Little Sammie is summoned to the parking lot for a stinky proposition. 3,176 views -
Six Wheeler Goes Out of Control
Sammie's test drive of a used six wheeler a seller is trying to unload does not go as planned. 1,355 views -
Take a peek inside Sammie's Auction House. 11,075 views


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Francais / Welcome / Research / Tuition / Library / Newsletter / Membership / About us/ Contact / A needle in my hand /
Traditional Chinese Medicine, in general, and Acupuncture, in particular, have been lying within the reach of the Western world for over 200 years, but, notwithstanding, only over the past few decades have these gemstones of knowledge witnessed due recognition of their value. The mounting interest in this field echoes the ever increasing earnestness with which it has been investigated. It can be ascertained that Traditional Chinese Medicine has gradually achieved all the accomplishments that were necessary to ensure its pathway to an undeniably successful recognition in the field of modern medicine, needless to say, underlain by thousands of studies conducted by an entire array of practitioners and researchers.
The ´Nei Ching´ also known as ¨The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine¨ is believed to be the first book ever written on Chinese medicine. The Yellow Emperor Huang Di (2697-2599) lived and worked on his opus around
Apart from harmonious nutrition, the Nei Ching recommends Acupuncture, Moxibustion and massage as aids to good health, clearly placing both Acupuncture and Moxibustion as recognised therapies as long ago as 2000 B.C.
Intriguingly although Acupuncture and Moxibustion are widely accepted to be Chinese in origin, the recent discovery of the Tyrolean Iceman has suggested that a form of therapy involving acupuncture points was practiced in Europe over 5,000 years ago. The Iceman sports a number of tattoos along Acupuncture channels on his back which correspond closely with Acupuncture paths still used today.
Stone ´needles´ found in prehistoric tombs and dated around 2000 B.C. are further evidence of the widespread practice of acupuncture in ancient times. Since the development of casting techniques acupuncture needles made from bronze, iron, silver, gold and alloy steel were introduced.
Coronary heart disease, though it seems a plague of our modern times, was also a recognised, serious medical condition in ancient China. Records show that as far back as 2,000 years ago, acupuncture was used as a treatment for heart disease.
In more recent times, acupuncture made its debut in the sceptical western world during the middle of 1900. Despite its long history, it was greatly criticised by the scientific world as being a mere placebo. Although scientists of the day might grudgingly admit the effectiveness of acupuncture therapy they gave credit for any improvement in the patient to the patient's own gullibility - he or she had been tricked into a mental self-healing process. Completely oblivious to the underpinning philosophy of acupuncture, during the 1970's, Europeans thought that acupuncture would only work if the patient believed in the philosophy of Mao Tze Tung. A group of fifteen French doctors were invited to China to assist in a full hysterectomy on twenty rabbits under anaesthesia by acupuncture. The operations were successful, and when the French doctors enquired how it was possible, the answer was clear, 'We have indoctrinated the rabbits in the philosophy of Mao'!
Acupuncture is a means of perturbing the Energy Chi (Qi) of a living creature with the assistance of needles implanted into the body with the resultant effect of restoring the natural energetic balance of the energy and thereby enabling one to maintain a healthy life. Acupuncture is a complex theory involving the manipulation of the Universal Chi which for thousand of years has been the guardian of so many. We can consider three types of acupuncture. The first one, the simple one which does not require any knowledge of complicated theories, is the implantation of needles to a recent painful area. It gives a relief of short duration. The second one implies some tricks or formulae which were generally transmitted from father to son and which does not require the analysis of the source of the disease and its interactions on the internal organs. The third one, the real acupuncture which I describe here in this book, requires the knowledge and analysis of not only the energy Chi which is at the base of all functional diseases but also the study of the pulses, the analysis of the inter-relations between the Zang-Fu organs, the study and analyse of the four Zhen taking into account the theory of Wu xing (the theory of the five circulations) aims to equilibrate the natural flow of the Energy Chi. Contrary to Western Medicine, Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture sees the body as a whole entity and acts to maintain a harmony in the Chi circulation. It is difficult for the Western person to understand that motion of energy, especially where the abuse of toxic medication modifies the natural reactions of a person. Acupuncture today is the result of thousand of years of observations, some being of great interest for the whole world. It is important to realise that it is not the invasion of 'foreign elements' to the body which is important but the way the weakness of the body is accepting that invasion. Anyone can be sick in his own way; therefore I shall say that 'Is sick the one who merits it?'. Immunisation is the highest form of medicine, and it is certain that not only the philosophy of Chinese medicine but its approach to sickness which is the primordial element to maintain good health. A treatment of acupuncture made by a qualified practitioner is free from any side effects. The exception is clearly made of those practising the art while they are not qualified to do so. This is the case of many and specially western doctors practicing the art and allowed to do so by their medical council by using any 'means' to achieve an objective of treatment. How wrong they are and how ignorant are those laws. Accidents have occurred while practising acupuncture, sometimes having the dramatic effect such as having a patient dying from the insertion of needles. Acupuncture is a medical art, which requires a complete understanding of both its theory and its practice. The third level of acupuncture cannot have the curing effect without a full analysis of the energetical aspect of the patient; this can only be achieved through the four Zhen Chinese diagnosis. You cannot play rugby applying the rules of soccer, like you cannot analyse the energetical aspect of a patient with the western diagnosis. Still, today certain countries, like my country of birth, contend that only those having the knowledge of western diagnosis are competent to practise acupuncture. How wrong they are. Most countries around the world have now accepted acupuncture and Chinese medicine as part of their medical scheme. Private or government medical schools are offering courses which are strictly regulated by their governments. The consequence is that more and more people prefer the non toxic way of treatment like acupuncture to the western medications. It will not be long before we see, like in China, hospitals where patients can choose between western medicine and Chinese medicine and acupuncture. Where everyone will work hand in hand for the well being of human kind. We must not make any mistakes; doors of knowledge are available to anyone.
Those who have no more to learn will have wasted a life time of opportunities.
J-C Degueldre
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