text:
pngcheck is the official PNG tester and debugger. Originally designed simply to test the CRCs within a PNG image file (e.g., to check for ASCII rather than binary transfer), it has since been extended to check and optionally print almost all the information about a PNG image and to verify that it conforms to the PNG specification. It also includes partial support for MNG animations.
RabbIt is a mutating, caching Web proxy used to speed up surfing over slow links like modems. It does this by removing advertising and background images and scaling down images to low quality JPEGs. RabbIT is written in Java and should be able to run on any platform. It does depend upon an image converter if image scaling is on. The recommended image converter is "convert" from the ImageMagick package.
Bricolage greatly simplifies the complex tasks of creating, managing, and publishing vast libraries of content. With advanced features such as fully-configurable workflows, customizable document types, and comprehensive Perl and PHP templating support, it has been designed from the ground up to scale to meet the demanding needs of large organizations around the world.
FMPP is a text file preprocessor that uses FreeMarker templates to provide macros, flow control, and expressions. It uses recursive directory processing, so it can generate complete homepages (a tree of HTML files and images). It is extendable in Java to display data from any data source (such as a database). It is usable with a command-line interface, as an Ant-task, or embedded into a Java application.
Tclog is a desktop Weblog application written in Tcl/Tk. Unlike most Weblog tools, it does not require server-side scripts. Instead, it uploads entries via FTP. It features RSS 1.0, HTML templates, TrackBack, Wiki-like formatting rules, indexes for the Namazu search engine, and more.
Joseki is a server for publishing RDF models on the Web. Models have URLs can be accessed by queries using HTTP GET. As part of the Jena RDF toolkit, it provides a coarse-grained Web API that is based on extracting a subgraph from the published RDF. The extracted RDF can then be processed locally with the fine-grained API provided by Jena. Joseki is extensible - new query languages and new operations can be added without modifying the core system.
Virtual Exim is a PHP-enabled Web interface for managing multiple virtual mail domains with Exim and MySQL/PostgreSQL. POP/IMAP accounts, aliases, forwards, and permanent fail accounts can all be created and managed easily without the need for corresponding shell accounts. Virtual Exim also allows the server administrator to designate a SiteAdmin who can create and delete domains on the fly through the interface, so no editing of the Exim configuration file is required. Individual users can also log in to change their "Real Name", passwords, and mail filtering options with ease.
hlg is a fast and easy to use tool for quickly auditing the performance of your Web applications. It reads Web logs and generates some interesting statistics, including details about average and peak concurreny (based on overlapping start times and durations), and the average and peak size and duration of requests over time. It is able to group regions based on the URL and produces text or comma-separated reports.


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Foreign Body, Eye (cont.) Medical Author:
David T. Wong, MD, FRCSC
Howard A. Blumstein, MD, FAAEM
Medical Editor:
John P. Cunha, DO, FACOEP
John P. Cunha, DO, FACOEPJohn P. Cunha, DO, is a U.S. board-certified Emergency Medicine Physician. Dr. Cunha's educational background includes a BS in Biology from Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, and a DO from the Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences in Kansas City, MO. He completed residency training in Emergency Medicine at Newark Beth Israel Medical Center in Newark, New Jersey. IN THIS ARTICLE
When to Seek Medical CareBecause of the specialized nature of eye examination equipment, a foreign body in the eye is usually handled best in an ophthalmologist's office. If an emergency department has the necessary equipment, an ophthalmologist may also see the patient in the emergency department. In some cases, a foreign body in the eye may be handled in an emergency department that has both a properly trained emergency physician and the appropriate equipment. The most important aspect in deciding to seek medical attention has to do with one's own evaluation of the severity of the injury. A few guidelines should be followed in deciding to have the eyes evaluated. If one does not meet these guidelines, but is concerned that there may be significant damage, then it is always safer to be evaluated by an ophthalmologist or in a hospital's emergency department.
Next Page: Must Read Articles Related to Foreign Body, Eye
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Eye injuries range from the very minor, such as getting soap in the eye, to the catastrophic, resulting in permanent loss of vision. Treatment of eye injuries d...learn more >>
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Eye pain has many causes, signs, symptoms, and treatments. It's also described as pain behind the eye, eye socket pain, or shooting pain in the eye. Headaches a...learn more >>
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Foreign Body Removal, Cornea »
A corneal foreign body is an object (eg, metal, glass, wood, plastic, sand) either superficially adherent to or embedded in the cornea of the eye.

subset: commoncrawl


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So just so we are clear....he didn't want to join Toronto because he wanted to be closer to his family.
Now he is suing his ex wife in order to prevent her from moving the kids closer to him?
So just so we are clear....he didn't want to join Toronto because he wanted to be closer to his family.
Now he is suing his ex wife in order to prevent her from moving the kids closer to him?
I don't understand why it was so difficult to honestly say that he sees an opportunity to win a championship, hence LA.
Attitude Is A Choice.
That's certainly one side of that story, here's another...
He's not suing his ex-wife to prevent her from moving the KIDS closer to him. He's suing his ex-wife from moving HERSELF and her kids, which would allow HER to get more money out of HIM. To me it seems more about not being near his wife and having to give her more money than it is about him not wanted his kids.
"We only have one rule on this team. What is that rule? E.L.E. That's right's, E.L.E, and what does E.L.E. stand for? EVERYBODY LOVE EVERYBODY. Right there up on the wall, because this isn't just a basketball team, this is a lifestyle. ~ Jackie Moon
If she is a resident of California, she has more legal avenues to go after Nash for money ... that's why he is trying to block the move, i'm sure it's his lawyer's advice.
The only way to bag a classy lady is to give her two tickets to the gun show... and see if she likes the goods.
If Nash was playing in Toronto I'd shoot myself. We'd be twice as bad as we are now considering he's old, can't defend, and he's been injured pretty much all season.
"You never heard of DeMar just google him, the defense don't know what to do wit him"
Yeah. We all know the main reason he went to LA was because of the chance of a championship. Pretty sure he just threw in his kids' situation in order to make us accept his decision better.
"I'm not a role model... just because I can dunk a basketball does not mean I should raise your kids."
Charles Barkley
Writer for RaptorsWatch.com
Twitter - @thekid_it
Well, if Nash came to Toronto, Calderon would probably still be here as a backup PG since BC would be really stupid if he thinks Nash is a long term solution for the PG spot unless BC traded him for a long-term PG. So no Lowry and no Rudy Gay. You're right, we probably would be twice as bad as we would be this year, so does that mean that we would have been the 4-6 worst team in the NBA. Since we didn't get Lowry, we probably would have gotten a pick in this year's draft which we could have used to draft a PG, a SF or a PF, trade down or trade it away for good players. I know this draft is considered weaker than past drafts but that doesn't mean we can't find great players. We would be building through the draft and assets which I think is the ideal plan. We win now with Lowry and Gay, but I have concerns on where we are at in 2-3 years.
So glad the Raps never picked this guy up if you think our season was awful imagine how bad it would have been with Nash coming in unhealthy from the start and Bargnani being absolutely useless on top of that..... 20-62 right there that 20 may be a generous.
It was Nash or Lin in the news and I was like I know we are going to either overpay a 38 year old with glass legs or a 20 something that blew his knee out during his first season hmmm might as well go with Lin. Thank God we ended up getting Lowry instead say what you want but he was the right choice from the start.
Yea but I fear we will be a duplicate of the Atlanta Hawks. Being at the bottom of the Eastern Playoff barrel for many years to come. We would be no where near contending and we'll just get eliminated every year in the first round and maybe get past the first round in one season. We would be in, what I like to call, Playoff Limbo. I feel like Jonas is the biggest wild card here. Whether we can get past the first round or not on a consistent basis depends on what kind of player Jonas will become. He has the potential to be an All-Star in the NBA, but there's too much uncertainty such as injuries (knock on wood). Ross is also a wild card. I don't see the All-Star potential that some people see, but I do see the potential for a defensive 3 point specialist off the bench. Demar might also be a wild card as to his development, but I don't think he has too much room to grow from here. There is still uncertainty as to whether Gay will resign with us. I'm pretty sure MU would want to resign him to a more cap-friendly contract and it's unsure whether Gay is willing to take a paycut. Don't get me wrong. I want to make the playoffs every year, but I feel like it would be disappointing going to the playoffs every year and not making any progress.
The divorce settlement was 5 million cash + 30,000 per month
I suppose one would logically assume that 30 grand was to support her and the kids.
Nash has earned over 120 million bucks, yet she only got 5?
Perhaps he said take 5 and 30k a month or we do a paternity test on our new kid, and she caved.
Exactly, there is so much pressure hinging on JV to turn out to the superstar we hope he would be. Just hope he doesn't crack under the pressure like Bargnani and hope he doesn't become plagued with injuries. Also, I never said we worse than the Hawks, but rather I was saying that we might end up being stuck in limbo. We have some very tough competition in the East now that have way more potential than we do. Miami is gonna stay at the top for the next couple years (Assuming that they all resign in 2014 which I think they will if they win the championship this year and next year). Indiana is on the top of their game with George being an exceptional all-star in the league and Hibbert playing the way we've always expected him to play. New York will probably still be relevant in the East for the next 2-4 years or so. Chicago will be much stronger now that they will get Rose back from injury; bearing that Rose plays 100% like he used to. Brooklyn is still a fairly good playoff team with Williams, Johnson and Lopez. Atlanta, Boston, and Milwaukee are the only three teams I see getting worse rather than better that are in the current playoff picture. Cleveland is gonna be major competition in the playoff mainly due to their stacked roster of talent and potential. They have Irving, Waiters, Thompson, Varejao, Noel/Porter and their decent bench. Washington might be having some hard times now, but there is a rainbow at the end. They have a good back court in Wall and Beal as well as a top 3 pick in this year's draft. They might be in the lottery next year's stacked draft. Orlando and Charlotte are probably still gonna be shit next year, but they still have a very bright future with probably the top 5 picks in the 2014 NBA draft. So in the next 2-4 years, it's very unsure where we will be in terms of playoffs. We have a very bright future. That I don't deny, but there are other teams below us, currently, that have very very bright futures as well. I fear that BC has screwed us over too much. I pray that MU can fix this roster.
Well said Backlash
Bargnani's Flaw was simple, he has no heart, no desire to improve, that's in the personnality, JV is eager and motivated, even he becomes just an average center, we'll still love him because of his heart like Amir. So i dont think there's too much pressure.
I don't think Miami's reign is gonna last, when Chris Anderson & Norris Cole are your 2nd & 3rd best players on a team with Dwade, Bosh, Allen, you've got problems. Even if they resign all of them MIA is done after this year.Miami is gonna stay at the top for the next couple years (Assuming that they all resign in 2014 which I think they will if they win the championship this year and next year).
The Media will do everything they can to make us beleive they are still relevant because its the NY cash cow, but in terms of basketball, i dont see it, they couldn't last the year. Age is a MF, They started Hot and just went downhill non-stop, it just didn't get exposed that much because the East was exceptionnally weak this year. Besides Melo and Chandler, the rest of the team is just a bunch of streaky role players that get praised because they play in NY.New York will probably still be relevant in the East for the next 2-4 years or so.
Washington is probably the best out of the EAST lottery teams, they were already playing over 500 a month after wall's return untill the end of the season, if they draft an NBA ready forward like Porter or Bennett, playoffs is a donde deal for them.Washington might be having some hard times now, but there is a rainbow at the end. They have a good back court in Wall and Beal as well as a top 3 pick in this year's draft.
Orlando is set on the Frontcourt with Vucevic, Harris, and Nicholson, plus they'll add Mclemore or Burke, they'll still be in the Lottery but i wouldn't call them shit, they are in a very good position for the long term, BoBcats, well they're even bad at being bad.Orlando and Charlotte are probably still gonna be shit next year
Predicting where we'll be is a lost cause, not only are we not even sure what we have right now, but we just got Leiweke and Ujiri, who's jobs are to make Major changes to the roster. To paraphrase Leiweke said he doesn't beleive Colangelo's annual we're almost there speech and thinks there is a lot of work to do with the roster, So Basically Masai has the go ahead to make as many moves as he sees fit, and we still dont know how he feels about the roster.it's very unsure where we will be in terms of playoffs.
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I grew up in a small family with just my parents and a younger brother. I always enjoyed riding horseback and hiking in the mountains with my family. I was fortunate to have both sets of grandparents who taught me a love of family history. After graduation from high school, I took Cosmetology and worked in that profession until I married. I raised two sons. As a girl, I always wished I could have lived in the Victorian and Edwardian times, as grandmother Place did. Her wedding picture was taken in Mexico in 1905. She was riding sidesaddle. She taught me to ride aside in 1967. I am a Living Historian/Re-enactor of the 1860-1890's era. My hobbies are making my period clothing and accessories. I have also ridden on many General Crook trail rides in Arizona, sidesaddle, of course. My time has been taken up lately helping my mother, Nancy E. Brown, with photographing and indexing the cemeteries in our county. I am also a genealogist and researcher. I love to research the people that I put on F/G, in hopes that their lives will not be forgotten and will not be just a number. If any of my information is incorrect or incomplete let me know. I will be more than happy to make the changes. Or, if you want to do your own bio on a family member, please let me know.
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Ancestry Seeker
FG 25405871 photo
She shares a headstone with her husband James.
Please remove the "No Headstone" photo.
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Ancestry Seeker
on Sep 27, 2013 11:28 AM
Leslie Pieratt
Ruth Ellen Bowles-Boswell #16882572
Arlena, I wanted to thank you for the excellent photo, an appreciate the effort in doing so.
Added by
Leslie Pieratt
on Jun 27, 2013 2:31 PM
Theresa Brown
Sherman Potter
who was Sherman's wife's name?
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Theresa Brown
on Jun 22, 2013 5:44 PM
Thank you so much. I appreciate it.
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on Mar 30, 2013 4:51 PM
RE: Porter
I have checked on David's gravesite every time I have gone to the Show Low Cemetery. When I was there today, I saw that there was a headstone now! I took a couple of pictures for you and uploaded them. I did not remove the older pictures that I had taken. I will leave that up to you, although you may want to remove them, as I believe he has the maximum number allowed now.
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Bobbie Bowdoin
Thank you for the beautiful picture of my mom's gravesite.
Leslie James
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RE: Peek
Thanks so much!
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RE: Ella Gleason Peek
I'll be more than glad to share with you!
My ID#47665339
Thank you very much!
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Ella Gleason Peek
Would it be possible please if I could have Ella and her husband Joe Peek tranfered to my Gleason ancestors? Please let me know. Many thanks!
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Chanson d'orient, Op.157 (Chaminade, Cécile)
Free public domain sheet music from IMSLP / Petrucci Music Library
It is unlikely that this work is public domain in the EU, or in any country where the copyright term is life-plus-70 years. However, it is in the public domain in Canada (where IMSLP is hosted) and other countries where the term is life-plus-50 years (like China, Japan, Korea and many others worldwide). As this work was first published before 1923 or failed to meet notice or renewal requirements to secure statutory copyright, it is almost certainly public domain in the USA as well. |
Sheet Music
Complete score
*#273768 - 0.47MB, 4 pp. - (0) - V/V/15 - 282x⇩
Publisher Info.:
Paris: Enoch, 1919. Plate E. et C. 7839.
Public Domain - Non-PD EU [tag/del]
General Information
Work Title | Chanson d'orient |
Alternative Title |
Composer | Chaminade, Cécile |
Opus/Catalogue Number | Op.157 |
First Publication | 1919 |
Piece Style | Romantic |
Instrumentation | Piano solo |


text:
Trend Lighting TW6907-A Polished Chrome Wall Sconce from the Pantino Collection
Save 10% on ALL TREND LIGHTING!
Discount already applied. No coupons necessary!
Offer Ends 3/24/2014
Technical Specs
Bulb Base | G9 |
Bulb Included | yes |
Bulb Type | Halogen |
Collection | Pantino |
Energy Star | No |
Finish Application | Polished |
Height | 12.75 |
Installation Available | Yes |
Material | Glass |
Number of Bulbs | 2 |
Theme | Modern |
UL Listed | Yes |
Wattage | 80 |
Watts Per Bulb | 40 |
Width | 10 |
Configure your Polished Chrome Wall Sconce from the Pantino Collection
Get It Installed more info ▼
When you order installation services from Installations Direct, a certified service provider in your community will contact you within 24 hours to make an appointment for your installation.
The service provider will install the new fixture and haul away the old fixture and any excess installation-related materials.
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Please finish configuring above
Trend Lighting TW6907-A
- Product Height: 12.75 inches
- 10 inch wide 2 light Wall Sconce
- Features a stunning Amber Corkscrew Glass Shade
- Uses 2 40 Watt Halogen G9 Bi-Pin bulbs
Trend Lighting began thirty years ago with the simple vision of providing the lighting industry with the finest made products available on the market. Trend Lighting products reflect the passion and pride of everyone at their organization. Their Modern and Contemporary fixtures are built with the hope of bringing years of satisfaction and enjoyment to each and every one of their customers.
Additional Trend Lighting Links
- Shop All Trend Lighting Products
- Shop All Trend Lighting Pantino Collection Products
Our SKU: TW6907-A
This product is listed under the following manufacturer number(s):
Polished Chrome
*Denotes a finish or option that has been discontinued


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This archived Web page remains online for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. This page will not be altered or updated. Web pages that are archived on the Internet are not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards. As per the Communications Policy of the Government of Canada, you can request alternate formats of this page on the Contact Us page.
Introduction General Information Regulations List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Description of fonds and Collections List of fonds and Collections Name Index |
HIRVY, MICHEL, 1900?-1966 Michel Hirvy fonds. - 1928-1957. - 5 cm of textual records. - 3 videocassettes. Biographical sketch Scope and content Immediate source of acquisition: acquired from Neil Chotem in 1974. Restrictions: permission from Neil Chotem is required to obtain a copy of the videocassettes. Finding aids: none. Associated material: Michel Hirvy's original films are preserved at the National Archives of Canada. |


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The Soho Collection is a sleek contemporary collection. The Soho Collection offers a fully anodized aluminum frame, which is then woven with Rehau Java Brown fiber. It's unique look and multi-colored textured surface make it one of the most attractive collections for outdoor use. The balance of the collection can be used without cushions.
In addition, glass is optional as the table tops are fully woven and offer reinforced plexiglass undersides for enhanced sturdiness.
- Rehau Java Brown Finish
- Anodized Aluminum Frame
- All Weather Rehau Fiber Wicker
- Plexiglass is Used as Support Underneith Wicker Weave
- Soho Patio Round Outdoor Dining Table By Hospitality Rattan
- Tempered Glass - Optional
- Weather and UV Resistant
- Multi-Colored Textured
- Table Only
- Assembly Required
- Ships Via Freight
- 30" W x 30" D x 31" H
- 20 Lbs.
- Modern,
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Minor in Visual Arts
The minor in visual arts is designed for students who want an introduction to the concepts and functions of the visual arts offered in a professional training program.
The program consists of a 20-credit sequence of courses. The required course is CFA AR 193 Visual Arts: Drawing I, for 4 credits. Space permitting and with portfolio approval, either CFA AR 131 or 132 (Drawing for Majors) can count in place of AR 193. The remaining 16 credits are to be selected from any visual arts elective courses. Studio courses within the School of Visual Arts not listed below may be included in a minor sequence, but approval for registration into any of these courses is dependent upon submission of a portfolio and/or faculty approval. With approval, visual arts minor students may take up to 4 studio credits at a comparable art institution.
Outline of Study
Required Courses (4 credits):
CFA AR 193 | Visual Arts: Drawing I (for 4 credits) OR |
CFA AR 131 | Drawing I (requires portfolio approval) |
Choose 16 more credits from any course offered by the School of Visual Arts. The following are suggested courses:
Courses with open registration: | |
CFA AR 294 | Visual Arts: Drawing II |
CFA AR 295 | Visual Arts: Painting I |
CFA AR 297 | Visual Arts: Sculpture I |
CFA AR 389 | Graphic Design Elective |
CFA AR 395 | Visual Arts: Painting II |
CFA AR 397 | Visual Arts: Sculpture II |
CFA AR 469 | Color (Spring only) |
CFA AR 521 | Site-Specific Art |
CFA AR 580 | History of Graphic Design |
Any School of Visual Arts Summer Term offerings |
Courses open on a space-permitting basis: | |
CFA AR 250 | Introduction to Printmaking |
CFA AR 261 | Introduction to Art Education (Spring only) |
CFA AR 280 | Introduction to Graphic Design |
CFA AR 425 | Artist and the Book (Spring only) |
CFA AR 447 | Printmaking I (Fall) |
CFA AR 448 | Printmaking I (Spring) |
CFA AR 470 | Ceramics I |
CFA AR 559 | Contemporary Issues in Art Education (Fall only) |
CFA AR 573 | Design and Animation |
Course offerings may vary from semester to semester.
Students must earn a grade of C or better in courses applied toward the minor.


text:
K2 CoomBack (2013)
The Coomback remains in the line as an enduring tribute to fallen K2 friend Doug Coombs. A portion of proceeds from the sale of his signature model goes to Coombs's family, another portion to the American Mountain Guide Association. With its moderate width and rocker, it's designed for versatility: "equally adept making tram laps (at Jackson Hole) or climbing the Ford-Stettner route on the Grand Teton." It's a metal-free, wood-core (fir/aspenmaple) cap construction with strategically placed carbon-fiber reinforcement, weighing in at 1,720 grams at 167 cm. K2's All-Terrain Rocker combines 70 percent camber with 30 percent tip/shovel rocker to smooth the ride, enhance forgiveness and improve soft-snow flotation. The Powder Tip is tapered so it's less easily deflected and swing weight is reduced. All Backside Adventure skis share a number of tour-specific features: Precut skins are sold separately, and the tip and tail have skin-ready attachment holes. The Snowphobic topsheet sheds weight-adding snow (especially when waxed) on the ascent. The flat tail is snow-anchor appropriate.
Year | 2012/2013 |
Level | Advanced, Expert, Hi-Expert |
Gender | Male |
Binding | flat |
Lengths | 167, 174, 181, 188 |
Tip/Waist/Tail | 135-102-121 |


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Social Networking for Fashion Doll Lovers
This isn't officially a Super Hair doll, her hair is too short for that, but I did have two Super Hair outfits which I wanted to show.
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etap it!
The upcoming release of ETAP Grid offers a fully integrated foundation of cutting-edge geospatial views with the most advanced analytical engines for the design, simulation, planning, operation, optimization, control, and automation of electrical power system networks.
The benefit of these advanced GIS capabilities is that utilities and corporations with distributed facilities can not only model the power system from a one-line "logical" standpoint, but also gain a detailed understanding of how it relates to real-world topography.
ETAP Grid as part of the Smart Grid Solution provides the necessary mission critical applications for visualizing, managing, optimizing and automating distribution networks from state-wide to city-wide power distribution networks as well as microgrid applications for industrial and commercial facilities.
Learn more about ETAP Grid for transmission, distribution, and microgrid by visiting ETAP.com.
This year's Distributech Conference and Exhibition was held in San Antonio, Texas and hosted over 4000 attendees. ETAP was proud to showcase the latest version of ETAP Grid, for transmission, distribution, and microgrid users. During the conference ETAP held four different technology sessions covering: Distribution Power System Planning & Analysis using ETAP Transmission & Distribution; ETAP Real-Time Distribution Management System; and Microgrid: Managing Distributed Energy Resources. Each session was well-received by attendees and highlighted the benefits of an integrated tool like ETAP which can cover all areas from design, simulation, operation, control, generation, transmission, through distribution.
Click here for more information on ETAP Grid.
Seoul Data System Co. Ltd, which is the authorized dealer of ETAP in Korea, has reached an important milestone; distributing ETAP power system analysis software since 1994. ETAP is thankful to have had users and customers in Korea who have made it possible to reach this historic milestone. Many power-related enterprises, public and educational institutions, and laboratories in Korea rely on ETAP on a daily basis. As a result of this dependency, Seoul Data System has prepared many initiatives in 2014 which include:
For more information on ETAP's 20th anniversary in Korea please visit: http://etap.co.kr.
ETAP enjoyed a fair amount of notoriety in the second half of 2013; so much that we've expanded the "News" section of our Website to not only list our press releases, but also include coverage received by industry media. This coverage includes whitepapers, case studies, and other news of interest to the ETAP community.
For more information, please click here.
ETAP was recently used for many projects in the Power Center for Utility Exploration at Buffalo State University. Students calculated short circuit currents at different buses by hand (pu method & flat start) and then ran simulations using Power World and ETAP.
The majority of students chose ETAP due to its user-friendly interface which was reported easy for them to master. They quickly learned (on their own) how to input data and adjusted them to match parameters from the assignment as they were different from the default values in ETAP. The students stated that they appreciated the comprehensive reporting capabilities that ETAP provided them.
To learn more about ETAP's Educational Partners and Power Lab program please click here.
Powered by ETAP 126.96.36.199 Theme by Mads Kristensen


text:
Puzzle 128
... . Footnotes, briefly 10. Stare longingly 14. Description for spring 2011? 15. Not very clandestine 16 ... 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ... . Nickname for Egyptian idol Ra 17. Symbol of solidity 18. Original name for Ulysses S. Grant 19
Have the teachers seen this?
... , director $132,700 24) Wayne S. Diviney, asst. exec. director $131,900 25) Gerald T. Gripper, org ... 9)Eugene Dryer, regional director $146,900 10)Earl H. Jones, director $142,200 11) Donald J ... . Keck, org. specialist $141,600 12) Linda Boitano, manager $141,500 13) Phillip A. Moeckli
The Eurocrisis comes to America
... . 21, it will release revisions to home sales for 2007 through the first 10 months 2011. Home sales ... [A]s noted over a week ago, European banks scrambled to obtain cheap dollars by borrowing over $50 ... billion from the Fed, and plug dollar shortfalls. Yet as all band aid measures designed to offset
Dazzling images of total lunar eclipse
... A rare total lunar eclipse took place on Dec. 10, the first visible in the United States in 2011
Christian martyrdom accelerated in 2011
... Unceasing, accelerating incidents of bloodshed in Nigeria topped Compass top 10 news stories ... of 2011 as Boko Haram and other Islamic extremists lashed out at Christians. Following this top news story ... was the assassination of Pakistans only Christian cabinet member in March 2011; the upholding
CDC: Valley Fever on rise in Southwest
... of Valley Fever, known medically as coccidioidomycosis, have increased nearly 10-fold between 1998 ... and 2011, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports. Cases in Arizona, California ... , Nevada, New Mexico and Utah rose from 2,265 in 1998 to more than 22,000 in 2011, CDCsaid in a statement.
Puzzle 119
... 9 10 11 12 ... : var. 10. Relating to Obama's and Soros' latest incursion of American troops overseas 11. Device ... . The mission-ready name of the Christian Research Institute's .org homepage PDF Solution
Billy Graham: 'Final call' for America to repent
... from Harry S. Truman to George W. Bush. He received Barack Obama in his home in 2010 ... in the United States. For more information, log onto www.afj2012.org. "We've been waiting for an idea ... time is significant." In fact, the most in-demand Christian video around today is "Isaiah 9:10
U.S. birth rates hit historic low
... recession.' Newly released data shows births fell 10 per cent from 2008 to 2011, down to well under ... pregnancies is also believed to be causing the fall. 'In 2011, there were 3.8 million live births
Woman sues Match.com after date attacks her
... (ABC News) A Las Vegas woman is suing Match.com for $10 million, after the online dating service ... allegedly paired her with a man who stabbed her 10 times in the face and chest in an attempt to kill ... on a few dates in October 2011 with Wade Ridley, but after ending the relationship came home one day to find him in her garage with a knife.


text:
Paterson woman feared ex-convict would kill her, family says
Latasha Smith knew the only way her relationship with Raheem Jones would end was with her dead.
Her family tried to persuade her to leave the 34-year-old, but she couldn't cut him off completely, her sister said. Even after he broke her nose or killed his best friend with a shotgun.
"She always told me 'Raheem's going to kill me one day,'" said her younger sister Tasheba Smith. "She knew the way he was but gave him the benefit of the doubt."
Latasha Smith was stabbed to death in her Paterson home Dec. 11 while caring for her 3-year-old granddaughter. A multistate manhunt led authorities Thursday morning to Jones, who was charged with murder for allegedly killing her the day after he was released from a Newark halfway house.
The ex-convict from Paterson was arrested without incident about 6:30 a.m. at a friend's house in Plainfield after a search that took U.S. marshals to Maryland where Jones' family lived, Passaic County Prosecutor Camelia M. Valdes said at a news conference in Paterson.
Paterson Police and the prosecutor's office investigators had been searching for Jones since the 39-year-old mother of three and nurse's assistant was found in her apartment by one of her daughters, officials and relatives said. She had been stabbed multiple times in the neck torso and hand, according to investigators. Valdes said Smith's 3-year-old granddaughter was not harmed.
"There was a history of domestic violence between the defendant and the victim," Valdes said.
Jones was released from the Logan Hall halfway house the day before Smith's body was found. A judge in 2003 sentenced Jones to seven years in prison after he was convicted of manslaughter for shooting and killing his best friend, Robert Gass, 23, while playing with a shotgun in a Paterson apartment.
At the same time he was serving the manslaughter sentence, Jones also served five years for aggravated assault for beating Smith, Passaic County Chief Assistant Prosecutor Michael De Marco said at Thursday's news conference.
Passaic County Senior Assistant Prosecutor Gina Pfund, who heads the prosecutor's domestic violence unit, said Smith had two previous restraining orders protecting her from Jones, in August 2000 and in February 2001. Both were later dismissed, at least one at Smith's request.
Smith's killing is the fifth domestic violence homicide this year in Passaic County, Valdes said.
De Marco said that Jones, who was required to serve 85 percent of his seven-year sentence before being eligible for parole, served five years, 11 months and nine days. He was paroled in March 2009, but violated the conditions of his early release and was sent back to prison in July 2011. He was placed in the halfway house in August 2012.
De Marco did not know what Jones had done to violate parole, but officials said Thursday that Jones' parole, placement in a halfway house and release were processed correctly.
"It is impossible to predict what people will do when they get out," Valdes said, adding she did not know if the victim was informed of Jones' release from the halfway house or if that is required.


text:
A Cassini mosaic of degraded craters, fractures, and disrupted terrain in Enceladus's north polar region. The two prominent craters above the middle terminator are Ali Baba (upper) and Aladdin. The Samarkand Sulci grooves run vertically to their left.
Discovery | |||||||||
Discovered by | William Herschel | ||||||||
Discovery date | August 28, 1789 [1] | ||||||||
Designations | |||||||||
Pronunciation | /ɛnˈsɛlədəs/ en-SEL-ə-dəs | ||||||||
Alternative names | Saturn II | ||||||||
Adjective | Enceladean, Enceladan [a] | ||||||||
Orbital characteristics | |||||||||
Semi-major axis | 237948 km | ||||||||
Eccentricity | 0.0047 [2] | ||||||||
Orbital period | 1.370218 d[3] | ||||||||
Inclination | 0.019° (to Saturn's equator) | ||||||||
Satellite of | Saturn | ||||||||
Physical characteristics | |||||||||
Dimensions | 513.2 × 502.8 × 496.6 km [4] | ||||||||
Mean radius | 252.1±0.2 km [4] (0.0395 Earths) | ||||||||
Mass | (1.08022±0.00101)×1020 kg [5] (1.8×10−5 Earths) | ||||||||
Mean density | 1.609±0.005 g/cm³ [4] | ||||||||
Equatorial surface gravity | 0.114 m/s² (0.0113 g) | ||||||||
Escape velocity | 0.239 km/s (860.4 km/h) | ||||||||
Rotation period | synchronous | ||||||||
Axial tilt | zero | ||||||||
Albedo | 1.375±0.008 (geometric) or 0.99 (Bond) [6] | ||||||||
Apparent magnitude | 11.7 [7] | ||||||||
Atmosphere | |||||||||
Surface pressure |
trace, significant spatial variability [10][11] |
Composition | 91% Water vapor 4% Nitrogen 3.2% Carbon dioxide 1.7% Methane [9] |
Enceladus is the sixth-largest of the moons of Saturn.[12] It was discovered in 1789 by William Herschel.[13]
Enceladus seems to have liquid water under its icy surface. Cryovolcanoes at the south pole shoot large jets of water vapor, other volatiles, and some solid particles (e.g. ice crystals, NaCl particles, etc.) into space, totaling approximately 200 kg per second.[14][15][16] Some of this water falls back onto the moon as "snow", some of it adds to Saturn's rings, and some of it reaches Saturn. The whole of Saturn's E Ring is believed to have been made from these ice particles. Because of the apparent water at or near the surface, Enceladus may be one of the best places for humans to look for extraterrestrial life. By contrast, the water thought to be on Jupiter's moon Europa is locked under a very thick layer of surface ice, though recent evidence may show that Europa also experiences water plumes.[17]
Until the two Voyager spacecraft passed near it in the early 1980s very little was known about this small moon besides the identification of water ice on its surface. The Voyagers showed that the diameter of Enceladus is only 500 kilometers (310 mi), about a tenth of that of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, and that it reflects almost all of the sunlight that strikes it. Voyager 1 found that Enceladus orbited in the densest part of Saturn's diffuse E ring, indicating a possible association between the two, while Voyager 2 revealed that despite the moon's small size, it had a wide range of terrains ranging from old, heavily cratered surfaces to young, tectonically deformed terrain, with some regions with surface ages as young as 100 million years old.
In 2005 the Cassini spacecraft performed several close flybys of Enceladus, revealing the moon's surface and environment in greater detail. In particular, the probe discovered a water-rich plume venting from the moon's south polar region. This discovery, along with the presence of escaping internal heat and very few (if any) impact craters in the south polar region, shows that Enceladus is geologically active today. Moons in the extensive satellite systems of gas giants often become trapped in orbital resonances that lead to forced libration or orbital eccentricity; proximity to Saturn can then lead to tidal heating of Enceladus's interior, offering a possible explanation for the activity.
Enceladus is one of only two outer Solar System bodies with confirmed liquid water, with water-containing plumes also present on Jupiter's moon Europa. Active eruptions on Jupiter's moon Io's sulfur volcanoes and Neptune's moon Triton's nitrogen "geysers" have also been observed, but these do not contain water. Analysis of the outgassing suggests that it originates from a body of subsurface liquid water, which along with the unique chemistry found in the plume, has fueled speculations that Enceladus may be important in the study of astrobiology.[18] The discovery of the plume has added further weight to the argument that material released from Enceladus is the source of the E ring.
In May 2011 NASA scientists at an Enceladus Focus Group Conference reported that Enceladus "is emerging as the most habitable spot beyond Earth in the Solar System for life as we know it".[19]
Enceladus is named after the Giant Enceladus of Greek mythology. The name Enceladus—like the names of each of the first seven satellites of Saturn to be discovered—was suggested by William Herschel's son John Herschel in his 1847 publication Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope.[20] He chose these names because Saturn, known in Greek mythology as Cronus, was the leader of the Titans.
Features on Enceladus are named by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) after characters and places from Burton's translation of the Arabian Nights.[21] Impact craters are named after characters, while other feature types, such as fossae (long, narrow depressions), dorsa (ridges), planitia (plains), and sulci (long parallel grooves), are named after places. 57 features have been officially named by the IAU; 22 features were named in 1982 based on the results of the Voyager flybys, and 35 features were approved in November 2006 based on the results of Cassini's three flybys in 2005.[22]
Distance (km)
February 17, 2005 | 1,264 |
March 9, 2005 | 500 |
March 29, 2005 | 64,000 |
May 21, 2005 | 93,000 |
July 14, 2005 | 175 |
October 12, 2005 | 49,000 |
December 24, 2005 | 94,000 |
January 17, 2006 | 146,000 |
September 9, 2006 | 40,000 |
November 9, 2006 | 95,000 |
June 28, 2007 | 90,000 |
September 30, 2007 | 98,000 |
March 12, 2008 | 52 |
June 30, 2008 | 84,000 |
August 11, 2008 | 54 |
October 9, 2008 | 25 |
October 31, 2008 | 200 |
November 8, 2008 | 52,804 |
November 2, 2009 | 103 |
November 21, 2009 | 1,607 |
April 28, 2010 | 103 |
May 18, 2010 | 201 |
August 13, 2010 | 2,554 |
November 30, 2010 | 48 |
December 21, 2010 | 50 |
January 30, 2011 | 60,000 |
February 20, 2011 | 68,000 |
September 13, 2011 | 42,000 |
October 1, 2011 | 99 |
October 19, 2011 | 1,231 |
November 5, 2011 | 496 |
November 23, 2011 | 35,000 |
December 11, 2011 | 20,000 |
Enceladus was discovered by Fredrick William Herschel on August 28, 1789, during the first use of his new 1.2 m telescope, then the largest in the world.[25][26] Herschel first observed Enceladus in 1787, but in his smaller, 16.5 cm telescope, the moon was not recognized.[27] Its faint apparent magnitude (+11.7m) and its proximity to much brighter Saturn and its rings make Enceladus difficult to observe from Earth, requiring a telescope with a mirror of 15–30 cm in diameter, depending on atmospherical conditions and light pollution. Like many Saturnian satellites discovered prior to the Space Age, Enceladus was first observed during a Saturnian equinox, when Earth is within the ring plane; at such times, the reduction in glare from the rings makes the moons easier to observe.
Prior to the Voyager missions the view of Enceladus improved little from the dot first observed by Herschel. Only its orbital characteristics were known, with estimations of its mass, density and albedo.
The two Voyager spacecraft obtained the first close-up images of Enceladus. Voyager 1 was the first to fly past Enceladus, at a distance of 202,000 km on November 12, 1980.[28] Images acquired from this distance had very poor spatial resolution, but revealed a highly reflective surface devoid of impact craters, indicating a youthful surface.[29] Voyager 1 also confirmed that Enceladus was embedded in the densest part of Saturn's diffuse E-ring. Combined with the apparent youthful appearance of the surface, Voyager scientists suggested that the E-ring consisted of particles vented from Enceladus's surface.[29]
Voyager 2 passed closer to Enceladus (87,010 km) on August 26, 1981, allowing much higher-resolution images of this satellite.[28] These images showed a young surface.[30] They also revealed a surface with different regions with vastly different surface ages, with a heavily cratered mid- to high-northern latitude region, and a lightly cratered region closer to the equator. This geologic diversity contrasts with the ancient, heavily cratered surface of Mimas, another moon of Saturn slightly smaller than Enceladus. The geologically youthful terrains came as a great surprise to the scientific community, because no theory was then able to predict that such a small (and cold, compared to Jupiter's highly active moon Io) celestial body could bear signs of such activity. However, Voyager 2 failed to determine whether Enceladus was currently active or whether it was the source of the E-ring.
The answer to these and other mysteries had to wait until the arrival of the Cassini spacecraft on July 1, 2004, when it went into orbit around Saturn. Given the results from the Voyager 2 images, Enceladus was considered a priority target by the Cassini mission planners, and several targeted flybys within 1,500 km of the surface were planned as well as numerous, "non-targeted" opportunities within 100,000 km of Enceladus. These encounters are listed on the left. The flybys have yielded significant information concerning Enceladus's surface, as well as the discovery of water vapor and complex hydrocarbons venting from the geologically active South Polar Region. These discoveries prompted the adjustment of Cassini's flight plan to allow closer flybys of Enceladus, including an encounter in March 2008 which took the probe to within 52 km of the moon's surface.[23] The extended mission for Cassini included seven close flybys of Enceladus between July 2008 and July 2010, including two passes at only 50 km in the later half of 2008.[31]
The discoveries Cassini has made at Enceladus have prompted several studies into follow-up missions. In 2007 NASA performed a concept study for a mission that would orbit Enceladus and would perform a detailed examination of the south polar plumes.[32] The concept was not selected for further study.[33] The European Space Agency also recently explored plans to send a probe to Enceladus in a mission to be combined with studies of Titan.[34]
The Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM) is a joint NASA/ESA proposal for exploration of Saturn's moons, including Enceladus. TSSM was competing against the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) proposal for funding. In February 2009 it was announced that ESA/NASA had given the EJSM mission priority ahead of TSSM,[35] although TSSM will continue to be studied for a later launch date.
Enceladus is one of the major inner satellites of Saturn. It is the fourteenth satellite when ordered by distance from Saturn, and orbits within the densest part of the E Ring, the outermost of Saturn's rings, an extremely wide but very diffuse disk of microscopic icy or dusty material, beginning at the orbit of Mimas and ending somewhere around the orbit of Rhea.
Enceladus orbits Saturn at a distance of 238,000 km from its center and 180,000 km from its cloudtops, between the orbits of Mimas and Tethys, requiring 32.9 hours to revolve once (fast enough for its motion to be observed over a single night of observation). Enceladus is currently in a 2:1 mean motion orbital resonance with Dione, completing two orbits of Saturn for every one orbit completed by Dione. This resonance helps maintain Enceladus's orbital eccentricity (0.0047) and provides a heating source for Enceladus's geologic activity.[2]
Like most of the larger satellites of Saturn, Enceladus rotates synchronously with its orbital period, keeping one face pointed toward Saturn. Unlike the Earth's Moon, Enceladus does not appear to librate about its spin axis (more than 1.5°). However, analysis of the shape of Enceladus suggests that at some point it was in a 1:4 forced secondary spin–orbit libration.[2] This libration, like the resonance with Dione, could have provided Enceladus with an additional heat source.
Interaction with E Ring[edit]
The E Ring is the widest and outermost ring of Saturn. It is an extremely wide but very diffuse disk of microscopic icy or dusty material, beginning at the orbit of Mimas and ending somewhere around the orbit of Rhea, though some observations suggest that it extends beyond the orbit of Titan, making it 1,000,000 km wide. However, numerous mathematical models show that such a ring is unstable, with a lifespan between 10,000 and 1,000,000 years. Therefore, particles composing it must be constantly replenished. Enceladus is orbiting inside this ring, in a place where it is narrowest but present in its highest density. Therefore, several theories suspected Enceladus to be the main source of particles for the E Ring. This hypothesis was supported by Cassini's flyby.
There are actually two distinct mechanisms feeding the ring with particles.[36] The first, and probably the most important, source of particles comes from the cryovolcanic plume in the South polar region of Enceladus. While a majority of particles fall back to the surface, some of them escape Enceladus's gravity and enter orbit around Saturn, since Enceladus's escape velocity is only 866 km/h. The second mechanism comes from meteoric bombardment of Enceladus, raising dust particles from the surface. This mechanism is not unique to Enceladus, but is valid for all Saturn's moons orbiting inside the E Ring.
Size and shape[edit]
Enceladus is a relatively small moon, with a mean diameter of 505 kilometers (314 mi), only one-seventh the diameter of Earth's own Moon. In diameter Enceladus is small enough to fit within the length of the island of Great Britain. It could also fit comfortably within the states of Arizona or Colorado, although as a spherical object its surface area is much greater, just over 800,000 square kilometers (310,000 sq mi), almost the same as Mozambique, or 15% larger than Texas.
Its mass and diameter make Enceladus the sixth most massive and largest satellite of Saturn, after Titan (5150 km), Rhea (1530 km), Iapetus (1440 km), Dione (1120 km) and Tethys (1050 km). It is also one of the smallest of Saturn's spherical satellites, since all smaller satellites except Mimas (390 km) have an irregular shape.
Enceladus is a scalene ellipsoid in shape; its diameters, calculated from pictures taken by Cassini's ISS (Imaging Science Subsystem) instrument, are 513 km between the sub- and anti-Saturnian poles, 503 km between the leading and trailing poles, and 497 km between the north and south poles.[2] This is the most stable orientation, with the moon's rotation along the short axis, and the long axis aligned radially away from Saturn.
Voyager 2, in August 1981, was the first spacecraft to observe the surface in detail. Examination of the resulting highest-resolution mosaic reveals at least five different types of terrain, including several regions of cratered terrain, regions of smooth (young) terrain, and lanes of ridged terrain often bordering the smooth areas.[30] In addition, extensive linear cracks[37] and scarps were observed. Given the relative lack of craters on the smooth plains, these regions are probably less than a few hundred million years old. Accordingly, Enceladus must have been recently active with "water volcanism" or other processes that renew the surface. The fresh, clean ice that dominates its surface gives Enceladus probably the most reflective surface of any body in the Solar System with a visual geometric albedo of 1.38.[6] Because it reflects so much sunlight, the mean surface temperature at noon only reaches −198 °C (somewhat colder than other Saturnian satellites).[8]
Observations during three flybys by Cassini on February 17, March 9, and July 14 of 2005 revealed Enceladus's surface features in much greater detail than the Voyager 2 observations. For example, the smooth plains observed by Voyager 2 resolved into relatively crater-free regions filled with numerous small ridges and scarps. In addition, numerous fractures were found within the older, cratered terrain, suggesting that the surface has been subjected to extensive deformation since the craters were formed.[38] Finally, several additional regions of young terrain were discovered in areas not well-imaged by either Voyager spacecraft, such as the bizarre terrain near the south pole.[2]
Impact craters[edit]
Impact cratering is a common occurrence on many Solar System bodies. Much of Enceladus's surface is covered with craters at various densities and levels of degradation. From Voyager 2 observations, three different units of cratered topography were identified on the basis of their crater densities, from ct1 and ct2, both containing numerous 10–20-kilometer-wide craters though differing in the degree of deformation, to cp consisting of lightly cratered plains.[39] This subdivision of cratered terrains on the basis of crater density (and thus surface age) suggests that Enceladus has been resurfaced in multiple stages.
Recent Cassini observations have provided a much closer look at the ct2 and cp cratered units. These high-resolution observations reveal that many of Enceladus's craters are heavily degraded through viscous relaxation and fracturing.[40] Viscous relaxation allows gravity, over geologic time scales, to deform craters and other topographic features formed in water ice, reducing the amount of topography over time. The rate at which this occurs is dependent on the temperature of the ice: warmer ice is easier to deform than colder, stiffer ice. Viscously relaxed craters tend to have domed floors, or are recognized as craters only by a raised, circular rim. Dunyazad is a prime example of a viscously relaxed crater on Enceladus, with a prominent domed floor. In addition, many craters on Enceladus have been heavily modified by tectonic fractures. Nearly all craters on Enceladus thus far imaged by Cassini in the ct2 unit show signs of tectonic deformation.
Voyager 2 found several types of tectonic features on Enceladus, including troughs, scarps, and belts of grooves and ridges.[30] Recent results from Cassini suggest that tectonism is the dominant deformation style on Enceladus. One of the more dramatic types of tectonic features found on Enceladus are rifts. These canyons can be up to 200 km long, 5–10 km wide, and 1 km deep. Such features appear relatively young, as they cut across other tectonic features and have sharp topographic relief with prominent outcrops along the cliff faces.
Another evidence of tectonism on Enceladus is grooved terrain, consisting of lanes of curvilinear grooves and ridges. These bands, first discovered by Voyager 2, often separate smooth plains from cratered regions.[30] Grooved terrains such as the Samarkand Sulci are reminiscent of grooved terrain on Ganymede. However, unlike those seen on Ganymede, grooved topography on Enceladus is generally much more complex. Rather than parallel sets of grooves, these lanes can often appear as bands of crudely aligned, chevron-shaped features. In other areas, these bands appear to bow upwards with fractures and ridges running the length of the feature. Cassini observations of the Samarkand Sulci have revealed intriguing dark spots (125 and 750 m wide), which appear to run parallel to narrow fractures. Currently, these spots are interpreted as collapse pits within these ridged plain belts.[40]
In addition to deep fractures and grooved lanes, Enceladus has several other types of tectonic terrain. Many of these fractures are found in bands cutting across cratered terrain. These fractures appear to propagate down only a few hundred meters into the crust. Many appear to have been influenced during their formation by the weakened regolith produced by impact craters, often changing the strike of the propagating fracture.[40][41] Another example of tectonic features on Enceladus are the linear grooves first found by Voyager 2 and seen at a much higher resolution by Cassini. These linear grooves can be seen cutting across other terrain types, like the groove and ridge belts. Like the deep rifts, they appear to be among the youngest features on Enceladus. However, some linear grooves appear to be softened like the craters nearby, suggesting an older age. Ridges have also been observed on Enceladus, though not nearly to the extent as those seen on Europa. These ridges are relatively limited in extent and are up to one kilometer tall. One-kilometer high domes have also been observed.[40] Given the level of tectonic resurfacing found on Enceladus, it is clear that tectonism has been an important driver of geology on this small moon for much of its history.
Smooth plains[edit]
Two units of smooth plains were also observed by Voyager 2. These plains generally have low relief and have far fewer craters than in the cratered terrains and plains, indicating a relatively young surface age.[39] In one of the smooth plain regions, Sarandib Planitia, no impact craters were visible down to the limit of resolution. Another region of smooth plains to the southwest of Sarandib, is criss-crossed by several troughs and scarps. Cassini has since viewed these smooth plains regions, like Sarandib Planitia and Diyar Planitia at much higher resolution. Cassini images show smooth plain regions to be filled with low-relief ridges and fractures. These features are currently interpreted as being caused by shear deformation.[40] The high-resolution images of Sarandib Planitia have revealed a number of small impact craters, which allow for an estimate of the surface age, either 170 million years or 3.7 billion years, depending on assumed impactor population.[2][b]
The expanded surface coverage provided by Cassini has allowed for the identification of additional regions of smooth plains, particularly on Enceladus's leading hemisphere (the side of Enceladus that faces the direction of motion as the moon orbits Saturn). Rather than being covered in low relief ridges, this region is covered in numerous criss-crossing sets of troughs and ridges, similar to the deformation seen in the south polar region. This area is on the opposite side of Enceladus from Sarandib and Diyar Planitiae, suggesting that the placement of these regions is influenced by Saturn's tides on Enceladus.[42]
South polar region[edit]
Images taken by Cassini during the flyby on July 14, 2005 revealed a distinctive, tectonically deformed region surrounding Enceladus's south pole. This area, reaching as far north as 60° south latitude, is covered in tectonic fractures and ridges.[2][43] The area has few sizable impact craters, suggesting that it is the youngest surface on Enceladus and on any of the mid-sized icy satellites; modeling of the cratering rate suggests that some regions of the south polar terrain (SPT) are possibly as young as 500,000 years, or younger.[2] Near the center of this terrain are four fractures bounded on either side by ridges, unofficially called "tiger stripes". These fractures appear to be the youngest features in this region and are surrounded by mint-green-colored (in false color, UV–green–near IR images), coarse-grained water ice, seen elsewhere on the surface within outcrops and fracture walls.[43] Here the "blue" ice is on a flat surface, indicating that the region is young enough not to have been coated by fine-grained water ice from the E ring. Results from the visual and infrared spectrometer (VIMS) instrument suggest that the green-colored material surrounding the tiger stripes is chemically distinct from the rest of the surface of Enceladus. VIMS detected crystalline water ice in the stripes, suggesting that they are quite young (likely less than 1000 years old) or the surface ice has been thermally altered in the recent past.[44] VIMS also detected simple organic compounds in the tiger stripes, chemistry not found anywhere else on Enceladus thus far.[45]
One of these areas of "blue" ice in the south polar region was observed at very high resolution during the July 14 flyby, revealing an area of extreme tectonic deformation and blocky terrain, with some areas covered in boulders 10–100 m across.[46]
The boundary of the south polar region is marked by a pattern of parallel, Y- and V-shaped ridges and valleys. The shape, orientation, and location of these features indicate that they are caused by changes in the overall shape of Enceladus. Currently[update], there are two theories for what could cause such a shift in shape. First, the orbit of Enceladus may have migrated inward (from the article: "the lack of any plausible mechanism for increased flattening"), leading to an increase in Enceladus's rotation rate. Such a shift would have led to a flattening of Enceladus's rotation axis.[2] Another theory suggests that a rising mass of warm, low density material in Enceladus's interior led to a shift in the position of the current south polar terrain from Enceladus's southern mid-latitudes to its south pole.[42] Consequently, the ellipsoid shape of Enceladus would have adjusted to match the new orientation. One consequence of the axial flattening theory is that both polar regions should have similar tectonic deformation histories.[2] However, the north polar region is densely cratered, and has a much older surface age than the south pole.[39] Thickness variations in Enceladus's lithosphere is one explanation for this discrepancy. Variations in lithospheric thickness are supported by the correlation between the Y-shaped discontinuities and the V-shaped cusps along the south polar terrain margin and the relative surface age of the adjacent non-south polar terrain regions. The Y-shaped discontinuities, and the north-south trending tension fractures into which they lead, are correlated with younger terrain with presumably thinner lithospheres. The V-shaped cusps are adjacent to older, more heavily cratered terrains.[2]
The first Cassini flybys of Enceladus revealed that it has a significant atmosphere compared to the other moons of Saturn besides Titan. The source of the atmosphere may be volcanism, geysers, or gasses escaping from the surface or the interior.[47][48] The atmosphere of Enceladus is composed of 91% water vapor, 4% nitrogen, 3.2% carbon dioxide, and 1.7% methane.[10][11]
Following the Voyager encounters with Enceladus in the early 1980s, scientists postulated that the moon may be geologically active based on its young, reflective surface and location near the core of the E ring.[30] Based on the connection between Enceladus and the E ring, it was thought that Enceladus was the source of material in the E ring, perhaps through venting of water vapor from Enceladus's interior. However, the Voyagers failed to provide conclusive evidence that Enceladus is active today.
Thanks to data from a number of instruments on the Cassini spacecraft in 2005, cryovolcanism, where water and other volatiles are the materials erupted instead of silicate rock, has been discovered on Enceladus. The first Cassini sighting of a plume of icy particles above Enceladus's south pole came from the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) images taken in January and February 2005,[2] though the possibility of the plume being a camera artifact stalled an official announcement. Data from the magnetometer instrument during the February 17, 2005 encounter provided a hint that the feature might be real when it found evidence for an atmosphere at Enceladus. The magnetometer observed an increase in the power of ion cyclotron waves near Enceladus. These waves are produced by the interaction of ionized particles and magnetic fields, and the frequency of the waves can be used to identify the composition, in this case ionized water vapor.[10] During the next two encounters, the magnetometer team determined that gases in Enceladus's atmosphere are concentrated over the south polar region, with atmospheric density away from the pole being much lower.[10] The Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) confirmed this result by observing two stellar occultations during the February 17 and July 14 encounters. Unlike the magnetometer, UVIS failed to detect an atmosphere above Enceladus during the February encounter when it looked for evidence for an atmosphere over the equatorial region, but did detect water vapor during an occultation over the south polar region during the July encounter.[11]
Fortuitously, Cassini flew through this gas cloud during the July 14 encounter, allowing instruments such as the ion and neutral mass spectrometer (INMS) and the cosmic dust analyzer (CDA) to directly sample the plume. INMS measured the composition of the gas cloud, detecting mostly water vapor, as well as minor components like molecular nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide.[9] CDA "detected a large increase in the number of particles near Enceladus", confirming Enceladus as the primary source for the E ring.[36] Analysis of the CDA and INMS data suggest that the gas cloud Cassini flew through during the July encounter, and observed from a distance with its magnetometer and UVIS, was actually a water-rich cryovolcanic plume, originating from vents near the south pole.[49]
Visual confirmation of venting came in November 2005, when ISS (Imaging Science Subsystem) imaged geyser-like jets of icy particles rising from the moon's south polar region.[2] (As stated above, the plume was imaged before, in January and February 2005, but additional studies of the camera's response at high phase angles, when the Sun is almost behind Enceladus, and comparison with equivalent high-phase-angle images taken of other Saturnian satellites, were required before this could be confirmed.[50]) The images taken in November 2005 showed the plume's fine structure, revealing numerous jets (perhaps issuing from numerous distinct vents) within a larger, faint component extending out nearly 500 km from the surface, thus making Enceladus the fourth body in the Solar System to have confirmed volcanic activity, along with Earth, Neptune's Triton, and Jupiter's Io.[49] Cassini's UVIS later observed gas jets coinciding with the dust jets seen by ISS during a non-targeted encounter with Enceladus in October 2007.
Additional observations were acquired during a flyby on March 12, 2008. Data on this flyby revealed additional chemicals in the plume, including simple and complex hydrocarbons such as propane, ethane, and acetylene.[51] This finding further raises the potential for life beneath the surface of Enceladus.[52] The composition of Enceladus's plume as measured by the INMS instrument on Cassini is similar to that seen at most comets.[51]
The intensity of the eruption of the south polar jets varies significantly as a function of the position of Enceladus in its orbit. The plumes are about four times brighter when Enceladus is at apoapsis (the point in its orbit most distant from Saturn) than when it is at periapsis.[53][54][16] Geophysical modeling of tidal stresses indicates that at apoapsis the Tiger Stripes region is in a state of maximum tension, which would tend to open the fissures, while compression is maximal at periapsis.[55]
Mimas–Enceladus paradox[edit]
Mimas, the innermost of the round moons of Saturn and directly interior to Enceladus, is a geologically dead body, even though it experiences stronger tidal forces than Enceladus. This apparent paradox can be explained by temperature-dependent properties of water ice (the main constituent of Mimas and Enceladus interior). The tidal heating is given by the formula q = 63ρr3n5e2/(38μQ), where ρ is the (mass) density of the satellite, r is the radius of the satellite, n is mean orbital motion, e is the orbital eccentricity of the satellite, μ is the shear modulus, Q is dimensionless dissipation factor. The material parameters μ and Q are temperature dependent. At high temperatures (close to the melting point) μ and Q are low, so tidal heating is high. Consequently, tidal heating is low in a cold body (like Mimas), but high in the hot Enceladus. So the theory predicts a low-energy thermal state for Mimas (values of μ and Q are high) but an excited, high-energy thermal state for Enceladus (values of μ and Q are low), despite Enceladus being further from Saturn.[why?][56]
Prior to the ammonia discovery[edit]
The combined analysis of imaging, mass spectrometry, and magnetospheric data suggests that the observed south polar plume emanates from pressurized subsurface chambers, similar to geysers on Earth.[2] Because no ammonia was found in the vented material by INMS or UVIS, which could act as an anti-freeze, such a heated, pressurized chamber would consist of nearly pure liquid water with a temperature of at least 270 K (−3 °C). Pure water would require more energy to melt, either from tidal or radiogenic sources, than an ammonia–water mixture. Another possible method for generating a plume is sublimation of warm surface ice. During the July 14, 2005 flyby, the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) found a warm region near the South Pole. Temperatures found in this region range from 85–90 K, to small areas with temperatures as high as 157 K (−116 °C), much too warm to be explained by solar heating, indicating that parts of the south polar region are heated from the interior of Enceladus.[8] Ice at these temperatures is warm enough to sublimate at a much faster rate than the background surface, thus generating a plume. This hypothesis is attractive since the subsurface layer heating the surface water ice could be an ammonia–water slurry at temperatures as low as 170 K (−103 °C), and thus not as much energy is required to produce the plume activity. However, the abundance of particles in the south polar plume favors the "cold geyser" model, as opposed to an ice sublimation model.[2]
Alternatively, Kieffer et al. (2006) suggest that Enceladus's geysers originate from clathrate hydrates, where carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen are released when exposed to the vacuum of space by the active, tiger stripe fractures.[57] This hypothesis would not require the amount of heat needed to melt water ice as required by the "cold geyser" model, and would explain the lack of ammonia.
Ammonia discovery[edit]
In July 2009 it was announced that ammonia had been discovered during flybys in July and October 2008.[58]
Internal structure[edit]
Before the Cassini mission, relatively little was known about the interior of Enceladus. However, results from recent flybys of Enceladus by the Cassini spacecraft have provided information for models of Enceladus's interior. These include a better determination of the mass and tri-axial ellipsoid shape, high-resolution observations of the surface, and new insights on Enceladus's geochemistry.
Mass estimates from the Voyager program missions suggested that Enceladus was composed almost entirely of water ice.[30] However, based on the effects of Enceladus's gravity on Cassini, its mass was determined to be much higher than previously thought, yielding a density of 1.61 g/cm³.[2] This density is higher than Saturn's other mid-sized icy satellites, indicating that Enceladus contains a greater percentage of silicates and iron. With additional material besides water ice, Enceladus's interior may have experienced comparatively more heating from the decay of radioactive elements.
Castillo et al. 2005 suggested that Iapetus, and the other icy satellites of Saturn, formed relatively quickly after the formation of the Saturnian subnebula, and thus were rich in short-lived radionuclides.[59] These radionuclides, like aluminium-26 and iron-60, have short half-lives and would produce interior heating relatively quickly. Without the short-lived variety, Enceladus's complement of long-lived radionuclides would not have been enough to prevent rapid freezing of the interior, even with Enceladus's comparatively high rock–mass fraction, given Enceladus's small size.[60] Given Enceladus's relatively high rock–mass fraction, the proposed enhancement in 26Al and 60Fe would result in a differentiated body, with an icy mantle and a rocky core.[61] Subsequent radioactive and tidal heating would raise the temperature of the core to 1000 K, enough to melt the inner mantle. However, for Enceladus to still be active, part of the core must have melted too, forming magma chambers that would flex under the strain of Saturn's tides. Tidal heating, such as from the resonance with Dione or from libration, would then have sustained these hot spots in the core until the present, and would power the current geological activity.[62]
In addition to its mass and modeled geochemistry, researchers have also examined Enceladus's shape to test whether it is differentiated or not. Porco et al. 2006 used limb measurements to determine that Enceladus's shape, assuming it is in hydrostatic equilibrium, is consistent with an undifferentiated interior, in contradiction to the geological and geochemical evidence.[2] However, the current shape also supports the possibility that Enceladus is not in hydrostatic equilibrium, and may have rotated faster at some point in the recent past (with a differentiated interior).[61]
Possible water ocean[edit]
In late 2008, scientists observed water vapor spewing from Enceladus's surface, and it was later discovered that this vapor trails into Saturn.[63] This could indicate the presence of liquid water, which might also make it possible for Enceladus to support life.[64] Candice Hansen,[65] a scientist with NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab, headed up a research team on the plumes after they were found to be moving at ~2,189 kilometers per hour (1,360 miles per hour). Since that speed is difficult to attain unless liquids are involved, they decided to investigate the compositions of the plumes.[66]
Eventually it was discovered that in the E-ring about 6% of particles contain 0.5–2% of sodium salts by mass, which is a significant amount. In the parts of the plume close to Enceladus the fraction of "salty" particles increases to 70% by number and >99% by mass. Such particles presumably are frozen spray from the salty underground ocean. On the other hand, the small salt-poor particles form by homogeneous nucleation directly from the gas phase. The sources of salty particles are uniformly distributed along the tiger stripes, whereas sources of "fresh" particles are closely related to the high-speed gas jets. The "salty" particles move slowly and mostly fall back onto the surface, while the fast "fresh" particles escape to the E-ring, explaining its salt-poor composition.[67]
The "salty" composition of the plume strongly suggests that its source is a subsurface salty ocean or subsurface caverns filled with salty water.[68] Alternatives such as the clathrate sublimation hypothesis can not explain how "salty" particles form.[67] Additionally, Cassini found traces of organic compounds in some dust grains.[67][69] Enceladus is therefore a candidate for harboring extraterrestrial life.[70]
The presence of liquid water under the crust implies that there is an internal heat source. It is now thought to be a combination of radioactive decay and tidal heating,[71][72] as tidal heating alone is not sufficient to explain the heat.
Heat flux[edit]
Heating on Enceladus has occurred through various mechanisms ever since its formation. Radioactive decay in its core may have initially heated it, giving it a warm core and a subsurface ocean, which is now kept above freezing through tidal and shear heating. The detection of various chemicals and observation of crystalline ice around the south polar Tiger Stripes region provide support for the subsurface-ocean hypothesis. However, the observed power output of 5 gigawatts is challenging to explain from tidal heating.[2]
Radiogenic heating[edit]
The "hot start" model of heating suggests Enceladus began as ice and rock that contained rapidly decaying radioactive isotopes of aluminum and iron. Enormous amounts of heat were then produced by the decay of those isotopes over a period of about 7 million years, resulting in the consolidation of rocky material at the core surrounded by a shell of ice. Although the heat from radioactivity would decrease over time, the combination of radioactivity and tidal forces from Saturn's gravitational tug could prevent the subsurface ocean from freezing.[72]
The present-day radiogenic heating rate is 3.2 × 1015 ergs/s, assuming Enceladus has a composition of ice, iron and silicate materials.[2]
Tidal heating[edit]
Tidal heating occurs through the tidal friction processes: orbital and rotational energy are dissipated as heat in the crust of an object. Tidal dissipation of Enceladus's ice crust is significant provided Enceladus has a subsurface ocean. However, scientific models of heating on Enceladus suggest that despite the increased heat from tidal dissipation, the total heating of Enceladus is not enough to maintain a subsurface ocean for more than 30 million years (Enceladus is billions of years old), even if the ocean contains other chemical components which lower its freezing point, such as salts. However, if Enceladus had a more eccentric orbit in the past, the enhanced tidal forces could be sufficient to maintain a subsurface ocean. A periodic enhancement in eccentricity could maintain a subsurface ocean that periodically changes in size.[73] Previous models suggest that resonant perturbations of Dione could provide the necessary periodic eccentricity changes to maintain the subsurface ocean of Enceladus, if the ocean contains a substantial amount of ammonia.[2] Most scientists believe the current observed heat flux of Enceladus is not enough to maintain a subsurface ocean alone, and therefore any subsurface ocean must be a remnant of a period of higher eccentricity and tidal dissipation, or is heated through another mechanism.[74][73] The surface of Enceladus indicates that the entire moon has experienced periods of enhanced heat flux in the past.[75] However, using astrometric data of the orbits of Saturn's main moons taken over more than a century, scientists have reputedly discovered that Saturn has a much higher dissipation factor than previously measured. As a consequence, tidal heating on Enceladus may account entirely for a subsurface ocean at equilibrium.[76]
Shear heating[edit]
Heat on Enceladus is released into space through shear heating. Lateral fault motions of 0.5m per orbital period produced by tidal forces are releasing the heat and vapor detected by the Cassini spacecraft. Cracks in a 5-km deep surface ice sheet along these fault lines are created by the heat from these motions, and release vapor from a subsurface ocean into space in plumes.[76]
Observations of heat flux[edit]
Vapor plumes detected in the tiger stripe region near the south pole of Enceladus are likely indicative of a surface ice sheet approximately 5 km thick sheltering a subsurface liquid water ocean. The Cassini spacecraft measured the heat flux in these plumes. Models of this heat flux data indicate that this heat flux is coming from small, very hot regions of the surface of Enceladus, such as the narrow cracks in the tiger stripe region near the south pole. The detection of crystalline ice in the tiger stripes of Enceladus, as opposed to the amorphous ice which is seen across the rest of its surface, indicate higher temperatures within the tiger stripes, as crystalline ice requires higher temperatures to form.[77] Measurements of thermal emission from the tiger stripes over 16 months illustrated that these regions are constantly hot and releasing thermal energy, suggesting that they are in thermal equilibrium.[8] This is supported by another study predicts that the tiger-stripe regions will be hotter relative to the rest of the surface, with highest relative temperatures at the lower-latitude branch of Damascus, Cairo and Alexandria.[78]
Evidence for subsurface water ocean[edit]
The tidal displacements required in the shear heating model suggest that the ice shell is decoupled from its core by a subsurface ocean.[79] In addition, the observed thermal energy radiating from the south pole provides enough power to explain the currently observed shape of Enceladus assuming an outer ice shell decoupled from the core by a subsurface ocean.[80] Furthermore, continuous emission of heat as seen in the tiger stripes of the ice shell at the south pole should be sufficient to induce internal melting and could sustain a layer of liquid water at depth over geologic timescales.[81]
See also[edit]
Notes and references[edit]
Explanatory notes
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- ^ Nimmo, F.; Spencer, Pappalardo, Mullen (2007). "Shear heating as the origin of the plumes and heat flux on Enceladus". Nature 447 (7142): 289–291. doi:10.1038/nature05783. PMID 17507976.
- ^ Collins, G. C.; Goodman, J. C. (2007). "Enceladus' south polar sea". Icarus 189 (1): 72–82. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.01.010.
- ^ Tobie, G.; Cadek, Sotin (2008). "Solid tidal friction above a liquid water reservoir as the origin of the south pole hotspot on Enceladus". Icarus 196 (2): 642–652. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.03.008.
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- Enceladus Profile at NASA's Solar System Exploration site
- Calvin Hamilton's Enceladus page
- Enceladus page at The Nine Planets
- The Planetary Society: Enceladus information
- Cassini Mission Enceladus Page. Contains catalog of released Cassini Images of Enceladus
- CHARM: Cassini–Huygens Analysis and Results from the Mission page, contains presentations on recent Enceladus results
- Paul Schenk's 3D images and flyover videos of Enceladus and other outer solar system satellites
- Cassini images of Enceladus
- Images of Enceladus at JPL's Planetary Photojournal
- Movie of Enceladus's rotation from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- Enceladus global and polar basemaps (February 2010) from Cassini images
- Enceladus atlas (May 2010) from Cassini images
- Enceladus nomenclature and Enceladus map with feature names from the USGS planetary nomenclature page
- Small Bodies Atlas: Enceladus. Phil Stooke's Atlas page for Enceladus containing a catalog of Voyager Enceladus images as well as maps based on Voyager Images