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US 4644564 A Abstract A maximum-likelihood sequence decoder is used with a partial-response signaling system for processing sequences of sampled values from a communication channel or recording device. The partial-response signals can be duobinary, dicode, or partial-response class-IV. The maximum-likelihood decoding for each sequence can be based upon a two-state trellis. Instead of two survivor metrics for two states, only a difference metric is necessary.
Claims(3) 1. An apparatus for maximum-likelihood sequence decoding of sample sequences with intersymbol interference of the partial-response class-IV type, said apparatus forming a decoder processing path responsive to received signals x.sub.t, said path typically including ad seriatim a whitened-matched filter (13), sampling means (15), metric value determining circuitry (19), and storage updating means (21) for survivor sequences, characterized in that:
the metric value determining circuitry (FIG. 6) comprises: a subtractor (85) having as a first input thereto a sample value y.sub.n ; a unit (81) for limiting the output of the subtractor to a range between +1 and -1; means (91) for combining the output of the limiting unit and the sample value and for providing binary sign magnitude indication of said combined output b.sub.n-1 ; and a path (87) applying the combining means output DJ.sub.n-1 as a second input DJ.sub.n-2 to the subtractor; said metric determining circuitry being further characterized in that: said combining means output DJ.sub.n-1 representing a recursive difference survivor metric formed from the range limited difference between the sample value y.sub.n-1 ; and said subtractor output representing the difference between combining means output DJ.sub.n-1 and the sample value y.sub.n. 2. A method of maximum-likelihood sequence decoding of the output signal of a communication or recording device channel, said channel synchronously transmitting or recording a sequence of binary symbols a.sub.n =+1 or -1, n being an integer symbol time index, said output signal being filtered and sampled to obtain samples y.sub.n with intersymbol interference of the partial-response classes described by the polynomials 1+d, 1-d, or 1-d.sup.2.sup.2, the method determining from the samples y.sub.n the most likely transmitted or recorded sequence of binary symbols, said method being executable on a decoder of the type having a memory for storing binary valued indicia of state transitions underlying said decoding method, comprising the steps of:
recursively computing a difference metric at each sampling instant, which metric represents the difference between implicit survivor metrics, each implicit survivor metric indicating the probability of occurrence of the binary survivor sequence obtained and stored in the decoder memory, the recursive computing step further including the steps of: generating two binary symbol decisions and using said decision to extend the binary survivor sequences stored in the path memory, the sign of the difference metric determining at each sampling instant which one of the survivor sequences currently stored in the path memory is the more probable sequence from which the output of the decoder is to be selected. 3. A method according to claim 2, wherein the maximum-likelihood sequence decoding of sample signals with intersymbol interference of the partial-response class-IV type being described by polynomial 1-d.sup.2, and further wherein the sequences of even and odd indexed samples y.sub.n are independently decoded based upon independent state transition diagrams with two states at each sampling instant.
Description Partial-response signaling is a technique which enforces spectral properties by allowing a controlled amount of intersymbol interference. A survey of partial-response signaling is given in the article by P. Kabal et al, "Partial Response Signaling", IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. COM-23, No. 9, September 1975, pp. 921-934. With maximum-likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE), most partial-response schemes perform practically as well as a system without intersymbol interference. Reference is made in the article by H. Kobayashi, "Application of Probabilistic Decoding to Digital Magnetic Recording Systems", stated above. Hence, no penalty has to be paid for the benefit of spectrum shaping, except for the higher complexity of the MLSE decoding hardware which performs the Viterbi decoding process. Partial-response "class-IV" (PR-IV) signaling leads to spectral nulls at DC and at half of the signaling rate. PR-IV is therefore well suited for channels with baseband-like characteristics, which do not transmit DC. Magnetic recording channels are of this type and PR-IV is therefore regarded as a promising technique to achieve higher storage density in digital magnetic recording systems. In the following, first the theory of MLSE for PR-IV signaling is reviewed. In the next section, two types of MLSE receivers with identical performance are discussed, called the whitened-matched filter (WMF) version and the matched filter (MF) version. They differ in the receiver filters used before sampling the received signal at signaling rate, and in the computation of survivor metrics in the Viterbi decoding process. In another section explaining basic invention features, it is shown that PR-IV sequences can be viewed as two "dicode" sequences which are interleaved, and that each dicode sequence can be decoded independently. For binary systems, as in saturation recording, the state-transition diagram of each dicode scheme exhibits then only two states. Instead of two survivor metrics, it is possible to compute only one difference survivor metric. In a further section, embodiments are disclosed which are digital implementations of Viterbi decoders utilizing pipelined handling of interleaved PR-IV sequences, some of them using difference survivor metrics. Simplicity and capability for operation at high speed are achieved by decoding the two dicode sequences in an interleaved and pipelined fashion. A dicode decoder is the same as the partial-response class-IV decoder with the interleaving and pipelining removed. A duobinary decoder is similar to a dicode decoder with the signs of certain quantities changed. The discussion focuses on the partial-response class-IV decoder. The changes necessary for the dicode and duobinary cases are given at the end of each section. FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a transmission system in which the present invention finds application. A sequence of binary values a.sub.n =+1 and a.sub.n =-1 is transmitted at rate 1/T through a channel 11. White noise w(t) is added during transmission. x(t) is the resulting continuous input signal of the receiver. It should be noted that channel 11 can also be a magnetic recording device, that the white noise w(t) is added during recording and reading, and that x(t) is the output signal of a magnetic reading transducer. Signal x(t) is applied to a receiver filter 13. For the present case, this may be either a whitened-matched filter (WMF), or a matched filter (MF), as will be explained later. The filter output is a continuous signal y(t) or z(t), depending on the type of filter. The filter output signal is sampled at regular intervals T by sampling means 15. The result is a sequence of time-discrete samples y.sub.n or z.sub.n, respectively. These samples are furnished to a Viterbi decoder 17 in which they are used in a maximum-likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) process to obtain binary output values b.sub.n with a given delay. Viterbi decoder 17 essentially comprises a section 19 for survivor metric determination and tentative selection of binary output values, and a section 20 for storage and updating of survivor sequences which allows final selection of the binary output values. The present invention is concerned with the means for MLSE decoding contained in Viterbi decoder 17. In the sequel, some theoretical explanations will be given prior to the detailed description of the invention and the selected embodiments. As shown in FIG. 1, PR-IV signaling results from sending a data sequence (a.sub.n) at the rate 1/T through a channel whose response to an isolated input a.sub.o =+1 is given by ##EQU1## In the frequency domain, this corresponds to the channel transfer characteristics ##EQU2## At the output of the channel the received signal becomes ##EQU3## where w(t) is assumed to be additive wide-band white noise. The above description of a PR-IV transmission system applies as well to a magnetic recording system where in the case of saturation recording the data amplitudes are binary: a.sub.n =.+-.1. Only a modest amount of equalization is required to shape the actual read signal into the form described by (1) and (3). In practice, this equalization can be regarded as being combined with the further filtering required prior to signal sampling and detection. The function h(t) is shown in FIG. 2(a). The transmission characteristic of the channel is depicted in FIG. 2(c). Two receiver versions for PR-IV signals are described. They are equivalent in that both perform true maximum-likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE). As mentioned above, they differ in the receiver filters used. The whitened-matched filter (WMF) version is more commonly known. In the particular case of the signal being given by (3), the WMF to be used as a receiver filter is just an ideal low-pass filter with cutoff frequency 1/2T. Its transmission characteristic is shown in FIG. 2(d). The output of this filter is given by ##EQU4## where h(t) was defined by (1) and has a shape as shown in FIG. 2(a), and r(t) denotes white noise band-limited to 1/2T. For the matched filter (MF) version, the receiver filter is matched to the channel characteristic given by (2), i.e. it has a characteristic as shown in FIG. 2(c). Thus, if causality is ignored, the receiver filter exhibits the transfer function ##EQU5## The overall response of the channel and MF to an isolated input a.sub.o =+1 is then given by ##EQU6## and the signal observed at the output of the MF becomes ##EQU7## The noise p(t) is band-limited to 1/2T and correlated. The function s(t) is shown in FIG. 2(b). Sampling the outputs of the WMF and the MF at times nT, leads, respectively, to the sampled signals y.sub.n =a.sub.n -a.sub.n-2 +r.sub.n, (8) z.sub.n =-a.sub.n-2 +2a.sub.n -a.sub.n-2 +q.sub.n =-y.sub.n-2 +y.sub.n. (9) The last equality in (9) expresses the fact that the MF output samples could also be obtained by digital filtering of the WMF output signals. In the WMF case, the noise samples (r.sub.n) are uncorrelated. The most likely transmitted sequence (a.sub.n) is the binary sequence a.sub.n '=.+-.1 which minimizes ##EQU8## a.sub.k ' designates here an undetermined value. It may be either +1 or -1. The most likely sequence (a.sub.k) for a given sequence of received samples (y.sub.k) is the one which when substituted for the a.sub.k ''s in equation (10) yields the minimum sum y.sub.k +a.sub.k '+a.sub.k-2 '. The squared terms of the right-hand side of (10) are identical for all sequences (a.sub.n '). Hence, minimization of (10) is equivalent to maximizing the cost function ##EQU9## For the MF case, an equivalent cost function is obtained by replacing in the term y.sub.k a.sub.k-2 ' of (11) the index k by k+2, which does not change the result of the summation. Replacing then from (9) y.sub.k -y.sub.k+2 by z.sub.k leads to ##EQU10## In the sequel, the following notation is used for the cost function: ##EQU11## where the auxiliary function v.sub.k is defined as ##EQU12## The sequence which maximizes J is determined by the Viterbi decoding algorithm. The cost function J can be rewritten as ##EQU13## Hence, its maximization can be carried out separately for JE with respect to (a.sub.k ', k even), and for JO with respect to (a.sub.k ', k odd). As illustrated in FIG. 3, this point of view corresponds to treating PR-IV sequences characterized by the polynomial 1-D.sup.2, where D refers to a delay T, as two independent interleaved "dicode" partial-response sequences with polynomial 1-D, where D refers to a delay of 2T. (For an explanation of dicode sequences, refer to the above-mentioned article by P. Kabal et al, "Partial Response Signaling".) A Viterbi decoder operating in an interleaved fashion on the two dicode schemes requires for each scheme only two states. The Viterbi algorithm is now developed as it applies to one of the two interleaved dicode systems. Hence, in the following derivation indices are either even or odd. A general description of the Viterbi algorithm is given in the above-mentioned article by G. Forney, "The Viterbi Algorithm", and in a publication by J. F. Hayes, "The Viterbi Algorithm Applied to Digital Data Transmission", Communication Society Magazine, Vol. 13, March 1975, pp. 15-20. The Viterbi algorithm for one dicode system is illustrated in FIG. 4. It determines in a two-state trellis diagram the sequence . . . , a.sub.n-2, a.sub.n, a.sub.n+2, . . . which maximizes JE or JO as given by (13). This is accomplished by recursively computing for each time n two "survivor metrics" ##EQU14## which represent the maximum cost up to time n, for an hypothesized last symbol a.sub.n '=+1 and -1, respectively. The optimum sequences resulting from (17) are called the "survivor sequences", denoted by q.sub.n (a.sub.n ')=[. . . , a.sub.n-4 (a.sub.n '), a.sub.n-2 (a.sub.n ')], a.sub.n '=+1, -1. (18) The survivor metrics and associated survivor sequences are extended by the recursion ##EQU15## where a.sub.n-2 (a.sub.n ') is the value of a.sub.n-2 ' which maximizes the right-hand side of (19). The recursion of survivor metrics for the WMF and MF version are explicitly given below. WMF Version: J.sub.n (+1)=max[J.sub.n-2 (+1)+1; J.sub.n-2 (-1)+2y.sub.n -1](21) J.sub.n (-1)=max[J.sub.n-2 (+1)-2y.sub.n -1; J.sub.n-2 (-1)+1](22) MF Version: J.sub.n (+1)=max[J.sub.n-2 (+1)+z.sub.n +1; J.sub.n-2 (-1)+z.sub.n -1](23) J.sub.n (-1)=max[J.sub.n-2 +1)-z.sub.n -1; J.sub.n-2 (-1)-z.sub.n +1](24) The Viterbi decoding process for binary dicode sequences can be significantly simplified by considering not the pairs of explicit survivor metrics but only the difference between the survivor metrics, i.e. DJ.sub.n =[J.sub.n (+1)-J.sub.n (-1)]/2. (25) From FIG. 4, it can be seen that four possible extensions of the survivor sequences are to be considered: ##STR1## The corresponding path selections are indicated on the right. Considering the above four cases, and observing (21)-(25), allows the determination of the following recursions for the difference survivor metrics: WMF Version: ##EQU16## MF Version: ##EQU17## The conditions in the above recursions reveal that extension (d) can never occur. The non-occurrence of this extension can be seen in FIG. 4. The theoretical background for the dicode (1-d) and the duobinary (1+d) systems is similar to that given in equations (1)-(28). The following summarizes the differences and gives the final results. The equations corresponding to (27) and (28) are directed to the dicode and duobinary cases. The processing of samples from a dicode channel is the same as the processing of the even (or odd) subsequence described for partial-response class-IV. The dicode versions of equations (8)-(28) are obtained by changing all occurrences of time indices n+2, k+2, n-2, and k-2, n+1, k+1, n-1, and k-1, respectively. Splitting into even and odd subsequences as described by equation (16) is omitted. The recursions for the survivor metrics corresponding to equations (27) and (28) are: WMF Dicode Version: ##EQU18## MF Dicode Version: ##EQU19## The duobinary versions of equations (8)-(28) can be obtained from the dicode versions by changing the signs of certain terms. For example, (8) and (9) become: y.sub.n =a.sub.n +a.sub.n-1 +r.sub.n z.sub.n =a.sub.n+1 +2a.sub.n +a.sub.n-1 +p.sub.n =y.sub.n+1 +y.sub.n. The recursions for the difference survivor metrics for duobinary are: WMF Duobinary Version: ##EQU20## MF Duobinary Version: ##EQU21## In the following section, embodiments of the Viterbi decoder or MLSE decoder 17 which incorporate the invention are described. As shown generally in FIG. 1, the Viterbi decoder consists of a first section 19 for determining survivor metrics and for obtaining intermediate and tentative values for the receiver output signal, and a second section 21 for storing and updating the survivor sequences furnished by section 19, and for making the final selection of output values. Three embodiments are disclosed for section 19, in connection with FIGS. 5, 6, and 7. A suitable implementation of a limiter-decision circuit used in the second and third embodiments will be disclosed with reference to FIG. 8. Finally, one implementation of section 21 is explained and shown in FIG. 9. Each of these embodiments is described first for the partial-response class-IV channel. The modifications necessary to convert them to dicode and duobinary are described at the end. It should be noted that the digital circuitry discussed in the following generates binary output quantities which assume either value 0 or 1, and are therefore designated as "b.sub.n " or "b.sub.n ". In the previous discussion, the signal elements were amplitudes which assume either value +1 or -1, and they are designated as "a.sub.n " or "a.sub.n ". The transition from one form to the other is formally given below in equations (29) and (30). In FIG. 5, an embodiment of section 19 of the Viterbi decoder is shown which determines two survivor metrics for the two states of the decoder, and which furnishes intermediate values b.sup.+.sub.n-5, b.sup.-.sub.n-5 and a tentative output value b.sub.n-4 for further handling in section 21. This circuitry is suited for both the WMF case and the MF case and implements the function given in equation (19). It comprises V unit 25 which computes for an applied input value y.sub.n or z.sub.n, the value of auxiliary function v.sub.n (a.sub.n ', a.sub.n-2 ') according to either equation (14) or (15). Values a.sub.n and a.sub.n-2, which are assumed received amplitude values, can both be +1 as well as -1 so that V unit 25 for each input value furnishes four output values which are stored in clocked registers 27, 29, 31, and 33. These v.sub.n values can be considered metric increments because they have to be added to the survivor metrics previously accumulated. Four adders 35, 37, 39, and 51 are provided for adding the contents of registers 27 . . . 33, i.e. the four previously stored values of v.sub.n-1, and two previously determined metric values J.sub.n-3, as required by equation (19). The results are stored in clocked registers 43, 45, 47, and 49, respectively. For determining the maximum value for each pair of register contents, two subtractors 51 and 53 are provided. They determine the sign bit of the difference of the respective pair of values, and furnish these as binary values b.sup.+.sub.n-4 and b.sup.-.sub.n-4 to two flipflop circuits 55 and 57. Previously stored contents of these two flipflops represent the two intermediate values b.sup.+n-5 and b.sup.-.sub.n-5, which are furnished on lins 59 and 61 as output values of section 19. The formal relationship between decoded values a.sub.n-5 and the actual binary output values b.sub.n-5 is as follows: ##EQU22## With the aid of multiplexers or gating circuits 63 and 65, the sign bits available at the outputs of subtractors 51 and 53 select the maximum of each pair of values stored in registers 43/45 and 47/49, respectively, and furnish the resulting two values as metric values J.sub.n-2 (+1) and J.sub.n-2 (1) to clocked registers 67 and 69. The previously stored values in these registers, J.sub.n-3 (+1) and J.sub.n-3 (-1), are on one hand furnished to adders 35 . . . 41 as was previously mentioned. On the other hand, they are furnished to a subtractor 71 which on its output delivers the sign bit of the difference DJ.sub.n-3. This sign bit is complemented in inverter circuit 73 and the result is transferred as binary value b.sub.n-3 to flipflop circuit 75. The previously stored contents of this flipflop represent the tentative decoder output value b.sub.n-4 which is furnished on line 79 as the third output value of section 19. The formal relationship between survivor metrics J.sub.n-4 and the tentative binary output values b.sub.n-4 is as follows: ##EQU23## It should be noted that the survivor metrics are not normalized but are allowed to wrap around the maximum values in their two's complement representation. With a sufficient word length, the add and subtract operations will still produce correct results. At the bottom of FIG. 5, boxes with indices are shown which illustrate the fact that the circuitry has separate stages. Each of the double vertical lines indicates where the circuitry comprises storage units that separate stages. At any time, each section contains only values either with even indices or with odd indices. At each clock time, the whole contents are shifted from one stage to the next for further processing, but no mixing between odd and even indexed values occurs. This shows that in the whole circuity, two subsequences with odd and even indices, respectively, are handled completely separately as indicated in FIG. 3, but in an interleaved and pipelined manner. Nevertheless, the sequence of input values and the sequence of output values are continuous, i.e. they need not be expressly separated into two subsequences because this splitting occurs automatically within the circuit of FIG. 4 due to the separation of stages by clocked storage units, and due to suitable feedback between stages. FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of section 19 of the Viterbi decoder which does not explicitly determine the two survivor metrics but only their difference. This second embodiment is suited for the WMF (whitened-matched filter) version of the receiver, i.e. the version producing receiver samples y.sub.n (equation 8). The circuitry implements equation (27). The quantity shown next to each line in FIG. 6 indicates the number of bits transferred on that line in parallel. In the absence of noise, the samples y.sub.n can assume three possible values, i.e. levels -2, 0, +2 (see equation 8). Thus, if the range -4≦y.sub.n <+4 should be covered, and intervals between adjacent levels are divided into 2.sup.L sublevels, L+2 bits are required to represent y.sub.n in a two's complement representation. For soft decoding, the value for L should be chosen between 2 and 4. An important portion of the circuitry of FIG. 6 is the limiter-decision unit 81. With the aid of this unit, intermediate values b.sup.+.sub.k and b.sup.-.sub.k (as defined in equation 29) are obtained with shorter processing delay. Limiter-decision unit 81 generates from an input sample P.sub.k an output sample Q.sub.k and intermediate values b.sup.+.sub.k and b.sup.-.sub.k in accordance with the following rule: ##EQU24## Limiter-decision unit 81 can be implemented either as a read-only store (ROS), as a programmable logic array (PLA), or by discrete logic. An example is shown in FIG. 8 and will be explained later. Referring again to FIG. 6, an input value y.sub.n is stored in clocked register 83 and also furnished to one input of subtractor 85. The other input of subtractor 85 receives a previously obtained survivor metric difference value DJ.sub.n-2 which is stored in clocked register 87. The output of subtractor 85 is sample P.sub.n-2 which indicates in which of three regions the difference falls, i.e. whether the first, second, or third condition of equations (27) and (31) applies. The output value Q.sub.n-2 of limiter-decision unit 81 is stored in a clocked register 89. Contents of registers 83 and 89 are added in adder 91 to obtain a new survivor metric difference value DJ.sub.n-1 in accordance with equation (27), which is then stored in register 87. Limiter-decision unit 81 also furnishes the two binary intermediate values b.sup.+.sub.n-2 and b.sup.-.sub.n-2 which are stored in flipflop 93 and 95, respectively. Previously stored binary intermediate values b.sup.+.sub.n-3 and b.sup.-.sub.n-3 are available on output lines 59a and 61a, which also constitute two of the outputs of the whole circuitry of FIG. 6. One output line of adder 91, i.e. the one carrying the sign bit, is connected to an inverter 97 which complements the sign of DJ.sub.n-1. This complement is the tentative output value b.sub.n-1 which is stored in flipflop 99. The previusly stored tentative output value b.sub.n-2 is available on line 79a which constitutes the third output of the whole circuitry. Similar as for FIG. 5, also at the bottom of FIG. 6 boxes with indices are shown. These boxes indicating separate stages and intermediate clocked storage units also illustrate the interleaved and pipelined handling of two sequences of alternating samples. A comparison between FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 reveals that fewer stages are required for the circuitry of FIG. 6, thus it has less delay and needs less hardware. A third embodiment of section 19 of the Viterbi decoder is illustrated in FIG. 7. It also directly determines the survivor metric difference value DJ.sub.k. The third embodiment is suited for the MF (matched filter) version of the receiver, i.e. it operates with receiver samples z.sub.n as defined in equation (9), and it implements equation (28). In the MF case, sample values z.sub.n assume (without noise) the five levels -4, -2, 0, +2, +4 in accordance with equation (9). Thus, assuming again 2.sup. sublevels, L+3 bits are needed to represent z.sub.n in the range -8≦z.sub.n <+8. The circuitry of FIG. 7 comprises the same limiter-decision unit as the circuitry of FIG. 6. Here, this unit has reference number 81a (detailed embodiment shown in FIG. 8). The output same Q.sub.n-1 of unit 81a is stored in clocked register 101. Adder 103 is provided to combine the previous sample Q.sub.n-2 from register 101 and the input value z.sub.n to obtain a new survivor metric difference value DJ.sub.n which is to be stored in clocked register 105. The previous survivor metric difference DJ.sub.n-1 is furnished from register 105 directly to the input of limiter-decision unit 81 as sample P.sub.n-1. Two outputs of limiter-decision unit 81 furnish the binary intermediate values b.sup.+.sub.n-1 and b.sup.-.sub.n-1 which are stored in flipflop 107 and 109, respectively. Contents of these flipflops are furnished as intermediate values b.sup.+.sub.n-2 and b.sup.-.sub.n-2 on output lines 59b and 61b, respectively. The sign bit output line of adder 103 of DJ.sub.n furnishes tentative output value b.sub.n. The latter is stored in flipflop 113. The previously stored binary value b.sub.n-1 is furnished from flipflop 113 to output line 79b. The output lines 59b and 79b are connected to the inputs of the survivor sequence storage and updating section 21 shown in FIG. 9, as will be explained later. The blocks at the bottom of FIG. 7 with indices inserted illustrate also for this case the different stages of the circuitry separated by clocked storage units, which enable the pipelined and interleaved processing of the two dicode subseqeunces. A comparison of FIGS. 5, 6, and 7 immediately reveals that among the three metric-computation schemes presented, the MF version with difference metric calculation (FIG. 7) offers the lowest circuit complexity, capability of operation at highest signaling rate (from a circuit delay consideration), and shortest delay in producing binary decision values. Another advantage of the second and third embodiments over the first is that the difference metric is automatically normalized. Equations (27) and (28) show that it does not accumulate as the individual survivor metrics do. There is no need to provide extra word length to allow for wrap around. FIG. 8 shows an embodiment of limiter-decision unit 81/81a for the case L=4 comprising discrete logic circuits. As mentioned previously, this unit implements equation (31). It has eight inputs for the eight bits of a sample P.sub.k which is presented in binary two's complement notation (most significant bit P.sub.k,4 in the position having value 2.sup.4, least significant bit P.sub.k,-3 in the position having value 2.sup.-3). Similarly, five outputs are provided for the five bits of a sample Q.sub.k in binary two's complement notation (Q.sub.k,1 is most significant bit in the position having value 2.sup.1, Q.sub.k,-3 is least significant bit in the position having value 2.sup.-3). Furthermore, two outputs for binary intermediate values b.sup.+.sub.k and b.sup.-.sub.k are provided. The five input lines for the most significant bits of P.sub.k (integer portion) are connected to the inputs of a first NOR circuit 115 and also through a group of inverters 117 to the inputs of a second NOR circuit 119. The three input lines for the least significant digits of P.sub.k (fractional portion) are connected through a group of inverters 121 to the inputs of an NAND circuit 123 and to the inputs of a group of three NOR circuits 125. The outputs of NOR circuits 115 and 119 are combined in an NOR circuit 127, and the outputs of NOR circuit 119 and NAND circuit 123 are combined in an NAND circuit 129. The two output lines for the most significant digits of Q.sub.k (integer portion) are connected directly to the most significant input line of P.sub.k and through an inverter 131 to the output of NOR circuit 115, respectively. The three output lines for the least significant bits of Q.sub.k (fractional portion) are connected to the outputs of the three NOR circuits 125 whose second inputs are connected to the output of NOR gate 127. The output line for the first binary intermediate value b.sup.+.sub.k is connected through an NAND circuit 133 directly to the output of NAND circuit 129 and to the input line of the most significant P.sub.k bit, and the output line for the second binary intermediate value b.sup.-.sub.k is connected through an NOR circuit 135 directly to the output of NOR circuit 115 and also the input line of the most significant P.sub.k bit. Details of section 21 of the Viterbi decoder 17, for the storage and updating of survivor sequences, are shown in FIG. 9. In consists essentially of two shift registers 137 and 139 each comprising 2m-1 flipflop stages arranged in sequence. Every second flipflop is connected to its successor through a multiplexer or gating circuit that allows to selectively transfer to the successor flipflop either the bit from the preceding flipflop stage of the same shift register or the bit from the corresponding flipflop stage of the other shift register. The control inputs of all multiplexers/gating circuits of one shift register are commonly connected to the input of the respective shift register, i.e. the binary value of the bit just inserted into the first stage of a shift register also determines the selections made by all multiplexers/gating circuits of the respective shift register. The output flipflop stages of both shift registers are connected to an additional multiplexer/gating circuit 141 which is controlled by a binary signal on selection control line 143. The output value of multiplexer/gating circuit 141 is stored in a final flipflop stage 145 having output line 147 for finally selected output bits b.sub.j-2m-1. As shown in FIG. 9, inputs of the two shift registers 137 and 139 are connected to the two intermediate value outputs (b.sup.+.sub.j-1) and (b.sup.-.sub.j-1) of section 19, i.e. output lines 59/59a/59b and 61/61a/61b of FIGS. 5, 6 or 7, respectively. Selection control line 143 is connected to the tentative output value line (b.sub.j) of section 19, i.e. output line 79/79a/79b of FIGS. 5, 6, or 7, respectively. Operation is as follows. The two shift registers store the two binary sequences which have the highest probability of being similar to the transmitted sequence (a.sub.n). Each sampling time two new intermediate values b.sup.+.sub.j-1 and b.sup.-.sub.j-1 appear which are inserted into the two shift register inputs and control the multiplexer selections during shifting of the two shift registers, thereby updating the stored survivor sequences and thus improving their likelihood with respect to the actually transmitted sequence of binary values (a.sub.n). Of the two oldest bits leaving the shift registers, only one is selected each sampling time by the newest tentative output value b.sub.j appearing at the output of section 19 and thus on selection control line 143. The finally selected bits are furnished sequentially on line 147 which is the output line of the whole Viterbi decoder 17. Section 21 shown in FIG. 9 has an additional portion 149 for providing a sequence of tentative output values which is required for timing recovery and gain control in the receiver. This section comprises an additional group of 2m-1 flipflops, each corresponding to one flipflop stage in the two shift registers 137 and 139 (except the last stage). The flipflops are arranged in pairs as shown, and the input of each pair (except the first one) is connected to a multiplexer/gating circuit whose two inputs are connected to the output of an associated flipflop stage in the first (137) and second (139) shift register, respectively. The control inputs of all multiplexers in portion 149 as well as the input to the first pair of flipflops are connected to control line 149, i.e. to output line 79 (or 79a, 79b) of survivor metric section 19. Thus, the outputs of all flipflops in portion 149 together with the output of flipflop 145 deliver, at each sampling time, a sequence of tentative output values b.sub.j, b.sub.j-1, . . . , b.sub.j-2m-1 which is not equal but already very similar to the final output sequence appearing sequentially on line 147. It is available, however, much earlier than the final output sequence and thus much more useful for timing and gain control required at the input of the receiver. As was mentioned earlier, indices j and j-1 at the inputs of FIG. 9 correspond to indices n-4 and n-5 at the outputs of FIG. 5, to indices n-2 and n-3 at the outputs of FIG. 6, and to indices n-1 and n-2 at the outputs of FIG. 7, respectively. Thus, in FIG. 9, the index j can be replaced by n-4, n-2, or n-1, depending on whether the binary decision values b.sup.+.sub.j-1, b.sup.-.sub.j-1, and b.sub.j originate from the circuitry of FIGS. 5, 6, or 7, respectively. If circuit delay permits, the single-bit registers (flipflops) 55/57/75, 93/95/99, and 107, 109, 113, which in FIGS. 5, 6, and 7 buffer the output values, can be omitted, thus reducing processing delay by one signaling period. Similar simplifications are also posible in connection with deriving tentative decisions from portion 149 and the final decision, if circuit delay is not critical in the further operations performed with these signals. The partial-response class-IV embodiments described above can be converted to dicode embodiments by removing the registers and flipflops used for interleaving and pipelining. Removing a register or flipflop means deleting it from the circuit and connecting its inputs directly to their corresponding outputs. The elements to be removed are 43, 45, 47, and 49 in FIG. 5 with elements 83, 89 in FIG. 6, 101 in FIG. 7, and 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, and 165 in FIG. 9. The dicode embodiments can be converted to duobinary embodiments by the following modifications. The "V unit" 25 in FIG. 5 should generate an output according to the duobinary versions of equations (14) and (15): ##EQU25## Subtractor 85 in FIG. 6 should be changed to an adder, and adder 91 should be changed to a subtractor. The designations of 61a and 59a should be interchanged. Further, the adder in FIG. 7 should be changed to a subtractor. The designation 61b and 59b should also be interchanged. ______________________________________TABLE OF SYMBOLS USED______________________________________a = discrete amplitudeb = binaryc = continuouss = sampled Value Range Time Relation______________________________________a.sub.ntransmitted value a sx(t) received signal c cy(t) filtered receiver c csignal (WMF)z(t) filtered receiver c csignal (MF)y.sub.nreceiver sample value c sz.sub.nreceiver sample value c sa'.sub.nassumed receiver value a sa.sub.nfinal decided receiver a soutput valueb.sub.n .sup..+-.intermediate output value b s(for a.sub.n = +1 or a.sub.n = -1b.sub.nfinal decided receiver b soutput valueJ.sub.nsurvivor metric, c scost factorDJ.sub.ndifference of two c ssurvivor metricsP.sub.kauxiliary quantity c sQ.sub.kauxiliary quantity c sV.sub.kauxiliary quantity c sh(t) transmission characteristic (channel or filter)s(t) transmission characteristic (filter)T signaling/sampling periodL defines the number 2.sup.L of sublevels between receivesignal levels______________________________________ FIG. 1 depicts schematic survey of a transmission/recording system which is the environment for the present invention. FIG. 2 sets out impulse responses and transmission spectra of channels and filters in the system of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of the separate handling of interleaved sequences in the decoder. FIG. 4 constitutes trellis diagrams for consecutive states of the survivor sequences in the decoder. FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of a first embodiment comprising circuitry for determining pairs of survivor metrics for two interleaved dicode sequences. FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of a second embodiment comprising circuitry for determining survivor metric differences in a whitened-matched filter receiver. FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of a third embodiment comprising circuitry for determining survivor metric differences in a matched filter receiver. FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of a limiter-decision unit for the circuitry of FIGS. 6 and 7. FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of the shift register and selection circuitry for storage and updating of survivor sequences. This invention relates to the decoding of a binary symbol sequence (a.sub.n) which appears at the output of a channel in modified form. In particular, the invention is concerned with maximum-likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) decoding of such a sequence which is received from a communication channel or recording device whose intersymbol interference is of a partial-response class described by one of three polynomials 1+d, 1-d, or 1-d.sup.2. Major application areas are PCM transmission and magnetic recording. Partial-response signaling allows a better handling of intersymbol interference and allows a more efficient utilization of the bandwidth of a given channel. In partial-response (PR) systems, a controlled amount of intersymbol interference can be allowed. As the intersymbol interference then is known, the receiver can take it into account. PR signaling in communications allows transmissions at the Nyquist rate, and provides an attractive trade-off between error probability and the available spectrum. The partial-response systems described by the polynomials 1+d, 1-d, and 1-d.sup.2 are also called duobinary, dicode, and class-IV, respectively. Maximum-likelihood sequence estimation, in particular the Viterbi algorithm, is an effective tool in receivers for improving the detection of symbol sequences in the presence of intersymbol interference. It as described in the articles by G. D. Forney, "The Viterbi Algorithm", Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 61, No. 3, March 1973, pp. 268-278, and by G. Ungerboeck, "Adaptive Maximum-likelihood Receiver for Carrier-modulated Data Transmission Systems", IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. COM-22, No. 5, May 1974, pp. 624-636. These articles also show some basic form of MLSE receivers or portions thereof. The utilization of MLSE or Viterbi algorithm in connection with partial-response signaling systems was already suggested for both above-mentioned application areas by a publication of H. Kobayashi, "Application of Probabilistic Decoding to Digital Magnetic Recording Systems", IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 15, No. 1, January 1971, pp. 64-74. The problem of maximum-likelihood sequence estimation can be stated as follows. Given a received sequence (z.sub.n), where n is an integer time index, choose from among all possible transmitted sequences (x.sub.n) the one which is most likely to cause (z.sub.n) to be received, i.e. choose (x.sub.n) to maximize p((z.sub.n) (x.sub.n) are not detected independently of one another, rather they are detected "in context". Maximum-likelihood sequence estimation can be done efficiently using the Viterbi algorithm, a form of dynamic programming. The Viterbi algorithm maintains a set of "survivor" sequences and a metric for each indicating the likelihood of that sequence. One property of these metrics is that their absolute values can grow without bound. It is an object of the present invention to devise a method and apparatus for reliably decoding a signal representing a sequence of time-discrete binary symbols received from a transmission channel or read in a recording device, which allow to reduce the necessary circuitry to a minimum and enable operation at high speed. It is a further object to generate tentative decisions with a minimum delay with respect to the time at which the signal representing the symbol is presented to the receiver. It is assumed that the channel synchronously transmits or records a sequence of binary symbols a.sub.n =+1 or a.sub.n =-1, with n being an integer symbol time index. The output signal is filtered and sampled so as to obtain values (y.sub.n) with intersymbol interference of a partial-response clase described by one of the three polynomials 1+d, 1-d, and 1-d.sup.2. A general description of partial-response signaling is given by P. Kabal et al, "Partial Response Signaling", IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. COM-23, No. 9, September 1975, pp. 921-934. The meaning of the above polynomials is that the output sample y.sub.n is obtained by multiplying the input sample a.sub.n by the polynomial and adding noise. The symbol d is the delay operator: da.sub.n =a.sub.(n-1). For example, 1-d: y.sub.n =(1-d)a.sub.n +r.sub.n =a.sub.n -a.sub.(n-1) +r.sub.n, where r.sub.n is the noise sample. The foregoing objects are satisfied in that the invention uses only two survivor sequences, and only the difference between the two metrics associated with these survivor sequences is computed and stored. Simplicity and efficiency result because less computing and storage resources are required to process the one difference metric that would have been required to process the two path metrics, and the difference metric cannot grow without bound as the path metrics can. Reliability results from the fact that the detected sequence is chosen by maximum-likelihood sequence estimation. It is the one most likely to cause the observed sequence of sampled values at the receiver. In the case of 1-d.sup.2 channel, interleaving and pipelining contribute to simplicity and speed of operation. The difference metric provides a convenient means of generating tentative decisions with very little delay. A limiter-decision circuit can be used to facilitate the calculation of the difference metric and the survivor sequences. The method steps include (a) partitioning the sample values y.sub.n into two separate sequences having even and odd time indices n, respectively, if class-IV partial-response (1-d.sup.2) is being used. In this case, the remaining steps are applied to the even and odd sequences independently of each other. As each sample y.sub.n is received, the operations performed include (b) recursively determining the new pair of survivor sequences and the new difference metric, and (c) producing tentative decisions and final decisions based on the stored survivor sequences and the sign of the difference metric. This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 06/520,666, filed on Aug. 5, 1983, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,571,734 in the name of F. B. Dolivo, G. Ungerboeck, and T. D. Howell. Patent Citations
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... Jeremy Blum email@example.com SCMP.com's picks for five of the most interest "smart" devices in development Twenty years ago, there was no such thing as a smart phone ... – a bygone era where phones were content to remain dumb. Fast forward to 2014, and suddenly "smart" is the way to go. The average consumer's iPhone or Samsung Galaxy is equipped with constantly ...
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text:
This morning the first thing on the channel was the following excellent news, that I shall now reproduce directly as-read:<directhex> it's official, moon binaries are now trivially installable on any ubuntu 9.04 system
<directhex> the 1-click url is apt:moonlight-plugin-mozilla
Awesome stuff directhex, many thanks ot you and everyone else that helped shine a bit of moonlight on jaunty!
PS: directhex also noted that the build servers are busy building, so not all architectures might be available right now, just give it a bit of time :)
Thursday, February 19, 2009
Moonlight shining on Ubuntu
Posted by Andreia Gaita at 11:37
9 comments:
Yeah, let's celebrate this disease.
Long live .NET !!! - 18:56
- directhex said...
Mister Oh-so-brave "Anonymous", I know this might confuse you, but here it is:
No thank you. If I wanted that kind of shit on my box I'd run windoze.
- 19:50
oh directhex that's so brave of you, you are using your nickname. So much more brave than a guy using 'Anonymous' I wanted to congratulate you for a well-executed ad hominem attack.
Anyway. Are you dumb? Just because it runs on Javascript doesn't make it any less than poisonous .net viral tech. Or do you think the fact .net is actually interpreted by some native program makes it a native program and less .net ? - 00:50
- directhex said...
"I wanted to congratulate you for a well-executed ad hominem attack."
If the message is bollocks, then the messenger is to blame. Waving "ZOMG! AD HOMINEMZ" about doesn't change that.
"Just because it runs on Javascript doesn't make it any less than poisonous .net viral tech. Or do you think the fact .net is actually interpreted by some native program makes it a native program and less .net ?"
Sadly, whilst ignorance can be cured, stupidity is terminal.
Do I think something not being .NET makes it not .NET? You know, I think I do. I think YOU don't understand a word of what you're saying, though.
How can something without a line of .NET or .NET-related source be ".net viral tech", oh all-knowing master of the Intertubes? - 01:44
- andreia|gaita said...
ah, the virtues of intelligence.
Let me just say first of all that I'm very disapointed at only getting this tiny amount of flames. Really, is this it?!? Don't I get angry mobs? Flaming torches? A little pitch fork? *sniff*
Anyway, could you minions go tell paranoid roy that he needs to be a little more determined in his research, because he missed the little blog post where I shout out to the world that I'm a mono dev? I know, it's really really well hidden away, but I don't want him to get his facts wrong, that I would just not be right for such a fact-concerned person. Thx! - 17:44
- FatButtLarry said...
Flames aside thx for the FYI. Bazaar how many people are upset to see .NET code work in Linux. They must not be programmers... :)
Moonlight 2.0... that's what I'm waiting for...
-Tres - 01:43
- Michael said...
Is there any way whatsoever to actually get the moonlight 2.0 alpha (or is the beta out now? Scheduled for May) installed on Ubuntu 9.04? I would really like to be able to use my netflix account with my laptop, otherwise I'll have to put windows back on the stupid thing.
I tried compiling from svn but no go. - 00:03
- andreia|gaita said...
@Michael: what a coincidence that you should ask that! Our freshly baked Moonlight 2.0 preview has just been posted and announced!
- 00:22


text:
Usain Bolt wins the 100m
Usain Bolt repeats as victor of the talent-packed men's 100-meter race, retaining the title of 'world's fastest man.' Here's a look at him and his challengers. -- By Lauren Jones, Yahoo! Sports
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text:
Daniel Joseph Manucci
Position: QB
Height: 6-2 Weight: 196 lbs.
Born: September 3, 1957 in Erie, PA
College: Kansas St. (school history) (Manucci college stats)
Drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the 5th round (116th overall) of the 1979 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 0 (14415th overall since 1950)
Other SR Links: College Football at Sports-Reference.com


text:
Nike x Doernbecher Freestyle IX 2012
October 28th, 2012 by John Kim | 26 comments
Last January, Chad Berg (15) took a spill in his kayak and spent 90 minutes in the icy water. By the time he was rescued, he was in full cardiac arrest with no pulse and an internal temperature of 73 degrees. Essentially, he was lifeless. After nearly three hours of CPR, the medical team transferred Chad to Doernbecher and put him on a machine that could do the work for his heart and lungs while he recovered. Incredibly, he was back in action within two weeks with no neurological damage at all. Chad's Air Force 1 design features green accents to pay tribute to his favorite collegiate team (the UO Ducks), carbon fiber panels, a glow-in-the-dark outsole, and his favorite saying on the sockliner: "The people who turn out the best are those people who make the best out of the way things turn out."
Filed under: Air Jordans, Collaboration // Tags: Air Jordan IX 'Doernbecher', Nike x Doernbecher Freestyle 2012
This is something that deserves applause from all in the sneaker community alot of you come off as spoiled brats with no rules or regulations. Rule #1 you dont critique kid designed shoes, whats your deal unpopular or something?
Those IX's are sick. The clear outsole looks good on that model. The AF1's are pretty ill too.
My bday is 9/13 also lol. It would make a lot more sense for the entire DB collection to be a GR if the money is going to charity. That's just Nike's way of thinking I guess
I think the girl how did the free run 2 should have done the IXs! Her design was nice
I respect the children's imagination for creating their own shoes, but I just hope Nike/Jordan Brand increases their f*****' shoe supply! So I can try copping 'em, cuz then I'll see 'em on eBay SMFH! And unfortunately, Nike/Jordan Brand will never make it happen.
This is an amazing project but its sad to see re sellers sell the shoe for more than what's it's worth .... GR is needed NIKE!!
@AmauryTybgGarcia I hope so! I won't buy Dunks unless it has that little "SB" tag under the swoosh! I know you feel me on this daaaaaaaaaawg! #HYPEBEASTKREW4LYFE
@JamesJohnMichaelDunphyJr <=== Most well informed person in the sneakerworld. I was always under the impression that all SB's were exclusive to skateshops. According to homeboy here, Nike has all of a sudden decided to change their policy. Clap. Clap. Clap.
That...is some damn good investigateringeded. I'm glad NSW decided to inform nobody and secretly add "SB" to this Doernbecher release, cause I ain't buying no dunks unless it says "SB" under the swoosh!
@superbillybob8 I worked on them with Finn, so that's how I know. Hope you buy a few pairs.


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Eminent jazz vibraphonist, Gary Burton, was the first established artist to become a client of the new company. Soon thereafter, other major performers like Keith Jarrett, Chick Corea, Miles Davis and Sonny Rollins, also joined the growing family of artists with TKA.
As the agency grew, services to provide music publishing, management and production were added. By the '80s, the agency was representing clients in everything from movie soundtracks and video production to publishing.
The agency is focused into 3 major divisions. Vice-President Laurel J. Wicks directing the domestic booking, David Sholemson overseeing the management and special projects division (including management of the Pat Metheny Group), and President Ted Kurland overseeing all operations. Since entering the international marketing field in the early '80s, TKA, Inc. has become established in every major and minor market in the world, arranging tours throughout Asia, South America and Europe for TKA artists.
Although the agency has remained most well-known for representation of major jazz artists, performers from other fields such as blues, world and pop music are also represented by the agency.
As the staff of Ted Kurland Associates celebrates over 30 years of service, they look back on over three decades of growth and success in one of the most exciting fields in the entertainment business.


text: This video focuses mainly on my favorite MAC brushes, but please don't feel like those are the only ones I use or that are worth using! I admit that I absolutely LOVE my MAC Brushes, and believe they are totally worth the money. Most of my MAC brushes are well over 4-5 years old and still in wonderful condition. I ... Read More »


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What Does DogFriendly.com Offer? Select From Our Pull-Down Menu Dog-Friendly Hotels & Lodging Dog-Friendly City Guides ...Attractions, Restaurants & More Dog-Friendly Ski Resorts Dog-Friendly Camping/RV Parks Dog-Friendly Beach Guide Dog-Friendly Outdoor Dining Dog-Friendly Attraction Guide Dog-Friendly Park Guide Off-Leash Dog Parks Public Transportation & Dogs Dog Camps Dog-Friendly Events Dog Photo Gallery Dog & Pet Store Dog Travel Guide Books Top 10 Dog-Friendly Cities Top 10 Dog-Friendly Resorts DogFriendly.com's Newsletter Book Reseller Information Advertise with DogFriendly.com Online Press Kit About Us/Contact Us
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Sheraton Augusta Hotel
Sheraton Augusta HotelDog-Friendly Hotels1069 Stevens Creek RoadAugusta,Georgia 30907Call 866-676-3077 To Book This Hotel Get Map or Directions A warm welcome awaits you at the Sheraton Augusta Hotel. Whether for business travel, romantic getaways, or family vacations we offer a wealth of services and amenities to draw you into the heart and charm of Georgias world-famous southern hospitality. We are convenient to many nearby corporations, including; Ingersoll Rand, ADP, Medical College of Georgia, University Hospital and Fort Gordon Military Base. At the end of a long day, youll love settling into one of our 152 deluxe and inviting guestrooms. From the famously comfortable Sheraton Sweet Sleeper (SM) bed to the oversized desk and High Speed Internet Access-every inch of our rooms have been designed with your comfort in mind. Everybody knows that great first impressions start with a welcoming and energetic lobby. Stay connected to what's important to you with our lobby "connection destination, the Link@Sheraton experienced with Microsoft. We invite you to relax in our indoor or outdoor pool, or to simply lounge on our patio. Workout routines are easy to maintain in our state-of-the-art fitness center equipped by Life Fitness. The feeling of relaxed pampering continues in our full service restaurant: Prime 1079 Steakhouse, an American steakhouse with southern flair. It all day dining is in a sophisticated yet relaxed atmosphere. Guests can also unwind in The Sweetwater Lounge while enjoying the best martinis in town. Business travelers will appreciate our two flexible meeting rooms. With a total of approximately 1450 sq. ft., we can accommodate up to 80 people. Add to the mix an executive boardroom, our Link@Sheraton, and a full catering staff-and you'll find that our hotel is ideal for your small to mid-size conference or event. The Sheraton Augusta has everything for the corporate, leisure and group traveler. Take care of business or get down to the business of relaxing. You don't just stay here, you belong.Besides offering a number of in-house amenities for all level of travelers, this luxury hotel also provides a convenient location to corporate offices, the Augusta National Golf Course, and to shopping, dining, and entertainment areas. Dogs up to 80 pounds are allowed for an additional one time $50 pet fee per room, and there is a pet waiver to sign at check in.
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text:
Evy Therese Forsberg played for Scottish Universities, Toronto Irish Canadians, Aberdeenshire Quines and Murrayfield Wanderers prior to joining Richmond. Previously at Robert Gordon's University, she then attained an MSC in Petroleum Engineering at Heriot-Watt University and is now a petroleum engineer in London.
Born in Harnosand, Sweden, Tess qualified to play for Scotland through residency and played for Scotland A in 2010 against the Army, Police and France A.
She made her Scotland debut off the bench against Canada in the play-off stage of the 2010 Rugby World Cup and her first start was against Spain, in the Madrid capped friendly in January 2011.
Tess played in two tournaments during the debut Scotland Women 7s season in 2012, at Rugby Rocks London and the FIRA WRWC 7s qualifier in Moscow.
Caps | 19 |
Tries | 0 |
Starts | 12 |
Conversions | 0 |
Replacements | 7 |
Penalty goals | 0 |
Points | 0 |
Drop goals | 0 |


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The Pet Booster Car Seat safely holds pups up to 30 lbs.
This super trendy car seat features metal supports for structural integrity and is collapsible for easy storage when not in use. The Car Booster Seat can be used in front or rear seats and includes an adjustable tether that easily attaches to any dog harness for safety.
Color:Khaki with cream lining
Features:Washable padded linerUniversal fit, quick and secure installation


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Potty Mouth
Potty Mouth is a newsletter published bi-monthly and posted in bathroom stalls around campus in order to educate students, increase their interest in various health and wellness topics, and amplify their interest in living a healthy lifestyle. Blurbs written in Potty Mouth address the seven dimensions of wellness: Physical, Social, Spiritual, Emotional, Environmental, Occupational, and Intellectual.
Potty Mouth is written "for students, by students," with all content conceived of and created by students of the HTH 389: Practicum in Health Education class.
Contact: email@example.com
Past Issues:


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A collection of news and information related to Adriana Lima published by this site and its partners.
Top Adriana Lima Articles
Displaying items 23-33
This week: 'The Closer' returns; 'Scott Turow's Innocent' premieres; Victoria's Secret, Grammy specials
Story | Nov 27, 2011 | 4:40 PMHot in Cleveland" starts its third season at 10 p.m. Wednesday on TV Land. That show's return is far bigger news than the premieres of two wan sitcoms. "I Hate My Teenage Daughter," at 9:30 p.m. Wednesday on Fox, wastes Jaime Pressly and Katie Finneran as... -
Fashion News: Katy Perry's new scent is the cat's 'Meow'
Story | Nov 7, 2011 | 4:32 PMKaty Perry's new fragrance is named Meow. Lady Gaga wears Paco Rabanne to pick up four awards at MTV's Europe Music Awards.... -
Googling Heidi Klum? Prepare for a virus or two
Story | Sep 20, 2011 | 4:36 PMGoogling for news of Heidi Klum can waste a lot of time. It can also ruin your computer. The German model and reality show host tops the Most Dangerous Celebrities list from computer security firm McAfee Inc. The annual study analyzes which famous names... -
Donna Karan collaborates with an indigenous artist as part of 'Nomad Two Worlds' art exhibit
Story | Feb 21, 2011 | 4:32 PM"Nomad Two Worlds" -- a decade-long collaborative art project launched by Australian photographer Russell James that sees him partner with indigenous artists to create new works of art -- is hosting an L.A. edition of its newest exhibition, starting... -
Victoria's Secret models introduce this year's swimwear collection. Stringkini, anyone?
Story | Apr 1, 2011 | 4:32 PMClub L was buzzing when four Victoria's Secret angels descended on Sunset Boulevard to launch the 2011 Swim line for the intimates label on Wednesday. Adriana Lima, Alessandra Ambrosio, Candice Swanepoel and Miranda Kerr had been at media events all...... -
Is Victoria's Secret model Candice Swanepoel skinny enough to lose her contract? [Poll]
Story | Apr 1, 2011 | 9:32 PMVictoria's Secret model Candice Swanepoel was criticized for being too skinny after losing weight and taking photos at the debut of the Victoria's Secret 2011 swimsuit collection at the Mondrian Hotel in Los Angeles. Candice Swanepoel may lose her... -
Erin Heatherton appearing at Victoria's Secret store on Michigan Ave.
Story | May 17, 2011 | 4:33 PMErin Heatherton attends Victoria's Secret's 'What is Sexy' list: Bombshell Summer Edition party at The Beverly in West Hollywood, Calif on May 12, 2011. (Toby Canham/Getty Images) If you've always wanted to meet a Victoria's Secret Angel but have yet to... -
Sightings: Jennifer Lopez's mike malfunction, Victoria Secret's bombshell babes
Story | May 16, 2011 | 9:32 PMJennifer Lopez had a mike malfunction at KIIS FM's Wango Tango concert. Star sightings from the Ministry of Gossip include Jennifer Lopez, Matthew Morrison, Lindsay Lohan, Ryan Seacrest, Alessandra Ambrosio, Lucas Till, Ryan Phillippe and more.... -
The Angels return to L.A. for a Victoria's Secret Sexy party
Story | May 14, 2011 | 4:32 PMWhat happens when the Angels come back to town as part of a nationwide tour to launch new products from the Victoria's Secret Bombshell line? On Thursday, guests at the Beverly in West Hollywood found out when Adriana Lima, Candice...... -
Adriana Lima, $2 million Fantasy Bra visit Chicago-area Victoria's Secret
Story | Dec 10, 2010 | 4:32 PMAdriana Lima poses with the $2 million Fantasy Bra at the Woodfield Mall Victoria's Secret store in Schaumburg on Dec. 8, 2010. (Corey R. Minkanic/for the Chicago Tribune) Adriana Lima nonchalantly stroked the Victoriaâs Secret $2 million Fantasy Bra on... -
Your morning fashion and beauty report: Victoria's Secret Fashion Show draws some yawns.
Story | Dec 1, 2010 | 4:32 PMDa bomb or bust? Well, there were certainly a lot of busts in evidence at Tuesday night's airing of the (prerecorded) "Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2010," along with much fantasy lingerie (like the $2-million diamond-encrusted bra worn by Adriana Lima.....


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Accomplishments, pictures, sounds, and specifications of hundreds of historical aircraft from the Wright Flyer to the F-35. Learn about the fastest, the smallest, the largest, the highest flying, the firsts and lots of other facts and trivia. Plus a guide to scale model radio control airplanes and helicopters.
Email us
Challenge yourself with these most popular aviation trivia
questions, then find the answers including RC Airplanes and Helicopters.
The first operational jet fighter flew for Germany during WW II. Name it.
Name the home built kit aircraft that flew around the earth in 1995, 1996, and 2000
Name of the famous single engine German dive bomber of WW II
What makes the sound of a helicopter?
What was the first operational jet fighter produced by Grumman?
Name the smallest sea plane ever to be produced by Grumman Aircraft Corp., now Northorp Grumman
What airplane won the 1932 Thompson Trophy race?
What is the official name given to the Bell UH-1 "Huey"?
Name the world's most produced jet fighter capable of maintained supersonic speeds in level flight
Name of the world's fastest four seat seaplane
What was the first U.S. bomber to attack the Japanese mainland during World War II?
Name the airplane, produced in Poland, that has been an all time favorite glider tug and seaplane since its first flight in 1962
What is the single two word name given to the group of vehicles once used by the the U.S. to transport people and cargo into space?
Name the first aircraft ever to perform the "cobra maneuver"
Name the airplane flown by the Australian Roulettes air team
Name the world's largest passenger airliner flying today
Name the now retired fastest strategic bomber in the world
Name of the most famous Japanese fighter aircraft of WWII
First French WWI fighter aircraft armed with twin machine guns
Largest ever single piston engine attack aircraft
No other single piston engine civil aviation airplane is faster
Name the jet fighter often regarded as Europe's best attack aircraft of today
Name the world's most used jet trainer
Prop driven advanced training aircraft used by the U.S.A.F. and U.S.N. from 1950 through 1984
Name the aircraft featured in Diane Romanelli's book "Instead"
Main U.S.A.F. fighter bomber
Fastest strategic bomber
U.S. Navy WW II torpedo bomber nick named "turkey"
No other airplane weighs more than this one
The world's biggest single engine biplane flying today
Primary aircraft used to support the failed Cuban Bay of Pigs landing
U.S. jet fighter that held simultaneous records for speed, altitude, and time to altitude
Said to be the world's quietest helicopter overall
First U.S.A.F. stealth attack aircraft
Light, dual tandem seat general aviation, high wing aircraft, produced for some 45 years, a favorite among instructors and bush pilots today
Versatile U.S. four engine turproprop powered cargo hauler that's still going strong, 50 years since its introduction
European manufactured Fenstron tail helicopter operated by the U.S. Coast Guard
World's smallest twin engine aircraft
The supersonic transport flown by Air France and British Airways, now grounded
USAF transport that set a distance record for a parachute mission
Many people picture this U.S. aircraft when they think of a biplane
Most produced twin narrow body airliner in its class
Front line helicopter of U.S. Army
Aircraft flown by the Flying Tigers
It isn't a helicopter, but a jet, is currently deployed, and is capable of hovering
Name the world's first production military tilt-rotor aircraft
U.S. aircraft manufactured from 1961 to 1982 used in civil aviation and by the military, with engines pulling and pushing
One of the best WW II fighter planes, easily identified by its "bent" wings
Name of the mass produced airliner that is longest from nose to tail
The world's only stealth heavy bomber
Famous British air team flying the BAE Hawk
Introduced "fly by wire" to sub sonic commercial aviation flying
Many people feel its the world's best looking helicopter
Allied heavy bomber that only saw action in the Pacific during WW II
First helicopter to fly around the world
French aerobatic contest winning aircraft that originated in 1961, and still winning contests today
What plane was known as the Flying Boxcar?
Their D.I series was introduced by the Germans to counter the Allies de Havilland and Neuport fighting scouts period of air superiority during WWI
Civil aviation twin engine airplane designed by Ted Smith, famous for its single engine and both props feathered airshow routine
Due to its skin heating to over 2,000 degrees, this supersonic aircraft actually grew stronger with age
European helicopter called "the squirrel", best known for tv news coverage
Supersonic helicopter with its own tv show
Known as the Warthog
World's biggest passenger airliner
Mainstay trainer of civilian pilots, preparing them to enter air corps service prior to World War II
Most effective Argentine Air Force fighter jet during the Falkland war
First dedicated attack helicopter
Famous WW II British elliptical wing fighter aircraft
Main U.S. Army attack helicopter
Trained thousands of pilots headed to high performance aircraft in WW II
Was the pinnacle of pre WW II fast, luxurious, air transportation
Fastest twin engine aircraft in its class
Set a 1949 world record for the longest solo flight without landing
Famous US Navy Air Team seen by over 425 million people since 1946
Fastest mass produced operating jet liner
Larger than all other two engine or three engine commercial aircraft
Snoopy's favorite aircraft
The most "green" commercial air transport in the world
Faster than other bombers when introduced in 1932, and could outrun fighter aircraft as well
Famous U.S. WW II bomber known for its ability to absorb a great deal of punishment from enemy fire
Backbone of today's U.S. heavy bomber fleet
Two seat amphibian recreational aircaft expected to start deliveries during 2013
World's most produced fighter aircraft ever
Popular cargo aircraft that remains in production over fifty years after its first flight, having accumulated over 22 million flight hours
Cargo aircraft that flew "over the hump" during WW II
Latest generation compact business jet with engines on pylons on top of its wings
Primary U.S. transport aircraft of WW II
Aerobat with roll rate of 420 degrees per second
Popular single engine civil aviation aircraft that began production in 1956 and is still produced today
In the 1950's it set the standard for the light twin civil aviation market
Mainstay utility helicopter for the US Army since 1962
WW II Japanese dive bomber influenced by German design
Arguably the best German fighter aircraft of World War I
Aircraft introduced in 1936 that made American Airlines famous
Won the 2004 and 2006 Red Bull Air Races
Said to be the world's easiest two seat aircraft to fly
Thrills air show crowds with tumbling maneuvers that are second to none
Famous Top Gun jet fighter
Second largest mass-produced aircraft currently flying
Flown by the aerobatic team of Brazil
Trained pilots for the U.S., Canadian, and British A.F. during WW II
Most produced jet fighter in the West
Most advanced U.S. fighter aircraft currently deployed
Most advanced French Fighter aircraft currently deployed
Most produced Western built turboprop airliner
German built turboprop airliner, that when introduced had the widest cabin in its class
First helicopter capable of day/night, all weather flight, built outside of Russia
Twin engine military transport, produced in Italy that shares many parts with the Lockheed C-130J
Light helicopter known for its low operating cost and low maintenance, combined with exceptional performance
Planned future U.S. multi-role fighter aircraft
Two seat Russian aerobatic aircraft, often used as a trainer, that has won trophies around the world
First U.S. aircraft to be downed by a missile in the Vietnam war
One of the world's fastest initial attack air tankers
Had the most WW II U.S. aircraft victories over Japanese aircraft
Main U.S. Air Force fighter aircraft of today
Main U.S. Navy fighter aircraft of today
Best Luftwaffe WW II piston engine fighter
Modern version of the Piper Cub
Most popular scale civil aircraft of rc modelers
World's most produced jet fighter
WW II British aircraft that flew as fast as a fighter and could carry the ordnance of a medium bomber
The preferred aircraft of WW I Allied flying aces
Only U.S. fighter aircraft produced throughout WW II
First U.S. aircraft that could exceed 300 mph in level flight
Largest U.S. WW II fighter aircraft
Allied WW II fighter with the range to escort bombers on their longest missions
High demand single engine civil aircraft that has retained its value throughout the years
One of the best known turboprop utility aircraft, particularly for parachute jumping and glider towing
High performance aerobatic biplane on display at the Smithsonian
Canceled $8 billion U.S. stealth helicopter project
Russia's aerobatic jet team
Premier Russian air superiority fighter that originally flew in 1977
Trained British and Canadian pilots during WW Two, a popular aerobatic performer today
Upgraded, more aerobatic version of the Citabria
1970's Jet trainer jointly produced by France and Germany
USAF, USMC, USCG, and USN turboprop trainer from 1953 to today
Only successful U.S. three prop engine commercial aircraft
Primary U.S. jet fighter of the Korean War
World's only helicopter fitted with a jet fighter type ejection seat
World's first powered airplane to fly under the complete control of its pilot
Light twin prop driven aircraft that excelled in the ground support role during the Vietnam War.
Popular basic aerobatic low wing sports training aircraft manufactured in France from 1968 through 2007
Most produced U.S. heavy bomber of World War II
"Airbatic" airplane
Responsible for the sighting of the Bismarck, plus the spotting of the Japanese fleets at Midway and Wake Islands
American dive bombers credited with the sinking of four Japanese carriers during the Battle of Midway
Airliner converted to air tanker that can drop 12,000 gallons of water in eight seconds
Workhorse single engine aircraft popular with bush pilots that first flew in 1947 and is still going today
Small modern European utility helicopter prized for its speed and maneuverability
Upgraded twin-engine version of the original Cobra helicopter
One of the world's premier fighter aircraft, produced by Sukhoi, and used by Russia, India, and China
This Czechoslovakian aerobat was one of the first manufactured with CAD
Popular 1940's single engine recreational aircraft with over 5,200 sold
British training aircraft that first flew in 1931
Multi role variable swept wing fighter produced by England, Germany and Italy.


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Something new is underfoot! Easily update any living space with this sophisticated floor covering that's both an instant home makeover solution and a soft space for toes. What could be better than décor that does double duty?
Note: Shedding is common in new wool rugs and will diminish over time.


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Bought Apple iPad 64gb WiFi from Argos today thinking it was the iPad 2. Only realised my mistake when I took it out of the box and thought it a tad heavy! 'Am now trying to sell it as Argos won't take it back as i took sellophane off. The sellophane around the iPad itself is intact.
Should I just keep it and put it down to experience or to lose about £100 selling it and putting the rest towards the iPad 2.
I would only really use it to store photos, watch films, surf the net, play games etc...


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Honeywell QuietClean Compact Tower Air Purifier with Permanent Filter (62 Sq. ft)
Honeywell HFD-010
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Westside Advantages
Product Information:The QuietClean compact tower air purifier offers superior air cleaning power with permanent filtration. The high efficiency permanent filter removes up to 99% of airborne particles such as dust, pollen, smoke and pet dander, returning cleaner, fresher air to your room. Compared to full size ionic air purifiers, the filter from the HFD-010 captures over 6 times more pollutants. The permanent filter is easily rinsed clean in water, requiring little maintenance and no expensive replacement filter costs. The sleek, compact tower design takes up little space, and can be used virtually anywhere - tabletops, counters, floor, or nightstand. This model is most effective in small size rooms up to 62 sq. ft.Note: This product contains a built-in ionizer. If you have asthma symptoms that can be triggered by the presence of an ionizer, it's recommended that you do not use ionic air purifiers. Only pure HEPA filtration (non-ionizing) products are recommended. | |
Features:• Captures common airborne pollutants• Permanent filters are washable • 2 air cleaning levels • Dust CADR: 35 • Smoke CADR: 40 • Pollen CADR: 55 • Room Size: (8'x8') 62 sq ft | Specifications:• Model Number: HFD-010• Category: Air Purifiers • Dimensions: 9.10 x 11.20 x 16.70 in • Color: white • Room Size: 62 sq ft • Speeds: 2 • Warranty: 5 Year Limited |
5 Year Limited Through The Manufacturer
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back from hiatus // flash Abstract
Artist description:
No description entered.
Created Apr 06, 2012. Unless noted Copyright 2012
vivianton1998 .
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Welcome back ^^ It feels like it's been forever. Are you back for good, or are you just visiting for a little while? You should come back for good.. I miss you. Anyways, beautiful drawing. I'll be looking forward to seeing more from you soon.
Welcome back! *hugs* I love the eerie beauty that this lovely flash drawing has. It great to see you drawing again. I like how the girl's eyes and lips stand out among the black-and-white since they have a hint of color in them. 5/5h and favorites.
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Five-year anniversary Maria Segura (above left), Melissa Bland (far right) and Katie Ebert (right) recently received five-year service awards from Delta County Memorial Hospital.
Subscribe today and get the DCI delivered weekly to your mailing address.
If you want to support your community newspaper, but do not want to receive a printed newspaper, please consider making a donation . . .


text:
I create a sharedobject in Adobe AIR 2.6 on Mac OS 10.6 using Flash Professional CS 5.5. For testing, I'd like to delete the object manually from disk. When I go here:
Macintosh HD:Users:<username>:Library:Preferences:Macromedia:
Flash Player:#SharedObjects:
I find a folder with a random name, but when I delete it, the sharedobject with its values still appear in my app. So, this doesn't seem like the actual location of the sharedobject. Where is the location of sharedobjects on Mac OS X for Adobe AIR.
delete from both:
~/Library/Preferences/Macromedia/Flash Player/#SharedObjects
~/Library/Preferences/Macromedia/Flash Player/macromedia.com/support/flashplayer/sys/
or, even faster, clear your so using flash.


text:
The corner of Dalles Avenue and Thomson Road in Thomson has dried out a year after the flood of June 19-20, 2012. Thomson was one of the hardest-hit communities during the historic flood. (Clint Austin / firstname.lastname@example.com)
Read the article: Where are they now? In Thomson, the water may be gone, but the flood isn't over yet


text:
Delivery and returns
- Standard UK delivery
£3.50 - Next day delivery to a UK address*
£4.95 - Delivery to a UK address on the date of your choice*
£4.95 - Free next or named day delivery on orders over £100 – enter FREEWINE at checkout
- We can't deliver wine internationally or to our stores for collection.
Returns and refunds
If you'd like to speak to us about your wine please contact us.
Refunds can only be given in accordance with your legal rights. For example, if the wine you've ordered isn't of satisfactory quality or as described.
Terms and Conditions
WEBSITE TERMS AND CONDITIONS - Standard
These website terms and conditions ("Website Terms") apply to your use of the Marks & Spencer website at www.marksandspencer.com (the "Website"). You must read these Website Terms carefully, and we recommend that you print and keep a copy for your future reference. By accessing, browsing, using or registering with the Website, you confirm that you have read, understood and agree to these Website Terms in their entirety. If you do not agree to these Website Terms in their entirety, you must not use this Website.
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These Website Terms supplement (and are in addition to) the terms of our Privacy Policy. Our Privacy Policy explains what personal information we collect about you when you use the Website, and you can view our Privacy Policy online by clicking here. Please note that when you agree to these Website Terms you shall be deemed also to have read, understood and agreed to our Privacy Policy in its entirety.
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If you order a Marks & Spencer product or service through the Website, our General Terms and Conditions of Sale will also apply. Depending on the product or service ordered, our Additional Terms and Conditions of Sale may also apply. You can view our General Terms and Conditions of Sale and our Additional Terms and Conditions of Sale below.
If you are a corporate customer, then our Terms and Conditions of Sale for Corporate Orders may also apply. By ordering a Marks & Spencer product or service through the Website, you shall be deemed also to have read, understood and agreed to our General Terms and Conditions of Sale and (where applicable) our Additional Terms and Conditions of Sale.
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Case includes
- Product information
- Kaituna Hills Sauvignon Blanc
- Vintage: 2011
- Fresh, lively, fruity wine, with aromas of gooseberry and green pepper. A medium-bodied wine displaying classic cut grass and pepper flavours with clean, crisp acidity and good length.
- About this bottle: Blended from grapes grown on New Zealand's east coast, this wine displays the ripe, fresh, crisp characteristics that have made New Zealand's Sauvignon Blanc renowned the world over. This is a contemporary and stylish wine, reflected by a bright modern bottle.
- Grape Variety: Sauvignon Blanc
- Country of origin: New Zealand
- More information
- Bottle size: 750.000 ml
- Alcohol content: 13 %
- Alcohol units per bottle: 9.8
- Alcohol units per serving: 1.6
- Serving Size: 125 ml
- Allergens: Sulphites
- Stopper type: Screw cap
- Consume Within: 12 months of purchase
Not available for international delivery.
Licensing Act 2003: It is an offence to buy or attempt to buy alcoholic liquor if you are under the age of 18
Please drink responsibly
Country: GB
Buy 2 cases save 25%
- Buy 2 Save 25% on wine cases applies online at marksandspencer.com only.
- Offer applies 14th February 2014 – 9th March 2014.
- Subject to availability.
- Cases ordered online via Wine Direct are not currently available for collection in store.
- Multiple wine cases or wine products on offers must be shipped to the same address.
- Offer does not apply to delivery charges.
- Check relevant delivery terms and conditions online.
- Any refunds will take into account the discount.
- We are committed to promoting responsible drinking.
- Products containing alcohol can only be sold or delivered to those aged 18 or over. www.drinkaware.co.uk.


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Adam Bielan
Adam Jerzy Bielan MEP |
Member of the European Parliament | |
Incumbent | |
Assumed office 1 May 2004 |
Constituency | 10 – Lesser Poland and Świętokrzyskie |
Member of the Sejm | |
In office 20 October 1997 – 16 June 2004 |
Constituency | National list (1997–01) 13 – Chrzanów (2001–4) |
Personal details | |
Born | Gdańsk, Poland |
12 September 1974
Nationality | Polish |
Political party | Independent |
Other political affiliations |
Solidarity Electoral Action (1997–8) Conservative People's Party (1999–01) Right Alliance (2001–2) Law and Justice (2002–10) Poland Comes First (2010-11) |
Alma mater | Warsaw School of Economics |
Religion | Roman Catholic |
Website | www.bielan.pl |
Adam Jerzy Bielan ([ˈadam ˈjɛʐɨ ˈbjɛlan], born on 12 September 1974 in Gdańsk, Poland) is a Polish politician and Member of the European Parliament for Lesser Poland and Świętokrzyskie with Poland Comes First. He is Vice-Chairman of the European Conservatives and Reformists political grouping.
Bielan sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Regional Development. Bielan is a substitute for the Committee on Transport and Tourism, a member of the Delegation for relations with Mercosur and a substitute for the Delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly.
Bielan was chairman of the Independent Students' Union from 1996 to 1998. In September 1997, he was elected to the Sejm for Solidarity Electoral Action on the national list: 9 days after his 23rd birthday. The following year, he joined the Conservative People's Party. In 1999, he became vice-chairman of the European Democrat Students, in which capacity he served for one year.
He joined the Right Alliance (PP) when it was formed in 2001, and ran successfully on the Law and Justice (PiS) list at that year's election in Chrzanów. He joined Law and Justice when the PP merged into it in 2002. He was appointed to the European Parliament on Poland's accession on 1 May 2004 and was re-elected at the election in June 2004, representing Lesser Poland and Świętokrzyskie, which includes Chrzanów.
Together with fellow MEP Michał Kamiński, Bielan was behind Lech Kaczyński's successful campaign in the 2005 presidential election.[1] In 2007, Bielan was elected a Vice President of the European Parliament, as the representative of Union for Europe of the Nations, to which PiS belonged.
Bielan was re-elected to the European Parliament at the 2009 election, and joined the European Conservatives and Reformists group with PiS. He was elected one of the ECR's two Vice-Chairmen, with Michał Kamiński as chairman. Along with Kamiński and two other MEPs, Bielan joined Poland Comes First in November 2010. They continued to sit with the ECR in the Parliament and Bielan continued to be group Vice-Chairman. Beilan left Poland Comes First on 18 March 2011 to sit as an independent.
External links[edit]
- Official website of Adam Bielan: www.bielan.pl
- European Parliament biography of Adam Jerzy Bielan (incl. Speeches, Questions and Motions)
- Declaration (PDF) of financial interests (Polish)


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"The Barney Rubble", "Chip Munk", "The Henry Yesler", or maybe "Seattle Screw"? The Washington State Department of Transportation kicked off a statewide contest today for kindergarten through 12th grade students to name the machine that will dig the State Route 99 tunnel to replace the waterfront section of the Alaskan Way Viaduct. Crews in Japan are putting the finishing touches on the machine, which – at five stories tall – will be the world's largest to date. The winning name will be painted on the machine and the contest winner will be invited to attend the dedication event next year in Seattle.
Each entry must include a proposed name for the machine and a 200-word-or-less description of why they chose it. Entries are due by 5 p.m. Tuesday, Nov. 13. Check WSDOT's website for contest details, rules and restrictions.
Seattle's Mark Christopher
"A Warm kinda guy", brewing a more flavorful Seattle Radio experience each morning.
Saturday on Mark Christopher (from 5a-9a)
New Seattle Contest, We need a name for the "Tunnel Mole"
MarkChristopher -- 10/23/2012 --