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359 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 2007, 4, 359- 369 © 2007 Human Kinetics, Inc. Effects of Placement, Attachment, and Weight Classification on Pedometer Accuracy Susan Vincent Graser, Robert P. Pangrazi, and William J. Vincent Background: The purpose was to determine if waist placement of the pedometer affected accuracy in normal, overweight, and obese children, when attaching the pedometer to the waistband or a belt. Methods: Seventy- seven children ( ages 10- 12 years) wore 5 pedometers on the waistband of their pants and a belt at the following placements: navel ( NV), anterior midline of the right thigh ( AMT), right side ( RS), posterior midline of the right thigh ( PMT), and middle of the back ( MB). Participants walked 100 steps on a treadmill at 80 m · min– 1. Results: The RS, PMT, and MB sites on the waistband and the AMT and RS sites on the belt produced the least error. Conclusions: Of these sites, the RS placement is recommended because of the ease of reading the pedometer during activity. Using a belt did not significantly improve accuracy except for normal weight groups at the NV placement site. Key Words: physical activity, measurement, youth Pedometers are a popular tool for monitoring physical activity. Previous research has validated the use of the pedometer as an appropriate tool for monitoring physi-cal activity. 1- 4 Pedometers are a popular tool for monitoring physical activity in physical education and free- living settings, and recommendations for such use are available. 5 In addition, pedometers are cost efficient as compared to accelerometers or heart rate monitors. There are limitations to using the pedometer for physical activity research. A shortcoming, particularly for researchers, is the pedometer's inability to measure intensity. Pedometers measure the cumulative number of steps an individual takes but are unable to indicate the intensity level of those steps. Another concern for researchers is the integrity of the data collected. When gathering pedometer data, there is always the risk of participants tampering with the pedometer ( eg, shaking it to give the illusion of more steps, accidentally hitting the reset button and losing data) thus compromising the integrity of the data. Some researchers use sealed pedometers to help prevent tampering. 6, 7 Vincent Graser is with Brigham Young University, 249G SFH, Provo, UT; Pangrazi is professor emeritus at Arizona State University; and Vincent is with Brigham Young University, Provo, UT. 360 Vincent Graser, Pangrazi, and Vincent A strong need exists for a pedometer protocol to assure accurate measure-ments among participants of various weight classifications ( normal, overweight, and obese). A spring- loaded pedometer must be in the vertical plane to function correctly. If the pedometer is tilted, it may be inaccurate or not count steps at all. The piezoelectric pedometer uses a horizontal cantilevered beam with a weight on the end. The beam compresses a piezoelectric crystal when acceleration occurs to record steps. The piezoelectric pedometers appear to be less affected by tilt when compared to spring- lever pedometers. 8 Typically, the piezoelectric pedometers cost more than spring- lever pedometers. Most manufacturers recommend the pedometer be placed on the waistband of a person's pants or on a belt positioned directly above the midline of the thigh ( on either the right or left side). This usually places the pedometer in a vertical plane. Most research to this point has followed this recommendation. 1, 9, 10 However, this positioning is often problematic for individuals who are overweight or have exces-sive abdominal fat. 11 Abdominal fat may cause the pedometer to tip forward and not be in a vertical position causing the pedometer to count inaccurately. 12 Several studies have attempted to evaluate whether the placement of the pedometer made a difference in accuracy. Shepherd et al. 11 conducted a study in which adult participants engaged in 4 activities ( 400- m walk, stair descent, 10- m walk, and stair ascent) while wearing a pedometer at the waistline near the ante-rior superior iliac spine. Participants walked 10 steps and then the placement was adjusted for improved accuracy, if needed. In participants with a body mass index ( BMI) less than 30, the pedometer averaged 1.6% error. However, in participants with a BMI greater than 30, the pedometer averaged 6.1% error. Additionally, there was a positive linear correlation between absolute error and BMI ( r = .792). Swartz et al. 13 compared pedometer accuracy based on placement in overweight adults with the pedometer at the anterior midline of the thigh, midaxillary line, and the posterior midline of the thigh. Participants walked on a treadmill at 5 walking speeds ( 54, 67, 80, 94, 107 m · min– 1) for 3 minutes at each speed while wearing the 3 pedometers. A researcher counted by hand the number of steps each participant took to check for accuracy. Participants were grouped by BMI as normal weight (< 25), overweight ( 25- 29.9) and obese (> 30). Placement of the pedometer made no significant difference in the accuracy of data for any of the groups. Jago et al. 14 determined that pedometer location made no difference in accuracy of step counts in boys ages 11 to 15 years. Three pedometers were worn ( on the right hip, center ( navel), and left hip) on an elastic belt while participants walked on a hard surface at 3 different speeds. Results concluded that there was no difference in accuracy when the pedometer was placed at the 3 different locations. Differences in accuracy were most affected by stature, not pedometer location or adiposity. When spring- lever pedometers were compared with piezoelectric pedometers, it was determined that tilt was the most important factor affecting accuracy of the spring- lever pedometer. 8 The piezoelectric pedometer was not affected by tilt in adult participants who were overweight or obese. To date, the effect of excess body fat on the accuracy of the pedometer has not been established with younger children using a spring- lever pedometer. Therefore, Pedometer Accuracy 361 the purposes of this study were to ( 1) determine if different waist placement sites of a spring- levered pedometer affect the accuracy of step counts in normal weight, overweight, and obese children; ( 2) evaluate if placement of the pedometer on a belt compared to the waistband of a participant's clothing impacted accuracy; and ( 3) evaluate if the type of pant worn affected accuracy. Methods Participants Seventy- seven children ( ages 10- 12 years), from an elementary school in a south-west state, volunteered to participate. All children returned an informed assent and consent form signed by themselves and their parents. Approval was obtained from the school's principal and the University's Institutional Review Board, which regulates research with human subjects. Instruments The Walk4Life LS 2505 pedometer, which measures steps and activity time, was used in this study. Research has shown that pedometers are valid and reliable instru-ments for measuring ambulatory physical activity. 1, 3, 4, 9, 15 Recent research found the Walk4Life pedometer to be accurate within ± 1% error at a speed of 80 m · min– 1 or greater. 2 Beets et al. 3 also found the Walk4Life pedometer to be accurate when compared to hand- counted steps ( ICC = 0.985). Both Crouter et al. 2 and Beets et al. 3 identified the Walk4Life pedometer to be an appropriate measurement tool to be used in laboratory or field studies. A Sole TT8 motorized treadmill was set up in a secure location at the school. The treadmill was calibrated on site using standard protocols10 and was found to be accurate to within ± 1% error. Procedures The Shake Test Prior to use in the study, 6 pedometers were tested using a standardized shake test. 16 The shake test ensured the accuracy of the pedometers in a lab setting prior to use in the study. Each pedometer was placed vertically in a cell of the shake test box, and the researcher shook the box 100 times. One end of the box maintained contact with the table in order to minimize extraneous movements while the other end of the box was moved in the vertical direction 100 times. Counts from each pedometer were recorded. This protocol has been validated in previous research. 16 All 6 pedometers were found to be accurate within ± 1% error. At the conclusion of the study, the same pedometers were tested again to determine that they were still measuring steps accurately. Five out of six of the pedometers were accurate within ± 1% error and one pedometer was accurate within ± 2% error at the conclusion of the study. 362 Vincent Graser, Pangrazi, and Vincent Anthropometric Measures With shoes off and any coats or extra clothing removed, participants were measured for height, weight, and abdominal circumference. A stadiometer was used to mea-sure height and a Tanita Body composition Analyzer BF- 350 was used to measure weight. BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Abdominal circumference was measured, at the level of the navel, using a tension gauge measuring tape through one layer of clothing ( shirt, undershirt). Abdominal circumference was measured twice to the nearest 0.1 cm, and the aver-age of the two measurements was recorded for data analysis. 17 Pedometer Placement Walking Test Participants practiced walking and stepping on and off the moving treadmill prior to testing to assure they were comfortable with the protocol. After practicing walking on the treadmill, 5 pedometers were fastened to the waistband of participants' pants or to a belt located at the following placements: navel ( NV), anterior midline of the right thigh ( AMT), right side ( midaxillary line) ( RS), posterior midline of the right thigh ( PMT), and middle of the back ( MB). There were 2 phases to the walking test: ( 1) participants attached the pedometers directly to the waistband of their own clothing without a belt, and ( 2) participants attached the pedometers to a standard-ized belt. The researcher assisted the participant to be sure the pedometers were located in the correct place and were reset to zero before beginning each walking test. The standardized belt, purchased from Walk4Life ( Plainfield, Ill), is designed to be used in physical education classes for pedometer attachment. The belt mea-sures approximately 2.5 in wide and is made of Velcro. The purpose of the belt is to ensure that the pedometer remains in the correct vertical position and standardize how the pedometer is anchored to the body. Youth often wear different types of pants or shorts with various elastic waist-bands that may be less secure and/ or unstable. The type of pant worn by participants was recorded to determine if pant type affected the pedometer accuracy. Pants were classified as follows: Docker- type pant, Levi- type jeans, or sweat pants. No other type of pant was worn in this study. The order of this 2- part walking test was reversed for each participant to control for any order effect. Both walking tests ( waistband test, belt test) were administered with the same protocol. Prior studies have determined that pedometers may be less accurate at slow speeds. Crouter et al. 2 found 80 m · min– 1 ( 3.0 mph) to be the minimal speed where accuracy was acceptable. After the pedometers were correctly placed, the partici-pant straddled the treadmill belt by standing on the side rails, and the pedometers were reset to zero. The treadmill was set to a speed of 80 m · min– 1. When the par-ticipant was ready, he or she stepped onto the treadmill and walked for 100 steps. The researcher counted the number of actual steps using a hand counter. When the participant reached 95 steps, the researcher counted the last 5 steps out loud so the participant would know when to step off the treadmill onto the side rails. Partici-pants were instructed to take their 100th step on the side rail. The researcher then read and recorded the step counts on each of the 5 pedometers. Each participant completed this process for the waistband test and the belt test. Pedometer Accuracy 363 Pedometer accuracy was determined using 2 methods. First, error rates were determined for each placement site. This was purely descriptive in nature in an attempt to determine which pedometer sites produced the least and the most error. A criterion of ± 5% pedometer error was considered acceptable. This criterion was used to allow for pedometer error as well as some participant error in getting off the treadmill on exactly the 100th step. The participants' abilities to count the final 5 steps and step off the treadmill on exactly step number 100 varied. Researchers observed many participants who were able to step off the treadmill on exactly step 100 while others would step off too early or too late. Therefore, a criterion of ± 5% error allows for error on the part of the pedometer ( 1%- 2% based on the shake test) and the participants ( 2- 3 missed or additional steps), yet it still represents an acceptable level of accuracy. Error greater than ± 5% was attributed to other fac-tors. For example, excessive abdominal fat may cause the pedometer to move out of the vertical plane or cushion the ground force and hinder its ability to register movement. Placement of the pedometer on the waistband of clothing versus on a belt may also cause error depending on the stability of the placement. Second, pedometer step counts were compared statistically across the place-ment sites and among the weight groups. Data points that were greater than 3 standard deviations from a mean of 100 steps were considered outliers and were removed from the analysis. Results Descriptive statistics for height, weight, abdominal circumference, and BMI were calculated and can be found in Table 1. To determine the effect of excess weight on the accuracy of the pedometer at various placements on the body, participants were classified as normal weight ( n = 50), overweight ( n = 15), or obese ( n = 12) based on their BMI and referenced to international cut points. 18 These international standards provide cut points based on a broad sample of children, including children from the United States. Using the international standards provides an opportunity to make comparisons of these results with a wide range of studies. The international cut points are classified by age and sex and are presented in Table 2. Table 1 Means and Standard Deviations for Height, Weight, Abdominal Circumference, and Body Mass Index ( BMI) Normal weight n = 50 Overweight n = 15 Obese n = 12 All participants N = 77 Age ( y) 10.96 ± 0.76 11.00 ± 0.76 11.33 ± 0.78 11.03 ± 0.76 Height ( m) 147.19 ± 9.12 150.57 ± 8.28 155.40 ± 6.65 149.13 ± 9.04 Weight ( kg) 38.97 ± 7.25 52.21 ± 8.10 68.57 ± 11.82 46.16 ± 13.66 Abdominal circumference ( cm) 66.12 ± 4.88 81.66 ± 5.83 91.14 ± 7.77 73.04 ± 11.33 BMI 17.85 ± 1.66 22.86 ± 1.58 28.20 ± 2.84 20.44 ± 4.30 364 Vincent Graser, Pangrazi, and Vincent Table 2 International Cut- Off Points for Body Mass Index for Overweight and Obesity for Boys and Girls Ages 10 to 12 Years BMI 25 kg/ m2 BMI 30 kg/ m2 Age Boys Girls Boys Girls 10 19.84 19.86 24.00 24.11 11 20.55 20.74 25.10 25.42 12 21.22 21.68 26.02 26.67 Note: These values represent the BMIs on children that are equivalent to an adult BMI of 25 or 30. Reprinted with permission from the BMJ Publishing Group; Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Estab-lishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ. 2000; 320: 1- 6. Descriptive View of Error Rates by Placement Sites The percentage of pedometers with error greater than ± 5% for each placement site, waistband or belt test, and weight classification can be found in Table 3. During the waistband test, the placement site which produced the least amount of error ( 6.6%, weighted mean) was the right side ( RS) when all participants were combined. The navel ( NV) placement site produced the most error ( 31%) for all groups combined, making it the least desirable position. During the belt test, the 2 sites with the least amount of error were AMT and RS. For normal weight, overweight, and obese participants combined, the AMT placement had an error rate of 2.6% and the RS site produced an error rate of 5.3%. It should be noted from the descriptive perspective in Table 3, that the NV place-ment site had less error when using a belt compared to a waistband; however, it was still the placement site that produced the most error in each case. Statistical Comparisons on Placement Sites To determine if BMI classification had an effect on mean step counts at various waist placement sites, an ANOVA on pedometer- recorded step counts among the three weight groups ( normal, overweight, and obese) was performed on each placement site during the waistband and the belt tests. To reduce the probability of making a type 1 error when conducting multiple ANOVAs, a Bonferroni adjust-ment to the alpha level was applied ( P = .05/ 5 = .01) and statistical significance was declared if P = .01. On the waistband test, no significant differences were found for the NV ( F = 0.670, P = .515), RS ( F = 0.364, P = .696), PMT ( F = 3.89, P = .025) or MB ( F = 0.670, P = .515) sites ( Table 4). This indicates that the obesity factor had no effect on these 4 sites; however, while differences at the NV site were not signifi-cant, all 3 weight groups had step counts that were greater than ± 5% error based on 100 steps. A significant difference was found among the weight classification groups at the AMT placement site ( F = 8.610, P < .001). Tukey's post hoc test revealed significant differences at the AMT site between the obese group and both the overweight and normal groups ( Table 4). Pedometer Accuracy 365 Table 3 Percent of Pedometers With Greater Than ± 5% Error by Placement Site, Waistband or Belt Test, and Weight Classification NV AMT RS PMT MB Waistband test normal weight 27.1 14.0 4.1 12.0 14.3 overweight 42.9 13.3 20.0 6.7 13.3 obese 33.3 41.7 0.0 16.7 33.3 all participants* 31.0 18.2 6.6 11.7 17.1 Belt test normal weight 12.0 4.0 8.0 10.0 4.7 overweight 7.1 0.0 0.0 6.7 6.7 obese 41.7 0.0 0.0 16.7 16.7 all participants* 15.8 2.6 5.3 10.4 6.7 * Weighted means. Note: NV = navel, AMT = anterior midline of the right thigh, RS = right side, PMT = posterior midline of the right thigh, MB = middle of the back. Table 4 Mean Step Counts Recorded by Pedometer by Waistband or Belt Test at Each Placement Site by Weight Classification Weight classification NV AMT RS PMT MB Waistband test normal 93.23 ± 14.10 100.70 ± 3.42 101.84 ± 2.00 100.68 ± 3.25 99.08 ± 7.45 overweight 88.14 ± 19.13 100.13 ± 3.25 102.20 ± 2.91 102.07 ± 2.12 100.87 ± 8.27 obese 89.78 ± 16.77 90.33* ± 18.72 102.33 ± 1.07 103.17 ± 2.73 97.00 ± 12.84 Belt test normal 99.50 ± 4.45 100.68 ± 3.17 102.04 ± 2.17 101.80 ± 2.75 100.25 ± 3.56 overweight 99.21 ± 2.83 101.33 ± 1.35 102.00 ± 1.65 102.80 ± 1.78 101.93 ± 4.56 obese 95.67 ± 5.19 101.00 ± 1.84 103.00 ± 1.27 102.42 ± 2.02 99.83 ± 5.61 * Significantly different from normal ( P < .001) and overweight ( P = .005) on the waistband test. ANOVA analysis of mean step counts at the belt placement sites among the 3 weight groups revealed no significant differences at any of the sites: NV ( F = 3.85, P = .026), AMT ( F = 0.343, P = .711), RS ( F = 1.139, P = .326), PMT ( F = 1.051, P = .355) and MB ( F = 1.142, P = .325). This suggests that the belt kept the pedometer adequately positioned ( vertical) for all participants at all sites. It is important to note that none of the mean step counts exceeded the ± 5% acceptable error rate ( Table 4). Analysis of Waistband Versus Belt Test Paired sample t tests were conducted on mean step counts for each weight classifica-tion at each placement site. No significant differences between waistband and belt 366 Vincent Graser, Pangrazi, and Vincent placements were found at any site for any weight classification except at the NV site for normal participants ( P = .003). At the NV site, the waistband counts were significantly lower ( 93.23) than the belt counts ( 99.50, see Table 4) and exceeded the ± 5% acceptable error rate. Using a belt did not significantly improve accuracy except for normal- weight groups at the NV placement site. Differences in Type of Pant A one- way ANOVA between type of pant worn and error rate ( deviation from 100 steps) on each of the waistband placement sites found no significant differences ( NV: F = 0.036, P = .965; AMT: F = 0.682, P = .509; RS: F = 1.926, P = .153; PMT: F = 0.606, P = .548; MB: F = 0.653, P = .523). The type of pant worn had no effect on error rate produced when the pedometer was worn on the waistband of the pants. Discussion Descriptive Error Rates The descriptives on error rates suggest that there are differences in the accuracy of the pedometer at different waist placements. When reviewing the descriptive error rates ( Table 3), there is an apparent trend for less error when using the belt compared to the waistband. It is clear that the NV position is the least desirable given the high percentages of pedometers with greater than ± 5% error. At every site and weight classification and on both the waistband and belt tests, the NV position had the most error. This data suggests that the NV placement site should not be recommended regardless of weight classification or placement on the waistband or belt. For both overweight and obese participants at the NV placement site, and for obese participants at the AMT placement site, more than one third of the pedometers registered errors greater than ± 5% on the waistband test. The AMT site is the placement most often recommended by pedometer manufacturers, yet for obese participants, it produced a 41.7% error rate. This is an issue to consider, because when obese participants participate in physical activity and monitor it with a pedometer that doesn't read accurately ( ie, too few steps), they may falsely assume they are not sufficiently active. Having spuriously low readings may cause frustration and withdrawal from the activity. When the pedometers were placed at the RS site, a reduction in error rates was observed ( Table 3). When using a belt compared to the waistband, the AMT placement improved for obese participants ( from 41.7% to 0.0%). The RS placement registered no errors for overweight and obese participants when wearing a belt. These descriptive data show a trend for improved accuracy when wearing a belt. It may be that the belt secures the pedometer more tightly to the body of participants with excessive abdominal fat, keeping it in the vertical position. Differences in Placement Sites Significance tests revealed that weight classification had no influence on pedom-eter accuracy at the NV, RS, PMT, and MB placements during the waistband Pedometer Accuracy 367 test. Even though there were no significant differences between weight groups on these 4 placements, it does not mean that the pedometers were all accurate. At the NV placement site, all pedometers registered fewer that 95 steps as did the pedometers of the obese group at the AMT site ( Table 4). Even though there were no significant differences, lower step counts at the NV placement site for all weight groups and at the AMT placement site for obese participants indicate that these are not appropriate placements sites for obese participants. Table 4 reveals that the RS, PMT, and MB placement sites produce the most accurate step counts regardless of weight group. These 3 placement sites ( where all mean step counts are within acceptable limits) can be used for any weight group. However, only the RS placement permits the user to read the step count during activity without having to remove the pedometer from the waistband. Statistical tests among weight groups on the belt test found no significant step count differences at any of the 5 placement sites with all of the values falling within the acceptable ± 5% error rate. When using a belt, all pedometers in all weight clas-sifications performed properly. Waistband Versus Belt Test It was anticipated that wearing a belt would improve accuracy over wearing the pedometer directly on the waistband. Results of the paired t tests on pedometer-recorded steps between waistband and belt placement sites by weight group indicated no significant differences except for normal participants at the NV site. At the NV placement site, normal participants had fewer steps ( Table 4) when the pedometer was on the waistband ( P = .003). Type of Pant Worn Participants in this study wore a Docker- type pant, Levi- type jeans, or sweat pants when they participated. This information was gathered to determine if the type of pant worn ( ie, differences in waistband stability) had an effect on pedometer accu-racy. ANOVA analysis found no significant differences between the type of pant worn for each of the waistband placement sites. It was concluded that the type of pant the participants wore had no effect on error rate. Further research is needed in this area to confirm this result. Comparisons With Other Research When using a spring- lever pedometer, it is important to maintain a vertical posi-tion in order to obtain accurate step counts. This issue was evaluated in a study by Crouter et al. 8 in which a spring- lever pedometer was compared to a piezoelectric pedometer. One of the main findings indicated that spring- lever pedometers were more influenced by pedometer tilt. The piezoelectric pedometer was not influenced by tilt. In the current study, statistical comparisons using paired t tests did not show significant differences between the waistband and belt tests except for normal par-ticipants at the NV site. However, the descriptive data on error rates demonstrated a trend for less error when a belt was worn. More research needs to be conducted on the usefulness of a belt when wearing spring- lever pedometers. 368 Vincent Graser, Pangrazi, and Vincent Jago et al. 14 evaluated pedometer accuracy in boys ages 10 to 15 years at dif-ferent locations ( right hip, center ( navel), and left hip) while wearing an elastic belt. They found that pedometer location did not make a difference in accuracy. The differences between the methods of Jago et al. and those of the current study are that in the current study, 5 placement sites were measured and both waistband and belt placements were evaluated. Jago et al. evaluated the pedometer on the right and left hips, which are generally accepted as being similar placement sites; therefore, essentially only 2 sites ( navel and side) were considered, and all par-ticipants anchored the pedometer to a belt. The current study evaluated 5 different locations all on the right side of the body with and without a belt. Jago et al. found that adiposity did not make a difference in accuracy. The current study confirms the results of Jago et al. for the belt but found significant differences when using the waistband of pants. Two additional studies were conducted on adults and produced mixed results regarding pedometer error related to body weight and placement of the pedom-eter. Swartz et al. 13 studied 3 pedometer placements ( midline of the thigh front, midaxillary line, and posterior midline of thigh) and found that waist circumference and BMI did not affect the accuracy of the pedometer ( Yamax SW- 200) at any of the placement sites. In contrast, Shepherd et al. 11 found that when the pedometer ( Sportline) was placed on the side, more error resulted with obese individuals than with normal- weight individuals when participating in 4 different activities. These studies are not directly comparable to the current study because of differences in the age of participants, type of pedometer, and variation in placement sites. Strengths and Limitations The major strength of this study was the testing of 5 different pedometer sites and the use of normal, overweight, and obese participants. Manufacturers generally recommend 1 placement site and most often do not justify that recommendation and do not provide instructions related to weight classification. Additionally, the pedometers in the current study were evaluated with a shake test prior to and after use in this study to ensure they were accurate. There are several limitations to this study that should be considered. Only 1 pedometer brand ( Walk4Life LS 2505) was used. The results of this study apply specifically to this pedometer brand. More research is needed on other spring- lever and piezoelectric pedometers to determine the generalizability of these results. Testing of other spring- lever pedometers would be useful to determine if current findings are typical of all spring- lever pedometers. Results of this study are limited to youth ages 10 to 12 years. Further research is needed on older youth and adults to confirm these findings and make comparisons across ages. Conclusions The RS, PMT, and MB placement sites produced the most accurate pedometer step counts on waistband tests for all weight classifications. Of these 3 sites, the RS placement is recommended because of the ease of reading the pedometer during activity. With additional research on additional pedometer brands, manufacturers Pedometer Accuracy 369 may consider changing their recommendation for pedometer placement to the right side. The belt did not produce statistically significant improvement when compared to the waistband except at the NV site for normal weight participants. However, descriptive statistics of individual pedometer error rates at the various placement sites for each weight classification suggested a trend in favor of the belt. The type of pant worn had no effect on error rate when the pedometer was worn on the waistband of the pants. References 1. Schneider PL, Crouter SE, Bassett DR. Pedometer measures of free- living physical activity: comparison of 13 models. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004; 36( 2): 331- 335. 2. Crouter SE, Schneider PL, Karabulut M, Bassett DR. Validity of 10 electronic pedometers for measuring steps, distance, and energy costs. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003; 35( 8): 1455- 1460. 3. Beets MW, Patton MM, Edwards S. The accuracy of pedometer steps and time during walking in children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005; 37( 3): 513- 520. 4. Bassett DR, Strath SJ. Use of pedometers to assess physical activity. In: Welk GJ, ed. Physical Activity Assessments for Health- Related Research. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics; 2002: 163- 177. 5. Beighle A, Pangrazi RP, Vincent SD. Pedometers, physical activity, and accountability. Phys Educ, Rec, Dance. 2001; 72( 9): 16- 19. 6. Le Masurier GC, Beighle A, Corbin CB, et al. Pedometer- determined physical activity levels of youth. J Phys Act Health. 2005; 2: 159- 168. 7. Vincent SD, Pangrazi RP, Raustorp A, Tomson LM, Cuddihy TF. Activity levels and body mass index of children in the United States, Sweden, and Australia. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003; 35: 1367- 1373. 8. Crouter SE, Schneider PL, Bassett DR. Spring- levered versus piezo- electric pedometer accuracy in overweight and obese adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005; 37: 1673- 1679. 9. Schneider PL, Crouter SE, Lukajic O, Bassett DR. Accuracy and reliability of 10 pedom-eters for measuring steps over a 400- m walk. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003; 35( 10): 1779- 1784. 10. Bassett DRJ, Ainsworth BE, Leggett SR, et al. Accuracy of five electronic pedometers for measuring distance walked. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996; 28( 8): 1071- 1077. 11. Shepherd EF, Toloza E, McClung CD, Schmalzried TP. Step activity monitor: increased accuracy in quantifying ambulatory activity. J Orthop Res. 1999; 17: 703- 708. 12. Tudor- Locke CE, Myers AM. Methodological considerations for researchers and practitioners using pedometers to measure physical ( ambulatory) activity. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2001; 72: 1- 12. 13. Swartz AM, Bassett DR, Moore JB, Thompson DL, Strath SJ. Effects of body mass index on the accuracy of an electronic pedometer. Int J Sports Med. 2003; 24: 588- 592. 14. Jago R, Watson K, Baranowski T, et al. Pedometer reliability, validity and daily activity targets among 10- to 15- year- old boys. J Sports Sci. 2006; 24: 241- 251. 15. Bassett DR, Ainsworth BE, Swartz AM, Strath SJ, O'Brien WL, King GA. Validity of four motions sensors in measuring moderate intensity physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000; 32( 9, suppl): S471- S480. 16. Vincent SD, Sidman CL. Determining measurement error in digital pedometers. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. 2003; 7( 1): 19- 24. 17. Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R, eds. Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics; 1988. 18. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ. 2000; 320: 1240- 1245.
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Category: Title IX / Sports
Watch the 2010 National Organization for Women Conference on C-Span.
Read More...David Moltz of Inside Higher Ed reports on the United States Supreme Court's recognition of "a private right to action for retaliatory discrimination under Title IX in 2005" and how, since then "numerous athletics officials have brought cases against their institutions, arguing that they were either let go or mistreated because they raised concerns about gender equity on behalf of students or coaches."
Read More...CNN's Jill Doughtery reports on why the White House is revising Title IX women's sports policy: "Vice President Joe Biden announced Tuesday that the Obama administration is changing the policy that governs gender equality in sports by eliminating what some women's rights supporters claim was a Bush administration loophole in compliance."
Read More..."Sylvia B. Pressler, whose 1973 ruling as a hearings officer with the New Jersey Division on Civil Rights opened the door for girls to play Little League baseball, and who later rose to be the presiding administrative judge of the state's Appellate Division, died Monday at a family cottage in Sparta, N.J.," writes Bruce Weber in The New York Times.
Read More..."This is a tale of two ski jumpers, one male, one female. Anders Johnson, 20, ranked 100th in the world, made the US Olympic team for the second time and headed for the 2010 Winter Games in Vancouver. His sister Alissa, 22, who is ranked 11th in the world, did not go to the Olympics. In fact, no woman will have the chance to jump for Olympic gold. That's because ski jumping, one of the original winter Olympic events, still holds a male-only competition, the only Olympic sport to do so," writes Michele Morris on Huffington Post.
Read More...Associated Press reporter David Crary interviews NOW President Terry O'Neill on why there is a double standard for women's sports, and why people are more hostile towards aggressive-playing women compared to aggressive male players: "The vicious hair-pulling of an opponent was inexcusable. But prominent advocates of women's sports say that so, too, has been much of the commentary generated by the popular video of college soccer player Elizabeth Lambert's combative tactics in a recent game."
Read More...Dave Zirn writes for The Nation: "Women athletes find themselves in the same vise they have been in for a century: with sexism on one side and homophobia on the other. Accepting this sexist construct has become conventional wisdom for how to market and sell women's sports: sex, and specifically hetero sex, sells."
Read More...Katie Thomas writes in the New York Times, "In the suburbs, girls' participation in sports is so commonplace that in many communities, the conversation has shifted from concerns over equal access to worries that some girls are playing too much. But the revolution in girls' sports has largely bypassed the nation's cities, where public school districts short on money often view sports as a luxury rather than an entitlement."
Read More...Associated Press Writer Ed White writes, "The Michigan High School Athletic Association has agreed to pay $6 million in legal fees to the winners of a landmark case that changed the seasons for girls' basketball and volleyball."
Read More...Heather Tucker writes, "In the early 1970s, one of the flash points in the women's athletic movement centered on a tennis player [Billie Jean King] who remains a vocal advocate for equality and change. Another flash point of the era, Title IX, which bans sex discrimination at schools receiving federal funds, passed in 1972. King put a human face on federal law with her match against Riggs a year later."
Read More...Brent Schrotenboer writes, "Mesa College has entered into an agreement with the federal Office of Civil Rights to resolve gender-equity disparities found in a recent investigation into Mesa's athletic department. The investigation stemmed from a complaint filed last year by former women's basketball coaches Lorri Sulpizio and Cathy Bass.... The OCR's investigation identified gender disparities involving scheduling games, provision of locker rooms and facilities, and provision of medical facilities and services."
Read More...Jere Longman wrote, "The West African nation of Mali lost to New Zealand, 76-72, in its inaugural appearance in Olympic basketball on Saturday, playing with the fumbling hands of a diner on a first encounter with chopsticks. Still, Mali scored valuable points for the continued emergence of women at the Games, which once shunned them entirely."
Read More...June 23rd, marks the 36th anniversary of Title IX, the revolutionary federal law that outlaws sex-discrimination in education.
Read More...A Wabash girl who was not allowed to try-out for her High School baseball team, took the fight to Indianapolis and won.
Read More...Girls won top honors for the first time in the Siemens Competition in Math, Science and Technology, one of the nation?s most coveted student science awards. James Whaley, president of the Siemens Foundation, said the competition results send a great message to young women.
Read More...

subset: commoncrawl


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Items with tag "free coupon classes"
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Friday Frugal Faces Amanda Jones: Blogger, Coupon Teacher & Chick With Cents
Christie Dedman | email@example.com
May 08, 2009, 10:19AM
It's been a while since our last Friday Frugal Faces installment. This week's Face is Amanda Jones. She's a blogger, coupon diva and a coupon class teacher. The Shelby County wife and professional wants to help other shoppers save big on their grocery bills. Check out her profile, blog and future free class schedules after the jump: Welcome Amanda...
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Friday Frugal Faces: Free PennyWise coupon class creator Jamie Chappell
Christie Dedman | firstname.lastname@example.com
March 20, 2009, 11:29AM
Jamie Chappell of Trussville, a stay-at-home mom, created a free couponing class to help others save money during good and bad times. Job loss, downsizing and surviving are things this mom of three is very familiar with. She has made it her goal to shed light on the mysteries of couponing to help stretch every dollar. Let's learn more...
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CHOKING HAZARD -- This toy contains small Parts. Not for Children under 3 years
With Badger Basket's Reversible Double Doll Stroller, you can face the seats either way, and switch them at any time, or have them face each other! Sometimes you want to see your baby dolls while strolling along, and sometimes they want to watch the world go by! Four front wheels (2x2) swivel to make turning and corners a breeze.
Product Features
- Pink with White Polka Dots fabric
- Large and useful storage basket beneath the stroller holds all of your dolls clothes, toys, diapers, blankies, and more
- Storage basket has mesh sides so you can easily find that favorite toy or pacifier buried at the bottom
- Height adjustable handle to accommodate many ages and sizes of children
- Comfortable to push thanks to the thick rubber padding on the handle
- Handle height can go from 16.5 inches in lowest position up to 28.5 inches (from floor to top of handle) in highest position with many positions in between
- Stroller seats have soft, rubber padded, adjustable front bars, and adjustable canopies
- Keep your dolls in place using the two point seat belts
- Seat backs are adjustable
- Stroller folds for storage and travel
- Stroller frame features safety locks to prevent accidental folding
- Stroller folds with or without the seats attached
- For dolls up to 16 inches
- Some assembly required. Illustrated instructions included. No tools needed for assembly.
- For three years old and up
Manufacturer #: 99650
Manufacturer #: 99650
Gender: Girl
- Shipping dimensions 5" H x 14" W x 25" L
- Shipping weight 7 lbs
- Shipping Restrictions This item can not be shipped to: PO Boxes, APO or FPO Address, Hawaii, Alaska or anywhere outside the continental USA.
- Shipping Note Products ship in their original packaging. Please be aware that its contents will be visible to the recipient upon delivery.


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Find a Couple's Registry & Wedding Website
Wedding Ideas
Photo Galleries
Wedding Planning
Wedding Style
Wedding Colors
Getting Engaged
Real Weddings
Grooms + Guys
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Ask Carley Q+A
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The Luxe List
See Site Index
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Slip into one of these little white dresses for your reception.
Best of The Nest
Avoid the #1 relationship mistakeShape up for your wedding: 15-minute at-home workouts >
I am planning on inviting several people from work to my wedding. Most of my coworkers have grown children, but one has two elementary-age kids. There will be other children at my wedding, but they're family. Do I invite the children, whom I've never met, or do I force my coworker to find a baby-sitter?
It's doubtful your colleague would expect you to invite his or her children to your wedding, unless you did know them, and fairly well at that. But it's really up to you. If there will be other kids there, your coworker's kids won't feel uncomfortable. But that still doesn't mean you have to invite them. How your coworker deals with attending your wedding (getting a baby-sitter, etc.) is up to him or her, so you shouldn't feel like you are forcing his or her hand if you don't invite the entire family.
See More: Guests & Guest List , Going to a Wedding? , Wedding Guests


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Summer signings Robin van Persie and Shinji Kagawa are fit for the Barclays Premier League visit of Wigan Athletic on Saturday, but Phil Jones could be sidelined for up to 10 more weeks.
There was speculation that van Persie and Kagawa could miss the game after picking up strains on international duty in midweek, but Sir Alex confirmed at his Friday press conference they will be available to face the Latics.
The news is not so good for Jones, who recently underwent surgery on a knee injury sustained in training, but Chris Smalling is not far off a return to action. Meanwhile, Darren Fletcher has been included in the squad as he continues to make good progress in managing his ulcerative colitis condition.
Sir Alex did not refer to Wayne Rooney in the first part of his press conference, but the striker was expected to be out for four weeks when he was injured against Fulham on 25 August.
"On the injury front, everyone's fit, apart from the ones we know about – Jones and Smalling," said Sir Alex.
"Jones was a bad blow for us. He got an injury in training last weekend and he'll be out for eight to 10 weeks.
"We expect Smalling to be back training by the end of the month. There's a little bit of comfort in that sense, given our centre-back situation. But with Jonny [Evans] back we're in a better position than we were a couple of weeks ago.


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Laws of form |
Wat mensen zeggen - Een recensie schrijven
LibraryThing Review
Gebruikersrecensie - LibraryThingStart with nothing. Add a boundary. From there, Spencer-Brown rigorously develops boolean algebra and by extrapolation, general algebra and the basis of mathematics. I love it when I get down to first principals. And you can't get much baser than nothing plus a boundary.
Review: Laws Of Form
Gebruikersrecensie - GoodreadsMy math is a little rusty so it was a little hard to follow but there is some interesting stuff with some powerful applications.
Verwante boeken
Euclid in the rainforest: discovering universal truth in logic and math Joseph Mazur Fragmentweergave - 2005 |
The form | 1 |
Forms taken out of the form | 3 |
The conception of calculation | 8 |
Copyright | |
15 andere gedeelten niet weergegeven
Overige edities - Alles weergeven
Veelvoorkomende woorden en zinsdelen
Alfred North Whitehead Alonzo Church already Amer appear argument arrangement axiom Boolean algebras boundary calculus of indications called Cambridge cancellation canon Chapter Charles Sanders Peirce circle circumference condensation connexion consequence consider constant constructed cross r cross deepest space degree demonstration distinct variables distinguished Edward V Huntington empty cross evident example existence existential experience fact finite formal George Boole George Spencer-Brown given hitherto hypothesis of simplification identical illustrated implication indicate the marked injunction inside interpretation justified Kurt Godel Ludwig Wittgenstein marker mathe mathematical matical number of crosses number of steps oscillation ourselves plane possible premisses primary algebra primary arithmetic primitive equation principle procedure proposition prove R D Laing reader reference seen sentential calculus Sheffer's simple expression Spencer Brown stage stand statements substitution Suppose syllogism tion token transcribed true universal unmarked valid wave structure Whitehead Wittgenstein write Yehoshua Bar-Hillel


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BeerAdvocate on your phone?! True story. Try the beta now.
Tickets for American Craft Beer Fest are on sale now! (May 30 & 31 in Boston, MA)
De Dolle Oerbier - Brouwerij De Dolle Brouwers
Displayed for educational use only; do not reuse. |
Ratings: 657 | Reviews: 429 | Show All Ratings:
Reviews by Todd:
4.47/5 rDev +6.7%
look: 4 | smell: 4 | taste: 4.5 | feel: 4.5 | overall: 5
Had this one at t'Brugs Beertje, here's my notes: dark ripe fruits, some dextrin sweetness, semi-sour, vinous qualities, very raisiny with slight burnt characters. Now that was day 3 in Belgium and after many (MANY) beers. I do remember it being one of the best that I tried. All of De Dolle's brew are.
Serving type: bottle
03-23-2001 06:55:45 | More by Todd
More User Reviews:
3.89/5 rDev -7.2%
look: 4 | smell: 4.25 | taste: 3.75 | feel: 4 | overall: 3.75
Reviewed from notes. Had on-tap at my first trip to Redlight Redlight in Orlando. Served in a tulip glass.
A: Deep dark crimson-brown in color, fairly clear, with a thin off-white head and relatively low visible carbonation.
S: Acetic, with tart cherries and sour grapes, a bit vinous and maybe some oaked vanilla.
T: This is where there were some surprises. I didn't have much in the way of a description available to me, so I didn't know what to expect. Some acetic and tart fruit (cherries and bananas) over a vegetal green coffee flavor in the dark malts. Then some clove and dark fruits. It finishes quite dry, with maybe a hint of cacao bitterness in the hang.
M: Medium body, carbonation on the low side for style, and moderate alcohol content.
O: Not sure this would be a beer I would reach for very often, but I couldn't find much to complain about aside from personal preference. Glad to have tried it once at least.
Serving type: on-tap
01-27-2014 23:23:41 | More by macrosmatic
4.1/5 rDev -2.1%
look: 4 | smell: 4.25 | taste: 4 | feel: 4 | overall: 4.25
Bottled June 2013. 9% ABV.
A: Pours a medium reddish-brown. Fairly murky. Tall and very fizzy light brown head. Head fades surprisingly slow with great retention. Almost no lacing.
S: Very pleasant and sweet fruity aroma. Brown sugar and dark fruits. Lots of plums, prunes, raisins I'd say. Maybe even....apricot? Sweet bready malt, like poundcake.
T: Quite similar to the aroma. Lots of dark fruits, raisins are more prominent here but the rest are still included. Taste is a little less sweet than the aroma. Get cloves and more of a dark bread than a sweet bread now. Finish is slightly dry with some earthy spiciness and dried dark fruits.
M: Medium bodied, higher carbonation lends a thinner, airier body than expected for 9%.
O: A really nice fruity BSDA. Well balanced with nice complexity. Not overly heavy on the belgian yeast character, which I feel can overpower some brews. Not too sweet, not too heavy either.
Serving type: bottle
01-17-2014 06:05:25 | More by Dope
3.55/5 rDev -15.3%
look: 4.25 | smell: 4 | taste: 3.25 | feel: 3.75 | overall: 3.5
12 oz bottle, very unclear bottling date but seems to be pre 2010. Poured into Speigelau tulip.
Pours a dark cloudy amber brown with a thick creamy head of light tan color and great retention.
Smells slightly musty with dark and light fruit aromas. White grapes and citrus fruits, green apple jolly rancher, cherries.
Taste is fruity along the nose, white grapes being predominant. A little thin and watery. A little must and funk to this. Somewhat stale. very little alcohol
Mouthfeel is medium with high carbonation and prickly on the tongue. Sticky finish.
Overall not my favorite brew although my first from De Dolle. Might just be an old bottle improperly stored. Would give it another chance but wouldnt seek it out.
Serving type: bottle
12-08-2013 19:56:13 | More by MCain04
De Dolle Oerbier from Brouwerij De Dolle Brouwers
out of 100
based on 657 ratings.


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< Return To Hearing
Ms. Marcia GreenbergerMay 6, 2003 I. Introduction and Overview My name is Marcia Greenberger, and I appreciate your invitation to testify today. I am Co-President of the National Women's Law Center, which since 1972 has been at the forefront of virtually every major effort to secure and defend women's legal rights. With me is Center Vice President Judith Appelbaum. I am especially pleased to have the opportunity to address an issue of such fundamental importance to the American people. Indeed, because the federal courts play such a critical role in giving life and meaning to the rights and principles enshrined in the Constitution and the federal statutes enacted by Congress, the question before the Subcommittee today -- how the Senate should exercise its constitutional role in the judicial appointment process - is one with a profound impact on the lives of all Americans. The Constitution confers on the U.S. Senate a role in determining the composition of the federal courts that is co-equal to the role of the President: the President nominates appointments to the federal bench, but his nominees may serve if and only if the Senate gives its "advice and consent." It is clear why the framers of the Constitution concluded that an independent Senate role is appropriate: the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches (and indeed is sometimes called upon to resolve disputes between the two), and federal judges sit on the bench not just for the term of the President who names them, but for life. So while it may be appropriate for Senators generally to give deference to a President's choices of Cabinet officers or other high-level executive branch officials to join his Administration and implement his policies, similar deference is not appropriate when it comes to the President's selection of judicial nominations. In exercising their Constitutional responsibility to give or withhold consent to the President's judicial nominations, Senators necessarily operate within the rules of the Senate. In accordance with these rules, most nominations are decided by a confirmation vote on the Senate floor and approved if a simple majority of Senators vote in favor. Many nominations, however, are resolved in other ways; in some cases, for example, Senate leaders decide not to schedule a floor vote on a nomination (e.g., due to a "hold" placed on the nomination by even just one Senator), or the Judiciary Committee rejects the nomination or fails to take any action on it. And some nominations are decided only after a cloture vote is taken pursuant to Senate Rule 22 - that is, after 60 Senators (three-fifths of the Senators in office) vote to invoke cloture and the nomination is allowed to go forward, or the cloture vote fails and it is not. In fact, as shown below, cloture votes on judicial nominations have ample precedent in contemporary U.S. history, and there are a number of bases on which Senators may reasonably conclude that the use of this Senate procedure on judicial nominations is appropriate in some circumstances. Cloture votes are routine in the Senate today, and have occurred on judicial nominations in numerous instances in the past few decades -- on judicial nominations submitted to the Senate by Presidents of both parties, including nominations to the Supreme Court as well as lower federal courts. They have been based at least in part on concerns about the ideology or judicial philosophy of the nominee, or objections to the nomination process, or both. As further shown below, requiring cloture on some judicial nominations is particularly appropriate at this juncture in our history. At present, the stakes are particularly high: one party controls two branches of government; the remaining branch, the judiciary, is tilted to the right; the balance that normally occurs over time as Administrations change has not occurred because of the obstruction of the last Administration's nominations; and the President is explicitly seeking to move the judiciary further to the right and, without consultation with the Senate, is selecting nominees with extreme, out-of-the-mainstream views on critical legal issues. II. Requiring Cloture Votes on Judicial Nominations:
The cloture vote is the mechanism for ending debate on the Senate floor, which otherwise may continue without limit under the Senate's rules. Until recent decades, cloture was generally used to try to bring to a close old-fashioned filibusters, in which Senators opposing a legislative measure (or nomination) engaged in a non-stop debate, for days and nights on end, in an effort to talk the measure to death. In the contemporary Senate, however, cloture votes are not reserved for actual filibusters, which are rare; rather, they are often prompted simply when even a single Senator signals strong opposition to a measure - e.g., by placing a "hold" on the matter. As a result, according to the Congressional Research Service (CRS), cloture votes have become increasingly common. While there were only 23 cloture votes in the entire period of 1919 through 1960 (and in at least 24 of those years, there were no cloture votes at all), in just one recent Congress (1997-98), the Senate voted on 53 cloture motions and invoked cloture 18 times. Indeed, as summarized in one scholarly analysis, "[I]t is now commonly said that sixty votes in the Senate, rather than a simple majority, are necessary to pass legislation and confirm nominations." While used most often in the context of legislation, cloture votes on nominations are also increasingly frequent. CRS reports that from 1949 (when cloture on nominations was first permitted under the rules) through 2002, cloture was sought on 35 nominations. Of these, 17 were cloture votes on judicial nominations, including 14 Court of Appeals or District Court nominations since 1980. They include cloture votes on nominations submitted to the Senate by Democratic and Republican Presidents alike. The opposition to the nomination in every case was based at least in part on objections to the ideology or judicial philosophy of the nominee, or on procedural grounds such as concerns that the Judiciary Committee had inadequately examined the nominee's record, or both. According to CRS, cloture motions were filed on the following judicial nominations: ? In 1968, President Lyndon Johnson nominated Associate Justice Abe Fortas to replace Earl Warren as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Warren announced his intention to retire. The Judiciary Committee approved the Fortas nomination by a vote of 11 to 6, but conservative Senators, led by Senator Strom Thurmond and others, mounted a filibuster on the floor on the motion to proceed to the nomination. Their objections to Fortas were based, among other things, on concerns that his opinions as a member of the Warren Court were too liberal in the areas of civil liberties and the rights of the accused as well as concerns about Justice Fortas' refusal to respond to some allegations leveled against him. Fortas' supporters failed to invoke cloture, forcing the president to withdraw the nomination. ? When William Rehnquist was nominated to serve on the Supreme Court by President Nixon in 1971, the nomination was opposed by civil rights groups based, among other things, on his past opposition to Arizona civil rights legislation and a school desegregation plan and allegations that he had been involved in the harassment of minority voters. Senate opponents of the nomination cited the need for extended debate, and two cloture motions were filed. Although supporters failed to invoke cloture, opponents subsequently permitted a vote to occur. Rehnquist was confirmed to the Court in December 1971. ? When Justice Rehnquist was nominated by President Reagan to serve as Chief Justice in 1986, he was again criticized for his civil rights record, which by then also included his lone dissent in the Bob Jones University case, in which the Court held that tax-exempt status may be denied to a university with racially discriminatory policies. In addition, some Senators sought an additional hearing to examine a discrepancy between Justice Rehnquist's testimony before the Committee and other evidence that had come to light. After Senator Kennedy refused to consent to a time agreement to limit debate, a cloture motion was filed. Cloture was invoked and Rehnquist was confirmed as Chief Justice. ? In December 1980, a floor vote on the nomination of Stephen Breyer (now a Supreme Court Justice) to the First Circuit was blocked by Senators protesting what they considered overly expedited treatment of the nomination during a lame duck session and trying to keep judicial seats open until incoming President Ronald Reagan could fill them. In addition, Senator Humphrey of New Hampshire (one of the states in the First Circuit) complained that he had not received the "usual" senatorial courtesies. A cloture motion was filed, cloture was invoked, and the nomination was confirmed. ? Democrats mounted vigorous opposition to several nominees of Presidents Reagan and George H.W. Bush to the Courts of Appeals - and one District Court nominee -- in the 1980's and early 1990's, forcing cloture votes on them. o J. Harvie Wilkinson, nominated to the Fourth Circuit in 1984, was opposed based on questions about his commitment to civil rights and equal opportunity as well as his lack of experience. Senator Kennedy led a filibuster and the first cloture vote failed, but cloture was subsequently invoked and Wilkinson was confirmed following a third hearing on his nomination. o Sidney Fitzwater, first nominated to the District Court for the Northern District of Texas in 1985, was opposed by a number of Democrats based on allegations that he had discouraged African-Americans from voting in an election, among other things. The Judiciary Committee approved the nomination by a vote of 10 to 5 but a filibuster was threatened and a cloture motion was needed to end debate; Fitzwater was then confirmed in March 1986. o The nomination of Daniel Manion to the Seventh Circuit in 1986 prompted a confirmation battle. He was opposed based in part on his support, while a state legislator, of legislation to permit display of the Ten Commandments in public schools immediately after the Supreme Court ruled a similar state statute unconstitutional. After the Judiciary Committee sent his nomination to the floor without a recommendation, a cloture petition was filed to cut off debate. Ultimately, the cloture motion was vitiated and Manion was confirmed on a 48-46 vote. o Edward Carnes, nominated by President George H.W. Bush to the Eleventh Circuit in 1992, was opposed due to concerns about his civil rights record in the Alabama attorney general's office, including his defense of the use of race-based peremptory challenges to obtain all-white juries in capital cases. A Judiciary Committee vote was delayed after protests from civil and human rights groups but the nomination was eventually approved by the Committee. Senator Thurmond and others then filed a cloture motion, cloture was invoked, and Carnes was confirmed. ? Strong Republican opposition to several of President Clinton's nominees for Courts of Appeals, and the use of extreme delaying tactics against them, prompted cloture votes during the 1990's. o Rosemary Barkett, nominated to the Eleventh Circuit in 1993, was accused by Republicans of being "soft on crime." After Republican opponents announced their intention to filibuster the nomination, a cloture motion was filed. Lacking the votes to sustain a filibuster, Republican opponents accepted a time agreement, the cloture petition was withdrawn, and Barkett was confirmed. o H. Lee Sarokin, nominated to the Third Circuit in 1994, was vigorously opposed by Senators who characterized him as a liberal on criminal law, affirmative action, and other issues. Republicans threatened a filibuster and a cloture motion was filed. Cloture was then invoked, and Sarokin was confirmed. o In 2000, cloture motions were necessary to obtain votes on the nominations of both Richard Paez and Marsha Berzon to the Ninth Circuit, after Republican opponents who considered them too liberal repeatedly delayed action on their nominations (over four years for Paez and over two years for Berzon). Those opposing the nominations acknowledged that cloture was required "due to holds that we placed on them . . . as notice to the Senate that if the nominations were brought to the full Senate for debate they would be filibustered." On the floor, Republican Senator Bob Smith, citing the Fortas, Rehnquist and other filibusters as precedents, said "I do not want to hear that I am going down some trail the Senate has never gone down before by talking about these judges and delaying. It is simply not true. I resent any argument to the contrary because it is simply not true." He declared the next day that he had led a filibuster on the Berzon and Paez nominations, having built a coalition of Senators (including Senator Jeff Sessions) to block them because of the nominees' judicial philosophy. Cloture was invoked on both nominations, whereupon Senator Sessions moved to indefinitely postpone the Paez confirmation vote, but both nominees were confirmed. ? A cloture vote was also taken in 1999 on President Clinton's nomination of Brian Theadore Stewart to the District Court in Utah due to Democratic objections to the expedited treatment of the nomination. Not only did Stewart's nomination come to the floor in a mere two months even though 30 other nominations were then pending, but a number of those nominations -- including those of Paez and Berzon, as well as that of Missouri Supreme Court justice Ronnie White for a federal district court seat -- had been pending for more than a year and a half. In short, history supplies ample precedents for subjecting controversial judicial nominations to cloture votes. B. Requiring Cloture on Some Judicial Nominations Is Appropriate At This Time It is hardly surprising that opponents of controversial judicial nominations sometimes force cloture votes, given what is at stake. Federal judges comprise a powerful branch of the U.S. government, and they sit with lifetime tenure. Once confirmed by the Senate, there is no means of holding them accountable for their actions, short of the extreme (and extremely rare) remedy of impeachment. Indeed, although cloture votes occur more often in connection with executive branch nominees than judicial nominees, and far more often on legislation, the stakes are higher for judicial confirmations: after all, legislation can always be amended or repealed, and executive branch appointments last only for finite terms or at the pleasure of the President, not for life. Moreover, the decisions that judges on federal courts render last through the ages and determine the scope and application of the most fundamental rights and liberties of American citizens. The Supreme Court, by interpreting the Constitution and federal statutes, establishes legal principles that reach every aspect of American life. And although the rulings of the Courts of Appeals are subject to Supreme Court review and the lower courts are required to abide by the high court's precedents, in reality the Courts of Appeals sit as the courts of last resort for the vast majority of litigants (since the Supreme Court decides fewer than 100 cases per year, while the Courts of Appeal decide over 28,000 per year) and they have tremendous latitude to interpret and apply the broad principles laid down by the Supreme Court. At this juncture in U.S. history, moreover, even more is at stake than is normally the case. One party holds power in two of the three branches of government -- the White House and both houses of the U.S. Congress -- and its leaders seek to impose their philosophy on the judicial branch as well. At the same time, Justices who share the President's conservative philosophy already dominate the Supreme Court, and judges nominated by the President's party currently dominate the majority of the Courts of Appeals around the country. The "tilt" to the right on the lower courts is partly due to the use of obstructionist tactics that blocked an inordinately large number of Clinton Administration nominees -- over one-third of President Clinton's nominations to the Courts of Appeals -- which meant that the balancing process that normally takes place over time, as administrations change, did not occur. We are now on the brink of a wholesale transformation of the federal judiciary as this Administration seeks to tip the scales of justice even further toward the right. The filibuster, in some cases, is the last line of defense against this ideological shift. Requiring 60 votes to invoke cloture has sometimes been criticized as "anti-majoritarian," usually by proponents of the measure being blocked. However, cloture is far from the only way in which matters are decided in the Senate without a vote of a simple majority of Senators, and without specific Constitutional language specifying a supermajority requirement (as there is, for example, with impeachment verdicts, veto overrides, treaty approval, and constitutional amendments). Legislative measures and nominations often die quiet deaths when committee chairs fail to schedule them for committee action, or the committee rejects them, or the leadership declines to call them up for a vote -- due to a hold placed by a Senator, sometimes anonymously, or for some other reason. Indeed, from 1995 to 2001, many highly qualified judicial nominees received no hearing at all, including two Hispanic nominees to the Fifth Circuit (Jorge Rangel and Enrique Moreno) and others received a hearing but no Judiciary Committee action. In these situations, there is no Senate debate at all, much less votes on the floor for which all Senators can be held accountable. These practices, which could hardly be said to reflect the will of a majority of the Senate and are not even visible to the public, could be considered far less democratic than filibusters and cloture votes. It has been argued, moreover, that by forcing a supermajority cloture vote to cut off debate, the filibuster provides necessary protection for the rights of the minority and is an important feature of a democracy. Senator Hatch is one of those who has defended the filibuster. When other Senators were filibustering a Clinton Administration nomination to the Third Circuit in 1994, he called the filibuster "one of the few tools that the minority has to protect itself and those the minority represents." Similarly, when he participated in a filibuster against labor legislation in 1978, he said, "The filibuster rule is the only way the majority of the people, who are represented by a minority in the Senate, can be heard." [add cite in fn.] Former Senate Majority Leader Howard Baker (R-TN) also has defended the filibuster as a protection for the rights of the minority and the deliberative process of the Senate itself. And conservative commentator George Will argued, when he opposed Clinton Administration legislation that was being filibustered in the Senate: [T]he Senate is not obligated to jettison one of its defining characteristics, permissiveness regarding extended debate, in order to pander to the perception that the presidency is the sun around which all else in American government - even American life - orbits. . . . Democracy is trivialized when reduced to simple majoritarianism - government by adding machine. A mature, nuanced democracy makes provision for respecting not mere numbers but also intensity of feeling." In light of all that is at stake in the confirmation of federal judges, especially at this time, those Senators with an "intensity of feeling" about the importance of a judiciary committed to civil rights and civil liberties should be expected to require cloture votes before troublesome nominations can move forward. III. Conclusion There is ample precedent supporting the decision to mount strong opposition to controversial judicial nominations, such that cloture is needed. And just as the failure to invoke cloture on legislation - or the mere threat of a cloture vote and the need for a 60-vote majority -- often forces proponents of a measure to agree to compromises in order to gain passage, the failure to invoke cloture on judicial nominations - or the prospect of needing 60 votes for a nomination to move forward -- could lead the current Administration to consult with potential Senate opponents and agree to submit moderate, consensus nominees who are confirmable, as occurred during the Clinton administration. If this occurs now, the nation's interests will be well served. |


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"Concentrate on what cannot lie — the evidence." CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (sometimes unofficially referred to as CSI: Las Vegas when differentiating the shows in the franchise, mostly abroad where CSI: Miami made the franchise popular) is a highly successful TV show (2000-present) about a group of graveyard-shift crime scene investigators in Las Vegas led originally by enigmatic scientist Gil Grissom, then, following his departure, by ex-stripper and single mother Catherine Willows, and now, by quirky scientist DB Russell. Initially touted as a show where the evidence was the main character and the actual characters were little more than flat stereotypes with "quirks" added almost as an afterthought, the series has progressed over its thirteen seasons to make the characters a little more rounded and include more of their personal lives and histories in the storylines. It has also moved on from a fairly straightforward forensics approach to more high-tech approaches that aren't necessarily possible in real life, requiring some degree of suspension of disbelief from the viewer. CSI runs into the Road of Trials (Part of Hero's Journey) many time throughout the series. CSI as a forensic/ mystery show has continued for many years, holding on very strongly and getting more interesting as time goes by.Influenced a great many subsequent programs; most directly, it inspired its producer, Jerry Bruckheimer, to try and replicate this success with Without a Trace and Cold Case (both in the same verse). It also followed in Law & Order's 'franchise' footsteps, with CSI: Miami (Yeeeeeeeaaaahh!) and CSI NY. As of the 2008-2009 season, there are over 600 total episodes of CSI, CSI: Miami (Yeeeeeeeaaaaahhhh!), and CSI NY, not including books, comic books, and video games related to the franchise. Please note, however, that it is not the oldest of the current crop of forensic shows, a title held by British show Silent Witness.Gil Grissom's frequent one-liners right before the opening credits or an ad break are a well known example of a Quip to Black, although Horatio Caine's versions are perhaps the best known - mostly due to the heaping layer of cheese added to them. Pretty much established the Necro Cam, which it uses as a device to re-enact for the viewers every single gruesome detail that can be extracted from a crime scene, and every theory it spawns.The uncanny effectiveness of the show's Applied Phlebotinum has caused some to suspect that it's not actually set in the present day, but, rather, Twenty Minutes into the Future (on-screen dates, though, put it in the Present Day).The show (and its spinoffs) have given rise to what legal professionals call 'The CSI Effect': the necessity of compressing what would normally be months worth of delicate and time-consuming lab work into a 40-minute television episode causes similarly unrealistic expectations in potential real-world jurors. As a result, the uninformed juror will assume that what they see on the show is happening as it actually occurs, as opposed to being fabricated and accelerated for television.— Gil Grissom This show provides examples of:
The CSI video games provide examples of (in addition to many listed above)


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Against the Fire Against the Wind The Christmas Clock Dangerous Passions Desert Heat The Devil's Necklace The Dream Fanning the Flame The Fire Inside Heartless Midnight Sun Hot Rain Night Secrets Perfect Sin Reese's Bride Royal's Bride Rule's Bride The Secret Scent of Roses Silk & Steel
Against the Wind
The Christmas Clock
Dangerous Passions
Desert Heat
The Devil's Necklace
The Dream
Fanning the Flame
The Fire Inside
Midnight Sun
Hot Rain
Night Secrets
Perfect Sin
Reese's Bride
Royal's Bride
Rule's Bride
The Secret
Scent of Roses
Silk & Steel
Devlin Raines is the youngest of the Raines brothers from Wind Canyon Wyoming. Devlin, along with his brothers, was raised by a drunken mother, who often forgot the boys were around. If not for his brothers, Devlin could easily have ended up in jail. He did end up in the Rangers and now owns a successful security company in Tucson. He has a reputation for the ladies, mainly one or two night stands. He was engaged once, but his so-called love decided three days before the wedding that a blueblood with more money was really her cup of tea. Devlin had his heart broken and vowed to never let it happen again…famous last words.
Lark Delaney may just be the woman to change his mind. Lark waltzes into his Tucson office with a mission in mind. Her sister died of cancer and on her deathbed, made Lark promise to search for the little girl she gave up for adoption four years ago. She had always regretted the decision and wanted Lark to ensure that the child was with loving parents. Despite his immediate attraction, Devlin only accepted the job because an old friend from the Rangers, who happened to have saved his life, sent Lark to Dev. He figures he can do some snooping and the case would be closed in a heartbeat. Since he never mixed business with pleasure, closing the case fast would allow him to act on that attraction.
But things get way more complicated that anyone planned. First, there are clear indications that the adoption agency was a scam. Second and more importantly, when they finally uncover the people involved, they send them to a lovely household where three men are just finishing with shooting everyone in the house. Luckily, little Chrissy was spared when her Nanny put her in a closet. Unfortunately, Lark is a fairly famous person (being a well-known purse designer connected to an equally well-known fashion house) and the press goes wild with the story of the child's rescue. This publicity puts her in the limelight as a hero. The Mexican drug dealer who ordered the hit on the family (whose head of household was stealing while supposedly laundering money for the cartel) got ticked off with hurt pride. He orders a kidnapping of the little girl to get back at Lark.
Needless to say, Devlin is not about to let this go. He promises Lark he will rescue the girl again. He and his band of past Rangers get together and engages in an elaborate operation to get the girl and if necessary, kill the head of the Cartel. And of course, Lark convinced him that she too had to go! The men who helped are all macho, but caring and it is a group that anyone would want covering their backs.
Devlin and Lark fight their attraction and their budding romance throughout, although they don't always succeed. They fall in love, but each denies it, primarily due to Devlin's feelings about not falling in love again and Lark's recognition that they are just too fundamentally different to make the compromises they would need to make it work.
I enjoyed this tale, and was riveted at times, even as I wondered if anything they were doing was feasible. Devlin is a tad hardheaded, but he ias also a great guy. Lark is a strong woman and her resilience with the horrors she encountered is amazing. The little girl Chrissy is a very mature four-year old, but that was a minor distraction, overall.
Fans of the series should be thrilled by this tale, even though Devlin turns out a little different than expected. Against the Law will stand alone, however, for those who haven't read the first two books. Enjoy it either way.
--Shirley Lyons


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WELDON SPRING — The National Weather Service office in suburban St. Louis says improvements to its radar will help better detect the severity of tornadoes.
St. Louis weather service office improves radar, warnings
Saturday, February 25, 2012 | 4:32 p.m. CST
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The Colleton County Sheriff's Office is investigating after a teen was found dead from a gunshot wound in his home near Cottageville on Thursday.
According to sheriff's office spokesman Ted Stanfield, deputies responded to 3161 Rehoboth Road just before 3 p.m. after a female called and said she found her brother dead from a gunshot when she walked in.
Stanfield said the death was being investigated as a homicide. The Colleton County Coroner's Office has not identified the victim.
Copyright 2013 WCSC. All rights reserved.
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my family went to the park today at the Pekin lagoon & we saw the ducks & ducklings.. they kept swimming & when they would get out of the water they could go in the shade to keep cool on this hot & humid day!
momma & ducklings keepin cool on hot day
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wednesday colllege hoops
1 Replies | 148 Views
On 02/06/2013 09:34 AM in NCAA Basketball2-1 picking up 3.90 units last night. Because my job and hours suck now, I am posting again way sooner than I would like to. I found four games I really like but cannot decide which I like better, so I am going to go three units on each tonight.
E Michigan +2 vs Buffalo
Michigan St -4.5 vs Minnesota
S Mississippi -2 vs C Florida
Tulsa -3 vs UAB
Good Luck Everybody!!


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Creation's Grand Slam: The Star Trek Sci Fi Summit XVII, 2/16/13 Lazing on a sci fi afternoon. Full Article →
Creation Entertainment's Grand Slam Convention Will Be in Burbank, CA, February 15-17, 2013 Guess who will be going to the Star Trek & Sci-Fi Summit XVIII this weekend. Full Article →


text: This auction is for�200 Assorted�Srixon�Practice golf balls. These balls have been used and will show signs of use. The best way to describe them is a mix of�C &�D grade balls. All�balls will have some sort of�marks, player Id's�or texta marks etc.� The odd ball may be suitable for play but generally this 100 mix is good for practice ONLY! The balls in the photo are a representation of the quality of the balls you will receive. | |


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He followed a path taken by running back Travon Van, who came to Marshall as a nonqualifier and played one-plus seasons for the Herd. (Van is now at Montana.)
"When he was playing running back [at MU], his coach came in contact with me, because I was in the same situation he was, of being a 'prop,' " Thompson said. "So [Van] told me in my senior year to go out and just have fun. Don't go to a junior college, come straight here so I wouldn't mess up my eligibility. So now I've got all four years to play."
It will be interesting to see how coaches rotate the ends when it's time to give Jeremiah Taylor and Alex Bazzie a breather. Will Thompson end up a No. 3 end, jumping in on either side? Or will Thompson and Blackmon play together, as they have been recently? Or can Ra'Shawde Myers, a junior who wins high marks for technique, stay in the mix?
Blackmon, a 6-1, 242-pound import from Navarro (Texas) College, brings the experience coaches demand in a juco prospect, but acknowledges his room for improvement.
The pace of summer conditioning - he didn't arrive until June - was the first shock to Blackmon's system. The pace of the practice was the second shock, and the pace of the opposing Herd offense was the third. As a bonus, he had to to circumnavigate Gage Niemeyer, Jordan Jeffries and other long-armed, physical tackles.
"I've struggled. I expected to come in and at least maintain," Blackmon said. "I've struggled a lot with a lot of the calls and getting my up-tempo [plays] and getting my feet back under me. It was a grind, I can most definitely say that.
"I think I maintained well. I think I lost a few pounds, but it's all going to show in the end, when it's time to go to those bowl games, that fourth quarter, last play. It's all going to come in handy."
Cronin's assessment: "He's still in that stage where he's thinking. I'm guessing he's probably never worked as hard as he's working now. It's new, it's an adjustment, he hasn't been here working out with our guys as long as Gary, so he's going through an adjustment process right now.
"He's got to get going. I think he did better [Thursday]; we've got to check the film."
Reach Doug Smock at 304-348-5140, dougsm...@wvgazette.com or follow him at twitter.com/dougsmock.


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Official: Calif. gunman was loner, 'gamer'
TUSTIN, Calif. — A woman who was the first of three people killed in a gunman's rampage has been identified, but her relationship to the shooter — a videogame-playing loner — remained unknown Wednesday, authorities said.
Courtney Aoki, 20, of Buena Park was shot multiple times early Tuesday in the home that gunman Ali Syed, 20, shared with his parents, said Orange County sheriff's spokesman Jim Amormino.
But beyond that, authorities know little about her, including how she got the house, her occupation, and how she might have known Syed, Amormino said.
Syed, a part-time community college student who ultimately committed suicide, was a loner and a "gamer," Amormino said.
"He spent a lot of time alone in his room playing video games," he said.
A 12-gauge shotgun used in the killings belonged to Syed and was purchased by his father about a year ago, he said.
The rampage began before dawn Tuesday at the home in Ladera Ranch and ended 25 miles to the north during the early morning rush hour, police said.
Syed killed two more people during carjackings, injured at least three more, and shot up cars zooming down a busy freeway interchange before committing suicide with his shotgun as police closed in, authorities said.
The shooter forced one commuter stopped at a stop sign out of his BMW, marched him to a curb and shot him three times from behind as shocked witnesses looked on, Tustin police Chief Scott Jordan said.
The motive for the shootings remained unclear.


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Wednesday's victors pounded out 15 hits on the opening day of the Omaha Cup championship series.
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(strength, fatness) an ancient Amorite, who with his brothers, Eshcol and Aner, was in alliance with Abram, (Genesis 14:13,51) and under the shade of whose oak grove the patriarch dwelt in the interval between his residence at Bethel and at Beersheba. ch. (Genesis 13:18; 18:1) In the subsequent chapters Mamre is a mere local appellation. ch, (Genesis 23:17,19; 25:9; 49:30; 50:13)
Enter the Bible passage (e.g., John 3:16), keyword (e.g., Jesus, prophet,
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- 01-24-2013, 09:19 PM Thread Author #1
Which Tablet Should I Buy?
I am looking at (mainly) the ASUS Transfromer tf300 with dock, Google Nexus 7, and Lenovo a2109.
The main purpose I want to use it for is: Internet, 3d gaming (Modern Combat), Skype, Youtube, and creating word documents. I really like the idea of the keyboard dock on the transformer, but is it really worth the price? Also, my tablet has to have a quad core processor. I found the Lenovo on NewEgg for $250, Nexus 7 (32gb) is $250, and the tf300 is $350, but if I were to get the tf300, I would have to get the dock too ($100). I like the idea of a bigger screen, and I think I would be willing to sacrifice quality for size when it comes to the Lenovo. But, on the Nexus 7, I really like the idea of it being a google product.
Also, would the tf300 really be able to replace my computer as far as word documents go?
Thanks, this is my first post by the way. - 01-24-2013, 10:49 PM #2
Re: Which Tablet Should I Buy?
I replied to your other post in the Nexus 7 forum, but figured I'd duplicate the response here. FYI, I just got a new (not refurbished) 32 GB TF300 at Gamestop (with a bunch of quality games preloaded) for $299, and the keyboard dock at BestBuy for $75.
I have both the Nexus 7 and the Asus TF300. They're both excellent devices. The Nexus 7 is just about the perfect size because it's small and light enough to be very portable, but big enough to be easy on the eyes when using it for prolonged stretches of time. The Tegra3 makes it very snappy, and games look and play great. The lack of a keyboard dock isn't a huge drawback, since it's easy enough (and cheaper) to get a 3rd party Bluetooth keyboard as well as a standup case for the tablet. There are also companies that make keyboard cases that are generally decent--check out the Nexus 7 accessories forum for discussions on that.
I've only played around with my new TF300 (with dock) for a couple of days now, but I can tell it's all high quality. Updated it to Jellybean 4.1.1 as soon as I turned it on. No 4.2 yet, and not sure if Asus will go that far, but one thing that Asus has been known for is good support and relatively frequent updates for their tablets (compared to others like Acer and Toshiba). Performance is about the same as the Nexus 7, although Jellybean 4.2 on the Nexus 7 might give it a small performance edge. Games look great. The dock works perfectly, although the dock itself is actually lighter than the tablet, so when it's docked, it can be a little top heavy.
The main drawback of the Nexus 7 is that the 7" screen is just a little too small if you want to do a lot of office productivity. This is where the TF300 is superior. Although it's true that Android tablets aren't ideal for complicated and involved documents, I think they're perfectly fine for light to moderate word processing, spreadsheets, and presentations. Google continues to improve Google Docs (now called Google Drive), adding new features a few times per year, it seems. The tablet also has Polaris Office preinstalled, which got decent reviews when it first came out, but I haven't worked with it to see how it's held up.
I played around with the Lenovo at Office Depot, which seems like a good tablet, and $250 is a pretty good price. My main concern would be how long Lenovo will support it, since they're still a pretty small player in the US tablet market.
Anyway, good luck with your decision! I don't think you can go wrong with any of them.Thanked by: - 01-26-2013, 01:07 AM #3
Re: Which Tablet Should I Buy?
I bought a asus refurbished tf300 at newegg.com for 259.99 and a keyboard dock at office max (price match) for 50.00. Paid 310.00 all together, couldn't be happier
Thanked by: - 01-26-2013, 02:09 AM #4Thanked by:
Re: Which Tablet Should I Buy?
One quick note - the Nexus 7 is actually an Asus product (albeit a pure Android one). I think the success and popularity of Asus' Transformer line is a major reason why Google tapped Asus to manufacture the first-ever Android Nexus tablet.
Android smartphones: Samsung Galaxy Nexus, Motorola Droid 2
Android tablets: Asus Transformer Pad TF300T 16GB with keyboard dockThanked by:
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