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Summary: Orexin receptor type 2
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This is the Wikipedia entry entitled "Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2". More...
Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 Edit Wikipedia article
Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 | |||||||||||||
Identifiers | |||||||||||||
Symbols | HCRTR2; OX2R | ||||||||||||
External IDs | OMIM: 602393 MGI: 2680765 HomoloGene: 1168 IUPHAR: OX2 ChEMBL: 4792 GeneCards: HCRTR2 Gene | ||||||||||||
RNA expression pattern | |||||||||||||
More reference expression data | |||||||||||||
Orthologs | |||||||||||||
Species | Human | Mouse | |||||||||||
Entrez | 3062 | 387285 | |||||||||||
Ensembl | ENSG00000137252 | ENSMUSG00000032360 | |||||||||||
UniProt | O43614 | P58308 | |||||||||||
RefSeq (mRNA) | NM_001526 | NM_198962 | |||||||||||
RefSeq (protein) | NP_001517 | NP_945200 | |||||||||||
Location (UCSC) | Chr 6: 55.04 – 55.15 Mb |
Chr 9: 76.23 – 76.32 Mb |
PubMed search | [1] | [2] | |||||||||||
Orexin receptor type 2 | |||||||||
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | Orexin_rec2 | ||||||||
Pfam | PF03827 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR004060 | ||||||||
Orexin receptor type 2 (Ox2R or OX2), also known as hypocretin receptor type 2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HCRTR2 gene.[1]
OX2 is a G-protein coupled receptor expressed exclusively in the brain. It has 64% identity with OX1. OX2 binds both orexin A and orexin B neuropeptides. OX2 is involved in the central feedback mechanism that regulates feeding behaviour.[1]
- ACT-335827 - Selective OX1 antagonist
- Almorexant - Dual OX1 and OX2 antagonist
- EMPA - Selective OX2 antagonist
- SB-649,868 - Dual OX1 and OX2 antagonist
- Suvorexant - Dual OX1 and OX2 antagonist
- TCS-OX2-29 - Selective OX2 antagonist
- 1-(2,4-dibromophenyl)-3-((4S,5S)-2,2-dimethyl-4-phenyl-[1,3]dioxan-5-yl)urea (600x selective for OX2 over OX1)[2]
- (3,4-dimethoxyphenoxy)alkylamino acetamides[3]
See also[edit]
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: HCRTR2 hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2".
- ^ McAtee LC, Sutton SW, Rudolph DA, Li X, Aluisio LE, Phuong VK, Dvorak CA, Lovenberg TW, Carruthers NI, Jones TK (August 2004). "Novel substituted 4-phenyl-[1,3]dioxanes: potent and selective orexin receptor 2 (OX(2)R) antagonists". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 14 (16): 4225–9. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.06.032. PMID 15261275.
- ^ Cole AG, Stroke IL, Qin LY, Hussain Z, Simhadri S, Brescia MR, Waksmunski FS, Strohl B, Tellew JE, Williams JP, Saunders J, Appell KC, Henderson I, Webb ML (October 2008). "Synthesis of (3,4-dimethoxyphenoxy)alkylamino acetamides as orexin-2 receptor antagonists". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 18 (20): 5420–3. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.038. PMID 18815029.
Further reading[edit]
- Flier JS, Maratos-Flier E (1998). "Obesity and the hypothalamus: novel peptides for new pathways.". Cell 92 (4): 437–40. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80937-X. PMID 9491885.
- Willie JT, Chemelli RM, Sinton CM, Yanagisawa M (2001). "To eat or to sleep? Orexin in the regulation of feeding and wakefulness.". Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24: 429–58. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.429. PMID 11283317.
- Hungs M, Mignot E (2001). "Hypocretin/orexin, sleep and narcolepsy.". BioEssays 23 (5): 397–408. doi:10.1002/bies.1058. PMID 11340621.
- de Lecea L, Kilduff TS, Peyron C et al. (1998). "The hypocretins: Hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (1): 322–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.1.322. PMC 18213. PMID 9419374.
- Sakurai T, Amemiya A, Ishii M et al. (1998). "Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior" (PDF). Cell 92 (4): 573–85. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80949-6. PMID 9491897.
- Sakurai T, Amemiya A, Ishii M et al. (1998). "Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior". Cell 92 (5): 697. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)09256-5. PMID 9527442.
- Peyron C, Faraco J, Rogers W et al. (2000). "A mutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains". Nat. Med. 6 (9): 991–7. doi:10.1038/79690. PMID 10973318.
- Wright GJ, Puklavec MJ, Willis AC et al. (2000). "Lymphoid/neuronal cell surface OX2 glycoprotein recognizes a novel receptor on macrophages implicated in the control of their function". Immunity 13 (2): 233–42. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)00023-6. PMID 10981966.
- Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (2001). "DNA Cloning Using In Vitro Site-Specific Recombination". Genome Res. 10 (11): 1788–95. doi:10.1101/gr.143000. PMC 310948. PMID 11076863.
- Mazzocchi G, Malendowicz LK, Gottardo L et al. (2001). "Orexin A stimulates cortisol secretion from human adrenocortical cells through activation of the adenylate cyclase-dependent signaling cascade". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (2): 778–82. doi:10.1210/jc.86.2.778. PMID 11158046.
- Blanco M, López M, García-Caballero T et al. (2001). "Cellular localization of orexin receptors in human pituitary". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (4): 1616–9. doi:10.1210/jc.86.4.1616. PMID 11297593.
- Blanco M, López M, GarcIa-Caballero T et al. (2001). "Cellular localization of orexin receptors in human pituitary". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (7): 3444–7. doi:10.1210/jc.86.7.3444. PMID 11443222.
- Karteris E, Randeva HS, Grammatopoulos DK et al. (2001). "Expression and coupling characteristics of the CRH and orexin type 2 receptors in human fetal adrenals". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (9): 4512–9. doi:10.1210/jc.86.9.4512. PMID 11549701.
- Randeva HS, Karteris E, Grammatopoulos D, Hillhouse EW (2001). "Expression of orexin-A and functional orexin type 2 receptors in the human adult adrenals: implications for adrenal function and energy homeostasis". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (10): 4808–13. doi:10.1210/jc.86.10.4808. PMID 11600545.
- Olafsdóttir BR, Rye DB, Scammell TE et al. (2002). "Polymorphisms in hypocretin/orexin pathway genes and narcolepsy". Neurology 57 (10): 1896–9. PMID 11723285.
- Blanco M, García-Caballero T, Fraga M et al. (2002). "Cellular localization of orexin receptors in human adrenal gland, adrenocortical adenomas and pheochromocytomas". Regul. Pept. 104 (1–3): 161–5. doi:10.1016/S0167-0115(01)00359-7. PMID 11830291.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
This transmembrane receptor-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
This page is based on a Wikipedia article. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
This is the Wikipedia entry entitled "Orexin receptor". More...
Orexin receptor Edit Wikipedia article
hypocretin (orexin) receptor 1 | |
Identifiers | |
Symbol | HCRTR1 |
Entrez | 3061 |
RefSeq | NM_001525 |
UniProt | O43613 |
Other data | |
Locus | Chr. 1 p33 |
hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 | |
Identifiers | |
Symbol | HCRTR2 |
Entrez | 3062 |
RefSeq | NM_001526 |
UniProt | O43614 |
Other data | |
Locus | Chr. 6 p11-q11 |
Orexin receptor type 2 | |||||||||
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | Orexin_rec2 | ||||||||
Pfam | PF03827 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR004060 | ||||||||
The orexin receptor (also referred to as the hypocretin receptor) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that binds the neuropeptide hormone orexin. There are two variants, OX1 and OX2, each encoded by a different gene (HCRTR1, HCRTR2).[1]
Both orexin receptors exhibit a similar pharmacology - the 2 orexin peptides, orexin-A and orexin-B, bind to both receptors and, in each case, agonist binding results in an increase in intracellular calcium levels. However, orexin-B shows a 10-fold selectivity for orexin receptor type 2, whilst orexin-A is equipotent at both receptors.[2]
Several orexin receptor antagonists are in development for potential use in sleep disorders.
- ^ Spinazzi R, Andreis PG, Rossi GP, Nussdorfer GG (2006). "Orexins in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis". Pharmacol. Rev. 58 (1): 46–57. doi:10.1124/pr.58.1.4. PMID 16507882.
- ^ Smart D, Jerman JC, Brough SJ, Rushton SL, Murdock PR, Jewitt F, Elshourbagy NA, Ellis CE, Middlemiss DN, Brown F (September 1999). "Characterization of recombinant human orexin receptor pharmacology in a Chinese hamster ovary cell-line using FLIPR". Br. J. Pharmacol. 128 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702780. PMC 1571615. PMID 10498827.
External links[edit]
- "Orexin Receptors". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
- Orexin Receptors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
This transmembrane receptor-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR004060
This page is based on a Wikipedia article. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.
Orexin receptor type 2 Provide feedback
No Pfam abstract.
External database links
Pseudofam: | PF03827 |
SYSTERS: | Orexin_rec2 |
This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.
InterPro entry IPR004060
G-protein-coupled receptors, GPCRs, constitute a vast protein family that encompasses a wide range of functions (including various autocrine, paracrine and endocrine processes). They show considerable diversity at the sequence level, on the basis of which they can be separated into distinct groups. We use the term clan to describe the GPCRs, as they embrace a group of families for which there are indications of evolutionary relationship, but between which there is no statistically significant similarity in sequence [PUBMED:8170923]. The currently known clan members include the rhodopsin-like GPCRs, the secretin-like GPCRs, the cAMP receptors, the fungal mating pheromone receptors, and the metabotropic glutamate receptor family. There is a specialised database for GPCRs (http://www.gpcr.org/7tm/).
The rhodopsin-like GPCRs themselves represent a widespread protein family that includes hormone, neurotransmitter and light receptors, all of which transduce extracellular signals through interaction with guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins. Although their activating ligands vary widely in structure and character, the amino acid sequences of the receptors are very similar and are believed to adopt a common structural framework comprising 7 transmembrane (TM) helices [PUBMED:2111655, PUBMED:2830256, PUBMED:8386361].
The hypothalamus plays a central role in the integrated control of feeding and energy homeostasis [PUBMED:9491897]. A new family of neuropeptides, orexins, have been identified that bind and activate two closely related (previously) orphan GPCRs [PUBMED:9491897, PUBMED:9656726]. Orexins stimulate appetite and food consumption [PUBMED:9656726]. Their genes are expressed bilaterally and symmetrically in the lateral hypothalamus, which has been shown to be the "feeding centre". By contrast, the "satiety centre" is expressed in the ventromedial hypothalamus and is dominated by the leptin-regulated neuropeptide network.
Both orexin receptors exhibit a similar pharmacology - the 2 orexin peptides, orexin-A and orexin-B, bind to both receptors and, in each case, agonist binding results in an increase in intracellular calcium levels. However, orexin-B shows a 10-fold selectivity for orexin receptor type 2, whilst orexin-A is equipotent at both receptors [PUBMED:10498827].
Gene Ontology
The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.
Cellular component | integral to membrane (GO:0016021) |
Molecular function | orexin receptor activity (GO:0016499) |
Biological process | G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007186) |
Domain organisation
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We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...
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We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.
Seed (3) |
Full (46) |
Representative proteomes | NCBI (36) |
Meta (0) |
Jalview | ||||||||
PP/heatmap | 1 | |||||||
Pfam viewer |
1Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available
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We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.
Seed (3) |
Full (46) |
Representative proteomes | NCBI (36) |
Meta (0) |
Raw Stockholm | ||||||||
Gzipped |
You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.
External links
MyHits provides a collection of tools to handle multiple sequence alignments. For example, one can refine a seed alignment (sequence addition or removal, re-alignment or manual edition) and then search databases for remote homologs using HMMER3.
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HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...
This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.
Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.
Curation and family details
This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.
Seed source: | PRINTS |
Previous IDs: | none |
Type: | Family |
Author: | Griffiths-Jones SR |
Number in seed: | 3 |
Number in full: | 46 |
Average length of the domain: | 57.30 aa |
Average identity of full alignment: | 70 % |
Average coverage of the sequence by the domain: | 13.61 % |
HMM information
HMM build commands: |
build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED
search method: hmmsearch -Z 23193494 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq
Model details: |
Model length: | 61 | ||||||||||||
Family (HMM) version: | 8 | ||||||||||||
Download: | download the raw HMM for this family |
Species distribution
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Number of items at this level: 36. Watson, David, ed. (2011) Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Churchill Livingstone, Oxford, UK. ISBN 978-0-443-07232-1 Abdel-Fattah, Mohamed and Ramsay, Ian and Pringle, Stewart and Hardwick, Chris and Ali, Hassan and Young, David and Mostafa, Alyaa (2011) Evaluation of transobturator tension-free vaginal tapes in management of women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence. Urology, 77 (5). pp. 1070-1075. ISSN 0090-4295 Aldhafiri, Fahad and Al-Nasser, Abdallah and Al-Sugair, Abdulaziz and Al-Mutairi, Hanan and Young, David and Reilly, John J (2012) Obesity and metabolic syndrome in adolescent survivors of standard risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Saudi Arabia. Pediatric Blood and Cancer, 59 (1). pp. 133-137. Basterfield, L. and Adamson, A.J. and Parkinson, K.N. and Maute, U. and Li, P.X and Reilly, John J (2008) Surveillance of physical activity in the UK is flawed : validation of the health survey for England physical activity questionnaire. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 93 (12). pp. 1054-1058. ISSN 0003-9888 Berry, Helen Russell and Perret, Claudio and Saunders, Benjamin A. and Kakebeeke, Tanja H. and Donaldson, Nick De N. and Allan, David B. and Hunt, Kenneth J. (2008) Cardiorespiratory and power adaptations to stimulated cycle training in paraplegia. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40 (9). pp. 1573-1580. ISSN 0195-9131 Beverland, Iain and Robertson, Charles and Yap, Christina and Heal, M.R. and Cohen, G.R. and Henderson, Deborah Elizabeth Jayne and Hart, C.L. and Agius, R.M. (2012) Comparison of models for estimation of long-term exposure to air pollution in cohort studies. Atmospheric Environment, 62. pp. 530-539. ISSN 1352-2310 Boateng, J.S. and Aufrett, A.D. and Matthews, K.H. and Humphry, M.J. and Stevens, H.N.E. and Eccleston, G.M. (2010) Characterisation of freeze-dried wafers and solvent evaporated films as potential drug delivery systems to mucosal surfaces. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 389 (1-2). pp. 24-31. ISSN 0378-5173 Boyle, Peter and Boniol, Mathieu and Koechlin, Alice and Robertson, Chris and Valentini, Faustine and Coppens, Kim and Fairley, Laura-Louise and Boniol, Magali and Zheng, Tongzhang and Zhang, Yawei and Pasterk, Markus and Smans, Michel and Curado, Maria Paula and Mullie, Patrick and Gandini, Sara and Bota, Maria and Bolli, Geremia and Rosenstock, Julio and Autier, Philippe (2012) Diabetes and breast cancer risk : a meta analysis. British Journal of Cancer, 107 (9). pp. 1608-1617. ISSN 0007-0920 Commander, Johanna and Lindsay, Colin and Findlay, Patricia and Bennie, Marion and Corcoran, Emma Dunlop and Van Der Meer, Robert (2013) 'Lean', new technologies and employment in public health services : employees experiences in the National Health Service in Scotland. In: SASE 25th Annual Conference, 2013-06-27 - 2013-06-29, Milan. (Unpublished) Coupaud, Sylvie and McLean, Alan N. and Grant, Stanley and Berry, Helen and Allan, David B. (2013) A model for incorporating a clinically-feasible exercise test in paraplegic annual reviews : a tool for stratified cardiopulmonary stress performance classification and monitoring. International Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 1 (9). pp. 1-9. ISSN 2329-9096 Dancer, S.J. and Kirkpatrick, P. and Corcoran, D.S. and Christison, F. and Farmer, D. and Robertson, Chris (2013) Approaching zero : temporal effects of a restrictive antibiotic policy on hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile, extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing coliforms and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 41 (2). 137–142. ISSN 0924-8579 Flasche, Stefan and Albert Jan, Van Hoek and Sheasby, Elizabeth and Waight, Pauline and Andrews, Nick and Sheppard, Carmen and George, Robert and Miller, Elizabeth (2011) Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on serotype-specific carriage and invasive disease in England: a cross-sectional study. PLoS Medicine, 8 (4). Ford, Mary (2008) Review of "Fundamentals of the stem cell debate: the scientific, religious, ethical and political issues". [Review] Gebril, Ayman M and Lamprou, Dimitrios and Alsaadi, Manal and Stimson, William and Mullen, Alexander and Ferro, Valerie (2013) Assessment of the antigen-specific antibody response induced by mucosal administration of a GnRH conjugate entrapped in lipid nanoparticles. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. ISSN 1549-9634 Goddard, Ashley David and Donaldson, N.M. and Horton, D.L. and Kosmider, Rowena Dawn and Kelly, Louise Anne and Sayers, A.R. and Breed, A.C. and Freuling, C.M. and Muller, T. and Shaw, S.E. and Hallgren, G. and Fooks, A.R. and Snary, E.L. (2012) A quantitative release assessment for the noncommercial movement of companion animals : risk of rabies reintroduction to the United Kingdom. Risk Analysis, 32 (10). pp. 1769-1783. ISSN 0272-4332 Guthrie, Bruce and Treweek, S. and Petrie, Dennis and Barnett, Karen and Ritchie, Lewis and Robertson, Chris and Bennie, Marion (2013) Protocol for the effective feedback to improve primary care prescribing safety (EFIPPS) study : a cluster randomised controlled trial using ePrescribing data. BMJ Open, 2 (6). ISSN 2044-6055 Harris, Bernard (2003) Medicine : hospital provision since 1800. In: Reader's Guide to British History. Routledge, Abingdon, pp. 874-875. ISBN 9781579582425 Heazell, Alexander and Cotter, SL and Gallimore, L. and Greenhalgh, David and Kennedy, S. and Klika, V. and Kritz, M. and Nelson, P. and Preedy, Katharine and Pu, I. and Stechi, A. and Siggers, J. and Whittaker, R. (2010) Comparing placentas from normal and abnormal pregnancies. Mathematics in Medicine. Joshi, Shailesh and Rowe, Philip and Pierce, G and Ahmed, K.E. and MacLeod, Charles Norman and Whitters, C.J (2013) Automated laser registration and quantitative assessment of articular cartilage for computer assisted orthopaedic surgery. [Proceedings Paper] Kirk, Alison and Mutrie, Nanette and MacIntyre, P. and Fisher, M (2004) Diabetes and survival after myocardial infarction: is cardiac rehabilitation an effective secondary prevention measure? Practical Diabetes International, 21. pp. 267-275. Koo Ng, N K F and Young, David and McGarry, G W (2012) Reversible nasal airway obstruction : does change in nasal peak inspiratory flow following decongestion predict response to topical steroids in chronic rhinosinusitis patients? Journal of Laryngology and Otology, 126 (12). pp. 1238-1240. Lin, I-Hsin and Birchall, Louise S. and Hodson, Nigel and Ulijn, Rein V. and Webb, Simon J. (2013) Interfacing biodegradable molecular hydrogels with liquid crystals. Soft Matter, 9 (4). pp. 1188-1193. ISSN 1744-683X Lowit, Anja (2007) Approche translinguistique de la dysarthrie. In: Les Dysarthries. SOLAL, Marseille, France. ISBN 9782353270217 Lowit, Anja (2006) Parkinson-Syndrom. In: Leitfaden Sprache, Sprechen, Stimme, Schlucken. Elsevier, Munich, Germany, pp. 317-325. ISBN 9783437477805 McDonald, S.A. and Hutchinson, Sharon and Mills, P.R. and S.M., Bird and Cameron, S. and Dillon, J.F. and Goldberg, D.J. (2011) The influence of hepatitis C and alcohol on liver-related morbidity and mortality in Glasgow's injecting drug user population. Journal of Viral Hepatitis, 18 (4). e104-e133. McKie, A. and Young, D. and Macdonald, P.D. (2005) Does monitoring newborn weight discourage breastfeeding? Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91. pp. 44-46. ISSN 0003-9888 Mcdonald, Scott and Hutchinson, Sharon and Bird, Sheila M and Mills, P. and Hayes, P. and Dillon, J.F. and Goldberg, David J. (2011) Excess morbidity in the hepatitis C-diagnosed population in Scotland, 1991-2006. Epidemiology and Infection, 139 (3). pp. 344-353. Mitchell, James and Jeffers, James (2012) The changing environment. In: Wilderness Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences, pp. 2134-2144. ISBN 9781437716788 Perret, C. and Berry, H. and Hunt, K. J. and Grant, Stan. and Kakebeeke, T. H. (2009) Determination and possible application of the aerobic gas exchange threshold in aerobically untrained paraplegic subjects based on stimulated cycle ergometry. Disability and Rehabilitation, 31 (17). pp. 1432-1436. ISSN 0963-8288 Perret, Claudio and Berry, Helen and Hunt, Ken J. and Donaldson, Nick and Kakebeeke, Tanja H. (2010) Feasibility of functional electrical stimulated cycling in subjects with spinal cord injury : an energetic assessment. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 42 (9). pp. 873-875. ISSN 1650-1977 Rondy, E. and Wiessing, L. and Hutchinson, Sharon and Mathei, C. and Mathis, F. and Mravcik, V. and Norden, L. and Rosiriska, M. and Scutelniciuc, O. and Suliqoi, B. and Vallejo, F. and VAN Veen, M. and Kretzschmar, M. (2013) Hepatitis C prevalence in injecting drug users in Europe, 1990–2007 : impact of study recruitment setting. Epidemiology and Infection, 141 (03). pp. 563-572. ISSN 0950-2688 Smith, Matthew (2015) Another Person's Poison : A History of Food Allergy. Columbia University Press, Bognor Regis. (In Press) Smith, Matthew (2014) Food allergy, mental illness and stress since 1945. In: The Stress of Life. McGraw-Hill. (In Press) Smith, Matthew (2015) Hyperactive around the world? Social History of Medicine. ISSN 0951-631X (Submitted) Trager-Cowan, Carol (2007) Light makes an impact on the lives and healthcare of Scots. MRS Bulletin, 32 (8). pp. 673-674. ISSN 0883-7694 Waterston, J A and Barnes, G R and Grealy, M A and Collins, S (1996) Abnormalities of smooth eye and head movement control in Parkinson's disease. Annals of Neurology, 39 (6). pp. 749-60. ISSN 0364-5134 |


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This page contains Cheats for PathPix organized by sections for Android. PathPix is a Miscellaneous Puzzle General game, made by Kris Pixton, released on Dec 23, 2012 and published by Kris Pixton. If you can't find a hint or secret in our list, then please check this page periodically for the latest updates.
PathPix Android Cheats
- Developer: Kris Pixton
- Publisher: Kris Pixton
- Genre: Miscellaneous Puzzle General
- Release Date: Dec 23, 2012
- ESRB: Not Set
Don't forget to Bookmark this page for the latest PathPix Cheats. At this moment there are no cheats or walkthroughs available for PathPix. If you know cheats, secrets, hints or glitches for this game then please Submit them.
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Multifunction printers that combine a printer, scanner, fax and copier into a single unit are a familiar sight these days. But the HP Color LaserJet Enterprise CM4540 MFP [2] includes some unique differentiators, such as HP's ePrint capability and proprietary hard-disk encryption.
A combination of several technologies, ePrint allows users to print from any location inside or outside of the organization to a specific printer or to alternative printers — say, in copy shops, airports, hotels or similar locations.
An encrypted hard disk securely stores forms, scans, faxes and other documents and keeps them safe from unauthorized access. The system also can e-mail faxes or scans to specified users, and allows users to print documents without worrying about them being intercepted by unauthorized users.
While many MFPs represent a compromise, the CM4540 offers best-of-breed functionality, with a very capable sheet-fed scanner, excellent fax functionality, standard copier features and superb monochrome and color printing capabilities. Unlike many color lasers, the CM4540 boasts excellent photo quality.
Users can control the CM4540 MFP through an LCD touch screen on the device, a browser-based control panel, or through the printer control panel in Windows. Jobs can be easily printed or stored on the printer, which is especially useful for forms. Stored jobs can be protected with a personal identification number (PIN) and printed as desired.
HP's ePrint functionality works well, allowing users to print from mobile devices such as Android, BlackBerry or iPhone smartphones; iPads; and almost any other mobile device that includes a browser. Users can send documents to the printer in advance, and store them until the user reaches the printer and unlocks the print job. They can also store files on a USB drive, place the drive in the USB port on the front of the printer, and select the file to print.
Enabling the MFP as a network printer is as simple as plugging in a network cable and running the software CD on a Windows computer. Managing the printer is very straightforward, and it's easy to control which features are available to groups of users.
The HP Secure High-Performance embedded hard disk ensures that print jobs, scans or faxes stored on the printer's disk cannot be accessed without authorization. If the disk is removed, the encrypted data cannot be retrieved without the key. Jobs can be sent to the printer from a mobile device or Internet terminal, then locked and printed only when the user reaches the printer and inputs the correct PIN.
The printer is quite large — about 20 inches on each side and 24 inches high without the extra 500-sheet paper trays, which are optional. It is also heavy. Unpacking it is a job for at least two (preferably four) people.
Other than this, what's not to like? The user-friendly CM4540 MFP offers great speed, excellent monochrome and color print quality, easy network functionality and accessibility from virtually any device.
[1] http://www.biztechmagazine.com/author/logan-g-harbaugh
[2] http://www.cdw.com/shop/products/HP-Color-LaserJet-Enterprise-CM4540-MFP-multifunction-printer-copier/2210805.aspx?enkwrd=ALLPROD%3a|HP%2520LaserJet%2520CM4540|All%20Product%20Catalog


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or Connect
Receivers & Amplifiers
Tektronix 016-1998-00 110V Fuser for Phaser 7300
110 Volt Fuser:Designed and life-tested for reliable, consistent performance, this modern, oil-less fuser is engineered to ensure flawless interaction with other Xerox supplies. Xerox supplies are simple to replace-leaving you with fewer hassles and more time to produce brilliant prints.
TIC CORPORATION AMP10 Exterior Receiver Amplifier (Black Finish)
Exterior Receiver Amplifier- Black Finish


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[ame="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JNGuouxTSFA"]ISU wins at UCONN 24-20 | 9.16.11 - YouTube[/ame] Enjoy!!
Last edited by clonomaniac; 09-17-2011 at 12:01 AM.
Steele's flex is awesome!
This is how we FINISH STRONG!!!
That first and ten after the Lenz catch pretty much summed up this game. Look at the away that D-lineman just pushes on White's helmet to get up. Total BS. # 33 Pushes off of his helmet to get up. TOTAL BS!
Lenz's catch is even more amazing the second time.
Originally Posted by TheCity Steele's flex is awesome! New avatar for me! Yours is better tho!
One day well be in here celebrating a Big 12 championship, Rhoads said. That I can promise you. "I hope to coach here until I retire," Hoiberg said.
Jantz, what a comeback kid!!!
Forum Rules


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Click on the Summits below to access event video, WWD editorial coverage, speaker information, and more.
About Fairchild Summits
Fairchild Summits connects the titans of industry at focused gatherings designed to inform and inspire through content curated by Fairchild Fashion Media's renowned editorial team. Attended by senior executives in the global fashion, beauty and retail industries, each event offers unique perspectives from those who are successfully navigating the ever-changing landscape.
For information on attending, please contact Kim Mancuso at 212.630.4212 or email@example.com.
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Search results for : | adica high |
Magic High
Magic High Is A High School Made For All Sorts of Beings To Learn Their Magics!! Please Read Rules First..!
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find your destiny
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Free forum : THE place to submit your high scores, fastest completions, and more! We accept all video-proven entries. Please post your entries on YouTube for easier viewing capabilities.
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Welcome to the strange and becoming where learning has never gone so far, the time you spend here shall stay with for the rest of your life, so I welcome thy to Crescent Moon High
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Showerspass are discounting their Elite 2.0 womens jacket to just $US150, until Feb 14th.
This is an excellent rain jacket at a great price.
[edit] the mens jacket is also $150, not sure whether there is a time span. This seems to be connected with the release of a new model, the Elite 2.1


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[August 3, 2012]Get Ready For a Bermuda Challenge Run This SaturdayAfter weather caused him to turn back in 2011, Fertig is set to make the New York to Bermuda run this Saturday.
[June 17, 2011]Simrad Yachting NSS SeriesSimrad Yachting's new GPS system rivals popular touch phones for ease of use.
[January 1, 2004]Talk Radio: Simrad RS 86The latest VHF radios are more than glorified walkie-talkies-they're integrated communication systems that offer so much versatility you'll wonder how you ever chatted without one. The Simrad RS 86 is no exception. We used this dVHF radio for the season aboard Boating's Albemarle 268 project boat.
[December 1, 2003]Miracle Machine: Simrad CA44Here's an astonishing real-world, no BS fact: Running at 25 mph in 2,000 feet of water, the Simrad CA44 combination unit on Boating's Albemarle 268 project boat held a solid bottom reading. What's more, in 750 feet of water, target separation was so good I spotted 10-pound tilefish lurking near my baits, before hooking them. Impressive? The CA44 had the best deep-water fishfinder performance I've experienced-ever.


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Maryland auctioning off helmets and jerseys from Miami game
Maryland strolled out in some special unis Monday night against Miami. Now, they are looking to cash in on them.
Today, the university announced that, "Due to overwhelming demand" they are auctioning off 10 helmets and 10 jerseys "worn Monday by the football team".
Bidding opens at $500 for the helmets and $200 for the jerseys. All proceeds go to the athletic department.
We applaud the capitalism. Seems like a quick and easy way to earn an extra $25,000 - $50,000.
Oklahoma State needs a win tonight to get to .500
No, a win tonight won't get them to .500 for this season (the Cowboys won in week one 61-34 over Louisiana Lafayette), it will get them to .500 overall.
OSU's overall record is currently 520-521-47. Hard to imagine that after playing football for 110 years, that their overall record would be .500. Odds?
Under Gundy's watch, the team is 48-29.
Their facilities are pretty good for a .500 team.
Yes, this is the last time we expect to refer to Oklahoma State as a .500 team.
Reminder, OSU hosts Arizona tonight at 8 on ESPN.
ESPN & NFL reach mega-deal
This morning, ESPN and the NFL announced a new eight year agreement (2014-2021) through which ESPN will pay $1.9 billion per year for a broad set of rights.
Included in the agreement are:
- Monday Night Football
- The Pro Bowl
- The NFL Draft
- Highlight rights for TV and ESPN.com
- 3D distribution rights
- Enhanced International Rights (including the Superbowl)
- A wild card game option
- Rights to simulcast ESPN's coverage on tablet devices
In making the announcement, ESPN also took the opportunity to announce some changes to it's NFL coverage.
Sunday NFL Countdown will now be 3 hours long (used to be 2) and NFL Live hosted by Trey Wingo will now be 1 hour long (used to be 30 minutes).
ESPN is also rolling out a new show called NFL 32, hosted by Suzy Colber and Mort. 32 will be year round and is slated for 1 hour of programming beginning at 6PM EST.
They also announced NFL Kickoff, a Friday night show scheduled to air Friday's at 7 on the deuce. A one hour look at all 16 games for that week. Berman will host the first two and then Wingo takes over.
For a little perspective, ESPN is paying $1.9 billion for the package above. Media reports put the media rights package for the entire NBA season at $930 million.
Thursday TV
We have a feeling that a few points will be scored tonight.
All times Eastern. Check regional listings for other games available in your area.
Saints at Green Bay - 8:30 - NBC
Arizona at Oklahoma State - 8PM - ESPN
Florida A&M at Hampton - 7:30 - ESPNU
Newberry at Valdosta State - 7PM - CST
Central Washington vs. Humboldt State - 8PM - CBSSN
High School:
Beer sales shockingly low at Holgorsen's opener
You might have heard that West Virginia has begun selling beer at their stadium during games.
Kind of ironic that the first game at which beer was sold was Holgorsen's debut; but we'll move past that.
This afternoon West Virginia officials released that beer sales during the game totalled $75,000. We understand that they were priced at $7 and $9. Assuming the low end ($7), that's about 10,000 beers sold at the game. Over 60,000 people attended the game. An average of 1 beer per every 6 fans. What? And to make it worse, the report added that the concession stands were open through most of the lightning delays.
Earlier in the week we noticed some reports of long lines at the beer stands.
Just a reminder, LSU is coming to town in three weeks. You might want to order a few more kegs....OK, like several thousand more.
Mentoring young men
If you coach to improve the lives of young men, this is a story for you.
Oregon wide receivers coach Scott Frost works as hard as any of us. Ask the other coaches on the staff. Frost is there early and stays late. He's young, single, loves football, coaching and improving the lives of young men. The guy doesn't have much time in season for any hobbies.
However, Frost says he credits his college coach, Tom Osborne, with instilling in him the importance of mentoring young men. Frost spoke this off-season at a community event that featured Tony Dungy speaking on the same topic.
Frost said that men that are accomplished, are disciplined and that don't have problems have a common trait...having a strong father in their home. Kids that have problems did not have dads...or had weak dads that weren't involved. These kids need mentors.
Frost went on to explain that when he came to Oregon he got involved with a Big Brother type organization that set him up as a mentor to a foster child. They got along great and Frost saw the importance that he played in the young man's life.
In his opinion, Frost didn't have nearly the time that he would have liked to devote to the young man; but he certainly saw the positive impact that he was making on him. When the foster situation the young man was in imploded the state asked Frost to take the young man in. As Frost put it, "I had all sorts of excuses why I didn't want to do that. I'm single. I'm living in a place by myself. I work 14 hour days...and I've never cooked a meal other than macaroni and cheese."
The young man ended up living elsewhere for a few months...and then that fell through. Again, the state asked Frost to take him in. This time Frost agreed, "I need to stop making excuses and live up to this. I took him in...I've been a foster parent since December, and it's the best thing I've ever done." Frost added, "Don't make the mistake of doing nothing because you can only do a little. I'm not there for Chris as often as I'd like to. But because I'm there for Chris, I've seen changes. Not only that, it's been one of the best things I've ever done for me....My point is: Stop making excuses why you shouldn't."
The whole thing is a great piece by Rachel Bachman of the Oregonian.
Oregon State adjusts practice time
Oregon State, fresh off of a stinging overtime loss to Sacramento State, travels to Wisconsin to play in Camp Randall this weekend.
Kickoff is set for 11AM local (Wisky), which equates to 9AM pacific. Not a normal gametime for the Beavers.
To help / force his guys to adjust, Mike Riley moved practice from it's traditional afternoon slot (2-4PM) up to 9:30 this week. We like that move.
Riley and his guys didn't need to lose that first one as they are facing a brutal remaining schedule....
At Wisky, UCLA, at Arizona State, Arizona, BYU, at Washington State, at Utah, Stanford, at Cal, Washington and at Oregon to finish. Anyone want to trade schedules?
Pat Fitzgerald thinks the NCAA is going to kill two-a-days
After practice today Coach Fitz spent some time speaking with the local media. Fitz says he wants to look at ways to structure camp better next year to not burn out his guys.
Watch the video below and you definitely get the sense that he thinks the team is "sick and tired of practicing" by the time the first game rolls around and that then impacts how they play.
Fitz does acknowledge that they are undefeated in openers so he probably won't do anything drastic; but...
"Some of it was our passion...you operate on game day the way you create your habits during the week...it's happened every year when you get to that first game and guys are just sick and tired of practicing...it takes us the first half to get to the level of emotion that it needs to be at..."
"We got to play better in the opener...I got a feeling that we're going to get mandated by the NCAA to go to one-a-days anyway...I just anticipate that happening."
Just fyi, the wind kicks up after about the first 1:30 of this video and you can't hear much thereafter.


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On View: Amulet with a Stylized Figure of Heh, the God of Eternity
The three metal amulets in this case are highly stylized versions of a common Middle Kingdom motif: a kneeling figure of Heh, the god of ete...
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Hiroshige's One Hundred Famous Views of Edo
Hiroshige's 118 woodblock landscape and genre scenes of mid-nineteenth-century Tokyo, is one of the greatest achievements of Japanese art.
On View: Calf Bearer
Images of men carrying animals slung over their shoulders are found in Egyptian tomb reliefs and paintings of people bearing offerings for t...
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Brooklyn Museum Posse:Exploring the collection
When you join the posse, your tags comments and favorites will display with your attribution and save to your profile.
Found 13319 Items Tagged "2006"


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The Long County High School baseball team (2-3) got back on the winning track this past Thursday, beating Bryan County High School (2-2), 14-5, in Ludowici.
Last weekend Fort Stewart's Youth Challenge Academy's basketball team vowed to defend its championship title against Fort Gordon in Augusta. Keeping their word, the boys rallied after a sluggish start to win 69-64 in overtime.
The Liberty Panthers girls' track team scored a total of 156 and 164 points in 15 events to finish in first place, and the boys' team scored 131 and 169 to place second at the squads' first two track meets Feb. 24 and March 3 in Hinesville.
Bradwell's soccer teams were at Jenkins High Friday night where the Lady Tigers won in overtime but the boys lost to the home team.
The Lady Tigers' winning streak began in November.
Maybe Bradwell Institute should play Beach every week in soccer.
Bradwell Institute opened its season at home against Brunswick in a non-region baseball game Tuesday afternoon, but despite an early one-run lead, the Tigers fell, 4-1, to the Pirates.
Liberty County High School freshman linebacker Raekwon McMillan participated at the Schuman's National Underclassman Football Combine competition Feb. 19 in Savannah.
Twenty nine perfect wins and one heartbreaking loss ended the Bradwell Lady Tigers' basketball season Tuesday night. The girls hosted McEachern High School for the second round of the state playoffs but lost 50-25 to the Lady Indians whose mere height dominated the Hinesville girls.
Liberty County High School's Matt Desbiens and Patrick McDonald each launched three-run home runs Monday at Bryan County High School, but the Redskins came back in extra innings to win, 9-8.
Bradwell's golf team took another second-place finish Wednesday in its second match of the season at Cherokee Rose Golf Club in Hinesville.
Long County High School's baseball team began the Region 2-AA portion of its schedule on Tuesday, facing Jeff Davis in Hazelhurst.
Liberty County YMCA Heat swimmer Sandra Scott had what her coach called an "awesome" showing at this year's 14U state swim championships held in Savannah over the weekend.
More than 50 kids turned up at the Liberty County YMCA on Feb. 12-13 hoping to earn a spot on Scott's All-Stars basketball team.
Garrett Riggleman drove in Alex Covington in the bottom of the ninth inning to give Bryan County High School a 9-8 win in extra innings over visiting Liberty County (2-1) on Monday night in Pembroke.
Former Bradwell Institute football player Gary Guyton has signed a one-year contract with the NFL's Tennessee Titans.
Q: Kathy and Jane are playing in a tournament. On the fourth hole, Kathy hits her second shot into the bunker in front of the green. She notices that a rake has been left in the bunker between her ball and the hole. She retrieves it and, in the process, makes footprints. She smooths her footprints, as well as other footprints, prior to making a stroke. Jane says she must be penalized for repairing a bunker prior to making a stroke. Kathy replies that she did not improve her lie, area of intended swing or stance, and nothing was done ...
The Long County Commission recently recognized the county's mite boys' all-star baseball team for finishing runner-up to the state title in its division of the Georgia Recreation and Parks Association baseball tournament. Team members are T.J. Criswell, Kyle Duncan, Daniel Edwards, Blake Holland, Noah Kuhaneck, Matthew Marchant, Austin Pitts, Trevor Ray, Justin Thomas, Than Williams and Luke Wells. Coaches were Joey Edwards, Tommy Holland, John Kuhaneck, Justin Thomas, Dean Cammack and head coach Randy Williams. The Long County Commission is represented by Willie Thomas, Kent Hall, Gerald Blocker, Dwight Gordon and Chairman Robert Long.
Long County rec event set for Saturday


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Student Life >> Browse Articles >> On-Campus Housing
Student Life >> Browse Articles >> Social Life
Student Life >> Browse Articles >> Student News
Future College Roommates and Facebook
Maybe the saying is "curiosity killed the cat" for a reason.
Elizabeth Hoyt
March 19, 2013
Incoming college freshman, understandably nervous about their future living arrangements, learn their roommate assignments and promptly log on their Facebook accounts to investigate their future roommates.
Upon finding information they find favorable or, perhaps even, unfavorable, they began to immediately build friendships or put in for roommate changes, often without even meeting the assigned roommate.
While this may seem like a useful tool, it actually defeats the purpose of leaving comfort zones to bond with other students over college experiences. These bonds may not occur in other scenarios, but the unique social setting college provides allows students from all different backgrounds to connect.
Such connections build relationships that last a lifetime, help celebrate cultural diversity and open students' minds to appreciate differences. Going even further, the bonds will shape job opportunities, communities and relations for years to come.
Keeping these concepts in mind, it's easy to understand how "weeding out" potential individuals as roommates via Facebook begins to sour the entire process.
Naturally, people always feel more comfortable with those more like them, but that's not really the point, is it? The point is to leave your comfort zone.
While what students learn in college classrooms is undoubtedly important, the lessons learned outside of classrooms may be in danger. Such lessons–
Is this Facebook's fault? No. Perhaps, students aren't even aware of the importance the entire college experience (roommates, included) plays in socialization aspects.
Maybe the saying is "curiosity killed the cat" for a reason. If you do decide to
However, you're not doing yourself any favors by choosing someone just like yourself. Chances are, if you do it that way, you won't learn much about yourself either. You learn through differences, conflicts and diversity not vanilla interactions.
Besides, isn't that really what college is all about in the end?
Let fate take its course. It could turn out wonderfully well and you could learn a lot, make a new friend or, maybe not. It's all part of the college experience, so let yourself experience it, no matter how afraid you may be.
What are your fears about or experiences with rooming blind?


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User Comments
Rubik's TV - Episode 20
Rubik's TV - Episode 20
This time we look at a new Rubik's Rap - "Teach me how to RUBIKS" by Jordan White...
And if that's not hot enough for you, check out Anthony Brooks solving the cube one-handed whilst being spun round a race track in a turbo charged VW Golf.
We also take a look at some of your custom cubes - get started creating your custom cube today!
Click the thumbnails on the right to watch full vids and join us on Facebook
Added by Rubiksadmin on 2012-10-23 22:03:30


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Heroism & Brotherhood in the Lost World of Jewish Life in Egypt (Part 1)
Friday, March 8th, 2013(((CLICK BELOW TO HEAR AUDIO)))
Yishai is joined by Rachamim Clement Soffer, who describes his personal experience of the destruction of the ancient Jewish community in Egypt. Rachamim lived an idyllic life as a young teenager in Egypt until dark and difficult times descended on his world. He was evicted from Egypt at the age of 15 because he was helping the effort to rescue Jews from ghettos slated for annihilation. Years later, Rachamim (Clement) was able to use his political connections in the American government to save the Jewish cemetery in Egypt. Be sure to listen to this touching and inspiring segment (and the continuation in segment #4)
Yishai Fleisher on Twitter: @YishaiFleisher
Yishai on Facebook
Podcast: Play in new window | Download


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Defense of Marriage Act ruled unconstitutional by second appeals court - U.S. News
Why is there any question that DOMA is wrong?
Defense of Marriage Act ruled unconstitutional by second appeals court - U.S. News
Why is there any question that DOMA is wrong?
Dark-Type Safari with: Sneasel, Vullaby & Liepard
(Please VM or PM me so I can add your FC too)
Someday, I hope kids will look back on this and wonder why this stuff was even an issue.
"It is nothing to die; it is horrible not to live."
So yet another chance it will make it to the Supreme Court. Exciting!
Hi, I'm Rose. I love music, alcohol, pointless Internet debates and being a snob about my choices in entertainment. I write a lot. You can read some of my writing at Autostraddle.com, the best site for LBTQ women on the Internet, where I am a staff writer. Or the funhouse that is my tumblr. I also write music sometimes, and post the better fruits of my labors on my SoundCloud.
A sentiment I expect that is shared by most on here. A wider margin of folks 35 and younger are supportive of the LGBT community. But there are still some who don't share that belief and in fact are outright hostile to any equal rights for gays and lesbians and transgenders. Including a distinct minority on here. The love I share with my boyfriend should be no one else's concern but our own. It truly amazes me that the same people who purport a right to inject their beliefs into our lives are the same people who decry "expanding" government. Contradict much do you think?
Dark-Type Safari with: Sneasel, Vullaby & Liepard
(Please VM or PM me so I can add your FC too)
aside from the issue of accepting same-sex marriage in someone's religion. there's an issue that religious believers seem to think is an actual issue, they think legalizing gay marriage is stomping on religous rights because it's forcing churches to accept gay marriage. which is simply not the case. there are churchs that'll mary these people for the money, they don't need to be stomp'd on and 2nd of all, legalizing marriage, as weird as it sounds has nothing to do with religion. it's about being respected as a married couple under the law and state and home. there are legal benifits to being married like raising children, tax benifits, and on a society view, being married means settling down and same-sex couples deserve those rights which is the same rights we give to people of different religions or even those that don't believe in god. we aren't forcing the church to accept them in their religion but they have to accept the fact that marriage is a right that should belong to any citizen, not just who the churchs or religious people aprove of.


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Minnesota Reflections
TEEWED CmEIER. Vol. XL No. 10. ADVANCE PUBLISHING CO., j. PraLISHKRS CHICAGO, ILL., f ^"blishbrS. TAKU WASTE OKIYA, TAKU SICA KIPAJIN. Published for the Dakota Mission OCTOBER, 1882. Pbice, Seventy-five cents a teak. Entered at the Chicago Postofflce ae Sccoud-claas matter. HOKSIYOQOPA HI WAN YUHA. "BABY HAS A TOOTH !" From the painting by m. pinchard.


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Active Directory, Active Directory 2003, Active Directory migration, Active Directory security, Active Directory Users and Computers, AD, DNS configuration, DNS server, Domain Administration, Domain Controller, Domain management, GPO, Group Policy, Group Policy management, Group Policy Objects, PowerShell, SBS, SBS 2003, SBS 2003 R2, SBS 2008, Small Business Server, Small Business Server 2003, Small Business Server 2008, Terminal Server, Terminal Services, Windows 2000 Server, windows 2003, Windows NT, Windows NT 4.0, Windows Server 2000, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 32-bit, Windows Server 2003 64 bit, Windows Server 2003 administration, Windows Server 2003 Backup, Windows Server 2003 Domain, Windows Server 2003 Domain Controller, Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition, Windows Server 2003 Group Policy, Windows Server 2003 Installation, Windows Server 2003 R2, Windows Server 2003 SP2, Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 64-bit, Windows Server 2008 Administration, Windows Server 2008 Domain Controller, Windows Server 2008 error messages, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012 VIEW ALL TAGS
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text: O Hamilton Nolan Advertising Belgium Europe Wtf Socialism weird things Marketing Wide wide world 2/10/10 4:30pm 2/10/10 4:30pm Edit10,598g123LEShare to KinjajFacebookiTwitterkTumblrK Belgian Ad Strike Means Fewer Pervy AdsS Europe's so weird. Ad agencies in Belgium teamed together and went on "strike" to protest the fact that clients were asking too many ad agencies to pitch their business. Huh! So, temporary moratorium on sexxxy Belgian porn ads. [Adfreak] LDiscuss


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MILWAUKEE (AP) -- Rickie Weeks blasted a three-run home run and Travis Ishikawa hit a bases-clearing double in Milwaukee's eight-run fifth inning, and the Brewers beat the Atlanta Braves 8-2 on Wednesday night.
The victory was the Brewers' ninth in a row at Miller Park and 18th in the past 23 games overall. Milwaukee (72-71) climbed above .500 for the first time since it was 4-3 on April 12.
The Brewers moved within three games of St. Louise for the second NL wild card. Despite the loss, the Braves continue to have a strong hold on the top wild card position.
Brewers starter Yovani Gallardo also connected for a run-scoring double in the game-turning inning, during which the Brewers sent 13 batters to the plate while collecting eight hits and two walks. Milwaukee trailed 2-0 entering the frame.
Gallardo (15-8) pitched seven strong innings in his majors-leading 24th quality start of the season. He gave up two runs on only four hits while walking three and striking out six.
Relievers Jose Veras and Kameron Loe combined to shut out the Braves over the final two innings.
Atlanta starter Paul Maholm (12-10) held the Brewers scoreless through four innings before running into major trouble in the fifth.
Maholm gave up nine hits, eight runs -- six earned -- in 4 1/3 innings. He walked two batters and struck out a pair. Maholm entered the game 0-2 with an 11.25 ERA in two prior starts against the Brewers this season.
Weeks connected for his 18th home run of the season to spark the fifth-inning outburst, giving the Brewers a 3-2 lead. Milwaukee added five more runs in the inning, three on a double by Ishikawa, who started at first base in place of the injured Corey Hart.
Jason Heyward got the Braves on the board in the first inning when he hit a two-out, solo home run. The Braves added a run in the fourth.
Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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2012 paralympics advert, Channel 4- Meet the Superhumans.
The regular Olympics in London are old news now, but don't forget the 2012 Paralympics. Not at all to be outdone by the olympic Olympics, the Paralypics upped the celebration of British literature with a celebration of Britain's amazing contributions to science and technology, much of which makes the Paralympics possible.
Well, it's over for now. The end of the London 2012 Summer Games. I always get a little too emotionally invested in the Olympics, but it's such a great thing, to cheer on your nation. I believe our Olympians really did us proud this year, and I look forward to Sochi, to watch them compete again.
Good job, everyone. Your nation is so proud of you.
London 2012 Olympics Closing Ceremony (via DailyMail)
Olympic Closing Ceremony scale model
Samsung had a wonderful pin contest going for anyone who loves to collect. The idea was to collect all 49 special samsung pins, themes of London and the Olympics. After collecting all the pins (with a little pain) the first 100 people win a new Samsung Galaxy S III. Then a draw for a trip as well. Lucky to say that my mom; Carol was the very last person to win the phone. Congrats to her an her hard work.
Don't forget you can watch the Olympics Live on BBC. I know I'm watching a lot online even though I'm here in London. With so much happening at once, I'm dual watching some event!


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Dr. Winter is a Professor of Radiology and Director of Ultrasound at the University of Wisconsin Medical Center, Madison, WI.
Ultrasound is close to the ideal modality for evaluating the scrotum; it is inexpensive, readily and rapidly available, and is performed without ionizing radiation. Ultrasound is nearly 100% sensitive at detecting intrascrotal masses 1 and delineates between testicular and extratesticular pathology with 95% to 100% accuracy. 2,3 Recent improvements in technology, both in hardware and in software, permit phenomenal high-resolution gray-scale and color Doppler examination of intrascrotal pathology. This article will briefly review scrotal ultrasound and will cover eight areas: technique, anatomy, torsion, infection (epididymo-orchitis), masses, varicocele, trauma, and testicular microlithiasis.
Support the scrotum with a towel placed over the thighs. Avoid a cold room for the sake of patient comfort and also because lowered room temperatures may cause skin thickening and testicular retraction. Acquire hardware that is capable of demonstrating flow in every normal testicle (which includes almost any reputable machine currently), so that the absence of flow truly implies infarction, rather than a technical problem. Use a transducer with the highest possible frequency (current broad bandwidth technology for small-parts imaging ranges between 5 and 14 MHz). Optimize your color software for the low-volume, low-velocity flow present within the normal testicle by choosing the correct preset package offered by your ultrasound machine manufacturer.
Begin with gray-scale findings. Decide whether any lesion is inside or outside the testicle and then assess the testicle for size, echogenicity, and architecture. Assess the epididymis for cysts, enlargement, and mass lesions. Evaluate for any hydro-, pyo-, or hematoceles. Look at the surrounding tissues of the scrotum for thickening or abscess, and the suprascrotal region for obvious hernias. Assess vascularity using color or power Doppler (color sensitivity on high-end machines is very close to equivalent, with perhaps a slight edge in flow sensitivity for power Doppler in older or mid-range machines 4 ). Is it increased, decreased, or disordered, and where are the abnormal vessels? Are they within the testicle, the epididymis, or elsewhere? Obtain and document at least one pulsed Doppler spectral tracing from each testicle. Finally, always remember to compare the symptomatic testicle to the asymptomatic side.
In general, decreased testicular flow implies torsion/infarction and increased flow implies epididymo-orchitis (some uncommon exceptions are discussed below). Disorganized flow raises the specter of intratesticular tumor, while increased venous flow in the pampiniform plexus implies varicocele.
There are three arteries in the supratesticular region: 1) the testicular artery that arises from the aorta, which is the major blood supply to the testis; 2) the deferential artery that arises from the vesicular artery, which supplies the epididymis and vas deferens; and 3) the cremasteric artery that arises from the inferior epigastric artery, which supplies the peritesticular tissues. There are anastomoses between all three of these arteries, but with occlusion of the testicular artery the collateral flow from the other two vessels is not sufficient to keep the testicle from infarcting. Therefore, the presence of arterial flow in the supratesticular region on Doppler does not exclude torsion. The intratesticular arterial anatomy is more important in ruling out torsion. The testicular artery runs posteriorly and pierces the tunica albuginea and forms the capsular artery in the tunica vasculosa. Within the testicle, centripetal branches radiate from the capsular artery toward the mediastinum, which then branch into recurrent rami that course away from the mediastinum. The recurrent rami may be difficult to see routinely with color Doppler, but the capsular and centripetal arteries should always be visible. In approximately 50% of cases, a transmediastinal artery will course through the mediastinum toward the periphery. Venous intratesticular flow may be seen with newer technology. Capsular and intratesticular arteries should have resistive indices in the range of 60% to 65%, with reversed end diastolic flow being a potential indicator of torsion. 5 An exception is prepubertal males, in whom absence of end diastolic flow is often a normal finding. 6 Symmetry is expected from side to side.
When a patient presents with a nontraumatic acute scrotum, clinical diagnosis centers upon differentiating between torsion and acute epididymitis. This differentiation is crucial since epididymitis is treated medically and torsion is a surgical emergency. If one can surgically detorse a twisted testicle within 6 hours, the majority of the testicles will probably be saved; whereas after 12 hours the salvage rate drops precipitously. Gray-scale findings overlap significantly, so color Doppler is crucial in distinguishing the two. With the advent of modern ultrasound technology, nuclear medicine imaging rarely has a role in this diagnosis. Absent testicular blood flow almost always implies torsion in the acute setting (although infarction can occur after vasculitis, infection, or trauma). Because torsion is such a surgical emergency, several authors have described using color Doppler to assist in manually untwisting the testicle to reperfuse the gland while the operating room is being prepared. 7,8 (This practice is far from widely accepted, however, since the potential exists to worsen the ischemia if the testicle is twisted the wrong way). Testicular torsion is possible at any age, but is most common between the ages of 12 and 18 years, after which the incidence slowly decreases. 9 Patients typically present with sudden onset of pain. Torsion occurs because an abnormally narrow mesenteric attachment from the cord onto the testis and epididymis allows the testis to rotate like a clapper in a bell. This deformity is usually bilateral, hence if torsion is confirmed on the symptomatic side, the contralateral uninvolved testis is also fixed to the scrotum surgically.
Gray-scale findings range from normal to a swollen, hypoechoic testicle with or without epididymis, with heterogeneous architecture. A normal gray-scale appearance (but abnormal color Doppler) is a good finding as it is more likely to be associated with a salvageable testicle than is a gland with an abnormal gray-scale appearance. 10 On color Doppler, the sonographic findings are simple. There is generally no intratesticular blood flow, whereas you see normal blood flow on the asymptomatic side (figure 1). Although recent improvements in technology may allow a tiny amount of flow to be seen in a torsed testicle, this is generally not a diagnostic dilemma; as the marked asymmetry in flow from side to side and the clinical presentation make correct diagnosis clear (figure 2). In the future, ultrasound contrast agents may prove useful in evaluating torsion, particularly in infants.
In general, increased testicular and epididymal blood flow implies epididymitis and orchitis. Ultrasound is highly accurate in making the diagnosis. 11 Clinically, these patients are slightly older than the torsion patients, with two-thirds presenting between 20 and 30 years of age. A common etiology is a retrograde ascent of urethral pathogens via the ejaculatory duct into the vas deferens. The patient presents with scrotal pain and swelling developing over hours. In approximately 9% of cases, the disease is bilateral. Although the epididymis alone is involved initially, by the time most patients with clinical evidence of epididymitis present to the emergency room, they have concomitant orchitis. The gray-scale findings of orchitis overlap significantly with those of torsion--specifically, the testicle may be normal or may be enlarged and hypo-echoic. Skin thickening or reactive hydrocele may be present. Blood flow in the normal epididymis is detected routinely with modern equipment. 12 However, symmetry is the rule in the scrotum, so asymmetric hyperemia of an epididymis in the appropriate setting should suggest infection. Because of the common concomitant orchitis, color Doppler evidence of ipsilateral testicular hyperemia is often present (figure 3). Complications of epididymitis are not uncommon and some may be diagnosed by ultrasound. These complications (figure 4) include testicular infarctions, scrotal abscess, chronic draining scrotal sinus, chronic epididymitis, and infertility.
Distinguishing torsion from epididymo-orchitis may be quite difficult clinically, but is usually easy with ultrasound. However, there is a differential diagnosis for the sonographically identified hyperemic epididymis and testicle. First, spontaneous detorsion--torsion that spontaneously (nonsurgically) untwists--may present as a high-flow testicle immediately after detorsion as the reactive hyperemia is imaged (figure 5). Diagnosis is often made on a clinical basis (no evidence for infection and the fact that 19% to 68% of men with torsion had a history of similar pain that resolved spontaneously--eg, prior episodes of spontaneous detorsion). Spontaneous detorsion hyperemia is not a surgical emergency, but these patients are at increased risk for future torsion (including the opposite side since the bell-clapper deformity is usually bilateral) and will benefit from orchiopexy (surgically anchoring both testicles so that they cannot twist in the future). Second, torsion of the testicular and/or epididymal appendages may present with a hyperemic epididymis or testicle. In 5% of adults, and a much higher percentage of children, appendage torsion is the etiology for an acute scrotum; but this is not a surgical problem and resolves with supportive therapy. Third, leukemic or lymphomatous infiltration may present with an enlarged, hypoechoic, hyperemic testicle, potentially mimicking orchitis. 13 The testicles are a sanctuary site for these malignancies during chemotherapy. Clinical history (which is usually readily available during an ultrasound exam since one can talk to the patient!) helps in making the correct diagnosis.
Intratesticular masses should be considered malignant until proven otherwise, while extratesticular intrascrotal masses are generally benign. Testicular cancer is the most common neoplasm in males in the 20- to 34-year-old age group. 14 Testicular cancer is often one of the most curable. There have been several high-profile athletes recently diagnosed with testicular cancer who were treated successfully, raising public awareness of this curable disease. For example, Lance Armstrong had brain metastases and went on to win the Tour de France. 15 It has been suggested that males should perform scrotal self-examinations every month. 9,14 The majority of affected patients present with a painless unilateral testicular mass. Other clinical presentations include diffuse testicular enlargement or evidence of metastatic disease (approximately 10% of patients 9 ).
Approximately 90% to 95% of primary tumors are of germ cell origin. A great deal has been written about the sonographic appearance of various testicular tumors. Although of intellectual interest, diagnosing and distinguishing among the various malignant cell-types is rarely of practical import to the general radiologist, since the finding of any potentially malignant mass within the testicle generally prompts surgical consultation. For superb radiologic reviews of the various testicular tumors, see the articles by Geraghty et al 16 or Dambro et al. 17
Color Doppler cannot distinguish benign from malignant intratesticular lesions reliably, although, in general, large avascular lesions and small hypervascular lesions are less likely to be malignant. Tumors tend to have unorganized blood flow. Color may have a role in detecting tumors in children, in whom tumors have more of a tendency to be isoechoic. 18
The most common testicular tumors are seminoma and mixed germ-cell tumors (MGCT) (eg, mixtures of embryonal, teratomatous, and choriocarcinoma cells). Seminomas occur in a slightly older age group than do other testicular neoplasms. Seminomas are typically quite homogeneous, hypo-echoic nodules that range from a small sharply demarcated mass (figure 6) to a large mass causing diffuse testicular enlargement (figure 7).
As a group, MGCT are much more heterogenous in sonographic appearance than seminomas (figure 8). Margins are more ill-defined, tunica invasion is more common, and cystic regions, echogenic areas (including calcifications), and mixed echogenic regions (necrosis or hemorrhage) are much more common than with the typical hypoechoic and homogeneous pure seminoma tumors. Other more unusual primary testicular tumors do occur, as do metastases to the testicle.
Although it is important to remember that testicular solid masses are tumor until proven otherwise, radiologists should also be aware that benign processes may manifest as an intratesticular mass at sonography. 19 Besides tumor, the differential for a mass includes infection, hematoma, infarct/ vasculitis, 20 and post-biopsy. 21 Consider recommending an inguinal biopsy, rather than a radical orchiectomy if the lesion is atypical. In conjunction with clinical history, suggestive (but nondiagnostic) sonographic features of a benign tumor include hyperechoic lesion, pure simple cyst, or avascular, solid, nonpalpable lesion >1 cm. 22 Two common entities should never be mistaken for malignancy: 1) cysts of the tunica albuginea, and 2) tubular ectasia of the rete testis. Cysts of the tunica albuginea are small (2 to 5 mm), located in the tunica (generally on the anterior or lateral aspects of the testicle), solitary or multiple, asymptomatic, often palpable, and discovered in older (40- to 50-year-old) patients. 17,23-25 Tubular ectasia of the rete testis (figure 9) can generally be diagnosed confidently as the benign lesion that it is, sparing the patient anxiety and potential surgery. 26-32 A typical appearance of this lesion is multiple small spherical or tubular anechoic structures in the region of the mediastinum testis, often associated with epididymal cysts/spermatoceles and occurring in an elderly patient with no palpable mass.
The subtly heterogeneous testicle without obvious discrete mass presents a diagnostic challenge. The newest high-frequency probes now show us exquisite detail and hence more heterogeneity, so make sure that one does not overdiagnose. The machine should be optimized (eg, no focal bump in the time gain curve), and the image of the symptomatic testicle should be compared with that of the opposite testicle. Heterogeneous testes in an elderly population may occur in 14% of cases and typically represent seminiferous tubule atrophy and sclerosis. 33 Harris and colleagues concluded that "older patients with a mottled or heterogeneous testis, normal color Doppler flow, and no palpable abnormality probably do not need sonographic follow-up." 33 However, patients with a history of testicular cancer and heterogeneous changes on sonography require strict attention, since a heterogeneous appearance to the contralateral testicle following orchiectomy for cancer has been reported to have an approximately 25% risk of being cancer. 34 Rigorous follow-up is recommended in this group.
A varicocele is an abnormal degree of venous dilatation in the pampiniform plexus that generally occurs on the left side, presenting as a soft mass or swelling above the testicle; the mass or swelling is most prominent with upright position or straining. Gray-scale findings include two or three venous channels dilated to 2 or 3 mm that demonstrate an increase in size with Valsalva's maneuver or standing. Color Doppler has been shown in multiple studies to be more sensitive than physical examination. Classic Color Doppler criteria include spontaneous venous flow and increased venous flow with Valsalva's maneuver or standing. The distinction between a small varicocele and a normal variant is not completely straightforward given the incredible low-flow sensitivity of the new ultrasound machines, since spontaneous venous flow and augmentation with Valsalva's maneuver may be seen now in normal patients, and diagnosis is a question of degree. Varicocele size, situs, acuity of onset, change with position, and correlation with clinical history help in deciding when to make the diagnosis (see below).
There are two important clinical points that should be remembered when encountering a varicocele. First, patients with sudden onset of a varicocele, a right-sided varicocele, or a varicocele that does not reduce in size in the supine position should be suspected of having a retroperitoneal neoplasm (eg, renal cell carcinoma, sarcoma, adenopathy) blocking the testicular vein where it enters either the renal vein on the left or the inferior vena cava on the right. These patients should undergo further evaluation to rule out malignancy before receiving treatment for the varicocele (figure 10). 9 Although the examination is low yield, we briefly scan the ipsilateral renal hilum in every patient with a varicocele, with particularly high suspicion for right-sided varicoceles. Second, although the data is contradictory, most experts agree that varicoceles can at least potentially cause infertility. Approximately 40% of men who present to an infertility clinic have a varicocele, and in more than half of these men, correction of the varicocele improves the semen parameters. 9 Color Doppler can be used to follow treatment.
Only 50 kg of pressure will rupture the tunica albuginea. Surgical exploration is performed with a very low threshold if there is any question of testicular rupture because early aggressive surgery reduces morbidity and leads to a 90% testicular salvage rate. Early surgery may also decrease the incidence of secondary autoimmune male infertility. Because of these two factors, ultrasound is not commonly performed in the setting of significant trauma as these patients often go straight to the operating room.
However, sonography plays a role in assessing the testicles in patients with minor injury. It is crucial to remember that associated neoplasms may be predisposed to rupture after minor injury, with about 15% of patients with testicular tumors presenting following trauma (figure 11). Be very wary about focal hypoechoic intratesticular lesions after trauma, since although these may simply represent intratesticular hematomas, the possibility of a primary testicular tumor predisposed to rupture should be considered. In the rare situation in which the patient is not explored surgically, it is mandatory to sonographically follow the intratesticular lesion to document the rapid interval change of a true hematoma so that a malignancy is not missed.
Sonographic signs of testicular trauma include loss of the bright margin of the tunica albuginea and intratesticular hematoma. Although uncommonly seen, testicular enlargement without focal lesion may represent trauma, and most urologists will explore if gonadal enlargement is greater than a factor of three. A hematocele (blood within layers of the tunica vaginalis) is a sensitive but nonspecific sign of scrotal injury.
Testicular microlithiasis (TM) refers to the presence of multiple small (1 to 3 mm), typically bilateral, nonshadowing, hyperechoic foci representing calcified concretions within the lumina of the seminiferous tubules. This entity occurs in approximately 6:1000 sonograms and should be diagnosed only with 5 or more microliths in one sonographic image (figure 12). TM is associated with germ cell neoplasm, 35 but the strength of this association with malignancy is quite controversial. Two reports have estimated the relative risk for cancer in association with TM as anywhere between 2 36 and 20, 37 but difficulties in performing these studies make any numeric estimate of risk problematic.
So what should be done for the patient with TM? The presence of a focal testicular mass with TM is treated the same way a focal testicular mass without TM is, eg, considered as malignant until proven otherwise. What about TM and the absence of a focal mass? The literature varies widely here, from stating "sonographic surveillance of testicular microlithiasis cases for tumor is mandatory" 37 to "question the need for routine U/S in this population." 38 Until further good scientific data becomes available, I recommend 6- to 12-month follow-up ultrasound examination 38,39 and patient education on self-examination. AR