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Law enforcement in the United States
Law enforcement in the United States is one of three major components of the criminal justice system of the United States, along with courts and corrections. Although each component operates semi-independently, the three collectively form a chain leading from investigation of suspected criminal activity to administration of criminal punishment. Also, courts are vested with the power to make legal determinations regarding the conduct of the other two components.
Law enforcement operates primarily through governmental police agencies. The law-enforcement purposes of these agencies are the investigation of suspected criminal activity, referral of the results of investigations to the courts, and the temporary detention of suspected criminals pending judicial action. Law enforcement agencies, to varying degrees at different levels of government and in different agencies, are also commonly charged with the responsibilities of deterring criminal activity and preventing the successful commission of crimes in progress. Other duties may include the service and enforcement of warrants, writs, and other orders of the courts.
Law enforcement agencies are also involved in providing first response to emergencies and other threats to public safety; the protection of certain public facilities and infrastructure; the maintenance of public order; the protection of public officials; and the operation of some correctional facilities (usually at the local level).
Number of police[edit]
The 2012 Bureau of Justice Statistics' Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies (CSLLEA), found there were 17,985 state and local law enforcement agencies employing at least one full-time officer or the equivalent in part-time officers.[1]
In 2008, state and local law enforcement agencies employed more than 1.1 million persons on a full-time basis, including about 765,000 sworn personnel (defined as those with general arrest powers). Agencies also employed approximately 100,000 part-time employees, including 44,000 sworn officers.[1]
From 2004 to 2008, overall full-time employment by state and local law enforcement agencies nationwide increased by about 57,000 (or 5.3%). Sworn personnel increased by about 33,000 (4.6%), and nonsworn employees by about 24,000 (6.9%). From 2004 to 2008, the number of full-time sworn personnel per 100,000 U.S. residents increased from 250 to 251.[1] From 1992 to 2008, the growth rate for civilian personnel was more than double that of sworn personnel.[2]
Local police departments were the largest employer of sworn personnel, accounting for 60% of the total. Sheriffs' offices were next, accounting for 24%. About half (49%) of all agencies employed fewer than 10 full-time officers. Nearly two-thirds (64%) of sworn personnel worked for agencies that employed 100 or more officers.[1]
Changes in personnel numbers[edit]
Fifteen of the 50 largest local police departments employed fewer full-time sworn personnel in 2008 than in 2004. The largest declines were in Detroit (36%), Memphis (23%), New Orleans (13%), and San Francisco (10%).[1]
Ten of the 50 largest local police departments reported double-digit increases in sworn personnel from 2004 to 2008. The largest increases were in Phoenix (19%), Prince George's County (Maryland) (17%), Dallas (15%), and Fort Worth (14%).[1]
Types of police[edit]
Policing in the United States is conducted by numerous types of agencies at many different levels. Every state has their own nomenclature for agencies, and their powers, responsibilities and funding varies from state to state.
Federal police possess full federal authority as given to them under United States Code (U.S.C.). Federal law enforcement officers are authorized to enforce various laws at the federal level.
Both types operate at the highest level and are endowed with police roles, both may maintain a small component of the other (for example, the FBI Police). The agencies have nationwide jurisdiction for enforcement of federal law. All federal agencies are limited by the U.S. Code to investigating only matters that are explicitly within the power of the federal government. However, federal investigative powers have become very broad in practice, especially since the passage of the USA PATRIOT Act.
The Department of Justice (DOJ) is responsible for most law enforcement duties at the federal level.[3] It includes the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF), the United States Marshals Service, the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) and others.
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is another branch with numerous federal law enforcement agencies reporting to it. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS), United States Secret Service (USSS), United States Coast Guard (USCG),Homeland security investigations (HSI), and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) are some of the agencies that report to DHS. It should be noted that the United States Coast Guard is assigned to the United States Department of Defense in the event of war, and operates under the Department of Homeland Security during peacetime.
At a crime or disaster scene affecting large numbers of people, multiple jurisdictions, or broad geographic areas, many police agencies may be involved by mutual aid agreements, for example the United States Federal Protective Service responded to the Hurricane Katrina natural disaster. Command in such situations remains a complex and flexible issue.
In accordance with the federal, as opposed to unitary or confederal, structure of the United States government, the national (federal) government is formally prohibited from exercising general police powers by the Constitution of the United States of America. Each of the United States' 50 federated states (referred to simply as 'states' in the United States despite their lack of full sovereignty) retain their own police, military and domestic law-making powers. The US Constitution gives the federal government the power to deal with foreign affairs and interstate affairs (affairs between the states). For policing, this means that if a non-federal crime is committed in a US state and the fugitive does not flee the state, the federal government has no jurisdiction. However, once the fugitive crosses a state line he or she violates the federal law of interstate flight and is subject to federal jurisdiction, at which time federal law enforcement agencies may become involved.
Most states operate statewide government agencies that provide law enforcement duties, including investigations and state patrols. They may be called State Police, State Patrol or Highway Patrol, and are normally part of the state Department of Public Safety. In addition, the Attorney General's office of each state has its own state bureaus of investigation. In Texas the Texas Ranger Division fulfill this role though they have their history in the period before Texas became a state.
Various departments of state governments may have their own enforcement divisions, such as capitol police, campus police, state hospitals, Departments of Correction, water police, environmental (fish and game/wildlife) game wardens or conservation officers (who have full police powers and statewide jurisdiction). In Colorado, for instance, the Department of Revenue has its own investigative branch, as do many of the state-funded universities.
Also known as parishes and boroughs, county law enforcement is provided by sheriffs' departments or offices and county police.
County police[edit]
County police tend to exist only in metropolitan counties and have countywide jurisdiction. In some areas, there is a sheriff's department which only handles minor issues such as service of papers such as a constable in other areas, along with security for the local courthouse. In other areas, there are no county police and the local sheriff is the exclusive law enforcement agency and acts as both sheriff and county police, which is much more common than there being a separate county police force. County police tend to fall into three broad categories:
- Full-service - provide the full spectrum of police services to the entire county, irrespective of local communities, and may provide contractual security police services to special districts within the county.
- Hawaii - Hawaii has only county police, there are no state police.
- Limited service - provide services to unincorporated areas of the county (and may provide services to some incorporated areas by contract), and usually provide contractual security police services to special districts within the county.
- Restricted service - provide security police to county owned and operated facilities and parks. Some may also perform some road patrol duties on county built and maintained roads, and provide support to municipal police departments in the county. Some northeastern states maintain county detectives in their county attorneys' offices.
Sheriffs' offices[edit]
- Full service - The most common type, provide all traditional law-enforcement functions, including countywide patrol and investigations irrespective of municipal boundaries.
- Limited service - along with the above, perform some type of traditional law-enforcement function such as investigations and patrol. This may be limited to security police duties on county properties (and others by contract) to the performance of these duties in unincorporated areas of the county, and some incorporated areas by contract.
- Restricted service - provide basic court related services such as keeping the county jail, transporting prisoners, providing courthouse security and other duties with regard to service of process and summonses that are issued by county and state courts. The sheriff also often conducts auction sales of real property in foreclosure in many jurisdictions, and is often also empowered to conduct seizures of chattel property to satisfy a judgment. In other jurisdictions, these civil process duties are performed by other officers, such as a marshal or constable.
- In Texas, the sheriff's office is normally the agency responsible for handling mental health calls. If the situation is dangerous, a sheriff's deputy has the power to take a person to a hospital on a mental health commitment immediately. However, if the situation is not actively dangerous, a warrant must be sought. With the rise in mental health units across the state, the Texas CIT Association was formed.
- See Municipal police departments of the United States for a list
Municipal police range from one-officer agencies (sometimes still called the town marshal) to the 40,000 men and women of the New York City Police Department. Most municipal agencies take the form (Municipality Name) Police Department. Many individual cities and towns will have their own police department, with larger communities typically having larger departments with greater budgets, resources, and responsibilities.
Metropolitan departments, such as the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, have jurisdiction covering multiple communities and municipalities, often over a wide area typically coterminous with one or more cities or counties. Metropolitan departments have usually been formed by a merger between local agencies, typically several local police departments and often the local sheriff's department or office, in efforts to provide greater efficiency by centralizing command and resources and to resolve jurisdictional problems, often in communities experiencing rapid population growth and urban sprawl, or in neighboring communities too small to afford individual police departments. Some county sheriff's departments, such as the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, are contracted to provide full police services to local cities within their counties.
It traces back to 1837, when Spanish governor Francisco Javier de Moreda y Prieto created La Guardia Civil de Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico Civil Guard) to protect the lives and property of Puerto Ricans who at the time were Spanish subjects, and provide police services to the entire island, even though many municipalities maintain their own police force. The United States invaded and took possession of Puerto Rico in July 1898 as a result of the Spanish American War and has controlled the island as a US territory since then. The Insular Police of Puerto Rico was created on February 21, 1899, under the command of Col. Frank Thacher (US Marine officer during the Spanish American War), with an authorized strength of 313 sworn officers. As of 2009, the PRPD had over 17,292 officers.
- See Specialist police departments of the United States for a list
There are other types of specialist police departments with varying jurisdictions. Most of these serve special-purpose districts and are Special district police. In some states, they serve as little more than security police, but in states such as California, special district forces are composed of fully sworn peace officers with statewide authority.
These agencies can be transit police, school district police, campus police, airport police, park police or police departments responsible for protecting government property, such as the Los Angeles General Services Police. Some agencies, such as the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Police Department, have multi-state powers. There are also some private (non-governmental) agencies, such as the Co-op City Department of Public Safety.
Police functions[edit]
Textbooks and scholars have identified three primary police agency functions. The following is cited from The American System of Criminal Justice, by George F. Cole and Christopher E. Smith, 2004, 10th edition, Wadsworth/Thomson Learning:
- Order maintenance. This is the broad mandate to keep the peace or otherwise prevent behaviors which might disturb others. This can deal with things ranging from a barking dog to a fist-fight. By way of description, Cole and Smith note that police are usually called-on to "handle" these situations with discretion, rather than deal with them as strict violations of law, though of course their authority to deal with these situations are based in violations of law.
- Law enforcement. Those powers are typically used only in cases where the law has been violated and a suspect must be identified and apprehended. Most obvious instances include robbery, murder, or burglary. This is the popular notion of the main police function, but the frequency of such activity is dependent on geography and season.
- Service. Services may include rendering first aid, providing tourist information, guiding the disoriented, or acting as educators (on topics such as preventing drug use). Cole and Smith cited one study which showed 80% of all calls for police assistance did not involve crimes, but this may not be the case in all parts of the country. Because police agencies are traditionally available year-round, 24 hours a day, citizens call upon police departments not only in times of trouble, but also when just inconvenienced. As a result, police services may include roadside auto assistance, providing referrals to other agencies, finding lost pets or property, or checking locks on vacationers' homes.
Styles of policing[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2010) |
Given the broad mandates of police work, and yet having limited resources, police administrators must develop policies to prioritize and focus their activities. Some of the more controversial policies restrict, or even forbid, high-speed vehicular pursuits.
Three styles of policing develop from a jurisdiction's socioeconomic characteristics, government organization, and choice of police administrators. According to a study by James Q. Wilson ("Varieties of Police Behavior", 1968, 1978, Harvard University Press), there were three distinct types of policing developed in his study of eight communities. Each style emphasized different police functions, and were linked to specific characteristics of the community the department served. (Wilson's field of study was in the United States, and it is not clear if similar studies have been done for other countries with different governmental organization and laws.)
- Watchman. Emphasizes maintaining order, usually found in communities with a declining industrial base, and a blue-collar, mixed ethnic/racial population. This form of policing is implicitly less pro-active than other styles, and certain offenses may be "overlooked" on a variety of social, legal, and cultural grounds, as long as the public order is maintained. Smith and Cole comment the broad discretion exercised in this style of policing can result in charges of discrimination, when it appears police treatment of different groups results in the perception that some groups get better treatment than others;
- Legalistic. Emphasizes law enforcement and professionalism. This is usually found in reform-minded cities, with mixed socioeconomic composition. Officers are expected to generate a large number of arrests and citations, and act as if there were a single community standard for conduct, rather than different standards for different groups. However, the fact that certain groups are more likely to have law enforcement contact means this strict enforcement of laws may seem overly harsh on certain groups;
- Service. Emphasizes the service functions of police work, usually found in suburban, middle-class communities where residents demand individual treatment. Police in homogeneous communities can view their work as protecting their citizens against "outsiders", with frequent but often-informal interventions against community members. The uniform make-up of the community means crimes are usually more obvious, and therefore less frequent, leaving police free to deal with service functions, and traffic control.
Wilson's study applies to police behavior for the entire department, over time. At any given time, police officers may be acting in a watchman, service, or legalistic function by nature of what they're doing at the time, or temperament, or mood. Individual officers may also be inclined to one style or another, regardless of supervisor or citizen demands.
Entry qualifications[edit]
Nearly all U.S. states and the federal government have by law adopted minimum-standard standardized training requirements for all officers with powers of arrest within the state. Many standards apply to in-service training as well as entry-level training, particularly in the use of firearms, with periodic re-certification required. These standards often comply with standards promoted by the US Department of Justice. These standards typically require a thorough background check that potential police recruits:
- Be a United States citizen (waived in certain agencies if the applicant is a lawful resident).
- Must have a high school diploma or a G.E.D. and if necessary a college degree or served in the United States military without a dishonorable discharge;
- Be in good medical, physical, and psychological condition;
- Maintain a clean criminal record without either serious or repeated misdemeanor or any felony convictions;
- Must have a valid driver's license with a clean driving record and that is not currently or has a history of being suspended or revoked;
- Be of high moral character;
- Not have a history of prior narcotic or repeated marijuana use or alcoholism;
- Not have a history of ethical, professional, prior employment, motor vehicle, educational, or financial improprieties;
- Not have a history of domestic violence or mental illness;
- Not to pose a safety and security risk;
- Be legally eligible to own and carry a firearm.
Repeated interviews, written tests, medical examinations, physical fitness tests, comprehensive background investigations, fingerprinting, drug testing, a police oral board interview, a polygraph examination and consultation with a psychologist are common practices used to review the suitability of candidates. Recruiting in most departments is competitive, with more suitable and desirable candidates accepted over lesser ones, and failure to meet some minimum standards disqualifying a candidate entirely. Police oral boards are the most subjective part of the process and often disqualifies the biggest portion of qualified candidates.[4] Departments maintain records of past applicants under review, and refer to them in the case of either reapplication or requests between other agencies.
Despite these safeguards, some departments have at times relaxed hiring and staffing policies, sometimes in violation of the law, most often in the cases of local departments and federally funded drug task forces facing staffing shortages, attrition, and needs to quickly fill positions. This has included at times the fielding (and sometimes the arming) of uncertified officers (who may be working temporarily in what is supposed to be a provisional limited-duty status prior to certification) and the hiring of itinerant "gypsy cops", who may have histories of poor performance or misconduct in other departments.
Powers of officers[edit]
When there exists probable cause to believe that a person has committed a serious crime, a law enforcement officer can handcuff and arrest a person, who will be held in a police station or jail pending a judicial bail determination or an arraignment.
The procedural use of strip searches and cavity searches by law enforcement has raised civil liberties concerns.[5][6][7]
In 2010, the FBI estimated that law enforcement agencies made 13,120,947 arrests (excluding traffic violations). Of those persons arrested, 74.5% were male and 69.4 percent of all persons arrested were white, 28.0 percent were black, and the remaining 2.6 percent were of other races.[8]
A law enforcement officer may briefly detain a person upon reasonable suspicion of involvement in a crime but short of probable cause to arrest; this is commonly kown as frisking. The New York City Police Department has come under scrutiny for its use of a stop-and-frisk program.[9][10][11]
Use of deadly force is often granted to law enforcement officers when the person or persons in question are believed to be an immediate danger to people around them, or when a person poses a significant threat to a law enforcement officer, usually when the officer is at risk of serious bodily injury or death. Most law enforcement agencies establish a use of force continuum and list deadly force as a force of last resort. With this model, agencies try to control excessive use of force. Nonetheless there are a high number of killings by law enforcement officers.
Several serious cases of police misconduct have raised questions surrounding abuse of powers by individual or small groups of officers. Historical examples include the Chicago Police Department's torture of felony suspects between 1972-1991 by and under Jon Burge, Los Angeles Police Department's 1991 beating of Rodney King and late-1990s LAPD Rampart Scandal, New York City Police Department's 1970s fatal shootings of Clifford Glover (1973) and Randolph Evans (1976), the 1980s chokehold of Michael Stewart (1983), shootings of Eleanor Bumpers (1984) and Edmund Perry (1985), the stun gun torture of Mark Davidson (1985), the 1990s torture of Abner Louima and shooting of Amadou Diallo, the 2000s shootings and record-publicizing of Patrick Dorismond, and Sean Bell, Philadelphia Police Department's torture of suspects in the 1970s to improve then-mayor Frank Rizzo's reputation and Torrington, Connecticut's Tracey Thurman.
Police weapons[edit]
Police in the United States usually carry a handgun on duty. Many are required to be armed on-duty and often required to have a concealable off-duty handgun. Among the most common sidearms are models produced by Glock, Smith & Wesson, SIG Sauer, Beretta, and Heckler & Koch, usually in 9mm, .40 S&W, .357 SIG (US Secret Service & other Federal Law Enforcement agencies) or .45 ACP.
Until the late 1980s and early 1990s, most US police officers carried revolvers, typically in .38 Special or .357 Magnum calibers, as their primary duty weapons. At the time, Smith & Wesson, Colt, Ruger and some Taurus models were popular with police officers, most popular being the Smith & Wesson or Colt revolvers. Since then, most agencies have switched to semiautomatic pistols. Two key events influencing many US police forces to upgrade their primary duty weapons to weapons with greater stopping power and round capacity were the 1980 Norco shootout and the 1986 FBI Miami shootout.
Some police departments allow qualified officers to carry shotguns and/or semiautomatic rifles in their vehicles for additional firepower, typically to be used if a suspect is involved in an active shooter situation, or a Hostage/barricade incident.
Less lethal weapons[edit]
Police also often carry an impact weapon - a baton, also known as a nightstick. The common nightstick and the side handle baton, have been replaced in many locations by expandable batons such as the Monadnock Auto-Lock Expandable Baton or ASP baton. One advantage of the collapsible baton is that the wearer can comfortably sit in a patrol vehicle while still wearing the baton on their duty belt. The side handle night stick usually has to be removed before entering the vehicle. Many departments also use less-lethal weapons like mace, pepper spray, electroshock guns, and beanbag shotgun rounds.
Another less lethal weapon that police officers often carry is an electroshock gun, also known as a Taser. The handheld electroshock weapon was designed to incapacitate a single person from a distance by using electrical current to disrupt voluntary control of muscles. Someone struck by a Taser experiences stimulation of his or her sensory nerves and motor nerves, resulting in strong involuntary muscle contractions. Tasers do not rely only on pain compliance, except when used in Drive Stun mode, and are thus preferred by some law enforcement over non-Taser stun guns and other electronic control weapons.
Specialized weapons[edit]
Most large police departments have elite SWAT units which are called in to handle situations, such as barricaded suspects, hostage situations and high-risk warrant service, that require greater force, specialized equipment, and special tactics. These units usually have submachine guns, automatic carbines or rifles, semiautomatic combat shotguns, sniper rifles, gas, smoke and flashbang grenades, and other specialized weapons and equipment at their disposal. Some departments have an armored vehicle for especially dangerous work.
Body armor[edit]
Uniformed police officers are often issued body armor, typically in the form of a lightweight Level IIA, II or IIIA vest that can be worn under service shirts. SWAT teams typically wear heavier Level III or IV tactical armored vests, often with steel or ceramic trauma plates, comparable to those worn by US military personnel engaged in ground operations. Officers trained in bomb disposal wear specialized heavy protective armor designed to protect them from the effects of an explosion when working around live ordnance.
Police communications[edit]
Most American police departments are dispatched from a centralized communications center, using VHF, UHF or, more recently, digitally trunked radio transceivers mounted in their vehicles, with individual officers carrying portable handsets or ear-worn headsets for communication when away from their vehicles. American police cars are also increasingly equipped with portable computers linked by radio to a network allowing them access to state department of motor vehicles information, criminal records, and other important information.
Most police communications are now conducted within a regional pool of area 911 operators using 911 and 911 telephone taxation. A large number of police agencies have pooled their 911 tax resources for Computer Aided Dispatching (CAD) to streamline dispatching and reporting.
National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2011) |
National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System is a secure information sharing system for state and local law enforcement agencies. It provides electronic messaging[disambiguation needed] to allow information exchange between state, local, and federal agencies and support services to justice-related computer programs. The network is operated by Nlets, a non-profit corporation owned and operated by the states and funded solely by fees for service.
The network operates primarily through a secure private network through which each state has an interface to the network, and all agencies within the state operate through this portal. The federal and international components operate very similarly. Users include all U.S. states and territories, Federal agencies with a justice mission, and certain international agencies. The primary operational site for the network is housed in Arizona, with a secure backup site located in the East Central U.S. for full continuity of operations in less than thirty minutes.
Information exchange is voluntary and includes everything from motor vehicle registrations, driver's data, Interpol warrants, Canadian 'Hot File' records, and U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) databases, to state criminal history records. Nearly 90 million messages are sent each month.
Salary varies widely for police officers, with most being among the top third of wage-earners, age 25 or older, nationwide.[12] In May 2008, the overall median was $55,410. The median salary for those at the federal level was $46,620, compared to $57,270 for those at the state level and $52,020 for those employed by local law enforcement agencies. The top 10% earned more than $79,680 and bottom 10% less than $32,070.[13]
Police Chief | $90,570 | $113,930 |
Deputy Chief | $74,834 | $96,209 |
Police Captain | $72,761 | $91,178 |
Police Lieutenant | $65,688 | $79,268 |
Police Sergeant | $58,739 | $70,349 |
Police Corporal | $49,421 | $61,173 |
Police Officer | $40,000 | $50,000 |
Reserve Officer | $20.00 | $0.00 |
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, 2010[13]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Police of the United States. |
- List of U.S. state and local law enforcement agencies
- Police ranks in the US
- Police uniforms of the United States
- ^ a b c d e f U.S. Department of Justice, Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2008
- ^ U.S. Department of Justice, Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2008, p.2
- ^ Langeluttig, Albert (1927). The Department of Justice of the United States. Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 9–14.
- ^ The Law Enforcement Oral Board Interview - http://www.lawenforcementts.com
- ^ "Strip Searching Americans Without Cause: A Blow to Personal Privacy". Huffington Post. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
- ^ "In U.S. justice system, the strip-search is common practice". Reuters. 19 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
- ^ "Strip Searches". Huffington Post. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
- ^ FBI Uniform Crime Reports
- ^ "NYPD Stop And Frisks: 15 Shocking Facts About A Controversial Program". Huffington Post. 15 May 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
- ^ "Stop-and-Frisk Campaign: About the Issue". NYCLU. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
- ^ "NYPD Stop and Frisk". Huffington Post. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau. (June 24, 2005). PINC-03. Educational Attainment--People 25 Years Old and Over, by Total Money Earnings in 2008, Work Experience in 2004, Age, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex.". Retrieved 2007-11-23.
- ^ a b "U.S. Department of Labor. Police and detectives: Earnings. Retrieved from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Outlook Handbook,, 2010-11 Edition". Retrieved 2010-03-18.
External links[edit]
- Thin Blue Line Police Forum
- Summaries of Recent U.S. Criminal Law Decisions
- Police. The Law Enforcement Magazine


text:
96.1 KISS FM cancelled their "So Long to Summer Bash" concert scheduled for Sunday, September 15. Tickets are fully refundable. Go to kissfmcolorado.com for details.
Residents in Evans EAST of 35th Avenue is issuing a MANDATORY DO NOT FLUSH order. Due to flood damage, the 1st Avenue Waste Water Treatment is out of service.
The City of Evans is asking that residents refrain from all use of the waste water system. Staff anticipates the system to be down for a minimum of 10 days.
Main St./CO 392 is closed in both directions at the Poudre River.
7th St is CLOSED between Eastman Park Drive and New Liberty.
The College Avenue, Lemay Avenue, Mulberry Street and Taft Hill Road bridges are open, according to the city of Fort Collins.
Central Weld County Water District has lost two major water lines due to the flooding in the St. Vrain River. They are working diligently to divert water until the water reseeds. The affected area is South of Highway 66 and Weld County Road 4.
Water is coming over 95th Avenue, and a result, Greeley is closing it from "O" Street to "F" Street and will continue to monitor.
Xcel is working on outage affecting parts of Windsor, Timnath and Ft Collins.
We will update our Flood Updates page as more information is available.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
nintendo super 64
Following its exit from the console market in 1996, The 3DO Company became a multiplatform video game developer
Doug Lanford started his video game career at Sega of America in late 1991. He had recently graduated from college with an Electrical Engineering degree and was looking to get in to game development, and by good fortune he ended up starting as a game tester at the video game giant. Soon after, he was hired as a tech support guy before moving up to become a junior programmer on Jurassic Park for the Sega Mega CD a few months later. Lanford would spend more than four years at Sega doing Mega CD games before moving on to Gametek, a small company that started to do Nintendo 64 games. When Gametek failed a couple of years later, Lanford found himself at 3DO, where he started as a new hire on the second Battletanx game for the Nintendo 64.
You joined 3DO when the Nintendo 64 was at its peak. How did you find development on the console when you started work on Battletanx: Global Assault?
Former 3DO software engineer, Doug Lanford: It was an interesting experience. At Gametek I had spent two and a half years working on the Nintendo 64 a year or so before it was publicly released, so I initially dealt with shifting and still in development hardware. By the time I got hired at 3DO, I was very knowledgeable about the console and its capabilities. However, being the new guy on the Battletanx team, I initially got handed the boring tasks in the game such as creating the menus. Soon after they handed me the task of updating the collision system, and I rebuilt it to handle some pseudo 3D setup that allowed the tanks to jump over ramps and so on. By the end of the project, I was building plug-ins for the designers that allowed them to script the cinematics that the in-game engine used for the story, which was a lot of fun.
What stood out for you in those early days at 3DO?
DL: I met a several people who had built the old Atari 2600 games I played as a kid. Among them Tod Frey, who did the 2600 version of Pac Man, and Howard Scott Warshaw, who did Yar's Revenge, Raiders of the Lost Ark, and the infamous E.T., who is still a good friend of mine.
Anything memorable happen during the development of Battletanx: Global Assault?
DL: During the production of Battletanx: Global Assault, 3DO got sued because of the commercials they did for the game and its predecessor. The ads mimicked a popular set of commercials used by Snuggles, a fabric softener company, and their teddy bear mascot. In the first Battletanx advertisement, the toy bear gets blown up by tanks from the game as a parody, and the second advertisement for Global Assault had the bear being rebuilt like in the old Six Million Dollar Man TV series. The ads were very funny and I made sure to get a personal copy of them for myself. Actually, I managed to get my picture taken with the burnt and torn up teddy bear they used in the commercials, which was a fun experience. After Battletanx: Global Assault on Nintendo 64, I helped do a port of the game to the original PlayStation before I moved on to work on the WarJetz instalment for the PlayStation.
How had PlayStation and Nintendo 64 development matured at that point?
DL: By the time I started working at 3DO, the Nintendo 64 development tools were quite mature. In fact, I had worked with a much earlier version of the same debugging tools, called SNASM by SN Systems, while at Sega. I recently googled SN Systems and I found that they still exist today, having moved on to provide development tools for the PlayStation 3 and other platforms. During my early days at Gametek, we had to use barely-working development tools, but before Gametek died, the SNASM kits had appeared. By the time I got hired at 3DO, the Nintendo 64 and its development tools were pretty robust. In fact, I used those same SN Systems tools, though in a much more advanced form, on most of my later PlayStation 2 work.
When you moved on to work on the newly released PlayStation 2, what was your impression of the first batch of development tools for it?
DL: The PlayStation 2 was initially very difficult to work with, though some of it I managed to avoid. At the time the console was about to be released, I was working on the original PlayStation version of WarJetz. At the same time, several people on our team were working on building the framework for the PlayStation 2. Once we finished the game for the PlayStation, we all immediately leaped on doing a PlayStation 2 version using the limited engine our co-workers had cobbled together.
How was development on World Destruction League: WarJetz on the PlayStation 2?
DL: WarJetz on the console ended up being both some of the hardest work I've ever done, and yet the most fun. In six months we built a game on a new console, and it was somewhat based on the code we had already built for the PlayStation version, but we went all out adding everything we could think of to use the new abilities of the PlayStation 2 in the short time we had. My boss was Howard Scott Warshaw, a very creative and fun guy, and he kept throwing intriguing tasks at me. I ended up building most of the weapons and their effects for the game, and he gave a free hand to come up with interesting ideas and how I might make them look.
Any memorable moments from the development of that game?
DL: One of my favourite memories from that time was when Howard told me the game needed a mushroom cloud effect for a nuke and then just left me to figure how to do it by myself. Over the next week I figured out how to build a real-time nuke effect out of less than 400 polygons, complete with collision effects that would blast buildings as the blast ring shot out. I think it might have been the first real-time nuke mushroom cloud in a game. After WarJetz, I ended up spending about a month working on Dragon Rage, mostly adding my smoke trail system from WarJetz into the game and then creating the four 'fury' dragon attacks. I then moved on to Jonny Moseley Mad Trix for a few weeks to build the game's animated menus before ending up on Jacked.
3DO was a decent-sized developer and publisher in those days, but what was it like to work for the company?
DL: 3DO was an interesting place to work. On the one hand, I sometimes felt like I was just a cog in the gears and one small part in the workings, and the expectation was there to work my rear end off without much appreciation. Other times, I had the opportunity to do some amazing work I'm very proud of to this day.
3DO had initially started as a company dedicated to selling its 3DO Interactive Multiplayer before discontinuing it to become a third-party developer. While you were at 3DO, were there any remnants left at the company from its console past?
DL: While everyone knew about the 3DO console, that side of the business was gone. In fact, nobody I worked with directly had ever worked on it. By that point, 3DO was purely a software developer and distributor.
Did you encounter 3DO founder Trip Hawkins on a regular basis while working at 3DO? And what kind of person was he to work with?
DL: While I saw Trip Hawkins fairly frequently, I doubt I exchanged more than two or three sentences with him over the four and a half years I worked there. I do recall the Friday company keggers, or should I say, 'meetings.' Every Friday afternoon the entire company would get together and have a beer while Trip announced the latest company news. Trip did always seem like a very dynamic and energetic guy.
3DO would eventually file for bankruptcy in mid-2003. How did you react to the news at the time?
DL: It didn't surprise me by that point, as it was pretty obvious the company was in serious financial trouble. There had been a couple of rounds of layoffs in the previous year, and about six months before, everyone in the company had to take a ten per cent pay cut. A few weeks before the bankruptcy, the entire team that was working on Jacked, including myself, was told that we would be laid off once the game was completed. As you can imagine, it was not much of an incentive to work hard. It didn't trouble me at all, as I was already looking for a new job at that point. I was still trying to finish Jacked, as I wanted to see it completed after all the hard work we had put into it.
What do you think contributed to the downfall of 3DO?
DL: I can't say for sure, as I had little view of the business side of the company. I do think that sometimes the company relied too much on deadlines and pushing products out before they could reach their full potential. As such, some of the finished games weren't as good as they could have been. Also, relying on an endless stream of Army Men games likely didn't help.
How different were those last few years of work at 3DO compared to your earlier years at the company?
DL: As was happening across the industry, the development teams were getting larger to handle the more complex next generation systems, which meant that game development in general got more expensive. On Battletanx: Global Assault, we had perhaps a dozen people working on it and got the game done in less than a year. For WarJetz on PlayStation 2, we had about 20 people and six months. By the time we got to Jacked, which was being built for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Gamecube, we had a dev team of more than 50 people and had been working on the game for a year and a half by the time of the bankruptcy. As such, one of the things the management did to try to cut costs was to just 'ask' all of us to work longer hours. By the time 3DO ended, I was pretty burned out.
One of the several games that found itself a victim of the bankruptcy was Jacked. What happened to it after the company's collapse?
DL: Jacked was supposed to be a spiritual successor to the old Road Rash games. In fact, we had a couple of people on the development team that had worked on the Road Rash license in the past. It was a motorcycle racing game with sometimes goofy combat. For example, one of the race courses took place on a golf course and you could pick up things like a golf club and beat an opponent off their bike. You could then leap over and steal, or 'jack,' their motorcycle. If you finished in one of the top three places in the race, you could then keep the bike. That was how you unlocked new bikes in the game.
What features did you guys put into the game?
DL: You could pick one of about seven or so different riders, each with one or two special abilities, and unlock about 24 different motorcycles. Weapons varied from things like shotguns and Molotov cocktails, to level-specific weapons like the golf club or a stop sign you could swipe from the side of the road in a level where you raced through city streets. There were about eight or so different environments, from a desert canyon to a Mayan ruin filled jungle and a ski resort. Each environment had multiple areas that could be unlocked, allowing four or five different race courses through each. It was really turning into a fun game.
Whatever happened to Jacked?
DL: At the time 3DO died, we had about a month of adding in a couple of minor last minute features and doing some tuning, and then it would have gone to testing. All told, it probably would have been in stores within three to four months. I know that another company picked up the rights to Jacked after 3DO, which I think might have been Jowood, but they never completed it. I actually have a copy of the final version of the game, which is fully playable. If I would be able to track down a PlayStation 2 development console like the ones we used for testing, I would still be able to play it.
Are you surprised to see that the 3DO brand has more or less disappeared into gaming history, as well as several of the properties it released?
DL: In the early days, I had no clue things would end up in this way. 3DO seemed like a very solid and stable place to work, and it wasn't until the last year and a half that the cracks began to show. Though, as I mentioned before, nobody was surprised anymore by the end.
How would you sum up your time at 3DO?
DL: I mostly enjoyed the experience at 3DO, and I did some of my best and most interesting work at the company. It was, at times, a bit of a big corporate place to work and I felt like just another cog in the machine. The last couple of years also had a lot of long hours, but overall I'm glad I worked there.
For more information about Doug Lanford's experiences in video game development, go to: www.opusgames.com.
Want to read other video game interviews with key figures from Sony, Microsoft and more? Then check out PC World's complete interview archive.
nintendo super 64
First impression on unpacking the Q702 test unit was the solid feel and clean, minimalist styling.
For work use, Microsoft Word and Excel programs pre-installed on the device are adequate for preparing short documents.
The Fujitsu LifeBook UH574 allowed for great mobility without being obnoxiously heavy or clunky. Its twelve hours of battery life did not disappoint.
The screen was particularly good. It is bright and visible from most angles, however heat is an issue, particularly around the Windows button on the front, and on the back where the battery housing is located.
My first impression after unboxing the Q702 is that it is a nice looking unit. Styling is somewhat minimalist but very effective. The tablet part, once detached, has a nice weight, and no buttons or switches are located in awkward or intrusive positions.
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By Jordan Kuehne
LOVES PARK, IL. (Wednesday, July 1, 2009) – Ricky Nielson put together a solid run and crossed the finish line second to Charlie Frisch, only to pick up his first Mtn Dew RoadRunner Super Summer Series tonight after Frisch was disqualified after failing post-race inspection at the Rockford Speedway. Nielson led the first 21 laps of the feature when Frisch moved past him for first, only to see himself collect the trophy 20 minutes later. Allen Bekielewski, Mark Hayes, Cory Cootware, Olivia Chance, Tom Schneider and Adam Rawsky all collected feature wins as well.
The main event on Wild Wednesday, the 25-lap Mtn Dew RoadRunner Super Summer Series, got off to a rough start when the caution flew three laps in after Justin Hawkins made hard contact with the turn one wall. Ricky Nielson grabbed the top spot early on and fended off Joe LaMarca and Charlie Frisch for the first 21 laps until Frisch managed to make the move on the inside exiting turn four.
Frisch took the top spot and crossed the finish line first in his recently repainted car, going from red to blue two weeks ago and looking to defend his Super Summer Series title. Frisch was the one feeling blue after failing post-race inspection, giving the win to Nielson instead.
LaMarca, Jeff Allendorf, Beau Lawson and Gene Marocco, who set a new RoadRunners track record in qualifying, rounded out the top five.
Allen Bekielewski charged to the front in the 15-lap Crap Scrappers Hornet swarm, making a move on Vinny Mangiaracina to take the lead with four laps remaining and holding off Mangiaracina's late rally for his second victory of the season.
Mangiaracina led the first 11 laps before Bekielewski managed to grab the inside line heading into turn three and maneuver his way around the veteran for the top spot.
Mangiaracina came home second, while Brian Mayer, Bryan Ellis and Solomon Barker completed the top five.
Mark Hayes came all the way from Iowa to snap Dwight Dunlap's streak of three straight feature wins in the Allison Legacy cars. Hayes grabbed the early lead in the 15-lap feature and never looked back, holding off Dunlap's late-race charge for his first feature win at the quarter-mile.
Bill Fox and Brian Heaberlin finished third and fourth respectively.
Adam Rawsky collected the 15-lap INEX Legends headliner, holding off a hard-charging Jonny Magnuson Jr. to bring home his first win of the season. Rawsky started out front and stayed there, as Magnuson Jr. couldn't make the late-race charge needed to take away the win.
Cory Cootware, pulling double duty tonight, picked up third while Kyle Vergata came home fourth.
Olivia Chance picked up her second consecutive Wild Wednesday win in the 12-lap Stateline Staffing Services Winged Women on Wheels main event. Chance held off Robin Ulrey and Felisha Morgan over the final five laps to collect the victory.
Ulrey, Morgan, Allison Nichol and Jenn Bohlken rounded out the field.
Fifth grader Cory Cootware, hailing from Iron Mountain, Michigan, brought home the hardware in the eight lap INEX Bandoleros feature. Cootware picked up his third consecutive Bandoleros win, topping Joshua James and Morgan Melichar to do it.
Tom Schneider topped the five car field in the National Figure 8 League's 10 lap main event, grabbing his third win in three tries this year on the high banks of Rockford.
Lloyd Hawkins, Jason Brockway, Jeff Allendorf and Justin Hawkins completed the field.
David Beck and Josh Afren picked up the victories in the "Faster Pastor" races.
Racing returns to the high banks of the Rockford Speedway this Friday night, as two holiday specials will take place on Friday and Saturday. On Friday night, it's the Instant Jungle Independence Celebration featuring a 10,000 watt fireworks extravaganza. On the docket are the Budweiser American Short Trackers, Open Wheeled Modifieds, Crap Scrappers Hornets, Spectacular Drags, Mini Indy Racing Club plus the Popeye's Kids Mini Grand Prix and the Flagpole Race. Gates open at 5pm and racing action gets underway at 7:07pm.
NASCAR Whelen All-American Series action returns this Saturday, July 4th, as Gilley's Heating and Cooling presents the 10,000 watt fireworks special with the Goodyear Stateline Challenge round one scheduled. The 'Star Spangled 76' will kick off the second annual Goodyear Stateline Challenge as Team Rockford battles the drivers from Team Jefferson for bragging rights and 'Sammy the Stateline Sow', the special trophy awarded to the track with the lowest points from its top five late model finishers. The Bargain Hunter Sportsman and the Mtn Dew RoadRunners 'Midnight Ride of Paul Revere' are also featured plus the Flagpole Race. Gates open at 5pm with qualifying at 5:45pm and the green flag waves at 7:07pm.
For more information, including a full 2009 racing schedule and more, please visit the track website at www.rockfordspeedway.com or call the Speedway Box Office at (815) 633-1500.
Allison Legacy's
A-Main 01 -- 1. Mark Hayes, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa; 2. Dwight Dunlap, Machesney Park; 3. Bill Fox, Machesney Park; 4.
Brian Heaberlin, South Beloit.
Heat 01 -- 1. Dwight Dunlap, Machesney Park; 2. Mark Hayes, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa; 3. Bill Fox, Machesney Park; 4. Brian
Heaberlin, South Beloit.
Time Trial -- 1. Dwight Dunlap, Machesney Park; 2. Mark Hayes, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa; 3. Brian Heaberlin, South Beloit.
INEX Bandoleros
A-Main 01 -- 1. Cory Cootware, Iron Mountain, Mich.; 2. Joshua James, Saukville, Wis; 3. Morgan Melichar, Mishicot,
Heat 01 -- 1. Cory Cootware, Iron Mountain, Mich.; 2. Morgan Melichar, Mishicot, Wis; 3. Joshua James, Saukville, Wis.
INEX Legends
A-Main 01 -- 1. Adam Rawski, Winfield; 2. John Magnuson;; 3. Cory Cootware, Iron Mountain, Mich.; 4. Kyle Vergata;.
Heat 01 -- 1. Adam Rawski, Winfield; 2. Cory Cootware, Iron Mountain, Mich.; 3. Kyle Vergata;; 4. John Magnuson;.
Time Trial -- 1. John Magnuson;; 2. Adam Rawski, Winfield; 3. Cory Cootware, Iron Mountain, Mich.; 4. Kyle Vergata;.
RoadRunner Summer Rumble
A-Main 01 -- 1. Ricky Nielsen, Rockford; 2. Joe LaMarca, Rockford; 3. Jeff Allendorf, Belvidere; 4. Beau Lawson,
Machesney Park; 5. Gene Marocco, Machesney Park; 6. Lloyd Hawkins, Machesney Park; 7. Josh Carter, Rockford; 8.
Jason Brockway, Machesney Park; 9. Andrew Wells, Machesney Park; 10. Justin Hawkins, Machesney Park; 11. Mike
Vines, German Valley; 12. Charlie Frisch, Beloit, Wis.
Heat 01 -- 1. Ricky Nielsen, Rockford; 2. Beau Lawson, Machesney Park; 3. Justin Hawkins, Machesney Park; 4. Jeff
Allendorf, Belvidere; 5. Josh Carter, Rockford; 6. Mike Vines, German Valley.
Heat 02 -- 1. Lloyd Hawkins, Machesney Park; 2. Andrew Wells, Machesney Park; 3. Joe LaMarca, Rockford; 4. Jason
Brockway, Machesney Park; 5. Gene Marocco, Machesney Park; 6. Charlie Frisch, Beloit, Wis.
Time Trial -- 1. Gene Marocco, Machesney Park; 2. Joe LaMarca, Rockford; 3. Jason Brockway, Machesney Park; 4.
Lloyd Hawkins, Machesney Park; 5. Andrew Wells, Machesney Park; 6. Jeff Allendorf, Belvidere; 7. Beau Lawson,
Machesney Park; 8. Josh Carter, Rockford; 9. Ricky Nielsen, Rockford; 10. Justin Hawkins, Machesney Park; 11. Mike
Vines, German Valley; 12. Charlie Frisch, Beloit, Wis.
Trophy Dash 01 -- 1. Joe LaMarca, Rockford; 2. Lloyd Hawkins, Machesney Park; 3. Andrew Wells, Machesney Park; 4.
Gene Marocco, Machesney Park; 5. Charlie Frisch, Beloit, Wis; 6. Jason Brockway, Machesney Park.
A-Main 01 -- 1. Alan Bekielewski, Roscoe; 2. Vinny Mangiaracina, Rockford; 3. Brian Mayer, Machesney Park; 4. Bryan
Ellis, Loves Park; 5. Solomon Barker, South Beloit; 6. Mark Vicencio, Rockford; 7. Justin Pearson, Belvidere; 8. Steve
McBride, South Beloit; 9. Devon Dixon, Janesville, Wis; 10. Randy Reynolds, Rockford; 11. Richard Remer,
Winnebago; 12. Scott Schelling, Rockton; 13. Allen Meyers, Beloit, Wis; 14. Nick Lasher, Machesney Park; 15. Tim Dix,
Beloit, Wis; 16. Andrew Davenport, Machesney Park.
Heat 01 -- 1. Randy Reynolds, Rockford; 2. David Pautsch, Jr, Roscoe; 3. Richard Remer, Winnebago; 4. Allen Meyers,
Beloit, Wis; 5. Scott Schelling, Rockton; 6. Andy Hill, South Beloit.
Heat 02 -- 1. Vinny Mangiaracina, Rockford; 2. Brian Mayer, Machesney Park; 3. Solomon Barker, South Beloit; 4. Tim
Dix, Beloit, Wis; 5. Derek Dixon, Janesville, Wis; 6. Devon Dixon, Janesville, Wis.
Heat 03 -- 1. Alan Bekielewski, Roscoe; 2. Steve McBride, South Beloit; 3. Bryan Ellis, Loves Park; 4. Justin Pearson,
Belvidere; 5. Nick Lasher, Machesney Park; 6. Mark Vicencio, Rockford.
Challenge 01 -- 1. Steve McBride, South Beloit; 2. David Pautsch, Jr, Roscoe; 3. Mark Vicencio, Rockford; 4. Andrew
Davenport, Machesney Park; 5. Devon Dixon, Janesville, Wis; 6. Derek Dixon, Janesville, Wis.
National Figure 8 League
A-Main 01 -- 1. Tom Schneider, Machesney Park; 2. Lloyd Hawkins, Machesney Park; 3. Jason Brockway, Machesney
Park; 4. Jeff Allendorf, Belvidere; 5. Justin Hawkins, Machesney Park.
Winged Women on Wheels
A-Main 01 -- 1. Olivia Chance, Roscoe; 2. Robin Ulrey, Rockford; 3. Felisha Morgan, Rockton; 4. Allison Nichol,
Roscoe; 5. Jenn Bohlken, Rockford.
Heat 01 -- 1. Olivia Chance, Roscoe; 2. Robin Ulrey, Rockford; 3. Felisha Morgan, Rockton; 4. Jenn Bohlken, Rockford; 5. Allison Nichol, Roscoe.
This article was posted to the website on July 1st, 2009
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text: Free Art Resources on the WebCompiled by Laura Gravelineposted: 3 March 2005 I often have questions from students, local artists, and art teachers, about free resources on art and artists that are accessible to them on the Internet. There are several sources I use regularly, often to support or supplement subscription resources, and also as a teaching tool when offering instruction sessions to students, to help them understand and utilize the different kinds of information they kind find online. This is just a brief list, and if anyone has a particular website they would like to add, please e-mail me at firstname.lastname@example.com. Many thanks to Loree Bourgoin, from the Lyme Academy of Fine Arts for her addition to this list. These resources are accessible on the web, either partially or fully without fees.


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Attention all runners!!! The 2013 Race for Grace has been scheduled for Sunday, September 15th at Patriot Park in Spotsylvania, Virginia. As in years past, this race will be a great time for friends and family to support a great cause and help the GOCF reach our goals of serving the pediatric cancer community here and around the globe.
The 8th Annual Race for Grace will feature four events: The "Race for Grace 5K", The Kid's "Fireman Chase" 1-Miler, The 300(ish) yard "Rookie Run", and the grueling "Extreme Firefighters 1-Miler" (XF1M).


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- Home
- Employment
- Employment Openings
- Job Postings
- Counseling Psychology and Human Services
Counseling Psychology and Human Services
Counseling Psychology and Human Services
Graduate School, College of Adult & Professional Studies
| St. Paul, MN
Tenure Track
Job Summary
This is a full-time faculty position with extensive teaching, research and leadership responsibility in the College of Adult & Professional Studies and Graduate School, specifically to the MA in Counseling Psychology and the BA in Human Services programs. Courses taught in these areas will depend on the candidate specializations and program needs.
A successful applicant will serve as Program Director for these two programs, actively teach in one or both programs, advise and supervise capstone and thesis projects, and work collaboratively with the Psychology department at the College of Arts and Sciences.
In addition to teaching, primary responsibilities will be:
- curriculum evaluation and development
- the selection and supervision of program faculty
- program maintenance and growth leading to greater academic quality and broader awareness of the program
General faculty responsibilities will include:
- collaboration with the academic team to ensure learner satisfaction and support
- serving as subject matter specialist for the programs
- providing support and encouragement for program faculty
- serving on faculty committees as required
Maintaining a strong network of professional contacts would be expected in fulfilling the responsibilities of this position along with a proven ability to communicate vision among diverse constituents.
Required Skills
- the candidate must be committed to the liberal arts educational mission and evangelical Christian orientation of the University, the integration of Christianity and the science of psychology and excellence in teaching, mentoring, and professional service
- candidate must demonstrate the ability to contribute to Bethel's anti-racism efforts and cross-cultural understanding
Required Experience
- current experience as a practitioner is strongly desired, along with some experience with entry level social services
- research and record of publications would be an asset
- an understanding of and familiarity with adult education and accelerated graduate programs for working adults is important, as is the ability to translate experience into quality educational programming.
- previous experience teaching graduate students and adults returning to complete their education would be an asset as would expertise in the use of educational technology
Required Education
A Ph.D or Psy.D. in the Counseling and/or Clinical Psychology or equivalent specialty; licensure or license eligible as an LP, LPC or LPCC. Board approved supervisor status would be an asset; knowledge of state licensure requirements is a priority.
Dean of Graduate School
Additional Information
Salary and rank commensurate with qualifications and experience.
Please send materials to Dr. Lori Jass firstname.lastname@example.com
Academic Affairs
Graduate School
3900 Bethel Drive
Bethel University St. Paul, MN 55112
Bethel University has been a leader and model in Christian higher education since 1871. Approximately 6,500 students from 49 states and 23 countries are enrolled in undergraduate, graduate, seminary, and adult education programs. Based in St. Paul, Minn., with additional seminary locations in San Diego and on the East Coast, Bethel offers rigorous bachelor's and advanced degrees in nearly 100 fields.
Bethel employs qualified individuals regardless of race, color, national or ethnic origin, age, gender, or disability. Individuals must be able to perform the essential functions of the position with or without reasonable accommodations.
Resume Required
Posting Date: October 29, 2012
Closing Date: October 01, 2013


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Studies & Reports
Year 2000 Readiness. On Jan. 11 the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) predicted a minimal effect on electric system operations from Y2K software...
An analysis of holding company liability under federal Superfund and parallel state laws.
Environmental cleanup to meet federal and state requirements carries substantial costs that tend to rest disproportionately on public utilities. Looking back at their corporate history, a few utilities have discovered some unique tools to reduce this economic burden.
The federal Superfund and parallel state laws 1 authorize the government to issue site study and cleanup orders to private parties, government actions against private parties to recover public funds used in site studies and cleanup, and actions between private parties to recover (or at least share) the costs of studies and cleanup. Although there is no adequate tally of the total cost of these programs, the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports that it spends about $1.3 billion yearly and estimates that it secured private party cleanups and payments worth $16 billion over the first 20 years of its program.
Public utilities are easy targets in this process. Being highly visible public citizens, they have a penchant for compliance with the laws. Their facilities, built to last, use solid construction techniques that should minimize environmental mishaps. But utilities are heavily exposed to federal and state Superfunds because these laws impose "no fault" liability for actions of the distant past that were totally acceptable, even state-of-the-art, when taken. Years or decades later, if environmental contamination (or even just threatened contamination) is found, this can trigger liability.
Superfund liability is perpetual. Enterprises that are responsible for long-past activities often cannot be found because they have ceased operations, gone out of business, sold their assets, or otherwise ended. Public utilities rarely disappear, however. Utilities may merge, but in that case the successor carries the liabilities of both its predecessors. Utilities usually do not sell their assets or franchises because of concerns about regulatory and other consequences. Utilities rarely enter bankruptcy. Thus, public utilities become large contributors to the correction of environmental problems that may originally have been created by the actions of many parties.
Height of the Holding Companies
In a few recent instances, public utilities have found relief under Superfund in their own past history. They have secured significant recoveries toward their site study and cleanup costs from corporations that previously owned them 50 or more years ago. Their success arises from the unique and largely forgotten structure of many public utility holding companies of times past.
Until the mid-1950s, holding companies were the most common structure of ownership of "fixed" utilities (electric, gas, telephone, water and sewer companies), as well as a large number of "traction" companies. Individual local utilities, franchised to serve a single town or city, were owned by large, publicly traded holding companies. An investigation by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) found that 16 very large holding company systems accounted for 76 percent of the electric energy generated in the United States in 1932; 15 holding company systems controlled 80 percent of the gas pipeline mileage; and 44 holding companies produced 66 percent of the manufactured gas in this country. 2 In any large or small community, at


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1 Night Highlights Shimmering Blonde lets you instantly create golden blonde highlights that wash out with one shampoo.Mineral-rich creme-mousse formula instantly creates shimmery, golden blonde highlights. Fast, no-mess color application delivers professional-looking results that wash out completely with just one shampoo. Dries quickly and won't flake off or rub off once dry. Free of ammonia and peroxide. Contains up to 20 applications.Free of ammonia and peroxide
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I'm trying to follow a very basic example. Using the starter page and the grid system here
I was hoping the following

Bootstrap starter template

Use this document as a way to quick start any new project.
 All you get is this message and a barebones HTML document.

Would produce centered text. However it still appears on the far left


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By Candice Mak | Friday, 30 March 2012
Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer has promoted four to partnership in Hong Kong, effective May 1. The promotions were awarded to corporate specialists Charles Ching and Edward Freeman, dispute resolution specialist Georgia Dawson, and IP/TMT specialist Mark Parsons. The new appointments boost the total number of partners based in Hong Kong to 17.
Commenting on the appointments, the firm's Asia managing partner Robert Ashworth said: "Charles, Ed, Georgia and Mark all demonstrate the qualities that we really value – top quality legal skills and an absolute commitment to strong client relationships. We are very pleased to be welcoming them as new partners. With the all round strength of these appointments, together with other opportunities we are pursuing in the region, we expect to continue to build on our market-leading position in the key markets in Asia."
Ching works with clients on a broad range of corporate work, with a particular focus on advising corporate clients and financial sponsors in cross border transactions. A member of the firm's corporate department, Freeman, meanwhile, has extensive experience working with clients on cross borders M&As, privatisations, and corporate finance transactions across Asia and Europe.
Part of Freshfields' dispute resolution practice, Dawson specialises in cross border disputes and contentious regulatory matters. Finally, Parsons is a member of the firm's IP and TMT group. His portfolio of work includes advising clients on a wide range of matters pertaining to the TMT sector, such as outsourcings, technology licensing and brand-related work.
Two new dispute resolution partners are expected to join the firm in the summer. Freshfields' global international arbitration group co-head Lucy Reed will relocate to Hong Kong from the New York office. She will be joined later by Geoff Nicholas, the co-head of the firm's global investigations practice. ALB
Candice Mak is North Asia Editor at ALB. Follow her on Twitter: @ALB_Magazine.
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Princess Big Feet HC
Hard Cover
By Christine Cook John Cook
Charming children's story about a princess and the journey she takes with her unusually large feet.
About the Author
Healer, Photographer, Multimedia Maven
Publish Date September 30, 2007
Dimensions Small Square 54 pgs Standard Paper
Category Children
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Moll Flanders
Daniel Defoe - Author
ISBN 9780451529855 | 336 pages | 02 Aug 2005 | Signet Classic | 4.44 x 6.69in | 18 - AND UP
Summary of Moll Flanders
Summary of Moll Flanders
Reviews for Moll Flanders
An Excerpt from Moll Flanders
One of the most appealing heroines of English literature, Moll Flanders is born in 17th century Newgate Prison. Even so, the young girl determines to face life head-on and raise herself out of abject poverty. This is the story of her pluck—and how it pays off. |
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text: Miami: Day 7 Highlights Day 7 highlights from the 2009 Sony Ericsson Open in Miami. Published April 01, 2009 03:40 Topics: iveta benesova, venus williams, serena williams, na li, miami Share this page! Print Email Related videos Miami: Tournament Highlights March 30, 2013 Highlights from the 2013 Sony Open Tennis. Miami: Final Highlights March 30, 2013 Highlights from finals action at the Sony Open Tennis. Miami: Sharapova Interview March 30, 2013 An interview with Maria Sharapova after her defeat in the final of the Sony Open Tennis. To The Top 3


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Important Hotel Information
- *Important Note*
- You must be at least 21 years old to check-in to this property. ID will be verified.
- Firearms Policy:
- Carrying a weapon on these premises is prohibited and violators may be subject to arrest for trespass under applicable law.
Built in 1925, Hotel Lawrence is a 10-story hotel located across the street from DART Rail's Union Station, two blocks from the Sixth Floor Museum, and three blocks from the Dallas Convention Center . It is approximately five miles from Dallas Love Field and 19 miles from Dallas Fort Worth International Airport . Local attractions also include JFK Memorial, Cotton Bowl, Dallas Zoo, and Dallas Aquarium at Fair Park .

Hotel amenities include the complimentary continental breakfast, room service, free fresh-baked cookies and milk served nightly in the lobby, complimentary local area transportation within a three-mile radius, business center, and fitness room . Guests have a choice of self parking or valet parking (fee applies) . Onsite drinks and dining are available at the Founder's Bar & Grill .

Guest rooms feature cable TV, coffeemakers, hairdryers, irons and ironing boards, dual-line cordless telephones, complimentary high speed internet access, CD alarm clock radios, voicemail, climate control, and artistically inspired bathrooms .

Pets are accepted with a non-refundable $25 . 00 fee .
Hotel Lawrence Features
- Wheel chair access
- Nonsmoking
- Fitness facility
- Meeting room
- Breakfast
- High speed internet
- Business center
- Dry cleaning
- Pets allowed
Hotel Lawrence Property Information:
- Rooms: 118
- Floors: 10
Hotel Lawrence Reservation Policies:
- Check-In: 1500
- Check-Out: 1200


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- FrontPage Magazine - http://www.frontpagemag.com -
The Horses are Out, Close the Barn Door!
Posted By Claude Cartaginese On October 14, 2009 @ 4:25 am In NewsReal Blog | No Comments
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton is in Moscow, meeting with our Russian "allies," to talk about the Iranian nuclear problem. Getting Russia's cooperation on sanctions against the Iranians was the main topic of concern.
Not surprisingly, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, the real power in the Kremlin, wasn't at home to meet with her—he is in China, on more pressing matters: negotiating a huge trade deal with the communist Chinese. Clinton had to settle for separate meetings with Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and President Dmitry Medvedev.
Why did Putin snub Clinton?
Why not? Putin has already gotten the one concession from the administration of Barack Obama that he wanted more than anything else—the dropping of U.S. plans for a missile defense shield in Eastern Europe.
Last month, you will recall, Obama unilaterally dropped plans to build a missile defense shield in Eastern Europe to protect our allies against Iranian missiles. This came as a complete shock to all, but to the Russians, it was a gift from above. The construction of that shield had been a worry for the Russians ever since former President George Bush first proposed it, and one could only imagine the look of disbelief on Putin's face when he first heard the news that Obama was not only backing away from it, but that nothing was expected of Russia in return!
Because of this generous act, then, the expectations of the Obama administration over Clinton's visit were naturally quite high, as this is the first high-level contact with the Russians since Obama's missile shield reversal. Surely, in light of this act of magnanimity, the Russians could now be counted on to support U.S. efforts to strengthen sanctions against Iran?
So, were the meetings productive? Are the Russians now on board when it comes to hitting Iran with stricter sanctions?
In a word, nyet!
Russia, said Lavrov, believes that stronger sanctions against Iran would be "counter-productive" and will not support them (Thank you for visiting, Secretary Clinton, and don't let the door hit you in the bum on the way out).
Why would it have been otherwise?
Obama had already given up his main bargaining chip last August. If history has taught us anything in dealing with Russia, it's that you NEVER negotiate with the Russians from a position of weakness. NEVER.
Did our Secretary of State get the message?
Apparently not, for she then goes on to weaken our position further in a groveling gesture that gives away even more!
From Putin's comrades at Amy Goodman's Democracy Now! comes the following, unbelievable report:
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton is in Moscow today for talks with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev. The Russian newspaper Kommersant is reporting the US has privately agreed to stop publicly criticizing Russia's human rights record in return for Russian cooperation on confronting Iran and so-called missile defense.
Back in China, Putin is undoubtedly toasting his good fortune with his Chinese hosts.
Article printed from FrontPage Magazine: http://www.frontpagemag.com
URL to article: http://www.frontpagemag.com/2009/claude-cartaginese/the-horses-are-out-close-the-barn-door/
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Related Content: women
President Obama tailors outreach for select groupsEssential Reads The Obama campaign is carefully targeting groups including young women, dog lovers and sports fans, trying to build on connections to create deeper commitments from voters this fall. |
Obama: Candidates' Wives Should Be "Off-Limits"On The Radar The wives of presidential and other political candidates should be "off-limits," President Obama said Thursday during interviews at the White House with anchors from television stations in four key battleground states. |
The Umbrage WarsOn The Radar Wednesday was a big day for political umbrage taking. It started with a conference call hosted by Mitt Romney's campaign in which his advisers were unable to give an immediate answer to the candidate's position on the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act. The Obama campaign issued a statement from Ms. Ledbetter saying she was "shocked and disappointed." (A couple of hours after the Romney campaign was struck mute, it issued a release saying President Romney wouldn't seek to repeal the law.) |
Romney Rebuts Claims that He, GOP are Anti-WomenOn The Radar Presidential candidate Mitt Romney intensified his efforts Wednesday to rebut claims that he and fellow Republicans are insufficiently supportive of women, or even hostile to them. For the second straight day, the presumptive GOP nominee campaigned at a female-owned work site, and denounced Democrats for saying his party is waging "a war on women." |
A 'War on Women' or a Battle for their Votes?On The Radar Is there a "war on women" going on? That is a matter of dispute between the parties these days. But one thing is certain: There is a battle raging over them. If that wasn't clear after weeks of argument over contraceptive coverage, it became so Thursday, when caterpillars and country clubs got dragged into the fray. |
White House Women's Forum Could Capitalize on Gender GapOn The Radar President Obama is hosting a White House "forum on women and the economy" Friday, and aides are denying up and down that politics is afoot. Planned two weeks ago and featuring panels about business, women's education, the workplace, health care, and violence against women, the event is a chance for the president to deliver a speech directed at women -- and for the administration to tout its record on "women's economic security . . . through all stages of life." At least 10 female administration officials are scheduled to moderate. |
Re: No Friend to Women...On The Radar Suzi Parker's post about Arkansas reminds me of some stats I came across last week in researching my story about the dearth of women in politics. There are actually four states in the union that have never elected a woman to either house of Congress, and they seem to have almost nothing in common other than that. They are Iowa, Mississippi, Delaware and ... Vermont. |
Birth-Control Fight Unlikely to Hurt Obama, his Strategists SayOn The Radar Even as angry Catholic leaders vow to fight a new federal requirement that most employers include contraceptives in their health insurance coverage, the Obama administration believes any political damage will be limited because it's on the side of women's rights. |
Romney's Evolution on Women: How Deep Does It Go?On The Radar Mitt Romney has a picture-perfect 42-year marriage, a solid record of naming women to his teams, and a good case to make that he has evolved with the times when it comes to the role of women. It's his role as a Mormon church leader that could give some women pause and prove challenging if he wins the Republican nomination and must compete with President Obama. |
Female Candidates for Congress on Upward TrendOn The Radar The roster of congressional candidates for this year's elections is taking shape and one trend is emerging: 2012 could be another "Year of the Woman" in American politics. The moniker was famously applied in 1992 when four women were elected to the Senate, a high watermark for the chamber that has never been surpassed. |


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1962 Chevrolet Impala 4 door Sport Sedan, Partially restored frame off project car. Frame is sandblasted and powder coated. Suspension parts have been sandblasted/painted/rebushed... More
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Valken V-Max Loader Replacement Part #A0008 - Bottom Shell Assembly - MULTICAM Description Replacement bottom shell kit for your V-max Loader. Includes all parts necessary for mounting with the top shell. Features:
Includes Battery Door as well as front and back latches. Overall Rating for V-Max Loader Replacement Part A0008 Bottom Shell Assembly by Valken - MULTICAM
To reach technical support for this item please call 1.866.978.2553 | |||


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Style: 51071 Color: KAK
Also available in: Girls 7-16
Trim and stylish pant with lower rise sits on the hip with a center back elastic waist. Boot leg, short fly, top-pockets, and belt loops complete this contemporary look. Easy care soil-release poly/cotton twill. Imported. For sizes 7-16 see style 51072, for Girls plus sizes 8 1/2-20 1/2 see style 51073 and for Juniors sizes 1/2-21/22 see style 51074, for Juniors Tall 1/2-15/16 see style 51074T.
More in this style Girls Low Rise Pant (51071)
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An 8 Week Study Of Adults Diagnosed With Major Depressive Disorder
This study has been completed.
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: March 27, 2003
Last updated: April 11, 2013
Last verified: March 2011
- Full Text View
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- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
A Placebo Controlled Study Evaluating Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Medication in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Condition | Intervention | Phase |
Depressive Disorder, Major |
Drug: Radafaxine |
Phase 2 |
Study Type: | Interventional |
Study Design: | Allocation: Randomized Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment Masking: Double-Blind Primary Purpose: Treatment |
Official Title: | A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled, Flexible-Dose Study Evaluating Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Once-Daily Oral GW353162 (40-60mg) Versus Placebo in Subjects With Major Depressive Disorder Over an Eight-Week Treatment Period. |
Resource links provided by NLM:
Further study details as provided by GlaxoSmithKline:
Primary Outcome Measures:
- Change in the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score after 8 weeks of treatment [ Time Frame: 8 Weeks ]
Secondary Outcome Measures:
- Change in the MADRS score at other timepoints; change in the Global Impression; percentage of remitters and responders based on the MADRS; change in anxiety, disability, motivation, energy, fatigue and pain; incidence of adverse events during the study
Estimated Enrollment: | 364 |
Study Start Date: | March 2003 |
Intervention Details:
Drug: Radafaxine
Other Name: Radafaxine
Ages Eligible for Study: | 18 Years to 64 Years |
Genders Eligible for Study: | Both |
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | No |
Inclusion Criteria:
- Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
- Duration of current depressive episode 12 weeks - 24 months
- Patients can read and write at a level sufficient to provide a signed consent
- If female, patients must be practicing an acceptable method of birth control
Exclusion Criteria:
- Patients have other psychiatric disorders that would affect patient's response to treatment
- Patients have not responded to two or more adequate courses of antidepressant therapy
- Patients cannot be currently abusing illicit drugs or alcohol
- Patients are not currently receiving psychotherapy
- Patients have received electroconvulsive therapy within 6 months prior to screening
- Patients are pregnant or lactating
Contacts and Locations
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00057226
Show 21 Study Locations
Show 21 Study Locations
Sponsors and Collaborators
Study Director: | GSK Clinical Trials | GlaxoSmithKline |
More Information
No publications provided
Keywords provided by GlaxoSmithKline:
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on March 10, 2014
No publications provided
Responsible Party: | GlaxoSmithKline |
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT00057226 History of Changes |
Other Study ID Numbers: | OHB20003 |
Study First Received: | March 27, 2003 |
Last Updated: | April 11, 2013 |
Health Authority: | United States: Food and Drug Administration |
Keywords provided by GlaxoSmithKline:
GW353162, Major depressive disorder, flexible |
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Depressive Disorder Depression Depressive Disorder, Major |
Mood Disorders Mental Disorders Behavioral Symptoms |
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on March 10, 2014


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CHARLESTON, W.Va. -- Tulane safety Devon Walker continues to recover from the broken neck he suffered last Saturday in the Green Wave's game at Tulsa.
The school wasn't releasing specific details of the recovery, but Tulane Coach Curtis Johnson has been optimistic since Walker underwent a three-hour procedure to stabilize his spine on Sunday.
"He's in the optimum situation (for the injury)," Johnson said in the New Orleans Times-Picayune. "It was good when he had the surgery - it was expected to Tuesday or Wednesday but then it was on Sunday. So there is some good stuff going and I like where we are - as (good) as it can be."
Walker, a senior majoring in cell and molecular biology, was injured in a helmet-to helmet collision with defensive lineman Julius Warmsley near the end of the first half of last Saturday's game.
* * *
HOUSTON THOUGHT its problems might be over after offensive coordinator Mike Nesbitt resigned following the Cougars season-opening loss to Texas State and was replaced with Travis Bush. It turned out offense wasn't Houston's only concern.
The Cougars gained 693 yards, but gave up 598 in a 56-49 loss to Louisiana Tech. The Cougars total defense ranking in the Football Bowl Subdivision dropped from 82nd last week to 115th this week. Their scoring defense ranking fell from 80th to 114th.
"Defensively, tackling is something we are going to continue to stress and that is going to be the number one point of emphasis this week," Houston Coach Tony Levine said. "We counted on the video we had 29 missed tackles that accounted for 196 yards after the missed tackle, and that is unacceptable and we're not going to stop very many people or win very many games tackling like that."
Houston lost despite quarterback David Piland's Conference USA Player-of-the-Week-winning performance. The sophomore threw for 580 yards and four touchdowns on 53-of-77 passing. The 77 attempts without an interception is an NCAA game record.
* * *
DAYS LATER, Rice and Coach David Bailiff were basking in the glow of the Owls' come-from-behind win over Kansas, Rice's first win over a Big 12 opponent since the conference was formed. It was the Owls' first road win since beating North Texas on Sept. 11, 2010 and their first road win versus a BCS conference school since beating Northwestern in 1997.
"To start that one, where you have three turnovers in the first quarter, had to keep bouncing," Bailiff said, "we had a fumble and interception and a fumble on the kickoff return, and to just continue to keep fighting, plug in and make some defensive plays, just keep that offense in it, just thrilled with everything that happened that day."
Rice didn't have much time to celebrate. Its next opponent is the Louisiana Tech team that scorched Houston for 598 yards and 56 points.
Contact sportswriter Derek Redd at derek.r...@dailymail.com or 304-348-1712. His blog is at blogs.dailymail.com/marshall.


text: BibliographyBooks Selected articles and book chapters of interest St. Leo, Florida: St. Leo College Press, 1995. Videos Internet Web Site (This bibliography is not an exhaustive listing of published works related to Florida during the Civil War. For more references, please consult the bibliographic listings of the suggested books and your local public library.) |


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Nine Shorts from DIY People on Tumblr (I checked pretty carefully this time). Hope these give you some inspiration. *For other roundups go here. All photos linked to Tumblr blog posts, and again, go to the blogs to see better photos:
If you own an image you want taken down please email me at truebluemeandyou [at] gmail [dot] com
Kids Crafts:
Halloween Crafts: HalloweenCrafts.tumblr.com
Christmas & Holiday Crafts: DIYChristmasCrafts.tumblr.com


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