text:
My Husband and I were watching the Western sky just after sunset when we heard the storm approaching. This time the worst of it ended up sliding South of us.
Storm's a-brewin!
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Aurore Trust was established in 1997 to take care of the commercial activities which developed out of the research of Auroville Centre for Scientific Research Trust. present Units operating under Aurore Trust are : AuroRE Projects and Services: for project development and management in the field of renewable energy. AuroRE Systems and Products: marketing of renewable energy systems, manufacturing of ferrocement products. Aurore Mechanical Engineering: for design and manufacturing of metalwork products. Eutecne: marketing consultancy and business assistance. Mira: computer installation and servicing, software sales.
See also AuroRE Projects and Services |
Auroville Universal Township | firstname.lastname@example.com |

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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When provisioning interactive touchscreens for busy, commercial display applications, it's important to keep in mind the demands of such uses. For that reason, you have to choose an HID screen... more/see it nowdesigned specifically for harsh use in public spaces, whether in malls, retail stores, airports, or hospitals, and ensure that the screen fits the viewing environment. Black Box's NEC®/3M® Touchscreen LCDs are a good choice for such busy venues. Featuring chemically strengthened glass substrate and an advanced design, they are durable enough to withstand heavy daily use, making them ideal for busy interactive wayfinding, retail PoS/PoP, and visitor information service applications—including signage that you expect to operate 24/7 (and don't want to have to service in the middle of the night). For one, the touchscreen LCDs boast reliable touch performance, so customers aren't forced to repeatedly press the glass to advance to the next screen or get their desired content to display. Fitted with 3M® MicroTouch™ Dispersive Signal Technology (DST) overlays, the LCD bezels are unlike most traditional touchscreens that detect touch by interrupting acoustic waves, optical fields, or infrared beams above the surface of the screen; the DST panels detect touch by interpreting bending waves within the glass substrate. High-speed processors and complex algorithms are used to interpret the information and precisely calculate the location of a finger contact, resulting in a fast and accurate touch response. In addition, the NEC/3M LCD Touchscreen LCDs' performance isn't affected by dust and other on-screen contaminants, or even static objects or hands resting on the screens. They're also designed to operate even if the surface itself is damaged. Plus, the LCDs themselves are designed for extended use. Available in standard and industrial-strength versions, the professional-grade NEC LCDs boast high brightness and contrast ratios for rendering of crisp images and text in venues with lots of ambient light. A sealed panel design prevents contaminants like dust, grease, or steam from damaging the LCD panel. Round-The-Clock Scheduler technology enables advanced scheduling of display powering up/down, which can increase the life of the panel while reducing power consumption. The P Series NEC/3M LCD Touchscreen LCD versions offer additional protection. They boast an industrial-strength design with additional thermal protection and internal temperature sensors with fan-based technology. What's more, a built-in ambient light sensor automatically adjusts the display's brightness based on the application's lighting conditions, helping to reduce energy consumption. collapse
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Well I went ahead and ordered the photon. There was no tax in texas.
So really, the risk as someone else pointed out is under $10. $5 shipping fee, no tax and probably $3 to ship it back should I need to and the hope that they refund my money in that event. Not too shabby. I really hope the photon charges via microUSB. Unfortunately I couldn't find any data or even full sized pictures of the device. EDIT: "You can charge your Photon through its Mini USB port using the provided Mini USB cable." Doh, it uses miniUSB! Last edited by MeatCatalog; 10-01-2012 at 01:41 AM.. Great rebate Companies:
Patriot Memory (4myrebate.com): 6 Weeks Tiger Direct (4myrebate): 3 weeks Rain-X (in house): 3 weeks BAD BAD MAIL IN REBATE COMPANIES: Biostar USA (motherboards) - 21 weeks Xigmatek 26 weeks, 14 emails, 2 phone calls (finally received) NZXT 21 weeks, 4 phone calls. |
Thanks op, in for the hotspot.
Beats NetZero's alternative. I see that it will employ WiMAX but according to the engadget article "FreedomPop says it will switch to Sprint's LTE spectrum sometime in early 2013." That being said I hope there isn't any incompatibility with the current hotspot and LTE when the switchover takes place. Edit: It appears as though we may need to get a compatible device once LTE kicks in. http://venturebeat.com/2012/09/30...s:dsc02860 This link also has a nice photo showing how small the devices are. Edit 2: Read the return policy in the wiki. Unless I misinterpreted something it sounds pretty misleading calling it a "refundable security deposit" when you have 30 days to return it and get your deposit back. Last edited by parker1018; 10-01-2012 at 02:11 AM.. |
Do they charge your card now or when they deliver the device? As far as I can tell, the service is not yet available?
my flickr [flickr.com]
...FreedomPop runs on Clears network.. not the other way around, FreedomPop has stated that in the future when Sprints 4G network is up they will utilize that also |
Can I upgrade from my current device to a new one? As we get closer to releasing a new product line, we will inform users of our upgrade options and policy. So they may have an exchange program or maybe a rebate system, etc. Addtionally, the "old 4g" might stay up while LTE is also up. This is unclear. |
Because of these facts its hard to keep my thumbs up for this thread. The title is completely misleading, though the OP probably didn't know the details because these FAQs are only accessible once you signed up and have an account. |
can someone please confirm whether the "deposit" is only good for 30 days, after which point we must keep the hotspot device?
or is it a true deposit, where we can return the device at any time and get our full initial deposit amount back? kind of a "make or break" situation there I hate you. I hate you. I don't even know you, and I hate your guts. I hope all the bad things in life happen to you and nobody else but you. -Silky Johnston, Player Hater of the Year
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Is it just me or has the site been pretty slow at times lately?
I wonder, it says there are 470 visitors (2 members and 468 guests) What's up with that. If we have so many lurkers (I doubt it) then we should only give acces to the board for people that sign up. The tabs aren't really in the forum anyways and we might create a larger ammount of members. |
Yea, just got back and the site is loading real slow.
yes slow.
im pretty sure the numbers are the lurkers on the actual tabs themselves as far as im aware, i remember someone stating that. so not all of them are on the forum according to this [which may be wrong]
Yeah it is pretty slow.
At first I thought it was my web browser. |
That wouldn't make sense, the tabs are not on the forum but on the site. If you acces the site you do not acces the forum automatically. So there's no way those visitors count for the forum as well, right? I'm not really into that stuff, maybe someone knows what's up. Having 500 users on here all the time when there's only 10 or 20 active members just doesn't seem right. We need to; A: get them to sign up B: kick their asses out for the sake of our speed ;) |
I don't know whether or not he's right, but he might be, because the internet above all things does not make any goddamn sense.
Every other site I've been on today has loaded fast, so it's definitely something wrong with this site, so I'm inclined to agree. It might help to keep people off the forums unless they log in.
Less guests, and more members. |
I always wondered why is guest is for...I mean, If you want to post...create an account dammit....
okay metaltabs is big but...bah anyway..those lazy fuckers piss me off and because of them the site is slow |
Yeah I've been noticing the same thing. At first I thought it was my computer being a bastard, but then I scanned for viruses/malware/trojans etc and it wasn't that, and I knew it wasn't my internet because every other internet application is working perfectly fine. I'm on cable.
Well the problem seems to be fixed now, at least I find it normal anyways.
I confirm that the number of visitors includes those watching the tabs. Sometimes the vast majority of these "visitors" are search engine crawlers/spiders/bots.
Did you make that avatar, nomad?
Well, it's slow again :rolleyes:
Better again...
lol |
http://images.southparkstudios.com/...eate/index.html |
Wow, sweet. Thanks man. |
This site has been reeeeally slow for me lately.
Not to mention this (look at my inbox LOL): http://i2.photobucket.com/albums/y3...hingMad/OMG.jpg |
Yeah, the site has been REALLY fucking slow the last two days.
THIS thread has been among the ancient fucking dead for nearly a year asshole!!! Freaking nooB :rofl: LMFAO....Ok I'm done. Needed to do that for once. Yeah, shit has been getting slow since the move. Way to slow. |
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Riddick- Trailer No. 2
Left for dead on a sun-scorched planet, Riddick finds himself up against an alien race of predators. Activating an emergency beacon alerts two ships: one carrying a new breed of mercenary, the other captained by a man from Riddick's past.
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Singapore Airlines' Inaugural All-Business Class Service Takes Flight
Singapore Airlines redefines long-haul air travel with the launch of the world's first all-Business Class flights from North America to Asia.
The new service features World Gourmet Cuisine designed by Singapore Airlines' International Culinary Panel of world-renowned chefs. The culinary creations are paired with fine wines and Champagne and served with full restaurant-style table settings. In-between meals, customers can head to the Passenger Corner to pick up snacks and drinks or socialize during the flight.
Singapore Airlines now offers even more flexible dining options. Customers traveling from New York to Singapore on SQ 21 can set their own dining times with our new flexi-dining service. Customers can choose from our gourmet a-la-carte menu featuring a wide selection of soups, salads, main courses, and desserts. Flexi-dining is available any time after dinner and up to two-and-a-half hours before arrival in Singapore.
Consistently rated as the world's top international route airline by the readers of both Conde Nast Traveler and Travel+Leisure magazines, Singapore Airlines operates one of the world's youngest, quietest and most fuel-efficient aircraft fleets to a network of 66 destinations in 35 countries.
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Singapore Airlines' Inaugural All-Business Class Service Takes Flight
Singapore Airlines redefines long-haul air travel with the launch of the world's first all-Business Class flights from North America to Asia.
Singapore Airlines A380 Now Serving Los Angeles
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Singapore Airlines' KrisWorld Soars to New Heights Using Panasonic's Wi-Fi and Entertainment Solutions
Singapore Airlines' eight new Boeing 777-300ERs equipped with Panasonic Avionics Corporation Wi-Fi
It's a Flat-Out Competition for Jet-Set Business
Ultimately, if an airline does not have flat-bed seats, "travellers will change their flying habits."


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Home > IT & Systems Management > Security Solutions > Application Security > Research Abstract case studies
Company: Ciber
| Category: Application Security
| Published: February 2013
Lotus Notes are expensive and require significant maintenance. The solution is the Salesforce Platform in the cloud, an application development programme that minimises concerns over expense and infrastructure. This paper considers the advantages of the Salesforce Platform for your business.
Sales Force Automation (SFA) | September 2013 | White Paper
On-line Customer Support | June 2013 | Webinar
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) | May 2013 | White Paper
Customer Service (General) | March 2013 | White Paper
Cloud computing | February 2013 | White Paper
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Learn more with our Tips on Buying a High-Quality Leather Jacket.
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(based on 11 reviews)
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Bought in CA to wear in VA
By JAS
from Richmond, VA
Comments about Men's Landon Lambskin Leather Bomber Jacket:
I ordered this jacket in Yountville, CA (didn't have my size in store) and had it shipped to VA. No CA sales tax or shipping charges made this a great deal. The jacket is perfect for wearing during the fall, winter and spring in VA. I love the color and style.
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The jacket is perfect for chilly weather, not too heavy, just right.
Great Jacket
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This is by far the nicest jacket I have ever owned. Well worth the money, and I own quite a few high end jackets. I do not like a heavy jacket as it gets too warm and bulky when I drive, or when I go into stores shopping. I live in Michigan where we get a lot of snow and cold and this style is made that I can layer if need be with a sweater or heavy shirt and this jacket will keep me warm. The craftsmanship on this jacket is just outstanding and the leather is absolutely beautiful and very soft and extremely comfortable. I will be able to wear this all winter without any problem and also be able to wear in the spring and the fall in just cool weather. I have the dark chocolate and it is even nicer looking then in their pictures. Don't hesitate on this one if your thinking about it, plus the real frosting on the cake is it is MADE IN THE USA...
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very impressive quality and service.
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This leather jacket if fabulous
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This is a most beautiful and soft leather jacket with class that is so hard to find. Service was outstanding and a great effort made to find the coat I desired when they didn't have it in Santa Fe, N.MCouldn't be happier!!
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About Me Classic Dresser
This is an upscale casual jacket. The beautiful leather and styling make it dressier than your typical bomber jacket. It is also relatively light-weight compared to a regular bomber jacket, which we did not view as a negative, since it allows the flexibility to add layers such as a nice chunky sweater.
Don't let it's light weight fool you.
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from Houston, Tx
I live in Houston so I purchased this jacket because of it's light weight and style. Houston had the coldest December in 25 yrs and I was amazed at how warm the jacket actually was. It was all I needed even on the coldest days. I did have a little trouble with the sizes, it runs slightly larger than it's marked.[...]
(2 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
Very classy looking jacket!
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Police searching for Battlefield Park vandals
Updated: 2 days agoMetro Police hope the public can help find those responsible for trashing Battlefield Park.
Sponsored by:
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SAVANNAH, Georgia (WJCL) — It was a perfect day on Sunday for Savannah's St. Patrick's Day parades and Celtic Cross ceremony.
For 30 years,… More »
SAVANNAH, Ga. – The Armstrong Atlantic State University women's basketball team has earned an at-large bid into the 2014 NCAA Division II Women's Basketball… More »
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With only seven days until Sunday, local bars still don't know if they need to stock up for that day.
The Alzheimers Association announced their cast of the Dancing Stars of Coastal Georgia on Sunday Night.
The chase has even made it onto social media
Beaufort County Sheriff's deputies are investigating a Sunday evening shooting on St. Helena Island. Sheriff's deputies say someone shot a 19-year-old man in the face.
Beaufort County Sheriff's deputies are investigating an early Sunday morning shooting in Burton, S.C. Deputies said someone shot a 19-year-old man several times.
Beaufort Elementary School in the Beaufort County School District, South Carolina, was surprised with the TAP Ambassador Award, which comes with a financial prize… More »


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Published March 30, 2013, 12:00 AM
Audio device improves experience for Northland surgical patients
When Jim Pohl had knee-replacement surgery Aug. 14, he was on a beach in Hawaii. Not literally. But the Midway Township man credits a device that's smaller than a deck of playing cards with putting him in a better place before and after his operation.By: John Lundy, Duluth News Tribune


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This robe was a gift to my daughter and she loves it! It is of very good quality and cost much less than comparable robes at other retail stores.
Very nice, heavy robe with soft velour on the outside. Feels like a hotel-quality robe. Perfect for my remodeled spa bathroom. And a $$ bargain!
Great robe and I am sure that it will be quite warm in the cold months
The robe is fabulous but EXTREMELY big... more suited to the B&T crowd.
I have washed several times and it still is the SOFTEST robe I have ever owned. I am 5'5", 150 lbs, I ordered the XL thinking it would shrink. It did not shrink, so it is a tiny bit too large but I still love it. Getting out of shower and putting on this robe is all you have to do, it comes down to my ankles, so it dries you all over. GREAT PURCHASE and GREAT PRICE. Most robes of this quality are much more expensive. It is heavy but exactly what I wanted.
I'm so glad I got this robe, I was also considering Salbakos terry robe, but this is much better quality then terry cloth. It is so soft, like putting on a high end towel after a shower. As soon as I put it on I am instantly dry. I don't even use a towel to dry myself anymore. It is very luxurious and absorbent. I washed it as soon as I took it out of the package. It came out great after the wash and much softer. It fits great too. I'm 5'2 and it comes to my ankles. I absolutely love this bath robe.
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« At the COPA, No Constitutional Hope-A | Main | Another Mac Cloner With a Twist »
July 23, 2008
New York governor signs law designed to restrict video games
Building on the 2007 initiative of former New York Governor Eliot Spitzer, current Governor David Paterson signed into law New York Senate bill s.6401-A. The bill's stated purpose is to "take steps to crack down on video game violence and combat and reduce children's exposure to violent and inappropriate materials within these games. Excerpt quoted from the bill's sponsor Andrew Lanza's (R-Staten Island) website here.
The law establishes an advisory council to study the effects of violent video games on children, requires a prominent rating system and parental controls.
Some New York citizens are not happy with the bill..."New Yorkers do not need the state judging which video games are appropriate and which aren't," said New York Civil Liberties Union Executive Director Donna Lieberman. "Parents, not government committees, should be responsible for making those judgments." Quoted from last paragraph here.
The bill text of New York Senate Bill S.6401-A can be found here. [MD]
July 23, 2008 in Games | Permalink
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Program: All Things Sustainable
Reporter: Tony Krabill
Airdate: 08/06/2008
Related Link: http://my.barackobama.com/page/content/newenergy
Barack Obama outlines his energy policy at Concord High School
Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama discusses energy policy in McCuen Gym at Concord High School in Elkhart. While the Illinois senator also talks about energy independence, the axis of his policy focuses on research for renewable sources of energy that minimize carbon emissions.
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Toyota Highlander
Toyota Highlander/Toyota Kluger | |
Overview | |
Manufacturer | Toyota |
Also called | Toyota Kluger |
Production | 2000–present |
Model years | 2001–present |
Body and chassis | |
Class | Mid-size crossover SUV |
Body style | 5-door SUV |
Layout | Front-engine, front-wheel drive Front-engine, all-wheel drive |
The Toyota Highlander/Kluger is a midsize crossover SUV produced by Toyota. It is built on the platform of the Toyota Camry.[1]
Announced in April 2000 at the New York Auto Show and arriving in late 2000 in Japan and January, 2001, in North America, the Highlander became the first car-based midsize SUV or midsize crossover.[2] The Highlander is the crossover counterpart to the more rugged, truck-based midsize 4Runner and became Toyota's best-selling SUV before being surpassed by the smaller RAV4 in 2006. In Japan, the Kluger is exclusive to dealership network called Toyota NETZ as a larger alternative to the RAV4.
Unable to use the Highlander name in Japan and Australia because of a trademarked Hyundai Terracan trim line, Toyota calls the vehicle the Toyota Kluger (トヨタ クルーガー Toyota Kurūgā?) (pronounced Klu-ger) there, the name derived from the German word klüger, which means clever or wise.[3]
First generation (XU20; 2000–2007) [edit]
First generation | |
Overview | |
Production | 2000–2007 |
Model years | 2001–2007 |
Assembly | Miyata, Fukuoka, Japan (Kyushu plant) |
Body and chassis | |
Related | Lexus RX (XU10/30) |
Powertrain | |
Engine |
Transmission | 4-speed automatic 5-speed automatic |
Dimensions | |
Wheelbase | 106.9 in (2,715 mm) |
Length | 2001: 184.3 in 2002–03: 184.4 in (4,684 mm) 2004–07: 184.6 in (4,689 mm) Hybrid: 185.6 in (4,714 mm) |
Width | 71.9 in (1,826 mm) |
Height | 2001–05 4WD: 66.5 in (1,689 mm) 2001–05 Limited 4WD: 68.7 in (1,745 mm) 2003–05 FWD: 66.1 in (1,679 mm) 2003–05 Limited FWD: 68.3 in (1,735 mm) 2006–07 FWD: 67.9 in (1,725 mm) 2006–07 4WD & FWD Hybrid: 68.3 in (1,735 mm) 4WD Hybrid: 68.9 in (1,750 mm) |
Curb weight | 3,784 lb (1,716 kg) |
The Highlander (or Kluger in Japan and Australia) shared a platform with its Lexus RX/Toyota Harrier cousin. It came in five (2001–2007) and seven-seat (2004–2007) configurations and became a sales success for Toyota in a number of markets across the world. The Highlander came standard with front wheel drive and offered all wheel drive (50:50 front:rear fixed torque split). Unlike Toyota's own 4Runner and other midsized competitors such as the Jeep Grand Cherokee, or Chevrolet TrailBlazer, the Highlander aimed for on-road comfort with its unit body construction and independent rear suspension. Although it was longer than the 1996–2002 4Runner available at the time it was launched, the Highlander was surpassed in length by the redesigned 4Runner in 2002.
The Highlander was available in three trim lines in the United States: the base model, the Sport model, and the Limited model. The base and Limited models were present when the Highlander was initially introduced, while the Sport model was introduced in March 2006. In Japan, it is regarded as a luxury vehicle as the Kluger exceeds Japanese Government regulations regulating engine displacement and exterior dimensions.
In 2004 the wheels on the Limited trim changed from a six-spoke, to a five-spoke alloy. The base-model Highlander wheels also changed from steel-rims to the alloy wheels that were on the 2001–2003 model year Highlander Limited and B-Package. The Sport models had a distinctive grille design, differentiating themselves from the non-Sport models. Wheel styling also serves to differentiate the various models—the hybrid sports a unique twin-spoke design.
The Kluger was introduced to Australia during 2003. It was available in three guises: CV, CVX, and Grande. A limited edition CV Sport model was also released in 2006. There was no hybrid model available in Australia. The only engine offered was the 3.3-liter 3MZ-FE V6.
- 2001–2007 2.4 L 2AZ-FE I4, 155 hp (119 kW)
- 2001–2003 3.0 L 1MZ-FE V6, 220 hp (164 kW)
- 2004–2007 3.3 L 3MZ-FE V6, 225 hp (172 kW)
The 3.0-liter engine was able to propel the Kluger from 0–60 mph in approximately 8.8 seconds. In 2004 the Kluger was given a new 3.3-liter V6 engine to compete with the more powerful V6 offerings from its competitors, mainly the Nissan Murano and the Honda Pilot. The larger engine made it possible for the Kluger to reach 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 7.8 seconds.
Model year changes[edit]
In addition to the 3.3-liter engine, 2004 V6-powered models were equipped with a new five-speed automatic transmission, replacing a 4-speed automatic transmission, while the 4-cylinder models continued to use the old 4-speed automatic transmission. This year also saw the introduction of the optional third row seat allowing for two additional passengers. The unibody was slightly modified behind the second row seats to include a depression in the trunk floor able to accommodate the optional third row seating. On models without third row seating, this depression was turned into a storage compartment. (Prior to 2004 the spare tire was accessible from inside the vehicle where the third row seating would subsequently be located; beginning in 2004 the spare tire is accessible from underneath the vehicle.) Subtle changes to the front grille, front and rear bumpers, and headlights round-out the major changes for the 2004 mid-cycle refresh.
Beginning in 2006, Highlanders sold in Canada are offered only in a V6 all-wheel drive configuration. Hybrid models are available with part-time four-wheel drive which Toyota refers to as 4WD-i where the rear wheels are powered by the separate electric motor. This system is intended for use on snow and ice, and is prone to overheating the rear electric motor off-road.[4]
The Japanese and Australian Kluger was released with a centre console integrated with the dashboard, while the North American Highlander initially lacked this integrated centre console. The integrated centre console was introduced in all U.S. Highlanders and in Canadian Limited Highlanders in the 2002 model year, and in all Canadian Highlanders in the 2003 model year. However, for these early Highlanders without the integrated centre console, a smaller non-integrated stand-alone centre console was available as an option, which was installed at the factory or could be installed by the dealer.
Typical fuel economy using the Australian standard testing regime is 12.3 L/100 km (23.0 mpg-imp; 19.1 mpg-US).
Anti-lock brakes, brake assist and electronic brakeforce distribution were standard, Vehicle Stability Control w/traction control optional on 2001–03 models became standard for 2004 models (Hybrids come standard with VDIM). Also standard for 2004 was a tire pressure monitor. Front seat-mounted side torso airbags were optional on 2001–06 models, while front and second row side curtain airbags were optional on 2004–06 models. Side airbags became standard on 2007 models and the curtain airbags gained a rollover sensor that year as well.
Frontal Driver: | |
Frontal Passenger: | |
Side Driver: | |
Side Rear Passenger: | |
Rollover: |
Frontal Driver: | |
Frontal Passenger: | |
Side Driver: | |
Side Rear Passenger: | |
Rollover (2005):[7] |
In Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) crash tests the Highlander was rated "Good" overall in the frontal offset crash test.[8] The IIHS reported the Highlander had one of the lowest driver fatality rates among all vehicles, and amongst SUVs, only the Toyota 4Runner had a lower driver fatality rate. This report looked at 2001–05 model year vehicles in the USA.[9]
Hybrid (MHU28, 2005–2007)[edit]
Initially, the Kluger was a regular, non-hybrid SUV driven by an internal combustion engine, but later Toyota introduced a hybrid version, the Kluger Hybrid that utilizes the company's Hybrid Synergy Drive technology combined with the company's 3MZ-FE 3.3-liter V6 engine offered in either FWD or AWD trim. The hybrid drivetrain was unveiled at the 2004 North American International Auto Show, and was offered to the public in July 2005 as a 2006 model. The power steering pump, water pump and AC compressor were changed from belt-drive to electrically powered versions. A modified alternator was incorporated into the hybrid system.
In North America, the hybrid version was called the Highlander Hybrid. It was also the first seven-seat hybrid vehicle.[10] With the electric motors providing power including lower speeds overall acceleration is improved particularity at passing speeds. Other additions include Toyota's Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) system and Electronically Controlled Brake (ECB). The California Air Resources Board gave it a SULEV emission rating. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (revised standards) rated it at 28 mpg-US (8.4 L/100 km; 34 mpg-imp) City/25 mpg-US (9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg-imp) Highway for FWD models and 27 mpg-US (8.7 L/100 km; 32 mpg-imp)/25 mpg-US (9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg-imp) for AWD models. This system is near identical to that of the Lexus RX 400h. All-wheel drive models were rated to tow 3,500 lb (1,600 kg).
Second generation (XU40; 2007–2013)[edit]
Second generation | |
Overview | |
Also called | Toyota Kluger |
Production | 2007–2013 |
Model years | 2008–2013 |
Assembly | Guangzhou, China[11] Miyawaka, Fukuoka, Japan (Kyushu plant) Princeton, Indiana, United States (TMMI Oct 2009–present, North America only) |
Designer | Ian Cartabiano (2005)[12] |
Body and chassis | |
Related | Lexus RX Toyota Sienna Toyota Camry Toyota Camry Solara |
Powertrain | |
Engine | 2.7 L 1AR-FE I4 3.5 L 2GR-FE V6 3.3 L 3MZ-FE V6 (hybrid) 3.5 L 2GR-FXE V6 (hybrid) |
Transmission |
5-speed automatic 6-speed automatic |
Dimensions | |
Wheelbase | 109.8 in (2,789 mm) |
Length | 188.4 in (4,785 mm) |
Width | 2008-2010: 75.2 in (1,910 mm) 2011-2013: 1,917 mm (75.5 in) |
Height | 2008-2010: 69.3 in (1,760 mm) 2011-2013: 1,729 mm (68.1 in) |
Curb weight | 4,045 lb (1,835 kg) |
Toyota revealed the second-generation Highlander and Highlander Hybrid at the 2007 Chicago Auto Show, with American sales beginning in July and hybrids in late September.[13][14] But the second-generation Highlander and Highlander Hybrid are not sold in Japan. The five-seat Highlander for the United States and Canada was dropped as the larger Venza replaced it.
Initially the sole powertrain for the 2008 Highlander was a 270 horsepower (201 kW) 3.5-liter 2GR-FE V6 mated to a five-speed automatic. The four-cylinder model had been discontinued but added again in 2009. While the 3.5-liter engine has 55 more bhp than the previous 3.3-liter V6 and dimensional increases along with increased sound proofing added nearly 500 pounds to the vehicle's curb weight of approximately 4,000 lbs, fuel economy is slightly improved. The EPA estimated fuel economy for front-wheel drive models is at 18 mpg-US (13 L/100 km; 22 mpg-imp) city / 24 mpg-US (9.8 L/100 km; 29 mpg-imp) highway (last gen: 17 mpg-US (14 L/100 km; 20 mpg-imp) city / 23 mpg-US (10 L/100 km; 28 mpg-imp) hwy).[15]
For 2009, Toyota again offered a 4-cylinder for 5-passenger front-wheel drive models with the all-new ULEV-II certified 2.7-liter 1AR-FE I4 paired to a six-speed automatic. It generates 187 hp (139 kW) at 5,800 rpm and 186 lb·ft (252 N·m) of peak torque at 4,100 rpm on regular 87 octane fuel. The four-cylinder delivers an EPA estimated fuel economy of 20 mpg-US (12 L/100 km; 24 mpg-imp) city and 27 mpg-US (8.7 L/100 km; 32 mpg-imp) highway.[16] This is better than the previous model's four cylinder with 19 mpg-US (12 L/100 km; 23 mpg-imp)/25 mpg-US (9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg-imp).
The same three trim levels were offered (Base, Sport, and Limited) until early 2010 when the SE model replaced the Sport model, buyers are still able to choose between front-drive or all-wheel drive on V6 platforms. Also new is an Electric Power Steering (EPS) system. Sport and Limited models get a standard backup camera using a 3.5-inch LCD display. Major options include leather seats, heated seats, a touch-screen DVD based navigation system, a new Smart Key System, an upgraded JBL Synthesis stereo, a rear-seat DVD entertainment system with 9-inch screen, and a towing package that increases towing capacity to 5000 pounds.
Currently, the Highlander/Kluger is produced in Japan for global markets. Toyota had intended on building the Highlander in Blue Springs, Mississippi for the North American market in the 2011 model year.[17] However, the Prius will be built there instead, and the Highlander is being built at Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana in Princeton, Indiana, from the 2010 model year onward for a majority of the North America, replacing Tundra production.[18] At this time, no decision has been made on Highlander Hybrid production at TMMI. TMMI Highlander production began in October 2009.
In Australia, the new generation Kluger was launched in August, 2007. There are three grades available, KX-R, KX-S and Grande. All grades are available with either 2WD or AWD. The base model KX-R is also available with either five or seven seats, whilst the latter grades are seven seaters only. Specifications are mostly similar to the US Highlander, sharing the same 3.5 litre V6 2GR-FE engine and five-speed automatic transmission. However, there are no plans at present to introduce a hybrid version of the Kluger into the Australian market.
2010 update[edit]
For the 2011 model year, Toyota made some changes to the Highlander and Highlander Hybrid. While the general design remains similar to the 2010 model, the Highlander's front end has been significantly revised, now featuring new headlights, a new black with chrome accent rocker panel, and new front grille. The non-hybrid engines for 2011 remain the same, although now the 2.7-liter four cylinder engine may be had on the SE trim level, previously only available on the base model. More standard features are now equipped on all trim levels, with the base model receiving front and rear air conditioning, power locks/windows, cruise control, and a multi-function keyless entry control.[19]
Safety/crash testing[edit]
All models come standard with enhanced Vehicle Stability Control which immediately alters electric powering steering assist w/traction control (hybrids come standard with VDIM), anti-lock brakes, brake assist and electronic brakeforce distribution. Also standard is a tire pressure monitor, a driver's knee airbag, front seat-mounted side torso airbags, side curtain airbags for all three rows which includes a rollover sensor and active front headrests. Hill Start Assist Control (HAC) is also standard which prevents rolling backwards on slopes, and Downhill Assist Control (DAC) is standard on AWD trims.
Frontal Driver: | |
Frontal Passenger: | |
Side Driver: | |
Side Rear Passenger: | |
Rollover: |
The IIHS rates the Highlander "Good" overall in their frontal offset crash test, and good in all subcategories except for "Head/neck," which is rated as "Acceptable."[21] And "Good" overall in the side impact crash test, with "Good" rating in all nine measured categories.[22] The Highlander is also rated "Good" in the roof strength test, giving it a Top Safety Pick award.[23]
In Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP) testing the Kluger is given a rating but only a rating for pedestrian protection.[24]
The safety and effectiveness of the Highlander/Kluger's Vehicle Stability Control system has been questioned by some motoring journalists. During testing for Wheels magazine Car of the Year in 2007, the magazine's editor rolled the vehicle during high-speed gravel road testing. Noting that it was the first such event in the magazine's 45 year history, he criticised the vehicle's stability system stating that "Deficiencies in the Kluger's ESP contributed to the crash". Six of the seven other judges also stated that they felt "the vehicle's ESP performance was sub-standard", and remarked that the vehicle was "almost dangerous on dirt [roads]". In a written response, Toyota disputed the circumstances of the accident and criticised the testing procedures as "unscientific".[25][26]
The Kluger Hybrid features Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive which continues to allow an electric only powered mode for short distances and speeds. Weight and cost have been improved over the previous hybrid.[27][28]
The expanded size and new features have led to an increase of 500 pounds to its curb weight. All Highlander Hybrids are all-wheel drive, and the EPA has rated the hybrid at 27 mpg-US (8.7 L/100 km; 32 mpg-imp) for the city and 25 mpg-US (9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg-imp) for the highway,[29] same as the previous model. The Highlander's fuel economy, while better than the Lexus RX 400h's, lags behind the compact 4cyl Ford Escape Hybrid, which ceased production in 2012, and the latest RX 450h, but still produces significantly fewer emissions than the non hybrid version with a CARB SULEV rating.
The Highland Hybrid continues to use the same 3.3-liter 3MZ-FE V6 (208 hp[clarification needed]) offered in AWD from the prior model, net power is 270 hp (201 kW). VDIM and Electronically Controlled Brake remain new features include a driver selectable electric only EV mode (when possible) and another ECON mode which restricts acceleration and minimizes air conditioning during acceleration.
For the 2011 model year the Highlander Hybrid received styling changes and was upgraded with the 3.5-liter 2GR-FXE V6 (245 hp), increasing net power by 10 hp (7 kW), and a powertrain similar to the RX450h. The vehicle is now rated at 28 mpg-US (8 L/100 km; 34 mpg-imp) for the city, highway and combined cycles.
Highlander FCHV (2007–)[edit]
It was a test vehicle using compressed hydrogen gas, with average fuel economy of 68.3 miles/kg (approximate mpg equivalent).[30]
The vehicle was unveiled in 2007 LA motor show.[31]
Chinese version[edit]
The Chinese version of the Highlander (ASU40/GSU45) was unveiled at the 13th Shanghai International Automobile Industry Exhibition.[32]
Israeli-Market Highlander[edit]
In mid-2012, Union Motors (Toyota's Israeli-Market Import Company) announced that it will begin importing the Highlander in late-2012 to compete with the Chevrolet Traverse and Ford Explorer, the two other instances of "family SUV"'s in Israel, considered as "premium SUV"'s In Israel due to their high prices (350,000NIS and 310,000NIS for Traverse LTZ And Explorer Limited, respectively.) However, this was delayed to 2013.
It was built in its Kyūshū, Japan assembly plant and its Ikeda, Osaka, Japan assembly plant beginning in May 2007. GAC Toyota Motor Co., Ltd. (GTMC) in Nansha District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China began to produce the Toyota Highlander starting May 25, 2009.[33]
Third Generation (2014)[edit]
Third generation | |
Overview | |
Also called | Toyota Kluger |
Production | December 2013 – present |
Model years | 2014 – present |
Assembly | Guangzhou, China[11] Princeton, Indiana, United States (TMMI) |
Body and chassis | |
Related | Lexus RX |
Powertrain | |
Engine | 2.7 L 1AR-FE I4 3.5 L 2GR-FE V6 3.5 L 2GR-FXE V6 (hybrid) |
Transmission |
5-speed automatic 6-speed automatic |
Dimensions | |
Wheelbase | 109.8 in (2,789 mm) |
Length | 191.1 in (4,854 mm) |
Width | 75.8 in (1,925 mm) |
Height | 68.1 in (1,730 mm) |
Curb weight | 4,508 lb (2,045 kg) |
On March 27, 2013, Toyota unveiled the third generation Highlander at the New York International Auto Show, with plans to have the vehicle reach dealerships in early 2014. Production began on December 5.[34] This version is longer and wider that the outgoing generation and its design has changed from its boxy look to one that is similar to other mid-size SUVs (i.e., Jeep Grand Cherokee), yet remain in the crossover realm. Toyota hopes to target this version at people who are also considering the Ford Explorer and Nissan Pathfinder, whose designs are somewhat similar to the Highlander and has set a MSRP in the $29,000 to $30,000 (US) range, making it less affordable than the latter two[35]
In addition to the changes, this one will feature seating for eight people with a sliding second-row point of entry that gives it 4.3-inches of added width space, soft-touch materials on the instrument panel, lane-departure warning, pre-collision warning and blind spot monitoring systems. HD Radio and Bluetooth will become a standard on all trims for the US version, which will also come equipped with Toyota's Entune multimedia system along with a 6.1-inch touchscreen display audio system. An eight-inch touchscreen system and Toyota's Entune app suite with12 JBL speakers will be offered as an optional feature. The three powertrain trims that will be offered include a 2.7L/6 speed front-wheel drive base model, a 3.5L/6 speed 6AT model in both front wheel or all wheel drive, and the AWD-only Hybrid trim with a 3.5L/V6 mated to an eCVT.[36] [37]
In a review from Autoblog, Martin Zak gave it a positive review, but had some mixed comments on the safety, aerodynamics, cabin packaging and the same design that other CUVs have ("The Highlander doesn't stand out quite as much Toyota might want it to."), the choice of drivetrains ("None of these drivetrains are particularly thrilling, but they certainly get the job done."), and the size of the cargo space ("...a little bit smaller than the Ford Explorer, Honda Pilot or Hyundai Santa Fe, and well short of the larger Chevy Traverse."), but was impressed with the Driver Speak System, which he thought stood out from the entire vehicle itself.[38]
Calendar year | US total sales | US hybrid sales[39] |
2000[40] | n/a | n/a |
2001 | 86,700 | n/a |
2002[41] | 113,134 | n/a |
2003 | 120,174 | n/a |
2004[42] | 133,077 | n/a |
2005 | 137,409 | 17,989 |
2006[43] | 129,794 | 31,485 |
2007 | 127,878 | 22,052 |
2008[44] | 104,661 | 19,441 |
2009 | 83,118[45] | 11,086 |
2010 | 92,121 | 7,456[46] |
2011 | 101,252 | 4,549[47] |
2012 | 121,055[48] | 5,921[49] |
2013 | 127,572[50] | 5,070[49] |
See also[edit]
- ^ Siler, Steve (2008-04). "2008 Toyota Highlander". Caranddriver.com. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
- ^ "Toyota Highlander Mid-Size Car-Based SUV Premiers At 2000 New York Auto Show"[dead link], Toyota/Lexus/Scion Pressroom, April 19, 2000
- ^ Butler, Glenn (2003-10-01). "Toyota Kluger (2003-) — Car Reviews, News & Advice - CarPoint Australia". Carpoint.com.au. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Safercar.gov". Safercar.gov. Retrieved 2009-06-20.[dead link]
- ^ "Safercar.gov". Safercar.gov. Retrieved 2009-06-20.[dead link]
- ^ "Safercar.gov". Safercar.gov. Retrieved 2009-06-20.[dead link]
- ^ "IIHS-HLDI: Toyota Highlander". Iihs.org. 2006-10-23. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
- ^ "Status Report, Vol. 42, No. 4, April 19, 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-10-17.
- ^ "2006 Toyota Highlander Hybrid". Edmunds.com. 2010-03-09. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
- ^ a b http://www.gac-toyota.com/ official Website of the Guangqi Toyota Automobile Company
- ^ U.S. Patent D566,620
- ^ "2008 Toyota Highlander".
- ^ "2008 Toyota Highlander – Auto Shows". Car & Driver. Retrieved February 7, 2007.
- ^ "2008 Toyota Highlander Specs". JB car pages. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
- ^ "Toyota Vehicles : Coming Soon – All-New Four Cylinder Engine For 2009 Toyota Highlander / Toyota". Pressroom.toyota.com. Retrieved 2009-06-20.[dead link]
- ^ "Toyota Will Build Highlander at New Mississippi Plant". Edmunds.com. Retrieved February 27, 2007.[dead link]
- ^ "Toyota To Build Prius In U.S: Highlander to Indiana; all Tundra to Texas". Toyota/Lexus/Scion Pressroom. Retrieved July 13, 2008.[dead link]
- ^ "Toyota Highlander Ascends to New Altitude for 2011". Automoblog.net.
- ^ "Safercar.gov". Safercar.gov. Retrieved 2009-06-20.[dead link]
- ^ "IIHS-HLDI: Toyota Highlander". Iihs.org. 2008-11-25. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
- ^ "IIHS-HLDI: Toyota Highlander". Iihs.org. 2008-11-25. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
- ^ "Roof strength evaluations: Midsize SUVs". Iihs.org. Retrieved 2010-10-17.
- ^ "Vehicle Crash Report". ANCAP. Retrieved 2009-06-20.[dead link]
- ^ Bulmer, Ged; Newton, Bruce (February 2008). "Crash Tackled". Wheels (Sydney: ACP Magazines): 54–55, 78–79. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
- ^ Newton, Bruce (February 2008). "Wheels COTY 2007: Stage 1 – Proving Ground". Wheels (Sydney: ACP Magazines). Retrieved 25 June 2010.
- ^ "Chicago Auto Show: 2008 Toyota Highlander Hybrid, now with EV ONLY mode!". AutoblogGreen.
- ^ "2008 Toyota Highlander and Hybrid Review". JB car pages. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
- ^ "2008 Toyota Highlander Hybrid Specs". JB car pages. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
- ^ "Toyota Highlander Fuel Cell Hybrid achieves over 68 MPG on Hydrogen". Blogs.automotive.com. 2009-08-10. Retrieved 2010-10-17.
- ^ Abuelsamid, Sam (2007-11-14). "LA 2007: Toyota Fuel Cell Highlander runs 2300 miles from Fairbanks to Vancouver". Green.autoblog.com. Retrieved 2010-10-17.
- ^ "China-made RAV4, Highlander to Debut in Shanghai". .toyota.co.jp. 2009-04-15. Retrieved 2010-10-17.
- ^ "Production of Toyota 'Highlander' Begins in China". .toyota.co.jp. 2009-05-25. Retrieved 2010-10-17.
- ^ http://www.hybridcars.com/2014-toyota-highlander-production-starts-hybrid-next/
- ^ "2014 Toyota Highlander to start at $30,075" from Autoblog (December 17, 2013)
- ^ "2014 Toyota Highlander Greets The World With NYC Debut" From Autoblog (March 27, 2013)
- ^ "2014 Toyota Highlander Review". 2015carreviews.com. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
- ^ 2014 Toyota Highlander from Autoblog (December 17, 2014)
- ^ "U.S. Department of Energy HEV sales figures". Retrieved 2010-10-17.
- ^ "Toyota Sets Sales Record for Sixth Year in a Row". Theautochannel.com. 2004-11-17. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
- ^ "Toyota Announces Best Sales Year in Its 46-Year History, Breaks Sales Record for Eighth Year in a Row". Theautochannel.com. 2004-11-17. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
- ^ "Toyota Reports 2005 and December Sales". Theautochannel.com. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
- ^ "Toyota Reports 2007 and December Sales". Theautochannel.com. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
- ^ "Toyota Reports 2008 and December Sales". Theautochannel.com. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
- ^ "Toyota Reports December And 2009 Sales" (Press release). USA: Toyota. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
- ^ Berman, Brad (2011-01-07). "December 2010 Dashboard: Year End Tally". hybridCARS. Retrieved 2014-01-11.
- ^ Cobb, Jeff (2012-01-09). "December 2011 Dashboard: Sales Still Climbing". hybridCARS. Retrieved 2014-01-11.
- ^ "December 2012 and Year-End Sales Chart" (Press release). USA: Toyota. 2013-01-03. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ a b http://www.hybridcars.com/december-2013-dashboard/
- ^ "December 2013 and Year-End Sales Chart" (Press release). USA: Toyota. 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyota Highlander. |
Toyota light truck timeline, North American market, 1980s–present (model years) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
Mini SUV | RAV4 | RAV4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Compact SUV | 4Runner | 4Runner | 4Runner | RAV4 | RAV4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
FJ Cruiser | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mid-size crossover | Highlander | Highlander | Highlander | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Venza | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mid-size SUV | 4Runner | 4Runner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Land Cruiser | Land Cruiser | Land Cruiser | Land Cruiser | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Full-size SUV | Sequoia | Sequoia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Minivan | Van | Previa | Sienna | Sienna | Sienna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pickup | Pickup | Pickup | Pickup | Tacoma | Tacoma | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hilux | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
T100 | Tundra | Tundra | Tundra |


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6. Transition Metal Chemistry
The transition metals, also called the d-block elements, are found in groups 3-12 of the periodic table. These elements make the transition between the representative metals in groups 1 and 2 and the metalloids, representative metals, and nonmetals in groups 13-18. Moreover, it is in this block of elements in the periodic table that the d-orbitals are being filled with electrons. For example, elements in the first group of the d-block (group 3 of the periodic table: scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium) each have one d-electron. Likewise, elements in the eighth group of the d-block (group 10 of the periodic table: nickel, palladium, and platinum) each have eight d-electrons when in the +2 oxidation state. |
Figure 1. The oxidation (valence) states of the d-block elements. The orange blocks mark the common oxidation numbers for each element; the green blocks mark the other known states. Reprinted with permission.1Another common feature of the transition metals is their size. To understand why the d-metals are roughly the same size, we need to examine two competing effects: nuclear charge and electron-electron repulsions. As one moves across the periodic table, the size (that is, the atomic radius) of elements generally decreases due to increasing nuclear charge. The increasing nuclear charge is usually more significant than the electron-electron repulsions resulting from the addition of electrons as one moves across a period. In keeping with this trend, transition metals also generally decrease in size as one moves from left to right across the d-block. Here, the exceptionally weak shielding offered by the d-electrons causes these electrons to experience a greater nuclear charge and be pulled more strongly toward the nucleus. The last few elements in each row of the d-block are slightly larger than those preceding them; here, electron-electron repulsions outweigh increasing nuclear charge as the d-orbitals are filled. The trend of decreasing size is most pronounced in row 6 of the periodic table (the third row of the d-block, in which the 5d-orbitals are being filled). The third row of the d-block is interrupted by the lanthanide elements, in which the 4f-orbital is being filled. Like d-electrons, electrons in f-orbitals are also ineffective at shielding nuclear charge; the increased nuclear charge in the third row transition metals causes them to be smaller than expected and virtually identical in size to the second row transition metals.
Figure 2. The atomic radii of the d-block elements (in picometers). Notice the similarity of all the values, and in particular the close similarity between the second and third rows as a result of the lanthanide contraction. Reprinted with permission.1In addition to making the third row transition metals smaller, the lanthanide contraction also makes them less reactive because the valence electrons are relatively close to the nucleus and not available for chemical reactions. In short, several generalizations may be made about the transition metals, or d-metals: most transition metals have a number of possible oxidation states. Also, the d-metals are all roughly the same size. This is particularly noticeable when comparing the second and third row d-metals. Due to the lanthanide contraction, the third row d-metals are approximately the same size as the second row d-metals; the lanthanide contraction also causes the third row d-metals to be relatively inert. The inertness of the third row transition metals has many benefits. For example, these metalsparticularly gold and platinumare often used in jewelry. Furthermore, these metalsspecifically, platinumshould be able to conduct an electric current but not react with their surroundings. For this reason, Barnett Rosenberg and his coworkers chose platinum as an electrode material in their original experiments to study the effect of electric fields on E. coli. However, as we have seen in the module on the role of platinum electrodes, even though their choice was based on sound chemical principles, they obtained unexpected results, which led to the serendipitous discovery of cisplatin. Transition Metal Complexes1 Transition metals are excellent Lewis acids and accept electron density from many molecules or ions that act as Lewis bases; when a Lewis base donates its electron pair to a Lewis acid, it is said to coordinate to the Lewis acid and form a coordinate covalent bond. When Lewis bases coordinate to metals acting as Lewis acids and form an integral structural unit, a coordination compound is formed. In this type of compound, or complex, the Lewis bases are called ligands. One of the first known coordination compounds was Peyrones Chloride (also known as cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), or cis-DDP), first reported in 1845. This compound was not fully understood until 1893, when Alfred Werner deduced its structure and described cis-DDP and its trans isomer in a landmark paper.
The two isomers of diamminedichloroplatinum(II) have the same connectivity of atoms, meaning that platinum is the central atom and is bonded to four ligandstwo chlorine atoms and two amino groupsin a square planar arrangement. However, the ligands are arranged differently in the cis and trans isomers: In cis-DDP, the ammonia molecules are on the same side of the DDP molecule, but in trans-DDP, the ammonia molecules are on opposite sides of the DDP molecule. These types of isomers are called geometrical isomers. Crystal Field Theory1-3 It is possible to imagine several ways that four ligands can be arranged around a central metal atom. Werner deduced that the ligands in cis- and trans-DDP were placed at the corners of a square, with the platinum atom at the center of the square; this is called square planar geometry. Another way that four ligands could have been arranged around the central platinum atom would have been at the corners of a tetrahedron; this is referred to as tetrahedral geometry (and is the geometry adopted by carbon atoms having four substituents in organic compounds). In tetrahedral geometry, however, no isomers are possible, whereas with square planar geometry, two isomers are possible and can be identified, as shown above. To understand why different four-coordinate complexes (that is, those having four ligands around a central metal atom) adopt different geometries, we use the concepts described by crystal field theory (CFT), first proposed in 1929 by Hans Bethe. CFT uses an electrostatic model to explain all metal ion-ligand interactions. (A subsequent theorycalled ligand field theorybuilds on the principles of CFT and allows for some covalency, as well. CFT, however, will suffice to explain the geometries of various four-coordinate complexes.) Because CFT bases all interactions on electrostatics, each ligand is represented by a negative point charge. The way these point charges interact with the d-orbitals of a metal atom explains the geometries adopted by various transition metal complexes. In the absence of ligands (meaning in the absence of a crystal field), all d-orbitals in a particular metal have the same energy and are said to be degenerate. When ligands coordinate to the metal, however, the ligands (treated as point charges) cause the d-orbitals to be either stabilized or destabilized. A stabilizing effect from a ligand lowers the energy of the interacting d-orbital, whereas a destabilizing effect raises the energy of the d-orbital. Before we address the question of different four-coordinate geometries, it is useful to examine a very common geometry in transition metal complexes: the six-coordinate, octahedral geometry. In an octahedral complex, six ligands are placed symmetrically along the axes of a Cartesian coordinate system (the x-, y-, and z-axes in three-dimensional space), with the metal at the origin. Knowing the shapes of the five d-orbitals is essential in understanding octahedral geometry. As shown in Figure 3(a), there are two d-orbitals that point directly along Cartesian axes: the dz2 orbital, which points along the z-axis, and the dx2-y2 orbital, which has lobes on both the x- and y-axes. The interaction of six ligands with the dz2 and the dx2-y2 orbitals raises the energy of these two d-orbitals through repulsive interactions. Moreover, the energy of these two orbitals is increased by the same amount, so the dz2 and the dx2-y2 orbitals are degenerate. In the nomenclature of crystal field theory, these orbitals are called the e orbitals. The other three d-orbitals, the dxy, dzx, and dyz orbitals, which all have lobes in between the Cartesian axes, are repelled less by the ligands and are in effect stabilized to a lower energy. The dxy, dzx, and dyz orbitals are also degenerate; collectively, they are called the t orbitals. (See Figure 3(b).)
a) |
Figure 3. (a) The orientation of the five d-orbitals with respect to the ligands of an octahedral complex: the degenerate e pair, and the degenerate t triplet. Reprinted with permission.3 (b) Splitting of the five d-orbitals by an octahedral field.We use similar logic to explain the crystal field splitting of the d-orbitals in a four-coordinate, tetrahedral complex. One way to represent a tetrahedral species is to show four ligands (treated as point charges in crystal field theory) on alternating corners of a cube. In a tetrahedral complex, the ligands do not point directly at any of the five d-orbitals, but they come close to the dxy, dzx, and dyz orbitals, which are directed toward the edges of the cube, as shown in Figure 4(a); these orbitals are raised in energy and are degenerate. The dz2 and the dx2-y2 orbitals point toward the sides of the cube and are therefore directed away from the attached ligands; these two orbitals are lowered in energy and are degenerate. The relative energies (and crystal field splitting) of the five d-orbitals in a tetrahedral complex are shown in Figure 4(b).
Crystal field theory also explains the four-coordinate, square planar geometry. In this case, we imagine an octahedral complex in which the ligands on the z-axis (that is, those interacting most directly with the dz2 orbital) are removed. The dz2 orbital is therefore lowered in energy. Furthermore, the other d-orbitals having z-characterspecifically, the dzx and dyz orbitalsalso decrease in energy. However, since the ligands are all now in the xy plane, both d-orbitals having x- and y-characternamely, the dx2-y2 and the dxy orbitalsare raised in energy. The crystal field splitting pattern of a square planar complex is shown in Figure 5.Figure 4. (a) The effect of a tetrahedral crystal field on a set of d-orbitals is to split them into two sets; the e pair (which point less directly at the ligands) lie lower in energy than the t triplet. Reprinted with permission.3 (b) Splitting of the five d-orbitals by a tetrahedral field.
Figure 5. (a) An octahedral complex that (b) undergoes z-axis elongation such that it becomes distorted and (c) finally reaches the square planar limit. Reprinted with permission.2What determines whether a four-coordinate transition metal complex is tetrahedral or square planar? The answer lies in the number of d-electrons in the central transition metal. If the metal has eight d-electrons, as is the case for Pt2+, it is energetically advantageous for the complex to adopt a square planar geometry. In this case, the eight d-electrons will achieve some stabilization in energy by occupying the dzx, dyz, dz2, and dxy orbitals. Formation of Cisplatin under the Experimental Conditions Now that we have some background in transition metal chemistry, particularly transition metal complexes, we can understand how cisplatin, or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), was generated under the original reaction conditions in which elongation of E. coli bacterial cells was observed. As we saw in the electrochemistry module, a divalent platinum ion (Pt2+) could be generated when an electric current was supplied to the supposedly inert platinum electrodes in the continuous culture chamber. Moreover, as we saw in the control experiments module, solutions containing either ammonium ion or chloride ion or both tested positive for the presence of an oxidizing agent using the potassium iodidestarch test. One of the oxidizing agents presentnamely, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)was responsible for bacterial elongation. How does cis-PtII(NH3)2Cl2 form from Pt2+, NH4+, and Cl- ions? Remember that in an aqueous solution, ammonium ion (NH4+) is in equilibrium with its conjugate base, ammonia (NH3): Assuming that sufficient concentrations of Pt2+, NH3, and Cl- ions exist in solution, the square planar cisplatin molecule will be formed: Speaking the Language of Transition Metal ChemistryVocabulary Coordinate: Use of a lone pair to form a coordinate covalent bond Coordinate covalent bond: A bond formed between a Lewis base and a Lewis acid by sharing an electron pair originally belonging to the Lewis base Coordination compound: A compound in which a metal ion or atom is bonded to one or more molecules or anions so as to define an integral structural unit Ligand: A group attached to a central metal ion in a complex Isomer: One of two or more compounds that contain the same number of the same atoms in different arrangements Stereoisomers: Isomers that have the same connectivity of atoms but differ in the arrangement of their parts in space (identical atom-to-atom bonding but different arrangements of the atoms in space) Geometrical isomers: Stereoisomers that differ in the spatial arrangement of the atoms Crystal field: The electrostatic influence of the ligands (modeled as negative point charges) on the central ion of a complex Degenerate: Having the same energy, as in orbitals Octahedral complex: A complex in which six ligands are arranged at the corners of a regular octahedron with the metal atom at the center Tetrahedral complex: A complex in which four ligands lie at the corners of a regular tetrahedron with the metal atom at the center Square planar complex: A complex in which four ligands lie at the corners of a square with the metal atom at the center
(3) Shriver, D. F., Atkins, P., Langford, C. H. Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed. W. H. Freeman and Company: New York, 1994, Chapter 6.
Concept Map for this ChemCase
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7. Bioinorganic Chemistry |


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Spartacus: War of the Damned – Ep 2 Wolves At the Gate
Spartacus leads a daring assault to provide food and shelter for his people, and Crassus receives an unexpected visitor. Sex/violence/strong language.
- Genres: Action, Drama
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Results 1 to 5 of 5
- 11-14-2012, 03:35 PM Thread Author #1
Adjusting the delay to open Task Switcher?
Is there any way to change (reduce) the time you need to hold down the BlackBerry button before the Task Switcher opens?
No. There is not.
There are three things all wise men fear: the sea in storm, a night with no moon, and the anger of a gentle man.
[ Mobile Nations Sites: Android, iOS, Windows Phone, BlackBerry, Smartwatch Fans] - 11-14-2012, 04:45 PM #3
- 11-14-2012, 08:37 PM Thread Author #4
Also, if you hold down Alt & press the back button it opens. Whilst holding Alt & keep pressing back to flick through the opened apps.
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Its D-Day. Who is waiting for the doors to open.
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The InfernoMore information to be announced soon on this forthcoming title from Penguin USA |
Opiniăo das pessoas - Escrever uma crítica
Classificaçőes dos utilizadores
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Wonderful story, beautiful prose. - Goodreads
A bit hard to read but the imagery sticks with you - Goodreads
Dante's writing is wonderful and descriptive. - Goodreads
There is no such thing as digressions in Dante. - Goodreads
Excelllent introduction. - Goodreads
Interesting, but didnt like the ending. - Goodreads
Review: Inferno (The Divine Comedy #1)
Procura do Utilizador - GoodreadsI thought this was pretty good. Its about Dante and Virgil (a roman poet i think) who descend into Hell. there are multiple stages and the deeper and deeper theey go the more sinfull the characters ...
Review: Inferno (The Divine Comedy #1)
Procura do Utilizador - GoodreadsThe Book Of Infernal Chants And Music
Canto ITheDark Wood | |
Canto IIThe | |
Canto IIITHE | |
Canto VII CIRCLE FOUR | |
Styx | |
Round | |
Round Three | |
Round Three | |
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Canto XVIII CIRCLE EIGHT Malebolge | |
Bolgia Three | |
Bolgia Four | |
RoundTwo | |
Outras ediçőes - Ver tudo
Palavras e frases frequentes
Aeneas Aeneid allegorical allthe already ancient andthe arms atthe bank beast blood Bolgia Boniface Buoso burning called Canto Capaneus Charon Ciacco CIRCLE climb Cocytus cried damned Dante Dante's dark dead death demons descend Divine earth eternal Eurypylus evil eyes face Farinata father Fiends flame Florence Florentine forever Fraud Friars fromthe gate Geryon Ghibellines God's Grafters grief Guelphs Guide Guido Guido Bonatti guilt head Heaven Hell Hell's Human Reason Inferno inthe isthe Italian King ledge living look Lucca Malacoda Malebolge man's Master monster moved Nessus Notes ofhis ofthe once onthe Ovid pain pass passage pause Phlegyas Pier delle Vigne Pistoia pity Poets Pope punished rage replied Roman round Sabellus sand seemed shade side sight sinners souls speak spirit stared stood sweet symbolic tears tell torment tothe Tower turned Virgil weep wood words wraith wrath wretch


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The South Alabama Regional Planning Commission was initially organized in 1964 by local governments in Mobile County and was first known as the Mobile County Regional Planning Commission. The Commission became a tri-county region in 1968 when Baldwin and Escambia Counties entered into full membership with Mobile County at which time it became the South Alabama Regional Planning Commission. It is one of twelve regional commissions in the State of Alabama as provided for in Act 1126 of the 1969 Alabama Legislature.
The Commission is an instrument of local government. It is locally organized and locally controlled. Through communication, planning, policymaking, coordination, advocacy and technical assistance, the Commission serves its member governments and citizens of the region. It also provides a forum for member government representatives to discuss and resolve common problems, especially those that transcend political boundaries.
Help Yourself and Help the Economy Get benefits that put more cash in your hands or help improve your life. If you are a disabled adult or age 55+ call the Area Agency on Aging for a free, private Benefits Check Up. 433-6541/ 1-800-243-5463 http://www.benefitscheckup.org/cf/index.cfm?partner_id=68
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Click Here for a Review of PNAA's Supplier's Forecasting Symposium
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The Seattle A&DSS is the first of its kind in the United States and an opportunity for leaders in the aerospace industry to meet with potential industry partners in one-on-one meetings. The Boeing Co. and Washington State are supporting BCI Aerospace in staging this international event, with 600 companies from 30 countries expected to attend. Workshops run parallel to the on-to-one meetings, which are proceeded by a one-day conference to be held on Monday.
Other supporting organizations are the Aerospace Futures Alliance, the Inland NorthWest Aerospace Consortium, the Pacific Northwest Aerospace Alliance and the Pacific Northwest Defense Coalition.
Supplier's Forecasting Symposium
To kick off Aerospace & Defense Supplier Summit (A&DSS), PNAA and BCI Aerospace present the Supplier's Forecasting Symposium on March 12. This one-day Symposium will present key forecasts covering:
• Global aircraft growth forecasts;
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Oklahoma Test Requirements
The Praxis I® tests are listed below along with the minimum qualifying scores. To learn more about a specific test, click the test title. Once you know your test(s), find out how to register for Praxis™ tests and read the Praxis test retake policy.
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"I care about Jesse deeply. I cared about him as soon as I met him because he just looks so…fragile. And vulnerable. And, as soon as you get to know him a little bit, you admire him greatly. He's brilliant."
68TH Annual Golden Globe Awards l January 16, 2011
#mark #let me explain something to you #when a beautiful boy shows up #and he says he's here for you #don't think #just jump on him #that's what you want #that's what he wants #push dustin off your bed and do it #just do it
"What are you two doing down there?! Get up here!" - Scott Rudin, a TSN producer
(Jesse Eisenberg then proceeds to pick Andrew Garfield up from his seat to go up onto the stage.)
I care about Jesse deeply and I cared about him as soon as I met him, because he just looked so fragile and vulnerable and as soon as you get to know him a little bit, you admire him greatly in his brilliance.
sometimes it lasts in love, but sometimes it hurts instead
Jesse was so nervous of this scene. He is so stupid because he is so good in it. He felt so under-prepared and he was so angry with himself and I think it was lovely because there was a real kind of support that we had for each other in this scene. In between takes he'd be really kind of nervous about messing up and he wanted to get it absolutely right, but I think his anger towards himself was nicely translated to his anger at me. And then on my side of it, he kept on giving me these wonderful little ad-libs for me to react to for the last part of the scene where he, you now, I think at one point I made him say: "I love you, you're my best friend. Come, we'll get married, and we'll live in a house together." Just to kind of like give me that right kind of reaction for the end of this scene. And he really generously, you know, embarrassingly told me how much he adored me. It was really nice. For this last bit.
#some days #when I think about the fact that #the words #I love you #Let's get married #We'll live in a house together #were spoken #out loud #by Jesse #to Andrew #and that is something that just happened in this life #and is real#when i think about that - it makes me want to remove my internal organs with a set of rusty pliers
#how Jesse looked driving Andrew to the TSN set in Boston


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Catch of the Day Nodes
Catch of the Day
- New York Brown Trout
- Pulaski King
- Louisiana Redfish
- Homosassa Spotted Sea Trout
- Pyramid Lake Lahontan Cutt
- Scotland Atlantic Salmon
- Midwest Musky
- Trinity River Steelhead
- Mad River Brown Trout
- Kenai River Rainbow Trout
- Pere Marquette River Steelhead
- Northern Wisconsin Musky
- Hopedale, Louisiana Redfish
- The River Mörrum Atlantic Salmon
- Big Manistee River Steelhead
- Hinemaiaia River Rainbow Trout
- Truckee River Brown Trout
- Kispiox River Steelhead
- Lake Erie Walleye
- Portugal Carp
- Saugeen River Smallmouth
- Salmon River Steelhead
- Caloosahatchee River Snook
- Pennsylvania Brown Trout
- Big Manistee River Steelhead
- Texas Crevalle Jack
- Alaska Rainbow Trout
- Lake Calcasieu Speckled Trout
- Colorado Northern Pike
- Skeena River Steelhead
Family Taimen
Mike Gifford, owner of Country Pleasures Flyfishing in Calgary, Alberta holds this Taimen caught on a recent trip to Mongolia. Mike is helped out by Ron Gifford with the 48 inch fish. Mike is wearing G4Z™ Waders, G4 Guide Boots, G4 Pro™ Jacket, WINDSTOPPER® Softshell Jacket, and Ron is wearing G3 Guide Waders, and G3 Guide Boots. Good thing Ron was around to help Mike hold this monster fish.


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I've only had my iPad since Sunday and haven't had a chance yet too have a good play yet. My husband doesn't get why I wanted an iPad when I already have an iPhone, but I'm really keen to use it as a home entertainment centre for browsing, reading books and playing games.
Had a few teething problems...my contacts didn't copy from my iphone (due to os4?), haven't been able to download 3.2.1 yet, iTunes says that I have connection issues. Also tried borrowing e-books from Hampshire library service but the books are adobe e-pub and drm protected and I can,t find a way of transferring to iPad (tried stanza). I've purchased a book though and have loads of new games to try out. Very excited :0)


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British man, 68, gets head tattoo of 28-year-old wife's bikini body
A 68-year-old British man got a cartoon head tattoo of his 28-year-old wife, according to a BBC report.
Bob Baker's daughters bought the tattoo, which is meant to be his wife Kelly in a bikini and high heels pushing a lawnmower, as a Father's Day gift.
"Seventy-five percent of people who have seen it say it's wicked and come up and shake my hand," Baker told BBC. He said it was his 12th tattoo; he already has the word "Kelly" tattooed on his neck.
The couple, who have been together for nine years, married in 2010.
He told the news agency that there may be more love-inspired tattoos in the works: "You wait – I am going to have flowerpots next going round the garden."


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Police: Red Bluff girl strangled to death
Fourteen-year-old Marysa Nichols of Red Bluff appears to have been strangled to death, the Red Bluff police announced Tuesday.
"Asphyxiation by ligature strangulation" is the preliminary cause of death, Red Bluff police Chief Paul Nanfito said.
The man arrested for the teen's death, Quentin Ray Bealer, 39, of Red Bluff, is scheduled for arraignment in Tehama County Superior Court at 1 p.m. today before Judge Matthew C. McGlynn.
He was booked into Tehama County Jail on suspicion of murder Saturday after being interviewed by the Red Bluff Police Department that day.
Nanfito said the department is still seeking the public's assistance in finding two items possibly related to the crime: a pair of red shorts, described as "Dickies" style, and an iPod in a pink removable case which was in Nichols' possession at the time of her disappearance around 11 a.m. on Feb. 26.
The iPod is between 1 and 4 years old, holds eight to 16 gigabites and is linked to an iCloud account, said the Police Department.
Police are also seeking access to video surveillance from residences and businesses taken in the areas north of Luther Road, east of Baker Road, south of Walbridge Road and west of Main and South Main streets, from 9 a.m.-6 p.m. Feb. 26.
Nichols' body was found by law enforcement at 11 a.m. Thursday in Brickyard Creek, which runs behind Red Bluff High School. She had been reported missing at 5:30 p.m. on Feb. 26 by her mother, Diane Whitmire.
A surveillance video of Nichols walking in the direction of the creek, her typical path home from Red Bluff High School's Education Outreach Academy, also showed a white male in that vicin ty around the same time.
The police released the video to the media Friday night and asked for help in identifying the man.
Nanfito said that the department received "dozens and dozens of tips" from the video.
"(Bealer) was positively ID'd as the person on the surveillance tape," the chief sad.
He was arrested at 10:29 p.m. Friday by the Tehama County Sheriff's Department on the 8000 block of Central Avenue in Gerber. He had failed to appear in court on charges of burglary, receiving known stolen property and possession of drug paraphernalia in a case dating back to December.
That same night, a candlelight vigil was held for Nichols in front of the Tehama County Courthouse.
"I came to honor her. She was my friend," a girlfriend said at the vigil.
Nanfito said he estimates it will be several more weeks before the department receives a final autopsy report on Nichols' death.
Bealer has an extensive criminal history in Tehama County.
In 1991, he pled guilty to charges of stolen property, burglary, transportation of drugs, corporal injury to a spouse, and battery.


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There was a fun mood in the Angelo State football team's locker room last Thursday after the Rams' 38-26 win over Black Hills State.
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Help I can't get my fastboot to show up on my windows 8 computer using nexus toolkit
Help I can't get my fastboot to show up on my windows 8 computer using nexus toolkit
Did you try windows 7 drivers?
Yes it connects until it checks for fastboot than it says not found
Does it show up as ADB? You are making sure you're in fastboot mode when searching for it correct?
If that doesn't work maybe the proper drivers for windows 8 aren't compatible with it yet. Do you have another PC to fix the problem?
im not quite sure what you mean by making sure im in fastboot mode. When i plug it in to check the connection it says ADB device connected than it says rebooting phone than it say checking for fastboot and than it says fastboot not connected.
Sorry I meant bootloader (had a brain fart). This screen:
Are you in bootloader when checking for fastboot devices?
It seems that the proper drivers for Windows 8 aren't out yet. I would've thought Win7 drivers would work for Win8, but guess not. You could definitely try reinstalling the drivers and see if that helps.
Theoretically if your drivers work with ADB it should work with fastboot as well.
Perhaps when in the bootloader unplug the device, then replug back in.
I has the same issue with my windows 8 machine. I had to use a Windows 7 computer to it to work.
Sent from my Galaxy nexus
uninstall all drivers for the nexus. install pda net and let it install the drivers. should work. i have no problems using fastboot and adb on my windows 8


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Meet our bloggers...CEO, Bill Nye, Emily Lakdawalla, Bruce Betts, Mat Kaplan, Casey Dreier, and a host of expert and entertaining voices from throughout our vast space community.
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Browse Recent Blog Posts
The new Cosmos: Standing Up in the Milky Way
Posted by Emily Lakdawalla on 2014/03/10 11:55 CDT | 67 comments
My daughters liked the new Cosmos and want to watch next week. I thought it was a successful beginning for a long series, and I think it'll become a weekly viewing event for our family. I hope other families think the same.
The Very Large Telescope sights Rosetta's comet target, sees activity beginning
Posted by Emily Lakdawalla on 2014/03/10 02:18 CDT
Rosetta's comet target, 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, has emerged from behind the Sun as seen from Earth, and the Very Large Telescope has photographed it. The new images show that cometary activity has already begun as Rosetta approaches for its August rendezvous.
Why Cosmos should matter, especially to Hollywood
Posted by Taryn O'Neill on 2014/03/07 01:52 CST | 2 comments
For a town dependent on Stars, there are far too few people here who look up at the sky. But come this Sunday, March 9, the epic series of science, space and humanity will return: Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey. Why does it matter for Hollywood, specifically? I'll tell you why it will. And then why it should.
[Updated] To Europa!...Slowly. First Impressions of NASA's New Budget Request
Posted by Casey Dreier on 2014/03/07 11:20 CST | 4 comments
Europa may get a mission...eventually. We give our first take on the 2015 NASA Budget request. How does Planetary Exploration fare? Which projects were cancelled? Will NASA capture an asteroid? And most importantly, what can you do about it?
That time I took a selfie with Neil Tyson and the President of the United States
Posted by Bill Nye on 2014/03/07 07:44 CST | 4 comments
Last week, my fellow Board Member Neil deGrasse Tyson and I were invited to be presenters at the first edition of the White House Film Festival. Neil asked the President if we could take a selfie with him. In those few moments, the President, Neil, and I spoke about science and space exploration.
PlanetVac at the IEEE Aerospace Conference
Posted by Bruce Betts on 2014/03/07 04:35 CST | 1 comments
PlanetVac project leader Kris Zacny of Honeybee Robotics reports on presenting results of the Planetary Society project PlanetVac that created a prototype planetary dirt sampling system and tested it under Martian pressures.
Intro Astronomy Class 5: Venus (continued) and Mars
Posted by Bruce Betts on 2014/03/06 10:49 CST
Continue exploring Venus and begin looking at Mars in this video of class 5 of Bruce Betts' Introduction to Planetary Science and Astronomy class.
Curiosity update, sols 549-562: Shooting past Kylie on the road to Kimberley
Posted by Emily Lakdawalla on 2014/03/06 07:35 CST | 7 comments
In a series of drives, Curiosity flew past the "striated terrain" that outcropped at Kylie, and is now negotiating her way around some rockier territory as she makes her way south toward the enticing outcrops of Kimberley.
Hypervelocity Cratering and Riding Out the Risk
Posted by ESA Mars Express Team on 2014/03/06 07:34 CST
Today's update from the Mars Express team contains the realisation that, for some of the risks associated with October's Siding Spring flyby, there may not be much the team can do.
2015 will be the Year of the Dwarf Planet, and you need to tell people about it!
Posted by Emily Lakdawalla on 2014/03/05 07:00 CST | 10 comments
I am very excited about 2015, more so than I have been about any year since I started working at The Planetary Society. Dawn will enter orbit at Ceres, and New Horizons, which will fly past Pluto and Charon. But if we want this kind of exploration to continue, I'm challenging you, dear readers, to tell the world why such non-planetary worlds are compelling places to go exploring.
Our Curiosity Knows No Bounds!
Become a member of The Planetary Society and together we will create the future of space exploration.


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It's official! Languages are addictive - all you need is LOVE and it DOES get easier once you have mastered two or three.
So what does it take to become a "Hyperpolyglot"? Well, according to a wonderful article on the BBC website, by the third or fourth language, it also gets easier to assimilate vocabulary and grammar much more quickly. All you need is LOVE!
According to David Green of University College London, who specialises in biingualism: "Polyglots are definitely on the rise worldwide predominantly because of migration. In 10 years time, it is estimated that 50% of America will be Spanish-speaking. Many of these people will speak both English and Spanish."
Even LCF Director, Nickie Race Jones speaks 5 languages. Brought up in England with a German mother, she then learnt French fluently, became a Russian interpreter and lived and taught languages in Norway for 7 years.
So dont let your children get left behind just because you are not in Europe or America. The earlier you start, the easier it will be for them to become bilingual or even polyglots!