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Budapest hotel reviews
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Address Királyi Pál utca 7, 1-F (Belvaros)
Downtown Hostel is central, just a ten minute walk to most sights and the coffeehouse-lined Ráday utca.
No online booking
Address 22-24 Molnár utca, District 5,Foldszint 7, 1054 Budapest (Belvaros)
All-day espresso, a handful of computers, beds without bunks, plus a location parallel to popular Váci utca, help the Green Bridge Hostel stand out.
No online booking
Address 14 Semmelweis Utca,5th district, 1052 Budapest (Belvaros)
Low rates, a quiet vibe, and a second-hand bookstore next door make Red Bus Hostel popular among the bookworms—party animals, look elsewhere.
No online booking
4City Pilvax
starAddress Pilvax Köz 1-3 (Belvaros)
Perched on a quiet pedestrian street off of the bustling Váci utca, the City Hotel Pilvax, features numerous amenities at reasonable rates.
starAddress Gyulai Pál utca 14 (Belvaros)
Hotel Anna, centrally located on a quiet street in Joseph Town, offers 42 rooms at great rates. Did we mention the exceptional free breakfast?
Address Gönczy Pál.u.6 (Belvaros)
Hotel Kálvin Ház is a 10-minute walk from The Great Market Hall, the Danube, and the café-lined Ráday utca.
Address Kossuth Lajos utca 2/A (Belvaros)
With great rates, classier-than-average atmosphere, and a spot on Kossuth Lajos utca in the central 'hood of Belváros, Leo Panzió is a true Cheapo find.
No online booking
8City Hotel Matyas
starAddress Március 15. tér 8. (Belvaros)
With a central location, amenities galore, and breakfast in the famous traditional Hungarian Matthias Cellar restaurant, City Hotel Mátyás is splurgeworthy.
Address Rákóczi út. 4 (Erzsebetvaros)
Astoria City Hostel does not stand out from the crowd, but reasonable prices and a very central location - on Rákóczi út - render it worth a glance.
10Cotton House
starAddress Jókai u. 26 (Erzsebetvaros)
The Cotton House is not a budget find by any means, but it is a bargain. With 22 rooms named and decorated for Hollywood stars, guests get a little more for their money here.
Address Károly körút 5/b (Erzsebetvaros)
The Carmen Mini Hotel provides a central, homey base in Budapest.
No online booking
12Benczur Hotel
starAddress Benczur u. 35 (Erzsebetvaros)
Located in a classy diplomat neighborhood, the Benczúr is close to Hero's Square, the City Park and the gorgeous Széchenyi Baths.
13Kings Hotel
starAddress Nagy Diófa utca 25-27 (Erzsebetvaros)
For a room a few hundred meters from both the Orthodox and Central Synagogues, plus a kosher breakfast included, make the pilgrimage over to King's Hotel.
Address Ábel Jenő u.9 (Gellert-Hegy)
After a long day spent in the hustle and bustle of central Pest, the Ábel Panzió, perched in a leafy neighborhood, truly feels like an oasis apart.
15Villa Kristal
starAddress Társ 9 (Gellert-Hegy)
The Kristal Hotel, located inside a charming grand old house in the quiet Buda neighborhood of Gellért-Hegy, is a peaceful respite from central Pest.
Address József krt. 2 (Jozsefvaros & Ferencvaros)
Mandragora Doubles are tranquil, Indian and Middle-Eastern influenced accommodations located right on the bustling Blaja Lujza tér.
Address Ferenc körút 39, 4th floor (Jozsefvaros & Ferencvaros)
Winning couple Maria and István rent out two rooms in their own apartment, as well as two rooms in a flat nearby, with genuine proprietary joy.
No online booking
starAddress Angyal utca 33 (Jozsefvaros & Ferencvaros)
The charming Hotel Sissi maintains its namesake to Budapest's favorite 19th-century princess without getting too frilly in the process.
19Corvin Hotel
starAddress Angyal u. 31 (Jozsefvaros & Ferencvaros)
Hotel Corvin provides standard budget accommodation with a few pleasant backyard summertime surprises.
Address Lónyay utca 17 (Jozsefvaros & Ferencvaros)
Rates are uncommonly low for the luxurious atmosphere the turn-of-the-last-century building housing K.M. Saga.
No online booking
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Ded Moroz
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2010) |
Ded Moroz (Russian: Дед Мороз, diminutive Dedushka Moroz Russian: Дедушка Мороз) is a fictional character who in some Slavic cultures plays a role similar to that of Santa Claus. The literal translation of the name would be "Old Man Frost", although the name is often translated as "Father Frost" in light of the modern usage of "ded" to refer to a grandfather. Ded Moroz is said to bring presents to children, however, unlike the secretive Santa Claus, the gifts are often delivered "in person", at New Year's Eve parties and other New Year celebrations.
The "in-person" gifts usually occur at organized celebrations at kindergartens or schools and at circus performances around New Year time where the gifts can be standardized. Various agencies provide Ded Moroz visits to families and offices. In such cases specific gifts can be chosen for particular members at the parties. The clandestine placing of gifts under a New Year tree occurs when a Ded Moroz visit is not arranged for some reason.[1]
Depictions of Ded Moroz commonly show him accompanied by Snegurochka (Russian: Снегурочка, "Snow Maiden"), his granddaughter and helper, who is often depicted in long silver-blue robes and a furry cap[2] or a snowflake-like crown.[3] She is a unique attribute of Ded Moroz; no traditional gift-givers from other cultures are portrayed with a female companion,[citation needed], though the German analog Sankt Nikolaus comes with a Krampus and the Dutch analog, Sinterklaas (Saint Nicholas, who wears a bishop's mitre and vestments) has Zwarte Piet ("Black Pete") a young Moorish attendant/companion.
The traditional appearance of Ded Moroz resembles that of Santa Claus, with his coat, boots and long white beard. Specifically, Ded Moroz is often shown wearing a heel-length fur coat, a semi-round fur hat, and valenki or jackboots on his feet. Unlike Santa Claus, he is often depicted as walking with a long magical staff.[4]
The official residence of Ded Moroz in Russia is considered to be the town of Veliky Ustyug, Vologda Oblast.[4] The residence of the Belarusian Ded Moroz (Dzied Maroz in Belarusian) is said to be in Belavezhskaya Pushcha.
Development of the character[edit]
The earliest tales of Ded Moroz presented him as a wicked and cruel sorcerer, similar to the Old Slavic gods "Pozvizd"—the god of wind and good and bad weather, "Zimnik"—god of winter, and the terrifying "Korochun"—an underworld god ruling over frosts. According to legend, Ded Moroz liked to freeze people and kidnap children, taking them away in his gigantic sack. Parents were said to have to give him presents as a ransom in return for their children. However, under the influence of Orthodox traditions, the character of Ded Moroz was completely transformed, later adopting certain traits from the Low Countries' (Belgian and Dutch) Sinterklaas (or Saint Nicholas), the prototype of Santa Claus.[5]
Since the 19th century the attributes and legend of Ded Moroz have been shaped by literary influences. The fairy tale play Snegurochka by the famous Russian playwright Aleksandr Ostrovsky was influential in this respect, as was Rimsky-Korsakov's Snegurochka with libretto based on the play.[4][6] By the end of the 19th century Ded Moroz had become the most popular of the various mythical New Year gift-givers in Russia.[5]
Following the Russian Revolution, Christmas traditions were actively discouraged because they were considered to be "bourgeois and religious".[7] Similarly, in 1928 Ded Moroz was declared "an ally of the priest and kulak".[8] Nevertheless, the image of Ded Moroz took its current form during Soviet times, becoming the main symbol of the New Year's holiday that replaced Christmas. Some Christmas traditions were revived following the famous letter by Pavel Postyshev, published in Pravda on December 28, 1935.[7] Postyshev believed that the origins of the holiday, which were pre-Christian in any case, were less important than the benefits it could bring to Soviet children.[8] During Stalinist times, Ded Moroz, Snegurochka (or "Snow Maiden"), and New Year Boy were featured in Communist-type Nativity scenes, or public appearances, with Ded Moroz as the equivalent of Joseph, Snegurochka as the equivalent of Mary, and the New Year Boy as the equivalent of the Christ child.[9]
During the period of the Soviet Union's dominance over Eastern Europe, Ded Moroz was introduced to many nations. Following the fall of the Soviet Union, there have been efforts to revive local characters.
Ded Moroz in modern Russia[edit]
Ded Moroz is very popular in modern Russia.[10] In 1998, the town of Veliky Ustyug in Vologda Oblast, Russia was declared the home of the Russian Ded Moroz by Yury Luzhkov, then Mayor of Moscow.[11] Between 2003 and 2010, the post office in Veliky Ustyug received approximately 2,000,000 letters from within Russia and from all over the world for Ded Moroz.[11][12][13][14][15] On January 7, 2008, then President Putin of the Russian Federation was reported to have visited Ded Moroz' residence in the town of Veliky Ustyug as part of the Russian Orthodox Christmas Eve celebration.[16]
The western Santa Claus made inroads in the Russian Federation during the "turbulent" 1990's when many western ideas such as liberal democracy and market-oriented capitalism were considered panacea solutions for Russia.[17][18] The resurgence of Russia in the early 21st century brought about a renewed emphasis on the basic Slavic character of Ded Moroz.[19] This included the Russian Federation and subordinate governments sponsoring courses about Ded Moroz every December, with the aim of establishing appropriate Slavic norms for Ded Moroz and Snegurochka ("Snow Maiden" - Ded Moroz' granddaughter) roles for the New Year holiday.[18][20][21] People playing Ded Moroz and Snegurochka now typically make appearances at children's parties during the winter holiday season, distributing presents and fighting off the wicked witch, Baba Yaga, who children are told wants to steal the gifts.[22]
Ded Moroz, and on occasion the Belarus Dzied Maroz, are presented in the media as being in on-going détente with various counterparts from other cultures, such as the Estonian Santa Claus (Jõuluvana or "Old man of Christmas"), the Finnish Santa Claus (Joulupukki or "Yule Goat"), and other Santa Claus, Father Christmas, and Saint Nicholas figures.[23][24][25][26] The détente efforts portrayed have included one-on-one meetings, group meetings and friendly competitions, such as the annual November Santa Claus championships of Celle, Germany.[27][28][29]
In November and December 2010, Ded Moroz was one of the candidates in the running for consideration as a mascot for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia.[11]
GLONASS Tracks Ded Moroz[edit]
In November 2009, for the first time, the Russian Federation offered competition to NORAD Tracks Santa with GLONASS Tracks Ded Moroz, which purports to use GLONASS (GLObal NAvigation Satellite System or "the Russian GPS") to track Ded Moroz on New Years Eve (according to the Gregorian Calendar).[30]
The Russian language website (a language not currently offered by the competing NORAD Tracks Santa) includes these features: "real-time tracking" of Ded Moroz, "news" of Ded Moroz throughout the year, a form to send e-mail to Ded Moroz, photos, videos, streaming audio of Russian songs, poems and verses from children's letters to Ded Moroz, information on Veliky Ustyug in Vologda Oblast (considered to be Ded Moroz's hometown) and opportunities to enter competitions and win prizes.[31]
Regional differences[edit]
There are equivalents of Ded Moroz and Snegurochka all over the former USSR, as well as the countries once in the so-called Soviet bloc and in the former Yugoslavia.
In Armenia, Ded Moroz is known as Ձմեռ Պապ ("Dzmer Pap"), which literally means "Winter Grandfather".
In Azerbaijani, Ded Moroz is known as Şaxta Baba ("Grandfather Frost") and his companion Snegurochka is known as Qar Qızı ("Snow Girl"). In the predominantly Muslim but secular country, where Christians are a very small minority, this tradition remains very popular. Şaxta Baba brings gifts to children at New Year celebrations, however Qar Qızı is rarely present at the festivities.
In Bashkir, Ded Moroz is known as Ҡыш бабай (Qïš babay, literally: "Winter Old Man"), and Snegurochka is known as Ҡарһылыу (Qarhïlïw, "Snow beauty").
In Belarus Ded Moroz is known as Dzied Maroz. He is not a traditional Belarusian character and is never mentioned in national folklore.[32][33]
The official residence of Dzied Maróz (Belarusian: "Дзед Мароз", is considered to be in Biełavieskaja Pušča.[32][33]
The original traditional Bulgarian Christmas related male figure is Koledari. This later changed with the growing popularity of Santa Claus around the world during the 19th and the 20th century. The Bulgarian name of Santa Claus is Дядо Коледа (Dyado Koleda, "Grandfather Christmas"), with Dyado Mraz (Дядо Мраз, "Grandfather Frost") being a similar Russian-imported character lacking the Christian connotations and thus popular during Communist rule. However, he has been largely forgotten since 1989, when Dyado Koleda again returned as the more popular figure.[34]
After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Djed Mraz was labeled Communist and Djed Božićnjak (literally: "Grandfather Christmas") was introduced. Attempts were made in the mass media and advertising to replace Djed Mraz with Djed Božićnjak. After 1999 the names of Djed Mraz and Djed Božićnjak became more or less synonymous, including in their use on public television. In some families Djed Mraz is still said to brings gifts at New Year.[35]
In Croatia, children also get presents on December 6. The presents are said to be brought by a traditional figure called Sveti Nikola (Saint Nicholas) who closely resembles Djed Mraz or Djed Božićnjak, except for the fact that he is accompanied by Krampus who takes misbehaving children away.[36]
In some religious families, little Jesus (Isusek, Mali Isus, Kriskindl) is said to brings gifts at Christmas instead of Djed Božićnjak.[36]
Former Yugoslavia[edit]
In socialist Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia) the character who was said to bring gifts to children was called "Grandfather Frost" (Bosnian: Djed Mraz, Croatian: Djed Mraz, Macedonian: Дедо Мраз (Dedo Mraz), Serbian: Деда Мраз (Deda Mraz), Slovenian: Dedek Mraz). He was said to bring gifts for the New Year as celebration of Christmas was discouraged by the Communist regime.[37]
In Mongolia, Ded Moroz is also accompanied by two clowns.
While there is no traditional analog of Ded Moroz in Polish folklore, there was an attempt to introduce him as Dziadek Mróz during the communist period. Communists, opposed to religion in general, considered Christmas and traditional Święty Mikołaj (Saint Nicholas) "ideologically hostile". Therefore, propaganda attempted to replace him with Dziadek Mróz (literal translation of Ded Moroz). Authorities often insisted on using the figure in schools and preschools during celebrations and events for children. This was also supposed to create an illusion of cultural links with the Soviet Union.[38]
In 1948, after the Communists gained power in Romania, it was decided that Christmas should not be celebrated. December 25 and December 26 became working days and no official celebrations were to be held. As a replacement for Moş Crăciun (Father Christmas), a new character was introduced, Moş Gerilă (literally "Old Man Frosty", a Romanian language adptation of the Russian Ded Moroz).[39] He was said to bring gifts to children on December 31.
Officially, the New Year's Day celebrations began on 30 December, which was named the Day of the Republic, since it was the day when King Mihai I of Romania abdicated in 1947.
After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Moş Gerilă lost his influence, being replaced by Moş Crăciun.[40][41]
In Slovenia the name Ded Moroz was translated from Russian as Dedek Mraz (literally, "Grandpa Frost"). Dedek Mraz is depicted as a slim man wearing a grey leather coat, which has fur inside and is decorated outside, and a round dormouse fur cap. This version of the character is based on traditional imagery, especially as depicted by Maksim Gaspari. Initially he was said to live in Siberia, but with the Informbiro crisis and the schism between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union his home was relocated to Mt. Triglav, Slovenia's (and also Yugoslavia's) highest peak. The notion of Grandpa Frost was ideologically useful because it served to reorient the December/January holidays away from religion (Saint Nicholas Day and Christmas) and towards the secular New Year.
After the demise of the Communist regime at the beginning of the 1990s, two other "good old men" (as they are currently styled in Slovenian) reappeared in public: Miklavž (Saint Nicholas) is said to bring presents on December 6, and Božiček ("Christmas man") on Christmas Eve. St. Nicholas has had a strong traditional presence in Slovenian ethnic territory and his feast day remained celebrated in family circles throughout the Communist period. Until the late 1940s it was also said in some areas of Slovenia that Christkind (called Jezušček ("little Jesus") or Božiček ("Christmas man"; usually depicted as Santa Claus)) brought gifts on Christmas Eve.
Slovenian families have different preferences regarding their gift-giver of choice, according to political or religious persuasion. Slovenian popular culture depicts Grandpa Frost, Saint Nicholas and Santa Claus as friends[42][43] and has also started blending attributes of the characters, for example, mention of Santa's reindeer is sometimes mingled into the Grandpa Frost narrative at public appearances. Due to his non-religious character and strong institutionalization, Grandpa Frost continues to retain a public presence.[44]
In Tatar Ded Moroz is known as Qış Babay (Кыш Бабай, literally: "Winter Grandfather") and Snegurochka is known as Qar Qızı (Кар Кызы or "Snow Girl").[45]
The Nenets people of Yamal know Ded Moroz as Yamal Iri ("Grandfather of Yamal").
Sakha Republic[edit]
Chys Khan is known as the master of cold, accompanied by the snow maiden Khaarchana.[46]
In Tajikistan the tradition of Ded Moroz has continued, despite its origins in Soviet propaganda. In Tajik, Ded Moroz is known as Boboi Barfi ("Grandfather Snow"), and Snegurochka is called "Barfak".
In 2012, a young man dressed as Ded Moroz was stabbed to death in Dushanbe by a crowd shouting "You infidel!". The murder was motivated by religious hatred, according to the Tajik police.[47]
On 11 December 2013, Saidali Siddiqov, the first deputy head of the Committee for TV and Radio-broadcasting under the Government of Tajikistan, announced in an interview that "Father Frost, his maiden sidekick Snegurochka (Maiden Snow), and New Year's tree will not appear on the state television this year, because these personages and attributes bear no direct relation to our national traditions, though there is no harm in them".[48]
Ayaz Ata is the Kyrgyz name for Ded Moroz.
See also[edit]
- ^ "Ded Moroz and Snyegurochka by Jocelyn and Steve Oborn, 13 Dec 2009". jocelyneandsven.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ "Snegurochka: The Snow Maiden in Russian Culture by Kerry Kubilius". About.com. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ "Snowflake Girl". Retrieved 2012-17-15.
- ^ a b c "Ded Moroz, the Russian Santa: Ded Moroz, or 'Grandfather Frost' is Russia's Santa Claus by Kerry Kubilius". About.com. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ a b "Of Russian origin: Ded Moroz". RT.com. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ "Christmas Customs in Eastern Europe: Eastern Europe's Traditional Christmas Celebrations by Kerry Kubilius". About.com. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ a b (Russian)Fir Markets
- ^ a b Karen Petrone, Life Has Become More Joyous, Comrades: Celebrations in the Time of Stalin, Indiana University Press, 200, ISBN 0-253-33768-2, Google Print, p.85
- ^ ""Russia" in "The World Encyclopedia of Christmas", by William D. Crump, Editor, 2006". Jefferson:, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
- ^ "Father Frost and the Snow Maiden deliver Russia's winter warmer, by Helen Womack, 31 December 1996". London: The Independent. 1996-12-31. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ a b c "Reveling in Russian Santa's fairytale home, by Phoebe Taplin, 15 Dec 2010". Russia: Beyond the Headlines. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
- ^ Veliky Ustyug page on the site "Small Towns of Russia" (Russian)
- ^ http://www.christmasdivision.ru/stati/velikij-ustjug-rodina-deda-moroza Veliky Ustyg is the bithplace of Ded Moroz (Russian)
- ^ "Veliky Ustyug, the Russian Santa's Home by Kerry Kubilius". About.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
- ^ "Veliky Ustyug - Homeland of Father Frost". Vologda Oblast. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
- ^ "Putin and his deputy show off Russian Christmas traditions, 7 Jan 2008". Deutsche Presse-Agentur. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
- ^ "Russia's Grandfather Frost fights the invading Santas, Dec 24, 2000 by Fred Weir". London: The Independent. 2000-12-24. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
- ^ a b "Meet Russia's Antidote To Santa, Dec 25, 2007 by Dave Grout, CBS News". CBS News. 2007-12-24. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ^ "Santa Claus is an 'illegal immigrant' declares top Kremlin official in Christmas 'Cold War' by Will Stewart – Dec 5, 2008". London: Daily Mail. 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
- ^ "Video - Meet Russia's Antidote To Santa, Dec 25, 2007 by Dave Grout, CBS News". CBS News. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ^ "Moscow school set to instruct a new generation of Santas, RIA Novosti, Dec 6, 2005". RIA Novosti. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ^ "Father Frost: History". Russian Santas. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ^ "Estonia/Russia: Santa Claus Shakes Hands With Father Frost, Jan 1, 2006". Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ^ "Russian Father Frost expects to celebrate Christmas in London, Nov 24, 2010". Interfax. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ^ "Finnish Santa Claus and Belarusian Father Frost, Nov 22, 2010". Official Website of the Republic of Belarus. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ^ "Ded Maroz ('Father Frost') meets Santa Claus in Turku, Finland, Dec 31, 2008". YouTube. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ^ "Vologda Oblast Press Release: Ded Moroz Presides Over the Annual International Santa Claus Championships of 28–29 November 2009 in Celle, Germany – Nov 27, 2009". Vologda Oblast. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
- ^ "Vologda Oblast Press Release: Ded Moroz Participates in Annual International Santa Claus Championships of 28–29 November 2008 in Celle, Germany – Nov 27, 2008". Vologda Oblast. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
- ^ "Santa Claus Championships hit Switzerland and Germany – Dec 3, 2009". China Central Television (CCTV). Retrieved 2010-11-27.
- ^ "What on earth is happening with "Russia's GPS"?, Dec 1, 2009 by Julia Ioffe". Fortune. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
- ^ "Official GLONASS Tracks Ded Moroz website" (in Russian). Official GLONASS Tracks Father Frost. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
- ^ a b "Dzied Maroz". On-Line Reference and Information. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ a b "Christmas and New Year in Belarus, 13 Dec 2007". Office for a Democratic Belarus. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ "Traditions old and new: From Father Frost to Father Christmas, Dec 26, 2005 by Petar Kostadinov". The Sofia Echo. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ "Santa Claus in Croatia: The Croatian Santa Clause Tradition by Kerry Kubilius". About.com. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ a b "Croatia Christmas Traditions: Christmas in Croatia by Kerry Kubilius". About.com. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ "BALKANS: Religion Makes a Worrying Call, 11 May 2009". Global Geopoltics Net. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ *(Polish) Dziadek Mróz versus Saint Nicholas, last accessed on 11 May 2006
- ^ http://www.romanialibera.ro/exclusiv-rl/documentar/povestea-impostorului-mos-gerila-248844.html
- ^ (Romanian) Amintiri cu Moş Gerilă ("Memories with Moş Gerilă"), Evenimentul Zilei, 24 December 2005
- ^ "The Scent of Christmas in Romania, Dec 2006 by Magdalena Chitic". European Youth Voice. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ http://dedekmraz.talija.com/
- ^ http://www.dnevnik.si/uploads/image_cache/7e45567245956709072f67abe70ee280.jpeg
- ^ "Slovenia's Christmas Traditions: Christmas in Slovenia by Kerry Kubilius". About.com. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ "Qış Babay and Qar Qızı, Tatar Santa and Snow Maiden respectively, Dec 26, 2009". Ria Novosti. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ^ The Official Karelia Website
- ^ Roman Kozhevnikov (3 January 2012). "'Father Christmas' stabbed to death in Tajikistan". Reuters.
- ^ Asia-Plus (11 December 2013). "'Tajik official confirms information about banning Father Frost from New Year's broadcasts". Asia-Plus.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ded Moroz. |
- "Just Don't Call Me Santa!"—A history of Ded Maroz in English
- "Father Frost, the Red Nose" on Russia Info-Centre
- Reveling in Russian Santa's fairytale home
- Home page all of the Ded's Moroz (Russian)
- GLONASS Tracks Ded Moroz (Russian)
- Coat of arms of Ded Moroz(Russian)


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The West Virginia University Extension and Restore will offer a gardening series titled Planning the Vegetable Garden for Year Round Harvests from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Saturday in the John L. Dickinson Family Homeowner Education and Community Center, 815 Court St.
The workshop will be presented by John Porter, WVU extension agent.
For more information or to register, contact Terry St. Germain at 304-720-8733, ext. 3.


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July 2010 Current Events: Business NewsU.S. News | World News | Disasters & Science News Here are the key events in business and science news for the month of July 2010.
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(CE:928a-928b) DUWAYR AL-, village south of ASYUT and site of excavations in 1914 carried out by Claudius Labib that brought to light a necropolis of the Ptolemaic and Byzantine period. Several STELAE were found, two of which mention a list similar to those of Saqqara or Bawit, and name the famous triad of these monasteries: Apollo, Anub, and Phib (see Munier, 1922, pp. 49-59). In a nearby valley two Greek inscriptions have been found on the walls of a cave and a tomb, which appear to reveal monastic occupation (Ahmad Kamal, 1902, pp. 32-35, and Lefebvre, 1907, p. 45, nos. 235, 236). RENÉ-GEORGES COQUIN MAURICE MARTIN, S.J.
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Royal and noble ranks
Emperor |
King |
Archduke |
Prince / Infante |
Duke |
Sovereign Prince / Fürst |
Marquess / Marquis / Margrave / Landgrave |
Count / Earl |
Viscount / Vidame |
Baron |
Knight |
Traditional rank amongst European royalty, peers, and nobility is rooted in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Although they vary over time and between geographic regions (for example, one region's prince might be equal to another's grand duke), the following is a reasonably comprehensive list that provides information on both general ranks and specific differences.
Ranks and titles[edit]
- The word monarch is derived from the Greek μονάρχης, monárkhēs, "sole ruler" (from μόνος, mónos, "single" or "sole", and ἄρχων, árkhōn, archon, "leader", "ruler", "chief", the word being the present participle of the verb ἄρχειν, árkhein, "to rule", "to lead", this from the noun ὰρχή, arkhē, "beginning", "authority", "principle") through the Latinized form monarcha.
- The word sovereign is derived from the vulgar Latin superanus "chief, principal," from the Latin super "over".
- Autocrat is derived from the Greek αὐτοκράτωρ: αὐτός ("self") and κρατείν ("to hold power"), and may be translated as "one who rules by himself".
- Common titles for European and Near Eastern monarchs
Note that many titles listed may also be used by lesser nobles - non-sovereigns - depending on the historical period and state. The sovereign titles listed below are grouped together into categories roughly according to their degree of dignity; these being: imperial, high royal, royal, others (princely, ducal, more), and religious.
Imperial titles
- Emperor, from the Latin Imperator, meaning "commander" or "one who commands". In English, the feminine form is Empress (the Latin is imperatrix). The realm of an emperor or empress is termed an Empire. Other words meaning Emperor include:
- Caesar, the appellation of Roman emperors derived from the Roman dictator Julius Caesar, whose great-nephew and adopted son Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus became the first emperor of Rome. Augustus' four successors were each made the adoptive son of his predecessor, and were therefore legally entitled to use "Caesar" as a constituent of their names; after Nero, however, the familial link of the Julio-Claudian dynasty was disrupted and use of the word Caesar continued as a title only.
- Tsar / Czar / Csar / Tzar, derived from Caesar, primarily used in Bulgarian, and after that in Russia and other Slavic countries.
- Kaiser, derived from Caesar, primarily used in Germanic countries.
- Perandor, derived from Imperator, used in Albania.
- Basileus, from Mycenaean Greek meaning "chieftain", later used for the Roman emperors of the Byzantine period.
- Shah, Persian word for Emperor, from Indo-European for "he who rules"
- Samraat (Sanskrit: samrāṭ or सम्राज् samrāj) is an Ancient Indian title sometimes translated into modern English as "Emperor". The feminine form is Samrãjñī.
High royal titles
- King of Kings mostly used in Christian contexts to denote Jesus Christ or the Christian Roman emperors of the Late Empire and Byzantine periods.
- Shahanshah, literally "King of Kings" a corruption of the Middle Persian šāhān šāh, meaning"King's King." Used in Persia and surrounding countries.
- Nəgusä Nägäst, title of the Emperors of Ethiopia, meaning "King of Kings".
- Mepe-Mepeta, Georgian for "King of Kings."
- Khagan, derived from Khan of Khans, meaning king of kings in the Mongol Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
- High King, A king who rules over lesser kings.
- Mahārāja, Sanskrit for a "great king" or "high king".
- Padishah, Persian pād "master" and shāh "king". Used in the Ottoman Empire.
- Anax, from Mycenaean wanax for "High King". Outranked Basileus in Mycenaean usage.
- Nam-Lugal High kings of ancient Sumer (Mesopotamia).
- Pharaoh, "Man of the Great House (Palace)" used in Ancient Egypt to denote the High kings of the upper and lower kingdoms of the Nile river valley.
- Ard Rí, Gaelic for high king, most notably used for high kings of Ireland and high kings of Scotland.
- Bretwalda, high kings of Anglo-Saxon England.
- Yang di-Pertuan Agong, in Malaysia, is the king's title, and means "He who is made supreme lord" Generally rendered a king, the position is elected among the nine kingdoms, so may properly be classed a high king.
- Lamane, "master of the land" or "chief owner of the soil" in old Serer language were the ancient kings and landed gentry of the Serer people found in Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania. The title was inherited from father to son. The Lamanes were guardians of Serer religion and many of them have been canonized as Holy Saints (Pangool). Preceded by non.
Royal titles
- King, from the Germanic *kuningaz, roughly meaning "son of the people." (See: Germanic kingship) [1] The realm of a King is termed a Kingdom (sovereign kings are ranked above vassal kings)
- Rex Latin for "ruler". Cognate with Raja, Rí, Reign, Regina, etc.
- Raja, Indian for "ruler and King.". Cognate with Latin Rex, Gaelic Rí, etc.
- Raje, Indian for "ruler and king.
- Deshmukh, Indian for "ruler and king.
- Rí, Gaelic title meaning king, of which there were several grades, the highest being Ard Rí (High king). Cognate with Indian Raja, Latin Rex, and ancient Gaulish rix.
- Khan, from the Turco-Mongol word for "lord," like Duke it was originally a military rank. A Khan's realm is called a Khanate.
- Oba, the Yoruba word for King or Ruler of a kingdom or city-state. It is used across all the traditional Yoruba lands, as well as by the Edo, throughout Nigeria, Benin, and Togo.
- Sultan, from Arabic and originally referring to one who had "power", more recently used as synonym for King
- Malik, Arabic for King.
- Tlatoani, Ruler of the atlepetl or city state in ancient Mexico. Title of the Aztec Emperors. The word literally means "speaker" in Nahuatl, but may be translated into English as "king".
- Ajaw, In Maya meaning "lord", "ruler", "king" or "leader". Was the title of the ruler in the Classic Maya polity. A variant being the title of K'inich Ajaw or "Great Sun King" as it was used to refer to the founder of the Copán dinasty, K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'.
- Lakan, Filipino title (mostly for the island of Luzon) which, together with the term "Datu" of Visayas and Mindanao, is used as an equivalent to Raja, and therefore, to King or sovereign Prince.
- Tuanku, literally "My Lord", the title of the kings of the nine Royal states of Malaysia; all princes and princesses of the Royal Families also receive the appellation Tengku,
- Maad a Sinig, King of Sine, a pre-colonial kingdom of the Serer people. From the old Serer title "Maad" (king).
- Maad Saloum, King of Saloum, a pre-colonial kingdom of the Serer people.
- Teigne, King of Baol, previously a pre-colonial Serer kingdom.
- Queen, from the Germanic *kwoeniz, or *kwenon, "wife"; cognate of Greek γυνή, gynē, "woman"; from PIE *gʷḗn, "woman". The female equivalent of a King, or the consort of a King; a Queen's realm is also a kingdom.
- Rani, Indian for Queen. See Raja, above.
- Shahbanu, Persian for Empress. See Shah, above.
- Sultana, Arabic for Queen. See Sultan, above.
- Malika, Arabic for Queen.
- Ix-ajaw, See Ajaw above, it was a title was also given to women, though generally prefixed with the sign Ix ("woman") to indicate their gender.
- Ratu, Indochinese term for Queen, derived from Raja
- Diyan, Filipino feminine equivalent of "Datu"
- Hara , Filipino feminine equivalent of "Raha"
- Bai , Filipino feminine equivalent of a prince.
Princely, ducal, and other sovereign titles
- Prince, from the Latin princeps, meaning "first citizen". The feminine form is Princess. Variant forms include the German Fürst and Russian Knyaz.
- Morza A Tartar title usually translated as "prince", it ranked below a Khan. The title was borrowed from Persian and Indian appellation Mirza added to the names of certain nobles, which itself derived from Emir.
- Ginoo Filipino term, equivalent to noble man or prince.(During ancient times)
- Despot, Greek for "lord, master", initially an appellation for the Byzantine emperor, later the senior court title, awarded to sons and close relatives of the emperor. In the 13th-15th centuries borne by autonomous and independent rulers in the Balkans.
- Duke, from the Latin Dux, meaning "leader," a military rank in the late Roman Empire. Variant forms include Doge, and Duce; it has also been modified into Archduke (meaning "chief" Duke), Grand Duke (literally "large," or "big" Duke), Vice Duke ("deputy" Duke), etc. The female equivalent is Duchess
- Knyaz, a title found in most Slavic languages, denoting a ruling or noble rank. It is usually translated into English as "prince".
- Emir, often rendered Amir in older English usage; from the Arabic "to command." The female form is Emira (Amirah). Emir is the root of the English military rank "Admiral"
- Bey, or Beg/Baig, Turkish for "Chieftain."
- Buumi, first in line to the throne in Serer pre-colonial kingdoms.
- Thilas, second in line to the throne in Serer pre-colonial kingdoms.
- Loul, third in line to the throne in Serer country.
Religious titles
- Pope, derived from Latin and Italian papa, the familiar form of "father" (also "Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church and Vicar of Christ"); once wielding substantial secular power as the ruler of the Papal States and leader of Christendom, the Pope is also the absolute ruler of the sovereign state Vatican City
- Caliph, was the ruler of the caliphate, an Islamic title indicating the successor to Muhammad. Both a religious and a secular leader; the Ottoman sultans continued to use Caliph as another of their titles. However, in later Ottoman times the religious function was practically exercised by the Sheikh ül-Islam; after the establishment of the Turkish Republic, a solely religious Caliphate, held by members of the Sultans' family, was established for a short period of time.
- Saltigue, the high priests and priestesses of the Serer people. They are the diviners in Serer religion.
Other sovereigns, royals, peerage, and nobility[edit]
Several ranks were widely used (for more than a thousand years in Europe alone) for both sovereign rulers and non-sovereigns. Additional knowledge about the territory and historic period is required to know whether the rank holder was a sovereign or non-sovereign. However, joint precedence among rank holders often greatly depended on whether a rank holder was sovereign, whether of the same rank or not. This situation was most widely exemplified by the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) in Europe. Almost all of the following ranks were commonly both sovereign and non-sovereign within the HRE. Outside of the HRE, the most common sovereign rank of these below was that of Prince. Within the HRE, those holding the following ranks who were also sovereigns had (enjoyed) what was known as an immediate relationship with the Emperor. Those holding non-sovereign ranks held only a mediate relationship (meaning that the civil hierarchy upwards was mediated by one or more intermediaries between the rank holder and the Emperor).
- Titles
- Archduke, ruler of an archduchy; used by the rulers of Austria; it was also used by the Habsburgs and Habsburg-Lorraines of the Holy Roman Empire, Austrian Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire for imperial family members of the dynasty, each retaining it as a subsidiary title when founding sovereign cadet branches by acquiring thrones under different titles (e.g., Tuscany, Modena); it was also used for those ruling some Habsburg territories such as those that became the modern BeNeLux (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) nations
- Grand Prince, ruler of a grand principality; a title primarily used in the medieval Russian principalities; it was also used by the Romanovs of the Russian Empire for members of the imperial family, although more commonly translated into English as Grand Duke
- Duke, ruler[1] of a duchy,[2] also for junior members of ducal and some grand ducal families
- Prince, Prinz in German; junior members of a royal, grand ducal, ruling ducal or princely, or mediatised family. The title of Fürst was usually reserved, from the 19th century, for rulers of principalities—the smallest sovereign entities (e.g., Liechtenstein, Lippe, Schwarzburg, Waldeck-and-Pyrmont) -- and for heads of high-ranking, noble but non-ruling families (Bismarck, Clary und Aldringen, Dietrichstein, Henckel von Donnersmarck, Kinsky, Paar, Pless, Thun und Hohenstein, etc.). Cadets of these latter families were generally not allowed to use Prinz, being accorded only the style of count (Graf) or, occasionally, that of Fürst (Wrede, Palffy d'Erdod) even though it was also a ruling title. Exceptional use of Prinz was permitted for some morganatic families (e.g., Battenberg, Montenuovo) and a few others (Carolath-Beuthen, Biron von Kurland).
- In particular Crown prince, Kronprinz in German, was reserved for the heir apparent of an emperor or king
- Dauphin, title of the crown prince of the royal family of France
- Infante, title of the cadet members of the royal families of Portugal and Spain
- Elector, Kurfürst in German, a rank for those who voted for the Holy Roman Emperor, usually sovereign of a state (e.g. the Margrave of Brandenburg, an elector, called the Elector of Brandenburg)
- Marquess, Margrave, or Marquis was the ruler¹ of a marquessate, margraviate, or march
- Landgrave, a German title, ruler of a landgraviate
- Count, theoretically the ruler of a county; known as an Earl in modern Britain; known as a Serdar in Montenegro and Serbia
- Viscount (vice-count), theoretically the ruler of a viscounty or viscountcy
- Freiherr, holder of an allodial barony. Freiherr coming from the German "Free-Man"[citation needed]
- Baron, theoretically the ruler of a barony – some barons in some countries may have been "free barons" (liber baro) and as such, regarded (themselves) as higher barons.
Regarding the titles of duke and prince: in Germany, a sovereign duke (Herzog) outranks a sovereign prince (Fürst). A cadet prince (Prinz) who belongs to an imperial or royal dynasty, however, may outrank a duke who is the cadet of a reigning house e.g. Wurttemberg, Bavaria, Mecklenburg or Oldenburg. The children of a ruling grand duke might be titled duke (Mecklenburg, Oldenburg) or prince (Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Saxe-Weimar) in accordance with the customs of the dynasty.
Children of ruling dukes and of ruling princes (Fürst) were, however, all titled prince (Prinz). The heir apparent to a ruling or mediatised title would usually prepend the prefix Erb- (hereditary) to his or her title, e.g. Erbherzog, Erbprinz, Erbgraf, to distinguish their status from that of their junior siblings. Children of a mediatised Fürst were either Prinzen or Grafen, depending upon whether the princely title was limited to descent by masculine primogeniture or not. In the German non-sovereign nobility, a duke (Herzog) still ranked higher than a prince (Fürst).
Aristocracy and gentry[edit]
- Titles
- Baronet is a hereditary title ranking below Baron but above Knight; this title is granted only in the British Isles and does not confer nobility.
- Dominus was the Latin title of the feudal, superior and mesne, lords, and also an ecclesiastical and academical title (equivalent of Lord)
- Vidame, a minor French aristocrat
- Seigneur or Knight of the Manor rules a smaller local fief
- Knight is the basic rank of the aristocratic system
- Patrician is a dignity of minor nobility or gentry (most often being hereditary) usually ranking below Knight but above Esquire
- Fidalgo or Hidalgo is a minor Portuguese and Spanish aristocrat (respectively; from filho d'algo, lit. son of wealth, mediaeval Galician-Portuguese "algo" = wealth, riches, fortune, nowadays "algo" = something)
- Nobile (aristocracy) is an Italian title of nobility for prestigious families that never received a title
- Principalía the aristocratic class of Filipino nobles, through whom the Spanish Monarchs ruled the Philippines during the colonial period (c. 1600's to 1898).
- Jonkheer is an honorific for members of noble Dutch families that never received a title; An untitled noblewoman is styled Jonkvrouw, though the wife of a Jonkheer is a Mevrouw or, sometimes, Freule, which could also be used by daughters of the same
- Scottish Baron is a hereditary feudal nobility dignity, outside the Scots peerage, recognised by Lord Lyon as a member of the Scots noblesse and ranking below a knight but above a Scottish laird[3][4]
- Laird is a Scottish hereditary feudal dignity ranking below a Scottish Baron but above an Esquire
- Esquire is a rank of gentry originally derived from Squire and indicating the status of an attendant to a knight or an apprentice knight; it ranks below Knight (or in Scotland below Laird) but above Gentleman[5][6]
- Gentleman is the basic rank of gentry, historically primarily associated with land or manorial lords; within British Commonwealth nations it is also roughly equivalent to some minor nobility of some continental European nations[7]
In Germany, the constitution of the Weimar Republic in 1919 ceased to accord privileges to members of dynastic and noble families. Their titles henceforth became legal parts of the family name, and traditional forms of address (e.g., "Hoheit" or "Durchlaucht") ceased to be accorded to them by governmental entities. The last title was conferred on 12 November 1918 to Kurt von Klefeld. The actual rank of a title-holder in Germany depended not only on the nominal rank of the title, but also the degree of sovereignty exercised, the rank of the title-holder's suzerain, and the length of time the family possessed its status within the nobility (Uradel, Briefadel, altfürstliche, neufürstliche, see: German nobility). Thus, any reigning sovereign ranks higher than any deposed or mediatized sovereign (e.g., the Fürst of Waldeck, sovereign until 1918, was higher than the Duke of Arenberg, head of a mediatized family, although Herzog is nominally a higher title than Fürst). However, former holders of higher titles in extant monarchies retained their relative rank, i.e., a queen dowager of Belgium outranks the reigning Prince of Liechtenstein. Members of a formerly sovereign or mediatized house rank higher than the nobility. Among the nobility, those whose titles derive from the Holy Roman Empire rank higher than the holder of an equivalent title granted by one of the German monarchs after 1806.
In Austria, nobility titles may no longer be used since 1918.[8]
In Switzerland, nobility titles are prohibited and are not recognized as part of the family name.
General chart of "translations" between languages[edit]
Below is a comparative table of corresponding royal and noble titles in various European countries. Quite often, a Latin 3rd declension noun formed a distinctive feminine title by adding -issa to its base, but usually the 3rd declension noun was used for both male and female nobles, except for Imperator and Rex. 3rd declension nouns are italicized in this chart. See Royal and noble styles to learn how to address holders of these titles properly.
Emperor, Empress |
King, Queen |
Grand Duke/ Grand Prince, Grand Duchess/ Grand Princess |
Archduke, Archduchess |
Duke, Duchess |
(Prince)-Elector, Electress |
Prince,[9] Princess |
Viceroy, Vicereine |
Marquess/ Margrave, Marchioness/ Margravine |
Earl / Count, Countess |
Viscount, Viscountess |
Baron, Baroness |
Baronet[10] Baronetess |
Knight[11] / Dame | Esquire, Gentleman | |
Latin[12] | Imperator/ Caesar, Imperatrix/ Caesarina |
Rex, Regina |
Magnus Dux/ Magnus Princeps, Magna Ducissa, Magna Principissa |
Archidux, Archiducissa |
Dux, Ducissa |
Princeps Elector | Princeps, Principissa |
Prorex, Proregina |
Marchio, Marchionissa |
Comes, Comitissa |
Vicecomes, Vicecomitissa |
Baro, Baronissa |
Eques | Nobilis Homo (N.H.) | |
Bosnian | Car, Carica |
Kralj, Kraljica |
Veliki vojvoda, Velika vojvodkinja |
Nadvojvoda/ Herceg, Nadvojvodkinja/ Hercoginja |
Vojvoda, Vojvodkinja |
Princ, Princeza |
Knez, Kneginja |
Ban, Vicereine |
Markiz, Markiza |
Grof, Grofica |
Vikont, Vikontica |
Baron, Baronica/ Baronesa |
Barunet, Baruneta |
Vitez | Gospodin |
Croatian | Car, Carica |
Kralj, Kraljica |
Veliki vojvoda, Velika vojvodkinja |
Nadvojvoda, Nadvojvodkinja |
Vojvoda, Vojvodkinja |
Princ, Princeza |
Knez, Kneginja |
Ban, Vicereine |
Markiz, Markiza |
Grof, Grofica |
Vikont, Vikontica |
Barun, Barunica |
Barunet, Baruneta |
Vitez | Gospodin |
Czech | Císař, Císařovna |
Král, Královna |
Velkovévoda, Velkovévodkyně |
Arcivévoda, Arcivévodkyně |
Vévoda, Vévodkyně |
Kurfiřt, Kurfiřtka |
Kníže, Kněžna10 |
Místokrál/Vicekrál Místokrálovna/Vicekrálovna |
Markýz/Markrabě[13] Markýza/Markraběnka |
Hrabě, Hraběnka |
Vikomt, Vikomtka/Vikomtesa |
Baron, Baronka |
Baronet | Rytíř | Pán, Paní |
Danish | Kejser, Kejserinde |
Konge Dronning |
Storhertug, Storhertuginde |
Ærkehertug, Ærkehertuginde |
Hertug, Hertuginde |
Kurfyrste, Kurfystinde |
Prins/Fyrste Prinsesse/Fyrstinde |
Vicekonge, Vicedronning |
Markis, Markise |
Greve Grevinde, Komtesse |
Vicegreve, Vicegrevinde/ Vicekomtesse |
Baron, Friherre, Baronesse, Friherreinde |
Baronet, Baronetesse |
Ridder | Junker |
Dutch | Keizer, Keizerin |
Koning, Koningin |
Groothertog, Groothertogin |
Aartshertog, Aartshertogin |
Hertog, Hertogin |
Keurvorst, Keurvorstin |
Prins/Vorst, Prinses/Vorstin |
Onderkoning, Onderkoningin |
Markies/Markgraaf, Markiezin/Markgravin |
Graaf, Gravin |
Burggraaf, Burggravin |
Baron, Barones(se) |
Erfridder | Ridder | Jonkheer |
Finnish[14] | Keisari, Keisarinna (or Keisaritar, obsolete) |
Kuningas, Kuningatar |
Suurherttua/Suuriruhtinas, Suurherttuatar/Suuriruhtinatar |
Arkkiherttua, Arkkiherttuatar |
Herttua, Herttuatar |
Vaaliruhtinas, Vaaliruhtinatar |
Prinssi/Ruhtinas, Prinsessa/Ruhtinatar[15] |
Varakuningas, Varakuningatar |
Markiisi/Rajakreivi, Markiisitar/Rajakreivitär |
Jaarli/Kreivi, Kreivitär[15] |
Varakreivi, Varakreivitär |
Paroni, Vapaaherra, Paronitar, Rouva/ Vapaaherratar[15] |
Baronetti, "Herra" (=fiefholder), Herratar |
Aatelinen/Ritari[15] style of wife: Rouva |
French | Empereur, Impératrice |
Roi, Reine |
Grand Duc, Grande Duchesse |
Archiduc, Archiduchesse | Duc, Duchesse |
Prince-électeur, Princesse-électrice |
Prince,[9] Princesse |
Viceroi, Vicereine |
Marquis, Marquise |
Comte, Comtesse |
Vicomte, Vicomtesse |
Baron, Baronne |
Baronnet | Chevalier | Ecuyer |
German | Kaiser, Kaiserin |
König, Königin |
Großherzog/ Großfürst, Großherzogin/ Großfürstin |
Erzherzog, Erzherzogin |
Herzog, Herzogin |
Kurfürst, Kurfürstin |
Prinz/Fürst, Prinzessin/Fürstin[16] |
Vizekönig, Vizekönigin |
Markgraf,[17] Markgräfin |
Graf, Gräfin |
Vizegraf, Burggraf Vizegräfin, Burggräfin |
Baron, Herr, Freiherr Baronin, Frau, Freifrau, Freiin |
Ritter | Junker (Prussia), Edler (Austria), Junkerin, Edle |
Greek | Autokrator, Autokratira |
Vasilefs, Vasilissa |
Megas Doux, Megali Doukissa |
Archidoux, Archidoukissa | Doukas/archon Doux/archontissa |
Pringkips-Eklektor Pringkipissa-Eklektorissa |
Pringkips Pringkipissa |
Anti-Vasilefs, Anti-Vasilissa |
Markissios, Markissia |
Komis, Komissa |
Ypokomis, Ypokomissa | Varonos, Varoni |
Baronetos, Baroneta | Hippotis | |
Hungarian | Császár, császárnő |
Király, királynő |
Nagyherceg, fejedelem, vajda nagyhercegnő, fejedelemasszony, - |
Főherceg, főhercegnő |
Herceg, hercegnő |
Választófejedelem, (választófejedelemnő) |
Királyi herceg, királyi hercegnő |
Alkirály, alkirálynő |
Márki, őrgróf márkinő, őrgrófnő |
Gróf grófnő |
Várgróf, vikomt Várgrófnő (vikomtnő) |
Báró, bárónő |
Baronet, baronetnő |
Lovag (vitéz[18]) | Nemes, nemesasszony |
Italian | Imperatore, Imperatrice |
Re, Regina |
Granduca, Granduchessa |
Arciduca, Arciduchessa |
Duca, Duchessa |
Principe Elettore, Principessa Elettrice |
Principe,[9] Principessa |
Viceré, Viceregina |
Marchese, Marchesa |
Conte, Contessa |
Visconte, Viscontessa |
Barone, Baronessa |
Baronetto | Cavaliere | Nobile, Nobiluomo |
Maltese | Imperatur, Imperatriċi |
Re/Sultan, Reġina/Sultana |
Gran Duka, Gran Dukessa |
Arċiduka, Arċidukessa |
Duka, Dukessa |
Prinċep Elettur, Prinċipessa Elettriċi |
Prinċep, Prinċipessa |
Markiż, Markiża |
Ban, Banica |
Konti, Kontessa |
Viskonti, Viskontessa |
Baruni, Barunessa |
Barunett | Kavallier | |
Norwegian | Keiser, Keiserinne |
Konge, Dronning |
Storhertug, Storhertuginne |
Erkehertug, Erkehertuginne |
Hertug, Hertuginne |
Kurfyrste, Kurfyrstinne |
Prins/Fyrste, Prinsesse/Fyrstinne |
Visekonge, Visedronning |
Marki, Markise |
Jarl / Greve, Grevinne |
Vikomte/Visegreve, Visegrevinne |
Baron, Friherre, Baronesse, Friherreinde |
Ridder | ||
Polish[19] | Cesarz, Cesarzowa |
Król, Królowa |
Wielki Książę, Wielka Księżna |
Arcyksiążę Arcyksiężna |
Diuk (Książę), (Księżna) |
Książę Elektor, Księżna Elektorowa |
Książę, Księżna |
Wicekról, Wicekrólowa |
Markiz/Margrabia, Markiza/Margrabina |
Hrabia, Hrabina |
Wicehrabia, Wicehrabina |
Baron, Baronowa |
Baronet | Rycerz/ Kawaler | |
Portuguese | Imperador, Imperatriz |
Rei, Rainha |
Grão-Duque, Grã-Duquesa |
Arquiduque, Arquiduquesa; |
Duque, Duquesa |
Príncipe-Eleitor, Princesa-Eleitora; |
Príncipe, Princesa |
Vice-rei, Vice-rainha |
Marquês, Marquesa |
Conde, Condessa[20] |
Visconde, Viscondessa |
Barão, Baronesa |
Baronete, Baronetesa; |
Cavaleiro | Fidalgo |
Russian | Imperator/Tsar, Imperatritsa/Tsaritsa |
Koról/Tsar, Koroléva/Tsaritsa |
Velikiy Knyaz, Velikaya Kniagina |
Ertsgertsog, Ertsgertsoginya |
Gertsog, Gertsoginya |
Kurfyurst, Kurfyurstina |
Kniaz, Kniagina[21] |
Vitse-koról, Vitse-koroléva |
Markiz, Markiza, Boyar, Boyarina[21] |
Graf, Grafinya[21] |
Vikont, Vikontessa |
Baron, Baronessa |
Baronet | Rytsar | |
Spanish | Emperador, Emperatriz |
Rey, Reina |
Gran Duque, Gran Duquesa |
Archiduque, Archiduquesa |
Duque, Duquesa |
Príncipe Elector, Princesa Electora; |
Príncipe,[9] Princesa |
Virrey, Virreina |
Marqués, Marquesa |
Conde, Condesa |
Vizconde, Vizcondesa |
Barón, Baronesa |
Baronet | Caballero | Escudero, Hidalgo |
Slovak | Cisár, Cisárovná |
Kráľ, Kráľovná |
Veľkovojvoda, Veľkovojvodkyňa |
Arcivojvoda, Arcivojvodkyňa |
Vojovda, Vojvodkyňa |
Kurfirst/ Knieža voliteľ/ Knieža volič |
Knieža, Kňažná |
Miestokráľ/Vicekráľ | Markíz, Markíza |
Gróf, Grófka |
Vikomt, Vikontesa |
Barón, Barónka |
Baronet | Rytier | |
Slovene | Cesar, Cesarica |
Kralj, Kraljica |
Veliki vojvoda, Velika vojvodinja |
Nadvojvoda, Nadvojvodinja |
Vojvoda, Vojvodinja |
Volilni knez, Volilna kneginja |
Knez, Kneginja |
Podkralj, Podkraljica |
Markiz, Markiza |
Grof, Grofica |
Vikont, Vikontinja |
Baron, Baronica |
Baronet, Baronetinja |
Vitez | Oproda |
Swedish | Kejsare, Kejsarinna |
Kung, Drottning |
Storhertig/Storfurste, Storhertiginna/Storfurstinna |
Ärkehertig, ärkehertiginna |
Hertig, hertiginna |
Kurfurste Kurfurstinna |
Prins/Furste, Prinsessa/Furstinna[15] |
Vicekung, Vicedrottning |
Markis/markgreve, markisinna/markgrevinna[15] |
Greve, Grevinna |
Vicomte, Vicomtessa |
Baron, Herre, Friherre, Baronessa, Fru, Friherreinde |
Riddare/Frälseman, Fru[15] |
Turkish | İmparator, İmparatoriçe |
Kral, Kraliçe |
Grandük, Grandüşes |
Arşidük, Arşidüşes |
Dük, Düşes |
Veliaht Prens, Veliaht Prenses |
Prens, Prenses |
Vezir; | Marki, Markiz |
Kont, Kontes |
Vikont, Vikontes |
Baron, Barones |
Baronet, Baronetes |
Şövalye | Bey, Efendi |
Welsh | Ymerawdwr, Ymerodres |
Brenin, Brenhines |
Archddug, Archdduges |
Archddug, Archdduges |
Dug, Duges |
Tywysog, Tywysoges |
Marcwis/Ardalydd, Ardalyddes |
Iarll/Cownt, Iarlles/Cowntes |
Iarll, Iarlles |
Barwn, Barwnes |
Barwnig, Barwniges |
Marchog |
See also[edit]
- Forms of address in the United Kingdom
- Table of Ranks in the Russian Empire
- German comital titles
- Nobility
- Peerage
- Imperial immediacy
- Royal and noble styles
- Nobiliary particle
- False titles of nobility
- ^ a b Loss of sovereignty or fief does not necessarily lead to loss of title. The position in the ranking table is however accordingly adjusted. The occurrence of fiefs has changed from time to time, and from country to country. For instance, dukes in England rarely had a duchy to rule.
- ^ A duke who is not actually or formerly sovereign, or a member of a reigning or formerly reigning dynasty, such as British, French, Portuguese, Spanish and most Italian dukes, is a non-dynastic noble ranking above a marquis.
- ^ Ruling of the Court of the Lord Lyon (26/2/1948, Vol. IV, page 26): "With regard to the words 'untitled nobility' employed in certain recent birthbrieves in relation to the (Minor) Baronage of Scotland, Finds and Declares that the (Minor) Barons of Scotland are, and have been both in this nobiliary Court and in the Court of Session recognised as a 'titled nobility' and that the estait of the Baronage (i.e. Barones Minores) are of the ancient Feudal Nobility of Scotland".
- ^ There are actually three Scottish dignities that are types of a Scottish Baron; these are (in descending order of rank): Scottish feudal Earl, Scottish Feudal Lord, and Scottish feudal Baron (the general name for the dignity listed above among the ranks of aristocratic gentry).
- ^ The meaning of the title Esquire became (and remains) quite diffuse, and may indicate anything from no aristocratic status, to some official government civil appointment, or (more historically) the son of a knight or noble who had no other title above just Gentleman.
- ^ In the United States, where there is no nobility, the title esquire is sometimes arrogated (without any governmental authorization) by lawyers admitted to the state bar.
- ^ Larence, Sir James Henry (1827) [first published 1824]. The nobility of the British Gentry or the political ranks and dignities of the British Empire compared with those on the continent (2nd ed.). London: T.Hookham -- Simpkin and Marshall. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
- ^ Austrian law on noble titles
- ^ a b c d "Prince" (Prinz in German, Prins in Swedish, Prinssi in Finnish, "Principe" in Spanish) can also be a title of junior members of royal houses. In the British system, for example, prince is not a rank of nobility but a title held exclusively by members of the royal family.
- ^ Does not confer nobility in the British system.
- ^ Non-hereditary. Does not confer nobility in the British system. See also squire and esquire.
- ^ Latin titles are for etymological comparisons. They do not accurately reflect their medieval counterparts.
- ^ The title Markýz was not used in Bohemia and thus referred only to foreign nobility, while the title Markrabě (the same as the German Markgraf) is connected only to a few historical territories (including the former marches on the borders of the Holy Roman Empire, or Moravia).
- ^ Finland accorded the noble ranks of Ruhtinas, Kreivi, Vapaaherra and Aatelinen. The titles Suurherttua, Arkkiherttua, Vaaliruhtinas, Prinssi, Markiisi, Jaarli, Varakreivi, Paroni, and Baronetti were not granted in Finland, though they are used of foreign titleholders. Keisari, Kuningas, Suuriruhtinas, Prinssi, and Herttua have been used as official titles of members of the dynasties that ruled Finland, though not granted as titles of nobility. Some feudally-based privileges in landowning, connected to nobily related lordship, existed into the nineteenth century; and fiefs were common in the late medieval and early modern eras. The title Ritari was not commonly used except in the context of knightly orders. The lowest, untitled level of hereditary nobility was that of the "Aatelinen" (i.e. "noble").
- ^ a b c d e f g No noble titles were granted after 1906 when the unicameral legislatures (Eduskunta) were established, removing the constitutional status of the so-called First Estate. However, noble ranks were granted in Finland until 1917 (there, the lowest, untitled level of hereditary nobility was "Aatelinen", or "noble"; it was in essence a rank, not a title).
- ^ In central Europe, the title of Fürst or kníže (e.g. Fürst von Liechtenstein) ranks below the title of a duke (e.g. Duke of Brunswick). The title of Vizegraf was not used in German-speaking countries, and the titles of Ritter and Edler were not commonly used.
- ^ In the German system by rank approximately equal to Landgraf and Pfalzgraf.
- ^ The "vitéz" title was introduced in Hungary after 1920. In preceding ages simply meant a warrior or a courageous man.
- ^ In keeping with the principle of equality among noblemen, no noble titles (with few exceptions) below that of prince were allowed in Poland. The titles in italics are simply Polish translations of western titles which were granted to some Polish nobles by foreign monarchs, especially after the partitions. Instead of hereditary titles, the Polish nobility developed and used a set of titles based on offices held. See "szlachta" for more info on Polish nobility.
- ^ In Portugal, a baron or viscount who was a "grandee of the kingdom" (Portuguese: Grandes do Reino) was called a "baron with grandness" (Portuguese: Barão com Grandeza) or "viscount with grandness" (Portuguese: Visconde com Grandeza); each of these grandees was ranked as equal to a count.
- ^ a b c For domestic Russian nobility, only the titles Kniaz and Boyar were used before the 18th century, when Graf was added.


text:
"I put a lot of pressure on myself to raise the standard of play each week," he said.
He also sounds like he will put some pressure on his teammates.
"I may be very naive in saying this, but we are not going in there to lose any games," Luck said. "We'd love to make the playoffs and have a chance to win the Super Bowl. That's the reason you practice, regardless of how old, young or inexperienced your team may be."
The Colts are so inexperienced that the new coaching staff has installed the new offense and defense six times. Typically, a team has three such installations.
There is much to learn here because there are so many new players, and also because the holdovers were set in their ways. Veterans Dwight Freeney and Robert Mathis, for instance, have been 4-3 defensive ends in a Tampa-2 defense their entire careers. Now both are being asked to play outside linebacker in a pretty complex 3-4.
Asked how many exhibition games would be optimal for his team, new coach and former Ravens defensive coordinator Chuck Pagano, citing the youth, said he'd like to play 10.
He was kidding.
We think.
In order to make his new team more like his old team, Pagano brought in three Baltimore imports — safety Tom Zbikowski, defensive end Cory Redding and defensive tackle Brandon McKinney.
Pagano and his staff will need all the help they can get to make the Colts competitive quickly. This could be the kind of team that is better in Week 17 than in Week 1. And to that extent, the Bears might have caught a break by being first up on their schedule.
"There will be a curve," Pagano said. "We know we're going to have some hard days. But we also know the foundation of what we have is solid."
The Colts couldn't finish all of their reconstruction in just one offseason. There are questions on the offensive line, at receiver — beyond Manning's old buddy Reggie Wayne — and on defense.
So they will be relying heavily on the arm of luck and the leadership of Pagano.
"I think leaders are born," Grigson said. "Chuck has that. He knows how to identify with each and every guy out here. Just like he did with Ray Lewis and Ed Reed, and then with rookie free agents he had that he turned into players. There is such a vast array of guys he is able to reach."
It's good to know Pagano has a lot of tools in his belt. He is going to need them.
Twitter @danpompei


text:
Defeat Diabetes
Foundation 150 153rd Ave, Suite 300 Madeira Beach, FL 33708 |
American Heart Association Announces Updated Emergency Care CPR GuidelinesPosted: Thursday, December 08, 2005It took more than 36 months and includes input from 380 international experts.according to authors of the 2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care.
The guidelines were published in Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association. They provide recommendations for how lay rescuers and emergency healthcare providers should resuscitate victims of cardiovascular emergencies. The 2005 guidelines emphasize that high-quality CPR, particularly effective chest compressions, contributes significantly to the successful resuscitation of cardiac arrest patients. Studies show that effective chest compressions create more blood flow through the heart to the rest of the body, buying a few minutes until defibrillation can be attempted or the heart can pump blood on its own. The guidelines recommend that rescuers minimize interruptions to chest compressions and suggest that rescuers "push hard and push fast" when giving chest compressions. The most significant change to CPR is to the ratio of chest compressions to rescue breaths -- from 15 compressions for every two rescue breaths in the 2000 guidelines to 30 compressions for every two rescue breaths in the 2005 guidelines. The 30-to-two ratio is the same for CPR that a single lay rescuer provides to adults, children and infants (excluding newborns). The change resulted from studies showing that blood circulation increases with each chest compression in a series and must be built back up after interruptions. The only exception to the new ratio is when two healthcare providers give CPR to a child or infant (except newborns), in which case they should provide 15 compressions for every two rescue breaths. Another guidelines change emphasizing the importance of CPR is the sequence of rhythm analysis and CPR when using AEDs. Previously, when AED pads were applied to the chest, the device analyzed the heart rhythm, delivered a shock if necessary, and analyzed the heart rhythm again to determine whether the shock successfully stopped the abnormal rhythm. The cycle of analysis, shock and re-analysis could be repeated three times before CPR was recommended, resulting in delays of 37 seconds or more. Now, after one shock, the new guidelines recommend that rescuers provide about two minutes of CPR, beginning with chest compressions, before activating the AED to re-analyze the heart rhythm and attempt another shock. Studies have shown that the first AED shock stops the abnormal cardiac arrest rhythm more than 85 percent of the time and that a brief period of chest compressions between shocks can deliver oxygen to the heart, increasing the likelihood of successful defibrillation. The guidelines also recommend that healthcare providers minimize interruptions to chest compressions by doing heart rhythm checks, inserting airway devices, and administering of drugs without delaying CPR. The new guidelines recommend that 911 dispatchers be trained to provide CPR instructions by phone and help callers correctly identify cardiac arrest victims. Dispatchers may walk rescuers through compressions-only CPR for most adult victims of cardiac arrest; however, instructions to do compressions and rescue breaths will be given for infants and children or adult victims of asphyxia, caused by near-drowning or other non-cardiac causes. Dispatchers also should be trained to recognize the symptoms of heart attack and other Acute Coronary Syndromes, and advise such patients to chew an aspirin while awaiting EMS. The guidelines are based on the Consensus on Science and Treatment Recommendations (CoSTR), a document developed by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. This group includes the American Heart Association and leading international resuscitation councils. The review of resuscitation literature reflected in CoSTR is the largest ever published. It took more than 36 months and includes input from 380 international experts CoSTR serves as the scientific basis for many countries' resuscitation treatment guidelines. Source: Diabetes In Control |
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text: This product belongs to: Pens Category: Pens & Writing Subcategory: Ballpoint Pens Ships In: 6 - 12 business days (pending credit, art, and proof approval) Material: Plastic Dimensions: 5.6 in. H Imprint Area: 2.0 in. W X 0.5 in. H Decoration Method: Silkscreen Weight: 0.18lb. Get value-for-money with this pen that has that "expensive" appeal. - Retractable - Made of plastic - Rubber grip and metal pocket clip - Black ink with medium point - First color run charge is FREE Were you able to find what you were searching for? Zero Risk ShoppingLowest Price GuaranteeIf you find a lower price, we'll give you $50 off on your next order. 100% Satisfaction Guarantee If you're not happy with your order, it's FREE. On-time Shipment Guarantee If your order does not ship on time, it's FREE. Frequently Asked Questions about this ProductQ: When should I use 4-color process? A: If you have a photographic or painting-like image, you should use a four color process to decorate your product to recreate a photo-realistic image. Q: Why do minimum quantities differ from product to product? A: Minimum quantity requirements vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. In cases where a manufacturer's minimum order requirement exceeds your requested quantity, a Branders.com Specialist will assist you. Call us at 1-877-272-6337. Q: How accurate are the colors I see on screen? A: The Design Studio provides best color accuracy for most monitors and color printers using factory default settings. This may vary slightly depending on the quality or age of your monitor. Write in your question about this product: AVAILABLE COLORSCUSTOMER REVIEWS23 reviews We like the pens and have ordered more. it was fine These were given away at a trade show. I liked that the pens were individually wrapped. I was very happy that they were here on time. I think the pens were a great value. Our logo looks sharp and the pens seem tobe good quality. The pens, despite not being metal or very heavy, write very well and are comfortable to hold. The imprint area is fantastic! Much larger than other pens. Our only gripe was that the pens arrived individually plastic-wrapped, which will be laborious for us to unwrap. PEOPLE WHO VIEWED THIS ALSO VIEWEDMORE UPSCALELOWER PRICELOWER MINIMUMSFASTER TURN AROUND |


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The meaning of the name Errol is Boar Wolf
The origin of the name Errol is English
Notes: Errol Flynn, swashbuckling actor.
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Ian, Oliver, Atticus, Gabriel, Edmund, Drake, Asher
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text:
Photo: Mathieu Bitton
On Fri, Oct 26, 2012 at 4:36 PM, Muzikliluvnlife said:
Great play of Light and Shadows! So Cool! :)
On Fri, Oct 12, 2012 at 2:18 PM, littlesusi76 said:
yeaaah... come on and get it !!!!!!!!!!! it´s my biggest wish to see you again !!! let love rule ;o))


text:
Operation Summary for March 9, 2012 - March 12, 2012 |
NuMI reported receiving 7.84E18 protons on target for the period from 3/5/12 to 3/12/12. Friday March 9 The day shift began with the Booster off for an access to investigate a sump pump high-level alarm, with Operations monitoring the Linac and Main Injector (MI), and with the NuMI and MiniBooNE experiments off do to the Booster access. During the day shift, at 8 AM, Neutron Therapy Facility (NTF) personnel prepared to treat one patient later in the morning. Also at 8 AM, a Booster RF technician took a look at an RF station (BRF2). The Booster came out of access, reported it was a stuck float, and resumed sending beam by 8:34 AM. Operations began sending beam to the Neutrino Area SeaQuest experiment E-906 around 8:45 AM. A Booster person began an aperture scan study at 8:50 AM. At 9:34 AM, the MiniBooNE beam permit tripped off due to bad beam positions; it reset. Operations established beam to the Meson FTBF experiment T-1008 at 10:21 AM. At 1:01 PM, Operation halted the Linac beam to allow techs to work on a RF station (LRF3). Operators loaded an energy conservation time line into the Time Line Generator (TLG) at 1:08 PM. Linac techs completed their work on LRF3 and Linac resumed sending beam at 1:38 PM. At 2:48 PM, a NuMI kicker (I:KPS6N) tripped off; a Kicker person investigated and reported that a cable needed to be reterminated. Operators loaded an energy conservation time line at 3:25 PM. Operators prepared the Neutrino Area enclosures NM3 and NM4 for an access at 3:29 PM. Work on I:KPS6N ended and MI resumed sending beam at 3:55 PM. During the evening shift, a NuMI person reported at 4:48 PM that while NuMI was down due to a their kicker problem the MI-62 LCW system lost about 100 gallons of water, but when they resumed taking beam, the leak went away; Operators created an alarm to track this problem. NuMI resumed taking beam at 5:06 PM. The Booster studies ended at 5:19 PM. At 6:45 PM, Operators reported that they had completed an MI tune, injection closure, and made phase and energy changes. Operations reported at 10:16 PM that they were still struggling with MI beam position problems. Saturday March 10 The midnight shift began with Operations sending beam to NuMI, MiniBooNE, SeaQuest, and T-1008. During the midnight shift, Operations disabled beam to T-1008 at 1:09 AM. Operators loaded protons into the Recycler at 3:40 AM. Operations established beam to T-1008 at 7:41 AM. During the day shift, at 9:01 AM, the MiniBooNE beam permit tripped off for the first of five times in six hours due to bad beam positions; it reset. During the evening shift, at 9:23 PM, LRF3 tripped off and would not reset; Operations called in Linac personnel. Operators loaded an energy conservation time line at 9:39 PM. Linac resumed sending beam at 10:12 PM. Sunday March 11 The midnight shift began with Operations sending beam to NuMI, MiniBooNE, SeaQuest, and T-1008. During the midnight shift, at 6:34 AM, LRF4 tripped off and would not reset; Operations called in Linac personnel. During the day shift, Linac personnel replaced a fuse for LRF4 and Linac resumed sending beam around 9:15 AM. Operations reported at 9:40 AM that while the Linac beam was off, NuMI cooled down and its LCW leak returned; the leak stopped when NuMI resumed taking beam. During the evening shift, at 4:43 PM, Operations reported problems with Booster RF sparking; investigations revealed that BRF19 was the cause; Operators made adjustments. Operations completed a Linac and Booster tune 8:09 PM. Operators loaded protons into Recycler at 9:21 PM. Operations received a call at 10:51 PM from the Cryo System Coordinator about the MTA cryo system; Operators investigated and found the +5 volts missing from an IO crate. The Cryo Coordinator called in a tech who had the problem repaired by 11:45 PM. Monday March 12 The midnight shift began with Operations sending beam to NuMI, MiniBooNE, SeaQuest, and T-1008. During the midnight shift, Operations completed a 750 KeV line tune by at 12:06 AM. Operations completed a Booster injection tune by 12:52 AM. At 6:05 AM, the H- Source tripped off; it reset. Operations Coordinator (OpsCo) Plans for Today The OpsCo agrees with the plans of MI personnel to conduct a g-2 (g minus 2) study. NuMI personnel would like to access MI-62 to search for a possible LCW leak when an opportunity arises. SeaQuest would also like to make an access into NM4 when an opportunity arises. |
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last modified 03/12/2012 email Fermilab |
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NOVA: Building Pharaoh's Chariot
Airs Wednesday, July 10, 2013 at 8 p.m. & Sunday, July 14 at 1:30 p.m. on KPBS TV
Originally published February 4, 2013 at 3:08 p.m., updated July 8, 2013 at 12:04 p.m.
Photo Gallery
Some historians claim that the Egyptian chariot launched a technological and strategic revolution and was the secret weapon behind Egypt's greatest era of conquest known as the New Kingdom. But was the chariot really a revolutionary design? How decisive was its role in the bloody battles of the ancient world?
In "Building Pharaoh's Chariot," a team of archaeologists, engineers, woodworkers and horse trainers builds and tests two accurate replicas of Egyptian royal chariots. Driving them to their limits in the desert outside Cairo, NOVA's experts test the claim that the chariot marks a crucial turning point in ancient military history.
NOVA is on Facebook, and you can follow @novapbs on Twitter.


text:
Comparative SWOT Analysis – Key Global Construction & Mining Equipment Manufacturers – Caterpillar, Komatsu, Volvo, CNH, Hitachi
- Language: English
- 45 Pages
- Published: August 2011
- Region: Global
SWOT Analysis is a framework used extensively for an assessment of the internal as well as external business environment as part of the strategic or corporate planning process. The framework generates a snapshot of the company's strengths & weaknesses as part of the internal environment assessment and explores opportunities & threats as part of the external environment assessment that provides analysis for & aids the strategic decision-making process.
This SWOT analysis of Hitachi Construction Machinery Co. Ltd. will be useful for:
- Strategic Planning & Decision-Making Process
- Comprehensive Strategic Assessment based on a relative assessment of strengths & weaknesses
- Assessment & evaluation of degree of responsiveness to the external environment
- Identification of opportunities which could be capitalized upon
- Identification of potential threats in the business environment
- Identifying & highlighting areas for making potential strategic changes, adjustments & realignment
The analysis will be essential for those having strategic interest in the company & will be especially
Business Snapshot:
a) Founded
b) Headquartered
c) Business Segments
d) Employees
e) Revenues
f) Market Capitalization
g) Key Executives
h) Shareholding/Ownership Pattern & Structure
Financial Snapshot – Q1 2011 Vs. Q1 2010 & 2010 Vs. 2009
- Sales Revenues
- Gross Earnings
- Net Earnings
- Cash from Operations
Business Segments – Snapshot - Q1 2011 Vs. Q1 2010 & 2010 Vs. 2009
- Year on Year Growth Rate
- Contribution to Revenues
- Profitability
SWOT Analysis
- Sources of Strengths
- Areas of Improvements
- Opportunities to Capitalize on
- Threats to Counter or Overcome
Key Industry Trends, Issues & Challenges, Risk Factors & Outlook


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The "New York Times" Bestseller, acclaimed by author such as Freakonomics co-author Steven D. Levitt, Black Swan author Nassim Nicholas Taleb and Nudge co-author Richard Thaler, "Thinking Fast and Slow" offers a whole new look at the way our minds work, and how we make decisions. Why is there more chance we'll believe something if it's in a bold type face? Why are judges more likely to deny parole before lunch? Why do we assume a good-looking person will be more competent? The answer lies in the two ways we make choices: fast, intuitive thinking, and slow, rational thinking. This book reveals how our minds are tripped up by error and prejudice (even when we think we are being logical), and gives you practical techniques for slower, smarter thinking. It will enable to you make better decisions at work, at home, and in everything you do.
More books by Daniel Kahneman
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Award-winning food bloggers Aki Kamozawa and H Alexander Talbot, authors of Maximum Flavour: Recipes That Will Change the Way You Cook, present a mouth-watering recipe for strawberry pie, as perfected by Alex's grandmother.
To mark International Women's Day, author Joanna Walsh, creator of the #readwomen2014 campaign, explains why Marguerite Duras has been such an inspiration to her writing.
Kieran, from our St Pancras branch, identifies some of the best intelligent football writing coming out of small independent publishers.


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Google tiptoes into same-day local delivery service
Google is going to start dabbling in same-day deliveries, and wants you online shoppers to help out.
Well, if you're doing your online shopping in the San Francisco Bay Area, that is. The company is calling its Google Shopping Express service, unveiled today, a "new experiment" that's in an "incredibly early days" phase, and the company is starting small to try to work out the kinks and avoid headlong overcommitment. (Consider the similar approach it's taking with Google Fiber in the Kansas City area.)
Google has enlisted a number of national and local … Read more


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Click here for article (pdf)
Jamil Sherif was the MCB's representative on the Religious Affiliation Group, the interfaith alliance that lobbied for the religion question, 1997 - 2002
The involvement of British Muslims in the campaign predates the establishment of the MCB (November 1997), reflecting the long-standing dissatisfaction with the focus on race and ethnicity alone as a statistical marker for planning and resource allocation in the public sector. The MCB subsequently provided community representation and a network for increasing public awareness at key stages such as the census trials and census day awareness. The religion question was an issue of strategic importance for the MCB because without it British Muslims would remain statistically invisible. However in addition to the emergence of an organized Muslim lobby, the inclusion of the religion question was the fortuitous outcome of a number of other factors, notably advocacy from the Churches, a changing social milieu more open to a role for faith in the public sphere, and the promise of New Labour. The campaign offered British Muslims their first comprehensive engagement with the variety of networks, power centres, institutions and processes that interact in the shaping of policy in a participative democracy. It has been an episode with many unexpected twists and turns that has yet to run its course – particularly on the issue of census output relating to the religion question. This paper chronicles the critical events and milestones in the five-year campaign, as seen from the perspective of the MCB.


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From the Design Desk: Vacation Inspiration Part 1 – Travel Snapshots
10.31.11 | Eloise Leigh | Art and Design, Design Desk
Travel photography is different for everyone. I've noticed over time that the photos I take while traveling have become less about documenting times and places, and more about capturing whatever I think might be inspiring when I come back home. That makes the fun of traveling not only experiencing a new environment, but also hunting and capturing the characteristics and ideas unique to that destination that will enrich your familiar home environment when you return.
Earlier this summer, I traveled to Zurich, Vienna, Prague, and Berlin. All these cities were full of inspiring graphics that comprised most of my trip photos. My skills as a photographer are amateur at best and, preferring to travel light, my digital camera is about as small and basic as it gets, but it works well enough to take snapshots I will later peruse for inspiration.
In design-savvy Europe, there is so much to be appreciated just on the streets, where even a basic traffic sign will be beautifully designed. The presence of so much history in the cities also contributes to the visual energy, especially when classic structures are contrasted with bold, contemporary styles and messages. Below are a few of my favorite snapshots clustered around subjects I tend to focus on as a book designer, ranging from cement-encased books to playful bathroom tiles. The rare and mundane are equally valued when it comes to finding inspiration.
Our book, The Graphic Eye, a collection of photos by designers, explores the same subject of how designers often focus on design-related details in an environment, such as typography on a sign vs. the sign itself or street it stands on. When combined with traveling, a collection of photos can really become more than just a visual timeline of what happened. They are unique souvenirs that you personally found and captured, shaping your own editorial take on that specific time and place, and growing your identity as a traveling creative.
Stay tuned for a peek into the Berlin studio of our published author-illustrator Tina Berning later this week!
Eloise Leigh


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Creeping a Little Bit Closer to the Forgotten Borough
For New Yorkers interested in getting closer, but not too close to Staten Island, the Museum of the City of New York and the Working Harbor Committee is hosting a boat tour to compliment the museum's current exhibit: "From Farm to City: Staten Island 1661-2012.″
The tour, which circumnavigates the Island, will look at the past, present and future of the waterfront and its relationship to the city's marine history. It also provides a nice chance for New Yorkers keen to learn more about the forgotten borough, but wary of setting foot on Staten Island soil (or the nautically inclined). Read More


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You missed it This great deal for U-Grip is over. But don't despair, we've got more great deals every day.
US - Nationwide
Just because your phone is stuck beneath the passenger seat doesn't mean it's secure. Keep your wireless device close at hand with this deal from Coolstuff: a U-Grip universal smartphone car mount for dashboards and windshields by Aduro for $18 (regularly $38). Easily locked onto your windshield or dash with patented suction technology, the mount fits most smartphones and multimedia devices (from the iPhone 4/4S to the Galaxy Note to your GPS) with 3.5- to 5.3-inch screens and provides adjustable 360-degree viewing angles for simple, single-handed operation. Whether you're running errands or road-tripping for the holidays, you can hit the highways with peace of mind.
PAID VALUE EXPIRES ON February 22, 2018
PROMOTIONAL VALUE EXPIRES ON February 23, 2013
$40 to Spend on Delicious Japanese Fare
History Meets Hospitality in West Virginia
A Romantic Evening in Winchester
Ruff Life: 3 Days of Dog Daycare + Initial Evaluation
Five Open-Play Passes


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The installation can be arranged with more or fewer images depending on the space where it is shown. Each time the work is exhibited, the curators (and sometimes the artist) decide how many images should be used. The installation here consists of three images and the original Nintendo game system console playing the cartridge of the Super Mario clouds. The low-tech wires that connect the game system, the video screens, and the projectors are not hidden; they sprawl messily across the floor.
Cory Arcangel talks about video games, computers, and his work, Super Mario Clouds.
What does it mean to take something that someone else has made and change it?
What you'll need
Printout of Cory Arcangel's picture of clouds, markers or crayons
Cory Arcangel's picture of clouds.


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[JURIST] US President Barack Obama and Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar [official profiles] announced a comprehensive energy plan [WH press release; DOI press release] Wednesday that would introduce regulations to increase offshore drilling while tightening emissions and mileage standards on vehicles. The plan would allow exploration [NYT report] off the coasts of the mid-Atlantic and southeastern states and development in previously closed areas of the Gulf of Mexico. Obama stated:
I want to emphasize that this announcement is part of a broader strategy that will move us from an economy that runs on fossil fuels and foreign oil to one that relies on homegrown fuels and clean energy. And the only way this transition will succeed is if it strengthens our economy in the short term and the long term. To fail to recognize this reality would be a mistake.


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Sambolec, Berry Make Good First ImpressionsEric Sambolec and Emily Berry made quite the first impressions at the XTERRA Earth Conservancy Trail Run last weekend. Sambolec was the first overall finisher, and Berry was the first female. It was the first XTERRA Trail Run for both runners. The Earth Conservancy Trail Run drew runners from seven different states, and it was completed on Saturday, June 16, at Mocanaqua, Pennsylvania. It was the fourth race of the season for the 2012 XTERRA Pocono Trail Run Series. Sambolec, who is from Ithaca, New York, completed the 21-kilometer course in 1 hour, 29 minutes, 36 seconds. He took the lead midway through the course and stayed in front the rest of the way. He finished more than five minutes ahead of the rest of the field. "The course was one of the toughest courses I've ever run," said Sambolec, 34. "Even the leaders had to walk the climbs in the first two to three miles. It was very rocky, and even the downhills were hard to run. It really beats you up." Sambolec said he started to get tired in the final two miles, but kept pushing because he did not realize how far in front he was at the time. "Died some in the last few miles, but had enough to hang on for the win," he said. "I never knew how big the gap was because the course winds around so much, so I just kept working the whole way." Sambolec said he found the XTERRA Earth Conservancy Trail Run online while searching for "a new and challenging race" for himself. He said the lure of the first place prize was an added bonus. The male and female winners from the race received round-trip airfare to Utah to compete at the XTERRA Trail Run National Championship in September. Sambolec said he will make use of his prize and plans to race in Utah in September. Tony Korch, who is 52, had an impressive second-place showing. He finished the course in 1:34:45. Grant Farrell was third in 1:35:57. In the women's field, Berry also made a good first impression, and not just for her running. She placed seventh overall with a time of 1:47:19. Berry and her father, Mike, made a four-hour drive across the state from their hometown of Seneca, Pennsylvania, just to run in the race. It was not only her first XTERRA race, but her first trail race, and just her second race at a half-marathon distance. "I had no idea what I was getting myself into," said Berry, 24. "I've done some cross country running, but that was nothing compared to this. I've never even walked on trails like that, with so many hills and rocks … it was quite the experience." Berry's victory was not the end of the story. At the awards ceremony, she graciously declined the first-place prize and asked that it be given to the runner-up, Jaclyn Shokey. "I just started a new job a few months ago, and I wasn't prepared to win the prize," Berry said. "I knew the other girl (Shokey) was trying to get to Utah for that race, so I figured she could use it more than I could." Shokey, who is 34 and from Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, finished second with a time of 1:48:03. Shokey said Berry "came out of nowhere" and took the lead with about two miles remaining in the course. "There's a section of the course with a huge downhill that if you make one wrong move, you're tumbling down that thing," Shokey said. "As I was on that stretch, Emily had already made it down the hill and I'm assuming pulled away at that point." CLICK HERE to view the complete results. Shokey said she was "extremely thrilled" at the awards ceremony when Berry offered the airfare to Utah. "I was shocked when she made the announcement at the race that she couldn't attend, but wanted me to have the trip," she said. "That was so awesome of her and such great sportsmanship on her part. I thanked her up and down and even hugged her." Shokey, who is the top-ranked female runner in the 2012 XTERRA Pocono Series, said she will enter the XTERRA Trail Run National Championship in September. The Earth Conservancy Trail Run was the fourth of five races in the 2012 XTERRA Pocono Trail Run Series. The final race in the series will be the XTERRA Gouldsboro Trail Run, which is scheduled for June 30 at Gouldsboro, Pennsylvania. The race is open to runners of all ages and skill levels. To register for the race or learn more about the Pocono Series, please visit www.wilkesbarreracing.com. |
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Product Recall: One SKU of Velveeta Cheesy Skillet Singles Due to Undeclared Soy: Click Here
PREHEAT greased grill to medium heat. Place chicken and vegetables on greased grill grate.
GRILL chicken 6 to 7 min. on each side and grill vegetables 4 to 5 min. on each side or until chicken is cooked through (165ºF) and vegetables are crisp-tender, brushing frequently with the barbecue sauce.
CUT chicken and vegetables into thin strips; spoon evenly onto tortillas. Top with cheese; roll up.