text:
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
USS Enterprise underway in the Atlantic Ocean |
Class overview | |
Name: | Enterprise-class aircraft carrier |
Builders: | Newport News Shipbuilding |
Operators: | United States Navy |
Preceded by: | Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carrier |
Succeeded by: | Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carrier and Nimitz-class aircraft carrier |
Built: | 1958–1961 |
In service: | 1962–2012 |
Building: | 1 |
Completed: | 1 |
Active: | 0 |
Laid up: | 1 |
Lost: | 0 |
Retired: | 1 |
Career (U.S.) | |
Name: | USS Enterprise |
Ordered: | 15 November 1957 |
Builder: | Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company |
Cost: | $451.3 million[1] |
Laid down: | 4 February 1958 |
Launched: | 24 September 1960 |
Christened: | 24 September 1960 |
Acquired: | 29 October 1961 |
Commissioned: | 25 November 1961 |
In service: | 12 January 1962 |
Out of service: | 1 December 2012 |
Reclassified: | CVN-65 from CVA(N)-65 |
Homeport: | Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia |
Motto: | We are Legend; Ready on Arrival; The First, the Finest; Eight Reactors, None Faster |
Nickname: | Big E[2] |
Status: | Inactive, in commission- no longer fit for service due to inactivation process |
Badge: | |
General characteristics | |
Class & type: | Enterprise-class aircraft carrier |
Displacement: | 93,284 long tons (94,781 t) Full Load[3] |
Length: | 1,123 ft (342 m)[4][5] |
Beam: | 132.8 ft (40.5 m) (waterline) 257.2 ft (78.4 m) (extreme) |
Draft: | 39 ft (12 m) |
Propulsion: | 8 × Westinghouse A2W nuclear reactors four sets Westinghouse geared steam turbines, 4 × shafts 280,000 shp (210 MW) |
Speed: | 33.6 kn (38.7 mph; 62.2 km/h) |
Range: | Unlimited distance; 20-25 years |
Complement: |
5,828 (maximum) |
Sensors and processing systems: |
AN/SPS-48 3D air search radar AN/SPS-49 2D air search radar |
Electronic warfare & decoys: |
AN/SLQ-32 Mark 36 SRBOC |
Armament: |
Armor: | 8 in (20 cm) aluminum belt (equivalent to 4 in (10 cm) rolled homogeneous steel armor), armored flight deck, hangar, magazines and reactor[6][7] |
Aircraft carried: | Hold up to 90 60+ (normally)[8] |
Aviation facilities: | Flight deck: 1,123 ft (342 m) |
Notes: | The ship has 4 steam powered catapults.[9] |
USS Enterprise (CVN-65), formerly CVA(N)-65, is a retired United States Navy aircraft carrier. She was the world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier and the eighth United States naval vessel to bear the name. Like her predecessor of World War II fame, she is nicknamed "Big E". At 1,123 ft (342 m),[4][5] she is the longest naval vessel in the world. Her 93,284-long-ton (94,781 t)[3] displacement ranks her as the 11th-heaviest supercarrier, after the 10 carriers of the Nimitz class. Enterprise had a crew of some 4,600 people.[8]
The only ship of her class, Enterprise[10] is the third oldest commissioned vessel in the United States Navy after the wooden-hulled USS Constitution and USS Pueblo. She was originally scheduled for decommissioning in 2014 or 2015, depending on the life of her reactors and completion of her replacement, USS Gerald R. Ford,[11] but the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 slated the ship's retirement for 2013, when she would have served for 51 consecutive years, longer than any other U.S. aircraft carrier.[12]
Enterprise's home port was Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia as of September 2012.[13] Her final deployment, the last before her decommissioning, began on 10 March 2012 and ended 4 November 2012. She was inactivated on 1 December 2012, with her official decommissioning taking place sometime after the completion of an extensive terminal offload program currently underway.[14][15] The name has been adopted by the future Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CVN-80).[16][17]
Enterprise is a commissioned navy ship, but is inactive.[18] She has undergone enough of the four-year long inactivation process to render her unfit for further service. Inactivation removes fuel, fluids, furnishings, tools, fittings, oil, and de-energizes the electrical system.[19] Enterprise has already been cut open to allow the removal of useable systems.[20]
Enterprise was meant to be the first of a class of six, but construction costs ballooned and the remaining vessels were never laid down. Because of the huge cost of her construction, Enterprise was launched and commissioned without the planned RIM-2 Terrier missile launchers. These were never installed and the ship's self-defense suite instead consisted of three shorter-range RIM-7 Sea Sparrow, Basic Point Defense Missile System (BPDMS) launchers.[21] Later upgrades added two NATO Sea Sparrow (NSSM) and three Mk 15 Phalanx CIWS gun mounts.[22] One CIWS mount was later removed and two 21-cell RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile launchers were added.[23][24]
Enterprise is also the only aircraft carrier to house more than two nuclear reactors,[4] having an eight-reactor propulsion design, with each A2W reactor taking the place of one of the conventional boilers in earlier constructions.[25] She is the only carrier with four rudders, two more than other classes, and features a more cruiser-like hull.[26]
Enterprise also had a phased array radar system known as SCANFAR. SCANFAR was intended to be better at tracking multiple airborne targets than conventional rotating antenna radars. SCANFAR consisted of two radars, the AN/SPS-32 and the AN/SPS-33. The AN/SPS-32 was a long-range air search and target acquisition radar developed by Hughes for the US Navy. The AN/SPS-32 operated together with the AN/SPS-33, which was the square array used for 3D tracking, into one system. It was installed on only two vessels, Enterprise and the cruiser USS Long Beach, placing a massive power drain on the ship's electric system. The technology of the AN/SPS-32 was based on vacuum tubes and the system required constant repairs. The SPS-32 was a phased array radar which had a range of 400 nautical miles against large targets, and 200 nautical miles against small, fighter-size targets.[27] These early phased arrays, replaced around 1980, were responsible for the distinctive square-looking island.[9] The AN/SPS-32 and AN/SPS-33 radars, while ahead of their time, suffered from issues relating to electrical beam steering mechanism and were not pursued in further ship classes. While they are considered to be an early form of "phased array" radar, they were ahead of their time and it would take the later technology of the Aegis phased array AN/SPY-1 with its electronically controlled beam steering to make phased array radars both reliable and practical for the USN.[citation needed]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2011) |
Commissioning and trials[edit]
In 1958, Enterprise's keel was laid at Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company. On 24 September 1960, the ship was launched, sponsored by Mrs. W. B. Franke, wife of the former Secretary of the Navy. On 25 November 1961, Enterprise was commissioned, with Captain Vincent P. de Poix, formerly of Fighting Squadron 6 on her predecessor,[28] in command. On 12 January 1962, the ship made her maiden voyage conducting a three-month shakedown cruise and a lengthy series of tests and training exercises designed to determine the full capabilities of the nuclear powered super carrier.
On 20 February 1962, Enterprise was a tracking and measuring station for the flight of Friendship 7, the Project Mercury space capsule in which Lieutenant Colonel John H. Glenn, Jr. made the first American orbital spaceflight. In August, the carrier joined the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean Sea, returning to Norfolk, Virginia in October.[citation needed]
1962 Cuban missile crisis[edit]
In October 1962, Enterprise was dispatched to her first international crisis. Following revelations that the Soviet Union was constructing nuclear missile launch sites on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy ordered the United States Department of Defense to conduct a large-scale buildup. Among the preparations, the U.S. Atlantic Fleet readied large numbers of its ships. On 22 October, President Kennedy ordered a naval and air "quarantine" (blockade) on shipment of offensive military equipment to Cuba, and demanded the Soviets dismantle the missile sites there. Five United States Second Fleet carriers participated in the blockade – Enterprise (as part of Task Force 135), Independence, Essex, Lake Champlain, and Randolph, backed by shore-based aircraft. By 28 October, the crisis was averted, after the US secretly agreed to remove nuclear missiles from Italy and Turkey.
Second and third deployments[edit]
On 19 December 1962, a Grumman E-2 Hawkeye was aircraft catapulted off Enterprise in the first shipboard test of a nose-wheel launch bar designed to replace the catapult bridle.[29] Minutes later, a second launch with a launch bar was made by a Grumman A-6A Intruder, demonstrating one of the primary design goals of reducing launch intervals.[30]
In 1963–1964, Enterprise made her second and third deployments to the Mediterranean. During her third deployment, the carrier was part of Operation Sea Orbit, the world's first nuclear-powered task force with the cruisers Long Beach and Bainbridge, together forming a convoy to sail around the world. On 25 February 1964, a crewman of the Finnish merchant ship Verna Paulin was injured in a fall whilst the ship was in the vicinity of Souda Bay, Greece. Enterprise answered her call for assistance. A surgeon was transferred to Verna Paulin by helicopter.[31] In October 1964, Enterprise returned to Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company for her first Refueling and Overhaul.
Vietnam deployments[edit]
In November 1965, the Big E was transferred to the Seventh Fleet, home-porting at NAS Alameda California. The following month, on 2 December, she became the first nuclear-powered ship to engage in combat when she launched aircraft against the Viet Cong near Biên Hòa. The ship led Carrier Division Three, with Enterprise (redesignated CVAN-65), which had Carrier Air Wing Nine aboard, Bainbridge; Barry; and Samuel B. Roberts. Enterprise launched 125 sorties on the first day, unleashing 167 short tons (151 t) of bombs and rockets on the enemy's supply lines. On 3 December, she set a record of 165 strike sorties in a single day.[citation needed]
In January 1966, the carrier was continuing operations as a unit of Task Force 77 in the Gulf of Tonkin, as the flag ship of Rear Admiral Henry L. Miller, Commander Carrier Division Three.[32] Under the command of Captain James L. Holloway III, she was carrying a complement of approximately 350 officers and 4,800 men. Four West coast squadrons of Carrier Air Wing Nine, commanded by Commander FT Brown, were embarked; Fighter Squadron 92, under Commander EA Rawsthorne, and Fighter Squadron 96, under Commander RD Norman, flying F-4B Phantom IIs; Attack Squadron 93 under Commander AJ Monger, and Attack Squadron 94, under Commander OE Krueger, flying A-4C Skyhawks. With these squadrons were three others based on the East Coast; Attack Squadron 36, under Commander JE Marshall, Attack Squadron 76, under Commander J.B. Linder, flying A-4C Skyhawks; and Reconnaissance Attack Squadron 7, under Commander K Enny, flying RA-5C Vigilantes. Rear Admiral Miller was relieved as Commander Carrier Division Three by Rear Admiral TJ Walker on 16 February 1966. During the change of command ceremony on the flight deck, Rear Admiral Miller praised the ship's performance in his farewell remarks, and presented air medals to more than 100 pilots and flight officers.
The ship tied up at Leyte Pier, Subic Bay, on the evening of 8 December 1966.[32] Loading of supplies for the first line period was started immediately. Rear Admiral Walter L Curtis, Jr, Commander Carrier Division Nine, broke his flag aboard. In company with Manley, Gridley and Bainbridge, Enterprise sailed for Yankee Station on 15 December, and took up her position there three days later.
When Enterprise departed the Gulf of Tonkin on 20 June 1967, her pilots had flown more than 13,400 battle missions during 132 combat days of operations.(Enterprise Command History 1967, 29) As Vice Admiral Hyland stated in his congratulatory statement, "the entire Air Wing Nine has earned a resounding 'Well Done'." The carrier had steamed 67,630 miles in operations with the Seventh Fleet. She arrived in Subic Bay 22 June and departed the 25th for return to Alameda 6 July 1967.
At Alameda, Enterprise began an overhaul. Captain Kent L. Lee relieved Captain James L. Holloway as commanding officer in ceremonies on 11 July 1967. Shipyard work completed, Enterprise steamed south from San Francisco Bay to San Diego to reembark Carrier Air Wing Nine and get underway for refresher training off the California coast.
In January 1968, the capture of Pueblo by a North Korean patrol boat led to a diplomatic crisis. Enterprise was ordered to operate near South Korean waters for almost a month.
During the morning of 14 January 1969, while being escorted by the destroyers Benjamin Stoddert and Rogers, a MK-32 Zuni rocket loaded on a parked F-4 Phantom exploded due to ordnance cook off after being overheated by an aircraft start unit mounted to a tow tractor.[33] The explosion set off fires and additional explosions across the flight deck. The fires were brought under control relatively quickly (when compared with previous carrier flight deck fires), but 27 hands were lost and an additional 314 sailors were injured. The fire destroyed 15 aircraft, and the resulting damage forced Enterprise to put in for repairs at Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard, primarily to repair the flight deck's armored plating.[34] On 1 March 1969, repairs to the ship were completed at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii and the ship proceeded on her scheduled 'WestPac' deployment to Vietnam and the Tonkin Gulf. These destinations would be delayed by events unfolding in the East Japan Sea.
On 14 April 1969, tensions with North Korea flared again as a North Korean aircraft shot down an Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star that was on a reconnaissance patrol over the East Japan Sea from its base at Atsugi, Japan. The entire 31-man crew was killed. The US responded by activating Task Force 71 (TF 71) to protect future such flights over those international waters. Initially, the Task Force was to comprise Enterprise, Ticonderoga, Ranger, and Hornet with a screen of cruisers and destroyers. Enterprise arrived on station with TF 71 in late April after completion of repairs. The ships for TF 71 came mostly from Southeast Asia duty. This deployment became one of the largest shows of force in the area since the Korean War.[citation needed]
In all, Enterprise made six combat deployments to Southeast Asia from 1965 to 1975.
In 1969–1970, Enterprise returned to Newport News Shipbuilding and went through an overhaul and her second refitting. In January 1971, she completed sea trials with newly designed nuclear reactor cores that contained enough energy for 10 years. Enterprise then left for Vietnam, again to provide air support for American and South Vietnamese units.
Southeast Asia[edit]
In Vietnam, Enterprise, Oriskany and Midway launched a total of 2,001 strike sorties by 30 July 1971. Strike operations in July were disrupted when the carriers on station evaded three typhoons: Harriet, Kim and Jean. A slight increase in South Vietnam strike sorties occurred during the month. These were mainly visual strikes against enemy troop positions and in support of U.S. helicopter operations. From August–November 1971, Enterprise was in operations on Yankee Station.
In December 1971 during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Enterprise was deployed to the Bay of Bengal as a show of strength against India's naval blockade by INS Vikrant. India tactically used INS Vikrant and Indian Airbase at Andaman & Nikobar Islands to deter USS Enterprise. Later a Soviet Navy submarine was also trailing the US task force. A confrontation was averted when the Americans moved towards South East Asia, away from the Indian Ocean.[35]
In October 1972, the U.S. ended tactical air sorties into North Vietnam above the 20th parallel and brought Linebacker I operations to a close, a gesture designed to promote peace negotiations being held in Paris. Enterprise and the other carriers had flown a total of 23,652 tactical air attack sorties into North Vietnam from May–October and U.S. tactical air sorties during Linebacker I operations helped to stem the flow of supplies into North Vietnam, thereby limiting the operating capabilities of the North Vietnamese Army.[citation needed]
From October to December, Enterprise alternated with other carriers on Yankee Station during the bombing halt and remained on station. As a result of the bombing halt above the 20th parallel in North Vietnam, no MiG kills or U.S. aircraft losses were recorded during this time.[citation needed]
On 18 December 1972, the U.S. resumed bombing campaigns above the 20th parallel under the name Linebacker II. During Linebacker II operations, Enterprise and other carriers on station reseeded the mine fields in Haiphong harbor and conducted concentrated strikes against surface-to-air missile and anti-aircraft artillery sites, enemy army barracks, petroleum storage areas, Haiphong naval and shipyard areas, and railroad and truck stations. Navy tactical air attack sorties under Linebacker II were centered in the coastal areas around Hanoi and Haiphong. There were 705 Navy sorties in this area during Linebacker II. Between 18 and 22 December, the Navy conducted 119 Linebacker II strikes in North Vietnam, with the main limiting factor on airstrikes being bad weather.
In December 1972, the North Vietnamese returned to the peace table and Linebacker II ended. In January 1973, the Vietnam cease fire was announced and American carriers ceased all combat sorties into North and South Vietnam.
From 28 January 1973, aircraft from Enterprise and Ranger flew 81 combat sorties against lines-of-communication targets in Laos. The corridor for overflights was between Huế and Da Nang in South Vietnam. These combat support sorties were flown in support of the Laotian government, which had requested this assistance. Laos had no relationship with the cease-fire in Vietnam.
After the cease-fire in Vietnam in 1973, Enterprise proceeded to the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington, where the carrier was altered and refitted to support the Navy's newest fighter aircraft – the Grumman F-14 Tomcat. Two of four jet blast deflectors were enlarged to accommodate the Tomcat. The No. 4 propulsion shaft was replaced; it had been bent when its screw became fouled in a discarded arresting gear cable.
On 18 March 1974, the first operational Tomcats of VF-1 Wolfpack and VF-2 Bounty Hunters made their maiden takeoffs and landings from the carrier. In September 1974, Enterprise became the first carrier to deploy with the new fighter plane when she made her seventh western Pacific (WESTPAC) deployment.
In February 1975, Typhoon Gervaise struck the island nation of Mauritius, and Enterprise was ordered to provide disaster relief. Arriving at Port Louis, carrier personnel spent more than 10,000 man-hours rendering such assistance as restoring water, power and telephone systems, clearing roads and debris, and providing helicopter, medical, food and drinkable water support to the stricken area.
Operation Frequent Wind[edit]
In April 1975, Enterprise, Midway, Coral Sea, Hancock, and Okinawa were deployed to waters off Vietnam for possible evacuation contingencies as North Vietnam, in violation of the Paris Peace Accords, launched a conventional invasion of South Vietnam. On 29 April, Operation Frequent Wind was carried out by U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps helicopters from the 7th Fleet. The Operation involved the evacuation of American citizens and "at-risk' Vietnamese from Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam under heavy attack from the invading forces of North Vietnam.
President Gerald Ford ordered helicopter evacuation when PAVN shelling forced the cessation of fixed-wing evacuation from Tan Son Nhut Airport. With fighter cover provided by carrier aircraft, the helicopters landed at the US Embassy, Saigon and the DAO Compound to pick up evacuees. The last helicopter lifted off the roof of the US Embassy at 07:53 on 30 April 1975 carrying the last 11 Marine Security Guards. During Operation Frequent Wind, aircraft from Enterprise flew 95 sorties.
Eighth and ninth deployments[edit]
In July 1976, Enterprise began her eighth Western Pacific deployment.
In February 1977, Idi Amin, the President of Uganda, made derogatory remarks against the United States in public and Americans in Uganda were taken hostage. This was several months after the Israeli raid at Entebbe airport. Enterprise and her escort ships, having just left Mombasa after a port call, were directed to remain in the area and operated off the east African coast for about one week. At that point, the ships were scheduled to transit home after a seven-month deployment. The ship's Marine detachment and air wing prepared for a possible mission to rescue and evacuate the Americans, but Amin eventually released all the hostages. The ships then steamed across the Indian Ocean at high speed to make a previously scheduled final port call at NAS Cubi Point in the Philippines before returning to NAS Alameda.
In 1978, Enterprise underwent her ninth Western Pacific deployment, including port calls in Hong Kong, Perth, Australia, and Singapore. In January 1979, the carrier sailed into Puget Sound Naval Shipyard for a comprehensive 36-month overhaul. This overhaul modified the ship's superstructure—removing the SCANFAR radars and the unique inverted cone-shaped top section, which was three stories high. During the lengthy overhaul, Navy and shipyard personnel referred to Enterprise as Building 65.
In 1982, the carrier made her 10th WESTPAC deployment. In April 1983, Enterprise ran aground on a sandbar in San Francisco Bay while returning from deployment and remained stuck there for several hours.[36] Coincidentally, George Takei, who played Mr. Sulu, helmsman of the fictional starship Enterprise, was aboard at the time as a Distinguished Visitor of the Navy.[37] Even though groundings and collisions are usually career-enders for U.S. warship captains, the captain at the time, Robert J. Kelly, who had already been selected for promotion to commodore, eventually became a four-star admiral and commander in chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet.[38]
In 1984, the carrier underwent her 11th WESTPAC deployment. On 2 November 1985, she struck Bishops Rock on the Cortes Bank during exercises, damaging the outer hull and propeller. She continued operations and later went to drydock for repairs.
In 1986, the carrier made her 12th WESTPAC deployment, leaving on 15 January 1986. She led Battle Group FOXTROT, including Truxtun, Arkansas, O'Brien, Reasoner, Lewis B. Puller, McClusky, and David R. Ray. The Battle Group sailed directly for the Indian Ocean, with stops in Hawaii, Naval Station Subic Bay, and Singapore.[39] On 28 April 1986, Enterprise became the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier to transit the Suez Canal. She went from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean to relieve Coral Sea, on station with America off the coast of Libya. Enterprise entered the Mediterranean to support "Operation El Dorado Canyon", the US bombing of Libya. It was the ship's first visit to the Mediterranean in more than 22 years. During the deployment, Rear Admiral J.T. Howe was relieved as Commander Cruiser-Destroyer Group 3 by Rear Admiral Paul David Miller.[40]
In February 1988, Enterprise underwent her 13th deployment and was assigned to Operation Earnest Will, escorting reflagged Kuwaiti oil tankers in the Persian Gulf. On 14 April, another Earnest Will ship, Samuel B. Roberts, struck an Iranian mine in international waters. In response, the U.S. launched Operation Praying Mantis against Iranian targets, starting with two Iranian oil platforms that were being used as support bases for Iranian attacks on merchant shipping. Aircraft from Enterprise's CVW-11 bombed two Iranian frigates, helping to sink one and damaged the other, and provided other air support for the strike.[41]
In September 1989, Enterprise left Alameda and began her 14th overseas deployment, an around-the-world cruise that would end at the ship's new homeport of Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia. In early December 1989, Enterprise and Midway participated in Operation Classic Resolve, President George H. W. Bush's response to Philippine President Corazon Aquino's request for air support during the rebel coup attempt. Enterprise remained on station conducting flight operations in the waters outside Manila Bay until the situation subsided.
In April 1990, Enterprise completed her around-the-world deployment, arriving in Norfolk, Virginia, after having steamed more than 43,000 mi (69,000 km) (nautical). In October, the carrier moved to Newport News Shipbuilding for refueling and the Navy's largest complex overhaul refit ever attempted. On 27 September 1994, Enterprise returned to sea for sea trials, during which she performed an extended full power run as fast as when she was new.
On 28 June 1996, Enterprise began her 15th overseas deployment. The carrier enforced no-fly zones in Bosnia as part of Operation Joint Endeavor and over Iraq as part of Operation Southern Watch. The deployment ended in December 1996, which also marked the end of active service for the Grumman A-6 Intruder from the Navy. In February 1997, Enterprise entered Newport News Shipbuilding for an extended selective restrictive availability lasting four-and-a-half months.
In November 1998, following workups, Enterprise departed on her 16th overseas deployment, with CVW-3 embarked. On the night of 8 November, shortly after the start of the deployment, a Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler crashed into a Lockheed S-3 Viking on the carrier's flight deck. The mishap occurred as the EA-6B was landing during night carrier qualifications, striking the folded wings of the S-3, which had not yet cleared the landing area of the flight deck. The four crew of the EA-6B perished when the aircraft hit the water, but the two crew members of the S-3 ejected. A fire broke out on the flight deck, but was quickly extinguished by the flight deck crew. Three of the four members of the Prowler crew were lost at sea, and the remains of the fourth were recovered shortly after the crash. The crew of the Viking were rushed to the Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Virginia. There were no other significant injuries. An exhaustive search for three missing EA-6B Prowler crew members was suspended after nearly 24 hours.
On 23 November 1998, Enterprise relieved Dwight D. Eisenhower in the Persian Gulf. During a port call in Dubai, the carrier hosted former President George H. W. Bush and a live concert by Grammy Award-winning rock group Hootie & the Blowfish. In December 1998, Enterprise battlegroup spearheaded Operation Desert Fox, destroying Iraqi military targets with more than 300 Tomahawk land attack missiles and 691,000 lb (346 short tons; 313 t) of ordnance. The 70-hour assault was carried out by Enterprise, Gettysburg, Stout, Nicholson and Miami.
Shortly after the Račak massacre and failure of Yugoslavian peace talks in Rambouillet, France, Enterprise quickly left a port visit in Cannes, France to return to the Adriatic.
In early March 1999, Enterprise returned to the Persian Gulf to relieve Carl Vinson in support of Operation Southern Watch, returning to Norfolk in May 1999.
During the 1998–1999 deployment, Enterprise steamed more than 50,000 nmi (93,000 km; 58,000 mi) and spent 151 days underway. Enterprise Battle Group was the first to deploy with IT-21, which allowed unprecedented internal and external communication capabilities, including Internet, email, and television.
On 25 April 2001, Enterprise began her 17th overseas deployment with CVW-8. From 18–28 June, the carrier and four escorts participated in an exercise with the Royal Navy in a joint and combined warfare training exercise in the North Sea, near the Hebrides and in Scotland.
Enterprise was beginning her voyage home from the Persian Gulf when the September 11 attacks were carried out. Without orders, the carrier returned to the waters off Southwest Asia near the Persian Gulf, outrunning her escorts.[citation needed] In October 2001, the United States launched air attacks against Al-Qaeda training camps and Taliban military installations in Afghanistan. The actions were designed to disrupt the use of Afghanistan as a base for terrorist operations and to attack the military capability of the Taliban regime. Over three weeks, aircraft from Enterprise flew nearly 700 missions and dropped over 800,000 lb (400 short tons; 360 t) of ordnance over Afghanistan.[42] On 10 November, the carrier arrived at her home port of Norfolk, Virginia, 16 days later than originally planned. During her last day at sea, the ship hosted a live two-hour broadcast of ABC's Good Morning America. Garth Brooks performed a concert with Jewel from Enterprise on 21 November while she was docked in Norfolk, Virginia. The concert was carried live on CBS. On Pearl Harbor Day (December 7, 2001), President George W. Bush addressed the sailors of Enterprise from its flight deck.[43]
In January 2002, Enterprise entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Portsmouth, Virginia for a scheduled one-year Extended Dry Docking Selected Restricted Availability.
Iraq War[edit]
Operation Iraqi Freedom[edit]
From September 2003 to February 2004, the ship deployed to relieve the four carriers that were on station during the invasion of Iraq. Enterprise's role was to provide continued air support for Operation Iraqi Freedom. This also was the last deployment for the F-14 Tomcat. The fully repaired Cole was a member of her escort group at this time. A USO tour was held aboard while at sea, with WWE superstar Kurt Angle, Nascar racer Mike Wallace, and comedian Robin Williams giving talks and performances. The ship made several port-calls to Jebel Ali, a stop in Bahrain (during which actor Ben Affleck visited the ship), and Naples, Italy and Cartegna, Spain on the way home. Admiral James Stavridis commanded the battle group at this time with Captain Eric Neidlinger as Enterprise's commanding officer
In April 2004, Enterprise participated in the Fleet Week celebration in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Enterprise's Damage Control team won the Damage Control Olympics at that event, setting several records in the process.[44] In June and July 2004, the ship participated in Summer Surge 2004 and several multinational exercises. She participated in photo ops of a multinational battle group and was anchored at Portsmouth, England on 4 July.
2005 saw the ship in for another routine shipyard overhaul at Newport News Shipyard in Newport News, Virginia. Departing the dock after this yard period, Enterprise ran through a sand bar causing all eight reactors to shutdown, leaving the ship adrift on emergency power for nearly three hours before she was tugged back to her pier at Norfolk Naval Base. It took approximately three days for the ship's nuclear machinists to clear her condensers of river mud.
In May 2006, Enterprise departed for a six-month deployment, operating in the 6th, 5th and 7th Fleet areas in a world-tour, supporting Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom, and visiting ports in Dubai, Hong Kong, and crossing the line. She returned to Norfolk 18 November 2006.
On 19 December 2007, the carrier returned home after a six-month deployment in the Persian Gulf.[45]
In April 2008, Enterprise entered the Northrop-Grumman Newport News shipyard for a scheduled 18-month Extended Docking Selected Restricted Availability, with a projected completion date of September 2009. As maintenance was performed, costs continued to rise above projections and the completion date repeatedly slid. Enterprise, the oldest active combat vessel in the Navy, was scheduled to be decommissioned as late as 2014. On 6 April 2009, Admiral Gary Roughead, Chief of Naval Operations, stated that he was seeking a congressional dispensation to speed up the process to decommission Enterprise. Under this new timetable, the ship would complete one final deployment before being decommissioned in late 2012 or early 2013. This would temporarily reduce the U.S. Navy to having only ten active aircraft carriers through the launch of the Gerald R. Ford in 2015. In October 2009, the House and Senate Armed Services Committees agreed with the recommendation, approving the decommissioning of Enterprise in 2013 after 51 years of service.[12]
In April 2010, the Navy announced that the cost of refurbishing the carrier had risen to $655 million and was scheduled to be completed the same month.[46] On 19 April 2010, Enterprise left the Northrop Grumman shipyard to conduct sea trials in preparation for return to the fleet.[47] The total cost of refurbishing the carrier was $662 million, which was 46% over budget. Also, it took eight months longer than scheduled. The Navy said it planned to use the carrier for two six-month deployments before her scheduled 2013 decommissioning date.[48]
On 1 January 2011, the Virginian-Pilot leaked highlights from the final video of a set entitled "XO Movie Night" that was filmed on Enterprise and aired via closed circuit television on select Saturday evenings. The videos, which were not meant for release outside the command, were produced by Captain Owen Honors when he was executive officer (XO) of the ship in the 2006–7 timeframe and included profanity, anti-gay slurs, and sexually suggestive scenes.[49][50] Captain Honors received public support from Navy personnel,[51] but on 4 January 2011, Admiral John C. Harvey, Jr., the commander of the United States Fleet Forces Command in Norfolk removed Honors for demonstrating poor judgment. Captain Dee Mewbourne was appointed as replacement commander.[52] Forty officers and enlisted sailors, including six flag officers, were later disciplined to varying extents over the incident.[53]
The carrier and her strike group deployed on 13 January 2011. Accompanying the carrier on the cruise to the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean were Carrier Air Wing One, guided missile cruiser Leyte Gulf, and guided missile destroyers Barry, Bulkeley, and Mason.[54] In February 2011, Enterprise was involved in an incident with Somali pirates, an event that ended in the deaths of four American citizens and two pirates.[55]
The carrier returned to Norfolk on 15 July 2011. During its deployment, it had participated in operations that captured 75 Somali pirates and its strike group made missile strikes against the Libyan government.[56]
On 9 April 2012, the Navy announced that Enterprise and her group, Carrier Strike Group Twelve, would be assigned to join Abraham Lincoln in the Persian Gulf. The mission was described as routine, not a response to a specific threat. Upon completion of this mission in fall 2012, Enterprise was scheduled to be deactivated.[57]
In October 2012, Enterprise transited the Suez Canal for the final time.[58] She paid her last foreign port call when she visited Naples, Italy, between 16–21 October, which had been the Big E's first foreign port-of-call fifty years earlier.[59][60]
On 4 November 2012, Enterprise returned to her homeport at Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia, for the last time. While on her last journey, the carrier cruised nearly 81,000 miles in a 238-day deployment to the Persian Gulf and her aircraft flew more than 2,000 sorties in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.[61]
Enterprise was inactivated on 1 December 2012 at Norfolk Naval Station, Virginia. The deactivation of Enterprise will result in a one-time increase of approximately $857.3 million in depot maintenance costs for the U.S. Navy's operation and maintenance budget for Fiscal Year 2013.[62]
Enterprise will be the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier to be decommissioned.[63] Naval enthusiasts have requested that Enterprise be converted into a museum.[64][65] While the costs of doing so regarding her nuclear reactors has yet to be calculated by the United States Department of Defense, by 2012 they had been deemed too expensive to make such an effort practical.[15] A petition had also been set up for the next carrier (CVN-80) to be named as the ninth USS Enterprise.[66] At her inactivation ceremony, Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced in his taped message that the next Ford Class Carrier, CVN-80 would indeed be named "Enterprise".[67]
Speaking at the ceremony was Chaplain John Owen, CAPT William C. Hamilton, Jr. (CO), VADM David H. Buss (Commander, Naval Air Force Pacific), ADM John Richardson (Director, Naval Reactors), Matt Mulherin (President, Newport News Shipbuilding), ADM Jonathan W. Greenert (Chief of Naval Operations), a video speech from Ray Mabus, and the M.C. was the ship's Executive Officer. SECNAV had to deliver his speech via taped video as he was in China at the time. VIPs present for the ceremony included several former Commanding Officers, a granddaughter of the ship's sponsor, and a former A-6 pilot who had been captured in North Vietnam returning to the ship for the first time that day since he launched. He received a standing ovation at his introduction. Actor William Shatner was scheduled to appear but canceled. During the ceremony, the representative of the ship's sponsor received a flag flown from the ship during its last underway and a piece of wooden railing leading to the CO's inport cabin. Also the CNO was presented with a time capsule produced by ship's crew with artifacts and pieces of the ship. Enterprise crew and visitors were encouraged to add the items or messages the week before inactivation. While presenting the capsule, Commanding Officer William C. "Boomer" Hamilton informed the CNO that the only stipulation would be that the capsule could only be opened by the crew of the next ship to be named Enterprise. When it was announced shortly after that CVN-80 would be the 9th Navy vessel to carry the name "Enterprise", the entire crowd cheered and gave a standing ovation.
Newport News Shipbuilding will deactivate and de-fuel the ship, which will then be formally decommissioned once all nuclear fuel has been removed.[68] The process is scheduled to begin in mid-2013 and be completed in 2015.[15] Once the Navy dismantles and recycles the ship's reactors, there will be very little left to turn into a museum;[64] virtually everything two decks below the hangar bay would have to be cut apart.[64] What remains of Enterprise following 2015 is currently scheduled to be taken to Washington state for scrapping.[15] It remains possible the ship's island could be removed and used as a memorial.[64] As of June 2013[update], the ship has had all antennas, radars (including the main-mast on top of the island), weapons launchers, anchors, and other miscellaneous items removed from her exterior. Additionally, the inside of the ship has been removed of much gear that can be reused on other ships, and all fluids systems drained. She has been towed to Newport News Shipyard for continued dismantling.
On 8 February 2013, the United States Department of Defense announced that a number of nuclear projects would have to be postponed until the upcoming budget sequestration issue was resolved. These include the planned de-fuelling of Enterprise as well as mid-life overhauls (including nuclear refuelling) for two Nimitz class ships.[69]
- April 1962 to June 1962 - Post Shakedown Availability
- November 1964 to July 1965 - Refueling and Complex Overhaul - mast raised, second yardarm added.
- June 1966 to September 1966 - Overhaul - waste catapult bridal catcher removed; 2 Mk-25 BPDM added.
- July 1967 to September 1967 - Limited Availability
- July 1968 to September 1968 - Overhaul
- January 1969 to March 1969 - Repairs - repairs to explosion and fire damage.
- August 1969 to January 1971 - Refueling and Complex Overhaul
- March 1972 to May 1972 - Selected Restricted Availability
- July 1973 to February 1974 - Selected Restricted Availability
- July 1975 to November 1975 - Selected Restricted Availability
- May 1977 to July 1977 - Selected Restricted Availability
- January 1979 to February 1982 - Complex Overhaul - mast replaced; ECM dome removed; SPS-32/33 arrays replaced with SPS-48/49; 3 CIWS added; forward port sponson added; forward starboard sponson with Mk-29 added; aft port BPDM replaced with Mk-29; aft starboard BPDM removed.
- May 1983 to September 1983 - Selected Restricted Availability
- November 1985 to January 1986 - Repairs - hull/keel/propeller repairs from collision with Cortes Bank, Channel Islands, CA.
- September 1986 to March 1987 - Selected Restricted Availability
- October 1988 to April 1989 - Selected Restricted Availability
- October 1990 to September 1994 - Refueling and Complex Overhaul - aft boarding dock added.
- February 1997 to August 1997 - Selected Restricted Availability
- June 1999 to December 1999 - Selected Restricted Availability
- January 2002 to May 2003 - Selected Restricted Availability
- September 2004 to October 2005 - Selected Restricted Availability - RAM replaces CIWS at forward port sponson; RAM added to aft starboard sponson.
- May 2006 to November 2006 - Selected Restricted Availability
- April 2008 to April 2010 - Selected Restricted Availability
In popular culture[edit]
Enterprise first appeared in the 1968 movie Yours, Mine and Ours. Henry Fonda played the role of Frank Beardsley, a U.S. Navy officer detached from the ship.
Enterprise was a principal setting of the popular movie Top Gun released in 1986. Director Tony Scott filmed actual flight operations aboard ship and incorporated them into the film's plot. Some interior scenes taking place aboard Enterprise were actually filmed on USS Ranger (CV-61).
In the film version of The Hunt for Red October, Enterprise is the flagship of the US fleet responding to the Soviet deployment.
In 1986, Enterprise was a setting of scenes in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home. The ship was unavailable for filming, so scenes depicting Enterprise were again filmed aboard USS Ranger.[70]
More important for Star Trek lore, the first nuclear aircraft carrier was in position to inspire naming of Starship USS Enterprise (NCC-1701). The original premise by Gene Roddenberry dated March 1964 describes a starship USS Yorktown. As USS Enterprise (CVN-65) was then one of the newest and most celebrated ships of the US Navy, occupying a similar status as the fictional Starship Enterprise, the aircraft carrier may have inspired a name change. One of Art Director Matt Jefferies' original drawings depicts the Starship Enterprise with Enterprise (CVN-65) for scale.[71] Many of the subsequent Star Trek television shows and movies have been set aboard a ship named Enterprise, and the USS Enterprise of the show Star Trek: The Next Generation has a relief of five Enterprise starship models and a model of CVN-65 on the wall of its observation lounge. In the subsequent prequel series Star Trek: Enterprise, a quartet of portraits depicting vessels named Enterprise adorns the wall of Captain Jonathan Archer's ready room, the second of which is the CVN-65. A similar display is seen on the recreation deck of the Enterprise in Star Trek: The Motion Picture.
In the Japanese series Mahoromatic: Something More Beautiful, CVN-65 is used to test a matter transporter which sends Enterprise from the Earth's surface into the path of an alien ship near the Moon. Just before the ship is transported, the character responsible comments, "True science is not without a sense of irony. This turned out to be the first 'Enterprise' to be sent into space. Ha ha ha!"
In the Neal Stephenson novel Snow Crash, Enterprise has been purchased by a media magnate after the United States government collapsed and serves as his base of operations and the center of a floating city in the Pacific known as "The Raft".
See also[edit]
- Aerial warfare
- Air supremacy
- Carrier strike group
- Carrier battle group
- List of aircraft carriers
- List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy
- List of USS Enterprise (CVN-65) commanding officers
- Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov
- U.S. Carrier Group tactics
- Carrier Strike Group Twelve
- List of world's longest ships
- ^ Jane's American fighting ships of the 20th century, New York: Mallard Press, 1991, ISBN 0-7924-5626-2
- ^ USS Enterprise: The Legend, US: Navy
- ^ a b "CVN-65", Naval Vessel Register, US: Navy, archived from the original on 2011-06-05
- ^ a b c USS Enterprise Turns 49 Years Old Thanksgiving Day, US: Navy
- ^ a b "USS Enterprise Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier", Military today, archived from the original on 2011-07-23
- ^ Cracknell, p. 56: "The main armor carried on Enterprise is the heavy armored flight deck. This was to prove a significant factor in the catastrophic fire and explosions that occurred on Enterprise's flight deck in 1969. The US Navy learned its lesson the hard way during World War II when all its carriers had only armored hangar decks. All attack carriers built since the Midway class have had armored flight decks."
- ^ "Enterprise class nuclear powered attack aircraft carriers", Haze gray
- ^ a b "Facts & Stats", Enterprise, US: Navy
- ^ a b Capt Richard Sharpe OBE RN, ed. (2000). Jane's Fighting Ships 2000–2001. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group. p. 798. ISBN 0-7106-2018-7.
- ^ US Navy. "Welcome to Navy Forces Online Public Sites". Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ CVN-21 Aircraft Carrier Program: Background and Issues for Congress, Navy, 2011-07-08, archived from the original on 2011-07-08, retrieved 8 December 2006
- ^ a b House and Senate Armed Services Committees agree FY 2010 Navy shipbuilding authorization, Defpro, 10 October 2009, archived from the original on 2011-07-17
- ^ "USS Enterprise repair bill now $605 million". dailypress.com, 22 October 2009
- ^ "USS Enterprise (CVN 65) Official Web Site". Public.navy.mil. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ a b c d "World's First Nuclear-powered Aircraft Carrier, the Big E, makes final voyage". foxnews.com, 10 March 2012.
- ^ USS Enterprise (CVN-65) – Official Facebook Page, Navy, 1 December 2012, retrieved 1 December 2012
- ^ This story was written by USS Enterprise Public Affairs. "Enterprise, Navy's First Nuclear-Powered Aircraft Carrier, Inactivated". Navy.mil. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/reference/messages/Documents/NAVADMINS/NAV2012/NAV12087.txt
- ^ "USS Enterprise (CVN 65) Official Web Site". Public.navy.mil. 1 December 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ Thompson, Mark (7 January 2013). "U.S.S. Enterprise Is Retired from Navy After 50 Years". Nation.time.com. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ Jane's American fighting ships of the 20th century, p. 89. New York: Mallard Press, 1991. ISBN 0-7924-5626-2.
- ^ Cullen, Tony. Encyclopedia of World Sea Power, p. 68. ISBN 0-517-65342-7.
- ^ 061031-N-0119G-115 Stbd side, RAM aft (JPEG) (image), US: OSD, archived from the original on 21 July 2011
- ^ DN-SD-07-21656 Forward Port side, RAM launcher (JPEG) (image), US: OSD[dead link].
- ^ "Speed Thrills III - Max speed of nuclear-powered aircraft carriers". Navweaps.com. 29 April 1999. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ "The First and the Finest: Aboard the USS Enterprise". Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2007.
- ^ Posted by Thor (15 January 2011). "Science, Natural Phenomena & Medicine: AN/SPS-32". Science-naturalphenomena.blogspot.com. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ Battle 360, "The Empire's Last Stand." Dir. Tony Long. History Channel. 2 May 2008 (2 May 2008)
- ^ The Sixth Decade. "United States Naval Aviation 1910–1995" (pdf). Naval History & Heritage Command. p. 250.
- ^ "PORTAEREI ENTERPRISE CVN 65 STORIA". Digilander.libero.it. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ "Enterprise". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
- ^ a b "Enterprise Command History", History, US Navy, 1966, 1–2
- ^ "Explosion rocks USS Enterprise", History.com, archived from the original on 2010-03-07
- ^ Military video, archived from the original on 2007-09-02
- ^ "Cold war games", Bharat Rakshak, archived from the original on 2011-06-09
- ^ "Off Course", Time, 9 May 1983, archived from the original on 2011-01-02
- ^ History, US: Navy, archived from the original on 2010-12-07
- ^ "Former commander", CPF, US Navy, archived from the original on 2007-11-13
- ^ McClusky (1986), Command History
- ^ Enterprise Command History, 1986
- ^ Peniston, Bradley (2006). No Higher Honor: Saving the USS Samuel B. Roberts in the Persian Gulf. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 181–87. ISBN 1-59114-661-5. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011.
- ^ "The Legend of Enterprise". US Navy. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
- ^ "Bush remembers Pearl Harbor aboard USS Enterprise". CNN.com. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
- ^ "Big E Damage Control Wins Competition", Public Relations (Navy), 2004, retrieved 20 February 2013
- ^ "USS Enterprise Returns Home", Charlottesville newplex TV
- ^ Frost, Peter, "USS Enterprise Delayed Again; Cost of Maintenance Balloons 44.5 Percent", Newport News Daily Press, 1 April 2010.
- ^ Enterprise Departs for Sea Trials, ASD news
- ^ Frost, Peter. "USS Enterprise: After Spending 2 Years in Newport News, Enterprise Returned to Navy". Newport News Daily Press, 20 April 2010.
- ^ "Raunchy videos starring Enterprise skipper come to light". Hampton roads. December 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
- ^ "Navy Captain Owen Honors 'to lose post for lewd videos'". BBC News. 4 January 2011. Archived from the original on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
- ^ "Navy to relieve officer during inquiry over lewd videos". MSNBC. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
- ^ "USFF Relieves USS Enterprise Commanding Officer". US: Navy – Fleet Forces Command Public Affairs. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
- ^ Military Times, "40 faulted in Enterprise video investigation", 3 March 2011; Retrieved 4 March 2011.
- ^ Lessig, Hugh, "Enterprise Carrier Group To Deploy Next Week", Newport News Daily Press, 8 January 2011.
- ^ "Four American hostages killed by Somali pirates", MSNBC (MSN)
- ^ Wilson, Todd Allen, "USS Enterprise Returns To Norfolk", Newport News Daily Press, 16 July 2011.
- ^ "US Navy deploys 2nd aircraft carrier to Gulf", Yahoo! news, Associated Press, 9 April 2012, retrieved 9 April 2012
- ^ Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class (SW) Brian G. Reynolds, USN (15 October 2012). "Enterprise Transits The Suez Canal for the Final Time". NNS121015-04. Enterprise Carrier Strike Group Public Affairs. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
- ^ Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class (SW) Steve Smith, USN (19 October 2012). "Enterprise Arrives in Naples, Italy For Final Foreign Port Visit". NNS121019-01. Enterprise Strike Group Public Affairs. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ^ Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Brian G. Reynolds, USN (22 November 2012). "Enterprise Visits Naples for the Last Time". NNS121022-05. Enterprise Strike Group Public Affairs. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
- ^ Enterprise ends 51-year career at sea, Military, 2012-11-05
- ^ Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)/chief financial officer (February 2012). "Operation and Maintenance Overview: Fiscal Year 2012 Budget Estimates operation" (PDF). Washington, D.C., US: Department of Defense. p. Navy – 13. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ^ a b c d Erwing, Phillip (21 September 2010). "Big E preps for final combat deployment". Navy Times. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
- ^ "CVN65", ePetitions
- ^ "Signatures for A Petition to name the next United States Navy nuclear powered aircraft carrier the USS Enterprise". ePetitions. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
- ^ "News Release – Navy's Next Ford-Class Aircraft Carrier to be Named Enterprise". U.S. Navy. 1 December 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
- ^ "USS Enterprise: The Beginning of the End for the "Big E"", Defence Industry Daily, 13 November 2008
- ^ "Navy delays overhaul of aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln, citing budget concerns". Washington Post. Associated Press. 8 February 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-10. and "Lack of Funding Affects USS Lincoln Refueling and Complex Overhaul". NNS130208-17. Defense Media Activity - Navy. 8 February 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
- ^ Okuda, Denise & Michael (1999). The Star Trek Encyclopedia, p. 90. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-53609-5.
- ^ Whitfield, Stephen and Roddenberry, Gene (1968). The Making of Star Trek, p. 167. New York, Ballantine Books. ISBN 345-24691-8-195.
- Cracknell, WH, Warship Profile 15, USS Enterprise (CVAN 65) Nuclear Attack Carrier, USN.
- United States Naval Aviation, 1910–1995, Naval Historical Center.
- USS Enterprise (CVN 65) public affairs office
- This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: |
Images | |
"USS Enterprise (CVN-65)". Maritime quest. | |
Video | |
"Enterprise in War. Nuclear Carrier Joins 7th Fleet, 1965/08/30 (1965)". Internet Archive (Universal Studios). 1965. | |
"Vietnam Action. Enterprise Planes Support Troops, 1965/12/09 (1965)". Internet Archive (Universal Studios). 1965. |
- Official USS Enterprise website
- "Enterprise (CVN 65) (ex-CVAN 65)". Naval Vessel Register.
- "USS Enterprise (CVN 65) Story Archive". Navy News Service.
- "Enterprise". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command.
- "USS Enterprise CVAN/CVN-65 Association".
- "AO3 Smitty's Enterprise Page".
- "USS Enterprise (CVN 65)". Navy site.
- "USS Enterprise CVN-65". US Carriers.
- USS Enterprise (CVAN-65/CVN-65) command histories from Naval History & Heritage Command
Preceded by USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63) |
Oldest active combat ship of the United States Navy 2009 – 2012 |
Succeeded by USS Nimitz (CVN-68) |


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Analyst confidently lays out GTA timeline
While gamers debate the existence of Grand Theft Auto IV on the iPhone, a gaming analyst has forecast that two more downloadable episodes of the game will be launched before GTA V is unveiled. Rockstar has already confirmed that GTA IV's second downloadable episode, The Ballad of Gay Tony, will be launched this autumn. But Todd …
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UA named a 'Best Value' college
Published 9:42 AM CST Feb 19, 2013
The University of Arkansas has been recognized as one of the top 75 public schools on The Princeton Review's "2013 Best Value Colleges" list.
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Tulsa 66ers forward Larry Owens scored 12 points on 4-of-7 shooting for the West team in 19 minutes at the 2011 D-League All-Star Game Saturday in Los Angeles. But the East team comes away with the 115-108 win over the West.
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Cities are the greatest legacy of humanity and the greatest achievement of our civilization. Around the world and through the centuries cities have endured and survived wars, famine, natural disasters, epidemics, crumbling empires, and the disappearance of the gods, kings and queens for whom they were built. But we have to keep improving our cities, and doing that means making our cities better for those who live in them and for those yet to be born in a world that will be from here on forever urban. Today half of humanity lives in towns and cities, and the trends show that this figure will increase to two-thirds within the next two generations. This is why the theme chosen for World Habitat Day, Better city, better life is so important to all of us. To that I would add the term smarter city, for it is only a smart city that can provide its citizens with a better life in our planet's new urban era. It is an era we are entering with many unknowns, especially when it comes to the global impact of climate change. We have all the tools at our disposal in good science to mitigate against most such problems. We also have the tools and knowhow for good governance, education – especially for women and girls – health services, toilets for all, or energy efficiency. We are smart, but we have to be smarter. And World Habitat Day 2010 is an occasion to highlight five strategic steps that can be taken:
As we move into a world of better cities with smarter policies, these are the five essential catalysts for success and a better life for all.


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Home > Test and Measurement > Benchtop, Rack Mountable
Superior Measurements with a Differential Amplifier
Making an accurate measurement requires an unbroken chain of signal integrity from the point of connection through the conversion to a numerical value. This article explores the initial connection and immediate circuitry that conveys the signal of interest to the measurement system.
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- Home /
- Search results for: Miter Sled
Search results forMiter Sled
- Products (28)
- How-To Articles (31)
Flush Mount Miter Slot Hardware Kit
…his package lets you fix jigs to any standard miter slot — with no protruding knobto get in the way. Perfect for crosscut sleds or any jig requiring a smooth surface foroperation. Includes two expandable miter slot adapter to fit any standard 3/4" wide x 3/8"…
$6.99 -
Incra Build-It System Components
…variety of jigs and fixtures. Modular system allows you to interchange parts for anything from simple shooter boards to deluxe crosscut, miter and coping sleds. It's perfect for expensive specialty items like tenoning jigs. Unlike conventional jigs, you can add features or redesign at any time.…
From: $10.99 -
Kreg Perfect Miter Attachment
…ur "Perfect Miter" attachment is designed to support the mitered end of a board so that the sharp point of the miter is not damaged while cutting. The attachment also allows the mitered end to be measured off of two points of contact instead of the toe of the miter, creating increased…
$22.49 -
45 Degree Miter Sled
…erfect miters - no adjustments! Simply cut one piece on the leading face, one on the trailing face, and voila! Since both pieces reference off a perfect 90° angle, the miters will fit perfectly.* Pre-installed adjustable nylon pins provide a no-slop fit to the miter track.*…
$25.99 -
Cutoff Platform for Rockler Cross Cut Sled
…his sled accessory secures to smaller table saws, providing zero-clearance workpiece support for safe, splinter-free cuts. The 1/2" thick MDF platform features a smooth sliding melamine surface and a locking aluminum miter bar. Use only with our Crosscut Sled for Portable…
$28.99 -
iGaging Digital Miter Saw Gauge
…hen fine tuning miters, a little "error" can add up to a lot of "air" in your joints. But this easy-to-read digital gauge solves the problem by furnishing any miter saw with ultra-fine…
Dewalt DWS5028 Track Saw Miter Gauge
Track Saw Miter Gauge * 3 Year Limited Warranty Includes: * Track Saw Miter Gauge Features & Benefits: * For use with the Track Saw cutting system.* Adds accurate mitering capability to the Track Saw System.* Self-aligning design requires no calibration.
$47.99 -
Incra Miter Gauge V27
…affordable Incra miter gauge ever!* Engineered to provide high performance for your table saw, band saw, router table, disk sander, belt sander or any other tool in need of a better miter gauge. Technical Details:* Features exclusive AngleLock indexing system* Adjustable GlideLock miter bar with…
$67.99 -
Taper / Straight Line Jig
…3/8" x 3/4" miter slot and features a large, ergonomic handle for smooth push-action performance throughout the cut. Plus, with the miter bar removed it doubles as a stable straight line ripping jig. * Measures 31-5/8" x 7-3/4".* Constructed of 1/2" thick MDF.* Includes 36" miter bar.* Indexing…
$77.99 -
Rockler Router Table Box Joint Jig
…standard 3/4" miter slot, this jig features a smooth-sliding backer sled and three precision-machined aluminum indexing keys to give you air-tight joints with either 1/4", 3/8" or 1/2" spacing. Works with stock up to 3/4" thick. * For compatibility, the near edge of your table's miter track must be…
$79.99 -
Incra® Miter V120 Gauge
…operation with this premium miter gauge. Laser-cut AngleLOCK stops in 1° increments from +/- 60° (plus special stops at +/- 22.5°) give you ultra-fine precision across the board, while a GlideLOCK miter bar adjusts for a no-slop fit in any standard miter slot. The V120 offers the…
$84.99 -
Incra Miter Gauge 1000
…67-1/2 °.* GlideLOCK Miter Bar with six expansion points allows you to adjust both sides of the bar for zero side play, anti-friction travel on all table saws with standard (or near standard) miter gauge channels. This means the bar won't wiggle around in the miter slot!* With 18" Incra track…
$109.99 -
Portable Cross Cut Sled
…Nylon set screws in the miter bar are adjustable to eliminate slop.* Adjustable 90° stop.* Requires standard miter track (3/4" wide x 3/8" deep) For complete zero-clearance support on both sides of the blade, pair the sled with our new smaller Crosscut Sled Drop-Off Platform (22064).
$119.99 -
Carter Accuright® Log Mill™
…and save money by cutting your own lumber!* Easy to use and quick to set up* Uses the miter slot on your bandsaw for accurate cuts* Resaws ordinary logs into any desired thickness * Sled system that uses the miter slot in your bandsaw to cut and square raw wood logs* Heavy-duty steel right angle…
Portable Cross Cut Sled with Cutoff Platform
…replacement.* Nylon set screws in the miter bar are adjustable to eliminate slop.* Adjustable 90° stop.* Requires standard miter track (3/4" wide x 3/8" deep)* Note: For compatibility, the right edge of your table saw's left-hand miter track (in which the sled would mount) must be between…
Tablesaw CrossCut Sled with FREE CrossCut Sled Drop-Off Platform
…ablesaw CrossCut Sled No more squinting at those tiny scales - this Crosscut Sled's large protractor scale lets you precisely tune your angles for air-tight miters and crosscuts. Easy-to-read…
Kreg™ Precision Miter Gauge System
…machine shops strive for!* Add to that the perfect, repeatable dimensions you'll get from the precision flip stop, and you can say "goodbye" to mitered joint gaps forever. Technical Details:* Factory calibrated and accurate right out of the box.* Micro-adjusts to 1/100th of a degree (.003" over 6")…
$139.00 -
Kreg™ Precision Miter Gauge System with FREE Kreg™ Multi-Purpose Push Stick
…reg™ Precision Miter Gauge System Positive…
Tablesaw CrossCut Sled
…Spring-loaded ball bearings in the miter bar have adjustable tension to eliminate slop.* Adjustable 90° stop.* Requires standard miter track 3/4" w x 3/8" deep* Right edge of miter bar is 6" from right edge of un-cut platform. Optional Crosscut Sled Drop-Off Platform also available.
$139.99 -
Incra Build It Starter Kit
…to suit your needs.* Adjustable Angle Crosscut Jig* Coping Sled* Disc Sander Jig* Shooter Board Squaring Jig* Tenoning Jig Features:* (1) Large Build-It Panel* (1) Small Build-It Panel* (2) 18" T-Slot Panel Connector* (1) 18" Miter Slider* (1) Build-It Clamp* (1) pr. Build-It Brackets* (1) set…
$146.99 -
Incra Miter Express Miter Sled
…pgrade any miter gauge to a miter sled in seconds!* Makes cutting multiple pieces with precision a snap.* Safely doubles any miter gauge's crosscut range up to 24" and eliminates all side play to improve your miter gauge's performance.*…
$159.99 -
Incra® Miter 1000SE with Telescoping Fence
…chieve mitering accuracy that you never thought possible! Special Edition miter gauge comes with sturdy telescoping fence and dual-arm Flip Shop Stop for accurate miter cuts on…
$159.99 -
Festool CMS Miter Gauge 488451
…ntended for use with the Festool CMS line of router tables and the FestoolSliding Table (43850, sold separately), the Festool Miter Gauge provides aprecise reference fence for accurate, repeatable routing. Use it for cutting miters,angled cope cuts, cross-cuts,…


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The Kelty Gunnison 4.1 backpacking tent offers an excellent set of features at an affordable price. With 2 doors, 2 vestibules and 57 square feet of floor space, the Gunnison 4.1 is a whole lot of tent for the money.
Easy to pitch, lightweight and very well ventilated, the Kelty Salida 4 three-season tent is an ideal choice for backpackers on a budget. The Salida 4 has the features backpackers want at a price that's hard to beat.
Priced to appeal to cost-conscious backpackers and campers, the no-frills Kelty Grand Mesa 3 tent provides excellent value and reliable durability for 3-season use.
A 3-person version of the award-winning Hubba Hubba backpacking tent, the MSR Mutha Hubba features two stay-dry entrances with ample vestibules and an extended interior space through unique, freestanding pole design.
Catering to backcountry travelers seeking a lightweight, affordable shelter and decent interior space, the Marmot Eclipse 3P backpacking tent offers freestanding, full weather protection for three and weighs just less than 5 pounds!
The Jack Rabbit SL 4 tent is an excellent balance of weight, livability, durability and affordability. This combination makes the Jack Rabbit SL 4 a great option for 3-season backpacking or camping.
Priced to appeal to cost-conscious backpackers and campers, the solid and functional Kelty Grand Mesa 4 tent provides reliable 3-season performance at an affordable price.
The award-winning Copper Spur UL 3 tent is built for lightweight, 3-season backpacking. The balance of weight and performance is ideal for ounce-counting backpackers who don't want to skimp entirely on creature comforts.
The Kelty Gunnison 3.1 backpacking tent offers an excellent set of features at an affordable price. With 2 doors, 2 vestibules and 48 square feet of floor space, the Gunnison 3.1 is a whole lot of tent for the money.
Ideal for backpackers, the Kelty Trail Ridge 3 tent delivers reliable 3-season performance at a budget-friendly price. The Trail Ridge 3 offers easy set-up, room for three and provides excellent ventilation in hot and humid conditions.
The Sierra Designs Zilla 3 three-season tent is an ideal choice for backpackers on a budget. The Zilla 3 is easy to pitch and very well ventilated. Two doors and two vestibules offer plenty of space for sleeping and storage.
The freestanding Sierra Designs Zia 3 tent uses Sierra Designs' efficient Stretch Dome design, dual doors and twin vestibules to create maximum livability for 3-season backpackers or campers. A free footprint adds greater value and protection.
Designed especially for car and family camping (not for backpacking)
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Last updated on 03/16/14 UTC
Christiansburg Overview
Coldwell Banker Helps You Learn More About Christiansburg, Virginia Real Estate
Christiansburg, Virginia is located in Montgomery. Nearby cities and towns include Belview, Blacksburg, Merrimac, Plum Creek and Riner. Christiansburg is a suburban community with a population of 21,671. The median household income in Christiansburg is $50,251. 63% of residents are married and families with children reside in 31% of Christiansburg households. Half the population of Christiansburg commutes 18 minutes or more to work, with 77% of residents holding white collar jobs and 23% residents holding blue collar jobs.
The median age of homes in Christiansburg, VA is 22 years, with 61% of those homes owned, 30% rented and 7% not occupied. In the previous year, 0 Christiansburg properties were sold. The median sale price of a home in Christiansburg in the previous year was $156,295. Find a Coldwell Banker real estate agent in Christiansburg, Virginia today.
Homes for Sale around Christiansburg
255 Hunters Ridge Ln.
Christiansburg, VA 24073
3 Beds, 1 Baths -
165 James Street
Christiansburg, VA 24073
3 Beds, 2 Baths -
60 Second Street
Christiansburg, VA 24073
4 Beds, 2 Baths -
955 Church Street
Christiansburg, VA 24073
2 Beds, 1 Baths -
350 Gold Leaf Drive
Christiansburg, VA 24073
4 Beds, 3 Baths -
1712 Lions Drive
Christiansburg, VA 24073
3 Beds, 2 Baths -
1130 Hans Meadow Road
Christiansburg, VA 24073
3 Beds, 3 Baths -
350 Robin Hood Drive
Christiansburg, VA 24073
3 Beds, 2 Baths
Cities Near
- Belspring
- Belview
- Blacksburg
- Elliston
- Fairlawn
- Lafayette
- Merrimac
- New River
- Parrott
- Plum Creek
- Prices Fork
- Radford
- Riner
- Shawsville
- Snowville
Virginia Demographics Data
Christiansburg Demographics Data
Virginia Real Estate Statistics
Christiansburg Real Estate Statistics
Christiansburg Real Estate Offices
Real Estate Careers Near Christiansburg
Real Estate Agent,
Coldwell Banker Townside, Realtors |
Blacksburg, VA
Coldwell Banker Townside, Realtors, located in Blacksburg, VA Coldwell Banker Townside, REALTORS is always seeking top quality agents to add to their team of professionals. If you are a goal-driven, service-oriented e...
Sales Associate,
Coldwell Banker Select Real Estate, Inc. |
Wytheville, VA
Coldwell Banker Select Real Estate, Inc., located in Wytheville, VA Considering a new career? A career in real estate offers a lifetime of rewards- you'll connect people with the dream of homeownership and set your schedule ba...
Christiansburg Real Estate Agents