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How the health care law affects ...
-- Employed and single
Currently: Health but cannot afford coverage
Under the law: He could purchase health insurance through the exchange, an open marketplace where insurance companies will offer coverage plans. If his income is below $46,000, he would qualify for a federal premium subsidy.
-- Couple with high out-of-pocket expenses
Currently: Limited insurance coverage through employer
Under the law: Their out-of-pocket costs will probably not change. Because the premium for the employer coverage the couple has does not exceed 9.5 percent of their income, they will not be eligible for a subsidy through the exchange
-- Family with small business
Currently: Can afford coverage for themselves but not employees
Under the law: If they purchase coverage for their employees through the exchange, they will be eligible for a subsidy. They could offer employees coverage through the exchange, and would be eligible for a two-year tax credit of up to 50 percent of the costs.
-- Owner of small business with fewer than 50 employees
Currently: Can afford coverage for his employees
Under the law: He could continue to offer his employees the current insurance. Any changes he makes would have to include a comprehensive set of benefits, certain preventive services with no cost-sharing and a $2,000 limit on deductibles. He could purchase insurance through the exchange, which may be cheaper. Because he has fewer than 50 employees, he has the option of dropping the coverage.
-- Single with pre-existing condition
Currently: Has full-time job that does not offer insurance
Under the law: She can purchase insurance through the exchange. With a subsidy, her premium will be about $250 a month. Her coverage also will likely have a substantial deductible. Between now and 2014, she could be eligible for support through a pre-existing condition insurance plan.
-- Unemployed and uninsured
Currently: Faces significant medical bills.
Under the law: With income below 138 percent of the federal poverty level, he would be eligible for Medicaid and would receive benefits, comparable to those available through the exchange. Any premiums and copayments would be nominal.
States have work to do
Where do Alabama, Georgia and Tennessee stand on implementing the federal health care overhaul?
-- Number of uninsured: 720,000 residents, or about 15.4 percent of population
-- Where the state stands: Republican Gov. Robert Bentley, a physician, created a commission in 2011 to recommend a plan for a health insurance exchange, but he successfully opposed efforts by some legislators to enact one in May. Critics said the bill would have limited the exchange to companies operating statewide, which is one at this point. Bentley said it was premature to act before the Supreme Court ruled
-- What happens now: Bentley said he will have to study the ruling before deciding what to do about an exchange.
-- Number of uninsured: 1,905,000 residents, or 19 percent of population
-- Where the state stands: Georgia has not implemented the health care exchanges. State lawmakers have introduced bills that would either allow or hinder implementation of the law, though none have passed
-- What happens now: Gov. Nathan Deal, a Republican, opposes the health care overhaul and voted against it while a congressman. But Deal has said he would prefer that Georgia authorities, not the federal government, implement the exchanges.
-- Number of uninsured: About 930,000 residents, or 15 percent of population
-- Where the state stands: Tennessee has laid the groundwork for a health insurance exchange but would have to wait until the Legislature returns in January to complete it
-- What happens now: Republican Gov. Bill Haslam says the state is prepared to implement the requirements of the health care law, despite his concerns about the cost. The state has kept more than $200 million of surplus revenues in reserve to help defray those costs.


text:
The Law Office of Spix & Martin
Legal Services for Real People, Estate Planning, Tenant Rights. We are Here to Help You!
1505 East 17th Street Suite 230 - Santa Ana, CA 92705
(714) 835-5112
Tell us more about your case so that we can show you lawyers that serve your area.
Legal Services for Real People, Estate Planning, Tenant Rights. We are Here to Help You!
1505 East 17th Street Suite 230 - Santa Ana, CA 92705
(714) 835-5112
Quality Legal Services at Affordable Prices for Californians
1833 E. 17th Street Suite 307 - Santa Ana, CA 92705
909 285-4673
Certified specialist. Real solutions, no gimmicks!
1503 South Coast Drive Suite 209 - Costa Mesa, CA 92626
(714) 433-7185
From our offices in Newport Beach and Riverside, our law firm counsels individuals and families throughout Orange County and Riverside County in the areas of Estate Planning, Family Law, and Prenuptial and Marital agreements.
620 Newport Center Drive Suite 1100 - Newport Beach, CA 92660
(800) 756-1091
Southern California Civil Practice Attorney Helping You With Your Legal Needs
24012 Calle De La Plata, Suite 410, California Bank & Trust Building - Laguna Hills, CA 92653
(949) 859-8456
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(949) 340-9737
Bob Bolinger graduated cume laude from Southwestern University School of Law in Los Angeles (1978) after military service as a Special Agent-Military Intelligence in the U.S. Army. He is a former Administrative Law Judge for the state of California.
41 Corporate Park Suite 320 - Irvine , CA 92606
(714) 767-3406

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Why I'm choosing the Kindle with Special Offers
There was quite the hullabaloo last week regarding Amazon's new Kindles.
Turns out that the Kindle Paperwhite and Kindle Fire HD tablets were all "Special Offers" models, meaning they'd display ads on their lock screens and main home screens.
Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos neglected to mention this when announcing the prices for all these Kindles, causing a minor uproar in the hours that followed -- especially when Amazon reps said there would be no way to opt out. Then, barely a day later, Bezos and Co. reversed course and gave Kindle Fire customers the option of … Read more


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Took a few pictures of the snow starting to fall In the Wellington Heights area of SE Cedar Rapids around 11:30 pm on Jan. 11, 2012. Wanted to share. :)
Snow starting to Fall in SE Cedar Rapids
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Colonialtown Square Park
Colonialtown Square Park is named after the neighborhood in which it is located, on Ferncreek Avenue north of Colonial Drive. This .8-acre pocket park provides a quiet place to sit and enjoy the landscaped plaza as well as a meeting place for the surrounding neighborhood. Leashed pets are allowed at all City parks, but not in playgrounds or athletic fields. Please clean up after your pet.


text:
Tweeted By an Angel: Warm Weather, Shadow Boxing and JUMBACOS!!!!!
Another week, another collection of the best tweets (term "best" used loosely) from LA Angels players and personnel. This week, C.J. Wilson loves warm weather, Hank Conger hates shadow boxers and JUMBACOS!!!!!!!!!
Remember how there were all these rumors that C.J. Wilson was always going to sign with the Angels because he badly wanted to live in California again? Well, rumors confirmed:
9am, 62F.This life feels like a fantasy sometimes
— C.J. Wilson (@str8edgeracer) January 13, 2012
As a guy who moved from Santa Barbara to Seattle a few months ago and has now been stuck in my house all week because Seattle is experiencing "Snowmageddon," I can confirm that a gorgeous 62-degree today would be a fantasy for me right now too.
If you work out at the same gym as Hank Conger, don't be this guy:
Dear shadow boxer at 24,Unless ur going up against Money Mayweather or GSP in the next couple of months, I do not want to see ur moves
— Hank Conger (@HankConger16) January 14, 2012
That's awfully big talk for a guy who has been taking yoga classes all winter.
Hey, Angel prospect C.J. Cron, what happens if first you take a Jumbo Jack and then you add two tacos?
What do ya get? JUMBACO! JUMBACO!
— C.J. Cron (@CCron24) January 15, 2012
Am I the only one who is actually disappointed that the Jumbaco isn't a real thing? I would totally eat a Jumbaco. Judging by the size of C.J. Cron, I'm guessing he feels the exact same way.
And finally, we check in with our old friend Chevy Clarke who finally seems to be figuring out how not to be so annoying on Twitter:
— Chevez Chevy Clarke (@OfficialChevy) January 14, 2012
That is easily the most sane, rational, wise, well thought-out thing he has ever tweeted.
Like MWAH on Facebook | Follow MWAH on Twitter |


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Front Page Titles (by Subject) [I. DE IVRE CIVILI ET NATVRALI.] - Institutes of Roman Law
Return to Title Page for Institutes of Roman LawThe Online Library of LibertyA project of Liberty Fund, Inc.Search this Title:Also in the Library:
[I. DE IVRE CIVILI ET NATVRALI.] - Gaius, Institutes of Roman Law [160 AD]Edition used:Gai Institutiones or Institutes of Roman Law by Gaius, with a Translation and Commentary by the late Edward Poste, M.A. Fourth edition, revised and enlarged by E.A. Whittuck, M.A. B.C.L., with an historical introduction by A.H.J. Greenidge, D.Litt. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1904).
About Liberty Fund:Liberty Fund, Inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. Copyright information:The text is in the public domain. Fair use statement:This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit.
[I. DE IVRE CIVILI ET NATVRALI.]§ 1.Omnes populi qui legibus et moribus reguntur partim suo proprio, partim communi omnium hominum iure utuntur; nam quod quis|que populus ipse sibi ius constituit, id ipsius proprium est uocaturque ius ciuile, quasi ius proprium ciuitatis; quod uero naturalis ratio inter omnes homines constituit, id apud omnes populos peraeque custoditur uocaturque ius gentium, quasi quo iure omnes gentes utuntur. populus itaque Romanus partim suo proprio, partim communi omnium hominum iure utitur. quae singula qualia sint, suis locis proponemus. Dig. 1, 1, 9 (Gaius), Inst. 1, 2, 1. § 2. Constant autem iura populi Romani ex legibus, plebiscitis, senatusconsultis, constitutionibus principum, edictis eorum qui ius edicendi habent, responsis prudentium. Inst. 1, 2, 3. § 3. Lex est quod populus iubet atque constituit. Plebiscitum est quod plebs iubet atque constituit. plebs autem a populo eo distat, quod populi appellatione uniuersi ciues significantur, connumeratis etiam patriciis; plebis autem appellatione sine patriciis ceteri ciues significantur; unde olim patricii dicebant plebiscitis se non teneri, quia sine auctoritate eorum facta essent; sed postea lex Hortensia lata est, qua cautum est ut plebiscita uniuersum populum tenerent; itaque eo modo legibus exaequata sunt. Inst. 1, 2, 4. § 4. Senatusconsultum est quod senatus iubet atque constituit, idque legis uicem optinet, quamuis fuerit quaesitum. Inst. 1, 2, 5. § 5. Constitutio principis est quod imperator decreto uel edicto uel epistula constituit. nec umquam dubitatum est, quin id legis uicem optineat, cum ipse imperator per legem imperium accipiat Inst. 1, 2, 6; Dig. 1, 4, 1. § 6. ——— ius autem edicendi habent magistratus populi Romani; sed amplissimum ius est in edictis duorum praetorum, urbani et peregrini, quorum in prouinciis iurisdictionem praesides earum habent; item in edictis aedilium curulium, quorum iurisdictionem in prouinciis populi Romani quaestores habent; nam in prouincias Caesaris omnino quaestores non mittuntur, et ob id hoc edictum in his prouinciis non proponitur. Inst. 1, 2, 7. § 7. Responsa prudentium sunt sententiae et opiniones eorum quibus permissum est iura condere. quorum omnium si in unum sententiae concurrunt, id quod ita sentiunt legis uicem optinet; si uero dissentiunt, iudici licet quam uelit sententiam sequi; idque rescripto diui Hadriani significatur. Inst. 1, 2, 8. ON CIVIL LAW AND NATURAL LAW.§ 1. The laws of every people governed by statutes and customs are partly peculiar to itself, partly common to all mankind. The rules established by a given state for its own members are peculiar to itself, and are called jus civile; the rules constituted by natural reason for all are observed by all nations alike, and are called jus gentium. So the laws of the people of Rome are partly peculiar to itself, partly common to all nations; and this distinction shall be explained in detail in each place as it occurs. § 2. Roman law consists of statutes, plebiscites, senatusconsults, constitutions of the emperors, edicts of magistrates authorized to issue them, and opinions of jurists. § 3. A statute is a command and ordinance of the people: a plebiscite is a command and ordinance of the commonalty. The commonalty and the people are thus distinguished: the people are all the citizens, including the patricians; the commonalty are all the citizens, except the patricians. Whence in former times the patricians maintained that they were not bound by the plebiscites, as passed without their authority; but afterwards a statute called the lex Hortensia was enacted, which provided that the plebiscites should bind the people, and thus plebiscites were made co-ordinate with statutes. § 4. A senatusconsult is a command and ordinance of the senate, and has the force of a statute, a point which was formerly controverted. § 5. A constitution is law established by the emperor either by decree, edict, or letter; and was always recognized as having the force of a statute, since it is by a statute that the emperor himself acquires supreme executive power. § 6. Power to issue edicts is vested in magistrates of the people of Rome, the amplest authority belonging to the edicts of the two praetors, the home praetor and the foreign praetor, whose provincial jurisdiction is vested in the presidents of the provinces, and to the edicts of the curule aediles, whose jurisdiction in the provinces of the people of Rome is vested in quaestors: in the provinces of the emperor no quaestors are appointed, and in these provinces, accordingly, the edict of the aediles is not published. § 7. The answers of jurists are the decisions and opinions of persons authorized to lay down the law. If they are unanimous their decision has the force of law; if they disagree, the judge may follow whichever opinion he chooses, as is ruled by a rescript of the late emperor Hadrian. § 1. Jurisprudence treats exclusively of positive law: the exclusive origin of positive law is some positive enactment; the term positive enactment including both the express or direct enactments of the political sovereign, and the implied, indirect, circuitous enactments imported by the sovereign's acquiescence in the ruling of subordinate authorities. (See Holland's Jurisprudence, chs. 2-5.) The rules and principles denoted by the terms praetor-made law, jurist-made law, judge-made law, are only law because they are impliedly adopted, confirmed, and ratified by the silent acquiescence of the sovereign. The organ by which the jus gentium of the Romans was promulgated, which made it by indirect enactment a portion of Roman Positive law, was principally the Edict of the Praetor. The relations of Roman citizens with aliens (peregrini), that is, with the members of foreign states formerly subjugated by Rome and now living under the protection of Roman law, as well as of aliens in their intercourse with one another, became, about 242 b. c., so frequent as to be made subject to the jurisdiction of a special minister of justice called Praetor peregrinus, who, like the Praetor urbanus, published an annual edict announcing the principles on which justice would be administered. These principles composed jus gentium as opposed to jus civium. Jus gentium, that is to say, was not really, as Roman jurists imagined or represented, a collection of the principles common to the legislation of all nations, but a body of rules which the Roman praetor thought worthy to govern the intercourse of Roman citizens with the members of all, originally independent, but now subject, foreign nations. Gradually the rules originating in this way were extended to the intercourse of citizens with citizens, in cases where the rigorous conditions of jus civile were not exactly satisfied, and so precepts of jus gentium were transferred from the edict of praetor peregrinus to the edict of praetor urbanus. The portion of the edict most fertile in principles of jus gentium would be the clauses in which the praetor announced, as he did in some cases, that he would instruct the judex, whom he appointed to hear and determine a controversy, to govern himself by a consideration of what was aequum et bonum, i. e. by his views of equity and expediency: and if any of the oral formularies of the earliest system of procedure (legis actiones) contained these or equivalent terms, such formularies may be regarded as a source of jus gentium. It may be observed that Gaius does not, like some other Roman jurists and notably Ulpian (cf. Dig. 1, 1, 1, 3; Inst. 1, 2 pr.), make any distinction between jus gentium and jus naturale. There is nothing in his writings, as they have come down to us, to draw attention to the fact that the teaching of nature may not be in accordance with the practice of nations, as the institution of slavery showed. Another organ of quasi publication, whereby the rules of jus gentium were transformed from ideal law to positive law—from laws of Utopia to laws of Rome—were the writings of the jurists, who, at first with the tacit, afterwards with the express permission of the legislature, engaged, nominally in interpreting, really in extending the law, about the time of Cicero (De Legibus, § 1, 5), transferred to the edict of the praetor the activity which they had formerly displayed in developing the law of the Twelve Tables and the statutes of the Comitia. By these means, supplemented and confirmed by statute law and custom, the jus gentium gradually increased in importance, and gave the Roman empire its universal law. Jus civile, i. e. jus civium or law peculiar to citizens, was the law of the Twelve Tables, augmented by subsequent legislation, by juristic interpretation, and by consuetudinary law. The institutions of jus civile may be exemplified by such titles to property as Mancipatio and In Jure Cessio, contracts by the form of Nexum and Sponsio, title to intestate succession by Agnatio or civil relationship; while corresponding institutions of jus gentium were the acquisition of property by Tradition, contract by Stipulation without the solemn term Spondeo, title to intestate succession by Cognatio or natural relationship. Other departments of life were not subject to parallel institutes of jus civile and jus gentium, but the mutual relations of citizens with citizens as well as of citizens with aliens were exclusively controlled by jus gentium: e. g. the informal contracts called Consensual, such as buying and selling, letting and hiring, partnership; and the informal contracts called Real, such as the contract of loan for use or loan for consumption. Titles to ownership (jus in rem), according to jus gentium, which ultimately superseded civil titles, are explained at large in Book II. In respect of Obligation (jus in personam), jus gentium may be divided into two classes, according to the degree in which it was recognized by Civil law:— A. A portion of jus gentium was recognized as a ground of Action. To this class belong (1) the simple or Formless contracts to which we have alluded, (2) obligations to indemnify grounded on delict, (3) rights quasi ex contractu to recover property when it has been lost by one side and gained by the other without any right to retain it. Dig. 12, 6, 14 and Dig. 25, 2, 25. Actions founded on this obligation to restore (condictiones), although it was a species of naturalis obligatio, Dig. 12, 6, 15 pr., were as rigorous (stricti juris) as any in the Civil code. In these cases the obligatio, though naturalis as founded in jus gentium, yet, as actionable, was said to be civilis obligatio, not naturalis, Dig. 19, 5, 5, 1. The two eminently Civil spheres of the law of obligation were (1) specialty or Formal contracts, and (2) penal suits. Yet even into these provinces jus gentium forced a partial entrance. We shall see that aliens could be parties to a Stipulatio or Verbal contract, though not by the Civil formulary, Spondeo 3 § 93; and to Transcriptio, at least of one kind, 3 § 133, which was a form of Literal contract; and could be made plaintiffs or defendants in penal suits by means of the employment of certain Fictions, 4 § 37. This, however, was rather the extension of jus civile to aliens than the intrusion of jus gentium into a Civil province. B. Other rights and obligations of jus gentium were not admitted as direct grounds for maintaining an action, yet were otherwise noticed by the institutes of civil jurisprudence and indirectly enforced. Thus a merely naturalis obligatio, though not actionable, might (1) furnish a ground of an equitable defence (exceptio): for instance, on payment of a merely natural debt the receiver has a right of retention, and can bar the suit to recover it back as a payment made in error (condictio indebiti soluti) by pleading the naturalis obligatio, Dig. 12, 6, 64; or the defendant can meet a claim by Compensatio, 4 § 61, cross demand or set-off, of a debt that rests on merely naturalis obligatio, Dig. 40, 7, 20, 2: or a merely naturalis obligatio might (2) form the basis of an accessory obligation, such as Suretyship (fidejussio) 3 § 119 a, or Guaranty (constitutum) Dig. 13, 5, 1, 7, or Mortgage (pignus) Dig. 20, 1, 5 pr., or Novation, 3 § 176, Dig. 46, 2, 1, 1, all institutions, which are themselves direct grounds of action. Though these rights and obligations of natural law are imperfect (obligatio tantum naturalis) as not furnishing immediate grounds of action, yet, as being partially and indirectly enforced by Roman tribunals, they clearly compose a portion of Positive law. Cf. 3 §§ 88, 89 comm. § 3. Plebiscites as well as the enactments of the Comitia populi were called Leges, and were named after the tribunes by whom they were carried, as the leges proper (rarely called populiscita) were named after the consul, praetor or dictator by whom they were carried. Thus Lex Canuleia, Lex Aquilia, 3 § 210, Lex Atinia, Inst. 2, 6, 2, Lex Furia testamentaria, 2 § 225, were plebiscites named after tribunes, while the Lex Valeria Horatia was named after two consuls, the Lex Publilia and Lex Hortensia were named after dictators, the Lex Aurelia, 70 b. c., after a praetor. (As to the history of plebiscita and leges and of the other sources of Roman law cf. Historical Introduction and see Smith's Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiquities, 3rd ed. s. v.) § 4. The legislative power of the senate was in the time of the republic a matter of controversy. It is certain that it had a power of issuing certain administrative decrees or instructions to magistrates that was hardly distinguishable from legislation. Under the emperors matters were changed. Legislation by the Comitia, though spoken of by Gaius in the present tense, had ceased to be a reality after the time of Tiberius, and the last recorded lex was passed in the reign of Nerva. As early as the time of Augustus the auctoritas of the senate began to be regarded as the essential process in making a law, and the subsequent rogatio of the Comitia as a mere formality, which was finally omitted. Senatusconsults, like laws, were sometimes named after the consuls who proposed them, though this is not in their case an official designation; they are sometimes even called leges: thus the measure which Gaius calls Sc. Claudianum, § 84, is subsequently referred to by him under the name of lex, § 157, 4 §§ 85, 86. Ulpian says, Non ambigitur senatum jus facere posse. Dig. 1, 3, 9. Of course, these senatusconsults were merely a disguised form of imperial constitution. The sovereignty had in fact passed from both patricians and plebeians to the hands of the princeps. A measure was recommended by the emperor in an oratio or epistola to the senate, and then proposed by the consul who convoked the senate, and voted by the senate without opposition. Hence a senatusconsult is sometimes called oratio, e. g. oratio divi Marci, Dig. 2, 12, 1 pr. Even this form was finally disused. No senatusconsult relating to matters of civil law occurs after the time of Septimius Severus. § 5. Although when Gaius wrote the emperor had not yet acquired the formal right of making statutes, his supreme executive power enabled him to give to his constitutions the same force as if they had been leges. The legal origin and character of the different forms of imperial constitution has been much controverted, and certainly varied at different periods. Edicts were legislative ordinances issued by the emperor in virtue of the jurisdiction appertaining to him as highest magistrate, and were analogous to the edicts of the praetors and aediles. In the time of Gaius they had only binding force during the life of the emperor who issued them, requiring the confirmation of his successor for their continuing validity; but from the reign of Diocletian, when the empire assumed an autocratic form, their duration ceased to be thus limited. Decreta were judicial decisions made by the emperor as the highest appellate tribunal: or in virtue of his magisterial jurisdiction, and analogous to the extraordinaria cognitio of the praetor. Epistolae or rescripta were answers to inquiries addressed to the emperor by private parties or by judges. They may be regarded as interpretations of law by the emperor as the most authoritative juris peritus. Cf. § 94 comm. Some examples of direct legal changes made by early emperors are recorded, as the right conferred by the edict of Claudius mentioned in § 32 c of this book. The words of Gaius explaining why constitutions had the force of law seem to be imperfect, and may be supplemented from Justinian, who openly asserts for himself absolute authority: Sed et quod principi placuit legis habet vigorem: cum lege regia, quae de imperio ejus lata est, populus ei et in eum omne suum imperium et potestatem concessit, Inst. 1, 2, 6. The lex imperii, Cod. 6, 23, 6, was called in this and in the corresponding passage of the Digest (1, 4, 1) attributed to Ulpian, lex regia, in memory of the lex curiata, whereby the kings were invested with regal power. According to Cicero the king was proposed by the senate and elected by the Comitia Curiata, and the election was ratified in a second assembly presided over by the king: e. g. Numam Pompilium regem, patribus auctoribus, sibi ipse populus adscivit, qui ut huc venit, quanquam populus curiatis eum comitiis regem esse jusserat, tamen ipse de suo imperio curiatam legem tulit, De Republ. 2, 13. According to Mommsen and other modern writers, however, the later Roman idea, that the king was elected by the Comitia, is wrong, the lex curiata having been passed, not to elect a king, but merely to ratify a previous election or nomination. A lex curiata was also passed to confer on a Roman magistratus his imperium, and similarly the Roman emperor derived some of his powers from leges, but it seems a mistake to suppose that in the time of the principate a single lex gave him his entire authority. A fragment of a bronze tablet, on which was inscribed the lex investing Vespasian with sovereign powers, was discovered at Rome in the fourteenth century, and is still preserved in the Capitol. § 6. Huschke points out that the vacant space in the MS. before jus probably contained a definition of Edicta. All the higher magistrates of Rome were accustomed to issue edicts or proclamations. Thus the consuls convoked the comitia, the army, the senate, by edict: the censors proclaimed the approaching census by edict: the aediles issued regulations for the market by edict: and magistrates with jurisdiction published edicts announcing the rules they would observe in the administration of justice, the Edicts of the Praetor urbanus, Praetor peregrinus, Aediles curules being called Edicta urbana, while the Edicts of the governors of provinces were called Edicta provincialia. These edicts, besides being orally proclaimed, were written on white tablets (in albo) and suspended in the forum: apud forum palam ubi de plano legi possit, Probus, 'in the forum in an open space where persons standing on the ground may read.' Such an edict was always published on entering on office (est enim tibi jam, cum magistratum inieris et in concionem adscenderis, edicendum quae sis observaturus in jure dicendo, Cic. De Fin. 2, 22), and was then called Edictum perpetuum, as opposed to occasional proclamations, Edictum repentinum. A clause (pars, caput, clausula, edictum) retained from a former edict was called Edictum tralaticium, Gellius, 3, 18; and though doubtless the edicts gradually changed according to changing emergencies, each succeeding praetor with very slight modifications substantially reproduced the edict of his predecessor. In the reign of Hadrian the jurist Salvius Julianus, called by Justinian Praetoriani edicti ordinator, reduced the edict to its definite form, and if the yearly publication was not discontinued (cf. § 6, jus edicendi habent), at all events Julian's co-ordination of Praetorian law was embodied in all subsequent publications. Such was the origin of jus honorarium (praetorium, aedilicium), as opposed to jus civile: and from what has preceded, it need hardly be stated that the antithesis, jus civile, jus honorarium, is to a great extent coincident with the antithesis, jus civile, jus gentium. It may be observed that Gaius does not attribute to edicts the force of a statute: and this theoretical inferiority of jus honorarium had a vast influence in modelling the forms and proceedings of Roman jurisprudence. The remedy or redress administered to a plaintiff who based his claim on jus civile differed from that administered on an appeal to jus honorarium, as we shall see when we come to treat of Bonitary ownership, Bonorum possessio, Actio utilis, in factum, ficticia. This difference of remedy preserved jus civile pure and uncontaminated, or at least distinguishable from jus honorarium; but this perpetuation of the memory of the various origins of the law, like the analogous distinction of Equity and Common law in English jurisprudence, was purchased by sacrificing simplicity of rule and uniformity of process. The legislative power of the popular assembly and the absence of legislative power in the senate and praetor were marked by a difference of style in the lex and plebiscite, edict, and decree of the senate: while the lex and plebiscite employed the imperative (damnas esto, jus potestasque esto, &c.), the resolutions of the senate scrupulously avoid the imperative and are clothed in the forms placere, censere, arbitrari, &c., as if they were rather recommendations than commands: and the edicts and the interdicts of the praetor are couched in the subjunctive (Exhibeas, Restituas, &c.), a milder form of imperative. Or to show that their force and operation is limited to his own tenure of office, they are expressed in the first person (actionem dabo, ratum habebo, vim fieri veto). Where he has authority to command he shows it by using the imperative, as in addressing the litigants (mittite ambo hominem, inite viam, redite, 4 § 13 comm.) or the judge (judex esto, condemnato, absolvito). Ihering, § 47. In the first period of the empire, that is, in the first three centuries of our era, it was the policy of the emperors to maintain a certain show of republican institutions, and the administration of the empire was nominally divided between the princeps or emperor and the people as represented by the senate. Thus, at Rome there were two sets of magistrates, the old republican magistrates with little real power, consuls, praetors, tribunes, quaestors, in outward form elected by the people; and the imperial nominees with much greater real authority, under the name of praefecti, the praefectus urbi, praefectus praetorio, praefectus vigilum, praefectus annonae, praefectus aerario; for though nominally the people and princeps had their separate treasuries under the name of aerarium and fiscus, yet the treasury of the people was not managed by quaestors as in the time of the republic, but by an official appointed by the emperor. Similarly the provinces were divided between the people and the prince, the people administering those which were peaceful and unwarlike, the prince those which required the presence of an army. The governor of a province, whether of the people or the emperor, was called Praeses Provinciae. The Praeses of a popular province was a Proconsul, and the chief subordinate functionaries were Legati, to whom was delegated the civil jurisdiction, and quaestors, who exercised a jurisdiction corresponding to that of the aediles in Rome. The emperor himself was in theory the Proconsul of an imperial province; but the actual governor, co-ordinate with the Proconsul of a senatorial province, was the Legatus Caesaris, while the financial administration and fiscal jurisdiction were committed to a functionary called Procurator Caesaris, instead of the republican Quaestor. Sometimes the same person united the office of Procurator and Legatus, as, for instance, Pontius Pilate. § 7. The opinions of a jurist had originally only the weight that was due to his knowledge and genius; but on the transfer of power from the hands of the people to those of the princeps, the latter recognized the expediency of being able to direct and inspire the oracles of jurisprudence; and accordingly Augustus converted the profession of jurist into a sort of public function, giving the decisions of certain authorized jurists the force of law, Pomponius in Dig. 1, 2, 49 (cf. Inst. 1, 2, 8). 'Until Augustus, the public decision of legal questions was not a right conferred by imperial grant, but any one who relied on his knowledge advised the clients who chose to consult him. Nor were legal opinions always given in a letter closed and sealed, but were generally laid before the judge in the writing or by the attestation of one of the suitors. Augustus, in order to increase their weight, enacted that they should be clothed with his authority, and henceforth this office was sought for as a privilege.' Those jurists who had the jus respondendi were called juris auctores. Their auctoritas resided, in the first instance, in their responsa, or the written opinions they gave when consulted on a single case, but in the second instance, doubtless, in their writings (sententiae et opiniones), which were mainly a compilation of their responsa, a fact which has left its traces in the disjointed and incoherent style which disagreeably characterizes Roman juristic literature. The jus respondendi instituted by Augustus and regulated by Tiberius, who themselves held the office of Pontifex Maximus, gave those to whom it belonged similar authority in interpreting law as had previously been exercised by the College of Pontifices—'omnium tamen harum et interpretandi scientia et actiones apud Collegium Pontificum erant, ex quibus constituebatur, quis quoque anno praeesset privatis' (Pomponius in Dig. 1, 2, 6; cf. Sohm, § 18). As to the mode of collecting the opinions of the juris auctores no precise information has come down to us, but § 6 shows that the duty of the judex, in the not uncommon event of the authorities differing in their opinions on a case, was open to doubt, till Hadrian's rescript allowed him under these circumstances to adopt the opinion he preferred. It may be gathered from the words 'quorum omnium' that all authorized jurists had to be consulted. The jus respondendi, as thus explained, may have continued in existence till the end of the third century, by which time the originative force of Roman jurisprudence had ceased. Instead of giving independent opinions jurists had become officials of the emperor, advising him in drawing rescripts and other affairs of imperial government. Legal authority rested in the writings of deceased juris auctores. (For a discussion of the causes of the decline of Roman Jurisprudence see Grueber's Art. in Law Quarterly Review, vii. 70.) In the course of centuries the accumulation of juristic writings of co-ordinate authority was a serious embarrassment to the tribunals. To remedy this evil, a. d. 426, Valentinian III enacted what is called the law of citations, Cod. Theodosianus, 1, 4, 3, limiting legal authority to the opinions of five jurists, Gaius, Papinian, Ulpian, Paulus, Modestinus, and of any other jurists whom these writers quoted, provided that such quotations should be verified by reference to the original writings of these jurists (codicum collatione firmentur—on the question of the way of interpreting these words cf. Sohm, p. 122, n. 1, § 21). In case of a divergence of opinion, the authorities were to be counted, and the majority was to prevail. In case of an equal division of authorities, the voice of Papinian was to prevail. a. d. 533, Justinian published his Digest or Pandects, a compilation of extracts from the writings of the jurists, to which, subject to such modifications as his commissioners had made in them, he gives legislative authority. Every extract, accordingly, is called a lex, and the remainder of the writings of the jurists is pronounced to be absolutely void of authority. To prevent the recurrence of the evil which his codification was intended to remove, and confident in the lucidity and adequacy of his Digest and Code, which latter is a compilation of imperial statute law after the model of the Theodosian code, Justinian prohibits for the future the composition of any juristic treatise or commentary on the laws. If any one should disregard the prohibition, the books are to be destroyed and the author punished as guilty of forgery (falsitas), Cod. 1, 17, 2, 21. The constitutions enacted by Justinian subsequent to the publication of his code are called Novellae, Constitutiones or Novels. We shall find frequent allusions, as we proceed in this treatise, to the existence of rival schools among the Roman juris auctores. This divergence of the schools dates from the first elevation of the jurist to a species of public functionary, namely, from the reign of Augustus, in whose time, as we have seen, certain jurists began to be invested by imperial diploma with a public authority. In his reign the rival oracles were M. Antistius Labeo and C. Ateius Capito: Hi duo primum veluti diversas sectas fecerunt, Dig. 1, 2, 47. 'The first founders of the two opposing sects.' From Labeo's works there are 61 extracts in the Digest, and Labeo is cited as an authority in the extracts from other jurists oftener than any one else except Salvius Julianus. From Sempronius Proculus, a disciple of Labeo, and of whom 37 fragments are preserved in the Digest, the school derived its name of Proculiani. Other noted jurists of this school were Pegasus, in the time of Vespasian; Celsus, in the time of Domitian, who gave rise to the proverb, responsio Celsina, a discourteous answer, and of whom 141 fragments are preserved; and Neratius, of whom 63 fragments are preserved. To the other school belonged Masurius Sabinus, who flourished under Tiberius and Nero, and from whom the sect were called Sabiniani. To the same school belonged Caius Cassius Longinus, who flourished under Nero and Vespasian, and from whom the sect are sometimes called Cassiani: Javolenus Priscus, of whom 206 fragments are preserved: Salvius Julianus, the famous Julian, above mentioned, of whom 456 fragments are preserved: Pomponius, of whom 578 fragments are preserved: Sextus Caecilius Africanus, celebrated for his obscurity, so that Africani lex in the language of lawyers meant lex difficilis, of whom 131 fragments are preserved: and, lastly, our author, Gaius, who flourished under Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, and from whose writings 535 extracts are to be found in the Digest. If we now inquire whether this divergence of schools was based on any difference of principle, the answer is, No: on none, at least, that modern commentators have succeeded in discovering: it was merely a difference on a multitude of isolated points of detail. We are told indeed that the founders were men of dissimilar characters and intellectual dispositions: that Labeo was characterized by boldness of logic and a spirit of innovation; while Capito rested on tradition and authority, and inclined to conservatism, Dig. 1, 2, 47; but it is altogether impossible to trace their opposing tendencies in the writings of their successors: and we must suppose that the intellectual impulse given by Labeo was communicated to the followers of both schools of jurisprudence. But though, as we have stated, no difference of principle was involved, each school was accustomed to follow its leaders or teachers (praeceptores) with much servility; and it is quite an exception to find, on a certain question, Cassius, a member of the Sabinian school, following the opinion of Labeo; while Proculus, who gave his name to Labeo's school, preferred the opinion of Ofilius, the teacher of Capito, 3 § 140; Gaius too, who was a Sabinian, sometimes inclines to the opinion of the rival school; cf. 3, § 98. Controversies between the two schools are referred to by Gaius in the following passages of his Institutes: 1, 196; 2, 15, 37, 79, 123, 195, 200, 216-222, 231, 244; 3, 87, 98, 103, 141, 167-8, 177-8; 4, 78-9, 114, 170. As long as these schools of law, which may have derived their constitution from the Greek schools of philosophy, existed, the office of President appears to have devolved by succession from one jurist to another. (For an account of this subject and references to the chief modern writers who have discussed it see Sohm, pp. 98, &c.) We may briefly mention some of the most illustrious jurists who flourished somewhat later than Gaius. Aemilius Papinianus, who was probably a Syrian, lived in the time of Septimius Severus, and was murdered by the order of Caracalla: 601 extracts from his writings are contained in the Digest. It was perhaps to some extent due to the transcendent genius, or at least to the extraordinary reputation, of Papinian, which made him seem too great to be reckoned any man's follower, that we cease about his time to hear of opposing schools of jurisprudence. Papinian appears to have accompanied Severus to York, fulfilling the important function of praefectus praetorio, so that England may claim some slight connexion with the brightest luminary of Roman law. A disciple and colleague of Papinian, of Syrian origin, who likewise became praefectus praetorio, was Domitius Ulpianus, murdered by the praetorian soldiery, whose domination he resisted, in the presence of the Emperor Alexander Severus: 2464 fragments, composing about a third of the whole Digest, are taken from his writings. An epitome of his Liber Singularis Regularum is still extant in a manuscript of the Vatican Library, and is the work referred to when, without mentioning the Digest, we cite the authority of Ulpian. Another disciple and colleague of Papinian was Julius Paulus, of whose writings 2081 fragments are preserved in the Digest, forming about a sixth of its mass. An epitome of his treatise called Sententiae Receptae is found, with the Epitome of Gaius, in the code of Alaric II, king of the Visigoths; and it is to this book that we refer when we simply cite the authority of Paulus. A disciple of Ulpian's was Herennius Modestinus, of whom 344 extracts are contained in the Digest. After Modestinus the lustre of Roman jurisprudence began to decline. (For a detailed account of the Roman jurists, see Roby's Introduction to the Digest, chs. vi-xvi.) Besides the sources of law enumerated by Gaius, the Institutes of Justinian (1, 2, 9 and 10) mention Custom or Usage, the source of consuetudinary or customary law (jus non scriptum, consensu receptum, moribus introductum). To this branch of law are referred, with other rules, the invalidity of donations between husband and wife, Dig. 24, 1, 1, the power of a paterfamilias to make a will for his filiusfamilias who dies before the age of puberty (pupillaris substitutio), Dig. 28, 6, 2 pr., and universal succession in Coemption and Adrogation, 3 § 82. See also 4 §§ 26, 27. We may suppose that Customary law, like Roman law in general, would fall into two divisions, jus civile and jus gentium, the former embracing what Roman writers sometimes speak of as mores majorum. Before the time of Gaius, however, most of Customary law must have been incorporated by statute, as in early times by the law of the Twelve Tables, or taken up into the edict of the praetor or the writings of the jurists, Cic. De Invent. 2, 22, 67; i.e. unwritten law must have changed its character and have been transformed into written law. |


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The Sustainability Committee consists of administrators, faculty and students and serves in an advisory capacity in relation to sustainability initiatives on campus. The committee hopes to encourage a collaborative and supportive environment for faculty, staff and students interested in promoting environmental sustainability at the college, to develop, promote and recommend implementation of environmental sustainability initiatives and activities and to serve as a resource for faculty, staff and students on all matters pertaining to environmental sustainability.
The mission of this Committee is:
Lycoming College embraces the goals of sustainability for all of its stakeholder members and as an institution. We support the identification of sustainable practices for the sake of a sustainable community and world in a way that efficiently uses college resources.
Developments and Initiatives Implemented by the Sustainability Committee
Administrative Representatives


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10 Must Have iPad Apps for Bloggers
10 Must Have iPad Apps for Bloggers | Redmond Pie
By Uzair | April 19th, 2010
Heres a complete guide which will let you start blogging from your iPad in no time. Includes all the essential apps needed, everything from A to Z which you need to know. Lets begin!
In one of our previous post, we told you about some of the must-have iPhone apps for bloggers, this time well be going through a list of apps needed which would get you blogging from your iPad in no time.
WordPress The official WordPress App for iPad is even better than ever now! Its fully optimized to take advantage of iPads huge screen. Writing drafts, moderating comments and publishing your posts on-the-go is now a breeze. A must have app for any blogger who uses WordPress platform, and best of all its free!
Download WordPress for iPad
Instapaper Pro A very handy app which allows you to save any webpage which you can later view offline for your own references. You definitely need this one if you want to save pages for future references for your upcoming post, for a price of $4.99, its worth having.
Download Instapaper Pro for iPad
Things for iPad Probably and no doubt the best Task Manager for the iPhone is now here for the iPad. It is so simple to use and creating tasks is so much more easier than before. Though it has a high price tag of $19.99, but still its worth having. It helps you plan out your tasks in a very simplified way, what to do and what has already been done is just a tap away.
Download Things for iPad
TweetDeck for iPad One of the best Twitter client for Windows/Mac/iPhone has now arrived on the iPad. You surely need TweetDeck to follow the trends around you and keep track of whats going on. Blogging without Twitter and TweetDeck is a no go! Its free for the iPad.
Download TweetDeck for iPad
Evernote for iPad This is a rather fun app to have and its also very handy as well, it lets you take down visual and audio notes anywhere and anytime! You can make any type of note, including text, a snapshot of your screen, pictures from your Camera Roll and even your own voice. Its free for the iPad.
Download Evernote for iPad
SimpleSense This simple and handy app lets you sign-in to your Google AdSense account and display all your stats from it. Perfect app to track your revenue being generated. This app is for the iPhone but it works on the iPad as well, and its free.
Download SimpleSense
Dropbox It lets you share all your files across other users and computers online, therefore accessing your files is not a hassle and you dont have to worry about running out of storage space. Originally made for the iPhone, but works with the iPad, and its free.
Download Dropbox
Pingdom This app allows you to connect to the Pingdom uptime monitor and lets you know whenever your website or blog is down! Definitely a must have to keep track of your blog. Made for the iPhone but works on the iPad, and its free.
Download Pingdom
Ego for iPad This app really lets you dive deep into web stats applications, mentions on twitter or your referrers are just a swipe away! And is available for a price $4.99.
Download Ego for iPad
BlogPress Apart from the WordPress app, this app is really handy and feature rich features and allows you to write your blog posts anywhere and anytime. With its simple interface, you can share your photos and news with people in a breeze! For a giveaway price of $2.99, its definitely worth having for the iPad, iPhone and iPod touch and its a universal app for all the three iDevices.
Download BlogPress for iPad
These are all the essentials apps for the iPad which we feel are necessary for Blogging. If we have missed anything or you think we should add more apps to the list, please feel free to tell us in the comments section below.
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what has four ingredients and is about to change your life?
chili roasted chickpeas, that's what! these suckers are so good it's defies understanding. i mean, there are four ingredients and none of them are unhealthy and yet i want to wolf them down like a box of cheez-its on the beach. (that's a good thing, in case there's a question). make them, please. you won't be disappointed.
recipe after the jump!


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Dear Members,
In order to show respect towards someones wishes, regarding if they want to get surprised by the new issue of the manga, please place the proper "Spoiler" prefix on your thread, whenever you create one that contains any spoilers. If you do decide to post any spoiler at all, while creating the thread, in the drop-down box before the thread title, again, please make sure you selected "Spoiler" as the thread prefix.
Thank you, NarutoBase Staff
Maybe rin at her dying moment tells the truth to obito.... rin will explain everything to obito that kakashi let her die because that is her own will.... thoughts?
Forum Rules


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Written Remarks by Brian T. Kennedy
Vice President of the Claremont Institute
Hearing of the Joint Legislative Audit Committee
California State Legislature
Sacramento, California
January 5, 2000
Mr. Chairman, thank you for having us here today.
My name is Brian Kennedy, I am Vice President of the Claremont Institute and Director of our Golden State Center for Policy Studies. We are a non-profit, non-partisan public policy research institute. The Institute was founded 20 years ago and we have had an office here in Sacramento for the past ten. For the past three years we have been focusing on National Security Issues especially with regards to the proliferation of nuclear missiles by rogue nations and the growing threat to the United States.
For the past four years a long-time friend of the Institute, Roger Robinson, has been busy with some groundbreaking research on the role national security considerations should play in the investments made in U.S. capital markets.
This is a very new policy consideration. During the cold war we did not face the prospect of the Soviet Union or Soviet companies looking for capital in the United States. To be sure the Soviet Union was given loans by international institutions. But never were there initial public stock offerings by Soviet companies--companies that may be in the business of building Soviet ICBMs aimed at the United States.
Today, however, we have a new world with new strategic considerations. The People's Republic of China, a nation which does build ICBMs aimed at the United States, does in fact come to the United States and seek capital in the U.S equity and bond markets. The People's Republic of China is not today our enemy. But they are rapidly building a modern military and strategic nuclear force capable of challenging the United States. And we know that political repression in Communist China continues. They do not enjoy freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, or freedom of assembly. These are the basic human rights we Americans take for granted. All of us hope that someday this will change.
So we are clear all of us here believe that trade and investment is good. It has certainly been good for Californians and the California economy. But until the people of China enjoy the political freedom that is the right of all humans, we must evaluate the role that American investors are playing in financing the current repressive government in Beijing or repressive governments elsewhere. This is especially true in the case of the investments made by CALPERS.
Today CALPERS invests in Chinese corporations that are in fact arms of the most militaristic, repressive parts of the Chinese government. This fact has been attested to by bi-partisan commissions convened by the United States Congress and by President Clinton's intelligence community, most recently the Deutch Commission, headed by President Clinton's former director of Central Intelligence, John Deutch. But because it is such a new issue in national security affairs it is not one that citizens or policymakers have focused on.
The seriousness of this issue is apparent when we consider the amount of money involved in CALPERS foreign investments. The Market value of all of CALPERS international holdings in fixed income and equities as of September 30, 1999 was $36.6 billion out of a total fund of $155.7 billion. That is 23% of the fund.
Fortunately this committee, and especially Senator Haynes, has had the foresight to look into CALPERS investments. We look forward in working with the committee to assist in uncovering the facts in this matter.


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Rafe Esquith, the most imaginative and productive classroom teacher I know, freely admits he overdoes it.
He works long hours, including Saturdays.
He leads his fifth-graders in mounting several performances of a Shakespeare play each year. He helps former students prepare for college.
This summer, he has given speeches in China, taken former students to the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, driven their luggage 700 miles, shown students several John Steinbeck haunts, done an 11-day tour for his new book and taken students on a Mississippi steamboat ride.
As hyper as he is, after 29 years of teaching mostly low-income Hispanic and Korean kids in a small, rundown classroom in Los Angeles, he knows what drains teacher energy and ambition.
In his new book, "Real Talk for Real Teachers," he describes this in ways I think nearly every teacher in the country would endorse:
The system, "rather than encourage and support you . . . actively works to discourage you," he writes.
"Every few years a new 'game changer' is announced as the newest set of standards are introduced, but the system never really changes.
Veteran teachers know that these standards are no different from the old ones.
"Taking a page from the politburo, leaders stand in the front of the room at professional development meetings making demands and predictions for their 'New World Order.' Good teachers don't know whether to laugh, cry or quit.
"The most recent sermon on the mount has come to us in the form of Common Core Standards.
"I am not making this up: The presenter at our first training explained that our job as teachers was 'to prepare the children to be a part of the international workforce.' We were also told that the emphasis on imaginative literature was going to be scaled back because children need more nonfiction."
Let's give the Cluelessness of the Year award to the presenter who said that to Esquith.


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Managing Side Effects (Palliative Care)
What is palliative care? Life during and after cancer-fighting treatment may require ongoing care and attention to help a cancer survivor feel as healthy as possible. In the healthcare community, care focused on comfort and quality of life is known as palliative care and concentrates on total well-being.
The word palliative is used to describe care that is meant to relieve the symptoms of a disease rather than to cure it. Palliative care can be provided at any time after a cancer diagnosis. It can be provided along with cancer-fighting treatments or as the main focus of care.
Palliative care is a philosophy of care and a system for delivering care. It focuses on preventing, treating, reducing or removing discomfort whenever and however it appears. It addresses, respects and treats all physical, emotional, social, spiritual and financial needs from the time of diagnosis throughout the end of life.
Personal satisfaction, caring for oneself and getting help to deal with any concerns define quality of life. With palliative care, quality of life is given equal or more importance than length of life. Improving quality of life helps both pancreatic cancer survivors and their loved ones and improves decision-making and personal growth.
The National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care has created a set of accepted professional guidelines that define palliative care and provide guidance to healthcare professionals on providing quality palliative care services to cancer survivors. The guidelines describe palliative care in cancer in the following ways.
The purpose of palliative care in cancer is to:
Who needs palliative care? Any survivor who is facing physical, emotional, social, spiritual or practical challenges can benefit from palliative care to improve how they feel in all areas of their life.
Side effects and aftereffects of cancer-fighting treatment will vary depending on the specific type of pancreatic cancer and type of treatment. Since each pancreatic cancer survivor's experience is unique, not all survivors experience the same symptoms.
The information and services provided by the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Inc. are for informational purposes only. The information and services are not intended to be substitutes for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. If you are ill, or suspect that you are ill, see a doctor immediately! The Pancreatic Cancer Action Network does not recommend nor endorse any specific physicians, products or treatments even though they may be mentioned on this site. In addition, please note that any personal information you provide to the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network's associates during telephone and/or email consultations may be stored in a secure database to assist the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Inc. in providing you with the best service possible. Portions of the constituent data stored in this database may be used to inform future programs and services of the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Inc., and may be provided in aggregate form to third parties to guide future pancreatic cancer research and treatment efforts. The Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Inc. will not provide personal identifying information (such as your name or contact information) to third parties without your advanced written consent. 080925


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Several of the Spoon River Trail Riders got together for a ride crossing and playing in the Spoon River near London Mills,Il. It was a good way for the horses to cool off and get a good drink.
Playing in the Spoon River
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text: What would you pay for a home genetic test that could help you trace your ancestry, let you know your risk for disease, allow you to participate in valuable research, and also probably creep you out a little? One company hopes the answer is $99. 23andMe has lowered the cost of their Personal Genome Service to only $99. Will the lower cost attract more customers, or are people still too creeped out by this kind of thing to bite?


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Oct26 analyticssmarter planetGinni RomettyCEOSteve MillsIODFrank Kernbig datatransformation IOD 11 Dispatch: IBM redraws the starting line - IBM Software Blog There's a line that's been forming over the past few years – a line dividing what technology did for us in the past and what it will do in the future. A line dividing the certainty of the past with the uncertainty of the future; a line between those who will lag and those who will lead the way on our instrumented, interconnected and intelligent planet .Today, IBM made that line clear and present for all to see.We saw that line in today's news that Ginni Rometty will succeed Sam Palmisano as our President and CEO. An exceptional leader, a forward-thinker as steeped in our values as she is committed to our customers, Ginni will lead IBM into its second century fully aware of its ability to change the world. She knows that a company focused on the future must never stop changing. We saw the line in this morning's general session, in which Steve Mills led us through a litany of success stories across such volatile industries as retail, financial services, energy, telco and energy. In each example, we saw how organizations use IBM analytics technologies and expertise to manage and master the overwhelming volume, variety and velocity of their data. In each example, we saw these organizations translate data-driven insights into confident, meaningful action that brings them closer to their customers, replaces costs with revenues and even maps the real-world impact of weather in the sky. Permalink
May20 ceoceostudyceo studyfrank kernresearchinsightcreativity What Chief Executives Really Want - BusinessWeek A survey from IBM's Institute for Business Value shows that CEOs value one leadership competency above all others. Can you guess what it is? By Frank Kern, Senior Vice President, IBM Global Business Services Permalink
May19 ceo studyceofrank kernwebcastlivestream smarterplanet: to build a global dialogue around the findings of this report, based on interviews with 1500 chief executives and public sector leaders, as well as research conducted with more than 3600 students worldwide Permalink


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CHARLESTON, W.Va. - Twenty-eight high school marching bands will compete from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. Saturday at the Glenville Stage College's I.L. and Sue Morris Stadium.
The West Virginia Division of Culture and History is presenting the first West Virginia Marching Band Invitational to highlight and celebrate music education in the state's schools.
Bands will be judged on coordination and showmanship, marching, maneuvering, music, musical effect, percussion, drum major, color guard, majorette corps and featured twirler.
Tickets for the event are $3 for those 11 and younger and $6 for visitors 12 and older.
For more information, contact Caryn Gresham at 304-558-0220.


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Lenovo IdeaPad Flex 14
Manufacturer: Lenovo Part number: 59395988
- More product information:
- Editors' review
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- Specifications
- Manufacturer info
- Bottom Line:
- Lenovo tries something new with the semi-hybrid IdeaPad Flex 14. The fold-back hinge is of dubious practical use, as it doesn't fold all the way down into a tablet, but if you pick the right configuration, this is still a good, inexpensive Core i5 laptop, even without the gimmicks.
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Mortgage deduction on the hot seat
Homeowners love the mortgage deduction. So do real-estate agents and homebuilders. But it costs the government billions in lost tax revenue and may be trimmed back to fix the fiscal-cliff problem.
But it is being talked about in the context of fixing the fiscal-cliff problem, and it is one that all homeowners with a mortgage probably should be watching. But a legitimate question is whether the mortgage deduction is morphing into a tax break only for the affluent. There will be a big, loud fight over the mortgage deduction because it has been one of the most cherished of all tax breaks.
Here's what makes it so popular:
If you buy a house with a $150,000 loan at 3.5% annual interest (the current rate on a 30-year fixed mortgage), you will pay $5,204 in interest. If you're in a 25% bracket and you itemize, your income tax bill drops by $1,301.
This assumes you can itemize deductions on your tax return. In 2012, for married couples filing jointly (which is most of us), your total deductions must exceed $11,900, so make the effort to list out charitable contributions, property taxes, state income taxes and the like. The IRS hasn't yet announced the standard deduction for 2013.
Here's why asking if the mortgage deduction is turning into a tax break simply for the affluent. Mortgage rates are down 43% from the 6% level that prevailed in 2007. That means the interest paid on a new mortgage is now much less.
So, let's say you're buying a house and want the mortgage interest to top the $11,900 threshold. That means you need a mortgage of around $350,000. That might not buy you much in New York, Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area or Washington, D.C.
Nationally, however, the median price of an existing home in October was $178,600, according to the National Association of Realtors. The median price of a new home in October was $237,000, the Commerce Department reported on Wednesday.
In 2007, when mortgage rates were around 6%, the interest you would have paid on that $150,000 loan would have been $8,950. In 1982, when mortgage rates hit 15%, your interest in the first year would have been $22,500.
Fact is, as of 2010, only 25.8% actually claimed the mortgage deduction, deducting some $387 billion in the process, according to the Internal Revenue Service's Statistics of Income. That percentage is down from 28.8% in 2006, just before the housing bubble started to burst. And the number of taxpayers claiming the mortgage deduction fell by 10% in 2010 from a peak in 2007.
OK, the percentage who claimed the deduction in 2011 may be up a little, and it may rise again in 2012 as evidence mounts of a housing recovery. But lower interest rates are clearly limiting the value of the deduction in much of the country, especially for new homeowners.
If that's the case, why is the mortgage deduction defended so fiercely? The short answer is you have always been able to deduct the interest on your house under the IRS code. And, especially since World War II, one of the key selling points of homeownership has been the deduction.
Another has been the potential for capital appreciation. A third -- though less talked about -- is the fact that paying down a mortgage is a form of saving.
The deduction is in fact capped. You can only deduct up to $1 million in mortgage interest on one or more homes and up to $100,000 on the interest on a second mortgage.
The mortgage deduction has been used to promote homeownership, believed to be an important American value because it promotes economic and social stability.
It also gets a defense from Kevin Villani, former chief economist at Freddie Mac. Homeownership and the buildup of equity in the home have been important sources of seed financing for small business.
The case against the mortgage deduction is that it historically has favored one group of taxpayers -- homeowners -- over renters. The United States is the only industrialized nation that gives homeownership such tax treatment.
And critics, mostly from the right, say the mortgage deduction draws capital away from new factories and equipment and into the construction of big suburban houses.
An important question is whether junking the deduction would make much difference to homeownership rates.
Hard to say. BusinessWeek says it was 62.5% in the second quarter, after foreclosures and delinquencies are taken out. That's down from a peak of 68.3% in 2004 and 2005.
The decline has everything to do with the housing bust and falling prices.
The odds are that the deduction will survive in a world where itemized deductions are capped. Former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney proposed a $25,000 cap on all itemized deductions during the recent presidential campaign. The Obama administration is warm to the concept if not the amount.
Republicans want to discuss the idea as part of a broad tax-reform package. But no one has actually put much on paper. And that's scary to Kenneth Rosen, who teaches real-estate economics at the University of California, Berkeley.
The problem isn't reform. The problem is that the tax code is so huge and complex that quick changes cause more problems than they solve, he says.
Case in point: The 1982 tax reform package promoted by the Reagan administration. The law created so many tax breaks for commercial real estate that money poured into the sector. Within two years, the law had to be amended to cool the business off.
Taxes on wages are the greatest evil of our American Republic. When government is free to steal from you, there are no limits to waste and abuse in government. If a person chooses to work extra hours or two jobs in order to better provide for themselves or their family, they should not be penalized, but that is what happens. The more you make by working harder and longer, the more money is stolen from you, and given to those who spend their lives living off the hard work of others.
The revenue the government needs to provide legitimate constitutional services should be obtained primarily from a national sales tax instead of a tax on wages. All would pay based on consumption, the more you spend the more you pay. The more luxury you surround yourself with, the more you pay. Your choice. A national sales tax system would capture money spent by criminals and by illegal aliens who currently pay near zero in taxes. There would of course need to be exemptions: Cars (already have a federal excise tax) Primary Residence/Rental Properties (vacation homes would be subject to tax/rental profit would be taxed) Fresh Food (Preprocessed foods and prepared meals would be taxed – only fresh/fresh frozen/canned goods would be exempt) Insurance Premiums, Health Care & Certified Education.
Adding another layer of tax to a business would not be fair. Businesses would need to be compensated by keeping a portion of the tax to cover the expense of collection and reporting. A percentage of .20 to .05 would be fair.
The truth is that even for those who itemize, is that the standard deductiona already covers most of the home mortgage deduction. the people who benefit from the home morgage deduction are those with the highest priced homes with the largest monthly payment.
The best thing would be to eliminate the mortgage deduction and raising the standard deduction. That will benefit the average american much more than the keeping the mortgage deduction.
I did taxes for many years and the one thing that struck me was the relative minor value of the mortgage deduction to most average americans.
As was heard on TV when we had great tv to look at said "And here another fine mess you've got into MR Goverrnment. Another program for everybody and you want to kill it. Just more class warfare. . You guys and dolls wouldn,t know whats good for the county if it bit you on the nose. Goodluck with staying in office in 2014 congressman or senator
You cannot deduct 1 million in mortgage interest and 100,000 in home equity interest as was stated. You can only deduct interest on a mortgage debt of 1 million. At 5% interest that is only 50,000 in interest that would be deductable mortgage interest. If you get over 1 million loan balance the additional interest is personal interest and not deductable.
I went back and listen for a second time the CNBC group talk of this topic. Listening the second time and having it finally register in my head the group talking to the issue, I would put know credence in what they have to say.
CNBC is useless as far as listening to any of their commentators. Their opinions / predictions have always been either 100% wrong or stated after the fact and or outcome of an event.
Everyone of these people on the show, and that is just what it is a show, are a bunch of little Cramer's. The show, Closing Bell is a joke. So, don't waste anymore time with these phonies.
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[BRIEFING.COM] S&P futures vs fair value: -5.30. Nasdaq futures vs fair value: -10.80. U.S. equity futures hover near their pre-market lows amid cautious action overseas. The S&P 500 futures trade five points below fair value. Also of note, copper futures have extended their recent weakness and now trade lower by 0.6% at $2.933/lb.
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How did you all do making roman shades?? I have done it a few times, but the last time I bought a pattern - can't put my hands on it right now, but it was McCalls, Simplicity or Butterick or something like that, from Fabricland. Worked out well for me !
Just wanted to find out things had worked out with everyone else
I made on for my bathroom a couple weeks ago using the instructions from that website in the UK. Turned out great.
Here are the instructions that I used from the Cityline website
do a search on google. I found instuctions awhile back but gave the papers away to a friend. I think it was a UK site though.
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March 20, 2013 –
San Jose HP Pavilion NCAA Tournament Games
The home of the San Jose Sharks is hosting some second and third round NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament action this weekend. HP Pavilion, located i … read more →
Winter's here, but brace yourselves, March Madness is coming
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Welcome to
Marine Corps League
Detachment #708
We are a non-profit organization made
up solely of volunteers.
The purpose of our Detachment is
to preserve the history and traditions of the Marine Corps; to promote the interests
of the Marine Corps;
band together in fellowship
active duty Marines and those who have honorably served in the Marine Corps;
provide charitable assistance to
our community; to promote the ideals
of American Freedom and Democracy;
to affirm true allegiance to the
American Institution and to
commemorate those cherished
happenings that we revere.
We are located in Spring Hill, Florida
which is about an hour north of Tampa
on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.
We have a great organization built on the traditions of our heritage. Never a stranger has walked thru our doors, You are always welcome here to enjoy fellowship with fellow Marines.
We have an active calender and on any given day you can find fun and laughter here at the detachment.
Check out the Leatherneck Lounge and Gunny's Galley pages! We hope you will find our hospitality second to none
Marion Kelley, Commandant
8405 Sunshine Grove Road
Spring Hill, Florida 34613
Click above for directions
Chartered January 23, 1990
Membership Meeting
Every 3rd Thursday of the Month
The Jude Hall
Marine corps league #708
Right after Korea in 1953 the 1st Amphibious Reconnaissance Company, FMFPAC can be credited with the birth of "OORAH" in the Corps.
Specifically, where it came from was when Recon Marines were aboard the Submarine USS PERCH, ASSP-313. The Perch was an old WWII diesel boat retrofitted to carry UDT and Amphibian Recon Marines. If you remember the old war movies, whenever the boat was to dive, you heard on the PA system, "DIVE,DIVE", and you heard the horn sound "AARUGHA", like an old Model "A" horn.
Sometime in 1953 or 1954, 1st Amphibian Recon Marines, while on a conditioning run on land singing chants, someone imitated the "Dive" horn sound "AARUGHA", and it naturally became a Recon Warrior chant or mantra while on runs. It is sort of like the martial arts yell and adds a positive inference to the action. And this became part of Recon lexicon.
Former SgtMaj of the Marine Corps, John Massaro, was the company gunny of 1st Force in the late 50s and when he transferred to MCRDSD as an instructor at DI school he took "AARUGHA" with him and passed it on to the DI students and they , in turn, passed it on to recruits.
Just as "Gung Ho" became symbolic of the WWII Raiders, so did "AARUGHA" become part of the new "running Marine Corps."
Over time, "AARUGHA" EVENTUALLY CHANGED TO "OORAH". The official Marine Corps Training Reference Manual on the history of Marine Recon is titled "AARUGHA", giving credence on the orgination of the 'POSITIVE RESPONSE' accenting anything that is meant to be good and uniquely Marine Corps.
It is part of Marine Corps language, like "Pogey Bait", "SOS", etc.
Semper Fi & Gung Ho,
The 708 MAIL CALL
The Marine Corps Detachment
#708 Newsletter
Current MCL708 Newsletter
Click HERE to View
THE MARINE CORPS LEAGUE - is the organization for all Marines and Navy Corpsmen who served with Marines. It takes great pride in crediting its founding in 1923 to World War I hero, then 13th Commandant of the Marine Corps, Major General Commandant John A. Lejune. It's Federal Charter, approved by An Act of the Seventy-Fifth Congress of the United States of America was signed and approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 4, 1937. Since its earliest days, the Marine Corps League has enjoyed the support and encouragement of the active duty and Reserve establishments of the U.S. Marine Corps.
PURPOSES - The purposes of the Marine Corps League as prescribed in it's Federal Charter are
to preserve the traditions and to promote the interests of the United States
Active Duty/Reserve/Former/Retired/Officer Enlisted United States Marine


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Raint Wu
Where you hear this?
Pandora FMS (for Pandora Flexible Monitoring System) is software solution for monitoring computer networks. Pandora FMS allows monitoring in a visual way the status and performance of several parameters from different operating systems, servers, applications and hardware systems such as … Continue reading
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Where you hear this?
Curious about the `action = %(action_mw)s` part, what does this do ?
OSW3 free e per tutti
Join us for a different experience
Hi, You can get from http://www.unixmen.com/download-elementary-os-luna-official-wallpapers/ Don't mind :D
Mboooah, pretty cool. However as I am not a owning an degree in SW development but still pretty able to set up my ubuntu box i am questioning my self: WHAT is this and for WHAT is it GOOD and SHOULD i use it? I am sure one of you linux-master can enlight me. Great site, i like to pass by regularly and usually I learn something ;-)


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Wellcome Collection
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Department of Psychology, Cornell University. Photograph © Peter Ross
Helen Hamilton Gardner (born Alice Chenoweth, 1853–1925) was a leading American campaigner for women's suffrage and educational rights. She was a vigorous contributor to the 'sex in brain' debate and argued that the female brain was not "demonstrably different from that of a man under the same conditions and with the same opportunities for development". Her preserved brain is one of 70 remaining in the Burt Green Wilder Collection in the Psychology Department at Cornell University.


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Friendship Day Gifts for Teen Girls - Beauty & Spa
Gift Buzz
When shopping for teen guys, it's essential to know the difference between awesome and dorky. Our Gift Gurus are trained to track such differences so that your fave male teen will think both you and your gift are, 'totally cool.' Start shopping... Read More »
Maybe he's your crush, your first love or the love of your life - whatever your relationship status, you'll need an awesome gift for the coolest guy in your social network. We've got some great picks that will make him laugh, smell great,... Read More »
Friendship Day is generally celebrated the first Sunday in August. The tradition started in the U.S., with an Aug. 4 date picked by Hallmark. (Surprise, surprise, the company wanted to encourage people to send their friends a greeting card!)... Read More »
Goodbye lockers, hello dorm rooms! As summer looms to an end and fall is almost upon us, recent grads start packing their gear in eager anticipation of the big move to college. For most students, this is a really exciting time, but even the... Read More »


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Comments: works better than the one i got from home depot....
Comments: I've tried several plumbing options for my reef tank to refugium over the years and always had trouble with tiny leaks in most set ups if it wasn't glued PVC which lacks the flexibility and disconnection needs that arise from time to time. This fitting coupled with the kink free flex tubing is solid and dependable. The rings act as a washer so when you tighten down the clamp, it does become 100% leak proof, even against salt creep forming between the two. I highly recommend it for it's convenience and flexibility and dependability. Fast, easy, done.
Comments: works fine.. no matter how many you need , always buy and extra 2 -3 should you later splice something into your system
Comments: These used to be black and I was expecting to receive black but they are now white. Otherwise, these are very nice barb fittings.
Comments: Fit snug, remember to get a coupling as well to connect this to pvc as they are the same diameter.
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The Sebago Docksides are handsewn boat shoes with rubber slip-resistant soles, rawhide laces and non-corrosive brass eyelets. Sebagos uses a moccasin construction that wraps the foot in a single piece of leather, creating a fit that's unique.
Sebago Docksides Navy/Red Leather Women's Boat Shoe
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Docksides are just super cute. They are perfect for everyday, travel, or the beach. They are comfortable but durable. Just all-around great shoe.


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DescriptionA Walk in the Park traverses the entire rim of Glacier Gorge. The rim is formed (clockwise) by Half Mountain, Storm Peak and Long's Peak on the east; Keyboard of the Winds, Pagoda Mountain and Chief's Head Peak on the south; and by McHenrys Peak, Powell Peak and Thatchtop Mountain on the west. Spearhead and Arrowhead are satellite or island peaks within the rim of the gorge. Getting ThereBegin from the Glacier Gorge Bus Stop (Trailhead) and follow the Glacier Gorge Trail toward Black Lake. A useful shortcut branches right from the main trail just after the 4th stream crossing (about .55 mile) and regains the main trail just east of the Loch Vale Junction. As soon as you cross the log bridge over Icy Brook, you are in Glacier Gorge, and you have gone too far. It is possible to hike along the south side of Icy Brook from here and find the path that leads to the Regular Route on Thatchtop Mountain. It is easier, however, to hike the Loch Vale Trail to a point where it draws near Icy Brook, descend a footpath, and cross the stream on a big log. Hike south through the woods and pick up a path that leads up and around the east side of the buttress with the winter ice climb Mixed Emotions. The path ends in a talus field. Angle up and right into a gully that leads through the upper cliff band, and arrive on the upper northeast ridge of Thatchtop. 1 Total Routes
The ClassicsMountain Project's determination of some of the classic, most popular, highest rated routes for A Walk in The Park:
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A Walk In The Park 5.5 4b 13 IV+ MS 4a CO : Alpine Rock : ... : A Walk in The Park
This ultra marathon spans (counter clockwise) the entire rim of Glacier Gorge traversing 8 summits in perhaps 15 miles. The 7 towers along the Keyboard of the Winds are not climbed. Begin at the Glacier Gorge Bus Stop. Take the Glacier Gorge Trail and ascend the Regular Route on Thatchtop. Traverse the summit and gain the Continental Divide via the Northeast Ridge of Powell Peak. Traverse Powell Peak and descend into McHenrys Notch. Climb east out of the notch (5.5, 300 feet) and traverse M...[more] Browse More Classics in CO
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