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Some top tips and advice on how to make the world a more vegan-friendly place.
We've tried to list these in increasing order of complexity and commitment required. So start at the beginning and work your way through.
We all want the world to be more vegan. But what can you do all on your own? Quite a lot actually! There are a whole range of activities that the individual vegan can accomplish with small consistent effort. Please contact us if you need any support in achieving any of these suggestions.
Join The Vegan Society
Support us in making the world a more vegan-friendly place! Sign up for membership on our online shop.
Letter writing
You can write letters to all sorts of places: newspapers, magazines, MPs, businesses, etc. These can be in response to a recent event giving a vegan perspective or they can be pro-active asking for the vegan position to be more carefully considered.
Working with the media
Your local media are looking for stories to feature – could you write something about veganism for them? Have you an unusual story to tell or been involved with an inspiring activity? Write about it!
Good quality pictures can help set off a story – we certainly prefer them when reporting on activities and so will your local newspapers and magazines. If you know a keen amateur photographer or someone with a good quality camera then you could ask them to help.
Liaising with local organisations and businesses
Asking organisations and businesses in your local area to consider the needs of vegans and then supporting them to make changes helps to make veganism all the more understood. We have resources specially designed for caterers or you could suggest our Window Sticker Scheme or Sunflower Trademark.
Creating and maintaining a website
A website that lists relevant local vegan information can be an easy way for people to get the details they need. Alternatively a website that focuses on a particular side of vegan culture could fill a niche. You may need some background experience in creating websites but there are lots of user friendly ways to do this now. Check our Local Contacts listings to see some of their websites.
Library and other public building displays
Many public buildings such as libraries, cafes, leisure centres, etc. will allow you to put up information to make a display. You must always gain permission to do so. We can send you leaflets and posters for your display.
Holding a social
Getting other vegans and the vegan-curious out to a shared meal can be a great way to increase friendship circles and raise awareness of veganism. You can organise an event at a local restaurant or hold a pot-luck bring-and-share evening, which means people can try out lots of different recipes.
Organising a film showing
Our film 'Making the Connection' is specifically targeted at non-vegans. Holding a film night, publicising it widely and giving people a chance to open up discussion about the issue raised is a fantastic way to gain interest in veganism. We have a special Film Showing pack available.
Public speaking and cookery demonstrations
Giving a talk or cookery demonstration is daunting if you're not experienced, but also very rewarding. Inviting people to ask you questions about being vegan lets them come from their own perspective and you can relate to them on their level. Have a look at our Public Speaking Information Sheet for more advice.
Running workshops/being 'on hand' to train/advise others
Once you have gained some experience doing some of the above things then you are in an excellent position to be able to start training others to do the same. Learning from someone who has been there before is very reassuring for people who are just starting out – and you can help them learn from your mistakes and successes.
Vegan Society Education school outreach
We've been running a school outreach program for a number of years and our visits are always well received and the feedback has been great! What we could do with is more invitations. If you know anyone involved with education ask them to look up our service and encourage them to use it. You could also contact schools in your area and ask for the details of relevant teachers for us to send information to. Ask us for help with this.
Get your school, college or university canteen to offer vegan meals
Asking your regular food outlet to offer vegan meals is an excellent way to make veganism visible to many people. We have our How to make your school/college/university more vegan-friendly Information Sheet especially for you. Many of these ideas could be adapted to a work canteen as well.
Become a Local Contact
Local Contacts help people to find out about vegan outlets and services in their area. Sometimes this is to help people who are visiting, sometimes local people want to find vegan friends. Have a look at our current list and if there is no one near to you ask us about becoming a Local Contact yourself.
Remember though, you are not on your own! Many vegans make light work and by teaming up you can reach ever greater heights. Starting a Local Group helps bring vegans together to work on joint projects.
Many of the suggestions above can achieve even greater results when done as part of a group.
Running a Vegan Group
Starting a Vegan Group is a great way to bring people together, and gives you the opportunity to delegate organisation responsibilities! Groups can be of a social nature, a campaign group or a bit of both. See our Starting a Vegan Group Information Sheet for more details. We can help publicise your Vegan Group.
Local publications
Putting together a vegan guide to your local area helps others find what they need quicker. Find other groups that have done this and ask for their advice.
Vegan Society Pledge scheme
Our Vegan Pledge scheme is very successful. We hook new vegans up with experienced vegan mentors to help them through the first few weeks. Advertising this is your area can help more people to become vegan. You can also put yourself forward as a mentor. Some people are experimenting with setting up their own local schemes. Ask us for information about this.
Running a street stall
Running a street stall is an excellent low-cost way to get the vegan message out to lots of people very quickly. You may need to get permission to set up a stall. Check our Running a Stall Information Sheet for more details.
Doing a street collection
Like street stalls a street collection can be both a fundraising and awareness raising tool. You will need to get permission from the Local Council before you can solicit for donations in a public place.
Running a stall at a larger event
Many other organisations, charities, schools and businesses run events at which it is possible for you to host a stall. This could be very low key, such as just a table with some leaflets on, or you could also gather some free samples of foods for people to taste. See our Running a Stall Information Sheet for more details.
Organising an event
Putting on an event that you can advertise and invite lots of people to is an excellent way to raise awareness of veganism. Ask us for advice on going about it or to be put in touch with others who have done this in the past. Our Food fairs and other food events Information Sheet might be of use to you.
World Vegan Day is the annual celebration of all things vegan and vegans all over the world organise events to showcase the vegan lifestyle. The whole of November is now designated Vegan Month, so anytime during the period is an excellent time to promote veganism! Ask us to help promote your events.
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After the box office success of the 'Don' franchise, actor-filmmaker Farhan Akhtar will be teaming up with Shah Rukh Khan yet again but for a Rahul Dholakia project, where the superstar is likely to play a Gujarati don.
The film will be produced by Farhan and his partner Ritesh Sidhwani under their home banner Excel Entertainment Pvt Ltd, and is currently under scripting stage.
"SRK is doing the film. We are not sure when it will go on floors exactly but it will be next year. Shah Rukh is excited about the film but we need to work out the schedule as he has prior commitments," Ritesh said.
As for 'Don 3', the makers want to be sure that they have an exciting script in hand.
"With a franchise like 'Don' and the character, its important to get excited by the script. Neither Shah Rukh, nor Farhan or me wants to get into making a film because there is excitement about it. We also want to be happy with the script if that happens then I would love to do it," he added.
On other films in pipeline, Ritesh said that 'Fukrey 2' as well as Abhishek Kapoor's 'Rock On 2' is being scripted.
'Fukrey' released in June this year and was a hit. The comedy directed by Mrighdeep Singh Lamba had newcomers like Pulkit Samrat, Varun Sharma, Ali Fazal, Manjot Singh, Richa Chadda, Vishakha Singh, and Priya Anand in lead roles.
"Mrig is thinking about it (sequel). With any sequel you need to be excited about where and how the story is taken ahead. He has got an idea and is working on it. If he's excited about the story then he'll present it to us," Ritesh said.
"It is a great film and people want to see it into a sequel. There are memorable characters in the film which you can take forward," he added.
Also, there are a couple of other films like Zoya's next, reportedly on sibling relationship. There is a buzz that it will have Ranveer Singh, Anushka Sharma and Priyanka Chopra but Ritesh did not reveal much.
"Its an ensemble cast. We are


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The goal of personal nutritional coaching is to combine an individual's right to enjoy food with an understanding of healthy eating. The philosophy and creativity of Executive Chef, Rudolf Pellkofer, a Qualified Personal Nutrition Trainer (QPNT), reflect and support this healthcare concept. Our goal is to offer individual and integrated nutrition and fitness coaching. Our sports instructors, who are also Qualified Personal Nutrition Trainers, offer not only nutritional coaching but also a weight loss programme devised especially for you.
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Girlfriend Gifts for Teen Girls - Books & Magazines
Gift Buzz
Love or lust? Too soon to tell, but who cares, it's hot, hot, hot! Even if you're not ready to utter those three big words, keep the flames alive with a gift she'll want to brag about. You don't have to break the bank, but you can't get away... Read More »
So you've finally said the "L" word and she's reciprocated. Now she has the keys to your house�and your heart. She just may be the one to take you off the market... permanently. It's time to step up and show her that you not only love her... Read More »
Okay, I admit it. I have an addiction. My bedside table groans with books, all in progress," and there are more on the floor. Sometimes I have dark circles under my eyes, not just because I have two small children, but because I have two small... Read More »
Goodbye lockers, hello dorm rooms! As summer looms to an end and fall is almost upon us, recent grads start packing their gear in eager anticipation of the big move to college. For most students, this is a really exciting time, but even the... Read More »


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CHANDLER, Ariz., Jan. 8, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Learn six small business growth strategies to go from surviving to thriving in 2014 shared by Infusionsoft CEO and co-founder, Clate Mask. In his latest blog post on the Infusionsoft blog, Mask shares six strategies every small business should keep in mind as they start the New Year.
Strategies to grow your small business in 2014 and beyond:
Learn more about how your small business can thrive in 2014 on the Infusionsoft blog: http://insft.co/1ieQ2Tw
Tweet about this blog: 6 strategies in 2014 to help #smallbusinesses grow and thrive from @Infusionsoft CEO @ClateMask http://insft.co/1ieQ2Tw
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Infusionsoft is the leading sales and marketing software for small businesses, designed to help them get organized, grow sales and save time. Unlike other software providers, Infusionsoft is solely focused on small business success and provides one easy-to-use system for sales and marketing. The privately held, seven-time Inc. 500/5000 company is based in Chandler, Ariz. and is funded by Goldman Sachs, Mohr Davidow Ventures and Signal Peak Ventures. For more information, visit www.infusionsoft.com.
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15" Wine Cellar with 23-Bottle Capacity, 5 Silde Out Wine Racks, LED Control Display, 3 Bottle Wine Cradle, Display Lighting, Electronic Controls and Door Lock
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8 Fun Moonlighting Gigs
Who doesn't want a little extra cash lining their pockets? Moonlighting jobs give you the chance to make extra income without giving up your 9-5, and you get to have a little fun in the process! From acting in films to acting in a doctor's office, there are all types of moneymaking opportunities.
Focus Groups
Get paid for your opinion. Oftentimes companies want to test out products before Read more ...


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Greg Biffle, #50 Grainger Ford F-150 : (Qualified on the pole)"I'll tell you, it was hang on for dear life the whole lap! We were pretty free the whole day today. But we got some good information from the #99 team (teammate Mike Bliss) that helped us out a lot. I have to give them a lot of credit and thank their crew chief Matt Chambers for helping us out. You could see that they were quickest on the board by about two-tenths after practice. We took some of their information and put in onto our truck and it worked. That's what great about having two teams."
"I did everything that I could to not hit the wall out there. We were too free and had been (free) during our qualifying runs earlier in practice. I really need to thank the #99 team. We put all the information from them into our truck and I just went out there and peddled it for a lap and got the pole. HOW DO YOU FEEL ABOUT THE RACE TOMORROW? "I feel really good. I like to run here at Bristol. It's a lot of fun. The Grainger team has done a great job all year. We've run up front a lot. I'm glad that we'll be starting on the front row tomorrow. My boss (Jack Roush) is going to be here tomorrow so I'd better step the program up!" WAS THE DIFFERENCE FROM YOUR PRACTICE TIME TO YOUR QUALIFYING TIME A RESULT OF THE INFORMATION THE #99 TEAM GAVE YOU? "Yeah it was. We made some pretty dramatic changes. We would have never changed that much from one qualifying run to another without having the information to back it up. That's what it's like when you have two teams in this series. We can't always trade information. But at times like that when you're desperate, it helps a ton."
Mike Wallace, #2 Team ASE Racing Ford F-150: (Qualified second) " I normally slow up from practice to qualifying so we're happy with the run. Considering our first practice where we were about 14 th and then we found out that we had some problems right at the end of that practice. Then we came back and ran a strong second in the second practice. Then we qualified second, so it's been a good day for us. We've got a really good truck for tomorrow night. The Team ASE Ford F-150 has been a good truck all year long and the guys have done a good job all year too. We're looking forward to the race tomorrow. HOW ABOUT THE PATCHWORK IN TURN THREE (PATCHING WORK DELAYED NCTS QUALIFYING OVER AN HOUR)? "There is nothing wrong with the race track. It's just a two-inch expansion joint that the caulking came out of. Even if it does come out during the race, I don't think it will hurt anything."
Mike Bliss, #99 Exide Batteries Ford F-150 : (Qualified fourth) "The information that we shared helped him (Greg Biffle) out and I went slower (laughing). At least a Roush truck is on the pole. We ran so well in practice that I hoped that we could back it up in qualifying. It was tough because everything heated up out there. We changed a lot of stuff on the truck and I thought that we'd be even better in qualifying than we were. I was off just a little bit in the corners and that's all it takes here."
Kevin Harvick, #98 Porter-Cable Power Tools Ford F-150: (Qualified fifth) "That was a hell of an effort from the guys. I'm not the one sweating; they did all the work. We were taking a provisional just five minutes ago but NASCAR gave us five extra minutes and we got our chance. We pulled it off. Now we're starting up front. We'll take it. I have a lot of faith in the crew and they put together a fast truck. When they said that it was done, I just went out and put the hammer down." ....
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A lot of people know that the masterpiece scale model of Pioneer Town on display at the Cedaredge Welcome Center was built by Ed Bernadou.
What people may not know is that Ed's model building career began in the 1930's when he was a young boy, and that his career continues to this day.
Anna and Lance Hanson don't know who nominated their business, Peak Spirits, for a James Beard Foundation award last spring. But it's a tremendous honor, said Lance, who was nominated in the Outstanding Wine & Spirits Professional category, given to a winemaker, brewer or spirits producer who "has had significant impact on the wine and spirit industry nationwide."
Cycling is a great way to savor the beauty of western Colorado. Take advantage of the great weather and hop on your road or mountain bike for one of these rides, which have been suggested by three local residents.
Lady Jane Seymour Cartwright is likely the closest thing to royalty Delta will ever see. On her mother's side she is an English Seymour, a descendant of the Plantaganets.
The City of Delta is hosting its annual Memorial Day brush drop-off for city residents. Brush, bagged leaves and tree limbs no larger than four inches in diameter can be dropped off at the Horse Country Arena, 201 Kellogg Street.


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Andy Morahan
Piers Ashworth, Mike Jeffries
Kuno Becker, Leo Gregory, JJ Feild and Kasia Smutniak, Nick Moran, Anya Lahiri, Gary Lewis, Christopher Fairbank, Ori Pfeffer, Antonia Bernath, Gabrielle Richens, Tamer Hassan, Tereza Srbova
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The final film in the "Goal" soccer trilogy - "Goal 3" is conclusion that follows Mexican player Santiago Munez to the 2006 World Cup.
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300: Rise of an Empire Plunders Moviegoers for $45 Million
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Ashley Greene, Emily Browning and Ron Livingston on Beach Set for The Shangri-Li Suite
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Watch a Live Guardians of the Galaxy Q&A with Chris Pratt, James Gunn and Kevin Feige!


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Brief Summary
The gobies, family Gobiidae, are among the most speciose fish families, with more than 2000 species in 200 genera worldwide and a long taxonomic history (Van Tassell 1998). They are generally small- to mid-size fish that dwell mostly in shallow warm marine waters, although some inhabit brackish waters and estuaries and a few hundred species live in fresh water environments. Gobies have fused pelvic fins that they can use as a suction device to hold rocks and other objects in their environment. This sucker is functionally analogous (of separate evolutionary origin so not homologous) to suction-forming organs in in other fish, for example remoras and lump suckers. Most goby species eat small invertebrates and plankton, some eat other fish. Gobies are important prey for many larger fish. Few goby species are fished commercially as a human food source; some examples are: round goby, monkey goby, toad goby, and grass goby. Some species of salt-water gobies are popular in the aquarium trade.
(Van Tassell 1998; Wikipedia 2012)
- Van Tassell, 1998. History of Gobioid Classification. Gobioid Research institute. Retrieved March 15, 2012 from http://gobiidae.com/histgoby.htm .
- Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 March, 2012. "Goby". Retrieved March 15, 2012 from ">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goby&oldid=481715307"> http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goby&oldid=481715307
Comprehensive Description
Currently 212 genera and 1,875 species are recognized, making gobies the largest marine fish family and the most species-rich family of vertebrates. Gobies and blennies combined make up a dominant portion of the small fish inhabiting benthic tropical reefs around the world. Additionally, gobies are usually the most abundant freshwater fish on oceanic islands. This group is so poorly known due to their cryptic and secretive nature that 10 to 20 new species are described each year, making them the marine family with the greatest number of newly described species. The range of morphology, behavior, habitat and reproductive strategies within this family is undeniably impressive.
- Thresher, R. 1984. Reproduction in Reef Fishes. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications.
- Nelson, J. 1994. Fishes of the World – third edition. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
- Hoese, D. 1998. Gobies. Pp. 218 in W Eschmeyer, J Paxton, eds. Encyclopedia of fishes – second edition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Geographic Range
Gobies are found worldwide in fresh, brackish and saltwater. They are concentrated in the tropics and subtropics, mainly of the Indo-Pacific, but some marine species can be found in the subarctic streams of southern Siberia. Gobies have been transported beyond their natural range via the intake pipes or ballast water of large ships. One species, Neogobius melanostomus, a native of the Black and Caspian Seas, was introduced into one of the Great Lakes in North America around 1990 and has since spread into all five. Between 1960 and 1963 two marine gobies native to Japan, Korea, and China had established populations along the California coastline and by 1980 they were established in several parts of Australia.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Introduced , Native ); palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native ); ethiopian (Native ); neotropical (Native ); australian (Introduced , Native ); oceanic islands (Native ); indian ocean (Native ); atlantic ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native ); mediterranean sea (Native )
Other Geographic Terms: island endemic
- Berra, T. 2001. Freshwater Fish Distribution. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Physical Description
Physical Description
Most gobies are extremely small; in fact, the smallest known vertebrate is a goby from Japan, no longer than 10 mm at sexual maturity. The largest, Gobioides broussenetii from the Caribbean, may reach 50 cm TL. Gobies are usually recognized by their small size, the existence of two dorsal fins (the first with eight flexible spines and the second soft), and a blunt round head with large eyes. Some gobies have prominent head barbells as well. Most gobies, and all freshwater species, have pelvic fins united to form an adhesive or sucking disc. However, some reef species have separated pelvic fins although the degree of separation is highly variable. The scales may be cycloid, ctenoid, or absent and the lateral line is absent. (Click here to see a fish diagram).
Coloration in gobies ranges from vivid, especially in reef species like the brilliantly marked neon gobies, to drab, as in many estuarine species (Bathygobius). Still others may be pallid or translucent (Coryphopterus). Although most reef gobies are sexually monomorphic in terms of permanent coloration and gross morphology, temporary sexual dichromatism (color differences between the sexes) has been observed during courtship and spawning on reefs and other habitats. When permanent sexual dimorphism does occur, it may vary even within a genus. For instance, males in some genera, Lythrypnus and Coryphopterus, have longer dorsal and/or anal spines than females, but other species within these genera lack any morphological differences. Permanent sexual dichromatism also exists in some species but investigators have been unable to explain why there is such variation within genera.
Many gobies have evolved unique physical adaptations for life in tidal or estuarine environments. For instance, mudskippers, which span the genera Boleophthalmus, Periophthalmus, Periophthalmadon, and Scartelaos, are essentially amphibious. The skin contains numerous blood vessels enabling them to take up atmospheric oxygen and a muscular tail helps them to skip over the mud. Additionally, their eyes are perched high on the head to allow them to forage effectively and avoid predation. Another goby, Gillichthys mirabilis, has evolved a highly vascularized buccopharynx, which allows it to gulp air from the surface when the waters it inhabits become depleted of oxygen.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; male larger; sexes colored or patterned differently; male more colorful; sexes shaped differently; ornamentation
- Hoese, D., R. Moore. 1998. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Texas, Louisiana, and Adjacent Waters – second edition. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.
Diagnostic Description
Gobies are extremely successful in their ability to exploit microhabitats inaccessible to most other fishes; they are found from subarctic streams in Siberia to mountain streams at altitudes of 2,000 m on islands to ocean depths of 800 m. On coral reefs, they can be found in the numerous cracks and crevices or out in the open among corals (Gobiosoma). Others build burrows (Signigobius) or use the burrows of invertebrates, ranging from polychaete worms to clams. Members of the genera Boleophthalmus, Periophthalmus, Periophthalmadon, Scartelaos, and Bathygobius have uniquely adapted to tidepools, mudflats and mangrove swamps, where some even climb out of the water for extended periods to forage (discussed further in Food Habits). Still others build numerous holes along sandy beaches (Coryphopterus) or compose a large part of the fishes in estuaries, inland seas and continental shelf environments as deep as 800 m.
The approximately 200 species found in freshwater form a separate category of gobies. Gobies are extremely successful in freshwater habitats where few other fish are found, such as oceanic islands. Half of the freshwater species are part of the subfamily Sicydiinae. Members of this group exhibit a high degree of island endemism and some even reach the headwaters of high-elevation rivers (2,000 m) in mountains. Some species have a short marine life-stage while others have evolved to live completely within freshwater environments.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; saltwater or marine ; freshwater
Aquatic Biomes: pelagic ; benthic ; reef ; lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; temporary pools; coastal ; abyssal ; brackish water
Other Habitat Features: estuarine ; intertidal or littoral
- Moyle, P., J. Cech. 2000. Fishes: An introduction to ichthyology – fourth edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- Böhlke, J., C. Chaplin. 1994. Fishes of the Bahamas and Adjacent Tropical Waters. Wynnewood, PA: Published for the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia by Livingston.
Trophic Strategy
Food Habits
Gobies are classified as zooplanktivores, omnivores, and carnivores, as they feed on a wide variety of small organisms like crabs, shrimps, smaller crustaceans (such as copepods, amphipods, and ostracods), mollusks, annelids, polychaetes, formaninferans, sponges, small fishes, and eggs of various invertebrates and fishes. Many gobies are quite selective in their feeding habits, favoring an individual prey item, such as a minute algae or small invertebrate. Others have evolved unusual adaptations to allowing feeding in habitats formerly off-limits to fish. For instance, mudskippers (Boleophthalmus, Periophthalmus, Periophthalmadon, and Scartelaos) take on an amphibious character, actively foraging over mudflats and up mangrove roots for crustaceans and insects (see Physical Description for more information on this). Members of the genus Gobiosoma are well known for their brilliant colors used to distinguish them as cleaner fishes. These gobies feed on the parasites and dead skin of larger fish. Some freshwater species of the subfamily Sicydiinae are amphidromous: the larvae are carried downstream to the ocean where they feed and grow (they travel for feeding, not reproduction, unlike many other fishes) before migrating back to freshwater island habitats.
Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Eats eggs, Eats non-insect arthropods, Molluscivore ); herbivore ; omnivore ; planktivore
- Allen, G., D. Robertson. 1994. Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
- Harmelin-Vivien, M. 2002. Energetics and Fish Diversity on Coral Reefs. Pp. 269 in P Sale, ed. Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Ecosystem Roles
Gobies are extremely important in almost any ecosystem they occupy because their relative abundance makes them an essential part of the food chain. Gobies have the greatest impact on the benthic environment since most reside there. Gobies may be the keystone species (dominant in the food chain) in the freshwaters of small oceanic islands because they are often one of the few species of fish that exist in these areas.
Ecosystem Impact: keystone species ; parasite
Species Used as Host:
- Branched Corals
- Sponges
- Sea Urchins
Mutualist Species:
- Shrimps
Due to their small size, gobies must be wary of many different predators, such as sea snakes, shore birds and larger fishes. It's no surprise that they have developed a wide range of behaviors to defend themselves. Perhaps the most characteristic feature of gobies is their secretive nature. They rarely leave their burrows and display a wide range of coloration for camouflage. Some gobies are translucent and have only a few colored spots to match their surroundings while others have formed symbiotic relationships with shrimp. In the latter case Crytocentrus steinitzni sits outside the burrow watching guard while the shrimp clears out the burrow they share. Cleaner fishes of the genus Gobiosoma enjoy relative freedom from predation due to their color pattern and cleaning behavior. Others live within sponges, sea urchins, the branches of corals, or the roofs of caves for protection. Some gobies even rely on chemical protection, producing a poison called tetrodotoxin, which also occurs in pufferfishes and species of salamander. Some morphological adaptations can be found in mudskippers (Boleophthalmus, Periophthalmus, Periophthalmadon, and Scartelaos). The eyes of mudskippers are located on the tops of their heads to detect and avoid shore birds as well as to locate prey, and their powerful tail allows them to move quickly along the mud.
Known Predators:
- larger fish (Actinopterygii)
- sea snakes (Hydrophiidae)
- shore birds (Charadriiformes)
Anti-predator Adaptations: aposematic ; cryptic
- Helfman, G., B. Collete, D. Facey. 1997. The Diversity of Fishes. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Known predators
organic stuff
Based on studies in:
Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico-Virgin Islands shelf (Reef)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- Opitz S (1996) Trophic interactions in Caribbean coral reefs. ICLARM Tech Rep 43, Manila, Philippines
- Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed February 16, 2011 at http://animaldiversity.org. http://www.animaldiversity.org
Known prey organisms
non-insect arthropods
Based on studies in:
Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico-Virgin Islands shelf (Reef)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- Opitz S (1996) Trophic interactions in Caribbean coral reefs. ICLARM Tech Rep 43, Manila, Philippines
- Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed February 16, 2011 at http://animaldiversity.org. http://www.animaldiversity.org
Life History and Behavior
Communication and Perception
There is considerable evidence that gobies use visual, tactile, chemical, auditory, or olfactory cues in reproduction and territorial behavior (see Reproduction and Behavior). It is quite likely that investigators will find more evidence of different types of communication as research progresses.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: pheromones
Perception Channels: visual
Life Cycle
In most gobies, eggs hatch in one to five days and grow rapidly within a few days. At hatching the larvae are quite advanced with pigmented eyes, well-developed jaws, digestive tracts, and vertical fin folds. The small transparent larvae (between 2 and 10 mm long) are usually dispersed in the water column where they swim for three to 20 days. Finally, the larvae settle into a suitable habitat and develop colors that allow them to blend in with the surroundings. They reach sexual maturity within a few months. However, in temperate climates development may take much longer, with sexual maturity occurring after one to two years.
A notable exception to this developmental pattern (and there are likely many others) can be found in burrowing gobies. In this species, the male remains in a burrow, which is sealed shut by the female, for up to five days. During this time, the burrow is periodically reopened and the eggs cleaned by both male and female before the male is again sealed in the burrow. The eggs develop entirely within the burrow and only one juvenile apparently exits the burrow, suggesting that juveniles receive nourishment through cannibalism, as well as food reserves and their surroundings. Upon exiting, the juvenile immediately begins a benthic existence.
Life Expectancy
Tropical gobies develop very quickly and probably live no longer than one year but in cooler areas some species may live between two and ten years.
Gobies exhibit a wide variety of mating systems but most seem to be promiscuous, either organized into a hierarchical social system, such as Coryphopterus personatus, or small territories maintained by individuals, such as Coryphopterus glaucofrenum and Lythrypnus dalli. A typical mating sequence begins with nest preparation by the male, which involves clearing and cleaning the area where eggs will be deposited. In response, the ventral area of the female swells and the male proceeds to swim back and forth between the female and nest site and in some cases the male will nudge the female with its snout. The male may also make exaggerated swimming motions in place by anchoring himself with the sucking disc.
There is evidence of monogamy in some gobies (Ioglossus spp., Gobiodon spp., Valencienna spp., Gobiosoma spp., and Paragobiodon spp., among others) but some of these pairings are the result of fierce territorialism toward other members of the same sex, which confines mating to that individual. However, there is evidence that some gobies recognize mates as individuals (Elacatinus lobeli), possibly through olfactory cues. In fact, extensive research on frillfin gobies has revealed a complex suite of visual, chemical, auditory, and olfactory cues used in courting behavior. For instance, an ovarian pheromone produce by female frillfin gobies has been shown to elicit courtship in males, even if the female is not present. Male frillfin gobies have also been observed making a knocking sound to initiate courtship. An example of visual cues is well illustrated by the alamo'o, which is found in the Hawaiian Islands. In this species, the male attracts females by perching on a rock and waving its rear end, which is bright yellow, back and forth in the current. Although there are very few studies as extensive as these for all gobies it is likely that a mixture of visual, tactile, chemical, auditory, or olfactory cues will be found in other gobies as well.
Mating System: monogamous ; polygynous ; polygynandrous (promiscuous)
Most gobies have extended spawning seasons with peak spawning depending on the species, but in colder regions breeding may only occur once or twice a year. Females may deposit from five to several hundred eggs, which the male then fertilizes. Some gobies exhibit protogynous hermaphroditism, such as members of the genus Paragobiodon. Individuals may be found in pairs, trios, or male-dominated harems depending on the species. In Paragobiodon harems the largest individual is always the dominant male and the second largest the functional female, and sex change is socially controlled. Most likely, similar hermaphroditism will be found in other territorial and pair-forming gobies. In estuarine species the lunar cycle is thought to play a role in spawning behavior as well as larval recruitment.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sequential hermaphrodite (Protogynous ); sexual ; fertilization (External ); oviparous
In most cases, male gobies guard the eggs after they are fertilized. The young probably stay close to adults for a period of time after hatching. Even if females are permanently paired, they rarely take part in parental care. In some freshwater island species parental care is not practiced at all. For instance, in the subfamily Sicydiinae the larvae are carried downstream to the ocean where they feed and grow before ascending the freshwater streams.
Parental Investment: male parental care
- Thresher, R. 1984. Reproduction in Reef Fishes. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications.
- Berra, T. 2001. Freshwater Fish Distribution. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
- Moyle, P., J. Cech. 2000. Fishes: An introduction to ichthyology – fourth edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- Böhlke, J., C. Chaplin. 1994. Fishes of the Bahamas and Adjacent Tropical Waters. Wynnewood, PA: Published for the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia by Livingston.
- Hoese, D. 1998. Gobies. Pp. 218 in W Eschmeyer, J Paxton, eds. Encyclopedia of fishes – second edition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage
Specimen Records: | 6,852 | Public Records: | 2,829 |
Specimens with Sequences: | 5,176 | Public Species: | 348 |
Specimens with Barcodes: | 5,139 | Public BINs: | 507 |
Species: | 673 | ||
Species With Barcodes: | 584 | ||
Barcode data
Locations of barcode samples
Conservation Status
There are five critically endangered gobies, 18 listed as vulnerable, and 12 listed as low risk. Agricultural practices and the introduction of non-native species are some important causes for their decline. This is not surprising considering the diversity of this family and the fact that many are confined to a single lake or river system, or one or few islands. Some may go extinct before humans become aware of their existence.
- The World Conservation Union, 2002. "IUCN 2002" (On-line). 2002 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed July 20, 2003 at http://www.iucnredlist.org/.
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
No specific information was found concerning any negative impacts to humans.
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
In the Caribbean and Philippines amphidromous gobies (see Food Habits) form a large portion of the catch as they migrate upstream in freshwater creeks. A number of gobies have been successfully bred in captivity, and some are also popular in the aquarium trade.
Positive Impacts: pet trade ; food
The gobies form the family Gobiidae, which is one of the largest families of fish, with more than 2,000 species in more than 200 genera.[1] Most are relatively small, typically less than 10 cm (4 in) in length. Gobies include some of the smallest vertebrates in the world, such as species of the genera Trimmatom nanus and Pandaka pygmaea, which are under 1 cm (3/8 in) long when fully grown. Some large gobies, such as some species of the genera Gobioides or Periophthalmodon, can reach over 30 cm (1 ft) in length, but that is exceptional. Generally, they are benthic, or bottom-dwellers. Although few are important as food for humans, they are of great significance as prey species for commercially important fish such as cod, haddock, sea bass, and flatfish. Several gobies are also of interest as aquarium fish, such as the bumblebee gobies of the genus Brachygobius. Phylogenetic relationships of gobies have been studied using molecular data.[2][3]
The most distinctive aspects of goby morphology are the fused pelvic fins that form a disc-shaped sucker. This sucker is functionally analogous to the dorsal fin sucker possessed by the remoras or the pelvic fin sucker of the lumpsuckers, but is anatomically distinct; these similarities are the product of convergent evolution. Gobies can often be seen using the sucker to adhere to rocks and corals, and in aquariums they will stick to glass walls of the tank, as well.
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Gobies are spread all over the world in tropical and temperate near shore-marine, brackish and freshwater environments. Their range extends from the Old World coral reefs to the seas of the New World, and includes the rivers and near-shore habitats of Europe and Asia.[4] On coral reefs, gobies constitute 35% of the total number of fishes and 20% of the species diversity.[5] Gobies are generally bottom-dwellers and live inside the bodies or burrows of invertebrates.
Gobiidae contains six subfamilies:
Members of the subfamily Amblyopinae are elongated mud-dwelling gobies commonly known as the eel gobies or worm gobies. Their two dorsal fins are connected by a membranous structure and their eyes are highly reduced. They are usually pink, red, or purple in coloration. Amblyopinae contain 12 genera and about 23 species.[6][7]
Members of Benthophilinae are endemic to the Ponto-Caspian region (including the Marmara, Black, Azov, Caspian, and Aral Seas).[8] The representatives of the subfamily have fused pelvic fins and elongated dorsal and anal fins.[9] They are distinguished from the closely related subfamily Gobiinae by the absence of a swimbladder in adults and location of the uppermost rays of the pectoral fins within the fin membrane.[10] Its members include tadpole gobies, monkey gobies, and bighead gobies.
Members of Gobiinae are known as true gobies. It is the most widespread and most diverse of the subfamilies under Gobiidae, containing around 2000 species and 150 genera.
Members of Gobionellinae mostly inhabit estuarine habitats, though some are freshwater. They are found in tropical and temperate regions around the world with the exception of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Ponto-Caspian region. It includes around 370 species and 55 genera.[11]
Members of Oxudercinae are commonly known as mudskippers. They are highly specialized members of the family. They are able to survive for extended periods on land through a combination of behavioral and physiological adaptations, including pectoral fins that act as simple legs; the ability to breathe through their skins (like frogs); and the digging of damp burrows to avoid drying out. Mudskippers live in tidal areas, particularly on mudflats and in mangrove forests, and are only found in tropical and subtropical regions.
Sicydiinae are a small subfamily of freshwater gobies, including only nine genera.[12] They are usually found in fast-moving mountain streams in tropical islands.[13][14]
Ecology and biology[edit]
Gobies are primarily fish of shallow marine habitats, including tide pools, coral reefs, and seagrass meadows; they are also very numerous in brackish water and estuarine habitats, including the lower reaches of rivers, mangrove swamps, and salt marshes. A small number of gobies (unknown exactly, but in the low hundreds) are also fully adapted to freshwater environments. These include the Asian river gobies (Rhinogobius spp.), the Australian desert goby (Chlamydogobius eremius), and the European freshwater goby Padogobius bonelli. Most gobies feed on small invertebrates, although some of the larger species eat other fish, and a few eat planktonic algae.
Gobies attach their eggs to a substrate, such as vegetation, coral, or a rock surface. They lay from five to a few thousand eggs, depending on the species. After fertilizing the eggs, the male guards the eggs from predators and keep them free from detritus. The male fans the eggs, thereby providing them with oxygen. The female maintains the burrow. The eggs hatch after a few days. The larvae are born transparent, and they develop coloration after spreading to find a suitable habitat. The larvae of many freshwater goby species are carried downstream to the brackish waters, or even to the sea. They return to fresh water weeks or months later.[15]
Gobies in warmer waters reach adulthood in a few months, while gobies in cooler environments reach adulthood in two years. The total lifespan of goby varies from one to ten years, again with the species in warmer waters generally living longer.[15]
Burrow construction[edit]
Gobies usually live in male-female pairs that construct and share burrows, similar to many other fish such as Mozambique tilapia. The burrows are used for shelters and spawning places. Gobies use their mouths to dig into the sea bottom, removing dead coral-fragments, rubble, and benthic algae in order to build their burrows.[16] Gobies maintain their burrows by fanning away sand inside the burrows. Furthermore, gobies use coral rubble to block burrow entrance. A single goby carry as many as nine pieces of coral rubble per minute. Gobies also build a 6-13 cm high mound over the entrance of their spawning burrow.[16] The mound lets the water flow fast over the mound. The water flow created by the mound helps to provide oxygen to the eggs. While burrow building is a cooperative behavior done by both sexes, males usually put more effort in burrow maintenance than females. Females feed more instead, because the reproductive success is optimal when females put more energy in preparing for the reproduction.[17] Interestingly, after spawning eggs, the roles of male and female changes. Females primarily maintain the burrow, and males mainly care for the eggs by fanning them, thereby providing oxygen. When females leave the burrow, however, the mounds lose their heights. The males then give up on the eggs and eat them, preparing for future mating opportunities. Goby burrows vary in size depending on the size of the goby species.[17]
Kleptogamy refers to the sneaking behavior during reproduction. Female gobies prefer male gobies with large bodies. Since not all males have large bodies, the smaller ones may cheat instead of expending energy to find mates.[18] The sneakers wait near the spawning ground of paired gobies. The sneakers then release their sperms on the spawning ground as soon as the paired female releases her eggs.[19] Even though sneakers' sperms fertilize some eggs, the paired male cannot distinguish the eggs fertilized by the sneakers from those fertilized by his own sperms. Therefore, the paired male equally gives parental care to all the eggs.[20]
Kleptogamy is a good strategy in many ways. First, the sneakers do not need their own territories, indicating that they do not need to spend energy in protecting territories, as most other males do. Most male gobies need their own territories, since females will not choose to mate with a male who does not own his own territory.[18] Secondly, the sneakers do not provide parental care to their eggs. The paired males will provide parental care instead of the sneakers. Therefore, the sneakers can save energy, and they can put more effort into finding new targets for cheating.[18]
The cost of kleptogamy is that the sneakers can receive aggressive attacks from the paired males that are usually much larger and stronger than the sneakers. For small sneakers, the attacks by the paired males can be detrimental and often lead to death.[18]
The sneakers are also referred to as pseudo-females, since they are small and hardly distinguishable from females. This small body size makes cheating easier. The paired males would, most of the time, think that the sneakers are females, and thus the paired males would not chase the sneakers away. The paired males are called "bourgeois" males, because they are larger, stronger, and most importantly, paired.[18]
Sex change[edit]
A few species of goby, such as blackeye goby and Lythrypnus dalli, can change their sexes. Sex change is possible in these gobies, since the external genitalia for males and females do not differ much.[18] Sex changes can take from days to weeks. Most sex changes in gobies are from female to male (protogyny) rather than male to female (protandry). Female-to-male changes are observed not only in gobies but also in wrasses, damselfishes, and sea basses.[18] Female-to-male change usually occurs because the resident male of the group is dead. If there is no male in the group, reproduction will be impossible. Therefore, the dominant female turns into male, allowing mating to happen.[21] Male-to-female change occurs when the females have preference for specific features in males. For example, female gobies prefer large males, and a few large males mate with multiple females, whereas small males loose their chance to mate. Small males either choose to become sneakers (kleptogamy) or choose to transform into females because all females technically have high mating opportunities. By turning into females, males can ensure that they produce many descendants.[18][22]
Some gobies have extraordinarily developed sex change ability. Gobiodon histrio from the Great barrier Reef exhibits bi-directional sex changes. Gobiodon histrio is one of the very few species that can change sex in both ways. It has been shown that when two Gobiodon historio females, used to be males, are on the same coral reef, one of them transformed back into a male goby.[22]
Sex determination[edit]
Sex determination in coral goby Gobiodon erythrospilus does not occur until juvenile gobies meet potential mates.[18] Confronting a potential mate can be difficult for Gobiodon erythrospilus juveniles, since most coral resources, crucial for attracting mates, are occupied by pre-existing paired gobies. Juveniles can only meet potential mates when one member of the pre-existing pairs dies. Juveniles' sexes are determined according to the sexes of their potential mates. When a juvenile goby meets a female, it becomes a male, and vice versa. This type of sex determination is referred to as socially-influenced sex determination. [23]
Some gobies remember landmarks that are within short distances, and use them to find their ways. Small frillfin gobies (Bathygobius soporator) live in intertidal zones. They swim through the pools during high tides and memorize how each pool connects to the others. Then, during low tides, they can exhibit accurate jumping behaviors, as they have memorized the paths.[24] In a new environment, these gobies do not show jumping behaviors or jump into wrong pools. Nevertheless, after one night, they show the same accurate jumping behaviors.[25]
Habitat choice[edit]
A study was done to understand how gobies react to changing habitat. Gobies were given two choices: a safe habitat with less food and a dangerous habitat with more food. Results from both the full and hungry gobies revealed that gobies, when confronted with the trade-off between foraging and avoiding predation, made choices that would better their foraging.[26]
Gobies sometimes form symbiotic relationships with other species,[27] such as with burrowing shrimps. The shrimp maintains a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby live. The shrimp has poor eyesight compared to the goby, but if it sees or feels the goby suddenly swim into the burrow, it will follow. The goby and shrimp keep in contact with each other, the shrimp using its antennae, and the goby flicking the shrimp with its tail when alarmed. These gobies are thus sometimes known as "watchmen gobies" or "prawn gobies". Each party gains from this relationship: the shrimp gets a warning of approaching danger, and the goby gets a safe home and a place to lay its eggs. Only the alpha male and female reproduce, other fish in the colony eat sparingly to resist being eaten by the alpha male or female. This way, only the largest and fittest are able to reproduce.[citation needed]
Another example of symbiosis is demonstrated by the neon gobies (Elacatinus spp.). These gobies, known as "cleaner gobies", remove parasites from the skin, fins, mouth, and gills of a wide variety of large fish. The most remarkable aspect of this symbiosis is many of the fish that visit the gobies' cleaning stations would otherwise treat such small fish as food (for example, groupers and snapper). Again, this is a relationship where both parties gain: the gobies get a continual supply of food as bigger fish visit their cleaning stations, and the bigger fish leave the cleaning stations healthier than they were when they arrived.
Another form of symbiosis exists between gobies and the mushroom coral Heliofungia actiniformis (Fungiidae), in which representatives of the genus Eviota roam among the tentacles possibly hiding from predators.[28]
Commercial importance[edit]
Gobies have commercial importance in Ukraine. They are fished in the Sea of Azov, northwestern Black Sea. Most important species are round goby, monkey goby, toad goby, and grass goby. The grass goby is also a commercial fish in Italy.
In aquariums[edit]
Several species of gobies are kept in aquaria.[29] Most captive gobies are species from saltwater, and make excellent additions to healthy reef or fish-only aquariums. Perhaps the most popular is the small but colorful neon goby. Most gobies stay toward the lower portion of the aquarium, hiding in the rockwork, but some species (most notably the shrimp gobies) prefer to dig themselves little burrows. Aquarists typically provide them with a fine-grained substrate to prevent damage to their delicate undersides.
Commonly kept saltwater species include the Randall's shrimp goby, and watchman goby. The bumblebee gobies from the genus Brachygobius are perhaps the most widely traded freshwater species, being small, colorful, and easy to care for. They need tropical, hard and alkaline freshwater or slightly brackish conditions to do well.
Gobies are generally peaceful towards their tankmates, though territorial among themselves. Since most are small and few are predatory toward other fishes, they usually make good community fishes. Typically, the main problem with gobies is feeding them; with a few exceptions, the small species kept in aquariums prefer live or frozen foods rather than flake, and they are not very good at competing with active species such as cichlids. Another problem is they commonly jump out of the tank, so having a tight-fitting lid is a must. They are recommended to be kept on their own or with peaceful surface dwelling species, such as halfbeaks and guppies.
See also[edit]
- Sleeper gobies are a closely related family (Eleotridae) that lack the fused pelvic fin sucker typical of most gobies, but are otherwise very similar in size, shape, and ecology.
- Blennies are a group of shallow-water marine fish often confused with gobies.
- Dragonets are superficially similar to gobies and sometimes confused with them.
- Pholidichthys leucotaenia is commonly called the engineer goby or convict goby, but is not a goby.
- ^ Patzner, R.A.; Van Tassell, J.L.; Kovačić, M.; Kapoor, B.G., ed. (2011). The Biology of Gobies. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers. p. 685. ISBN 978-1-57808-436-4.
- ^ Agorreta, A.; San Mauro, D.; Schliewen, U.; Van Tassell, J.L.; Kovačić, M.; Zardoya, R.; Rüber, L. (2013). "Molecular phylogenetics of Gobioidei and phylogenetic placement of European gobies". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 69 (3): 619–633. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.07.017. PMID 23911892.
- ^ Agorreta, A.; Rüber, L. (2012). "A standardized reanalysis of molecular phylogenetic hypotheses of Gobioidei". Systematics and Biodiversity 10 (3): 375–390. doi:10.1080/14772000.2012.699477.
- ^ Thacker, Christine E.; Dawn M. Roje (2011). "Phylogeny of Gobiidae and identification of gobiid lineages". Systematics and Biodiversity 9 (4): 329–347. doi:10.1080/14772000.2011.629011.
- ^ Winterbottom, Richard; et al (2011). "Life span, growth and mortality in the western Pacific goby Trimma benjamini, and comparisons with T. nasa". Environmental Biology of Fishes 91 (3): 295–301. doi:10.1007/s10641-011-9782-6.
- ^ Edward Murdy (2011). "Systematics of Amblyopinae". In B.G. Kapoor. The Biology of Gobies. Science Publishers. pp. 107–118. doi:10.1201/b11397-10. ISBN 978-1-4398-6233-9.
- ^ WoRMS (2012). "Amblyopinae". In Nicolas Bailly. FishBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
- ^ Simonović P.D., Nikolić V.P., Skóra K.E. (1996) Vertebral number in Ponto-Caspian gobies: phylogenetic relevance. J. Fish Biol., 49: 1027–1029.
- ^ Miller P.J. (1986) Gobiidae. In: Whitehead P.J.P., Bauchot M.-L., Hureau J.-C., Nielsen J., Tortonese E. (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, Vol. 3. UNESCO, Paris.
- ^ Pinchuk V.I. (1991) K voprosu o grupirovkakh vidov v predelakh roda Neogobius (Perciformes). Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 31: 380–393.
- ^ Frank Pezold (2011). "Systematics of the Family Gobionellidae". In Robert Patzner, James L. Van Tassell, Marcelo Kovacic, and B. G. Kapoor. The Biology of Gobies. Science Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-1-57808-436-4.[dead link]
- ^ Keith, P.; Marquet, G.; Taillebois, L. (2011). "Discovery of the freshwater genus Sicyopus (Teleostei: Gobioidei: Sicydiinae) in Madagascar, with a description of a new species and comments on regional dispersal". Journal of Natural History 45 (43–44): 2725. doi:10.1080/00222933.2011.602479.
- ^ Ronald E. Watson & Maurice Kottelat (2006). "Two new freshwater gobies from Halmahera, Maluku, Indonesia (Teleostei: Gobioidei: Sicydiinae)". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 17 (2): 121–128.
- ^ Ronald E. Watson, Philippe Keith, & Gérard Marquet (2007). "Akihito vanuatu, a new genus and new species of freshwater goby (Sicydiinae) from the South Pacific". Cybium 31 (3): 341&–349.[dead link]
- ^ a b Hoese, Douglas F. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N., ed. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 218–222. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
- ^ a b Reebs, Stephan. "Can fishes build things?".
- ^ a b Takegaki, Takeshi; Akinobu Nakazono (June 1999). "Division of labor in the monogamous goby, Valenciennea longipinnis, in relation to burrowing behavior". Ichthyological Research 46 (2): 125–129. doi:10.1007/BF02675430.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Reebs, Stephan. "The sex lives of fishes".
- ^ Svensson, O.; Kvarnemo (2007). "Parasitic spawning in sand gobies: an experimental assessment of nest-opening size, sneaker male cues, paternity, and filial cannibalism". Behavioral Ecology 18 (2): 410–419. doi:10.1093/beheco/arl098.
- ^ Svensson, O; Magnhagen, C., Forsgren, E., and Kvarnemo, C. (1998). "Parental behaviour in relation to the occurrence of sneaking in the common goby". Animal Behaviour 56 (1): 175–179. doi:10.1006/anbe.1998.0769. PMID 9710475.
- ^ Lorenzi, V.; Earley, R.L., and Grober, M.S. (2006). "Preventing behavioural interactions with a male facilitates sex change in female bluebanded gobies, Lythrypnus dalli". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 59 (6): 715–722. doi:10.1007/s00265-005-0101-0.
- ^ a b Munday, P.L.; Caley, M.J., Jones, G.P. (1998). "Bi-directional sex change in a coral-dwelling goby". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 43 (6): 371–377. doi:10.1007/s002650050504.
- ^ Hobbs, J.-P. A.; Munday, P.L., and Jones, G.P. (2004). "Social induction of maturation and sex determination in a coral reef fish". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. B 271 (1553): 2109–2114. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2845.
- ^ Reebs, Stephan. "How fishes find their ways around".
- ^ Aronson, L.R. (1971). "Further studies on orientation and jumping behaviour in the Gobiid fish, Bathygobius soporator". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 188: 378–392. Bibcode:1971NYASA.188..378A. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1971.tb13110.x. PMID 5288865.
- ^ Magnhagen, C. (1988). "Changes in foraging as a response to predation risk in two gobiid fish species, Pomatoschistus minutus and Gobius niger". Marine Ecology Progress Series 49: 21–26. doi:10.3354/meps049021.
- ^ G. S. Helfman, B. B. Colette & D. E. Facey (1997). "Chapter 21: Fishes as social animals". The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell. ISBN 0-86542-256-7.
- ^ Bos, Arthur R (2012). "Fishes (Gobiidae and Labridae) associated with the mushroom coral Heliofungia actiniformis (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) in the Philippines". Coral Reefs 31: 133. doi:10.1007/s00338-011-0834-3.
- ^ Schäfer, Frank (2005). Brackish-Water Fishes. Aqualog. ISBN 978-3936027822.


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Tablet. Hotels for Global Nomads
Hôtel Verneuil
8, rue de Verneuil, Paris, France
Neighborhood: 7th Arr. (Eiffel Tower/Musée D'Orsay)
Check availability as rates may vary for dates. Best rate guaranteed.
In a city where hotels tend toward the extremes — in comfort, cost, convenience, any number of measures, really — Paris's Hôtel Verneuil is the rare hotel that lands in the elusive goldilocks zone: mid-range, centrally located, comfortable but not lethargy-inducing, stylish without getting silly about it.
Unless you've got some obscure agenda pulling you out to the margins of town, the location truly couldn't be better. Hôtel Verneuil occupies a 17th-century townhouse on rue de Verneuil, a narrow little street in Saint-Germain, just two blocks off the Seine. An easy and scenic walk takes you across the river to the Louvre (tell the concierge you're going and they'll give you a pass so you can skip the lines) and the Arc de Triomphe. Shoppers after the most current wares can easily make their way to Le Bon Marché, which lives up to its name in at least one sense, or pay a visit to the capital-h Houses of Diór, Hermés and plenty of others, while those after something older will find themselves amidst the finest antique shops in the city. And right out the door is a true-to-imagination Parisian streetscape, with easily a week's worth of outstanding old cafés and bistros and brasseries crowding the sidewalks. Even the ghosts that haunt the block are as good as they come, and quintessentially Left Bank; Serge Gainsbourg's old house is across the street, and James Baldwin spent some time living in the hotel itself, back when Verneuil was a substantially more modest operation.
Where Baldwin battled temperamental plumbing, there are now marble bathrooms in each of the 26 accommodations. The character of the 17th-century structure more than peeks through — not least in the exposed wood timbers in many of the ceilings — but, after a thorough renovation in 2012, the level of comfort is decidedly current. Rooms range in size from teeny-tiny to quite-decent-for-Paris, but they're full of warmth and character, with deft lighting and a smattering of books or objets d'art, plus LED screens nearly as big as some of the walls. There's no restaurant, just a vaulted stone cellar where breakfast is served and a cozy lobby for hanging out with a pre-dinner drink. In both cases, the hotel is just a starting point, an excellent place to prepare yourself for all that waits outside.
- 26 Rooms
- Style: Modern Design
- Atmosphere: Happening
- 5 Guest Reviews
- Hôtel Verneuil
- 8, rue de Verneuil
- Paris, France
- Neighborhood: 7th Arr. (Eiffel Tower/Musée D'Orsay)
Hotel amenities and services
- 100% non-smoking hotel
- 24 hour front desk
- Babysitting (on request)
- Bar
- Business center
- Central air conditioning
- Free wi-fi
- Library
- Luggage storage
- Multi-lingual staff
- No pets allowed
- Room service
- Shopping area nearby
- Wake-up service
- Wood burning fireplace
Other Paris hotels
5 Guest Reviews
All reviews are from Tablet guests with verified stays.
- Katharine
- Stayed January 2014
- Rating: Good
What I liked:
This gorgeous hotel was in the perfect spot - small room, but what hotel in Paris isn't? Really crammed with the extra bed but I think we got the last room for the night so it was all good for one night. Can walk to anywhere....loved it!
What the hotel could do better:
Nothing, had a wonderful stay!
- luciano
- Stayed December 2013
- Rating: Good
What I liked:
it's a nice hotel, with a character that is consistent with the town
What the hotel could do better:
in principle I should say the room was small, but it was pleasant and comfortable anyway.
- Max
- Stayed November 2013
- Rating: Good
What I liked:
Nice rooms and decent sized for Paris (I've had much worse!) and great service. Great location on a quiet street. The bed sheets were amazing.
What the hotel could do better:
Nothing, had a wonderful stay!


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Start learning with our library of video tutorials taught by experts. Get started
Shows how to use Objective-C and Xcode to build a full-featured game app for the iPhone and iPad.
Use Flash Professional CS5 to create a game to play on iOS devices, utilizing device hardware like the accelerometer and integration with a local database.
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Government contractor fetches 10 percent premium for shareholders
SRA International Inc. has been sold to an affiliate of Providence Equity Partners in an all-cash transaction valued at $1.88 billion.
SRA announced the all-cash definitive merger agreement today, following unanimous approval by the company's board of directors. SRA Founder and Chairman Ernst Volgenau abstained.
Anatomy of SRA's $1.9B sale
"We believe in the merits of this transaction, which serves the best interests of our shareholders, as well as those of our 7,300 employees and more than 1,400 contracts with customers," Volgenau said in the announcement.
"We also look forward to partnering with Providence, whose values and culture are consistent with SRA's long-standing ethic of honesty and service," he said. "We believe these characteristics are critical as we continue to build SRA and sustain its competitive positioning for the future."
Under the terms of the agreement, SRA shareholders will receive $31.25 in cash for each share of common stock, including a 10.2 percent premium based on the closing price of $28.36 on March 31 and a premium of 52.8 percent above the closing price of $20.45 on Dec. 31, 2010, the company's unaffected share price.
After completion of the transaction, SRA headquarters will remain in Fairfax, Va., and the company will continue to be led by its existing senior management team with Volgenau serving as chairman of the board.
According to the announcement, SRA and Providence began exploring the possibility of an acquisition in October 2010, when SRA's board of directors formed a special committee of independent directors to look into a sale.
Houlihan Lokey acted as financial adviser and Kirkland and Ellis acted as legal adviser to the SRA board of directors' special committee. Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and BofA Merrill Lynch acted as financial advisers and Debevoise and Plimpton served as legal counsel to Providence for the transaction.
SRA International, of Fairfax, Va., ranks No. 30 on Washington Technology's 2010 Top 100 list of the largest federal government contractors.
About the Author
David Hubler is the former print managing editor for GCN and senior editor for Washington Technology. He is freelance writer living in Annandale, Va.
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Review: Prepare and file online with H&R Block Free
H&R Block Free for your 2013 taxes stands out among online tax prep services because the site is streamlined and the service's step-by-step process makes preparing your taxes easy. Plus, you can file your income taxes online for free (state taxes, too, for a fee). H&R Block Free includes free advice from tax experts and free in-person support if you're audited, and it guarantees you the lowest tax bill or largest return, depending on what you've got coming to you.
We visited H&R Block's store-like Web portal and clicked the … Read more


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Elections have consequences.
While Mitt Romney was carrying Tennessee in the presidential race, President Barack Obama was winning a second term. Presidential appointments locally will thus be made by him and not a Republican president. It has implications for the TVA board and for a federal judgeship as well as other appointments over the next four years.
Obama's appointments to the TVA board have been on the shelf awaiting Senate confirmation and a new president could have made other choices. The likelihood now is that the Obama appointees, like Democratic nominee for governor Mike McWherter, will eventually be confirmed.
U.S. District Court Judge Thomas W. Phillips has announced his retirement and he will no doubt be replaced by a Democrat. Local attorneys Pam Reeves and Dawn Coppock have expressed interest in the post, but it will likely be next summer before a new judge is named and other candidates may emerge.
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text: While we here in America were grinding our way through first-person mazes filled with gelatinous cubes in Wizardry and exploring the depths of Lord British's psyche in the Ultima series, our game-making brethren in Japan were taking the role-playing genre in bold new directions. Instead of being dungeon crawls laboring under the spectre of Dungeons and Dragons, Japanese role-playing games or JRPGs were epic adventures with dynamic, colorful characters and long, complex plots - the "role-playing" was less in creating a character than in being drawn into the personalities that the game provided for you and kept playing by the compelling stories. And when these games hit America, a whole new audience was born. The golden age of the JRPG is yet to come, with top titles being readied for the next-gen systems, so let's take a look back at the shining stars of the genre so far.


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Friday, November 16, 2012
1 comment:
- Sydney L. said...
awesome shot! i wish i had lovely people around me to capture but srsly they're so hard to find in where i live
i hope you consider post photos (with a link as caption) on fb instead of links? :) - 1/1/13 01:48
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- Adult Adventure
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This piece is great for additional urethral stimulation. The shaft is grooved and Hollow to provide extra stimulation. The Glan's ring is 1" in diameter with a 5/16" ball. The plug itself is 4" in overall length and ranges from 5/32" at the tip to 5/16" for the length of the shaft.
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Quality First time user and probably a long time user. The product is great. The ring could have been a little bit larger but with more lub and patience it did fit snugly. I would prefer it to be shoter with an over all length of about three inches instead of four (comfort factor).
I did try do wear it for a longer period of time but was uncofrotable after four hours and lying on my back. Repostioning was necessary to ease the short pricking pain.
There was minor very minor bleeding when pulling out but cleared up within an hour. Second day use was similar but my overall sexual explosion was so intense that I felt like an adolescent climaxing on his first time. It was great.
I will try to continue to use it, plus I'm look for another type that is similar and shorter. I want to wear it for a long periond of time and feel the effects.
Of course sterlize it before and after use, and careful on the insertion, be patient the ring will fit.(Posted on 3/12/13)
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I'll be back for more.......(Posted on 10/5/12)
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(Posted on 10/5/12)
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Quality fits nice in my 6 1/2 incher, but should have ordered 1 1/4" holding ring instead of the stock 1". well made and easy to insert.
(Posted on 10/5/12)


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Relish in the fragrant splendor of springtime with our Napa Valley Lavender Wreath. Embellished with a dainty purple ribbon, this dried lavender wreath is adorned with carefully harvested natural elements, including lavender, preserved sage green caspia, natural eucalyptus, white ammobium, phalaris, and purple sinuata.
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All Boards
Got a question? Something on your mind? Talk to your community, directly.
Posts awaiting your approval
March 04, 2014 at 07:13 PM
Such a shame. Selling them after lent begins is in kind of poor taste.
Janet, Volunteer with Kimberton Fire Co. Auxiliary
March 04, 2014 at 07:37 PM
P of P: The shame is that we listened to the weather forecasters and canceled the Fausnaught sale. …Read More This sale is one of the Kimberton Fire Company Auxiliary's largest fundraiser, after the Kimberton Community Fair. We selflessly volunteer many hours of our time stolen away from work, family and friends to raise funds for our fire company. No one makes us do this. Thankfully, with some quick thinking were able to add one of our REGULAR donut sales the following week to make up for lost income. We make the donuts 7 times throughout the year, AND for a full week during the fair. You sound like a religious person, but should you be judging us? I think not. I forgive you.


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Sorry PC Users. And non-iPhone users. And we're not sorry for you having to think about an upgrade to Vista or Windows Mobile 6.1 either. No, we're sorry because Google loves us iPhone users more than you. Google has an iPhone Fixation. The newest evidence? The latest and greatest update to the Mac OS, 10.5.3, just came out today and it has a new feature: syncing of contacts with Google. Gmail already works better with the iPhone than it does with any other mail app, now it works better with the iPhone when plugged into a Mac, too.
Odd that it would only work if you have an iPhone, though, innit? If you're not "one of us" (Google! Goggle!), you can still sync your contacts up with Yahoo, who still is also the only way to get Push email pre-iPhone-2.0.
Update: Ars Technica chimes in with a hack for your forlorn non-iPhone-owning Mac Users. For my part, I very much want to apply 10.5.3 but I have a policy of waiting at least a week before installing it. Crazy? ...Or crazy like a fox?
I love gmail. It is by far the best email i have ever used. However, the contacts management is horrible. Personally, I hate how it adds any email address you send/receive mail in your address book. Yes, this can be great if you need an email and forgot who its from, however, i do alot of ebay/craigsist, so my email "contacts" is well over 100-20 people I never even met! So, yea, I would never use this new "feature" unless gmail changes the way they implement contacts.
Where is this option located? I see a screen-shot but I don't know where there screen resides in OSX
I downloaded & instaled 10.5.3 & it doesnt have this option in Address Book Preferences (just Yahoo Exchange & .Mac


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Genre: House/garden, Home Improvement, How-to
Premise: Licensed contractor Matt Muenster shows how to transform one of the most widely used rooms in the house from boring to beautiful. He incorporates the latest products and design techniques into each bathroom makeover, presenting essential do-it-yourself instruction along the way. Both grand and smaller-scale rooms are fantastically redone, the changes limited not by size but by one's imagination.
S05, E13 | Modern Marvel | ||
S05, E12 | So Long 70's! | ||
S05, E11 | Bring on the Bling | ||
S05, E10 | Nod To Tradition | ||
S05, E09 | Something From Nothing |
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Canada's Harvey on NACRA Pressure |
Canada - Women | |
[Photo: Canada's Magali Harvey evades a tackle. Judy Teasdale/RugbyCanada photo] The Canadian women were all class this weekend at the NACRA 7s. Whereas the men could have finished first or second and still not be "punished," the women HAD to win this weekend if they wanted to advance to the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens. Even with that weight on the team's shoulders, Canada 7s coach John Tait fielded a relatively young team, and relied on the veteran leadership of captain Jenn Kish to keep the team cohesive. Also nudged into this veteran role was Magali Harvey. Two-and-a-half years ago, USA 7s spectators were introduced to this exciting, yet inexperienced, wing with exciting speed and agile feet. Today, she's a defacto leader who handles the team's restarts and conversions, while also keeping her healthy try count ever growing. "It's amazing," Harvey said as she reflected on the last two years. "I remember how it felt when I first came in, how stressed I was and how everyone helped me. And now it's my turn to help everyone and figure things out." Part of Harvey's role was keeping the squad calm. Even though they were leagues better than their opponents, pressure to perform in spite of the boisterous crowd, TV cameras and other distractions could have handicapped the team. In the opening minutes of the final against Trinidad & Tobago, some uncharacteristic miscues occurred during finishing passes. "That was just nerves," Harvey said. "Part of the team – five of us – haven't been practicing together because we're centralized for five months. During that time, you refine your skills and learn how your teammates play. We're still adapting; it's all a process. But in general, we did well. We used that pressure to bring it all together and put on a good show for everyone." One of the team's highlights occurred between Harvey and alternating wings Ariel Dubissette-Borrice and Bianca Farella. The three speedsters team up well in the open field, and all showcase a nice step. "I know them from before, so it's nice to not play against them and instead with them," Harvey reflected on university and club days. "We have a lot of speed, and it's fun to actually use it to our advantage." All of the newer players – like Amanda Thornborough, Lisa Gauthier and Britt Benn, in addition to Dubissette-Borrice and Farella – made good cases for their inclusion in the next selection camp. And it will not be an easy process once the veterans are worked back into the pool. "It's a step-by-step process, and we don't want to miss a step," Harvey said. "Now that this is done, we're going to focus on other tournaments, especially the World Cup. It's exciting. We're going to push really hard." |


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how to compute histogram on non-numeric data set?Richard 2012-03-12, 05:18
I have noticed histogram_numeric(col, n), but it seems to require numeric column.
I have a string column, they are numeric like string but are category label, e.g, 100001, 200034 two different strings are two different category but the numeric value does not mean anything, so it is not proper to use histogram_numeric(cast(col to BIGINT), n). thanks. Richard +
Philip Tromans 2012-03-12, 12:36


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We found 10 additional articles filed under UN (United Nations). They're listed below, most recent first.
- People of Faith Become Aware and Rise Up Against the Doctrine of Discovery
05/31/2013 -- On May 20, 2013, approximately 50 people gathered in a meeting room at the Church Center for the United Nations to learn about the Doctrine of Discovery. - Deb Williams: In the Chapel and in the United Nations
05/31/2013 -- Deb Williams was one of a team of United Methodists to take part in the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues held in New York from May 18 to May 25, 2013. She called the experience "insightful." - Becky Thompson: Diversity and Hope in the Path of the Storm
05/31/2013 -- Becky Thompson values diversity, resilience and hope. During her attendance at the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues held in New York from May 18 to May 25, 2013, she met people from all over the world who have survived in difficult situ... - Join Us in March, Side Events at the 57th Commission on the Status of Women
02/15/2013 -- United Methodist Women will participate in CSW-57 by bringing an international delegation that will work with ecumenical and secular partners to prevent and eliminate violence against women and girls. - United Methodist Women Blog About the Rights of Indigenous People
05/11/2012 -- In an address to the United Nations Jalisa Ross stated, "My brothers and sisters, though I am speaking on behalf of the church, I am also a victim of this violent crime against humanity, called the Doctrine of Discovery." Ms. Ross is a United Methodist c... - Introducing a Rural Hero
02/28/2012 -- Eli Gashi of Kosovo, United Methodist Women-sponsored delegate to the 56th Commission on the Status of Women, shared the story of Marta Prekpalaj, who worked for women's empowerment before, during and after the conflicts in Kosovo from 1998-1999. - The 56th Session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women
08/04/2011 -- CSW-56 will take place at United Nations Headquarters in New York City from February 27 to March 9, 2012. The theme is "the empowerment of rural women and their role in poverty and hunger eradication, development and current challenge." This session will ... - The United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII)
05/19/2011 -- This year is the 10th anniversary of the creation of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII), which will be held May 16–27, 2011, at the United Nations (U.N.) headquarters in New York City. - Women as Peacemakers, Women as Decision Makers
10/12/2010 -- From Oct. 18-29, the United Nations and women's and civil society organizations will celebrate 10 years of UNSCR 1325. - October 24: United Nations Day
10/21/2008 -- A reflection on God's call for justice and the anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Return to the original article.


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Item in stock
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Navy curved clutch bag
Item No.0870108057
This elegant navy satin clutch bag from Debut has a curved flapover front with a popper fastening and an interior slot pocket with a concealable chain strap.
Also available in this range
- Outer: 100% Polyester
- HWD: 14 x 27 x 4.5cm / 5.5 x 10.75 x 1.75
- One internal slot pocket
- Popper fastening
- Wipe Clean
Debenhams is happy to exchange or refund your purchase within 28 days providing the goods are in a fully resaleable condition (including tags) and not within the exclusion policy*. This policy does not affect your statutory rights. You can return unwanted items either by visiting your local store (the fastest way to get a refund), by arranging a courier collection or returning by post. Exclusions apply to selected products. For instructions on how to return products and information on Debenhams refund policy visit the returns and refunds section of the website.


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AFX snowmobile helmets feature a lightweight shell and advanced ventilation system to keep you comfortable as you're blasting through the snow. These helmets, such as the AFX Magnus S/SE have a dual lens shield that provides you fog resistance and with an extremely secure seal to keep out moisture.
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