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Rental Agent
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New York Habitat
307 Seventh Avenue
New York, NY
About New York Habitat:New York Habitat (http://www.nyhabitat.com)is a successful and recognized International Real Estate Agency. We specialize in the Furnished Rental, Bed & Breakfast, and Vacation Rental markets in New York, Paris, London, and the South of France since 1989.
The idea for the company came after recognizing the lack of options available to travelers who desired more personal accommodations than those provided in hotels or corporate apartments.
To apply, please send your resume and cover letter to: firstname.lastname@example.com
Please note that we will only contact potential applicants that possess the qualifications and skills required for this position.
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Are you a Pinterest lover? We are too! Check out our boards here: http://pinterest.com/newyorkhabitat/
Or maybe you're more of a Tumblr person: http://newyorkhabitat.tumblr.com/
We also have great informative videos on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/newyorkhabitat
About your role at New York Habitat:New York Habitat is looking for a dedicated person and team player to join our team. Our main goal is to share our expertise with motivated individuals interested in working in the real estate industry, specifically the furnished rental market in NYC.
New York Habitat is searching for licensed agents with experience using Social Media tools. The ideal candidate will have a strong passion for photography. New York Habitat provides listing leads.
At New York Habitat, you will:.
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Published: Oct. 21, 2010
Updated: Oct. 21, 2010
I began seeing Dr. Nunley in October of 2007; initially, local physicians thought I had torn a tendon or had plantar fasciitis. When I saw Dr.Nunley, he recognized that I had Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome and began treatment for that.
I was put into an Arizona brace, which I wore for the better part of a year until I had nearly worn it out. He then decided it was time to go ahead and repair the damage with surgery.
I cannot tell you exactly what all was done, but I know my foot was broken in several places and tendons and ligaments were moved into my ankle to strengthen it.
After a long eight weeks in a cast, I came out and was in a pneumatic boot for an additional eight weeks. My foot is much better than it was, although I still have to wear orthotics and ugly orthopaedic shoes.
I am presently seeing Dr. Almekinders for an injury I received in March when I fell on a business trip in Northern Virginia. I fractured my elbow and scapula and basically bruised my entire left side.
I was initially seeing Dr. Richard for elbow and wrist injuries, but, by the time my elbow and wrist healed, I had developed frozen shoulder. I saw Dr. Tawney and Dr. Almekinders for my shoulder problem, and Dr. Almekinders is doing a manipulation next Wednesday.
So I guess you could say that I would definitely recommend Duke Ortho since I have returned again myself and travel nearly four hours each time to receive this excellent care.
I have found the care at Duke Ortho, in both clinics, to be excellent. The staff and the physicians are extremely courteous and caring.
I have never been dismissed or felt as though my questions were not answered. I have, in some ways, even felt friendly with the staff -- after a while you get to know everyone's names and they recognize you as well. That is a nice thing.
It is pretty cool to be able to say that your physician is one of the best in America; the Duke Orthopaedics team is just that.

subset: commoncrawl


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James "Jim" Earl Bard |
Tools |
Mr. Jim Bard of Water Valley died June 5, 2013 at his residence.
He attended the Heartland Worship Center of Paducah, KY. He retired from the U.P.S. with 28 years of service and was a cattle farmer. He lived all of his life in Graves Co., KY.
He is survived by three daughters, Rene Bard of Water Valley, KY, Allyson Riley and Lori Owen both of Mayfield, KY, three grandchildren, and a sister, Sandy Foster of Memphis, TN.
He was preceded in death by his parents, Leon Earl and Martha (Coltharp) Bard.
Funeral services will be held at 2PM Tuesday in our funeral chapel.
Private burial will follow at a later date.
Friends may call at the funeral home from 5 to 8PM Monday.
Memorials may be made to the Water Valley Cemetery Fund, c/o Gerald Barnes, 90 Hubbard Rd., Water Valley KY 42085 or the Camp Beauregard Cemetery, c/o Mike Barnes, 3580 Pea Ridge Rd., Water Valley KY 42085.


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BeerAdvocate on your phone?! True story. Try the beta now.
Tickets for American Craft Beer Fest are on sale now! (May 30 & 31 in Boston, MA)
Beer Hop Breakfast - Mikkeller ApS
Displayed for educational use only; do not reuse. |
Ratings: 459 | Reviews: 176 | Show All Ratings:
4.16/5 rDev +2%
look: 4.5 | smell: 4 | taste: 4.25 | feel: 3.75 | overall: 4.25
A - Very dark and rich brown. Dark chocolate two finger head with really nice retention. Nice legs on the glass. No light passing through the glass on this one.
S - Smells a little boozey for the ABV. Lots of coffee and chocolate with a slight citrus. Very intriguing aroma.
T - Not picking up on the hops very much. Mostly light coffee and chocolate notes. Very drinkable stout.
M - Full bodied and very smooth. Not much carbonation to speak of. Really nice after taste.
O - My favorite that I've had from the breakfast lineup. Very drinkable but like usual, Mikkeller is just so expensive.
Serving type: bottle
05-22-2013 18:33:08 | More by ThePaleRider
3.5/5 rDev -14.2%
look: 3.5 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 3.5
Pours a dark brown, with a glint or so of mahogany up to the light. Head is darkish beige, bit whispy but decent lace left around. Looks pretty good, although it could easily look better in all aspects.
Smells quite resiny, actually. Fair floral hints coming off that, with some citrus, pine and rubber. Mostly light, and even though it's deliberate, I'm missing something darker, more heavy or just earthier, as it all seems a bit unsubstantial. Nice, but I'd like more.
Taste is a bit better. Still a little light body-wise, but plenty of that resiny hop note upfront, with floral and woody, organic sap notes that transition smoothly into a long, bitter finish. Lots of astringency on the back, with charred roastiness and resinous hop oils competing for the bitter crown. A bit too much, really, kind of lemon pithy and doesn't quite clean up to make me want more.
Body is quite light for the style, but there's a presence by the end. OK.
Have had better dark beers, this one tastes quite heavy but not quite a full enough flavour to compensate for the weighty bitterness. Just a bit ashy and astringent. Not an everyday beer.
Serving type: bottle
05-19-2013 08:14:23 | More by laituegonflable
3.09/5 rDev -24.3%
look: 4.75 | smell: 4.25 | taste: 2.5 | feel: 2.75 | overall: 3
Visually really really appealing, pitch black body flowing huge tan head frothing above the sides of my chalice, fine even lacing as it slowly fades. Aroma has dark chocolate bitterness and hint of pine and citrus tone hops in the background with a somewhat creamed coffee in the middle. Bitterness unwavering bitterness green hops assault the palate with a pelletized hop concentration black malts (mainly black patent bring out the charcoal and roasted malt bitterness) so there's a bit of a tag team combo hitting me hard right now. I really couldn't tell you they used oatmeal, but dark bitter coffee, dark malts, and hops are screaming hello!!! Mouthfeel never gets past any one of the waves of bitterness it coats all dimensions of the palate, medium bodied even solid carbonation no issues there just the lacquer known has beer hop breakfast is left behind coating the entire palate with a lingering unbalanced bitterness. Overall I wish the gypsy brewer had a stroke of finesse in his paint brush, maybe due to the country where the brewing scene is breaking out like a punk rock movement do most of these guys feel the need to brew this way. Believe me I like extreme beer I just like well balanced big beers.
Serving type: bottle
05-03-2013 22:58:12 | More by WVbeergeek
4.09/5 rDev +0.2%
look: 4.25 | smell: 4.25 | taste: 4 | feel: 4.25 | overall: 4
16.9 oz bottle poured into a tulip
A- Black with a two finger tan head.
S- Roasted coffee, piney hops, roasted malts, some dark chocolate, citrus hops.
T- Hoppy, piney, touch of burnt hops, some citrus, roasted coffee, touch of smoke, dark chocolate.
M- Smooth, medium body, dry.
O- I enjoy Beer Geek Breakfast more, but this is still a solid beer. Hoppiness makes it almost taste like a black IPA.
Serving type: bottle
04-18-2013 23:30:44 | More by larryi86
New York
4.15/5 rDev +1.7%
look: 3.75 | smell: 4.25 | taste: 4.25 | feel: 4 | overall: 4
A: First, a note on the bottle. I cracked it open and there was sediment on the neck and the lip of the bottle. It's been in my fridge, standing upright, for at least 2 weeks. I wonder how it was stored before then - and how old this bottle might be. . . . Anyway, on to the review. . . .
Poured into a Sam Smith's nonic-style pint glass. Body is black with a 1+ finger light-brown head that leaves behind some Yoo-Hoo colored lacing.
S: I get coffee right away, but it subsides and is replaced by an earthy, tobacco scent and plenty of citrus. Reminds me of an American Black Ale that was brewed with coffee more than a stout.
T: First impression: wow, this is surprisingly hoppy and bitter. Roasty malt underneath, along with plenty of roasted coffee beans and some charcoal. Finishes with citrusy bitterness and roasted grain husks. Reminds me of a cross between a hoppy Imperial Porter (e.g., the roast and char) and an American Black Ale (the citrusy hops). Again, I don't get the overall sense that this is all that stout-like. . . . ABV is noted on the end of the sip, with heat felt on the way down into the belly. Lingering bitterness - grapefruit and burnt grains - on the aftertaste.
M: Medium in heft, maybe a touch heavier. Carbonation is modest, provides a bit of sharp prickliness at the back end of the sip.
O: This is good stuff, just not really what I was expecting given the Stout style description. I suppose the word "Hop" in the name should've been a give away, but still. . . think of this as an American Black Ale and you'll be pleased.
Serving type: bottle
04-11-2013 01:10:11 | More by Kendo
2.46/5 rDev -39.7%
look: 5 | smell: 3.25 | taste: 2.25 | feel: 1.5 | overall: 2
Please don't tell me that Mikkeller is pumping out outrageous gross beer and up charging like Saint Arnold does with the Divines. Any hoot, sippin this brew while reading the end of Stephen King's The Mist as my roomies are loud as shit downstairs. No biggy.
Pours up amazing foamy dark tan head. Great lacing. The head made it thru the whole journey. Aroma is very hoppy, some malts creeping thru. Nice aroma. Now the taste. It's too much. You've got big bold malts battling heavy hops. I don't ever eat chocolate with ketchup. It's too crazy in this bottle! It's not bad but it's not good. Full bodied. Heavy crispy carbo. Meh. Just an experiment I suppose
Serving type: bottle
03-28-2013 04:09:11 | More by stumac
New Jersey
3.8/5 rDev -6.9%
look: 3.75 | smell: 4 | taste: 3.75 | feel: 3.75 | overall: 3.75
16.9 oz bottle features a dark label with minimal graphics and no freshness info. Poured into a tulip.
Appearance - Nearly pitch black except for the smallest, deep amber highlight at the very bottom of the glass. Caramel colored head forms a thin ring and some froth at the surface, leaving some spotty lacing behind.
Smell - At first the aroma seems pretty straight forward, then it warms revealing different layers. Initially I get a big roasted character from the coffee and the roasted malt which contributes moderate sweetness. There is an herbal tinge, and it is apparent that this brew is hopped up more than your typical coffee/oatmeal stout. As it warms I get wafts of bitter baker's chocolate. The finish is a little briny, making me think of dark chocolate covered pretzels. When the liquid level is low in the glass, solvent alcohol presents itself when I inhale deeply.
Taste - The taste follows the aroma very closely. Hop bitterness and roasted coffee linger on the palate, drying the mouth and leaving it screaming for another sip. There is definitely a briny character to the aftertaste which I'm actually enjoying.
Mouthfeel - Medium bodied, a little oily and smooth. Good for a stout.
Overall - A nice imperial stout with an extra dimension from the hops. It's not uber complex but there are some nice layers here that make it interesting. I won't go out of my way to search this out but I will pick it up again if I see it for a decent price.
Serving type: bottle
03-19-2013 00:59:12 | More by TheFightingMongooses
4.26/5 rDev +4.4%
look: 5 | smell: 4.25 | taste: 4.25 | feel: 4 | overall: 4.25
A-black with a sticky brown head
S-smells like oatmeal, more so than any other beer I've had. A bit milky and grainy as well. Smells good.
T-comes in with a great roasted flavor of oatmeal. It's simple, but clean and crisp. Nice after-taste of roasted grains.
M-medium carbonation. Very smooth though a bit watery.
O-definitely an awesome stout. Has a high quality flavor to it, something you expect from a high profile stout.
Serving type: on-tap
03-10-2013 16:28:58 | More by AdamBear
4.15/5 rDev +1.7%
look: 4.25 | smell: 4.25 | taste: 4.25 | feel: 3.75 | overall: 4
Coffee and hops, really? With the sharpness of citrus hops, pine, roast, and bitter colliding in the glass, its easy to anticipate these flavors clashing in a very unfavorable way.
But like many other stouts, the beer pours with the darkest of brown colors that hedge on black. Complete opaqueness disallows light penetration, as the haze does as much to contribute tot he cloudiness as the color does. Froathy with its foam character, the beer builds a tall head of mocha-stained color, built for long lasting and lacy persistence.
Two beers seem to live in the glass as the stout-like aromas provide the coffee, roast, and dark sugar notes while more IPA character delivers hoppy citrus, pine, and grass notes. Both battling it out, not allowing one to command the other. The culmination of scents are almost too much for the nose to comprehend, but the quality of both are good enough to keep the nose returning to the glass.
But in taste, the flavor of stout wins over, if ever so slightly. Roasted grain, toast char, burnt sugar, and French pressed coffee embark on a lush and robust taste. Trailing shortly behind are the hops- rising to absolute IPA status, the roast is met with flavors of white grapefruit peels, under ripened oranges, spruce, and cannabis-oriented botanical. From the middle palate on, the beer seems to alternate in its lean with each sip, before the high hop bitterness outlast the char by a thin margin in its extended finish.
Surprisingly drinkable, the beer has an airy roasted texture that's suited well as both American stout and IPA. It's forgiving rate of drinkability is in stark contrast to the power of flavor that the beer delivers to the taste buds. It's full carbonation engulfs the middle palate and ushers in a dry, roasty-astringent texture with resinous hop dryness and understated alcohol warmth.
Beer Hop Breakfast is a fascinating beer, that even after an entire bottle I still don't feel that I have fully explored the beer, nor decided about its character. It's certainly a complex beer that has some bully-ish overtones. Though it's taste is brash, it seems to work somehow.
Serving type: bottle
01-29-2013 18:15:54 | More by BEERchitect
North Carolina
4.13/5 rDev +1.2%
look: 4.5 | smell: 4.25 | taste: 4 | feel: 4 | overall: 4.25
Poured from a .5L bottle into a pint glass
A - Pours a thick, dark brown with a one finger head. The head is a creamy chocolate brown, and fades somewhat quickly leaving moderate lacing.
S - Hops. Bitter, super grassy hops. Under that a bit of roasted malt and perhaps some coffee. Hard to pick anything out from under the hop.
T - Slightly smoky at first, with a bit of coffee. Then come the hops. If you love stouts, and you love that fresh, blooming grassy hop flavor this is the beer for you. As I continue to sip, my palate adjusts to the hoppiness and the coffee flavor really starts to shine. Behind that are some really nice hints of smoke. The flavor seems to develop a little bit with each sip.
M - Medium carbonation and slightly thick. Not as thick as a milk or cream stout. The feel really seems to match the flavor.
O - While the bitterness from the hops seemed a bit overwhelming at first, the flavors really start to blend and work together as the beer goes along. A stout hopped like a pale ale is certainly an interesting experience. While I wouldn't drink this beer regularly, I definitely appreciate the experience and I think Mikkeller did a great job with this one.
Serving type: bottle
01-29-2013 17:34:24 | More by CStrife187
4.28/5 rDev +4.9%
look: 4 | smell: 4.25 | taste: 4.5 | feel: 4 | overall: 4
A - Dark black with a touch of brown and a finger of frothy khaki-chocolate head. Fades fairly slowly.
S - Roasted dark chocolate malts, roasted coffee, milk chocolate, citrus and mild earthy hops, molasses, black licorice, oatmeal.
T - Roasted dark chocolate and light caramel malts, roasted coffee, citrus hops, some hop bitterness, molasses, black licorice, oatmeal, vanilla.
M - Medium-full bodied with moderate carbonation. Super smooth and a bit silky with roasted, sweet, and warming finish.
D - Nice hoppy stout. Great overall balance.
Serving type: bottle
01-14-2013 06:09:03 | More by ngeunit1
3.79/5 rDev -7.1%
look: 4.25 | smell: 4 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 4 | overall: 4
Pours an opaque deep brown with ruby highlights and a frothy 3 inch mocha head that lingers, eventually leaving sheets of thick lacing.
Coffee, chocolate, licorice, roast malt, dark fruit, and dank hops form the initial aroma. Grapefruit, resin, and fresh cut grass surface as it warms.
Roast malt, cocoa, coffee grounds, lime, and grapefruit are evident in the early flavor profile. Bittering hops combine with roasty bitterness to finish the sip. Resin and fresh cut grass are subtle in comparison with the underlying citrus. A slightly sweet malted milk ball flavor emerges late.
Body is moderate to full, slick, with low carbonation and an astringent bite. There's slight alcohol warmth.
Interesting combination of flavors. The citrus juxtaposes the roast malt and coffee, which are complemented well by the bitter, resiny hops. But it's too bitter for my liking.
Serving type: bottle
01-08-2013 04:32:14 | More by barczar
3.9/5 rDev -4.4%
look: 4 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 4 | feel: 4 | overall: 4
Pizza plant in buffalo, NY
The beer pours a dull black with almost no head. The nose is bitter with a faint roastiness. Tasting presents a bit of alcohol with a lot more burnt roastiness and much more of the juicy, piney hops, which announce themselves startlingly on my unsuspecting palate. The mouthfeel is heavy, but not thick/chewy like a ris, with a saturating bitterness. It's a good beer with a bitterness at the caliber of a fresh oak aged yeti.
Serving type: on-tap
01-02-2013 05:49:59 | More by ThePorterSorter
4.48/5 rDev +9.8%
look: 4 | smell: 4.5 | taste: 4.5 | feel: 4.5 | overall: 4.5
yup, i think this tops the beer geek breakfast for me, what an awesome brew this is! big thanks to my lovely girlfriend for hooking this up as an xmas present for me. the pour is real dark, pushing black, no light through at all. big frothy four fingers of white lace on top, settling some, but not going totally away. the nose and taste are both coffee first, rich and black, fresh brewed, but its not as intense as mikkellers other coffee stouts. its tempered here by a lot of oats and some malt sweetness, and hops! the hops are low key, bitter but not oily or pungent too much, just a nice complement to the bitterness of the coffee and a knife through the sugary malts. heavy roast, delicious. finish is long and complex, evolving. feel makes it though, so much smoothness in texture from the oats, no coffee acidity at all, i have no idea how he does it, but this beer is extraordinary. full body, just enough carbonation. i would honestly be more than happy to drink this beer for breakfast anytime. it has everything you need. couldnt feel the caffeine in this one like i could in some of his others, but nevermind that. this is outstanding, more than outstanding. one of his best, and thats saying a lot from me.
Serving type: bottle
12-31-2012 22:59:42 | More by StonedTrippin
North Carolina
3.98/5 rDev -2.5%
look: 4.5 | smell: 4 | taste: 4 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 4
A: Pours an opaque jet black in color with some very dark amber highlights at the edges of the glass and light to moderate amounts of visible carbonation near the surface. The beer has a two finger tall dark tan head that slowly reduces to a thin film covering the entire surface of the beer with a thick ring at the edges of the glass. Moderate to significant amounts of lacing are observed.
S: Moderate to strong aromas of citrus hops with moderate aromas of roasted malts and coffee.
T: Light to moderate flavors of roasted malts and coffee upfront. That is followed by fairly strong flavors of citrus/grapefruit rind hops and pine/resin hops. There is also a light amount of cocoa towards the finish as well. Light to moderate amounts of bitterness in the finish.
M: Medium bodied with moderate amounts of carbonation. Relatively smooth but not quite a thick as some of the other Mikkeller Breakfast beers.
O: This is an enjoyable beer (as are most of the Mikkeller Breakfast beers, in my opinion) with a nice complexity of flavor and a pleasant hop bite. The alcohol is well hidden and I would be happy to have another one of these.
Serving type: bottle
12-25-2012 16:33:59 | More by dbrauneis
4.33/5 rDev +6.1%
look: 4 | smell: 4 | taste: 4.5 | feel: 5 | overall: 4
Appearance: Looks like oil, very little had. Bits of tan fizz will skim o'er the top set by the edge of the glass as you lift and move the glass.
Smell: Strong coffee, smokiness, chocolate.
Taste: Forward with huge coffee odor which instantly impacts your reaction, but very smokey as it goes down. Notes of chocolate, slight vanilla undertones.
Overall: Enjoyable beverage, comparable to Founder's Double Chocolate Stout.
Serving type: bottle
12-25-2012 05:29:47 | More by joiceed
2.58/5 rDev -36.8%
look: 4 | smell: 2.5 | taste: 2.5 | feel: 2.5 | overall: 2.5
Head is very foamy and chunky, milk chocolate in color. Brew is thin-ish black. Lacing is moderate.
Smoky chocolate bacon is all I smell. I smell zero fresh hop aroma...
Thin. Over carbonated. Missing hop flavors.. Under whelming dry, bitter chocolate, and overly smokey.
Once again, Mikkeller has failed once again. This brew was not worth the $10 tag. Dissapointment.
Serving type: bottle
12-17-2012 03:46:05 | More by chugalug06
4.23/5 rDev +3.7%
look: 4.5 | smell: 4.5 | taste: 4 | feel: 4 | overall: 4.5
Thin dark tan head on a jet black body and nice tan lacing. Absolutely great coffee aroma, earthy hops, fire wood and campfire with hints of cocoa. Flavor is very good as well with more excellent espresso and coffee roast, toasted malts, earthy hops, hint of dark chocolate. Medium body and light to medium body for the style. Great coffee flavor, near perfect coffee, roasted malt and hop balance. Only thing to make this one better would be a more complex hop profile.
Serving type: bottle
12-16-2012 03:41:30 | More by kylehay2004
4.23/5 rDev +3.7%
look: 4 | smell: 4 | taste: 4.5 | feel: 4 | overall: 4
Appearance: very dark, opaque. Mocha head.
Smell: in your face piney hops even stronger than the deep roasty coffee. Nicely blended combo.
Taste: more even up front tween the hops and roasty coffee. The hop bitterness comes out on top in the finish. Personally I usually prefer my stouts and my dipas separated but this works, nicely blended new creation.
Overall: tried cause I love the breakfast variations I've tried in the past, fully expecting this to be a mediocre experiment. Not so much. Quite good.
Serving type: bottle
11-14-2012 00:16:20 | More by cindyjeffsmith
Quebec (Canada)
4.63/5 rDev +13.5%
look: 4 | smell: 5 | taste: 4.5 | feel: 4 | overall: 5
22oz bottle in a snifter. Had it on the International Stout Day 2012.
A - Very dark brown body, almost black. Medium-size, light brown head with a medium retention which leaves a thick ring with large bubble as a topping. Nice legs and lacing on the glass.
S - Very hoppy aromas, grassy, floral, and piney... very close to fresh hop! Malt at the back adds some roasted character, chocolate, coffee, and a hint of vanilla to it. Not a single trace of alcohol. Everything is very aromatic, complex and balanced. Absolutely perfect!
T/M - Very gentle start with some malt character and a certain astringency/tannicity (almost cacao-like) coming from roasted malt and coffee. Hop appears in the middle of the mouth to blend nicely with the malt and adds a moderate bitterness that lingers forever with the coffee notes. Body is on the high side.
O - Definitely a stout made in heaven! Well crafted and with very complex aromas and flavors. Seek it out now!
Serving type: bottle
11-12-2012 01:10:03 | More by duracell
4.13/5 rDev +1.2%
look: 4.5 | smell: 4 | taste: 4 | feel: 4 | overall: 4.5
Ordered a goblet for $8 at Top Hops in LES, NYC, and it made for a perfect fall beer. There was a deep, roasted malt character complemented by a sharp, citrus hop bite. The citrus hops didn't get much of a chance to stand out from the richly mocha barley, but they did blend in wonderfully for a long, lingering pine and cocoa finish. I like that the ABV isn't over the top, yet it's still a fantastic sipping beer. Get yourself a glass and let the dry cocoa, coffee bean, and American hops roll around on your tongue.
Serving type: on-tap
11-12-2012 00:49:11 | More by tempest
New York
4.35/5 rDev +6.6%
look: 3.5 | smell: 4 | taste: 4.5 | feel: 4.5 | overall: 4.5
Pours motor oil black color with a creamy 1 finger brown head that faded very slowly, leaving very good spotty foamy lacing clinging to the sides and a thin creamy layer on top. The head faded slower than a Guinness, but the rich inviting aroma distracted me from caring.
Smells of coffee, vanilla bean, cocoa powder and/or bakers chocolate, caramel, oats, charcoal, grapefruit, sweet malt, burnt grains, molasses, brown sugar, piney hops, herbs and floral hops; the hops dance around the deep chocolate and coffee notes that seem to blend in oatmeal and grains in a very balanced and complimentary way. A great smelling beer that is very potent and yet soft and subtle at the same time, with a nice array of complexities. The hops and herbs are timid, but play a nice role and completely hide the alcohol.
Tastes better than it smells, with coffee, vanilla, cocoa powder, chocolate, oatmeal, caramel, burnt wood/charcoal, grapefruit, lemon zest, citrus hops, sweet malt, wet tobacco leaf, burnt grains, molasses, brown sugar, piney hops, herbs and floral hops; I can't figure out if spices were in play or the roasted grains just seemed like this brew was barrel aged, but there were other sweet notes like maple syrup and light booze like rum or a mellow bourbon that trailed off with an extremely tasty bitterness. This is a mad scientist concoction that is damn complex and makes for a damn tasty beer. Each sip was different: some sweet, some bitter, some hoppy, some like a cup of cold Starbucks – all good. Alcohol nowhere to be found, which makes this a slow sipper or one to throw back since it is so smooth.
Mouthfeel is so creamy and smooth that it's almost watery, like chocolate milk with a bitter bite at the end; it's got a chewy, heavy body, but still manages to go down fast and easy with almost no carbonation and superb drinkability.
A high recommendation that I will seek out again as I really liked this crazy combo of strong hops blended with coffee and chocolate malts. There was a ton of sediment in the last sip, and it washed over my tongue like a bitter stout poured through a burnt wood funnel, complete with chunks that closed the door on a great beer experience.
Serving type: bottle
10-24-2012 04:00:57 | More by CHickman
4.25/5 rDev +4.2%
look: 4.5 | smell: 4 | taste: 4.5 | feel: 4 | overall: 4
Pours an ebony color with a cascading tan head that leaves a nice layer of lacing.
Smells of pine and citrus hops with some roasted notes.
Tastes of the full roasted notes with a nice hop balance. Notes of dark coffee, cocoa, and a bit of burnt toast come through. Definitely gives off a burnt, slightly acrid taste that I like, but not much sweetness to offer. Roasted bitterness is complemented by solid hop notes of pine and some citrus. Moderately bitter, but I think it works really well. Oatmeal is present throughout with its mild, smooth presence. Alcohol notes come through that shouldn't at 7.50 %, which is what keeps it from perfect.
Mouthfeel is full with a smooth amount of carbonation.
Overall, this is a great beer, but at $10.40 for a half liter, it should be killer.
Serving type: bottle
10-24-2012 03:34:29 | More by ocelot2500
4.4/5 rDev +7.8%
look: 4.5 | smell: 4 | taste: 4.5 | feel: 4.5 | overall: 4.5
Poured from "bomber" bottle into a wine goblet
Oil-black in color,with a thick collar of tan foam
Aroma-Piney, citrussy hops, dark malt
Taste-Citrussy, piney hops, roast coffee.
Reisinous hops, roasty-Cascadian IPA all the way. Well-balanced and great flavor. Another winner from Mikkeller. A bit pricey but certainly worth a try.
Serving type: bottle
10-14-2012 18:18:35 | More by hosehead83
4.03/5 rDev -1.2%
look: 4.5 | smell: 4 | taste: 4 | feel: 4 | overall: 4
A-Poured a deep inky black, almost opaque with very very faint touches of brown. the head is absolutely massive. Close to 4 fingers of burnt caramel that possesses a good deal of thickness. The amount of head inherently produces some nice lacing as well, but not an overwhelming amount.
S-Much fainter than I would have expected given the body of the brew. It is interestingly complex however with a balanced blend of hop bitterness and smooth oatmeal and coffee. Maybe a hint of caramel as well, but only in occasional hits.
M-Precisely how a breakfast stout should taste. It has enough viscosity to coat the palate and enhance many of the flavors, but it is much smoother and lighter bodied than a regular stout which lends itself to the breakfast concept. It is under carbonated however which did not sit perfectly with me.
T- A subtle breakfast stout in comparison to say a founders. The coffee is an undertone and a slight one at that which does differentiate this from other breakfast stouts, but honestly the flavor palate does not lend itself to breakfast. The hops are the main component and they are delicious, but their is not enough oatmeal or cutting sweetness to complicate the palate. Very enjoyable though, just potentially not as advertised.
O-My introduction to mikkeller and I will certainly be trying the remaining brews I can get my hands on.
Serving type: bottle
10-09-2012 15:06:48 | More by RussBecker1
Beer Hop Breakfast from Mikkeller ApS
out of 100
based on 459 ratings.


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Savannah Thompson is instructed by Brian Jones on how to properly shoot a bow. Savannah shot her first deer, which was a buck in the evening hunt of the Youth Hunting & Safety Day Event held on Oct. 7, 2006 in Sweden, SC.
All photos were taken at a youth hunting / safety event sponsored by the Quality Deer Management Association (QDMA), South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR), Southern Pines, Pioneer, Healing Springs, and Tree Top Hunting Clubs of Bamberg County on Saturday, October 7, 2006 by Billy Robinson of North, SC. All photos were taken at Collins Deer Processing located at 13715 Charleston / Augusta Highway in Sweden, SC.


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My name is Svetlana Bilenkina—I am a graphic designer, aspiring photographer, type enthusiast and a pop culture fiend. If you are a type connoisseur, then this blog is for you—so peruse around, pin your favorites and comment away!
A Kiss Is A Lovely Trick Designed By Nature To Stop Speech When Words Become Superfluous.
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Cedar Bluff is a town in Cherokee County, in the northeastern part of the state. It was the site of a confrontation between Union raiders under Col. Abel Streight and Confederate troops under the command of Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest. Cedar Bluff has a mayor-council form of government. Nearby Weiss Lake provides ample fishing opportunities and has earned the town the title of "Crappie Capital of the World." NASCAR driver Tina Gordon is from Cedar Bluff.
Cedar Bluff was first known as Jefferson, with early settlers arriving as early as 1832. When Cherokee County was formed in 1836, Jefferson served as county seat for a time. A sawmill and flour mill were erected near the town by 1838. The town adopted the name Cedar Bluff in 1842 because of the numerous cedar trees in the area and its proximity to a bluff on the Coosa River. The town lost its status as county seat in 1844 to Centre, the current county seat, along with the growth related to that status. The town incorporated in either 1837 or 1845.
The town supported a number of businesses, including charcoal manufacturers, a tannery, a foundry, and a machine shop. It was also a cotton market for nearby farmers. The town and area around it were devastated by the Civil War, and the town was occupied by Union Troops under Sherman's command in October 1864. Railroad service to the town ended in 1947.
According to the 2010 Census, Cedar Bluff had a population of 1,820. Of that number, 86.2 percent of respondents identified themselves as white, 9.9 percent as African American, 2.4 percent as two or more races, 1.2 percent as Hispanic, 0.3 percent as Native American, and 0.3 percent as Asian. The town's median household income, according to 2010 Census estimates, was $31,131, and the per capita income was $18,813.
According to the 2010 Census, the work force in Cedar Bluff was divided among the following industrial categories:
· Manufacturing (25.5 percent)
· Retail trade (16.8 percent)
· Educational services, and health care and social assistance (15.1 percent)
· Construction (10.3 percent)
· Transportation, warehousing, and utilities (6.8 percent)
· Finance and insurance, and real estate and rental and leasing (6.1 percent)
· Arts, entertainment, recreation, and accommodation and food services (5.6 percent)
· Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, and extractive (3.4 percent)
· Other services, except public administration (2.4 percent)
· Public administration (2.4 percent)
· Professional, scientific, and administrative and waste management services (2.4 percent)
· Information (2.3 percent)
· Wholesale trade (1.1 percent)
Schools in Cedar Buff are part of the Cherokee County School system; the town has approximately 605 students and 35 teachers in one high school.
Cedar Bluff is bisected by State Highway 68, which runs north-southwest through the city, and State Highway 9, which runs east-southwest.
Events and Places of Interest
Cedar Bluff is located on Weiss Lake, created by the construction of Weiss Dam by the Alabama Power Company in 1961; the lake is described by the town as the Crappie Capital of the World. The lake provides numerous opportunities for recreation, including fishing, boating, and picnicking.
Cedar Bluff holds a number of annual events, including an Easter Egg hunt, a Father's Day Bass Tournament, a Liberty Day celebration, and the Lighting of the Park in December.
The Major Daniel Chisholm House is listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage. The Cornwall Furnace is listed
on the National Register of Historic Places.
Additional Resources
Cherokee County Heritage Book Committee. The Heritage of Cherokee County, Alabama. Clanton, Ala.: Heritage Publishing Consultants, 1998.
Miller, Dixie C. Visiting Our Past: A History of Cherokee County. n.p., 1986.
Claire M. Wilson
Auburn University
Published October 7, 2012
Last updated October 7, 2012


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Winter 2005, Vol. 67, No. 4
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Cover Story: Redefining Success
moderated by Marla Joseph and Lisa Goldstein
In a roundtable discussion, ten women who graduated from law school in the 1980s and 1990s talk about reaching for a different brass ring.
Andrew A. Chirls: A Personal Profile
by Abbe F. Fletman
A look at the Bar Association's 78th Chancellor.
15 Quick Ideas to Grow Your Practice in 2005
by Stacy West Clark
Practical client development tips with a proven record of success.
Advice From the Bench
by Justice William H. Lamb
Having served a year on the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, the author shares his wit and wisdom with trial lawyers.


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properly only an opening in a house for the admission of light and air, covered with lattice-work, which might be opened or closed (2 Kings 1:2; Acts 20:9). The spies in Jericho and Paul at Damascus were let down from the windows of houses abutting on the town wall (Josh. 2:15; 2 Cor. 11:33). The clouds are metaphorically called the "windows of heaven" (Gen. 7:11; Mal. 3:10). The word thus rendered in Isa. 54:12 ought rather to be rendered "battlements" (LXX., "bulwarks;" R.V., "pinnacles"), or as Gesenius renders it, "notched battlements, i.e., suns or rays of the sun"= having a radiated appearance like the sun.
Enter the Bible passage (e.g., John 3:16), keyword (e.g., Jesus, prophet,
etc.) or topic (e.g., salvation)


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16gb Apple iPad Mini 7.9" WiFi Tablet $300 + free shipping
Last edited by iconian; 03-27-2013 at 01:45 AM..
**WARNING** http://slickdeals.net/permadeal/91106/rakuten-16gb-apple-ipad-mini-wifi-7.9-tablet-black Rakuten.com is a reputable dealer but Click, Go, and BUY, their marketplace seller, is not. This was a deal about two weeks ago by the same marketplace seller. This seller is known to of shipped out used products mixed with newer products both with this deal and deals mentioned on other websites involving Apple products. The reviews on Rakuten.com are manipulated. "Click, Go, and BUY" reviews were monitored for some time by individuals on this forum as well as other websites. The seller would be slammed with negative reviews for selling used/broken products but, given some time, many of the reviews content were edited to be positive with reviews manipulated from 1-2 to 4-5 stars. If you go for this deal, go with extreme caution that "Click, Go, and BUY" is a shady seller. |
Apple iPad Mini 16GB Wi-Fi - $300 FS on Rakuten (Buy.com) NO TAX in most states
Link: http://www.rakuten.com/prod/apple...2351914 1 coupon per order is attached but you can order as many times as you want. Offer until 03/31. UPDATE: Deal by 'Click and Go Marketplace' and some people say they are not as trustworthy as Buy.com. So please use caution Last edited by amolpatil; 03-27-2013 at 09:43 AM.. |
Ipad Mini 16GB, Black @ Rakuten.com $299.99 + FS
http://www.rakuten.com/prod/apple...78468.hBrand New Choose Seller Click Go & Buy for $299.99 Price! $40.00 Coupon: Terms and conditions apply. Coupon added when you click the Add to Cart button. Offer valid from 3/27/2013 to 3/29/2013 Terms & Conditions: Orders must be placed on or before 3/29/2013 11:59:00 PM PT. This offer is not valid with any other coupon, shipping coupon, or other promotions, including Deal of the Day. One coupon per order. Coupon offer not valid for purchasing a gift certificate. Instant Rebates, Coupons, and eCoupons may not be used together. Buy.com coupons may not be used in Premier Partner Stores. Buy.com reserves the right to cancel this promotion at any time. Coupons are not valid with Google Checkout or PayPal. |
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Thank you for your interest in Pechanga Resort & Casino's award-winning culinary offerings. This page allows you to ask questions of the chefs at the resort's eight fabulous restaurants. We ask that you please be courteous to them and conscious of their time constraints. Please keep your question(s) restaurant and/or menu specific. For example: "I'm going to the Seafood Grotto with friends but I'm not a big fish fan. Are there any steak or chicken dishes I can order?" or "Can you tell me what kind of oil is used to cook the French Fries at American Classics inside the Temptations Food Walk?"
Chefs cannot provide recipes to dishes found on their menus. They will make a concerted effort to answer your question promptly, but please allow up to five (5) days to receive a response.
Friday, Saturday: 5PM-11PM Monday, Tuesday, Sunday: 5PM-10PM Closed Wednesday & Thursday
Reservations are welcome, please call (951) 770-8506.
Paisano's Italian Restaurant
Chef Shawn Thaden
Paisano's Menu
Paisano's Wine List
Titan 360 Slot Machine arrives at Pechanga
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Phone: 1 (847) 802-6917 |
Home | Food Products | Non Food Products | Ingredients | E-Numbers | News & Alerts | Muslim Consumer Group (MCG) | MCG Halal Certification | Services |
MCG is a 100% non-profit organization, any proceeds received via the app or the book sale is solely used towards Halal Products Research.
MUSLIMS ARE NOT PAYING ATTENTIONS TO HALAL VITAMINSMany Muslims are using non Halal vitamins from stores like Wal-Mart, Walgreen, CVS Pharmacy, GNC. This is because of lack of knowledge about the Halal status of those vitamins. MCG get every day a question from Muslims asking about the Halal status of xyz vitamins. MCG is providing help in picking up the Halal vitamins after it researched at Vitamin Shoppe stores which are located in every city of USA. MCG advises Muslims to check the Halal status of vitamins before consuming them.Many major brand of vitamins are not Halal such as: Centrum, Equate, Citracal, Nature Made, Vitafusion, One A Day, GNC, Flintstone, Nature Beauty, Walgreen, Geritol, Nature Bounty, Garliq, Estroven, Disney Gummies, Fiber Smart, Caltrale, Finest Nature, One Source, Lill Critteers, Culturelle, Philps, Ultimate Florea, Viactive, Elatins, Os-Cal, Spring Valley, Schiff, Stevia, Optimum Nutrition, Mega Red, Ocuvite, Alive, Centrum Kid, Active Kid, Spring Valley, Bayer, CVS Vitamins and Kirkland Signature. They are not Halal because they are not Halal or Kosher certified or do not have a Halal or Kosher symbol on the package.Even if they do not contain gelatin, they are still not Halal because they add without restriction any Haram hidden ingredient. Halal or Kosher certification protects Muslims from adding Haram Hidden or Processing Aid Ingredients which are not required to be mention under ingredients statement by FDA. MCG has a list of Halal multivitamins, individual vitamins, prenatal vitamins and fish oil or omega 3 on our website under "Vitamins". Please use this list of Halal vitamins. How to search Halal vitamins on our website: Please write vitamins or prenatal vitamins or fish oil (for Omega fish oil) under the search box then click Food Product by Category then click Show Only Halal then click search. You will get a list of 45 Halal vitamins, 3 Halal prenatal vitamins, 6 Halal fish oil (Omega fish oil) and where to buy them.Why Cheetos and Doritos (except Doritos Toasted Corn Tortilla Chips) are not HalalThere is no kosher symbol on the package of Cheetos and Doritos. This makes them Non Halal because they can add any Haram Hidden or Processing aid ingredients without mentioning under the ingredients statement. Cheese used in Cheetos and Doritos are not Kosher certified and not Halal. Sine these products are not under Halal or Kosher certification then Frito Lay can use non kosher certified flavors or colors. There is no restriction for Frito Lay to make Cheetos or Doritos on their own lines or on co-packers line where pork containing products are made. This exposes a great possibility of cross contamination of pork containing ingredients. All these snacks are very attractive to adults and children but there is a Hadith which says that Allah will not accept your dua for 40 days if a Muslim eats intentionally a bit of Haram food. So MCG recommend Muslims not consume above snacks.NOT ALL KOSHER CERTIFIED NON MEAT FOOD PRODUCTS ARE HALAL, ONLY THOSE WHO MEET HALAL REQUIREMENTS ARE HALALThe Kosher Certified food products are not considered Halal if they contain one of the following ingredient (based on MCG Halal Standard): (1) Gelatin (2) Kosher Gelatin (3) L-Cysteine made from human hair or chicken or duck feathers (4) Wine (5) Liquor (6) Beer batter (7) Rum flavor (8) Ethyl Alcohol or ethanol as a main ingredient (9) Cochineal or Carmine (10) Naturally Brewed Soy Sauce (11) Brewer's Yeast Extract from byproduct of beer making (12) Nucleotides (13) Vanilla Extract (14) Wine Vinegar (15) If ethyl alcohol is used as a solvent in natural and artificial flavors (16) Confectionary Glaze or Resinous Glaze (17) Torula Yeast grown on alcohol (18) if Carrageenan is made with ethyl alcohol, (19) Natural Vanilla or Natural Vanilla Flavor(because Alcohol is used in its extraction).HOW TO PHRASE YOUR QUESTION ABOUT ALCOHOL IN FLAVOR OF A FOOD PRODUCTThe question about alcohol in flavor is a tricky one because it is a hidden ingredient of the flavor. If you ask alcohol question to non technical consumer department person of a food company, first they look at the ingredients list of the food product and will find no alcohol is mentioned. Then they will say we do not use alcohol in our products because they do not know the alcohol is a hidden ingredient of the flavor. We request Muslim consumers to use the following phrase when asking or writing the question to consumer department of any food company regarding the presence or absence of alcohol in the flavor of a food product." is ethanol or ethyl alcohol used as a solvent in flavor; ethanol or ethyl alcohol is a hidden ingredient or processing aid ingredient of a flavor, it will not appear in the ingredients statement. The knowledge of presence or absence of ethanol or ethyl alcohol in flavor is only known to your QA or Technical service department because they have access to the specification of flavors. In the specification of flavor, your flavor supplier has written the name of solvent or carrier used in that particular flavor. So please request your QA or Technical service department to find out whether ethanol or ethyl alcohol was used or not in the flavor as a solvent".How to ask question about presence or absence of alcohol in natural or artificial flavor before spray drying the food products:" Do you use alcohol in natural or artificial flavor in dried food products such as non dairy coffee creamer or dry ingredients mixes or dry seasoning mixes or cake mixes before spry drying or processing those products. We know in most spray dried food product even if alcohol was used before spray drying then alcohol will evaporate or dried out after spray drying or processing."MUSLIM CONSUMER GROUP FOR FOOD PRODUCTS USA AND CANADAMuslim Consumer Group for Food Products is a non-profit, non-political and Islamic scientific organization, incorporated in 1993 as a Halal foods educational and Halal certification organization for Muslims consumers and food industry. Muslim consumers worldwide in over 161 countries logged in to our website for information on Halal food products and food ingredients. Muslim Consumer Group provides services that benefits Muslims."IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST GRACIOUS, THE MOST MERCIFUL"Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds (mankind, Jinns and all that exist). The Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. Master of Day of Judgment. You (Alone) we worship, and You (Alone) we ask for help (for each and everything). Guide us to the Straight Way. The way of those on whom You have bestowed Your Grace, not (the way) of those who earned Your Anger, nor of those who went astray. (Quran, Sure Fateha)" |


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The Genesis Flood should be regarded as the main mechanism for laying down the fossil record. While there may have been some localised post-Flood disasters, the sedimentary deposits of a continental scale can only have been deposited by the Flood because of the huge global effect of Flood hydrodynamic activity. Biblically, there is little warrant for insisting that 'blot out' means complete removal without trace. Rather, the natural meaning of Genesis 6-8 is the sudden death of many creatures in the Flood. To progress our understanding of some of the apparent anomalies in the fossil record, the various scientific disciplines need to interact far more. Only then can we properly model the complex fluid dynamics of heterogeneous flows and the consequent pattern of sedimentary layering that took place in the Flood year.
The Genesis 6-8 account of Noah's Flood very graphically describes the world-encircling cataclysm that affected the earth. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in understanding rock formation as a result of the Flood and to a certain extent, after the Flood. Nevertheless a debate has begun between geologists,1 all of whom reject billions of years, but who take different positions concerning where the Flood ends in the rock strata.2 Some have argued that considerable sedimentation occurred after the Flood, as the earth adjusted to a new equilibrium. What has led geologists, such as Garner,3 Garton4, 5 and others to this view, is that many dinosaur and bird tracks have been found in the rocks which (they maintain) can only be interpreted as post-Flood. Some go further and suggest all fossils of air-breathing land creatures are post-Flood.6, 7, 8, 9, 10 The traditional view advocated by Morris and other workers has been that rising flood waters engulfed creatures at different stages during the Flood—first the 40 days (Gen. 7:11, 12) of the deluge from above and below, and then the persistence of the waters for about 5 months (Gen. 7:24).11, 12, 13, 14 This view, though sometimes referred to by its opponents as the 'tranquil Flood' model, in fact regards the waters as vast surging tidal waves, with water coming from beneath the earth as well as from above (possibly from a pre-Flood vapour canopy). In a companion paper15 we consider a far stronger alternative view of the origins of the water from beneath.
How any post-Flood activity occurred is not easy to prove since we have no way of doing a full-scale experiment! The various theories are not within the purpose of this brief article—the debate on this continues. But all involved in the debate accept that we must always come back to Scripture to test all our thinking. What then are the key points that can be established?
The Flood was cataclysmic and worldwide in scale
Whatever post-Flood disasters may have taken place, one must never marginalise the Flood itself. Clearly Genesis 6-8 is there to show to mankind that in a very major way, God judged the world in its entirety. The Hebrew word mabbul in the Old Testament and the Greek kataklusmos in the New are used only of the Genesis Flood. Psalm 29:10 provides a less certain use of mabbul outside Genesis, but the destruction of cedar forests (Psalm 29:5), the movement of an entire geographical area (Lebanon, Psalm 29:6) and the shaking of the deserts (Psalm 29:8) seem reminiscent of Flood events. The Psalm shows that the power unleashed was never for a moment out of God's control. A glance at a concordance will show that there are other Hebrew and Greek words used which can be translated to the English 'flood', but mabbul and kataklusmos are generally the words reserved as technical terms for the Genesis Flood.16, 17
In a companion article,15 we suggest that the geological and meteorological upheavals of the first 40 days were indeed the major event, possibly with water coming from above because of vast fountains ejected from beneath.
The extent of the Genesis Flood is partly determined by the meaning of the word 'earth' (Hebrew erets) in Genesis 1-10, and (Greek kosmos) in 2 Peter 3:5-7. What is erets in Gen. 6:1 referring to? It cannot indicate Eden (Gen. 2:8), since Adam and Eve were evicted from it (Gen. 3:23). Nor can it be restricted to the 'land of Nod', where Cain and his descendants settled (and from where they may have spread, Gen. 4:16), since those who had increased in numbers included the descendants of Seth (Gen. 5:6ff.). Genesis 6:5-7 suggests that the reference is therefore to the 'earth' of Gen. 1:1 and 2:1 (i.e. all that is not the 'heavens'), for in Gen. 6:7 there is an echo of the creation (Hebrew bara) of men and animal life recorded in Gen. 1:20-30. Moreover the words of Gen. 8:22 would hardly follow, if the promise in Gen. 8:21 applied only to the inhabitants of the early Middle East, for 'seedtime and harvest' are universal phenomena, in the same way that 'day and night' bring us to the universal context of creation (Gen. 1:5). This apparent universality continues in Gen. 1:9, where it is not regional man whose life is protected by law, but man made in God's image (Gen. 1:6). Accordingly, the covenant of Gen. 9:9ff. establishes the universally experienced rainbow as the pledge of God's promise never again to destroy the whole earth (the word again is erets).
2 Peter 3 clinches this line of reasoning, for in this chapter, Peter refutes uniformitarianism (2 Peter 4) and proclaims that uniformitarians are 'willingly ignorant'. He then states that after the creation of the heavens and the earth in Gen. 1:1-2, the 'world [Greek kosmos] that then was, being overflowed with water, perished' (Gen. 1:6). The fact that the 'heavens and earth which are now … are … reserved unto fire' (Gen. 1:7), and will be replaced by 'a new heavens and a new earth' (Gen. 1:13) strongly suggests that the 'world' in v. 6 (equivalent to the erets of Gen. 6) was universal in extent.
The agent of the Flood was water
That water was the main agent of destruction may seem obvious, but it needs stating clearly. 2 Peter 3:6 states that the mechanism for the mabbul (Flood) recorded in Genesis was that 'the world being overflowed with water, perished.' In principle, the same command, but a different mechanism (fire) will bring in the Day of Judgment to come (2 Peter 3:7). This is relevant to those who suggest that in just the first few days of the Flood all air-breathing land creatures were entirely destroyed without a trace. To remove bones in their entirety would generally require fire, which is not the primary agent recorded in Genesis 6-8. We accept that fire may have played some part during the Flood, with magma flowing from volcanic eruptions, but scripturally the main agent of destruction was water. Fire could not have been the dominant force. Biblically, as discussed later on with the phrase 'blot out', it is difficult to make a strong case for all air-breathing land creatures being destroyed without trace. The argument requires that the word machah (Gen. 6:7—'destroy' in the KJV) have only one possible meaning, as 'blot out'. However, there are other equally valid, but more plausible translations of machah as discussed later.
Scientifically, it is very difficult to justify that all air-breathing land creatures were entirely destroyed (bones and all) by the hydrological action of the water alone. One can accept that some creatures out of the millions engulfed by the violence of the first 40 days were dismembered, and that other creatures were pulverised by rocks etc. But to say that every single one of the millions of air-breathing land creatures in existence was annihilated is not consistent with the fluid dynamics of heterogeneous mixtures. Certainly the geological evidence does not support the argument that all land air-breathing creatures were annihilated while the sea-going creatures were not. Land creatures are found fossilised throughout the strata—not only in lower Palaeozoic strata which most Flood geologists accept are Flood deposits, but also in the higher Mesozoic and Cainozoic. The geological evidence suggests that the argued distinction between land and sea creatures is a false distinction since the churning waters would have contained both. Matt. 24:39 confirms that water was the agent responsible for the death of the people for it states 'until the Flood came, and took them all away.' The word translated 'take away' is the Greek airõ which is often used in the sense of 'take up' or 'lift' (e.g. John. 5:8 'Rise, take up your bed'). The biblical evidence is of rushing waters sweeping up people and animals into a vast watery grave. The straightforward truth from Gen. 6-8 is that the agent of global scale devastation by the Flood was water. It is a good rule to take the straightforward meaning of Scripture, unless there is strong testimony otherwise from other Scriptures.
The combination of both words mabbul and mayim
Garton,4 Robinson9 and Garner3 maintain that the mabbul only lasted 40 days. Kline18 (no friend of creationism) writes
'mabbul … denotes the cataclysmic phenomena of the 40 day period (Gen. 7:12, 17) dated in Gen. 7:11. Apparently mabbul is also applied in extension of the precise usage in the Flood record proper to the year-long episode (Gen. 9:11, 15, 28; 10:1, 32; 11:10).'
Hence there is some warrant for allowing mabbul to refer in a general sense to the whole year of the Flood.
But we must also consider a second word, that is mayim which means 'waters, sea(s), ocean'. The way the two key Hebrew words mabbul and mayim are used is instructive. It seems from their articles that Garton, Robinson and Garner consider mabbul refers to the catastrophic precipitation and release of subterranean water, resulting in the mayim. However, they miss the fact that in the Hebrew, the words mabbul and mayim are linked, so that one is part of the other. This is shown by the fact that they are in the standard grammatical construction to show the genitive (possessive) relationship. In Hebrew, the noun which is possessed is in the construct form, followed by the possessor noun in its normal form.19
Thus, for example, sus ham-melek means 'the-horse [of] the-king' and devar han-nabi' means 'the-word [of] the-prophet'. In the Flood narrative the words mabbul and mayim occur in reversible genitive relationships. In Gen. 6:17 the Lord says, 'I will bring floodwaters [literally, 'the-mabbul (of) the-mayim'] upon the earth.' Then in Gen. 7:7 Noah and his family 'entered the ark to escape the-mayim (of) the-mabbul' (cf. Gen. 7:10: 'The-mayim [of] the-mabbul' came [Hebrew 'were'] on the earth). Therefore the mabbul may be part of the mayim and the mayim may be part of the mabbul. Unlike (say) 'the king's horse' or 'the prophet's word', where the order cannot be changed, the two nouns are reversible. This implies that the mayim is not simply the effect of the mabbul, unless by the same token mabbul can be regarded as the effect of the mayim. Thus the most sensible way to interpret these expressions is to see that in the Flood narrative mabbul, mayim, mabbul-ha-mayim and mayim-ha-mabbul are all the same thing.
So the warning in Gen. 6:17 is that God will bring a catastrophic deluge and release of subterranean waters which will inundate the planet and wipe out the whole of life. The catastrophe would not end after 40 days.
Similarly in Gen. 7:4 (where neither mabbul nor mayim are used) the rain 'will wipe from the face of the earth every living creature'. But if the rain had been able to drain off the land, there would have been no mabbul, for mabbul necessarily implies mayim. In consequence 'the-mabbul' was literally 'mayim upon-the-earth' (Gen. 7:6), for mabbul and mayim are two sides of the same coin, so to speak. Obviously the mayim of Gen. 7:24 are still the mayim of the mabbul, and it is the end of the mabbul which is described in Gen. 8:13 ('the mayim had dried up from the earth'). This is underlined in Gen. 9:28 where it says that Noah lived 350 years after the mabbul. Since he was 599 at the outset of the mabbul (Gen. 7:11) and just turned 600 at its end, it is obvious that the mabbul lasted one year, showing that mabbul must here refer to the whole Flood year.
This shows that mabbul and mayim are used almost interchangeably and underlines the importance of regarding mabbul as connected with the whole Flood year notwithstanding the fact that there are places in the text (e.g. Gen. 7:17) where mabbul is especially used in reference to the first 40 days.
Thus the destructive force of the 150 days of the waters 'increasing' (Gen. 7:17), 'prevailing' (Gen. 7:18), 'increasing greatly' (Gen. 7:18), 'prevailing exceedingly' (Gen. 7:19), 'returning from off the earth' (literally 'going and returning', Gen. 8:3) should not be underestimated. It is significant that the death of living creatures (Gen. 7:21-24) is recorded after the waters had covered 'the high hills' (Gen. 7:19). The account of chapters 6-8 is so detailed an account of all the events before and during the Flood, that it is difficult to escape the conclusion that biblically there was a process of at least 150 days (Gen. 7:24) involved in destroying all the land creatures (including man). The only other alternative is to have the waters covering 'the high hills' (Gen. 7:19) after 40 days with protracted coverage till 150 days (Gen. 7:24)—which still implies that the destruction of Gen. 7:21-23 carried on till the end of the whole 150 day period. Certainly the vast majority of land creatures would have been destroyed in the first 40 days, particularly if the waters from above were due to gigantic fountains of water emanating from beneath the earth (see our companion article where possible models are discussed).15 However, the Scriptures record the final destruction of all land creatures (which was always the expressed purpose of the Flood) near the end of the first 150 days (Gen 7:21-24). The significance of this important point will be considered with the meaning of the word 'blot out' in a later section.
Underground water was involved
The 'fountains of the great deep' seem more consistent with subterranean water pushed up from large, deep, underground cavities rather than relatively small terrestrial springs. Although the latter may explain the removal of all land creatures quickly, it is not consistent with the straightforward understanding of Gen. 7:17-24, which speaks of the waters prevailing (Gen. 7:18), and then prevailing exceedingly (Gen. 7:19) for 150 days (Gen. 7:24). However, this prevailing is entirely consistent with subterranean fountains issuing water to the oceans with, no doubt, tsunami of continental proportions crisscrossing the globe and leading to gigantic tidal waves on reaching the shorelines of any exposed land.
The floodwaters had to drain off the land, and since all the high ground of the pre-Flood earth was inundated, new ocean basins had to be formed to accommodate the much greater amount of water now on the earth. This fits well with Psalm 104:8 which probably speaks of the mountains rising and the valleys sinking. This implies huge geological upheaval.
The 'fountains of the great deep' were literally the 'springs of the ocean'. Were these visible? Being the springs of the oceans would they be on a vaster scale than those on land? If they were (and the hydroplate model referred to in the companion article15 would suggest this), considerable geological activity must have taken place on the ocean floor.
The stated purpose of the Flood
Genesis 6:7, 17 and 7:21-23 state clearly God's purpose was to destroy all air-breathing land creatures. The word 'destroy' used in Genesis 6:7 is machah which means to wipe out. That used in Genesis 6:13, 9:11 and 9:15 is shachath which means to 'corrupt, ruin, decay'. In particular, Gen. 9:11 speaks of never again destroying either the earth or all flesh (Gen. 9:15). The earth was not annihilated (that is made non-existent or all traces removed), though it was devastated. Similarly by implication, neither were the creatures totally annihilated. That is why Gen. 7:4 states that all creatures would be destroyed 'from off the face of the earth.'
In the New Testament, Luke 17:27 says 'the Flood came, and destroyed them all.' The Greek word here is apollumi which, with persons as the object, means to ruin or destroy.20 The Greek word apollumi is also commonly translated to 'kill' (e.g. Gen. 20:4; Mark 3:6; Luke 19:47). Obviously the action of killing results in a corpse, therefore Luke 17:27 does not support the idea that the Genesis Flood caused total annihilation. The word apollumi does not demand or imply destruction without trace. Vine writes, '… the idea is not extinction, but ruin, loss, not of being, but of well-being.'21
Generally the word apollumi means 'ruin', 'destroy', 'lose' or simply 'failure to obtain'. The force of this word comes out in another passage in the same Gospel. The same word apollumi is used in Luke 15:32, 'for this thy brother was dead … was lost, and is found.' The lost son was not utterly removed without trace. Rather the prodigal son was removed from the father.
We also have a further insight from Matthew 24:39 that 'the Flood came, and took them all away.' The operative word is airõ which means 'to take away, bear away, carry off'. Could this be clearer? All of these shades of meaning to the word airõ simply say that the Flood swept all air-breathing land creatures out of sight. Extinction and annihilation of all remains is not ruled out, but is very unlikely in the light of the specific reference to the final death of all creatures taking place at the end of the 150 days. The strong suggestion is death by the initial onslaught of the enormous force of flowing water, or subsequent drowning if some creatures survived the initial waves. This is all consistent with violent, catastrophic burial by sediments and the fossils we observe today.
The word 'destroy' in Gen. 6:7 (Hebrew machah) is matched in the Septuagint by the corresponding Greek word apaleiphõ which, in classical Greek, means 'to wipe off, expunge, esp. from a register'.22
The NIV also translates shachath as 'devastate' (Joshua 22:33), 'destroy' (1 Sam 23:10—at the worst this would have left Keilah in ruins), 'ruin' (Jer. 12:10—in a parallel expression 'trample down my field') and 'destroy' (Ezek. 26:4). In this last reference the extreme nature of the destruction is indicated: 'I will scrape away her rubble and make her a bare rock.' However Wiseman says that excavations have traced some of the ancient foundations of Tyre.23 Evidently, even in this context, 'destroy' did not imply that no traces would survive.
Returning to the Genesis account of the Flood, the Lord says in Genesis 6:11, 12a and 12b, that the earth was 'corrupt before God'. The word for 'corrupt' is the same as that used in Genesis 6:13, 'I will destroy them with the earth.' The key to the Flood account lies in this word 'destroy' (shachath). God did not annihilate all evidence of the creatures, any more than He annihilated the earth. Rather, as men were already corrupt spiritually, God had them destroyed physically, drowned, and removed from sight ('from the face of the earth'). This is exactly the same way that at the final judgment unbelievers will be put into outer darkness, destroyed (apollumi) and cast into hell (gehenna) (Matt. 10:28). This does not mean, of course, that all fossils of all people destroyed in the Flood are preserved, but suggests that we should expect to find some evidence of catastrophic burial.
The word 'blot out' in Genesis 6:7
Robinson, Garner and Garton all consider that the Flood requires 'blot out' to mean 'eliminate without trace' and claim Psalm 51:1 as support. If the word 'blot out' does not mean 'eliminate without trace' in Psalm 51:1, they ask what sort of salvation do Christians have? If our sins have been totally eliminated without trace by the saving work of Christ, then the pre-Flood world must also have been eliminated without trace. Hence, the fossils must have been formed after the Flood etc. This may seem a strong argument.
However, the passages listed in Young's Concordance under the Hebrew word machah do not support Garton and Garner's view. Consider Psalm 51:1 which speaks of David's adultery with Bathsheba and its subsequent cover-up. David asks God to blot out his sin which God does. However, the fact that we know of David's sin implies that God did not blot it out completely. It is still recorded in Scripture. Revelation 5 teaches us that even those in heaven worship the Lamb, that is the Lamb of God who took away their sin and by that redemptive act redeemed His people by His own blood (Rev 5:9). Therefore, not all trace of the sins of God's people will be eliminated, for the Lamb will be a continual reminder of our great debt. McCheyne's hymn, 'When this passing world is done', expresses this thought at the end of every verse with the statement, 'then Lord shall I fully know, not till then how much I owe.'
In Deuteronomy 9:14, the threat to 'blot out [the name of Israel] from under heaven' did not mean that they would disappear without historical trace, for future generations would surely read of them in Scripture. The very formation of a new nation from Moses would require the reason for it to be written down. 'Blot out' in this case just means that they would have no descendants and cease to exist as a nation. Similarly in the case of the Amalekites, total destruction did not mean annihilation without trace. For although Deuteronomy 25:19 says to Israel: 'you shall blot out the memory of Amalek from under heaven', they were not eliminated without trace. Otherwise their memory ought not to have been preserved in Scripture. As noted earlier in the discussion of shachath and apollumi, eternal destruction is not annihilation, therefore, the threat of Deuteronomy 29:20 to 'blot out' a man's name 'from under heaven' does not mean that God will destroy him without trace.
One use of machah which clearly cannot mean 'eliminate without trace' occurs in Num. 5:23 which sets out the procedure for trying a woman suspected of infidelity. She has to drink of bitter water, which has previously been used to 'blot out' the curses the priest has written in a book. The curses, written in ink on a parchment scroll, were washed off (NIV; KJV blotted out) into a receptacle containing 'bitter water'. The curse was removed from the scroll, but not 'without trace', since it was an essential part of the ritual that the ink should continue to exist in solution. The blotted out curses thus certainly left traces.
Another most instructive use of the word machah is in Prov. 31:3b: 'Do not give your strength to women, nor your ways to that which destroys kings.' This very aptly shows what the word means. The man who lusts after women will find he is destroyed spiritually—as many kings and presidents have been. There is no implication of annihilation or wiping out.
We see therefore that the word machah does not mean 'eliminate without trace'. To say it does is to argue from a shaky linguistic foundation. There is no scriptural proof for this position. These points are developed further in the excellent article by Fouts and Wise24 which studies the meaning of the words used in the Flood account in Genesis. They agree there is no clear evidence exegetically that the word machah is linked with complete removal without trace. Certainly Robinson's thesis, presented at the same conference, that the Flood destroyed the earth's crust in its entirety, is very conjectural.25
The rainbow
Robinson26 argues that graveyards of mammoth, dinosaur and all other land air-breathing creatures are all post-Flood. For thousands of mammoths to be buried across America and Asia after the Flood they would have all had to be descended from the original pair from the Ark and spread across the continents. Though we recognise the possibility that frozen mammoths in the Arctic are examples of post-Flood fossilisation27 (as these seem to be localised burials near the surface), the burial under great sediments of reptiles, dinosaurs, mammals (including other mammoths) is worldwide. Such fossilisation with water borne sediment would require enormous upheaval, such that one requires events on the scale of the Flood itself which God said would never be repeated (Gen. 8:21, 9:11, 15).28 The burial of dinosaurs ten metres tall, by their thousands in Alberta and Montana6 and vast tracts of territory from South Dakota, Kansas and Colorado29 would require vast continental instability just before Abraham's time, 350 years after the Flood.6 (The 350 years is required by Robinson, Garton4 and others to allow dinosaurs and other creatures to multiply and spread out over the globe.) But such vast continental sedimentation (in some places thousands of feet thick) would not be possible without causing gigantic upheaval in other parts of the earth—in particular in the Middle East where the descendants of Noah were repopulating the earth.
Although one does accept the possibility of some post-Flood disasters as the earth settled to a new environment, the extent of burial in such events must be considered local. Burial on such a vast scale of land air-breathing creatures is surely beginning to break the principle that the Flood was the major event in earth's history. Those who consider most of the fossils to be post-Flood must face the important question, 'How is it that God has destroyed vast numbers of post-Flood creatures, when He clearly said He would not destroy all flesh again?' (Gen. 8:21-22). And the problem is not removed by saying that these catastrophes only happened for a few years after the Flood as the earth was settling down. Even if we allow that the population of creatures had vastly increased, is it consistent with the Lord's mercy in the rainbow covenant to instigate such immense destruction? And this so soon after executing a similar judgment (flooding) on a comparable continental scale? This is a very real difficulty rarely addressed by those who advocate post-Flood catastrophes as being the main origin of all the fossils.
A significant feature of Genesis 8:21-9:17 is the expression 'never again' (NIV):
'Never again will I curse the ground' (Gen. 8:21), 'And never again will I destroy all living creatures' (Gen. 8:21), 'Never again will all life be cut off by the waters of a flood' (Gen. 9:11) and 'Never again will the waters become a flood to destroy all life' (Gen. 9:15).
The formation of the sedimentary rocks and the fossilisation of animals on the vast scale said to have occurred would have required a second cataclysm. This would conflict with the promises made after the Deluge.
The one verse which Robinson, Garton, Garner and others propose for justifying a major post-Flood disaster is Gen. 10:25. The division of the earth referred to in this verse is a mystery. In the present state of knowledge, dogmatism is out of the question.30 Wiseman notes that 'Peleg' itself means 'water course, division' (watercourse = canal?) and suggests 'the development … of cultivation, using artificial irrigation canals (Assyr: plagu).' 31 Kidner simply remarks that it is a 'matter of conjecture'.32 If the division were the physical splitting of the continents, then the ensuing catastrophe would have been worldwide. It seems unlikely that Genesis 10-11 could proceed serenely along without more reference to these events than 10:25! Moreover, how could the promises to Noah have been kept, since such upheavals would have had immediate global impact? Kevan thinks it was probably the division of mankind after Babel.33 Indeed, many commentators, writing well before plate tectonics was in vogue, believed that the division of Peleg referred to the linguistic/territorial division resulting from Babel.34
In Genesis 9:13-15, God formed a rainbow to indicate there would be no repeat of 'a Flood to destroy all flesh.' Holt rightly asserts that to invoke large post-Flood disasters of continental proportions would imply tsunamis encircling the globe.12 There is a limit to localised activity involving further large sedimentation because it is extremely difficult to avoid immediate effects elsewhere on the globe. The comparatively small eruption of Mount St Helens in 1980 showed this with subsequent atmospheric disturbances, and the eruption of Mt. Krakatoa last century in the Far East caused 30-metre tidal waves. Such large quantities of ash were ejected into the atmosphere that Tennyson referred to striking sunsets in England, thousands of miles distant.35 These disasters did not have continental implications. Thus to suggest that Genesis 10:25—the division of the earth in Peleg's day—was a possible post-Flood disaster involving the physical splitting of continents (and thus providing a mechanism for catastrophic burial of the fossils) would necessitate gigantic tidal waves across the continents, thus negating the rainbow promise. One must always give biblical priority to the Flood as the major disaster affecting the earth, never to be repeated.
We agree with Snelling's introduction to the discussion papers on this subject, that there is room for some post-Flood activity. But we consider that there is the need to 'research strategically, thinking laterally or in novel ways if we have to, in order to find explanations for baffling puzzles.'36
We agree with Whitcomb and Morris that the best fit with the biblical text has most of the fossils produced by the Flood.11 However the Whitcomb and Morris mechanism (rising flood water) may not necessarily be the correct model. Morris37 has reiterated this view of the Flood and though some may disagree with the mechanism, it is hard to escape the important hydrological issues which he and others rightly say must be properly addressed. The hydroplate model advocated by Brown38, 39 suggests a much more violent alternative. Although we do not say necessarily that this is the only way to postulate the violence of the first 40 days of the Flood year, it nevertheless offers a plausible explanation for the origin of, and evident force for, the underground waters and the waters from above. The hydroplate theory (different in mechanism from that proposed by Morris), still leads to the same conclusion—that the vast majority of fossils were laid down during the Flood. And in the hydroplate model, a good number would be laid down in the first 40 days.
Another theory advocated by Baumgardner et al.40, 41 proposes catastrophic tectonic plate activity. In this model, part of the earth's crust is subducted with the initiating of a global-scale flow of the mantle beneath the earth's crust and vast volcanic activity. All these studies warrant further careful research which should not necessarily regard the geological column as sacrosanct (these alternatives are considered in a companion article15). The events of those first 40 days and right through the Flood year may well have laid and possibly relaid sediments on a continental scale. In the light of this, it is not wise for some to suggest that the thesis of Whitcomb and Morris is 'fundamentally flawed'. It is premature to draw any such conclusions on the Flood/post-Flood boundary while much research continues—particularly in the area of hydrological sedimentation. We believe there is room for some post-Flood fossilisation (which Whitcomb and Morris11 did not address), but the biblical text strongly implies that the evidence of catastrophic water-borne sediments burying vast numbers of land (and sea) creatures is due primarily to the Flood.
We recognise that there is a clear need to be open-minded concerning some post-Flood catastrophism as the earth settled to a new equilibrium after the gigantic disturbances of the Flood year. However it is not exegetically correct to suggest all air-breathing land creatures were annihilated without trace by some unknown force. Biblically, the words machah (blot out), shachath (destroy) in the Old Testament Hebrew, and apollumi (lose, destroy) in the New Testament Greek, do not justify such an interpretation. The context strongly indicates that the logical and straightforward meaning of these words is that the greater part of air-breathing land creatures were buried by water-borne sediments.
That there may have been some post-Flood disasters is not precluded by the text, since fossilisation is not referred to in the Flood account. But to regard the vast majority of fossils as being from post-Flood disasters runs the risk of (a) marginalising the Flood, (b) weakening the force of the rainbow promise (thousands of feet of sediment over continents hardly seems consistent with God's promise not to destroy flesh [animal as well as man] by a flood) and (c) gives too much weight to our supposed knowledge of the order of deposition (i.e. the geological column).
There is a great need to gather scientists from all disciplines to consider the problems that have been rightly brought to the attention of the biblical creationist community—problems such as footprints of dinosaurs above vast stretches of sediment and dinosaur eggs at high positions in the strata. The role of sedimentology and the flow of heterogeneous mixtures requires hydraulic engineers, fluid dynamicists as well as geologists to carefully unravel these difficulties. Experience shows that major research problems require interdisciplinary teams to make progress.
The authors are grateful for the helpful exchange of ideas with a number of colleagues which includes Dr Peter Williams (who kindly checked the original manuscript and made very helpful suggestions), Dr David Tyler, Dr Michael Garton, Mr Randall Hardy, Dr Andrew Snelling, Dr Peter Senior and others. Not all will agree with our conclusions, but the spirit of open and courteous debate is to be encouraged.
Andy McIntosh is a reader in combustion theory at the University of Leeds in the Department of Fuel and Energy, researching into fluids, explosions, ignition, and heat transfer. He read applied mathematics at Bangor University, North Wales, completed his Ph.D. in Combustion Aerodynamics in 1981, and obtained a D.Sc. in 1998. Author of many articles on combustion and fluids, Andy speaks widely on creation, and authored the book Genesis for Today.
Tom Edmondson holds degrees in music from Trinity College of Music (London University) and also a degree in history and philosophy from the Open University. Together with his wife, he did linguistic and translation work among the Ejagham people of SE Nigeria and SW Cameroon with Wycliffe Bible Translators for a number of years. He is a founding member of the Bradford Creation Science Group.
Steven Taylor is a reader in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics at Liverpool University. His Ph.D. thesis was concerned with the inductively coupled plasma oxidation of silicon. He has published over 100 papers in refereed journals and conferences in the field of silicon microelectronics, plasma processing and ion physics. He is currently chairman of the UK Dielectrics Club and formerly a member of the Program Committee of IEEE Semiconductor Interface Specialist Conference.
Help keep these daily articles coming. Support AiG.
- Tyler, D.J., Flood models and trends in creationist thinking, Creation Matters 2(3), May/June 1997. Back
- Special Symposium, Where should we place the Flood/post-Flood boundary in the geological record? TJ 10(1):29-168, 1996. Back
- Garner, P., Geology and the Flood, Genesis Agendum Occasional Paper, 1997. Back (1) Back (2)
- Garton, M., The pattern of fossil tracks in the geological record, TJ 10(1):82-100, 1996. Back (1) Back (2) Back (3)
- Garton, M., A Spanish weekend, Origins (BCS) 22:11-26, 1997. Back
- Garner, P., Where is the Flood/post-Flood Boundary? Implications of dinosaur nests in the Mesozoic, TJ 10(1):101-106, 1996. Back (1) Back (2) Back (3)
- Garner, P., Continental flood basalts indicate a pre-Mesozoic Flood/post-Flood boundary, TJ 10(1):114-127, 1996. Back
- Johns, W.H., Did dinosaurs lay eggs and hatch young during the Flood? TJ 11(3):318-323, 1998. Back
- Robinson, S.J., Can Flood geology explain the fossil record? TJ 10(1):32-69, 1996. Back (1) Back (2)
- Robinson, S.J., Dinosaurs in the Oardic Flood, TJ 12(1):55-86, 1998. Back
- Whitcomb, J.C. and Morris, H., The Genesis Flood, Evangelical Press, 1969. Back (1) Back (2) Back (3)
- Holt, R.D., Evidence for a late Cainozoic Flood/post-Flood boundary, TJ 10(1):128-167, 1996. Back (1) Back (2)
- Oard, M.J., The extinction of the dinosaurs, TJ 11(2):137-154, 1997. Back
- Oard, M.J., Dinosaurs in the Flood: A response, TJ 12(1):69-86, 1998. Back
- McIntosh, A.C., Edmondson, T. and Taylor, S., Flood models—the need for an integrated approach, TJ 14(1):52-59, 2000. Back (1) Back (2) Back (3) Back (4) Back (5)
- Brown, Driver and Briggs, Hebrew-English Lexicon, Hendrickson, p. 550, 1997. Back
- Bauer, Arndt and Gingrich, Greek Lexicon, University of Chicago, p. 412, 1952. Back
- Kline, M.G., Commentary on Genesis; in: New Bible Commentary, (3rd edition), IVP, p. 88, 1970. Back
- Waltke, B.K. and O'Conner, M., An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana, pp. 137-138, 1990. Back
- Bauer et al., Ref. 17, p. 94. Back
- Vine, W.E., Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words, Evangelical Christian Publishers Association, p. 302, 1952. Back
- Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford University Press, p.76, 1929. Back
- Wiseman, D.J., Tyre; in: New Bible Dictionary, IVP, p. 1303, 1962. Back
- Fouts, D.M. and Wise, K.P., Blotting out and breaking up: miscellaneous Hebrew studies in geocatastrophism; in: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Creationism, Creation Sciences Fellowship Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, pp. 217-228, 1998. Back
- Robinson, S.J., The Flood in Genesis: What does the text tell geologists? in: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Creationism, Creation Sciences Fellowship Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, pp. 465-474, 1998. Back
- Robinson, Ref. 9, pp. 63-64. Back
- The frozen mammoths of Siberia certainly are an argument for catastrophism (see Dillow, J.C., The Waters Above: Earth's pre-flood vapour canopy, Revised edition, Moody Press, Chicago, p. 351, 1982, and the summary concerning mammoths by Whitcomb, J.C., The World that Perished, Revised edition, Baker, Grand Rapids, pp. 77-80, 1996). It might first appear that there does not seem to have been enough time between the Flood and Abraham (for instance, when most think of a relatively stable world) to have such vast numbers of mammoths around in Siberia alone. However the burial so close to the surface and in present river valleys suggests they might have been buried by flash floods from melting ice (see for example, How did millions of mammoth fossils form? Creation 21(4):56, 1999). This article argues that a population of 8 million mammoths would have been possible 550 years after the Flood—that is, up to the end of the probable Ice Age subsequent to the Flood. Some mammoths could have been buried in ice bursts similar to those observed recently in Iceland in 1996 (see Snelling, A., Iceland's recent 'mega-flood', Creation 21(3):46-48, 1996). Back
- Oard, M.J., Where is the Flood/post-Flood boundary in the rock record? TJ 10(2):258-278, 262, 1996. Back
- Taylor, J., Fossil Facts and Fantasies, Mt Blanco Publishing Co., ch. 4, pp. 36-47, 1999. Back
- For an excellent refutation of the view that Gen. 10:25 means the splitting of the continents, see Fouts, D.M., Peleg in Gen. 10:25, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 41(March):17-21, 1998. Back
- Wiseman, D.J., Peleg; in, New Bible Dictionary, IVP, p. 957, 1962. Back
- Kidner, D., Genesis, Tyndale Press, p.109, 1967. Back
- Kevan, E., Commentary on Genesis; in: New Bible Commentary, (1st edition), IVF, p. 86, 1953. Back
- For example, Calvin, J., Genesis, 1554; Banner of Truth, Edinburgh, p. 324, 1984: 'For after he [Moses] has mentioned Arphaxad as the third of the sons of Shem, he then names Peleg, his great grandson, in whose days the languages were divided.' Also Keil C.F. and Delitzsch, F., Commentaries on the Old Testament, n.d., original German in the 19th century, English translation published by Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, MI, The Pentateuch, Vol. 1, p. 171: 'Among the descendants of Arphaxad, Eber's eldest son received the name of Peleg, because in his days the earth, i.e. the population of the earth, was divided, in consequence of the building of the tower of Babel.' Again, Leupold, H.C., Exposition of Genesis, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI, p. 378, 1942: 'Peleg means "division", for he lived at the time when the earth was divided (niphlegah) and the name given to the man is in memory of this event. The event referred to must be the one under consideration—the Confusion of Tongues.' Back
- Plage, D. and Plage, M., In the shadow of Krakatau, National Geographic 167(6):750-771, particularly pp. 754-761, 1985. Back
- Snelling, A.A., Introduction to Special Symposium 'Where should we place the Flood/post-Flood boundary in the geological record?' TJ 10(1):29-31, 1996. Back
- Morris, H.M., The geologic column and the Flood of Genesis, Creation Res. Soc. Quart. 33(1):49-57, 1996. Back
- Brown, W., In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for the Creation and the Flood, 6th (special) edition, Center for Scientific Creationism, Phoenix, Arizona, 1996. Back
- Selbrede, M.G., Dr Walt Brown's Hydroplate Theory, Chalcedon Report (Sept.), pp. 37-45, 1998. Back
- Baumgardner, J.R., Runaway subduction as the driving mechanism for the Genesis Flood; in: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Creationism, Creation Science Fellowship, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, pp. 63-76, 1994. Back
- Austin, S.A., Baumgardner, J.R., Humphreys, D.R., Snelling, A.A., Vardiman, L. and Wise, K.P., Catastrophic plate tectonics: a global Flood model of earth history; in: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Creationism, Creation Science Fellowship Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, pp. 609-622, 1994. Back


text:
Vocal Range – Soprano
Singing – Musical Theater, Country Western, Jazz, Singing in the Shower
Dancing – Club, Jazz, Modern, Tap, Ballet
Languages – American English, British English, French, Other
Height – 5 feet 2 inches / 157 cm
Hair – Red
Eyes – Hazel
Body Type – Slim/Slender
Ethnicity – White/Caucasian
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Samantha Stosur of Australia plays a return to Li Na of China during a tennis exhibition match in Hong Kong on March 3, 2014. Stosur won 6-4, 6-4. AFP PHOTO/Philippe LOPEZPHILIPPE LOPEZ/AFP/Getty Images
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