text: Broken 48 grapes Most Grapes Detached From Stem In One Minute Embed <iframe width="560" height="345" src="http://recordsetter.com/embedvideo/12812" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> Loading... Sign up for RecordSetter Sign up Your name: Your e-mail address: Choose a password: I am 14 or older By clicking "create account", you agree that you've read and understand the Terms of Use Already a member? × Why not? We think only a record holder can know what you go through to set a record, so we only let people that have already set world records downvote other people's records. What can I do? Go set a record! If you can think of it, you can set a new world record for it. × points Follow Record Unfollow Record Break This Record Rate it: Legendary Funny Cute Creative Gross Impressive Tags: most, fruit, grape, debunching Post Comment Post to Facebook Follow replies All Comments for this Record Category Under review comments Most Grapes Detached From Stem In One Minute You can press ESC to close this dialog or click close. Related Records Most Consecutive Grapes Tossed And Caught In Mouth While Balanced On A Rola Bola 6 grapes Most Grapes Fit In Open Mouth 25 grapes Most Grapes Fit In Open Mouth By A 13-Year-Old 36 grapes Most Grapes Smushed With Hands In One Minute 63 grapes Most Toothpicks Stuck In A Grape In 30 Seconds 20 toothpicks Most Toothpicks Stuck In A Grape In A Prius 153 toothpicks Fastest Pronounciation Of The Word "Fresh" While Holding A Watermelon 00:00.12 min/sec Most Consecutive Times To Toss A Grape In The Air And Caught In Mouth 62 times Most Glasses Clinked In One Minute 102 clinks Largest Group To Toss Grapes In Air And Catch Them In Mouths At Once 43 people Most Consecutive Grapes Tossed And Caught In One's Mouth While Hula Hooping 25 grapes Most Grapes Juggled Into One's Own Mouth In One Minute 13 grapes Fastest Time To Balance A Fruit Scale At Five Pounds 00:23.0 min/sec Largest Collection Of Jack-O-Lantern Grapes 25 grapes Most Grapes Fit In Closed Mouth 79 grapes


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Home - Destinations - iPhone/Android - Partners - Forum - Photos - Deals - What's New |
Rest Day:
Nearby Mountain Bike Rides
Barrel Bay
Ups and downs with views of Raystown Lake. Near Marklesburg borough, PA
Tight singletrack through the deep forest. Near Marklesburg borough, PA
Raystown South Loop
Adventure and solitude through the dense forest that includes big climbs, fast descents. Near Marklesburg borough, PA
Raystown Deer Trails and Hydro Loop
A short but sweet quick loop at Raystown. Near Marklesburg borough, PA
A winding contour trail that makes for a great return. Near Mapleton borough, PA
Hydro Loop
As close to a roller coaster as you can get on your bike! Near Mapleton borough, PA
From MP's sister site: MTB
DescriptionHunter's Rocks is mostly on state game lands area, and partly in Rocky Ridge Natural Area. A small, closed section is on private land, so respect this and help preserve access to the public areas. Getting ThereThe coordinates here will get you driving directions to the main parking lot on Frew Road. 31 Total Routes
The ClassicsMountain Project's determination of some of the classic, most popular, highest rated routes for Hunter's Rocks (Rocky Ridge Natural Area):
Featured Route For Hunter's Rocks (Rocky Ridge Natural Area)
Mushroom Tattoo V6 7A PA : Hunter's Rocks (Rocky Ridge... : The Main Area
Stand start right hand at the brown hold at head height, left near the tree up high. Slap and bearhug your way up sidepull slopers and muffin crimps to the top. The topout is easier than the beginning and middle sections, but the consequences of screwing it up are much higher. More like V5 if taller and conditions make a big difference on this one....[more] Browse More Classics in PA

subset: commoncrawl


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OBITS - Incomplete obituaries are marked with a *
Naomi Hicks Hughes
Nov 11, 2012
Nov. 11, 2012
Naomi Hicks Hughes, 95, of Jonesborough, and formerly of Athens, died Sunday morning, Nov. 11, 2012, at John Reed Nursing Home in Limestone.
She was a native of Athens, and was a daughter of the late Newt and Minnie Watts Hicks. She was also preceded in death by her husband, Chester E. Hughes, on Dec. 25, 1993; three sisters, Lola Creasman, Glenn Stephens and Ruth Williford; and three brothers, Tommy, Johnny and H.J. Hicks.
She was a member of First Baptist Church of Athens and attended Trinity Baptist Church in Jonesborough. She and her late husband owned and operated Hughes Furniture Company in Athens for 50 years.
Survivors include one daughter, Janet Roberts of Jonesborough; one son and daughter-in-law, Ronald and Judy Hughes of Mooresville, N.C.; two granddaughters, Stephanie Painter of Travelers Rest, S.C., and Heather Dawson of Teleford; two grandsons, Sean Hughes of Wilmington, N.C., and Eric Roberts of Knoxville; three great-grandchildren; one sister, Margaret Jones of Knoxville; and one brother, Walter Hicks of Chattanooga.
Funeral services will be 11 a.m. Wednesday in the chapel of Smith Funeral & Cremation Services with the Rev. Mark Harrod officiating. Burial will follow in McMinn Memory Gardens.
Pallbearers will be Eric Roberts, Carey Hicks, Charlie McKeehan, Zachery Dawson, Lloyd Dawson, Thomas Dawson and James Powers.
The family will receive friends from 5 to 7 p.m. Tuesday at the funeral home.
If you are unable to attend this service or visitation, sign the guest register at www.smithfuneral&cremationservicesofathens.com
Smith Funeral & Cremation Services of Athens is serving the family of Naomi Hicks Hughes.


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All works copyright of Drew Wise © 2012, All rights reserved.
kavinsky, nightcall, drive, night, call, autodrive, ed, banger, daft, punk, drew, wise, dreweyes, gamma724, 1986, ryan, gosling, drewwise
All works copyright of Drew Wise © 2014, All rights reserved.
View Full ProfileI wanna buy this! But not sure which color? Purple, Dark Grey or light blue!!
Purple is rad!


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"If you reveal your secrets to the wind you should not blame the wind for revealing them to the trees." :)) Heard that quote before....but yes, I'm there, telling all my secrets of life!
Lovely. ♥
Lovely. ♥
Many thanks to Ally, Carina, Gale, pascal+ and Lisa!! I saw these three elderly people in typical beige clothes sitting on the bench and the subtitle was in my mind ;-)


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Super Nova – world's first carbon neutral megayacht
The Super Nova 60 features adjustable camber fully rotational wingsails
Article Summary
Looking to claim the environmental high ground at the next megayacht owners potluck get together? Sauter Carbon Offset Design has unveiled what it calls "the world's first carbon neutral megayacht," and it could be just what you're looking for. Harnessing energy from sustainable sources such as photovoltaic (PV) cells, power sailing kinetic energy regeneration and wingsails, the Super Nova 60 is capable of generating enough surplus energy to allow it to cruise carbon neutral for 7,000 nautical miles a year... and it can feed energy back into the grid while docked. Now you can enjoy cruising around the Mediterranean in luxury with an environmentally clear conscience.
« Back to Super Nova – world's first carbon neutral megayacht
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The Law Offices of Frank Handelman specializes in criminal defense, elder law and real estate with offices in Tribeca, New York City. Frank Handelman has been practicing law in the City since 1976, and opened his own firm in 1980. His associate Tatia D. Barnes has practiced since 2004, when she graduated from Fordham University School of Law in New York.
Law Offices of
325 Broadway
New York, New York 10007
(212) 321-1400


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Event - Juvenile Court Bench Bar
Starts: March 06, 2013 at 1:00 PM | |||
RSVP: None | Click to add to Calendar (iCalendar) | ||
Send event to a friend or colleague | ||
The next Juvenile Court Bench Bar meeting will be held on Wednesday, March 6, 2013 at 1:00 pm. The Bench Bar meetings are held the first Wednesday of the month and are open to all attorneys who practice in Juvenile Court. |


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Car companies have had mixed results with using user-generated content (UGC) campaigns to promote new vehicles. Ford's Fiesta Movement generated tons of positive buzz by seeding 100 social media "stars" with cameras and free compact cars. But who can forget the disaster that was Chevy's "Make your own Tahoe commercial"?
When smart, the ultra-compact brand of Diamler AG, wanted to boost the presence of its smart fourtwo vehicle in the US, the company turned to UGC. And in the safe confines of online artist community deviantART, the campaign was able to flourish.
Read more...
by Tameka Kee 18 November 2010 16:46pm 3 comments


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Cyberforce HunterKiller
Series: Top Cow Cyberforce Hunter Killer
volume: 3
publisher: Top Cow
publish date: 14-02-2011
product type: digital comic/eComic (Mini Series)
genres: action
Cyberforce Hunter-Killer #3
The reason for Morningstar's alliance with Cyberdata becomes clear and the teams of Cyberforce and Hunter-Killer team members rush to destroy key facilities around the world. Only Morningstar is one step ahead and has a deadly welcoming party ready!
Featuring a cover by series artist Rocafort as well as a variant cover by Whilce Portacio (Spawn).


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ATHENS, April 5 (Reuters) - The Greek parliament approved legislation late on Thursday to boost private investment, a key condition to get the crisis-struck country out of its worst-ever peacetime recession.
The new investment incentive law aims to cut red tape by making a broader range of projects eligible for fast-track licensing and by creating a new one-stop-shop agency for investors.
Amongst other things, the law sets out for the first time specific rules for licensing and operating seaplanes. Greece, which has hundreds of poorly connected islands and a big tourism industry, says this will encourage seaplane operators and improve access to many holiday resorts.
'We can't achieve growth and employment with theories alone ... we need new investment,' deputy development minister Notis Mitarachi said during the parliamentary debate.
The global financial crisis and severe austerity measures imposed under two consecutive EU/IMF bailouts since 2010 have shrunk the Greek economy by about a fifth in the period from 2008 to 2012. Investment has plummeted by about 60 percent over that period.
Weighed down by red tape, corruption and doubts as to whether it will manage to stay in the euro zone, debt-laden Greece is currently seen as one of Europe's worst places to do business and invest.
The country performs badly in almost all the international competitiveness tables compiled by institutes and organisations such as the World Economic Forum or the International Institute for Development.
However, Athens and its international lenders expect investment to rebound strongly after 2014, partly helped by reforms that have slashed labour costs and eased the processes of hiring and firing.
Increased investment is seen as a means to drive the economic recovery Athens needs to become able to service its debt, which is expected to peak this year at about 175 percent of Gross Domestic Product.
(Reporting by Harry Papachristou; Editing by David Brunnstrom) Keywords: GREECE LAW/INVESTMENT
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The copying, republication or redistribution of Reuters News Content, including by framing or similar means, is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Thomson Reuters.


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As of Sunday, December 23, 2012
© Copyright 2014
Clayton News Daily
JONESBORO Former Clayton County Police Chief Jeff Turner was sworn in as the new Clayton County Board of Commissioners chairman Saturday night. Turner's swearing in came 24 hours after District 3 Commissioner-elect Shana Rooks was sworn in to her new office. Turner and Rooks will officially take office Jan. 1
Read the Friday, Dec. 28 edition of Clayton News Daily for more information about the Clayton County commission's newest members.
OscarKnight 1 year, 2 months ago
.....More Proof that Pickens was Very Slim for County Chairman, Again.
......What can we expect from a county that elected Victor Hill as our Sheriff.
.....I'm sure that Turner will also provide this county with plenty of laughs.
OscarKnight 1 year, 2 months ago
(("Turner said bringing back mass transit would alleviate traffic congestion in the county, but he also said the local leaders need to fix the existing roads on which potential buses would travel." "The roadway system in this county needs work badly," he said. "The roadways are deteriorating before our eyes and it doesn't seem to be getting better."))
....Riddle Me with this :
.....Will Turner Break His Campaign Promises ?
OscarKnight 1 year, 2 months ago
...The heat is already on for the Buses and The Rail System in Clayton County.
....How will Turner & Rooks Stand Their Ground for The Tax Payers in this county ?
OscarKnight 1 year, 2 months ago
...Let us see how Turner will hug up to Roberta's Plan B :
......."Roberta's Plan B" :
....."Transit advocates call for MARTA referendum"
(( "Bell and other commissioners supported the return of local bus service to Clayton County under a regional transportation sales tax. The tax would have required residents across 10 metro Atlanta counties to pay for the service — which would have only operated in Clayton County. The tax was rejected by voters across the region on July 31." ))
(( "We have an opportunity to do something that no other county in this state does," said Abdul-Salaam." "We have a 'Plan B' in place." ))
OscarKnight 1 year, 2 months ago
....By the way Jeff :
......Welcome to the criticisms of being an elected official of our county.
....Riddle me with this :
....Are you beginning to feel the heat ?
Sign in to comment
More like this story
- Secretary of State investigating BOC chairman's residency ( February 19, 2013 )
- New commissioners set for holiday inaugurations ( December 14, 2012 )
- BOC changes deadline to renew Starr's contract ( December 7, 2012 )
- New Year's shifts BOC meeting schedule ( December 26, 2012 )
- Turner rings Eldrin's Bell in chairman's race ( August 22, 2012 )


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diabase (ˈdaɪəˌbeɪs) | |
—n | |
1. | (Brit) an altered dolerite |
2. | (US) another name for dolerite |
[C19: from French, from Greek diabasis a crossing over, from diabainein to cross over, from | |
dia'basic | |
—adj |
diabase (dī'ə-bās') Pronunciation Key
A dark-gray to black, medium-grained igneous rock consisting mainly of labradorite and pyroxene. Diabase is compositionally similar to andesite, but has coarser grains. It is commonly found in sills and dikes. Also called dolerite. |


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The New York Yankees beat the Seattle Mariners 6-3 Friday night behind a complete game three-hitter from pitcher CC Sabathia. The Yankee starter struck out 10 and walked one.
New York's offense offered Sabathia plenty of support. Curtis Granderson scored two with a single in the third, and Eric Chavez added two more with a home run in the sixth. Robinson Cano and Raul Ibanez also had RBI on the night. Mark Teixeira was 1-for-4 in his return to the lineup.
The Yankees improve to 62-43 with the win, and Sabathia improves to 11-3. New York will look to continue things in Game 2 of the three game series, when they send Hiroki Kuroda to the mound against Mariners ace Felix Hernandez. First pitch is scheduled for 1:05 p.m. ET.
Stick with this StoryStream for previews, updates and more from the Yankees vs. Mariners series. For all things Yankees, check out Pinstripe Alley.


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Places Discussed (Cyclopedia of Literary Places)
Vanity Fair
Vanity Fair. Place on the way to the Celestial City that John Bunyan created in The Pilgrim's Progress (1678, 1684), which represents the destructive temptations of the world. For Thackeray, "Vanity Fair" is likewise the place where lusts and pleasures are bought and sold, but for him the moral dimension of the threat of damnation is minimized. His Vanity Fair is mildly amusing and satirical; his characters are like puppets, jockeying for social position and money. His novel has no hero or heroine, but only his panoramic view of various versions of Vanity Fair, all filled with snobbery and acquisitiveness.
Miss Pinkerton's Minerva House Academy
Miss Pinkerton's Minerva House Academy. Girls' school in which the wealthy Amelia Sedley and her orphaned friend, Rebecca Sharp, are trained. The importance of position and money is immediately obvious in the academy, for Amelia is polished with husband-acquiring skills, while the orphan Rebecca must earn her keep by teaching French, and she must also soon become a governess in the household of the wealthy Lord Pitt Crawley. The social contrast between the two students is also made obvious in parallel scenes at Dr. Swishtail's School, whose male students include the wealthy and snobbish George Osborne and the modest grocer's son, William Dobbin.
*Vauxhall. Pleasure gardens in London that represent Vanity Fair in microcosm, with their love of display, dark walkways, and matchmaking. There, Amelia plans a party and includes her brother Jos Sedley, a perfect counterpart to Vauxhall itself, foolishly vain and pleasure-seeking. Becky works hard to charm Jos in the hope of escaping from having to work for her living, but Jos's overindulgence in punch and his friend George's snobbery prevent her from snaring him.
Great Gaunt Street
Great Gaunt Street. London street on which stands the gloomy home of Lord Pitt Crawley, to whom Becky reports for work as a governess. Crawley finds Becky attractive, and she vows to make good use of all opportunities to advance herself in his home. His house, though grand with family portraits, is ruled over by no handsome baronet, but by a dirty, vulgar, and lewd old man. However, his country home, Queen's Crawley, proves to be a fertile ground for the shrewd Becky. She wins the affections of those who count in the household, especially wealthy old Miss Crawley, whose fortune and ill health make her everyone's focus. This wretched family is driven by greed, jealousy, and snobbery, and its members' very names reflect their vain, empty, selfish lives: "Rawdon" and the other "Pitts" of "Gaunt" Street and Queen's "Crawley."
*Park Lane
*Park Lane. Home in London's Mayfair district of Miss Crawley, to which Becky is called to care for the wealthy, ailing, old woman. Comic but...
(The entire section is 1208 words.)
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Historical Context
Napoleon and the Battle of Waterloo
The Napoleonic Wars began in the late 1790s, with Napoleon Bonaparte leading the...
(The entire section is 815 words.)
Literary Style
Victorian Literature
It was during the Victorian period (1837-1901) that the novel became the dominant literary form....
(The entire section is 1170 words.)
Compare and Contrast
Early to Mid-Nineteenth Century: People are routinely sent to prison when they are unable to pay their debts. Debtors'...
(The entire section is 210 words.)
Topics for Further Study
Do some research on Thackeray's life. Write an essay exploring some ways in which the author's life experiences are reflected in the...
(The entire section is 164 words.)
Media Adaptations
Unabridged audio versions of Vanity Fair have been published by Audiobook Contractors (1987), Books on Tape, Inc. (1989), and...
(The entire section is 173 words.)
What Do I Read Next?
W. M. Thackeray Library, edited by Richard Pearson and published in 1996, presents an array of Thackeray's writing, including short...
(The entire section is 264 words.)
Bibliography and Further Reading
Brontë, Charlotte, Preface to Jane Eyre, Clarendon Press, 1969.
Colby, Robert A.,...
(The entire section is 254 words.)
Bibliography (Cyclopedia of Literary Characters, Revised Third Edition)
Bloom, Harold, ed. William Makepeace Thackeray. New York: Chelsea House, 1987. Contemporary critical anthology brings together essays on Thackeray's main novels. Excellent starting place for discussion of Thackeray's major works.
Harden, Edgar F. The Emergence of Thackeray's Serial Fiction. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1979. Discussion of the serial structure of five novels, including Vanity Fair, with focus upon the manuscripts and process of composition as the novels evolved. Explains how the fact that the novel was written in serial installments shaped its form.
Ray, Gordon N....
(The entire section is 219 words.)


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The lady wants to use the UK as an example of successful gun control. She mentions the low rate of gun crime after England´s ban. Unfortunately, she neglects to bring up the significant increase in non-gun violent crime there.I agree with her that complex problems need more than simple answers. I don´t agree that she has added much to the conversation. Click Here if you Like this Comment 4 persons like this.
Actually, the issue is fairly simple. The right to own and use weapons to defend yourself pre-dates any constitution, law, or society. It is found in nature, which arms its inhabitants with both the will to live and the tools to kill. Human beings fashion their own tools to take life and to defend it. The right of self-defense is an intrinsic part of life itself. You can no more involuntarily strip people of the tools they need to protect themselves than you can take their lives from them. Granted, there are some humans who voluntarily disarm and place themselves at the mercy of predators, but this decision is rarely rational and always regretted once they realize that they too can be killed. Under no circumstances should those deluded souls be permitted to make public policy that prohibits me from defending myself, nor can they enforce such a prohibition upon me if they try.I will protect myself. I will not die for someone else´s beliefs. Click Here if you Like this Comment 4 persons like this.
A well-reasoned piece...for those who will take the time to read it. She points out sociological differences among the U.S., Switzerland, the U.K., Brazil and Australia, and how those differences need to be taken into account when considering accessibility processes for guns. She points out the progress, as well as the problems, with the national database following the Virginia Tech mass killing. And she ends by pointing out that the underlying issues need to be addressed - namely, how mental health policy plays in, how poverty plays in. Click Here if you Like this Comment 5 persons like this.
Why yes! Poverty causes gun crime! Raise taxes!And the weapons look scary!Please.John Kerry served in Viet Nam. Click Here if you Like this Comment 5 persons like this.
If you want to get serious about gun control, institute a mandatory death penalty if a gun is used in a crime. Period. If you are a felon or have been judged mentally deficient by a jury, being found with a gun or ammo gets you incarcerated for 25 years. Now that´s serious. Leave honest people alone. Click Here if you Like this Comment 5 persons like this.


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NuSoma Magnum Growth, 150 gelcaps, From Olympian Labs
Customer Reviews:
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Growth hormone (GH) is a protein hormone made up of about 190 amino acids that is made and secreted by cells called somatotrophs, located in the anterior pituitary. It is involved in a variety of complex physiologic processes, including growth and metabolism. Most GH secretion occurs in brief bursts, or pulses, that take place during the deepest sleep. The presence of GH in the bloodstream stimulates its uptake into the liver, where it is converted into growth factors. The most important of these is insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 is directly responsible for most of the positive benefits of GH and is a necessary catalyst in GH response. IGF-1 appears to be the key player in muscle growth. It stimulates the production of myoblasts and also stimulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in muscle and other tissues.
VitaDigest Supplement Facts | ||
Serving Size: Five (5) Capsules | ||
Servings per container: 30 | ||
Amount Per Serving: | % Daily Value* | |
Vitamin C (as ascorbyl palmitate) | 100 mg | 167% |
Vitamin B-3 (from inositol hexanicotinate) | 100 mg | 500% |
Vitamin B-5 (from calcium pantothenate) | 20 mg | 200% |
Zinc (from amino acid chelate) | 20 mg | 133% |
Growth Release Blend | ||
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L-Lysine Powder | 1200 mg | **? |
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AlphaSize (Alpha-Glyceryl Phosphoryl Choline) (Alpha GPC) | 100 mg | ?£á? |
Insulin Potentiating Blend GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid), DMAE, Deer Antler Velvet, Cinnulin PF (Cinnamomum cassia) (bark), Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vanadyl Sulfate. |
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A pair of Fisher cats appeared in the trees in our backyard toda. They first appeared in the morning and came back around lunchtime. We've never seen them before. It's pretty exciting.
Backyard surprise
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Re: Finally my 1st success!! Capital one delete!
If this is still being updated, I'd love the address as well!
Starting Score: TU - 580 (7/22/11) ..... EQ: 561 (7/22/11)
Current Score: TU - 622 (10/24/13) ...... EQ: 649 (10/31/13) ...... EXP: 649 (2/26/13, lender pull)
Goal Score: 700 by 12/31/2013
Take the FICO Fitness Challenge
Last Credit Application: 2/19/13
Re: Finally my 1st success!! Capital one delete!
I would love this address too! E-mail or mailing address.
Lender Pull 7/10/2012 EQ 585 EX 617 TU 551
8/2012 MyFico EX 598 01/2013 EX 608 2/2013 EX 620 )
9/12/2012 624 (Fico Discover)
02/7/2013 660 (Fico Wally)
At least I'm heading in the right direction!!!
Goal Score:740+, home loan and Get rid of subprime cards!!!
Re: Finally my 1st success!! Capital one delete!
I am looking to rebuild my credit, and have a few charge-offs and collections. I currently have one car loan open, never been late and will be a year since i've had it, as well as a credit line from R2G, and school loans which are all being paid on time. I tried applying to secured credit card at Capital One and was denied, and also lowered my credit score to 501 -14 points I keep hearing about PFD, GW, etc. I just need to be guided in the right direction to clean my CR! Where should I start??


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Circle through giant gorges and sleep at a riverfront campsite on this 19.3-mile loop in Canyonlands National Park.
Hit up the park's highlights-slickrock scrambles, mesa-top views, and hoodoo-dotted canyons-on this seven-day trek in Canyonlands National Park.
Cruise desert slickrock and sand on this 10.4-mile dayhike to an impressive canyon-top lookout high above the Colorado and Green Rivers.
Miles from anywhere, this 5.3-mile dayhike slides over sandstone mounds, into a shallow canyon, and under orange spires in the Needles District.
This 7.1-miler in redrock country showcases art you'll never see in a big-city gallery--some of the world's best-preserved pictographs and petroglyphs.
Take a plunge off Island in the Sky Mesa with this 11.1-mile out and back that drops 1,500-feet for excellent views of the White Rim bench and Lower Lathrop Canyon.
Is it a meteorite or a salt formation? Gather your own conclusions about the origins of this mysterious ring of rock on this challenging, 7.6-mile loop in Canyonlands National Park.
Go from lush mountains to high desert via a red rock canyon on this 16.3-mile, mostly off-trail trek into Grand Staircase-Escalante. Go in spring or fall; pack extra water.
This short hike threads through a hoodoo-filled climbing mecca with outrageous scenery and countless sidetrip options.
Not for the weak-hearted, this 6.8-miler gains 4,200 feet up wooded hills, through a weathered canyon, and onto the flanks of Mt. Olympus where views are beyond spectacular.
Canyonlands National Park: Upheaval Dome


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Lebanese people
Estephan El Douaihy · Bashir Shihab II · Youssef Karam · Charbel · Elias Peter Hoayek · Gibran Khalil Gibran · Charles Corm · Camille Chamoun · Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah · Fairuz · Rafic Hariri · Michel Suleiman · Amin Maalouf · Mario Kassar · Rabih Abou-Khalil · Haifa Wehbe · Youssef Mohamad · Myriam Fares · Nancy Ajram
Total population | |
Lebanon: 4,017,095 (all ethnic groups)[1] Total worldwide: 15–22 million[2][3][4] |
Regions with significant populations | |
Brazil | 7,000,000[5][6] |
Lebanon | 4,130,000[1] |
Argentina | 1,500,000[7] |
Colombia | 700,000[8] |
United States | 440,000[9] |
Venezuela | 340,000[10] |
Canada | 250,000[11] |
Australia | 181,000[12] |
Chile | 90,000[13] |
Uruguay | 70,000[14] |
Ghana | 67,000 |
Ivory Coast | 60,000 |
Senegal | 30,000[15] |
Nigeria | 31,000 |
South Africa | 20,000[16] |
Cyprus | 20,000[citation needed] |
United Kingdom | 10,459 |
Israel | 7,000[17] |
Liberia | 4,000[18] |
Languages | |
Spoken Vernacular Lebanese Arabic & Cypriot Maronite Arabic Spoken Traditional Phoenician, succeeded by Western Aramaic[19] Second Languages French, English Diaspora French, English, Spanish, Portuguese |
Religion | |
Maronite Christianity1 Islam2 (mostly Shia and Sunni)3 Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholic and Protestant. Alawites and Druze4 |
Related ethnic groups | |
Other Levantines Arabs, Assyrians and other Semites |
Footnotes | |
The Lebanese people (Arabic: الشعب اللبناني / ALA-LC: ash-shaʻb al-Libnānī Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: [eʃˈʃaʕeb ellɪbˈneːne]) are the inhabitants of the country of Lebanon and their ancestors. The term may also include those who had inhabited Mount Lebanon prior to the creation of the modern Lebanese state.
The cultural and linguistic heritage of the Lebanese people is a blend of both indigenous elements and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years.
As the relative proportion of the various sects is politically sensitive, Lebanon has not collected official census data on ethnic background since the 1932 under the French Mandate. It is therefore difficult to have an exact demographic analysis of Lebanese society.[20] The largest concentration or people of Lebanese ancestry is in Brazil having an estimated population of 6 to 7 million. As with their predecessors, the Lebanese have always travelled the world, many of them settling permanently, most notably in the last two centuries.
Reduced in numbers and estimated to have lost their status as a majority in Lebanon itself, largely as a result of their emigration, Christians still remain one of the principal religious groups in the country.[21] Descendants of Lebanese Christians comprise the majority of Lebanese people worldwide, concentrated principally in the diaspora.[22]
Cultural and linguistic shifts
Aramization transformed the ancient Levant into an Aramaic-speaking and identifying region, making the population abandon their indigenous Canaanite language and cultural norms. Most of the population would also abandon the polytheistic Canaanite religion in favour of Christianity.
Aramaic cultural norms would remain dominant until the commencement of the era of Arabization (often, but not always, in conjunction with Islamization), which transformed the Levant and most of the Middle East and North Africa during the Arabian Muslim conquest. Thus, it is from the Arabization of the Levant that the people receive the strongest cultural and linguistic imprint to date, although most would remain Christian. As a result of this, in modern discourse, the Lebanese people (as is also the case with Syrians, Palestinians, Egyptians, Moroccans, etc.) are now often referred to as Arabs, or as forming part of the Arab world, albeit all with their own separate and distinct ancestral origins and ancient histories.
Immediately prior to Arabization, the people residing in the Levant—both those who would become Muslim and the vast majority who would remain Christian, along with the tiny Jewish minority—still spoke Aramaic,[23] or more precisely, a Western Aramaic language.[19] However, since at least the 15th century, the majority of people of all faiths living in what is now Lebanon have been Arabic-speaking,[24][25] or more specifically, speakers of Lebanese Arabic, although up until the 17th century, travellers in the Lebanon still reported on several Aramaic-speaking villages.[26]
Among the Lebanese Maronites, Aramaic still remains the liturgical language of the Maronite Church, although in an Eastern Aramaic form (the Syriac language,[27] in which early Christianity was disseminated throughout the Middle East), distinct from the spoken Aramaic of Lebanon, which was a Western Aramaic language. As the second of two liturgical languages of Judaism, Aramaic was also retained as a language in the sphere of religion (in the Talmud) among Lebanese Jews, although here too in an Eastern Aramaic form (the Talmud was composed in Babylonia in Babylonian Aramaic). Among Lebanese Muslims, however, Aramaic was lost twice, once in the shift to Arabic in the vernacular (Lebanese Arabic) and again in the religious sphere, since Arabic (Qur'anic Arabic) is the liturgical language of Islam.
Identity shifts
Some Lebanese, mainly Christians, identify themselves as Phoenician rather than Arab, seeking to draw "on the Phoenician past to try to forge an identity separate from the prevailing Arab culture".[28] They argue that Arabization merely represented a shift to the Arabic language as the vernacular of the Lebanese people, and that, according to them, no actual shift of ethnic identity, much less ancestral origins, occurred. Their argument, based on the premise of ancestry, has recently been vindicated by some emerging genetic studies as discussed below. Thus, Phoenicianists emphasize that the Arabs of Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, Iraq, and all other "Arabs", are different peoples, each descended from the indigenous pre-Arab populations of their respective regions, with their own histories and lore, and that therefore they do not belong to the one pan-Arab ethnicity, and thus such categorisation is erred or inapplicable. Certain portions of Lebanon's Christian population in particular tend to stress aspects of Lebanon's non-Arab prior history to encompass all Lebanon's historical stages, instead of considering the beginning of Lebanese history ibeing with the Arab conquests, an attitude that prevails in the rest of the Arab world. Some consider addressing all Lebanese as Arabs somewhat insensitive, and prefer to call them Lebanese as a sign of respect of Lebanon's long non-Arab past.
Among the Arabists, most do not dispute the differing ancestral origins of not only the Lebanese, but every other "Arab" group, nor do they disagree with acknowledging those roots. However, they do contest the Phoenicianists' assertion that a shift to an Arab identity did not occur, whether from a Phoenician or later pre-Arab identity. Arabists argue such a shift did in fact occur, if not for the population as a whole and for generations up until the rise of modern Phoenicianism, then at the very least for the larger part of the population, up to and including today. Further, they contend that this was the case for the Lebanese even in light of the differing Lebanese religious communities, especially pointing to the fact that most of the leading Arabists in recent Lebanese history were in fact Christians. The Arabists' point of contention is that Phoenicianists and Phoenicianism disregards and often altogether seems to relegate the reality of the Arab cultural and linguistic heritage of Lebanon and the Lebanese, given the extent to which the culture and customs of today's Lebanese people are indebted to that period of Lebanon's history. This is argued especially when the Arab cultural elements are quantified against the elements that can be attributed to have originated prior to, and survived, the Arab period into the modern time and culture. Therefore, they see the notion of deriving a Lebanese identity based on pan-Arabism as valid, and thus many Lebanese, whether Muslim, Christian or other, do identify as Arabs.
In light of this "old controversy about identity",[28] some Lebanese prefer to see Lebanon, Lebanese culture and themselves as part of a "Mediterranean" or "Levantine" civilization, in a concession to Lebanon's various layers of heritage, both indigenous, foreign non-Arab, and Arab. Arab influence, nevertheless, applies to virtually all aspects of the modern Lebanese culture.
Population numbers
The total population of Lebanese people is estimated at 18 million. Of these, the vast majority, or 15 million, are in the diaspora (outside of Lebanon), and approximately 4.3 million in Lebanon itself.[29]
There are approximately 4.3 million Lebanese in Lebanon.[29]
In addition to this figure, there are an additional 1 million foreign workers and about 400,000 Palestinian refugees in the nation.[31]
Lebanon is also a multi-ethnic society. Prominent ethnic minorities in the country include the Armenians, the Kurds, the Assyrians (mainly Syriacs but also Assyrians, Chaldeans, Arameans etc.), Turkmen, Circassians and many European ethnicities (Greek, Italian, French, German).
There are also a considerable number of nomadic gypsies (part of the Roma people)[citation needed]
In 1994, the Lebanese government estimated there were 15.4 million Lebanese immigrants worldwide with 43.2% living in Brazil(1996) and 26.1% of these residing in the USA.[32]
The Lebanese diaspora consists of approximately 14 million, both Lebanese-born living abroad and those born-abroad of Lebanese descent. The majority of the Lebanese in the diaspora are Christians,[33] disproportionately so in the Americas where the vast majority reside. An estimate figure show that they represent about 75% of the Lebanese in total.
The largest number of Lebanese is to be found in Brazil, where there is an estimated 10 million people of Lebanese descent. The Lebanese government claims there are 7 million Brazilians of Lebanese descent.[5] Large numbers also reside elsewhere in North America, most notably in the United States and Mexico with close to half a million in both countries. In the rest of the Americas, significant communities are found in Argentina,[7] Chile,[13] Colombia[8] and Venezuela, with almost every other Latin American country having at least a small presence.
In Africa, Ghana and the Ivory Coast are home to over 100,000 Lebanese.[34] There are significant Lebanese populations in other countries throughout Western and Central Africa.[35][36] Australia hosts over 180,000 and Canada 250,000. In the Arab world, the Gulf States harbour around 400,000 Lebanese.[37] Lebanese also reside in the countries of the European Union. More than 2,500 ex-SLA members remain in Israel.[38]
Currently, Lebanon provides no automatic right to Lebanese citizenship for emigrants who lost their citizenship upon acquiring the citizenship of their host country, nor for the descendants of emigrants born abroad. This situation disproportionately affects Christians. Recently, the Maronite Institution of Emigrants called for the establishment of an avenue by which emigrants who lost their citizenship may regain it, or their overseas-born descendants (if they so wish) may acquire it.[39]
Note: An important percentage of Arabs in Argentina, Chile, Brasil, Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, Bulgaria, Romania, Italy, Portugal and Spain are of Lebanese ancestry. They are denoted ** for this purpose.
Lebanon has several different main religions. The country has the most religiously diverse society in the Middle East, comprising 17 recognized religious sects.[44] The main two religions are Christianity (the Maronite Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Assyrian Church of the East) and Islam (Sunni and Shia). There is also the Druze minority religion.
No official census has been taken since 1932, reflecting the political sensitivity in Lebanon over confessional (i.e. religious) balance.[45]
A study conducted by Statistics Lebanon, a Beirut-based research firm, cited by the United States Department of State found that of Lebanon's population of approximately 4.3 million is estimated to be:[29]
- 40.5% Christian (21% Maronite, 8% Greek Orthodox, 5% Melkite Catholic, 7% other Christian denominations like Armenian Orthodox, Syriac Catholic, Armenian Catholic, Syriac Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Chaldean, Assyrian, Copt, Protestant)
- 54% Islam (Sunni and Shia, 27% each)
- 5.6% Druze (who do not consider themselves to be Muslims)
There are also very small numbers of other religions such as Judaism, Bahá'í Faith, Buddhism, Hindusim and Mormons.[29]
The CIA World Factbook specifies that of those residing in Lebanon, 59.7% are Muslims (Sunni, Shia, Druze, Sufi and Alawites) and 39% are Christians (mostly Maronites, Greek Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic, Melkite Greek Catholics, Assyrian Church of the East, Syriac Orthodox, Chaldean Catholic, Syrian Catholics) and 1.3% "Other".[1]
However, as soon as the diaspora is included, the Christians become an absolute majority. Lebanon has a population of Mhallamis also known as Mardinli), most of whom migrated from northeast Syria and southeast Turkey are estimated to be between 75,000 and 100,000 and considered to be part of the Sunni population. These have in recent years been granted Lebanese citizenship and, coupled with several civil wars between Islamic extremists and the Lebanese military that have caused many Christians to flee the country, have re-tipped the demographic balance in favour of the Muslims and the Sunnis in particular.[46] In addition, many thousands of Arab Bedouins in the Bekaa and in the Wadi Khaled region, who are entirely Sunnis, were granted Lebanese citizenship. Lebanon also has a Jewish population, estimated at less than 100.
Even though Lebanon is a secular country, family matters such as marriage, divorce and inheritance are still handled by the religious authorities representing a person's faith. Calls for civil marriage are unanimously rejected by the religious authorities but civil marriages held in another country are recognized by Lebanese civil authorities.
Legally registered Muslims form around 54% of the population (Shia, Sunni, Alawite). Legally registered Christians form up to 41% (Maronite, Greek Orthodox-Christian, Greek Catholic, Armenian, Evangelical, other). Druze form around 4%. A small minority of 0.5% includes Jewish, Hindu and Buddhist individuals.
Even though non-religion is not recognized by the state, in 2009, the Minister of the Interior Ziad Baroud made it possible to have the religious sect removed from the Lebanese identity card, this does not, however, deny the religious authorities complete control over civil family issues inside the country.[47][48]
In recent years efforts have been made by various genetic researchers,[who?] both in Lebanon and abroad, to identify the ancestral origins of the Lebanese people, their relationship to each other, and to other neighbouring and distant human populations. Like most DNA studies that attempt to identify a population's origins and migration patterns in the region that may have influenced the genetic make-up—these studies have focused on two human genome segments, the Y chromosome (inherited only by males and passed only by fathers) and mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA, which passes only from mother to child). Both segments are unaffected by recombination, thus they provide an indicator of paternal and maternal origins, respectively.
Theories from some studies propose to corroborate that the Lebanese trace genetic continuity with earlier inhabitants, including the Phoenicians, regardless of their membership to any of Lebanon's different religious communities today. "The genetic marker which identifies descendants of the ancient Levantines is found among members of all of Lebanon's religious communities"[49] as well as some Syrians and Palestinians. By identifying the ancient type of DNA attributed to the Phoenicians, geneticist Pierre Zalloua was also able to chart their spread out of the eastern Mediterranean. These markers were found in unusually high proportions in non-Lebanese samples from other parts of the "Mediterranean coast where the Phoenicians are known to have established colonies, such as Carthage in today's Tunisia."[28] The markers were also found among samples of Maltese and Spaniards, where the Phoenicians were also known to have established colonies. The study shows that 1 out of 17 people in the countries surrounding the Mediterranean basin can be identified with the Phoenician genetic markers in their Male Chromosomes. However, the particular marker associated by some studies with the historical Phoenicians, haplogroup J2, actually represents a complex mosaic of different demographic processes which affected the Mediterranean in prehistoric and historic times.[50]
Beyond this, more recent finds have also interested geneticists and Lebanese anthropologists. These indicate foreign non-Levantine admixture from some unexpected but not surprising sources, even if only in a small proportion of the samples. Like a story written in DNA, it recounts some of the major historical events seen in the land today known as Lebanon.
Among the more interesting genetic markers found are those that seem to indicate that a small proportion of Lebanese Christians (2%) and a smaller proportion of Lebanese Muslims are descended, in part, from European Crusader Christians and Arabian Muslims respectively. The author states that the "study tells us that some European crusaders did not just conquer and leave behind castles. They left a subtle genetic connection as well."[51] In much the same manner, some of the Arabian Muslims did not just conquer and leave behind mosques.
It was during a broader survey of Middle Eastern populations conducted for the Genographic Project of the National Geographic Society that the findings were stumbled upon. "We noticed some interesting lineages in the dataset. Among Lebanese Christians, in particular, we found higher frequency [2%] of a genetic marker — R1b — that we typically see only in Western Europe."[51]
The lineage was seen at that "higher" frequency only in the Christian populations in Lebanon, even though among the Muslims it was not altogether absent. "The study matched the western European Y-chromosome lineage against thousands of people in France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom."[52] On the other hand, in the Lebanese Muslim population a similar pattern, this time associated with genetic markers from Arabia, was also observed in "higher" preferential frequencies, although they too were not altogether absent in the Christian population. "We found that a lineage that is very common in the Arabian Peninsula — Hg J*— is found in slightly higher frequencies preferentially in the Muslim population."[51] The author of the study added that the findings "certainly doesn't undermine the similarities among the various Lebanese communities, but it does agree with oral tradition."[51]
Other unrelated studies have sought to establish relationships between the Lebanese people and other groups. At least one study by the International Institute of Anthropology in Paris, France, confirmed similarities in the Y-haplotype frequencies in Lebanese, Palestinian, and Sephardic Jewish men, identifying them as "three Near-Eastern populations sharing a common geographic origin."[53] The study surveyed one Y-specific DNA polymorphism (p49/Taq I) in 54 Lebanese and 69 Palestinian males, and compared with the results found in 693 Jews from three distinct Jewish ethnic groups; Mizrahi Jews, Sephardi Jews, and Ashkenazi Jews.
In a 2013 interview Pierre Zalloua, pointed out that genetic variation preceded religious variation and divisions:"Lebanon already had well-differentiated communities with their own genetic peculiarities, but not significant differences, and religions came as layers of paint on top. There is no distinct pattern that shows that one community carries significantly more Phoenician than another."[54]
Notable individuals
See also
- Lebanese diaspora
- Arab diaspora
- Levant
- List of Lebanese people
- Lebanese nationality law
- Lebanese American
- Lebanese Australian
- Lebanese Brazilian
- Lebanese British
- Lebanese Canadian
- Lebanese Mexican
- Lebanese immigration to Jamaica
- Lebanese Colombian
- Lebanese Argentine
- Ecuadorian of Lebanese origin
- Sierra Leonean-Lebanese
External links
- The Maronite Catholic Church, CNEWA Canada
- Senior Seminar: Transnational Migration and Diasporic Communities, Hamline University, 2002
- ^ a b c d e CIA, the World Factbook (2006). "Lebanon". Retrieved March 8, 2009.
- ^ Fielding-Smith, Abigail (2009-06-05). "From Brazil to Byblos, Lebanese diaspora pours in for vote". thenational. Retrieved 2009-12-25.[dead link]
- ^ Foreign & Commonwealth Office. "Country Profile: Lebanon" (governmental). FCO. Retrieved 2009-12-25.
- ^ Linking Lebanon. "Lebanese Diaspora". LinkingLebanon. Retrieved 2009-12-25.
- ^ a b ":: Embaixada do Líbano no Brasil ::". Libano.org.br. Retrieved 2011-07-04.
- ^ "News :: Politics :: Sleiman meets Brazilian counterpart, Lebanese community". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2011-07-04.
- ^ a b "Argentinian President's visit to the Lebanese Parliament". The Lebanese Parliament. 7 June 2007.
- ^ a b "Brazil-Arab News Agency - Colombia awakens to the Arab world". .anba.com.br. Retrieved 2011-07-04.
- ^ The Arab Population: 2000
- ^ [1]
- ^ Canada and Lebanon, a special tie, CBC News
- ^ 2006 Census Table : Australia
- ^ a b Arab Chileans.
- ^ "Les Libanais d'Uruguay". "En Uruguay, ils sont actuellement quelque 70 000 habitants d'origine libanaise."
- ^ Immigrants Boost West African Commerce, Voice of America, 10 July 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ a b The Struggle Of The Christian Lebanese For Land Ownership In South Africa, By Guita G. Hourani, access date 6 October 2010
- ^ Lebanese in Israel Find Beirut Evermore Distant
- ^ Paye-Layleh, Jonathan (2005-07-22). "Lebanese demand Liberia poll rights". BBC News.
- ^ a b Owens, Jonathan (2000). Arabic as a Minority Language. Walter de Gruyter. p. 347. ISBN 3-11-016578-3.
- ^ "Lebanon: A Country Study". US Library of Congress. Section: Population.
- ^ The Maronite Catholic Church
- ^ "Senior Seminar: Transnational Migration and Diasporic Communities". Hamline University. 18 December 2002.
- ^ Review of Phares Book
- ^ The Precarious Republic: Political Modernization in Lebanon By Michael C. Hudson, 1968
- ^ Lebanon: Its Stand in History Among the Near East Countries By Salim Wakim, 1996.
- ^ Owens, Jonathan (2000). Arabic as a Minority Language. Walter de Gruyter. p. 347. ISBN 3-11-016578-3.
- ^ St. George Maronite Church.
- ^ a b c In Lebanon DNA may yet heal rifts
- ^ a b c d e "2012 Report on International Religious Freedom - Lebanon". United States Department of State. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
- ^ The cultural situation of the Kurds (dead link)
- ^ Business Portal to Lebanon.
- ^ Culture care diversity and ... - Google Livros. Books.google.com.br. Retrieved 2011-07-04.
- ^ Senior Seminar: Transnational Migration and Diasporic Communities[dead link]
- ^ Ivory Coast - The Levantine Community
- ^ Lebanese man shot dead in Nigeria, BBC News
- ^ Lebanese nightmare in Congo, Al-Ahram Weekly.
- ^ One in three Lebanese want to leave, Reuters
- ^ Lebanon's refugees in Israel, Elias Bejjani - 10/28/2008.
- ^ "News :: Politics :: Sfeir tells new Maronite group emigrants 'deserve' Lebanese nationality". The Daily Star. 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2011-07-04.
- ^ Jamaica – People Groups
- ^ CIA World Factbook, Lebanon
- ^ The collapse and reconstruction of Lebanon
- ^ Lebanon – International Religious Freedom Report 2010 U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 14 February 2010.
- ^ Alfred B. Prados (June 8, 2006). 8, 2006)Update.pdf "Lebanon". The Library of Congress. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
- ^ Country Studies. "Lebanon Population". Retrieved November 25, 2006.
- ^ International Journal of Kurdish Studies, Jan, 2002 by Lokman I. Meho "The Kurds in Lebanon: a social and historical overview"
- ^ Religious affiliation to disappear from Lebanese documents
- ^ Religious Affiliation Can Be Removed From Lebanese ID Cards
- ^ Perry, Tom (2007-09-10). "In Lebanon DNA may yet heal rifts". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-07-04.
- ^ Di Giacomo 2004, Semino 2004, Cruciani 2004
- ^ a b c d news.nationalgeographic.com
- ^ "Crusades, Islam Expansion Traced in Lebanon DNA". News.nationalgeographic.com. 2010-10-28. Retrieved 2011-07-04.
- ^ Y-chromosome DNA haplotypes in Jews: comparisons with Lebanese and Palestinians.
- ^ Maroon, Habib (31 March 2013). "A geneticist with a unifying message". Nature. Retrieved 3 October 2013.


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Membranes in Balance: Mechanisms of Sphingolipid Homeostasis Molecular Cell, Volume 40, Issue 2, 22 October 2010, Pages 267-279 David K. Breslow and Jonathan S. Weissman Summary Sphingolipids and their metabolites play key cellular roles both as structural components of membranes and as signaling molecules that mediate responses to physiologic cues and stresses. Despite progress during the last two decades in defining the enzymatic machinery responsible for synthesizing and degrading sphingolipids, comparatively little is known about how these enzymes are regulated to ensure sphingolipid homeostasis. Here, we review new insights into how cells sense and control sphingolipid biosynthesis and transport. We also discuss emerging evidence that sphingolipid metabolism is closely coordinated with that of sterols and glycerolipids and with other processes that occur in the secretory pathway. An improved understanding of sphingolipid homeostasis promises to shed light on basic processes in cell biology and disease, including how cells establish and maintain the complex membrane composition and architecture that is a defining feature of eukaryotic cell biology. Summary | Full Text | PDF (717 kb) |
Translational aspects of sphingolipid metabolism Trends in Molecular Medicine, Volume 13, Issue 8, 1 August 2007, Pages 327-336 Youssef H. Zeidan and Yusuf A. Hannun Abstract Sphingolipids, a major class of lipids in cell membranes, play diverse roles in biological processes. As bioactive and structural molecules, they have signaling activities and biophysical properties that are essential for regulating various cellular, tissue and systemic functions. Moreover, sphingolipids are receiving increasing attention as contributors to the pathogenesis of several human disorders, including, cancer, inflammation and neurological, immune and metabolic disorders. Small-molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies that target sphingolipid metabolism recently enabled giant strides toward treatment of malignant and autoimmune disorders. Here, we review the emerging roles of sphingolipids in disease pathogenesis and the attendant possibilities for sphingolipid-based therapeutics. Abstract | Full Text | PDF (747 kb) |
Sphingolipid Signaling in Metabolic Disorders Cell Metabolism, Volume 16, Issue 4, 3 October 2012, Pages 420-434 Timothy Hla and Andrew J. Dannenberg Summary Sphingolipids, ubiquitous membrane lipids in eukaryotes, carry out a myriad of critical cellular functions. The past two decades have seen significant advances in sphingolipid research, and in 2010 a first sphingolipid receptor modulator was employed as a human therapeutic. Furthermore, cellular signaling mechanisms regulated by sphingolipids are being recognized as critical players in metabolic diseases. This review focuses on recent advances in cellular and physiological mechanisms of sphingolipid regulation and how sphingolipid signaling influences metabolic diseases. Progress in this area may contribute to new understanding and therapeutic options in complex diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, and cancer. Summary | Full Text | PDF (648 kb) |
Copyright © 2000 The Biophysical Society All rights reserved.
Biophysical Journal, Volume 79, Issue 3, 1478-1489, 1 September 2000
Tian-Yun Wang and John R. Silvius,
Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
Two fluorescence-based approaches have been applied to examine the differential partitioning of fluorescent phospho- and sphingolipid molecules into sphingolipid-enriched domains modeling membrane "lipid rafts." Fluorescence-quenching measurements reveal that N-(diphenylhexatrienyl)propionyl- (DPH3:0-)-labeled gluco- and galactocerebroside partition into sphingolipid-enriched domains in sphingolipid/phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol bilayers with substantially higher affinity than do analogous sphingomyelin, ceramide, or phosphatidylcholine molecules. By contrast, the affinity of sphingomyelin and ceramide for such domains is only marginally greater than that of a phosphatidylcholine with similar hydrocarbon chains. By using direct measurements of molecular partitioning between vesicles of different compositions, we show that the relative affinities of different C6-NBD- and C5-Bodipy-labeled sphingolipids for sphingolipid-enriched domains are quantitatively, and in most circumstances even qualitatively, quite different from those found for species whose N-acyl chains more closely resemble the long saturated chains of cellular sphingolipids. These findings lend support in principle to previous suggestions that differential partitioning of different sphingolipids into "raft" domains could contribute to the differential trafficking of these species in eukaryotic cells. However, our findings also indicate that short-chain sphingolipid probes previously used to examine this phenomenon are in general ill-suited for such applications.


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Score Breakdown based on
47 Reviews
5 on December 28, 2013
Enjoyed our stay very much! In walking distance to all! The hosts were friendly snd the place was cozy and clean! Will return!
4.2 on September 30, 2013
We found the staff friendly and very helpful in finding local attractions. The breakfasts were delightful and the afternoon treats very nice.
4.4 on September 12, 2013
A true escape. Joan and Fred are wonderful hosts. We can't wait to return!
5 on August 08, 2013
Joan and Fred are warm, kind, wonderful hosts. They have made Cape May a family favorite of our family for the past 12 years. Location of the house and the beautiful surroundings make you want to stay longer. K. Smith
4.2 on June 25, 2013
The location was great! Nice people and the house was beautifully decorated!
4.8 on June 20, 2013
Wonderful location--1/2 block from beach and very short walk to shopping and dining. Comfortable breezy porch for relaxing and reading. Owners clearly want guests to enjoy themselves and go out of their way to make it happen!
4.4 on June 19, 2013
We were amazed by the clean, quiet, eloquent atmosphere of both the resort, Cape May, and the delightful Gingerbread House. The proximity to the beach, restaurants, and shopping was most convenient. Our Cape May weekend was a memorable birthday present. Thank you Fred and Joan Echevarria. Allen & Anita Barclay, Cheverly MD
5 on May 27, 2013
The Gingerbread House is as charming in person as it is from the pictures and descriptions. It is in a quiet location, but just a block from the beach - the combination we were looking for. Yet it is also in the center of everything - we never moved our car?! Just walked everywhere and had a wonderful time and great food. any needs were met immediately (if not a head of time) by the welcoming staff - Joan and Fred have worked hard to provide such a great B & B and it shows!! DGC from WV
4.6 on May 26, 2013
We had a great time in Cape May and the Gingerbread House was a large part of it. The rooms were very nice, very well kept, and comfortable. The Inn is less than a block from the ocean and two blocks from the Washington Street Mall area. Joan, Fred and Mckinsey were extremely nice and a lot of fun. Do yourself a favor and try this one out, you won't be sorry.
4.0 on November 20, 2012
Small and cozy, informal, and an overall pleasant stay. Owners and staff make it a comfortable place to stay.
5 on October 15, 2012
Stayed in room 1 with my mother for 2 nights- what a wonderful trip! The house is beautiful, the room was great and Joan was a wonderful hostess- I can't wait to go back!
4.6 on October 14, 2012
We have been to many bed and breakfast inns but this one was outstanding. From the moment we met the owner Joan we immediately felt welcome. She was very helpful in letting us know what was happening that weekend and which restaurants were really good. She actually sent us a list of restaurants ahead of our visit for our consideration. Luckily we made reservations before arriving so we were Able to get the restaurant and seating we wanted. The breakfast was lovely and Joan introduced everyone to avoid that first awkward moment. We left there feeling as though we had spent the weekend with friends. I would highly recommend this inn.
5 on October 04, 2012
Sometimes in the cold and dark of winter, I have a dream that I've been transported to a warm place with appealing architecture, lots of side streets, warm breezes, flower fragrances, the leisurely clop clop of horses pulling tourist carriages every evening . . . the dream comes true when we visit Gingerbread House in early September. The decor is most appealing, breakfasts divine, afternoon cookies fabulous--a short walk to the beach or to shops means we rarely need to drive anywhere. Visiting with Joan and Fred is a delight--they have many stories and a good sense of humor. May our annual visits continue for many years! --
4.0 on September 11, 2012
felt very confortable cleaniness excellent would recommend highly hope to go again yearly hospitality from owners and help very enlightening location great close to everything walking distance beach stores dinning etc love all the victorian homes upkeep and history
4.6 on September 10, 2012
5 on August 17, 2012
The room was extremly comfortable, homey, and exquistely clean. We loved every minute of our vacation. The breakfast's were sensational especially the stuffed blueberry french toast casserole.
4.6 on August 14, 2012
Fabulous room in a great location, easy walking to the beach or shops.
4.2 on July 08, 2012
Everything was Wonderful!!! Location was perfect... Beach right down street... Everything in walking distance...Felt like Home away Home...
4.6 on June 30, 2012
My wife and I really enjoyed our stay at the Gingerbread House. The room, though a bit tight, was very clean and comfortable, and the breakfast was excellent.
4.2 on June 13, 2012
The B & B was immaculate and the bedding exquisite. The towels were of upscale quality. My only disappointment was a late hot breakfast - 9:00 am. Being an early riser I flet like a part of the day was lost waiting for breakfast. The hosts were more than helpful.
4.8 on May 08, 2012
We stayed very recently for the first time at the Gingerbread House in Cape May. It was a working trip for us as opposed to a get-away, but we found out short time at the house to be charming and restful. The food was delicious, and Fred and Joan are wonderful and available hosts. The house is exquisite. IC and Barbara
4.8 on May 01, 2012
Then Gingerbread House had very nice accomodations and was right by the ocean which was a bonus.
5 on February 28, 2012
This is the B& B you want to stay in: beautiful, very clean, very well maintain. Perfect location in the middle of everything. Amazing hosts.
5 on December 14, 2011
Joan and Fred are the best inn-keepers we've ever had - and we've had a lot. We take two getaway weekends a year and seldom stay at the same place twice. But we'll definitely go back to the Gingerbread House in Cape May NJ!
3.6 on December 03, 2011
Very impressed with the facility -- nicely rennovated and very tastefully decorated. However, there is no parking and it was pricey.
5 on September 19, 2011
Fred and Joan make you feel right at home in their cozy Gingerbread House. The Luxury Suite was incredible with a lovely balcony and private bath, this was an excellent choice. Not to mention it, we were only less than a block from the beach.
4.6 on September 06, 2011
My gifrlfirend and I spent a few days at the Gingerbread House right before Cape May was evacuated for Hurricane Irene. We thoroughly enjoyed our stay and would certainly return! Joan & Fred's hospitality begins when we booked the room. Joan gave my girlfriend thoughtful recommendations for travel and restaurant choices. When we arrived, we were struck by how charming the inn is, from its airy front porch overlooking a small scented garden; to the lovely and immaculately restored parlor with its jars of homemade snacks; to our light-filled room on the second floor. Our room had a 14" TV. We asked that it be removed while we were on vacation, and Fred took care of it. The location makes all the attractions of Cape May an easy walk, including the beach, and there are snazzy chairs available for guest use. We did not find parking to be a problem, as we easily found spots on a side street across from the inn. Joan's hot breakfasts were very tasty and were complemented by items such as fruit and homemade granola and the convivial atmosphere around the table. Joan also had tasty afternoon treats and cookies available all day. The Gingerbread House was wonderful in every way, primarily because of how welcoming the innkeepers were. As an example, during our stay we had car trouble. Fred called a service station for us and even drove over after we dropped off the car in order to give us a ride back. And despite being busy readying the inn for a hurricane, Joan sent us on our way with food for the road. Fred and Joan's warmth and beautiful home made this a lovely vacation to remember.
5 on August 26, 2011
I have stayed at the Gingerbread House 2 times now and both times we have had an outstanding stay. Very friendly staff. The home is beautiful and very well maintained. Never had a bad experience. Will be returning again! Lisa from Manheim, PA
5 on August 14, 2011
Always a pleasure to return for our 10 year, at the fabulous Gingerbread House. The pictures don't do it justice!
5 on August 10, 2011
Another great stay at the BEST B&B in Cape May. Joan and Fred are the perfect hostess/host at the Gingerbread House. We enjoyed our stay and the B&B is very nicely decorated. The work they do to maintain the inn is impecable and Fred has a great talent with all the wood work that he does. Thanks for a great stay!
4.4 on January 03, 2011
We did not dine at Gingerbreadhouse. A great couple of days get-a-way. we were treated like family. Overal: lovely
3.8 on October 22, 2010
Small, cozy, and relaxed atmosphere. Friendly and helpful staff. Close to the beach and the center of town.
5 on October 16, 2010
We went with friends, took two rooms, the facilities were fine, enjoyed sitting on the porch, the brownies and chocolate chip cookies were good, the proprietors are very friendly, helpful, and knowledgable about the local restaurants and sights, and the breakfasts were great.
4.6 on September 19, 2010
Fred and Joan have to be two of Cape May's most valued Diamonds and the Gingerbread House is thier crowning jewel. From Fred's beautiful craftmenship to Joan's elegant decorating and cooking we loved every minute of our stay. We were made to feel comfortable from the moment we arrived and were met by Miss Penny the guardian of the front porch (all must give her kitty treats and stroke her back if they wish to sun on her porch with her). Joan and Fred made it possible for us to destress and relax and enjoy Cape May the way it was meant to be. We've stayed in many B and Bs, several in Cape May, and the Gingerbread House is the tops. Thank you again for a wonderful weekend...we will be back. Shawn and Joanne 9/19/2010.
5 on August 17, 2010
This is a marvelous B&B, where you are made to feel very special and welcome. Great breakfasts, delightful rooms, a wonderful porch on which to relax, and the most gracious hosts. We loved our stay!
5 on May 23, 2010
I could not have asked for anything more. Just from the beginning it felt as if I was stepping in to a fairytale. My reason for going away for the weekend was to re-energize, spend some quiet time alone but this weekend was more than I had expected. from the owners' warm welcome to the breakfast...it was PERFECT! Great JOB Fred and Joan!!! Hope to see you soon
4.8 on October 06, 2009
A wonderful stay -- as usual, in Victorian Cape May, hosts Fred & Joan think of everything, make you feel liek family! Wonderful accommodations, awesome homemade breakfast & afternoon tea.
4.8 on September 18, 2009
This is the first time my husband and I stayed in a B&B and this visit convinced us that we couldn't have chosen a better place. This Victorian home is charming, meticulous, and has the perfect location...a block from the beach, and in the heart of Cape May's historical district. The owners, Fred and Joan, are warm and friendly hosts who go the "extra mile" to make all their guests feel comfortable. If you're looking for "homey" accomodations, great location, and friendly accomodations...this is the place for you!
4.0 on August 23, 2009
My husband and I stayed at the Gingerbread House for three nights in August,2009. It is impeccably clean, great location to shopping and the beach, and the breakfast was goumet quality. We are from a resort area and needed to get away for some R&R
4.0 on August 17, 2009
The Gingerbread House is lovely, what a pleasant stay. Very clean. A block from the beach, fantastic loacation. Great outdoor shower, bike rack, ac and tv in each room. New bathroooms. Fred and Joan are wonderful. I would stay again and recommend it to my friends.
5 on August 11, 2009
Joan and Fred were so warm and welcoming as was the atmosphere at their beautiful bed and breakfast. Special attention was given to every detail including the charming decor, delicious breakfasts and tea-time snacks, and genuine interest our hosts took in making us feel so at home. :) Perfect location too!!
5 on August 02, 2009
My wife and I recently had the pleasure of vacationing in a authentically and meticulously restored bed and breakfast, the Gingerbread House, in Cape May NJ. The host and owners, Fred and Joan, were extremly thoughtful and accomidating.
5 on May 09, 2009
my husband and I stayed at the gingerbread house for an evening to celebrate his birthday. We were both very pleased with our short time there and would definitely return for a longer stay in the future. Joan and Fred were both extremely friendly and took care of little details that were definitely noticed. We'd recommend the gingerbread house to anyone looking for a getaway.
4.8 on May 03, 2009
This is the first time I have ever stayed in a bed and breakfast. I was given a gift certificate to the Gingerbread House when I retired. I was pleasantly surprised. The detail that was given to every room was exquisite. Fred and Joan were wonderful hosts. I would recommend a stay at the Gingerbread house to anyone looking for a quite, friendly atmosphere.
4.8 on July 20, 2008
Joan and Fred made us feel like we were staying with family. The house is beautiful and extremely clean. The sheets were luxurious. Every day something new, whether it be flowers, local berries and always a special treat for breakfast. The warmth of the hosts spreads to the guests and made this a wonderful weekend.
4.6 on August 06, 2007
5 on June 02, 2007
Beautiful and very clean bedrooms and downstairs leaving room. The perfect breakfast with something extra. The owners (Fred and Joan) are the sweetest people and will go the extra mile to make your stay special. Will visit them again. Felt as in my own house.


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Doodle God Create storms, build armies, grow a civilization and… drink vodka! Doodle God puts the power of creation in your hands. Mixing and matching different elements, work your way up, all the way from bacteria and beetles, to clay and ceramics, to tools, weapons and beyond! 6/25/2010 12:00:00 AM 43,550
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Karissa Mings of Campbellsville has been accepted for admission to Tennessee Wesleyan College.
Tennessee Wesleyan is a private, comprehensive institution grounded in the liberal arts. Located in Athens, Tenn., TWC offers an array of undergraduate and graduate programs.
For more information, visit www.twcnet.edu.
The majority of teachers at Campbellsville Independent School System say they believe their school is a good place to work and learn.
Results of a TELL survey, which measures the climate at Campbellsville elementary, middle and high schools, were released on Monday night during the Campbellsville School Board's regular meeting. And the majority of the news is good.
Superintendent Mike Deaton said, in his report to the board, that teachers were encouraged to take the test last spring.
They learned how to signal turns, select the right bicycle and ensure proper helmet fit.
The younger bicycle enthusiasts got to personalize their helmets with glitter and beads. Purchased at a discount rate with funds from the Paula Nye Memorial Education Grant program, participants in Saturday's bicycle safety workshop were given free helmets at the Taylor County Cooperative Extension office.
The deadline to submit essays and artwork for this year's Martin Luther King Jr. contests has been extended to Friday, Nov. 22.
The Martin Luther King Jr. State Commission, part of the Governor's Office of Minority Empowerment, is seeking nominations for the annual Martin Luther King Jr. Citizenship Award, along with essays and artwork for the esteemed King Award.
Wednesday, Aug. 28, was the 50th anniversary of the civil rights march on Washington, D.C., where King delivered his famous "I have a dream" speech.
Taylor County Middle School recently announced its Students of the Week for the week of Nov. 11.
They are Canaan Sprowles, Colton Hughes, Sheila Rudd, Taylor McMahan, Hayden Dabney and Chaz Groves.
Taylor County Elementary School recently named its primary Writers of the Week for the week of Nov. 11.
They are kindergartener Brooklynn Rooker, first-grader Emilee Gabehart and second-grader Pheonix Spalding.
Campbellsville Independent
Nov. 18-22
Monday - Bosco pizza sticks, sweet corn, mandarin oranges, fruit and milk.
Tuesday - Spaghetti with meat sauce, sweet peas, diced pears, garlic bread, fruit and milk.
Wednesday - Chicken nuggets, mashed potatoes, green beans, fruit cocktail, fruit and milk.
Thursday - Chicken noodle soup, grilled cheese, salad with ranch dressing, pineapple tidbits, fruit and milk.
Initiates of Campbellsville University's School of Education's Kappa Delta Pi became members of the Alpha Epsilon Omicron chapter Sunday, Oct. 13.
Dr. Donna Hedgepath, dean of the School of Education, welcomed the audience and gave an opening prayer.
She thanked the families that came in support of the initiates. "We are proud of our initiates today," she said.
Campbellsville Independent Schools was represented recently at Murray State University for the Kentucky Music Teachers Association Annual Keyboard Festival.
Paige Dabney, Samuel Kessler, Blair Lamb, Laura Lamb and Murphy Lamb participated in the three-day event, which included music workshops and rehearsals and culminated with keyboard ensemble concerts.
Taylor County High School recently named its Students of the Week for the week of Nov. 5-11.
They are freshman Ivy Neal, sophomore Olivia Farmer, junior Bryn Alston and senior Elijah Myers.