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Separating Lines of Text in Free- Form Handwritten Historical Documents Douglas J. Kennard, William A. Barrett Department of Computer Science Brigham Young University Provo, UT 84602 USA ( kennard@ cs. byu. edu, barrett@ cs. byu. edu) Abstract We present an approach to finding ( and separating) lines of text in free- form handwritten historical document im-ages. After preprocessing, our method uses the count of foreground/ background transitions in a binarized image to determine areas of the document that are likely to be text lines. Alternatively, an Adaptive Local Connectivity Map ( ALCM) found in the literature can be used for this step of the process. We then use a min- cut/ max- flow graph cut algorithm to split up text areas that appear to encompass more than one line of text. After removing text lines contain-ing relatively little text information ( or merging them with nearby text lines), we create output images for each line. A grayscale output image is created, as well as a special mask image containing both the foreground and informa-tion flagging ambiguous pixels. Foreground pixels that be-long to other text lines are removed from the output images to provide cleaner line images useful for further processing. While some refinement is still necessary, the result of early experimentation with our method is encouraging. 1. Introduction Vast amounts of valuable historical and genealogical in-formation exists within free- form handwritten documents such as letters, diaries, and wills. In order for that informa-tion to be readily accessible to the masses, those documents need to be transcribed or indexed ( annotated) so that they are searchable. Handwriting recognition tasks, including indexing as well as automatic transcription, require the handwritten text to be localized within images before recognition can be performed. In many applications, such as reading check amounts, postal addresses, or forms with a predictable lay-out, it may be relatively easy to locate and separate the handwritten text due to the constraints of the layout in those specific domains. However, many historical documents ( such as letters, diaries, and wills) have a " free- form" lay-out, in which the handwritten sentences flow across the page in left to right, top to bottom fashion. Due to the nature of free- form handwriting, it is difficult to reliably localize and separate the text in a general manner. Lines of text are not always exactly parallel to each other— sometimes they are even slightly curved— and the spacing between the lines often varies somewhat from one part of the page to another. In addition, lines of text may touch each other due to the ascenders or descenders of characters from one line overlapping with those from another. When the documents of interest are historical docu-ments, the difficulties are exacerbated by the problems that may arise due to degradation and variation in the docu-ments, themselves. In addition to the noise, skew, dis-tortion, and uneven lighting that is often introduced into an image during microfilming or digitization, the original document is often already plagued with smudges, smears, faded print, and an uneven or discolored background, be-fore the document is ever digitized. Bleed- through ( or shine through) of writing from the opposite side of a document is also common in historical documents, and when severe, can make it difficult to automatically distinguish the actual text from the bleed- through. In addition, many handwritten documents are written on paper that has rules and lines that intersect or overlap the handwriting, interfering with and complicating the process of word separation. While various authors have addressed the topic of sepa-rating text lines and words, there remains a need to develop even more robust methods that can handle the difficult prob-lems that are so often encountered in historical handwritten documents. In [ 14], by Senior and Robinson, the process of locat-ing lines of text is based solely on the gaps between lines, thereby making the assumption that lines are well separated. Yanikoglu and Sandon [ 18] use projection profiles to de-termine where the boundary between the baseline of a line of text should be and the half- line of the line of text below it. They then apply a contour following algorithm in that Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Document Image Analysis for Libraries ( DIAL' 06) 0- 7695- 2531- 8/ 06 $ 20.00 © 2006 IEEE ( a) ( b) ( c) Figure 1. Correctly locating lines of text is difficult on this image. a) Original preprocessed image. b) Black lines show where a profile- based method breaks the lines of text. The highlighted region shows one of several lines that are handled incorrectly. c) A binarized ALCM before postprocessing. The highlighted connected components each encompass more than one line of text. boundary area. Kavallieratou, et al. [ 6] also use projection profile meth-ods to determine the number of lines and estimate where lines begin. The area of the image corresponding to the space between lines is then examined to trace the boundary between text lines. The trace of the line boundary moves up or down as needed to go around ascenders or descenders that get in the way, and follows the profile minimum when there is no clear path due to ascenders/ descenders that go all the way from one line to the other. Nicolas, et al. [ 11] use an approach based on the Artifi-cial Intelligence concept of production systems in order to search for an optimal alignment of connected components into text lines. The results and conclusions of the paper show that more work is required before this method will work robustly on difficult historical documents. Manmatha, et al. [ 9] use a scale space technique for word separation that produces good results on a large collection of George Washington's manuscripts, as well as some other documents. Segmentation of text lines is performed using smoothed projection profiles, which typically is sufficient for the documents used in the tests, since the lines are rel-atively straight. For some historical documents, however, profile methods will not suffice due to curvature in the lines of text, as shown in Figure 1. Zhixin Shi, et al. [ 16] use an Adaptive Local Connectiv-ity Map ( ALCM), in which the value at each pixel is the sum of all pixels from the original image within a specified horizontal distance of that pixel. The ALCM is then thresh-olded using Otsu's Method [ 12], and the connected compo-nents represent probable regions for lines of text, or partial lines of text. Some postprocessing is done to remove small, redundant components. The method handles slight curva-ture in lines that profile methods do not handle. However, this method can still have problems when the characteristics of the particular handwriting or document being processed cause the resulting segmentation to have multiple lines of text encompassed within a single connected component, as shown in Figure 1. In this paper, we present a novel method for locating lines within free- form handwritten historical documents. Our method uses an approach to find initial text line can-didates that, although distinct, somewhat resembles the ALCM method described in [ 16]. Alternatively, the ALCM could be used for this step, as we discuss. An additional post- processing step checks for text line components that are likely to contain more than one line of handwritten text, and splits these components using a min- cut/ max- flow al-gorithm described by Boykov and Kolmogorov in [ 3]. The splitting process is repeated until no more components ap-pear likely to encompass multiple lines of text. After merg-ing or removing lines with little information, we then create output line images. In Section 2, we discuss our current preprocessing meth-ods. In Section 3, we present our algorithm for locating text lines, merging redundant components, and splitting compo-nents that encompass multiple lines of text. In Section 4, we report results of early tests, and we discuss our conclusions in Section 5. Possible future work is discussed in Section 6. 2. Preprocessing We preprocess document images to reduce the number of artifacts that would interfere with text line separation, word separation, and subsequent handwriting recognition tasks. Our current preprocessing consists of the following steps: • Background Removal • Page Deskewing • Global Threshold Selection • Rule/ Margin Line Removal Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Document Image Analysis for Libraries ( DIAL' 06) 0- 7695- 2531- 8/ 06 $ 20.00 © 2006 IEEE ( a) ( b) ( c) Figure 2. Background removal using median filter. a) Portion of original image. b) Back-ground image obtained using circular kernel with 18- pixel radius. c) Image after removing background and stretching histogram. 2.1. Background Removal Background removal is performed using the method de-scribed in [ 4, 5]. In this method, an image is median filtered with a circular kernel to remove the foreground elements ( such as handwriting). This, in effect, produces a back-ground image that can be subtracted from the original to produce a foreground image. A histogram stretching oper-ation normalizes the background intensity of the resulting foreground image to white. As shown in Figure 2, the resulting image contains the foreground of the original image ( including text and other small features), but without the variations in background in-tensity or large blobs. The dark margin areas that often ap-pear at the edges of images are usually removed by this step, as well. Color images are converted to grayscale before back-ground removal since we do not currently take advantage of any additional information that could be gained from the color signal. 2.2. Page Deskewing Similar to many other deskewing techniques, our method is based on projection profiles of the images, taken at vari-ous angles. Initially, we use a vertical Sobel filter to accen-tuate the tops and bottoms of the text. Then, for each angle, we compute a slanted projection profile of the pixel values of the grayscale edge image, normalizing each profile value by the number of pixels represented in that profile location. The variance of the profile is calculated, and the angle with the maximum variance is assumed to be the skew angle. To reduce computation, we first find the best skew angle esti-mate at a coarse resolution of angles, then progressively re-fine the estimate using higher resolution around the coarse Figure 3. Automatic threshold selection ( after background removal) for an image from the collection of George Washington manuscripts used in [ 7]. a) Otsu's Method - notice that words and letters are made up of many disjoint components. b) Our Method - notice that letters and words are connected better. estimate. The idea of finding a course skew angle estimate before refining the angle is found elsewhere in the literature ( see [ 6], for example). While individual lines of text may still be curved or skewed, globally deskewing the document serves to at least bring them close to horizontal to facilitate the text line lo-cation and separation, which assumes that the text lines will be fairly horizontal. It also should bring rule lines and lines at the edges of the page closer to their respective horizontal or vertical orientations, making line removal easier. 2.3. Global Threshold Selection We create a binarized version of our background-removed, deskewed image because several of the steps in our system require a binarized image. Since background variations of the document are already removed, a global threshold suffices for binarization in most cases. Automatic selection of a proper threshold, however, can be tricky. Otsu's [ 12] algorithm for automatic threshold selection is widely used in many applications. However, we find that the Otsu method often selects a threshold that is lower than we desire for our purposes, especially when the handwritten ink does not appear consistently dark on the page. On strokes that are faint, the ink rises above the threshold, and will not appear in the binary image. This causes words or sequences of characters that should be connected to become disjoint components in the binary image ( see Figure 3). Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Document Image Analysis for Libraries ( DIAL' 06) 0- 7695- 2531- 8/ 06 $ 20.00 © 2006 IEEE 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 # Components Threshold Otsu t= 156 ( 1455 components) Our t= 234 ( 789 components) Noisy t= 252 ( 10661 components) Figure 4. Graph of ti vs number of connected components, and portion of image shown at 3 different ti values: Otsu ( faint), ours, and too high( noise) We use the Otsu method to choose an initial threshold value, t0. We then choose our threshold value, t, to be the value between t0 and 255 ( the maximum grayscale value) that minimizes the number of connected components in the binary image image resulting from thresholding at that value. Due to the nature of handwritten document images, the automatically selected value of t tends to strike a good bal-ance between maximizing the " connectedness" of handwrit-ten words and reducing extraneous noise, as shown in Fig-ure 4. In some extreme cases, such as when there is severe bleed- through between the text lines, connected compo-nents that should stay separate can " merge" as the thresh-old value is increased. Even though the higher threshold causes more noise ( bleed- through) to appear, the number of components at the higher threshold is lower due to the fact that the noise being introduced touches what would be multiple components at the lower threshold. The number of components can continue to decrease as the value of t be-comes higher, until almost the entire page becomes one big component. In order to prevent this erroneous selection of an excessively high threshold, we limit our choices to those values of t in which the number of pixels belonging to any given component does not exceed the total number of pixels that belonged to all components when t0 was used. While the advantage of our global thresholding method is not always as obvious as the example used in Figures 3 and 4, we empirically find that our method usually works noticeably better than simply using the Otsu method for the images in our current test set. Only in some rare cases with severe bleed- through do we see our method perform slightly worse. ( a) ( b) Figure 5. Compare our thresholding method in Figure 3 to Niblack adaptive thresholding. a) Niblack applied to original grayscale image ( no background removal). b) Niblack applied to image after background removal. For comparison with our method, Figure 5 shows an example of Niblack's adaptive thresholding [ 10] applied on the image before background removal, or applied after background removal. As can be seen, the letters are more disjoint than our method, and noise is exaggerated in areas distant from the foreground text. 2.4. Rule/ Margin Line Removal Line removal is performed to suppress lines ( such as hor-izontal rule lines and vertical margin lines) that would likely interfere with separation of words and lines of text, as well as subsequent recognition tasks. Various line removal tech-niques exist in the literature. We choose to perform line removal based on run- lengths of foreground pixels in the binarized image. For vertical line removal, ( nearly) vertical runs of fore-ground pixels exceeding a particular length ( currently 1.5 times the median line spacing estimate from Section 3.1) are considered to belong to vertical lines. Foreground pix-els within a very small neighborhood of the vertical runs, as well as pixels with high derivative magnitude ( pixels which are likely to be the line edges blurred with the light back-ground) are also considered to be vertical line pixels. The line pixels are removed by linearly interpolating the inten-sity of the pixels to either side of the line. Horizontal line removal is similar to vertical line re-moval, but the run- length threshold is larger because we do not want long ligatures, " T"- crossings, etc. to be mistakenly removed. Our line removal algorithm works relatively well when the lines show up clearly in the binarized image. If lines are so faint that they don't show up in the binarized image, or show up as short, disjoint segments instead of continu-ous runs of pixels, then our algorithm does not detect and remove the lines properly. Thin lines are removed incon-spicuously, but thick lines tend to leave noticeable smears when they are directly adjacent to handwriting, due to us-ing interpolation to fill in where the lines were. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Document Image Analysis for Libraries ( DIAL' 06) 0- 7695- 2531- 8/ 06 $ 20.00 © 2006 IEEE ( a) ( b) Figure 6. Line locations determined using transition information. a) Original preprocessed grayscale image. b) Binarized transition count map before postprocessing. 3. Text Line Segmentation The core of our approach for finding and separating lines of text in a handwritten document consists of five main parts. First, we estimate the spacing and height of text lines, as described in Section 3.1. Second, a black/ white transition count map is calculated and binarized as de-scribed in Section 3.2. Third, the connected components in the resulting binarized map are analyzed, and those which appear to contain more than one line of text are split using a min- cut/ max- flow graph cutting algorithm, as described in Section 3.3. Fourth, line components that encompass relatively small amounts of character data are merged with nearby line components, as described in Section 3.4. Last, a grayscale image of each text line is created, along with a mask of foreground text and ambiguous components. This is described in Section 3.5. 3.1. Parameter Estimation In order to perform some steps of our approach, we use an estimate of the height ( or thickness) of the lines we are dealing with as a parameter. This allows us to automati-cally choose the size of window to use when calculating the black/ white transition count map, as well as parameters used in the splitting and merging of components, for exam-ple. We estimate the median text line thickness and spacing by analyzing the peaks of the ( smoothed) horizontal projec-tion profile of the preprocessed grayscale image. 3.2. Text Line Location from Transition Information Using the global thresholding method described in Sec-tion 2.3, we create a binarized version, fb( x, y), of the pre-processed image. We then create a black/ white transition count map, M( x, y), in which the value of each pixel of the map is set to the number of transitions ( from white to black or black to white) in the binary image that occur within a horizontal window centered at that pixel location. Specifi-cally, using a window size of 2d+ 1 pixels, the values of the transition count map are calculated as: M( x, y) = x+ d x- d m( j, y), where m( j, y) = 0 if fb( j - 1, y) = fb( j, y) 1 if fb( j - 1, y) = fb( j, y). Like the calculation of the ALCM in [ 16], the transition count map can be implemented using a sliding window for better efficiency. To define the window size used in creating the map, we currently use d = 3k, where k is the median line thickness from Section 3.1. We use Otsu's Method [ 12] to binarize the transition count map, which results in a set of connected components representing the likely locations of text lines, as shown in Figure 6. We then remove very small components ( those whose height or width fall below a particular threshold), and those which encompass few foreground pixels from the binarized transition count map. Transition count information is also used elsewhere in the literature. For example, in [ 1], transition counts ( re-ferred to as " crossing counts") are used as a feature to dif-ferentiate the type of content in a region of a document im-age ( e. g. text or graphics), and also as a stopping condition to avoid over- segmenting lines of printed text. We are un-aware, however, of any previous work that directly uses a map of transition counts to locate lines of text. In practice, we find that the binarized transition count map and the binarized ALCM are quite similar in many re-spects, but each has strengths and weaknesses that we dis-cuss further in Section 4. The binarized ALCM, calculated directly from the preprocessed grayscale image, could be used instead of a binarized transition count map with no other significant changes to our overall approach for seg-menting text lines. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Document Image Analysis for Libraries ( DIAL' 06) 0- 7695- 2531- 8/ 06 $ 20.00 © 2006 IEEE 3.3. Splitting Lines using Graph Cut Components that are likely to include more than one line of text are detected by analyzing how many pixels " inter-nal" to the component are not actually part of the compo-nent. The pixel at ( x, y) is internal to the component if there is at least one component pixel somewhere above the pixel and also at least one component pixel somewhere below the pixel. More formally, the pixel ( x, y) is internal to com-ponent C iff ? y1, y2 where ( x, y1) ? C AND ( x, y2) ? C AND y1 < y < y2. Components that include more than one line of text are assumed to have a higher percentage of internal pixels that do not belong to the component ( due to the spacing between the text lines) than components that only include one line of text. To split components that have more than one text line, we use a min- cut/ max- flow graph cut implementation that was made available by Kolmogorov for research use [ 3, 2]. Given a directed, weighted graph with two special terminal nodes called the " source" ( labeled s) and the " sink" ( labeled t), the algorithm " cuts" the graph ( removes edges) so that s and t end up in disjoint subgraphs. The cut is made so as to minimize the sum of the weights of the removed edges. Normal edges, referred to as " n- links" connect normal nodes in the graph, and their weights represent the cost of removing that edge. Special " t- links" connect regular nodes with the terminal nodes, and define the cost of assigning the pixels to that side of the graph ( see Figure 7). In our graph, each pixel belonging to the component is represented by one graph node. When the graph is cut, the assignment of a node to the source or the sink subgraph is analogous to assigning the corresponding pixel either to the current component or to a new text line component. Before the graph is cut, we make a list of pixels that are likely to belong to the current component's text line, and call them the source candidates. We also make a list of the pixels that should be in the new component, called the sink candidates. These are the uppermost and lowermost com-ponent pixels, respectively, of each pixel column that has a large number of non- component internal pixels. We form t- links between the candidate pixels and the terminals. We set up a single n- link between each pair s t Figure 7. Min- cut/ max- flow graph cut splits a graph into two subgraphs. For simplicity, we show ( and use) a non- directed graph. T- links are shown thicker than n- links. of nodes that represent neighboring pixels. We want vertically- aligned pixels to split much more easily than those aligned horizontally, since pixels next to each other are likely to be part of the same line. For this reason, we set the edge cost between vertical neighbors to 1, diagonal neighbors to 2, and horizontal neighbors to 400. These val-ues are chosen empirically, and may eventually need to be chosen as a function of image or text line size. Figure 8 shows the results of using the graph cut algo-rithm to split text line components. After each split, the process of checking for multiple lines ( and possibly doing another split) is repeated in case more than two text lines were encompassed by the same component. One caveat of how we use the graph cut method is that it is possible to choose some erroneous source and sink can-didates, which results in a bad segmentation– two or more disjoint components for at least one side of the graph. After performing a graph cut, if more than one component exists for a given side, then the top- most component is consid-ered to be associated with the source and the bottom- most component is considered to be associated with the sink. Any candidates from the other disjoint components are dis-carded, and the graph cut is executed over with the reduced set of candidates. The process is repeated until a good cut with one component for each side of the graph is returned. ( a) ( b) ( c) ( d) Figure 8. Splitting a component using graph cut. a) Original component. b) New com-ponent ( yellow) for bottom line is formed by graph cut ( light orange pixels along top of component are source candidates, dark red pixels along bottom are sink candidates). c) Graph cut used again to split the top two lines. d) Final segmentation. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Document Image Analysis for Libraries ( DIAL' 06) 0- 7695- 2531- 8/ 06 $ 20.00 © 2006 IEEE ( a) ( b) Figure 9. Foreground components assigned to text lines before merging. a) Text line components overlaid with foreground com-ponents. b) Foreground components colored according to their assignment to text line components. " Ambiguous" components are dark red. Black components are unassigned ( not touching any text line). 3.4. Merging Lines To aid in discussion of our method, we emphasize the distinction between text line components and foreground components. Text line components ( originating from the binarized transition count map, or alternatively from a bina-rized ALCM) are the long, thin components that represent regions of the image that encompass lines of text. Fore-ground components ( originating from the binary version of the preprocessed document image) are the connected com-ponents that make up letters, words, and other foreground objects in the image. Each foreground component is assigned to belong to a particular line of text if any portion of the foreground com-ponent overlaps the text line component for that line of text. If a foreground component touches more than one text line component, it is not clear which line the component should belong to, so it is considered to be an " ambiguous" compo-nent. Figure 9 shows an example of the foreground ( text) components assigned to their respective text lines, with am-biguous components shown in red. The foreground text pixel area for each text line compo-nent is calculated as the total number of pixels belonging to all foreground components assigned to that line, plus the number of pixels within the boundary of the text line com-ponent that belong to " ambiguous" components. Text line components that have a relatively small pixel area ( compared to the pixel area of typical text line com-ponents in the image) become candidates to be merged with nearby text line components if they are spatially close enough. The candidates are merged with neighboring components only if the resulting merged component will not be too " tall" relative to the typical thickness of the text line components in the image, or if the height of the line will not be increased. When candidates are merged, they remain spatially disjoint, but the component being merged ( a) ( b) Figure 10. After merging the text line compo-nents from Figure 9 that contain little fore-ground data. a) Notice the three small com-ponents that have merged into the top line. b) Foreground components colored accord-ing to line assignment. is relabeled to match the component it is being merged into, as show in Figure 10. Merging small text line components in this manner re-duces the number of false text lines. At the same time, the amount of ambiguous foreground text is often reduced since some previously ambiguous foreground components may only touch a single text line component after the merger. For example, compare the top line of text before and after merging lines in Figures 9 and 10, respectively. In preliminary tests, we find that our method of line merging works quite well in most cases, however, it relies on a " one size fits all" parameterization to determine both whether a line should be merged or not, and if so, which line it should be merged to. In some cases, components that should be merged are not because they are far enough away from their nearest neighbor or because they would make the line too tall if they were merged. In other cases, com-ponents may be merged that should not be due to the fact that they are very close to another component and do not cross the threshold of being too tall. Components may also be merged with the wrong line, since the closest component is not always the component that it should be merged with, especially if the author writes lines close together or uses long ascenders and descenders. 3.5. Mask and Line Image Creation The final step in our line segmentation approach is to cre-ate text line images for output. We create both a grayscale version of the line image and a special mask of the line im-age. The mask includes the foreground pixels of the line im-age in addition to specifying which pixels may not really be part of the line because they are ambiguous or unassigned. Since the text line components tend to cover mostly the area of the base of characters, with ascenders and descen-ders protruding from the line components, we first expand the line component regions by morphological dilation re-peated k times, where k is the median line thickness from Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Document Image Analysis for Libraries ( DIAL' 06) 0- 7695- 2531- 8/ 06 $ 20.00 © 2006 IEEE ( a) ( b) ( c) ( d) ( e) Figure 11. Output Line image creation. a) Original preprocessed grayscale image. b) Original com-ponent line assignments ( ambiguous components are dark red) c) Region of interest ( light gray) and text line component ( dark gray) overlaid with foreground text. Pixels that remain ambiguous are lighter red. d) Output grayscale line image. e) Output line mask ( ambiguous components are red, unassigned components are dark blue). Section 3.1. As the region is expanded, the result of the di-lation is constrained such that the expanded line component will not overlap any of the other unexpanded line compo-nents. Any spaces between the top- most and bottom- most pixel in each column of the expanded line component are then filled in to eliminate horizontal streaks of whitespace that protrude into the component. This expanded line com-ponent defines the region of interest for the line of hand-written text. The grayscale values within the region of interest from the original preprocessed grayscale image are copied into the grayscale line image, and the foreground components within the region are copied into the special mask image. Any foreground components within the region of interest that are assigned to other lines are eliminated from the mask, and are also removed from the grayscale line image by setting the pixels of those components ( and also their 4- connected neighbor pixels) to the background color. Any " ambiguous" foreground components that do not touch the original line component area are eliminated in like manner, as are unassigned components that are very far below the original line component, since these are all assumed to be either noise or ascenders/ descenders from other text lines. We take notice of the fact that in many cases, an ascender or descender of a word touches part of another line, causing the entire word to be considered ambiguous because of the fact that the whole word is a single component. Therefore, in our output mask image, we mark all ambiguous pixels as part of the line except for those portions of the ambigu-ous component that can directly be marked by sweeping up-ward or downward from the edges of the region, within a bounded angle. That is, as we sweep down from the region edge, any pixel that has a pixel marked as ambiguous di-rectly above it or on either diagonal above it will continue to be marked ambiguous. To account for the forward slant of most writers, we also check the pixel to the right of the top- right diagonal. The process is similar sweeping up from the bottom. Figure 11 shows an example of text line output images created using our approach. In this example, it is also easy to see that the original component assignment had many entire word components marked ambiguous, but only the areas immediately connected to the edges of the region of interest remain ambiguous in the final mask. Line images are discarded if the ratio f/ c ( where f is the number of pixel columns containing unambiguous fore-ground pixels, and c is the total number of pixel columns containing the text line component pixels) is less than a cer-tain threshold ( currently 0.25). This helps reduce the num-ber of spurious line images that are generated due to small line components that fail to merge properly during the line merging process described in Section 3.4. The final output images of our line separation approach Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Document Image Analysis for Libraries ( DIAL' 06) 0- 7695- 2531- 8/ 06 $ 20.00 © 2006 IEEE could be used either directly as input to other systems ( if the system requires a line of text), or after further processing to separate words within the lines. Word separation could be performed using existing methods, such as the scale- space approach [ 9] or gap metrics [ 8, 13], applied to the output line images from our system. Systems that cannot handle grayscale could be given a binary version of our mask im-age, easily created by setting all non- white pixels to black. The purpose of providing a separate mask image is to al-low flexibility for future recognition systems. A recognizer that is unable to recognize a word with very high confidence could look at the mask, and attempt to recognize the word again while ignoring ambiguous regions that may be caused by stray marks such as descenders from other lines. When erroneous marks are ignored, the word may be recognized with more accuracy and higher confidence. 4. Results We compare the results of our method to the results us-ing profile- based line separation on a small number of im-ages ( more extensive comparison is yet to be completed). The profile method is run after performing the exact same preprocessing as used in our method to make the compar-ison fair. For each image, a grayscale projection profile is computed, then convolved with a Gaussian derivative ker-nel. Positive to negative zero crossings of the derivative are used to detect the intensity peaks, which correspond to the horizontal areas of the image with the most white, repre-senting the space between text lines. The sigma value and kernel size used to create the Gaussian derivative kernel are computed automatically as a function of image height. Our test images for this comparison includes 20 images from the George Washington manuscripts used in [ 7], and 6 images downloaded from the " Trails of Hope: Overland Diaries and Letters, 1846- 1869" ( Trails of Hope) on- line collection of pioneer letters and diaries, made available at URL http:// overlandtrails. lib. byu. edu by the Harold B. Lee Library at Brigham Young University. Several more images from this second collection are used for visual inspection, but are not yet included in our numerical reporting. Images in the Trails of Hope collection provide samples of differ-ent writing styles, penmanship, and document quality, with special effort to select some images that have characteristics making segmentation difficult. Table 1 lists how many errors occur in the results of our line separation method and the profile- based method, as de-termined by manual inspection. Split errors represent lines of text in which part of the line was split off that should not have been. This measure is slightly subjective ( and approx-imate) because there are many times in which minor errors occur, such as the top of a letter being cut off. In some cases, this is counted as an error ( such as when the top of Our Method Washington Trails of Hope ( Good Lines) ( 662) ( 146) Split Errors 1 9 Unsplit Errors 1 4 Extra Lines 8 0 Missing Lines 5 0 Profile Method Washington Trails of Hope Split Errors 18 18 Unsplit Errors 6 5 Extra Lines 46 23 Missing Lines n/ a n/ a Table 1. Line Separation Error counts. an " R" gets cut off, leaving it looking like a " K" instead), while it is not counted as an error if it appears there is no real impact ( the last little bit of an already obvious extender, for example). Unsplit errors are lines of text that should be split, but aren't. Extra Lines are lines that are considered distinct, but should not exist – typically caused by noise in the image, especially in the top or bottom margin. Missing Line errors result from handwritten text that gets discarded, but that should be part of a text line. As can be seen in Table 1, both our method and the pro-file method perform very well on the first set of test images ( the George Washington letters). The lines of text in these letters are written neatly and are well- spaced. Our method separates 662 lines properly, including 4 that are aligned horizontally, but spaced significantly apart. Such splits are not considered errors since they would not impede later recognition tasks. Only one split error is seen, which is a tall letter " S" in which the upper half is split off. The only unsplit error is a small, two- word phrase inserted in the space between two real lines of text, which did not get split out. This also causes an error with the profile- based method. All but one of the extra lines are caused by noise at the bottom of pages. The remaining extra line results from a round stamp or seal ( non- text) on the document. All of the missing lines are extremely short– dates at the top, or short words / abbrevia-tions that end up on their own line. The profile method has slightly more errors. Many of the split errors are very minor ( the tops of letters or the raised " th" in numbers like " 10th" being split off from the line they should be in, for example). Unsplit errors seem more fre-quent ( especially for short lines) using the profile method. In addition to the 6 we report, there are also a couple that probably should be split, but are not counted as errors be-cause they do not overlap ( one above the other), and there-fore would not hinder later recognition tasks. Extra lines are all caused by noise at the top and bottom of images. We do not remove empty lines, so all portions of the image belong to exactly one line and there are no " missing line" errors. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Document Image Analysis for Libraries ( DIAL' 06) 0- 7695- 2531- 8/ 06 $ 20.00 © 2006 IEEE ( a) ( b) ( c) Figure 12. Results of our text line separation. a) Preprocessed image. b) Grayscale Output Line Images ( concatenated) from the highlighted region. c) Corresponding Output Line Mask Images. For the few documents that we compare so far in Ta-ble 1, we see that similar results hold for the six Trails of Hope images– our method performs slightly better on aver-age than the profile method. It is noted that the George Washington manuscripts are well- spaced, and have a fairly consistent slope. This is the case also for many of the Trails of Hope images. We are currently in the process of collecting more images repre-sentative of the problems we set out to solve, especially im-ages that do not have consistent slope. We anticipate that our method will perform much better than profile methods on such images. Two such images that are already included in our tests ( and Table 1) are shown in Figures 12 and 13, along with the output line images from our method. Applying our method to several other documents from the Trails of Hope collection that are not yet quantified in Table 1, we find that our method often performs quite well. In addition to successfully locating lines of text, our system is typically accurate in marking ambiguous areas of the line that may not actually belong to the line. This information could be useful to recognition systems. As we experiment with particularly difficult documents in our data set, we see that our method does struggle in some cases, such as when there is excessive bleed- through, as can be expected from most methods. It also tends to have prob-lems ( such as the " extra line" errors reported in the com-parison above) when the preprocessing ( line removal, etc.) fails to clean up documents properly. Improvements to our preprocessing will help make the performance of the com-plete system more robust. Also, because of the fact that a horizontal window is used to either count transitions or gen-erate an ALCM, our method will not work properly if text lines remain skewed too far away from horizontal even after the global deskewing step. Some other cases in which our method sometimes falls short are when there is large variation in the size of writ-ing ( for example, a word or line that is much taller than is typical for the page), when lines are very close together, when many ascenders/ descenders are near each other, or when lines of text are extremely short in length. While our method does not always handle these situa-tions perfectly, we believe that it does, on average, repre-sent an improvement over the traditional methods we have discussed, especially for documents in which the line skew is not consistent. In addition, our method cleans up some of the stray marks in the output line images and provides in-formation about ambiguous pixels in the line image, which traditional methods do not. As mentioned in Section 3.2, both the black/ white tran-sition count map and the Adaptive Local Connectivity Map ( ALCM) can be used to locate the likely regions of text lines. Our experiments indicate that the two methods usu- Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Document Image Analysis for Libraries ( DIAL' 06) 0- 7695- 2531- 8/ 06 $ 20.00 © 2006 IEEE ( a) ( b) ( c) Figure 13. Results of our text line separation. a) Preprocessed image. b) Grayscale Output Line Images ( concatenated) from the highlighted region. c) Corresponding Output Line Mask Images. ally give similar results, but each has strengths and weak-nesses. While the transition count method does a better job of ignoring solid non- text areas, it is more susceptible to falsely detecting faint, noisy regions that are not solid. The ALCM method tends to have fewer " ambiguous" compo-nents due to the text line components being thinner verti-cally. On the other hand, the transition count method tends to do better at including disjoint portions of ascenders as part of the line instead of leaving them as unassigned com-ponents. The transition count method also tends to locate lines of text that are short in length better than the ALCM method. Whichever method is used, our subsequent use of the graph cutting algorithm is usually very effective in split-ting the text line components in reasonable locations so that each line component only includes one line of handwritten text. 5. Conclusion In this paper, we describe a method for separating lines of handwritten text in historical documents. We use pre-processing steps that remove uneven backgrounds, choose a reasonable threshold value, and remove solid lines ( such as rule lines) from the image. We then create a binarized black/ white transition count map ( or alternatively, a bina-rized ALCM) to find probable locations of text lines. Text line components that appear to encompass more than one line of text are split using a min- cut/ max- flow graph cut al-gorithm. Components that should probably be part of an-other nearby line are merged. Finally, a grayscale output image of each line is created, along with an associated fore-ground mask. Foreground components that belong to other lines of text are removed from both the grayscale image and the foreground mask. The foreground mask includes infor-mation about pixels that are ambiguous, and therefore may need to be ignored by subsequent processes ( such as recog-nizers) when handling the line image. Results of preliminary testing with our system are en-couraging, as it performs well on a variety of historical doc-uments from several different authors. Our method works well even on some very difficult documents. Still, there are cases that our system does not always han-dle well. In this paper, we also identify some of these short-comings, that we hope to address in future work as our sys-tem matures. 6. FutureWork As mentioned, we continue to acquire representative test images and will continue our tests and comparisons with other methods. While we so far only compare with a tra-ditional profile method, we desire also to perform com-parisons with other methods, such as the complete ALCM method described in [ 16]. From early analysis, we find that many of our errors are caused by shortcomings in our preprocessing. Improving our line removal method ( or choosing a better method from Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Document Image Analysis for Libraries ( DIAL' 06) 0- 7695- 2531- 8/ 06 $ 20.00 © 2006 IEEE the literature) will help improve our results. Also of partic-ular interest is preprocessing that will reduce the amount of bleed- through remaining on the page. Methods such as [ 15, 17] may prove to provide cleaner images than our current methods. Our method will also be made more reliable by improv-ing the criteria used in deciding when to merge line compo-nents, and to which other line components they should be merged. Using a combination of methods may also provide better robustness. For example, using both an ALCM and the tran-sition count map to take advantage of the strengths of each may prove worthwhile. And in cases where it can be deter-mined that the handwritten lines are relatively straight and well- separated, reverting to the simple, fast profile- based methods may be in order. References [ 1] T. Akiyama and N. Hagita. Automated entry system for printed documents. Pattern Recognition, 23( 11): 1141– 1154, 1990. [ 2] Y. Boykov and V. Kolmogorov. An experimental compar-ison of min- cut/ max- flow algorithms for energy minimiza-tion in computer vision. In Third International Workshop on Energy Minimization Methods in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, September 2001. [ 3] Y. Boykov and V. Kolmogorov. An experimental compar-ison of min- cut/ max- flow algorithms for energy minimiza-tion in vision. PAMI, 26( 9), 2004. [ 4] L. A. D. Hutchison and W. A. Barrett. Fast registration of tabular document images using the fourier- mellin transform. In IEEE First International Workshop on Document Image Analysis for Libraries, pages 253– 267, Palo Alto, Califor-nia, January 2004. [ 5] L. A. D. Hutchison and W. A. Barrett. Fourier- mellin regis-tration of line- delineated tabular document images. Interna-tional Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition, ( To Appear). [ 6] E. Kavallieratou, N. Dromazou, N. Fakotakis, and G. Kokki-nakis. An integrated system for handwritten document im-age processing. International Journal of Pattern Recogni-tion and Artificial Intelligence, 17( 4): 617– 636, 2003. [ 7] V. Lavrenko, T. M. Rath, and R. Manmatha. Holistic word recognition for handwritten historical documents. In Pro-ceedings of the International Workshop on Document Image Analysis for Libraries ( DIAL), pages 278– 287, Palo Alto, CA, January 23- 24, 2004. [ 8] U. Mahadevan and R. C. Nagabushnam. Gap metrics for word separation in handwritten lines. In International Con-ference on Document Analysis and Recognition, ICDAR, pages 124– 127, 1995. [ 9] R. Manmatha and J. L. Rothfeder. A scale space approach for automatically segmenting words from historical hand-written documents. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 27( 8): 1212– 1225, August 2005. [ 10] W. Niblack. An Introduction to Digital Image Processing, pages 115– 116. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1986. [ 11] S. Nicolas, T. Paquet, and L. Heutte. Text line segmenta-tion in handwritten document using a production system. In 9th IAPR International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwrit-ing Recognition, IWFHR- 9, pages 245– 250, Tokyo, Japan, 2004. [ 12] N. Otsu. A threshold selection method from gray- level his-tograms. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cyber-netics, SMC- 9( 1): 62– 66, January 1979. [ 13] G. Seni and E. Cohen. External word segmentation of off-line handwritten text lines. Pattern Recognition, 27( 1): 41– 52, 1994. [ 14] A. W. Senior and A. J. Robinson. An off- line cursive hand-writing recognition system. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 20( 3): 309– 321, March 1998. [ 15] Z. Shi and V. Govindaraju. Historical handwritten document image segmentation using background light intensity nor-malization. In SPIE Document Recognition and Retrieval XII, San Jose, California, 16- 20 January 2005. [ 16] Z. Shi, S. Setlur, and V. Govindaraju. Text extraction from gray scale historical document images using adaptive local connectivity map. In 8th International Conference on Doc-ument Analysis and Recognition, ICDAR, volume 2, pages 794– 798, Seoul, Korea, August 2005. [ 17] Q. Wang, T. Xia, C. L. Tan, and L. Li. Image enhancement of historical documents using directional wavelet. Interna-tional Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing, 1( 3): 291– 305, September 2003. [ 18] B. A. Yanikoglu and P. A. Sandon. Segmentation of off-line cursive handwriting using linear programming. Pattern Recognition, 31( 12): 1825– 1833, 1998. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Document Image Analysis for Libraries ( DIAL' 06) 0- 7695- 2531- 8/ 06 $ 20.00 © 2006 IEEE
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$ 80.00
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This classic striped cotton rugby is ideal for those brisk autumn days. Navy collar and cuffs with a contrasting blue oxford front placket. Novelty embroidered undercollar. Logo buttons at neck. Rib cuffs. Machine wash. Imported.
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This favourable position will guarantee them a home final should they win their semi-final at home in three weekends.
While the Pumas worked their way into a cushy position on the log, the scramble for semi-final places continued with four teams still in the running for the three remaining semi-final spots.
The EP Kings, however, will have an edge in the next two weeks for the other home semi-final as they boast a five point lead over the third-placed Leopards, meaning they need only a bonus-point victory to finish the round robin stages in second place.
The fourth-placed SWD Eagles, meanwhile, only trail the Leopards by one point, and boast a seven-point lead over the Regent Boland Cavaliers.
The Cavaliers, however, have a tough match ahead against the Pumas, and if they suffer a defeat, it would in all likelihood deal the killer blow to their semi-final hopes.
SWD Eagles 27 (18) Steval Pumas 28 (13)
In George the SWD Eagles put up a brave fight against the Steval Pumas in the hope of boosting their home semi-final hopes, but their efforts were insufficient as the visitors secured a narrow 28-27 victory.
The Eagles started the clash strongly as they out-scored the visitors two tries to one in the first half, while fullback Justin van Staden kicked two penalties to match that by Pumas flyhalf JC Roos.
This earned the home side an 18-13 lead at the break.
The Pumas crossed the tryline for their first of their two second-half tries in the 52nd minute, but these efforts were cancelled out by a penalty and drop goal by Van Staden.
The log-leaders, however, fought back in the dying minutes with Rosco Speckman crossing the tryline to come within striking range of a victory and they capped this off with a last-minute penalty by JC Roos to seal the 28-27 win.
SWD Eagles 27 (18) – Tries: Gerrit Smith, Schalk Oelofse. Conversion: Justin van Staden. Drop Goal: Van Staden. Penalties: Van Staden (4). Steval Pumas 28 (13) – Tries: Coenie van Wyk, Rosco Speckman (2). Conversions: JC Roos (2). Penalties: Roos (3).
Regent Boland Cavaliers 19 (0) EP Kings 40 (19)
The EP Kings dominated from the start against the Regent Boland Cavaliers in Wellington and earned three first-half tries and a 19-0 lead for their efforts.
The Kings continued their dominance after the break and earned their bonus point try two minutes in as Stefan Willemse dotted down the ball. This was followed up by two tries in three minutes by Steven Sykes and Cornell du Preez, which pushed the match out of reach for the home team.
But with nothing left to lose, the Cavaliers showed immense character and produced a late comeback thanks to two tries by Jason Kriel and one by Ulrich Pretorius to emerge from the match with a respectable score.
Regent Boland Cavaliers 19 (0) – Tries: Jason Kriel (2), Ulrich Pretorius. Conversions: Eric Zana (2). EP Kings 40 (19) – Tries: Brian Skosana, Cornell du Preez, Michael Killian, Stefan Willemse, Steven Sykes, Penalty Try. Conversions: George Whitehead (3), Scott van Breda (2).
Leopards 40 (19) Down Touch Griffons 33 (14)
The Leopards were made to work hard for their 40-33 victory against the Down Touch Griffons in Potchefstroom as the visitors hung on until the last minute to create an upset.
Such was the tight nature of the match it took a try on the stroke of full-time by the Leopards to secure the victory.
The teams were closely matched from the outset as the Leopards scored three tries to the Griffons' two in the first half, which allowed the visitors to enter the break with a 19-14 lead.
The Griffons continued to show their fighting spirit after the break and scored three tries to only two by the Leopards in the first 26 minutes of the half, which levelled the scores at 33-33.
The Leopards, however, showed their big match temperament as they fought until the final whistle, which allowed Brendon Snyman to crash over the tryline and seal the victory.
The win allowed the Leopards to leapfrog the Eagles on the log into third position.
Leopards 40 (19) – Tries: Brendon Snyman, Danie Dames, Edgar Marutlulle, Edmar Marais (2), Jarryd Buys. Conversions: Adriaan Engelbrecht (4), Jarryd Buys. Down Touch Griffons 33 (14) – Tries: AJ le Roux (2), Inus Kritzinger, Norman Nelson, Schalk van der Merwe. Conversions: Franna du Toit (4).
Border Bulldogs 35 (6) Valke 14 (14)
In East London the Border Bulldogs staged a second-half comeback from 14-6 down to outplay the Valke for their third victory of the season.
In total the Bulldogs scored four tries to only two by the Valke, while fullback Dale Sabbagh kept the scoreboard ticking with three conversions and three penalties to force the match out of the Valke's range.
Border Bulldogs 35 (6) – Tries: Dean Muir, Dwayne Jenner, Shannon Rick (2). Conversions: Dale Sabbagh (3). Penalties: Dale Sabbagh (3). Valke 14 (14) – Tries: Anrich Richter (2). Conversions: Juan Kotze (2).


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Greenfield Mowers are Australian owned and made and have been sold throughout Australia since 1966 With over 45 years of manufacturing experience, spare parts and service back up we have the most advanced ride on mowers range available today.
Our entire range of ride on mowers, domestic mowers, shredders, self propelled slashers and attachments are manufactured at our modern Brisbane factory using Australian labour and wherever possible, Australian made components We're proud of our heritage and our products and support them with a generous warranty against faulty workmanship and materials plus a huge inventory of spare parts that cover our models right back to 1966 We have a large network of specialist dealers who are equally as passionate about the product, so your Greenfield will be in the best possible hands when service is required.
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This table has great contemporary and minimal design - it looks great in my living room. However, there are couple things I am not happy about it. First, quality is not that great, legs are described as glossy but they just have satin finish. They are super light and as the white paint is coming off if you make any scratches. It happened to me when placing glass on top of it. You can tell legs are made of super cheap material. On contrary, glass is super thick and heavy, I had hard time assembling it. Also, there is nothing that holds that glass on top, it can slide so be aware of it. I am not so impressed with the quality but I have to admit it is great looking table, true piece of art. Other than that, delivery was super fast.
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The LATEST from KS
- Stateline Story
Legislation Aims to Address Nuclear Waste Woes
Four U.S. senators are hoping to answer a question states have long been asking: where will the country permanently deposit the thousands of tons of spent fuel rods and other hazardous waste piling up at sites ill-suited to handle the load? more
- Stateline Story
Reciprocity: The New Front in the Gay Marriage Debate
A legal term for one state recognizing the policy and laws of another, reciprocity will prove central in the fast-approaching debate over whether the three-dozen states with bans on gay marriage will have to recognize those performed elsewhere. more
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News You Can Use: Consumer-Focused Laws Take Effect in July
A large batch of new laws take effect July 1. How will they affect your life? more
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New Tax Laws Take Effect July 1
New state taxes take effect July 1. What's happening in your state? more
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Supreme Court Strikes Down DOMA, Prop 8; State Bans Survive
The court's ruling leaves in place states' bans on same-sex marriage, but some experts say they're now vulnerable to a challenge state by state. more
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Does the Country Have Too Many Casinos?
New York and Massachusetts are both eyeing flashy resort-style casinos, but in Delaware, the state is considering a bailout of its aging racetrack casinos. more
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Study: Shortage of Educated Workers Looms
Employment is growing, but a study finds there may not be enough workers with the education and training to fill those jobs. more
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Governors are paid an average of $133,348 a year for their work according to new data. more
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Governors' Salaries Currently Range From $70,000 to $187,256
Governors are paid an average of $133,348 a year for their work according to new data released by the Council of State Governments. more
- Stateline Story
Supreme Court Strikes Down Key Voting Rights Act Provision
The Supreme Court struck down a key provision of the 1965 Voting Rights Act Tuesday, giving more than a dozen states more control over elections and opening the door for new voting laws that some worry will suppress turnout and disenfranchise voters. more


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Senior Assistant Attorney General Aaron Haslam, who is leading the Attorney General's prescription drug abuse initiative, shares his thoughts on the assignment and opiate abuse trends.
You were chosen for this role, in part, because of your experience dealing with the issue as Adams County prosecutor. What did you take from that?
Most people were unaware of the prescription drug problem in Adams County. We brought together law enforcement, judges, and other stakeholders across the community to raise awareness, provide education, and deal with the problem on many different levels.
How successful were you in Adams County?
Talking with Adams County law enforcement, I understand it is no longer easy to buy pills on the street. Two years ago, you could buy them anywhere. The community is very aware of what's going on now, and our overdose death rate is down. All of those things point to a good start, but it's important that we continue to work together and communicate to have long-term success.
Do you think that sort of success is possible across the state?
I think we can replicate some of those successes statewide, but we have to let local communities put their own touch on it. The Attorney General's Office can be a facilitator and share what's worked elsewhere, but communities need to develop an approach that works locally.
How does what you saw as a county prosecutor motivate you to see Ohio tackle this problem?
I was seeing one person after another coming through the court system, or worse, overdosing and dying. It produced heartbreaking wreckage — parents who had lost their children, children who had lost their parents, families devastated emotionally and financially. If that's going on in Adams and 87 other counties, you can't help but be motivated to do as much as you can.
How is the Attorney General's Office addressing the issue?
BCI is able to assist with investigations, and OPOTA is offering training around the state and online through eOPOTA. And my unit, the Criminal Justice Section's Special Prosecutions Unit, is involved in prosecuting cases at all levels. We're also collaborating with the Governor's Office, the legislature, and all the other entities that have a stake in seeing Ohio tackle this problem.
Are you trying approaches that haven't been explored before?
Yes. For instance, we're using a new model for investigating pill mills, rogue doctors, and drug rings. It was developed by Fred Moore at BCI, and it involves gathering all the players — local law enforcement, prosecutors, BCI agents, the U.S. Attorney's Office, the state pharmacy and medical boards — and working the law enforcement and regulatory aspects of cases simultaneously.
Talk about the connection between prescription pills and heroin.
Heroin is an easy crossover drug, and it can satisfy the craving of a prescription drug addict. People think of heroin as an inner-city problem. They don't think about their neighbor who had surgery, was prescribed pain medication, and wasn't aware he could get hooked on heroin.
Have you made the transition from Adams County to Columbus?
I've been living in Columbus since May. And my wife, Meredith, moved here in August and took a job as a middle school talented and gifted coordinator in the Olentangy school district. We're both from Adams County, so we never want to get too far from there. But we love Columbus and spending time here.


text: Mantle Clock in working condition, has no 12 key and glass on the cover, chimes every half an hour, See 4th pic from last their are marks on should be easy to clean. The little "legs" at the bottom have been glued on one has come loose and thier is a piece that has come off, this can easily be repaired and not that noticable as it is at the bottom of the clock.This clock is in a good all round condition. Would need to be serviced. Postage R70.00 |


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Kate Loprest, Jonathan Rayson, Nick Wyman, Farah Alvin, Robb Sapp Star in New Musical Single Girls Guide, Beginning March 1
By Andrew Gans
The world premiere of the new musical Single Girls Guide, inspired by Jane Austen's "Emma," begins previews at Albany's Capital Rep March 1 prior to an official opening March 5. The new musical features a book by Gordon Greenberg and music and lyrics by Tommy Newman. Greenberg also directs the production, which has musical direction, orchestrations and additional music by Zachary Dietz. The cast includes Kate Loprest as Emma with Jonathan Rayson, Kelsey Kurz, Nick Wyman, Farah Alvin, Robb Sapp, Susan Mosher, Victoria Cook and Gwen Holland. Single Girls Guide, according to press notes, follows "the stylish world of 1966 Manhattan, where beloved newspaper columnist Emma Woodhouse is still single and about to turn 30. As her father urges her to marry the first available man and her editor — the handsome-but-preoccupied Nick Knightley — urges her to toe the line, Emma begins to transform her household advice column into a platform for change, encouraging readers to drop their casseroles, question the nature of marriage and demand sexual freedom. In a Helen Gurley Brown inspired move, Emma recruits Harriet, her first 'Single Girl' and vows to overhaul her life, setting into motion a chain of events that culminates in hilarious calamity at Truman Capote's famous Black and White Ball. In the end, love may conquer all but, as Emma learns along with her protégé, 'when it's right, it's never perfect.'" The creative team also includes choreographer Michele Lynch, set designer Jo Winiarski, lighting designers Jeff Croiter and Cory Pattak, costume designer Dane Laffrey and sound designer David Thomas. Performances will continue through March 30. Tickets, priced $16-$70, are available by calling (518) 445-SHOW (7469) or by visiting capitalrep.org. Capital Repertory Theatre is located at 111 N. Pearl St. in Albany, NY. |
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Mary L. G. Theroux: Disaster Relief: Private vs. Public 2013 Summer Seminar for High School Students Recorded: Wednesday, July 24, 2013
Mary L. G. Theroux, speaking from experience, explains why the non-profit sector and business do much more to serve those most in need than politicians and bureaucracy can achieve. Talk given on July 24, 2013 in Oakland, CA.
Experts: Mary L. G. TherouxType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Culture/ Society, Public Health/ Consumer Protection, Regulation and Deregulation
Benjamin Powell Globalization and Development 2013 Summer Seminar for College Students Recorded: Thursday, July 18, 2013
Benjamin Powell defends free trade for developing societies and critiques the common defense of anti-sweatshop legislation. Talk given on July 18, 2013 in Berkeley, CA
Experts: Benjamin W. PowellType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Business, Economic Policy, Free Market Economics, Labor and Employment, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Public Health/ Consumer Protection
John C. Goodman on Replacing Obamacare and Curing the Healthcare Crisis Recorded: Thursday, October 4, 2012
Part 1 | Part 2
Research Fellow John C. Goodman, author of Priceless: Curing the Healthcare Crisis, speaks on Americas healthcare challenges.
Experts: John C. GoodmanType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Free Market Economics, Health Care, Public Health/ Consumer Protection
Is U.S. Justice Broken? Recorded: Thursday, December 9, 2010
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5
From fingerprinting to criminal sentencing, from lawyer licensing to judicial selection, and from eminent domain to wealth transfers via class-action lawsuits, how do perverse incentives impact the law and what reforms would create a more just and efficient legal system?
Experts: David D. Friedman, Alex Kozinski, Edward J. López, David J. TherouxType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Crime, Criminal Justice/ Prisons, Law Enforcement
The Supreme Court and the Battle for Second Amendment Rights Recorded: Thursday, July 22, 2010
In June 2008 the U.S. Supreme Court handed down a landmark ruling on the Second Amendment individual right to keep and bear arms with its Heller v. District of Columbia decision. Two years later, in June 2010, a second historic decision squeezed through the highest court in the land.
Experts: Stephen P. Halbrook, Donald E. J. Kilmer Jr.Type: Independent Institute EventIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Constitutional Law, Criminal Justice/ Prisons, Culture/ Society, Gun Control, History (U.S), Law Enforcement, Litigation, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Race Issues
What the Second Amendment Means Today Recorded: Wednesday, July 2, 2008
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3
The Second Amendments right to keep and bear arms has been among the most controversialand least understoodrights guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. Did the Founders intend to safeguard an individual right or a collective right?
Experts: Stephen P. Halbrook, Don B. Kates Jr.Type: Independent Institute EventIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Constitutional Law, Crime, Culture/ Society, Defense and Foreign Policy, Gun Control, Law Enforcement
The Frankenfood Myth? Recorded: Tuesday, December 13, 2005
For millennia, farmers all over the world have bred crops for their resistance to disease, productivity, and nutritional value. Today, few topics have the power to inspire as much international furor and misinformation as the development and distribution of genetically altered foods.
Experts: Bruce N. Ames, Henry I. MillerType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Agriculture, Business, Environment, Public Health/ Consumer Protection, Science


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Comments about Antec® Pro 92mm Double Ball Bearing Case Fan: As a truck driver that carries a thermo electric cooler, I had trouble with the sleeved bearing fans burning out in about a month of continuous use. It fit perfectly on the cooler, is quieter than the original fan and much more efficient now at cooling. With the double ball bearings I am hoping that it lasts longer than a month like the factory fans!
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Home | News & Updates | FAQs |
On Saturday, April 20, 2013, Tiger fans showed that not only is the Auburn Spirit is alive and well, but it is soaring to new heights! More than 83,000 fans filled Jordan-Hare Stadium to set an attendance record for A-Day, and later that evening they partied into the night with one final roll of the Auburn Oaks at Toomer's Corner. Generations gathered beneath the oaks one final time, sharing stories and creating memories that will last a lifetime.
Even though they are physically gone, the mighty oaks will live on in the thousands of photographs taken Saturday and in the mementos being created from their wood. Below is a link to images and points of purchase for oaks-related merchandise, which includes images of items made from the actual wood.
To those who made the "Celebration of Tradition" a success, and to those who've gathered beneath the trees' shade for the last 80 years, War Eagle. It's GREAT to be an Auburn Tiger!
One Last Roll from Auburn alum Alan Brazzell
Last Updated: Dec. 3, 2013


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Woodyland by Woody Aragon (4 DVD Set)
One of the most eagerly anticipated DVD sets of all time, from a true pro, for the first time on video. NOW SHIPPING. HIGHLY RECOMMENDED.
In stock: usually ships within 24 hours!
Order this product in the next 12 hours 6 minutes and it will ship TODAY!
Woody Aragon has a remarkable mind. He creates self-working miracles with cards. Routines that are baffling, entertaining and award-winning. For the past few years Woody Aragon has been gaining a huge reputation through his competition winning performances throughout Europe. Now his astounding material is fully explained on this four DVD box set.
DVD 2: Interactive and semiautomatic tricks.
DVD 3: Sleight of hand
DVD 4: Si Stebbins. Stacked deck magic
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Customer Reviews (showing 1 - 4 of 4)
4 of 4 magicians found the following review helpful:
You have to love Woody
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on September 3rd, 2012
What an excellent dvd collection.
I'm miising only one collection from Essential Magica Collection series and has the previews ones this is also a great set. Here are some of the good and bad in my opinion. Bad, only one thing. It was in english. I didn't like it to hear Woody in english. Not because you could not undestand him but I know he would have been feeling more natural explaining and performing in spanish. I'm glad that there are subtitles but I would have prefere his mother tongue language here. Would you see Cyrano de Bergerac in english? I don't think so. So please Luis de Matos, make them more in their original language. Apart from that this is awesome. Dvd 1 show you a show he made just for the Dvds. It's entretaining, fun, and some great magic. Then it talks about Structure of a trick and show. He would late on explain the tricks on other dvds but here is a really great insight on how he structure his show and why. Dvd2 Is about Interactive tricks that are a great addition to any set. I'm already using it on my number one set. But the best thing in here is his Blessed Poker. Absolutlly incredible and already worth the price of the dvds. Dvd 3 is all about Sleights. Bumblebees and Separagon are some of the jewels you will find in here. The Gabi's deck switch is great but he show his handling and mention he will teach Gabi's but then I couldn't find it. Maybe I missit somehow. Dvd4 Is the best Si stebbins explaination I've seen. What an amazing stack. The spelling routing is another of the great trick that for me ismore than that. It's a piece of art. So much powerfull impact on it for the spectators that also worth the price of this collection. And of course, i can not forget to mention his interview with Luis de Matos. I was expecting Lennard Green again to walk by on the background as with the DaOrtiz Collection but it didn't happend. Still it was great to hear him speak in spanish and see how of a nice guy he seems. I hope he never change. Overall if you like card magic this collection is a must have. I'm so glad I got itfrom PenguinMagic that have never let me down in prompt and in time delivery. 2 big thumbs up Emilio ;) Did this review help you?
Great performer but...
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on June 18th, 2013
I buy tricks to learn effects, not to sit in awe of the presenter's style. If I were looking for the
latter I would watch his demos on YouTube or buy a ticket to the show. This guy has great style that
he applies to a lot of regurgitated tricks. For some, Woody's adaptations are worth the hefty price
tag. For me, I prefer to purchase other collections where the effects are taught in a more "raw"
manner, and then I'd apply my own schtick. Afterall, you cant match this guy's schtick anyway and
most of us develop our own. Almost all of these effects can be found in other collections for a
better bargain. If you want the enjoy a great performance, this is the collection for you. Looking
to maximize your dollars- look elsewhere.
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on November 1st, 2012
YOU CAN LEARN HOW DO A SHOW OF CARD MAGIC WITH ONE DECK OF CARD AND MAYBE A LITTLE MORE THAN A DOUBLE LIFT... HIS VERSION OF THE 10 CARDS POKER DEAL (BLESSED POKER)CAN GO STRAIGHT IN THE REPERTOIRE OF ALL OF TIPE OF MAGICIAN.. SEPARAGON WORTH ALONE ALMOST THE ENTERE PRICE OF THE DVD (ONE INCREDIBLE TECHNIQUE WHERE YOU CAN SEPARATE THE CARD IN FRONT OF THE SPECTATOR CAUSING EVEN THINK HIM TO HAVE SHUFFLE THE DECK) WOODY REVEAL AND EXPLAIN "BUMBLEBEES" (35 DOLLAR TRICK) IS A VERSION OF THE WILD CARD VERY STRONG AND FUNNY,WITH THIS ROUTINE HI HAVE WON A COMPETITION...UNFORTUNATELY THERE IS NO THE CARDS.. WEIGHING THE CARDS IS ANOTHER TRICK VERY STRONG I HAVE LOVED AND IS ONE TRICK WHERE YOU CAN CAUSE A ALMOST SURE STANDING OVATION. ONE OF THE BEST ROUTINE IN THIS COLLECTION IS THE SPELLING ROUTINE,HI TEACH IN ENGLISH AND IN SPANISH...I AM ITALIAN AND WILL TRY TO DO ONE FOR ME..THE CONCEPT IS VERY WELL EXPLAIN. THERE IS A VERSION OF ACAAN WHEN YOU INVOLVE FOUR OR FIVE PERSON TO DO TE SELECTION OF THE CARD AND OF THE POSITION I LOVE THIS IDEA. THE SLIGHTEST TRICK IN THE 4 DVD I THINK IS "DORSET" A MIX OFF TWO EFFECT(ALL BACKS AND RESET) NOW THIS BECAME MY FINAL VERSION OFF RESET(I THINK BETTER OF RESET CUBE OF YOANN F, OR REPRO RETRO OF BEBEL) IF THE PRICE OF THIS COLLECTION LEAVE YOU SOME FINAL DOUBT IN THE PENGUIN LIVE LECTURE OF WOODY ALL OF YOU CAN WATCH HOW MUCH IS STRONG HIS MAGIC ,HOW THIS MAGICIAN IS FUNNY PREPARED AND FRIENDLY AND YOU CAN HAVE A LITTLE IDEA WHAT YOU WILL GETS.... THANK YUO LUIS THE MATOS FOR PRODUCT ANOTHER PEACE OF MAGIC LIKE UTOPIA (DA ORTIZ),MAESTRO(REN� LAVAND),AND ESSENTIAL OF GEA(MIGUEL ANGEL GEA). PLEASE DON'T BUY THIS COLLECTION I PREFER TAKE THIS SECRET ALL FOR ME.... Did this review help you?
Pretty good
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on October 8th, 2012
There's a lot of useful stuff on here, I haven't finished watching it yet. A good buy...
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Tag Archives: Best Midtown Manhattan
Best Midtown Manhattan Nightspots
The nightlife in New York City is legendary throughout not only the United States, but the rest of the world too. Here are some of the Best Midtown Manhattan nightspots to check out during your stay in NYC. The Parlour Midtown is located two blocks away from the iconic Madison … Read More
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perfect example of a sweet threesome, 2 gorgeous girls and a well hung stud !


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The S9's main strengths are its sensitive touchscreen, great features and superb sound quality. Despite a disappointing lack of AAC support and an average user interface, it's Cowon's best MP3 player to date, although it's not as great a threat to the iPod touch as the company might like Read more
19 January 2009 by Nate Lanxon
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Cowon D2+ review
The D2+ is a great touchscreen MP3 player that's packed full of useful features and offers outstanding audio quality, thanks to its sound-enhancement settings. Users of its predecessor, the iAudio D2, won't notice a great deal of changes though, and the lack of AAC support is hard to justify Read more
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Defeat Diabetes
Foundation 150 153rd Ave, Suite 300 Madeira Beach, FL 33708 |
Diabetes Health Risks Equivalent to Ageing 15 YearsPosted: Thursday, January 04, 2007Canadian researchers found that people with diabetes fell into the high-risk category for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) 15 years earlier than those without diabetes. People with diabetes are up to four times more likely to have cardiovascular disease as people without diabetes. In the past 5 years, increasing evidence has emerged that lends support to the use of cardioprotective agents, such as statins and Acetylsalicylic acid ( Aspirin ), in patients with diabetes. However, the age at which to start such treatment has been unclear. To investigate, Gillian Booth from Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and colleagues assessed the age at which people with diabetes develop a high risk of cardiovascular disease. They studied the majority of the population of Ontario, Canada, which consisted of 379 000 people with diabetes and over 9 million without the disease. The investigators recorded any cardiovascular events in this group between April 1994 and March 2000. They found that diabetes led to earlier cardiovascular disease; diabetic men and women were about 15 years younger than those without diabetes in the same risk category. For those who had a myocardial infarction, stroke, or died from any cause, the transition from moderate to high risk of cardiovascular disease took place at about age 48 years for men with diabetes and 54 years for women with diabetes. When the researchers included cardiovascular procedures ( eg bypass surgery ) in the definition of cardiovascular disease, this transition took place at age 41 years for men with diabetes and 48 years for women with diabetes. " Middle-aged and older people with diabetes seem on average to be at high risk of cardiovascular disease, thus aggressive risk-reduction strategies are warranted for them. Appropriate thresholds for younger people with diabetes are less clear. At least in the short term, many individuals with diabetes who are younger than 40 years seem to have a low to moderate absolute risk of cardiovascular disease", comments Booth. " Age should be taken into account in targeting of risk reduction in people with diabetes, " she concludes. Source: Diabetes In Control: The Lancet, Dec. 2006 |
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Wilson Combat High-Ride Beavertail Grip Safety Semi Drop-In 1911 Colt Enhanced Series 80
Product Family #: 1070258516
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- Glock Magazine Spring Glock 19, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33,... $7.99 Available
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Product Information
This safety produces better control of your handgun while eliminating the discomfort and hammer bite that are possible with stock grip safeties. Works with either a commander style hammer or a bobbed spur hammer. Slight modifications to the beavertail trigger engagement area may be required for proper installation.
Technical Information
Features: High ride style, no frame modification normally required
Gunsmithing Required: No, however you should have knowledge of how this part interacts with other internal parts of a 1911 for proper fitting, which will usually be required
Notes:For use with Commander-style hammers or bobbed spur hammers. Most of the enhanced pistols already have this type
hammer. If you have a wide, flat hammer with no horizontal opening in it, then you will need to change your hammer.
Do not modify aluminum frames. The outer surface coating should not be removed.
This is intended to fit Enhanced Colt series 80. The enhanced models have a cut at the rear of the trigger guard (on the
bottom) so that your shooting hand can sit higher on the grip frame. The rear of the frame where the grip safety fits is cut in a
radius and enhanced pistols will come from the factory (for the most part) with a "duckbill" grip safety. The rear of the safety
that goes over your hand will bend downward.
Fits enhanced Government and Commander models. This will fit some Officer and Defender enhanced models. If you are
installing on an Officer or Defender, please check the alignment of the hole in the grip safety to the frame. If it does not appear
that the holes will line up (before you do any fitting), then this part probably will not fit because some Officer and Defender
models have a slightly different radius cut, especially on aluminum frame models. In these cases, the only options are to either
have a professional gunsmith fit the part or use the standard Wilson semi-drop in safety, 954488 for blue and 114538 for stainless.
Technical Information
Features: High ride style, no frame modification normally required
Gunsmithing Required: No, however you should have knowledge of how this part interacts with other internal parts of a 1911 for proper fitting, which will usually be required
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As most of you know, Shannon Sharpe is among the 17 finalists for the Hall of Fame Class of 2009 in his first year of eligibility.
Of those 17 finalists, only a select few will be enshrined in the Hall this year, and that announcement is scheduled to come Saturday at approximately 12:30 p.m. MST. You can watch the announcement live on the NFL Network at that time.
We will keep you filled in on all the latest info regarding the announcement and let you know if Sharpe will be just the third Bronco to be named to the Hall of Fame.
– Adam Zinser, DenverBroncos.com
Tags: Adam Zinser, Hall of Fame, Shannon Sharpe


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Red Hat JBoss Middleware
Accelerate Automate Integrate Red Hat JBoss BPM Suite Red Hat JBoss Developer Studio Portfolio Edition Web Framework Kit Application Platform Web Server Data Grid Portal Fuse Red Hat JBoss A-MQ BRMS Red Hat JBoss Fuse Service Works JBoss Operations Network JBoss Community or JBoss enterprise Red Hat JBoss Data Virtualization -
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Courses and training paths
Popular and new courses Red Hat JBoss Administration curriculum Core System Administration curriculum Red Hat JBoss Middleware Development curriculum Advanced System Administration curriculum Linux Development curriculum Cloud Computing, Virtualization, and Storage curriculum
JBoss Application Administration II (JB348)
Manage large-scale deployments of JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 6
JBoss® Application Administration II (JB348) prepares experienced system administrators to provision and manage Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 6 in large-scale production environments.
Learn about clustering, performance tuning, and securing enterprise application platform instances, as well as troubleshooting and applying fixes. This course is the follow-on course for JBoss Application Administration I (JB248).
Course content summary
- Install JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 6 and optional components.
- Learn about clustering with an emphasis on tuning.
- Deploy to production and cloud environments.
- Script with CLI.
- Monitor and manage resources for Enterprise Application Platform.
- Manage, cluster, and tune a HornetQ messaging system.
- Configure security settings that include authentication, authorization, networking, and the management interfaces.
Read the entire course outline for more details.
Note: This course relates to JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 6. If you need advanced, application administration training on JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 5, please see our Advanced JBoss Administration (JB346) course.
Classroom training
Red Hat offers a robust 6-month schedule of classroom training in more than 40 locations across North America. Classes are taught by Red Hat-certified instructors who actively engage students in task-focused activities, lab-based knowledge checks, and facilitative discussions.
Length:4 Days ,
Training units: 11
JBoss Application Administration I (JB248) (highly recommended)
JBoss Certified Application Administrator (JBCAA) Enterprise Application Platform 6 status is recommended but not required; students should at least be able to accomplish the tasks associated with the JBCAA EAP 6 exam (EX248).
Note: Due to the significant management and operational changes between EAP 5 and EAP 6, it is highly recommended that students attend the JB248 course before attending this course.
In addition to the classroom learning, this course is offered in the following training methods:
Instructor-led, real-time training in a virtual environment
Private, team training at your location of choice


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Kim Eaton
College of Veterinary Medicine
C3-513 Clinical Programs Center, Box 31
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
The Department of Clinical Sciences (DCS) faculty decided to organize the administrative structure of the department with three Associate Chairpersons. Rory J. Todhunter, Associate Chair for Research and Graduate Education formed the Department of Clinical Sciences Research Committee, presenting volunteers from the department and other college faculty and staff to facilitate clinical research in the department. The committee's goals are:
DCS Research Committee
Rory J. Todhunter, Maurice R. and Corinne P. Greenberg Professor of Surgery,
Associate Chair for Research and Graduate Education
Jonathan Cheetham, Principal Research Scientist, Section of Large Animal Surgery
Joel Baines, James Law Professor of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Education
Philippe Baneux, Director of the Center for Animal Resources and Education,
Attending Veterinarian
Sharon Center,
James Law Professor of Internal Medicine
Kim Eaton, Grant and Contract Coordinator, Department of Clinical Sciences
Douglas Fink, Materials & Safety Coorninator, Department of Clinical Sciences
Lisa Fortier, Associate Professor of Large Animal Surgery
Robert Goggs, Lecturer of Emergency and Critical Care
Kei Hayashi, Associate Professor of Surgery
Marc Kraus, Senior Lecturer of Cardiology
Carol Merkur, Director of Business Operations, Department of Clinical Sciences
Senior Lecturer of Large Animal Medicine,
Cornell University Hospital for Animals Biosecurity Director
Kenneth Simpson,
Professor of Small Animal Medicine
Tracy Stokol, Associate Professor of Clinical Pathology, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences
Joseph Wakshlag,
Associate Professor of Clinical Nutrition, Section Chief
Judy Wood,
Director of Research Affairs
Events and Seminars:
Clinical Sciences Seminar Series
Clinical Sciences Resident Seminar Series
Recent Grants Received by DCS Faculty
Latest awards - College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM)
CVM Awards October 2012-June 2013
CVM Awards July 2011-June 2012
CVM Awards July 2010-June 2011
The Committee on Research and Graduate Education is committed to helping researchers develop and submit the best proposals and applications for grant support. The committee offers voluntary review of proposals for all members of the Department of Clinical Sciences and faculty in other departments in the College.
Guidelines for Voluntary Grant Reviews
College Research Office - Funding Opportunities, Budgetary Rates, Forms and Templates and many other useful links
Grant Due Dates - A listing of the main funding agency deadlines used by DCS faculty
Upcoming Funding Opportunities - an updated list of grant opportunities with links for more information
IACUC Deadlines - a timeline for review of most protocols and amendments submitted to the IACUC
Cornell Statistical Consulting Unit - A professional statistical consulting service that works to enhance research at Cornell by assisting researchers with their statistical analysis
Office of Sponsored Programs - OSP oversees the administration of sponsored programs at Cornell University including sponsored research, instruction and extension
Shared Facilities and Resources - within the College and University provide the capacity to conduct research and further advance research.
The Cornell University Life Sciences Core Laboratories Center - provides an array of shared research resources and services including fee-for-service and collaborative research, technology testing and development, and educational components.
The Cornell Center for Animal Resources and Education (CARE) - a service and a resource to the Cornell research and teaching community providing high quality animal care and veterinary services.
Cornell University's Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) - reviews and approves all research and teaching activities involving the use of biohazardous agents
Environmental Health and Safety - assists with compliance to the campus community that promotes health, safety and environmental stewardship
eSirius Proposal Submission System – Cornell's electronic protocol submission system for managing the submission and review of protocols using animals in research.
eSirius Protocol Help Documents - These documents are intended to help PIs and their research personnel perform common functions related to their IACUC protocols in eSirius, and to provide guidance on what the IACUC expects to be in protocols.
PubMed - comprises more than 21 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
Library Gateway - Search for books, journals and more at Cornell and libraries worldwide
Grant Writing Tips Sheets - Many NIH Institutes provide guides and tip sheets on their Web sites that can be useful resources.


text: Fleming Island Riverfront home, approximately 2.1 acres of prime real estate with a completely remodeled home for the Florida dream lifestyle. Unique home with a picture perfect view and situated just minutes from schools, shops and restaurants. Wood and tile floors, 2 downstairs bedrooms & each bedroom has a private full bath. There is a screened patio extending the width of the home to enjoy the outdoors all year long. PLUS, an 8 x 16 swim spa overlooking the river, exercise or sit in the Jacuzzi and relax, you decide! The allure of waterfront living is calling your name and its affordable luxury at this price, for years of fun and pleasure, this is Florida living at its finest. Views of the river from everywhere in the home. 5 bay workshop for the handyman in the family.


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AWD 4dr 3.0si
Starting at | Starting at 17 MPG City - 23 MPG Highway
The BMW X5 is an all-wheel-drive, luxury SUV for those who enjoy driving. It offers some of the best handling responses of any vehicle in its class, yet it doesn't skimp on luxury features. The X5 offers similar utility to the competition, too, but blows most of them out of the water when it comes to driving dynamics.
For 2007 the BMW X5 has been redesigned, but you'll have to look hard to notice it. No one complained about the previous X5 styling, so rather than a radical makeover, the 2007 X5 was expanded to make more room inside. The body panels were massaged in such a way, though, that the new X5 doesn't look any larger.
BMW's SUVs have always placed more emphasis on sport rather than utility, and the redesigned 2007 X5 continues in that tradition. The X5 is one of the few SUVs that wears a 'tuned at the Nurburgring' label.
Braking & Traction |
4-Wheel ABS | Std |
Traction/Stability Control | Std |
Active Suspension System | Opt |
Tire Pressure Monitoring System | Std |
Passenger Restraint |
Driver Air Bag | Std |
Passenger Air Bag | Std |
Side Air Bag | Std |
Side Head Air Bag | Std |
Rear Head side Air Bag | Std |
Road Visibility |
HID Headlights | Std |
Daytime Running Lights | Std |
Fog Lamps | Std |
Electrochromic Rearview Mirror | Opt |
Intermittent Wipers | Std |
Variable Inter. Wipers | Std |
Rain Sensing Wipers | Std |
Accident Prevention |
Rear Parking Aid | Opt |
Back-Up Camera | Opt |
Handsfree Wireless | Opt |
Security |
Alarm | Std |
Anti-theft System | Opt |
Telematics | Opt |
BMW Certified Pre-Owned Warranty |
Each Certified Pre-Owned BMW is covered by BMW up to 2 years or 50,000 miles, whichever comes first, and begins at the expiration of the 4 year/50,000 mile BMW New Vehicle/SAV Limited Warranty. | |
Age/Mileage Eligibility | 5 years / 60,000 miles |
Lease Term Certified | Yes |
Point Inspection | View & Download the BMW Certified Pre-Owned Inspection Checklist |
Return/Exchange Program | No |
Roadside Assistance | Yes |
Special Financing | Yes |
Transferrable Warranty | Yes |
Warranty Deductible | $50 |
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