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Varangian Guard
The Varangian Guard (Greek: Τάγμα των Βαράγγων, Tágma tōn Varángōn) was an elite unit of the Byzantine Army, from the 9th to the 14th centuries, whose members served as personal bodyguards of the Byzantine Emperors. They are known for being primarily composed of Germanic peoples, specifically, Scandinavians (the Guard was formed 60 years before the end of the Viking age) and Anglo-Saxons from England (particularly after the Norman Invasion).
The guard was first formed under Emperor Basil II in 988, following the Christianization of Kievan Rus' by Vladimir I of Kiev. Vladimir, who had recently usurped power in Kiev with an army of Varangian warriors, sent 6,000 men to Basil as part of a military assistance agreement.[1][2][3] Basil's distrust of the native Byzantine guardsmen, whose loyalties often shifted with fatal consequences, as well as the proven loyalty of the Varangians, many of whom served in Byzantium even before, led the Emperor to employ them as his personal guardsmen. Over the years, new recruits from Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Iceland kept a predominantly Norse cast to the organization until the late 11th century.
So many Scandinavians left to enlist in the guard that a medieval Swedish law from Västergötland stated that no one could inherit while staying in "Greece"—the then Scandinavian term for the Byzantine Empire.[4] In the eleventh century, there were also two other European courts that recruited Scandinavians:[5] Kievan Rus' c. 980–1060 and London 1018–1066 (the Þingalið).[5]
Composed primarily of Norsemen and Rus for the first 100 years, the guard began to see increased inclusion of Anglo-Saxons after the successful invasion of England by the Normans. By the time of the Emperor Alexios Komnenos in the late 11th century, the Byzantine Varangian Guard was largely recruited from Anglo-Saxons and "others who had suffered at the hands of the Vikings and their cousins the Normans". The Anglo-Saxons and other Germanic peoples shared with the Vikings a tradition of faithful (to death if necessary) oath-bound service, and after the Norman conquest of England there were many fighting men who had lost their lands and former masters and looked for a living elsewhere.
The Varangian Guard not only provided security for the Byzantine Emperors, but participated in many wars involving Byzantium and often played a crucial role, since they were usually used at the critical moments of a battle. By the late 13th century Varangians were mostly ethnically assimilated by Byzantine Greeks, though the guard operated until at least mid-14th century and in 1400 there were still some people identifying themselves as "Varangians" in Constantinople.
As early as 911, Varangians are mentioned as fighting as mercenaries for the Byzantines. About 700 Varangians served along with Dalmatians as marines in Byzantine naval expeditions against the Emirate of Crete in 902 and a force of 629 returned to Crete under Constantine Porphyrogenitus in 949. A unit of 415 Varangians was involved in the Italian expedition of 936. It is also recorded that there were Varangian contingents among the forces that fought the Arabs in Syria in 955. During this period, the Varangian mercenaries were included in the Great Companions (Gr. Μεγάλη Εταιρεία).
In 988 Basil II requested military assistance from Vladimir I of Kiev to help defend his throne. In compliance with the treaty made by his father after the Siege of Dorostolon (971), Vladimir sent 6,000 men to Basil. In exchange, Vladimir was given Basil's sister, Anna, in marriage. Vladimir also agreed to convert to Christianity and to bring his people into the Christian faith.
In 989 these Varangian, led by Basil II himself, landed at Chrysopolis to defeat the rebel general Bardas Phokas. On the field of battle, Phokas died of a stroke in full view of his opponent; upon the death of their leader, Phokas' troops turned and fled. The brutality of the Varangians was noted when they pursued the fleeing army and "cheerfully hacked them to pieces."
These men formed the nucleus of the Varangian Guard, which saw extensive service in southern Italy in the eleventh century, as the Normans and Lombards worked to extinguish Byzantine authority there. In 1018, Basil II received a request from his catepan of Italy, Basil Boioannes, for reinforcements to put down the Lombard revolt of Melus of Bari. A detachment of the Varangian Guard was sent and in the Battle of Cannae, the Greeks achieved a decisive victory.
The Varangians also participated in the partial reconquest of Sicily from the Arabs under George Maniakes in 1038. Here, they fought alongside Normans recently arrived in Italy seeking adventure and Lombards from Byzantine-held Apulia. A prominent member of the Guard at this time was Harald Hardrada, later King of Norway as Harald III (1046 to 1066). However, when Maniakes ostracised the Lombards by publicly humiliating their leader, Arduin, the Lombards deserted and the Normans and Varangians followed them.
Not long after, the catepan Michael Doukeianos had a force of Varangians stationed at Bari. On 16 March 1041 they were called up to fight the Normans near Venosa and many drowned in the subsequent retreat across the Ofanto. In September Exaugustus Boioannes was sent to Italy with only a small contingent of Varangians to replace the disgraced Doukeianos. On 3 September 1041 they were defeated in battle by the Normans.
Many of the last catepans were sent from Constantinople with Varangian units. In 1047 John Raphael was sent to Bari with a contingent of Varangians, but the Bariots refused to receive his troops and he spent his term at Otranto. Twenty years later, in 1067, the last Byzantine catepan in southern Italy, Mabrica, arrived with Varangian auxiliaries and took Brindisi and Taranto. At the disastrous Battle of Manzikert in 1071, virtually all the Emperor's Guards fell around him.[7]
Composed primarily of Scandinavians for the first 100 years, the guard began to see increased inclusion of Anglo-Saxons after the successful invasion of England by the Normans. In 1088 a large number of Anglo-Saxons and Danes emigrated to the Byzantine Empire by way of the Mediterranean.[8] One source has more than 5,000 of them arriving in 235 ships. Those who did not enter imperial service settled on the Black Sea coast, building and garrisoning the town[which?] for Alexios I.[9] Those who did became so vital to the Varangians that the Guard was commonly called the Englinbarrangoi (Anglo-Varangians) from that point. In this capacity they fought in Sicily against the Normans under Robert Guiscard, who unsuccessfully sought to invade the lower Balkans as well.
Writing about the unit as it was in 1080, the chronicler and princess Anna Komnene refers to these "axe-bearing barbarians" as being "from Thule", likely a reference to the British Isles or Scandinavia.[10] Likewise, the Byzantine civil-servant, soldier and historian John Kinnamos calls these "axe-bearers" which guarded the Emperor "the British nation, which has been in service to the Romans' Emperors from a long time back."[11] Kinnamos was writing in the later 12th century, indicating perhaps that the more Dane and Saxon composition of the guard continued to the point of the Fourth Crusade.
The Varangians relied on a long axe as their main weapon, although they were often skilled swordsmen or archers as well. In some sources, such as Anna Komnene's The Alexiad, they are described as mounted; both Vikings and elite Anglo-Saxon warriors routinely used horses for strategic mobility even though they normally fought on foot. The guard was stationed primarily around Constantinople, and may have been barracked in the Bucoleon palace complex. The guard also accompanied armies into the field, and Byzantine chroniclers (as well as several notable Western European and Arab chroniclers) often note their battlefield prowess, especially in comparison to the local barbarian peoples. They were vital to the Byzantine victory under the emperor John II Komnenos at the Battle of Beroia in 1122. The Varangians hacked their way through the enemy's circle of Pecheneg wagons, collapsing the Pecheneg position and causing a general rout in their camp.[11]
The Varangians were described by 11th-century Byzantine historian Michael Psellus as thus: "The whole group carry shields and brandish on their shoulders a certain single-edged, heavy-iron weapon", which is understood to have been the daneaxe[12] (many Byzantine writers referred to them as "axe-bearing barbarians", pelekyphoroi barbaroi, rather than as Varangians).[8] A mistranslation of the Greek text however has led some to refer to the weapon as a rhomphaia,[13] which most likely occurred as a product of Atticism in Byzantine literature.[12]
They were prominent in the defence of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade. Of the role of the guard, then composed of the English and Danes, it is said that "the fighting was very violent and there was hand to hand fight with axes and swords, the assailants mounted the walls and prisoners were taken on both sides".[8] The latest mention of Varangian guard is in the Greek version of the Chronicle of the Morea, which state this unit escorted the Prince of Achaia away to prison after the Battle of Pelagonia in 1259; historian D. J. Geanakoplos suggests they were reconstituted by Theodore I Laskaris to strengthen his claim as the rightful Emperor.[14] People identified as Varangians were to be found in Constantinople around 1400.[15]
The duties and purpose of the Varangian Guard were similar—if not identical—to the services provided by the Kievan druzhina, the Norwegian hird, and the Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon housecarls. The Varangians served as the personal bodyguard[16] of the emperor, swearing an oath of loyalty to him; they had ceremonial duties as retainers and acclaimers and performed some police duties, especially in cases of treason and conspiracy. They were headed by a separate officer, the akolouthos, who was usually a native Byzantine.
The Varangian Guard was only used in battle during critical moments, or where the battle was most fierce.[17] Contemporary Byzantine chroniclers note with a mix of terror and fascination that the "Scandinavians were frightening both in appearance and in equipment, they attacked with reckless rage and neither cared about losing blood nor their wounds".[17] The description probably refers to berserkers, since this state of trance is said to have given them superhuman strength and no sense of pain from their wounds.[17] When the Byzantine Emperor died, the Varangians had the unique right of running to the imperial treasury and taking as much gold and as many gems as they could carry, a procedure known in Old Norse as polutasvarf ("palace pillaging").[17] This privilege enabled many Varangians to return home as wealthy men, which encouraged even more Scandinavians to enlist in the Guard in Miklagarðr (Swedish = Miklagård = 'The Great City', i.e. Constantinople).[17]
The loyalty of the Varangians became a trope of Byzantine writers. Writing about her father Alexius's seizing of Imperial throne in 1081, Anna Komnene notes that he was advised not to attack the Varangians who still guarded the Emperor Nikephoros for the Varangians "regard loyalty to the emperors and the protection of their persons as a family tradition, a kind of sacred trust." This allegiance, she noted, "they preserve inviolate, and will never brook the slighted hint of betrayal."[18] Unlike the native Byzantine guards so mistrusted by Basil II, the Varangian guards' loyalties lay with the position of Emperor, not the man that sat on the throne. This was made clear in 969 when the guards failed to avenge the death by assassination of Emperor Nikephoros II. A servant had managed to call for the guards while the Emperor was being attacked, but when they arrived he was dead. They immediately knelt before John Tzimiskes, Nikephoros' murderer and hailed him as Emperor. "Alive they would have defended him to the last breath: dead there was no point in avenging him. They had a new master now."[19]
This reputation exceeds the truth in at least two recorded instances. In 1071, after Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes was defeated by Sultan Alp Arslan, a palace coup was staged before he could return to Constantinople. His stepson, Caesar John Doukas, used the Varangian guard to depose the absent emperor, arrest Empress Eudoxia, and proclaim his brother, Michael VII, as emperor. Thus, instead of defending their absent emperor, the Varangians were used by the usurpers—proving their loyalty to the throne, if not always the current occupier of that throne. In a more sinister episode, the historian John Zonaras reports the guard revolting against Nikephoros III Botaneiates after the blinding of the general Nikephoros Bryennios in 1078, "planning to kill him" but being suppressed by loyal troops. They subsequently asked for and received a pardon.[20]
There are a number of raised stone memorials called runestones throughout Scandinavia. Many date to the Viking age, but there are also many associated with the Varangian Guards. These Varangian runestones commemorate various fallen warriors through carved runes, and mention voyages to the East (Austr) or the Eastern route (Austrvegr), or to more specific eastern locations such as Garðaríki (what is today Russia and Ukraine). The losses that the Varangian Guard suffered are reflected by the largest group of runestones that talk of foreign voyages, such as those termed the Greece Runestones.[21] These were raised by former members of the Varangian Guard, or in their memory. A smaller group consists of the four Italy Runestones which were raised in memory of members of the Varangian Guard who died in southern Italy.
The oldest of the Greece runestones are six stones in the style RAK, a style which is dated to the period before 1015 AD.[22] The group consists of Skepptuna runestone U 358, Västra Ledinge runestone U 518, Nälberga runestone Sö 170 and Eriksstad runestone Sm 46.[23]
One of the more notable of the later runestones in the style Pr4 is Ed runestone U 112, a large boulder at the western shore of the lake of Ed. It tells that Ragnvaldr, the captain of the Varangian Guard, had returned home where he had the inscriptions made in memory of his dead mother.[23]
The youngest runestones, in the style Pr5, such as Ed runestone U 104 (presently in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford), are dated to the period 1080–1130, after which runestones became unfashionable.[23]
The Varangians did not return home without being imprinted by Byzantine culture in one way or another, as exemplified by the Byzantine cross carved on the early eleventh century Risbyle runestone U 161, and which today is the coat-of-arms of Täby.[24] The runes were made by the Viking Ulf of Borresta, see Orkesta runestone U 344, in memory of another Ulf, in Skålhamra, and at the request of the latter's father.[24]
Norse sagas[edit]
According to the sagas, the West Norse entered the service of the Guard considerably later than the East Norse. The Laxdœla saga, informs that the Icelander Bolli Bollason, born c. 1006, was the first known Icelander or Norwegian in the Varangian Guard.[25] Travelling to Constantinople via Denmark, he spent many years in the Varangian Guard; "and was thought to be the most valiant in all deeds that try a man, and always went next to those in the forefront."[26] The saga also records the finery his followers received from the Emperor, and the influence he held after his return to Iceland:
Bolli rode from the ship with twelve men, and all his followers were dressed in scarlet, and rode on gilt saddles, and all were they a trusty band, though Bolli was peerless among them. He had on the clothes of fur which the Garth-king had given him, he had over all a scarlet cape; and he had Footbiter girt on him, the hilt of which was dight with gold, and the grip woven with gold, he had a gilded helmet on his head, and a red shield on his flank, with a knight painted on it in gold. He had a dagger in his hand, as is the custom in foreign lands; and whenever they took quarters the women paid heed to nothing but gazing at Bolli and his grandeur, and that of his followers.[27]
The Varangian Guard is mentioned also in Njal's Saga in reference to Kolskegg—an Icelander said to have come first to Holmgard (Novgorod) and then on to Miklagard (Constantinople), where he entered the Emperor's service. "The last that was heard of him was, that he had wedded a wife there, and was captain over the Varangians, and stayed there till his death day."[28]
Perhaps the most famous member of the Varangian Guard was the future king Harald Sigurdsson III of Norway, known as Harald Hardråde ("Hard-ruler").[29] Having fled his homeland, Harald went first to Gardariki and then on to Constantinople, where he arrived in 1035. He participated in eighteen battles and during his service fought against Arabs in Anatolia and Sicily under General George Maniakes, as well as in southern Italy and Bulgaria. An extensive account of Harald Sigurdsson's journeys is found in Harald Sigurdsson's Saga.
During his time in the Varangian Guard Harald earned the titles of manglavites and spatharokandidatos. But his service ended with his imprisonment for misappropriation of imperial plunder taken during his command. He was released upon the dethronement of the Emperor Michael V, and saga sources suggest he was the one sent to blind the Emperor when he and his uncle fled to the church of Studion Monastery and clung to the altar.
Harald then sought to leave his post, but was denied this. He eventually escaped and returned home in 1043, eventually dying at the Battle of Stamford Bridge while invading England in 1066.
The Varangian Guard regained some of its old Scandinavian flavour when Harald Hardråde's grandson, Sigurd I of Norway, went on the Norwegian Crusade to the Holy land. After fighting battles against the Muslims, King Sigurd in 1110 let the rest of his force, who originally numbered 6000 men, join the Varangian Guard. King Sigurd returned home with less than a hundred of his personal Guard.
Most of the Old Norse narratives which deals with Norwegians or Icelanders in the Varangian Guard are from the 13th century, and bear witness to a continued interest and generally positive views towards Byzantium within the West Norse cultural area.[30]
In popular culture[edit]
This article is part of the series on the military of the Byzantine Empire, 330–1453 AD | |
Structural history | |
Byzantine army (Generals): East Roman army, Middle Byzantine army (themes • tagmata • Hetaireia), Komnenian Byzantine army (pronoia), Palaiologan Byzantine army (allagia) • Varangian Guard | |
Byzantine navy (Admirals):Greek fire • Dromon | |
Campaign history | |
Lists of wars and revolts and civil wars | |
Strategy and tactics | |
Tactics • Siege warfare • Military manuals • Fortifications (Walls of Constantinople) | |
- Rosemary Sutcliff's 1976 historical novel Blood Feud depicts the formation of the Varangian Guard by Basil II, from the point of view of a half-Saxon orphan who journeyed to Constantinople via the Dnieper trading route.
- The John Ringo Paladin of Shadows series, features a fictional, long forgotten enclave of the Varangian Guard in the mountains of Georgia.
- Turisas's second studio album The Varangian Way is a concept album that tells the story of a group of Scandinavians travelling the river routes of medieval Russia, through Ladoga, Novgorod and Kiev, down to the Byzantine Empire. Their third album, Stand Up and Fight, describes the history of the Varangian Guard's service to the Byzantine Empire.
- Bearded axe-wielding Easterlings known as Variags, inspired by the elite Viking mercenaries, are described in the J.R.R. Tolkien fantasy novel Return of the King.
- In the PC game series Mount&Blade, the name and location of the Vaegirs is used to represent this group of people. The unique unit for this race is called the Guard.
- In the PC games Medieval: Total War and Medieval II: Total War the Varangian Guard is an axe-wielding elite infantry unit of the Byzantine Empire.
- Track 5 of Amon Amarth's seventh studio album Twilight of the Thunder God is titled "Varyags of Miklagaard."
- Varangian Guards appear in the popular video game Assassin's Creed: Revelations; although the game is set in 1511/1512.
- Varangian Guards can be hired as mercenaries in Crusader Kings II, but only by the Byzantine Emperor. The expansion The Old Gods adds a "Varangian" trait and several events related to the guard.
- Sven of Orkney in the graphic novel series Northlanders is a member of the Varangian Guard.
- In 2004's PC strategy video game Knights of Honor the player can recruit an elite unit called "Varangian Guards" only if he controls Constantinople.
- In 2013's Game of Thrones: Ascent The Varangian Guards are one of the dominant player generated Alliances
See also[edit]
- ^ Raffaele D'Amato. The Varangian Guard 988-1453. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- ^ Abbot Gleason. A companion to Russian history. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- ^ Thomas Craughwell. How the Barbarian Invasions Shaped the Modern World. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- ^ Jansson 1980:22
- ^ a b Pritsak 1981:386
- ^ Wortley, John, ed. (2010), John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811-1057, Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, p. 372, ISBN 978-0-521-76705-7
- ^ Stephen Lowe, Battle Honours of the Varangian Guard
- ^ a b c Stephen Turnbull, The Walls of Constantinople, AD 324–1453, pages 35-36, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-759-X.
- ^ Buckler, p. 366.
- ^ Anna Comnena, The Alexiad (London: Penguin, 2003), p. 95.
- ^ a b John Kinnamos, "The Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenos" (Charles M. Brand, trans). New York, Columbia University Press, 1976, p. 16.
- ^ a b Timothy Dawson (May 1992). "The Varangian Rhomphaia: a Cautionary tale". Varangian Voice 22: 24–26.
- ^ Ian Heath and Angus McBride, Byzantine Armies 886–1118, 1979, p. 38: "Psellus however claims that every Varangian without exception was armed with shield and 'Rhomphaia'...a mixture of Byzantine and Scandinavian gear was in use..."
- ^ Deno J. Geanakoplos, Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), p. 43 and note
- ^ Mark Bartusis, The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453 (Philadelphia 1992), pp. 272–275.
- ^ It is neither unusual nor particularly Byzantine that a foreign unit would gain such access and prestige. Augustus himself had a personal guard of Germans, the Collegium Custodum Corporis or Germani Corporis Custodes, to protect himself from the native Praetorians. This guard was revived by Tiberius and continued until Nero.
- ^ a b c d e Enoksen, Lars Magnar. (1998). Runor : historia, tydning, tolkning. Historiska Media, Falun. ISBN 91-88930-32-7 p. 135
- ^ Anna Comnena, The Alexiad (London: Penguin, 2003), p. 97.
- ^ Norwich, John J. (1997). A Short History of Byzantium. Viking. ISBN 0-679-77269-3..
- ^ Buckler, p. 367.
- ^ Larsson, Mats G (2002). Götarnas Riken : Upptäcktsfärder Till Sveriges Enande. Bokförlaget Atlantis AB ISBN 978-91-7486-641-4 p. 143–144.
- ^ Runriket Täby-Vallentuna – en handledning, by Rune Edberg gives the start date 985, but the Rundata project includes also Iron Age and earlier Viking Age runestones in the style RAK.
- ^ a b c The dating is provided by the Rundata project in a freely downloadable database.
- ^ a b The article 5. Runriket - Risbyle on the website of the Stockholm County Museum, retrieved July 7, 2007.
- ^ Sagas of the Icelanders, Penguin Group
- ^ OMACL: The Laxdaela Saga: Chapter 73
- ^ OMACL: The Laxdaela Saga: Chapter 77
- ^ OMACL: The Story of Burnt Njal
- ^ Philip Dixon, Barbarian Europe, Salem House Publishing (October 1976), 978-0525701606
- ^ Jakobsson, Sverrir (2008). "The Schism that never was: Old Norse views on Byzantium and Russia". Byzantinoslavica. Slovanský ústav Akademie věd ČR, v. v. i. and Euroslavica. pp. 173–88.
Primary sources[edit]
- Strategikon of Kekaumenos by Kekaumenos
- Alexiad by Anna Komnena
- Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos
- Historia ecclesiastica by Ordericus Vitalis
- Chronicon universale anonymi Laudunensis
- Játvarðar Saga
- Heimskringla
- Laxdœla saga
Secondary sources[edit]
- Buckler, Georgina. Anna Komnena: A Study. Oxford: University Press, 1929.
- Blondal, Sigfus. Varangians of Byzantium: An Aspect of Byzantine Military History. Trans. by Benedikt S. Benedikz, Cambridge: 1978. ISBN 0-521-21745-8.
- Davidson, H.R. Ellis. The Viking Road to Byzantium. London: 1976. ISBN 0-04-940049-5.
- Enoksen, Lars Magnar. (1998). Runor : historia, tydning, tolkning. Historiska Media, Falun. ISBN 91-88930-32-7.
- Jansson, Sven B. (1980). Runstenar. STF, Stockholm. ISBN 91-7156-015-7.
- Jakobsson, Sverrir (2008). "The Schism that never was: Old Norse views on Byzantium and Russia". Byzantinoslavica. Slovanský ústav Akademie věd ČR, v. v. i. and Euroslavica. pp. 173–88.
- Theotokis, Georgios (2012). "Rus, Varangian and Frankish Mercenaries in the Service of the Byzantine Emperors (9th – 11th c.). Numbers, Organisation and Battle Tactics in the operational theatres of Asia Minor and the Balkans". Byzantine Symmeikta (Athens: Institute for Byzantine Research) (22): 125–156. ISSN 1105-1639.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Varangians. |


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The one thing I miss are the social clubs, but apparently they were causing a lot of problems for the moderators, or so I was told.
The one thing I miss are the social clubs, but apparently they were causing a lot of problems for the moderators, or so I was told.
When people hear voices in their heads, they're labeled schizophrenics. When people hear god in their heads, they're labeled prophets.
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Evan J. Criddle
Associate Professor of Law
College of Law
Syracuse University
(315) 443-9987
Curriculum Vitae:
B.A., Brigham Young University
J.D., Yale Law School
Faculty Affiliate, Institute for National Security and Counterterrorism
Professor Criddle teaches and writes in the fields of public international law, administrative law, international human rights, refugee law, and civil procedure. His current research focuses on the theoretical foundations of international human rights law, due process in administrative law, and the legal and political dynamics of forced migration. Professor Criddle's publications have appeared or are forthcoming in law reviews such as the
Northwestern University Law Review
Texas Law Review
, and
UCLA Law Review
, as well as interdisciplinary and specialty journals such as the
Yale Journal of International Law
Human Rights Quarterly
, and
Legal Theory
Professor Criddle received his J.D. from Yale Law School, where he served as Essays Editor of the
Yale Law Journal
and Articles Editor of the
Yale Journal of International Law
. Prior to joining the Syracuse University College of Law, Professor Criddle clerked for the Honorable J. Clifford Wallace of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and spent several years at Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP in New York representing foreign sovereigns, multinational corporations, and political refugees.
Professor Criddle has presented his research at various conferences, workshops, and symposia, including the inaugural Annual Junior Faculty Forum for International Law and the annual meetings of the American Society of International Law, the Canadian Political Science Association, and the European Society of International Law. Since 2009, his research has been supported by generous grants from the Social Science and Humanities Research Council (with Evan Fox-Decent).
SSRN Page
Proportionality in Counterinsurgency: Reconciling Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
Shaping a Global Legal Framework for Counterinsurgency: New Directions in Asymmetric Warfare
(William Banks, ed., Oxford University Press, forthcoming)
Proportionality in Counterinsurgency: A Relational Theory
, 87 Notre Dame Law Review 1073 (2012)
Interest Balancing vs. Fiduciary Duty: Two Models for National Security Law
, 13 German Law Journal 542 (2012) (peer review) (with Evan Fox-Decent) (European Society of International Law special issue)
Human Rights, Emergencies, and the Rule of Law
, 34 Human Rights Quarterly 39 (2012) (peer review) (with Evan Fox-Decent)
When Delegation Begets Domination: Due Process of Administrative Lawmaking
, 46 Georgia Law Review 117 (2011)
Mending Holes in the Rule of (Administrative) Law
, 104 Northwestern University Law Review 1271 (2010) (colloquy essay)
Fiduciary Administration: Rethinking Popular Representation in Agency Rulemaking
, 88 Texas Law Review 441 (2010)
The Fiduciary Constitution of Human Rights
, 15 Legal Theory 301 (2009) (peer review) (with Evan Fox-Decent)
Deriving Peremptory Norms from Sovereignty
, 103 Proceedings of the American Society of International Law 71 (2009) (with Evan Fox-Decent)
A Fiduciary Theory of Jus Cogens
, 34 Yale Journal of International Law 331 (2009) (with Evan Fox-Decent) (Farsi translation forthcoming in the
Iranian International Law Review
's Consensus
, 88 Boston University Law Review 1271 (2008)
Fiduciary Foundations of Administrative Law
54 UCLA Law Review 117 (2006)
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties in U.S. Treaty Interpretation
44 Virginia Journal of International Law 431 (2004)
Chevron Deference and Treaty Interpretation
112 Yale Law Journal 1927 (2003) (comment)
Susan Marks,
The Riddle of All Constitutions: International Law, Democracy, and the Critique of Ideology
26 Yale Journal of International Law 882 (2001) (book review)


text:
Directory tex-archive/graphics/pstricks/contrib/pst-eucl
the pst-eucl package This program can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms of the LaTeX Project Public License Distributed from CTAN archives in directory macros/latex/base/lppl.txt. However, you MUST send me an Email with a small commentary! Then you should consider making a donation: 1. directly to the LaTeX3 team; 2. and/or to me for the support of this package (choose one of the three) a. $1 or 1 euro (or more), b. some beautiful stamps (cancelled or not) of your country (for my children), c. a beautiful postcard with a beautiful stamp on it . my address: La Grand'Terre 07460 Saint André de Cruziéres FRANCE INSTALLATION ------------ If you want to just test it quickly, keep the files: pst-eucl.pro, pst-eucl.tex and pst-eucl.sty in the directory where you work. For a good integration: copy pst-eucl.pro to your local texmf directory : /usr/local/texmf.local/dvips/pstricks (for example) pst-eucl.tex and pst-eucl.sty to a directory referenced by the TEXCONFIG shell global variable, or in the local texmf directory : /usr/local/texmf.local/tex/generic/pstricks run `texhash` if you don't have a local texmf directory, you can create it or ask the root to create it by modifying the file: $(TEXMF)/web2c/texmf.cnf remove the original for the first line:
Name | Notes |
doc |
Name | Size | Date | Notes |
Changes | 2992 | 2013-05-02 09:46:34 | |
pst-eucl-doc.pdf | 336649 | 2013-04-12 10:43:19 | |
pst-eucl.pro | 4831 | 2013-04-12 10:43:19 | |
pst-eucl.sty | 477 | 2013-04-12 10:43:19 | |
pst-eucl.tex | 62925 | 2013-06-27 09:29:38 |
Download the complete contents of this directory in one zip archive (377.8k).
pst-eucl – Euclidian geometry with pstricks
The package allows the drawing of Euclidean geometric figures using TeX pstricks macros for specifying mathematical constraints. It is thus possible to build point using common transformations or intersections. The use of coordinates is limited to points which controlled the figure.
Documentation | |
Version | 1.48 |
License | The LaTeX Project Public License |
Copyright | 2000-2011 Dominique Rodriguez |
Maintainer | Herbert Voß Dominique Rodriguez |
Contained in | TeXLive as pst-eucl |
MiKTeX as pst-eucl | |
Topics |
graphics (typesetting actual pictures) support for typesetting mathematics |
See also |
tkz-euclide eukleides |


text:
e-Learning Center
Visit for multimedia tutorials that provide information, resources and practical tips from our experts serving the Creative Community.
A one-stop database of organizations across the country that address essential needs of the arts and entertainment professional.
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Thank you to the company of MATILDA for their Special Performance for The Actors Fund on February 12, 2014. Tony Award winner Garbriel Ebert thanks the audience for their support.


text:
Press contact
Søren Schaffstein
Tel: +49 69 2475218 0
Fax: +49 69 2475218 09
Email: soeren(AT)typo3.org
Mail address
TYPO3 Association - Press Office
Søren Schaffstein
Sihlbruggstrasse 105
CH-6340 Baar
Institution: | TYPO3 Association |
Year of Foundation: | 2004 |
Address: | Sihlbruggstrasse 105, CH-6340 Baar, Switzerland |
Bodies: | Expert Advisory Board, Business Control Commiitee, Board, General Assembly |
President: | Jürgen Egeling |
Annual Report: | published on a yearly basis by the General Assembly |
Project Name(s): | TYPO3 CMS, TYPO3 Neos CMS, TYPO3 Flow |
Product Definition(s): | TYPO3 CMS: professional Web Content Management Framework TYPO3 Neos CMS: next-generation Content Management System of the TYPO3 community TYPO3 Flow: professional Web Application Platform |
Licensed under: | TYPO3 CMS: GNU General Public License version 2 or later TYPO3 Neos CMS: GNU General Public License version 3 or later TYPO3 Flow: GNU Lesser General Public License version 3 or later |
Install-Base: | 500,000+ |
Language Versions: | 51 |
Latest Product Version(s): | TYPO3 CMS: 6.0.4 TYPO3 Neos CMS: 1.0 alpha 3 TYPO3 Flow: 2.0.0-beta1 |
Worldwide Community: | appx. 70,000 registered developers in more than 80 countries |
International Contacts: | info(at)typo3.org |
T3N Magazine
The t3n Magazine, is published quarterly for the German, Austrian and Swiss market. More information can be found at http://www.t3n.de/ .
In addition to the print magazine, an online version is available that features many articles not found in the print version. The magazine was launched in September 2005 as a magazine for the Open Source Content Management System TYPO3 and related Web Technologies and evolved into a magazine showing the latest developments of the "Web 2.0".
This leading Magazine will keep you in touch with the latest E-Business, Social Media and Web Technology developments.
For further information about "t3n", please contact the publisher or visit the publisher's website at yeebase.com.


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How do I Get an Ignition Interlock Device Installed?
Manufacturers and providers who are currently authorized to install ignition interlock devices for Michigan drivers are listed below. You can contact any of the provider's by calling their toll-free phone number to obtain additional information concerning cost, the location of service centers and to schedule installation.
AMERICAN INTERLOCKTOLL FREE 1-800-580-0504Manufacturer:Consumer Safety Technology10520 Hickman, Suite FDes Moines, IA 50325
MICHIGAN INTERLOCK, LLCTOLL FREE 1-888-786-7384Manufacturer:Alcohol Detection Systems, Inc.1718 Belmont Avenue, Suite EBaltimore, MD 21244
#1A LIFESAFER OF MICHIGANTOLL FREE: 1-888-294-7002Manufacturer:Lifesafer Interlock, Inc.4290 Glendale Milford RoadCincinnati, OH 45242
NATIONWIDE INTERLOCKTOLL FREE: 1-866-694-6099Manufacturer:Draeger Safety Diagnostics, Inc.4040 W Royal LaneSuite 136Irving, TX 75063
SMART START MICHIGANTOLL FREE: 1-800-880-3394Manufacturer:SmartStart, Inc.4850 Plaza DriveIrving, TX 75063
ALCOLOCK MI, INC.TOLL FREE: 1-855-875-4579Manufacturer:Alcohol Countermeasure Systems60 International Boulevard
***The State of Michigan and/or their employees do not endorse or recommend vendors. Each vendor is a commercially operated company that has been approved by the State of Michigan according to MCL 257.625(k) and (l). Rates and policies may vary.


text: Singing Valentine for a Meteorologist [VIDEO] By Ben Davis February 8, 2013 Some Valentines love for our favorite Weatherman! He had no idea this was coming! Read More|Comment Category: Articles, Ben & Patty Morning Show, Lifestyle Tags: Meteorologist, NWS, Singing Valentines, Sioux Emperians Barbershop Chorus, Todd Heitkamp, Valentine's Day Send to a friend! Print this page Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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Is it lights out for BlackBerry /quotes/zigman/19622165/delayed/quotes/nls/bbry BBRY -2.42% ? Despite the CEO's resignation and a new $1 billion investment, there's still some reason to think so. But one New Yorker is determined to brighten BlackBerry's future by repurposing the old phones into chandeliers.
Michael McHale Designs , which specializes in repurposing everyday materials like gas pipes for "industrial chic" chandeliers—hopes his newest light fixtures will be a humbling reminder of how far the mighty can fall. "This is one way of making sure the BlackBerry doesn't go away," he says. The BlackBerrys are filled with optically pure Bohemian crystal and LED lights, and connected to a power source. The fixture is named the "Ozymandias Chandelier" after the 1818 sonnet by the British poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, recently popularized on the show " Breaking Bad ." McHale says that poem—"My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings: Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!"—reminded him of BlackBerry's travails.
The dozen phones that went toward the first chandelier were donated by a ragtag of former BlackBerry owners, some of whom were sad to part with their old device. Constance Hunter, a chief economist of the alternative investments practice at advisory and accountancy firm KPMG, was one such donor. "Once a cutting edge innovator," she says, "BlackBerry was eclipsed much as it eclipsed Nokia." Another donor, Brion Bonkowski, managing director of technology consultancy ROIPayments, says he loved his BlackBerry. "As a phone, email and text device, it was probably the best phone I ever had," he says. "The battery would last for four or five days." He has now switched to an iPhone 5S. Amy Calvanese, a diabetes consultant, says her new iPhone fulfills the BlackBerry's old role. "It's more like a virtual office for me," she says.
Also read: Some Apple fans stick with original 2007 iPhone
The BlackBerry chandelier, McHale hopes, will also have a romantic feel. The phone was, after all, one of the most popular ways of communicating on the planet. "This was a design that was almost fetishized a few years ago," he says. "It was an artifact that was wasting away in people's drawers." McHale also made a feature out of BlackBerry's "trackball," which now appears old-fashioned next to the iPhone's pinch-and-zoom. "The trackball almost seemed to be an erogenous zone, so I replaced it with a bright red jewel," he says. "I wanted to accent the fact that it was a very special part of the BlackBerry." His other chandeliers range from $167 to $15,000, but the "Ozymandias" will be priced on demand. And unlike many BlackBerrys currently being sold, he says, "It won't be cheap."
Also read: (Your) BlackBerry will be easy to sell


text:
Name | Description | APIs |
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This product may only be purchased with the approval of a veterinarian and may require verification. We will collect any necessary information at checkout and verify a prescription if required.
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PT wanted at Rehab Center in Southern California, Full or Part time
PT wanted at Rehab Center in Southern California, Full or Part time
mattjact |
Aug 29 2008, 01:04 PM
User Level Group: Members Posts: 1 Joined: 29-August 08 Member No.: 124,640 |
Gateway Rehab and Wellness Center is a fully integrated wellness and rehabilitation center in mission viejo. We are looking for a knowledgeable and motivated PT to become part of our team. Excellent benefits including continuing education, medical benefits and mal-practice insurance are part of the perks of working with us. There also exists a bonus plan depending on performance. Salary commiserates with experience.
Fax Resume to ATTN MATTHEW 949-454-8833 |
Lo-Fi Version | Time is now: 9th March 2014 - 07:46 AM |


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Get Adobe Flash Player watch
As one group finds what may be an ideal shelter, another group comes to realize that the best protection comes from those around them. watch
Go inside "Claimed" with the cast and crew behind The Walking Dead Season 4.
Get a first look at the upcoming AMC series.
The Walking Dead Preview
View a brand new behind-the-scenes sizzle reel of "The Walking Dead"
More Clips & Interviews
Get Adobe Flash Player Also Available On Amazon Instant Video and VUDU
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[Warning: This story contains major spoilers from The Walking Dead and the comics the AMC series is based on. Read at your own risk!]
The second half of The Walking Dead's fourth season is turning into a comic book fan's dream.
Following the midseason finale and premiere's near direct adaptation of the issues surrounding the fall of the prison, the (albeit brief) introduction of... read more
As if a killer flu, killer zombies and the threat of a killer Governor roaming in the wind wasn't enough, now The Walking Dead's rag-tag group of survivors are facing the threat of an actual killer inside the prison walls.
The fourth season kicked off with a mysterious flu claiming one of the Woodbury transplants. But when Karen Karen (Melissa Ponzio) and another guy (let's just call him Red Shirt, shall we?) also died, it became clear the flu wasn't the cause. Instead, Tyreese (Chad Coleman) discovered their dead and burned bodies in the prison yard.
Exclusive Walking Dead First Look: Is the prison no longer safe?
So, who killed them? "There... read more
AMC has tapped Walking Dead executive producer Robert Kirkman to develop a companion series to its blockbuster zombie drama. Set to premiere in 2015, it will focus on a new set of characters... Some members of the cast reveal where they'd like to see the walkers wreak havoc.
This isn't the Peter Pan you remember from your childhood.
Emma (Jennifer Morrison) and the rag-tag group of heroes and villains that attempted to rescue Henry (Jared Gilmore) in Neverland learned that the hard way during last week's Once Upon a Time. Coming face-to-face with Pan (Robbie Kay) and his Lost Boys, Emma was forced to confront the truth about herself: She's an orphan, having grown up without the love and care of Snow (Ginnifer Goodwin) and Charming (Josh Dallas).
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What exactly does Peter Pan want with Henry? read more
[Warning: This story contains major spoilers from the season premiere of Once Upon a Time. Read at your own risk!]
A hero, a villain, a pirate and a mother. That's what it's going to take to save Henry.
During Sunday's Once Upon a Time premiere, Emma (Jennifer Morrison) learned the hard way that it will take a group effort to save her son, even if that means teaming with the parents she can't forgive and the villains who have made her life hell. After surviving a storm literally brought on by their excessive fighting, Emma decided that it was time to take a leadership role in the group that will combine both the best of being pure of heart and dastardly evil.


text:
The on-off switches of the mitochondrial uncoupling proteins
The on-off switches of the mitochondrial uncoupling proteins
Trends in Biochemical Sciences, Volume 35, Issue 5,
Pages 298-307,
Publication Date 18 December 2009
Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.11.001
Vian Azzu
Martin D. Brand
MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, USA
Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins disengage substrate oxidation from ADP phosphorylation by dissipating the proton electrochemical gradient that is required for ATP synthesis. In doing this, the archetypal uncoupling protein, UCP1, mediates adaptive thermogenesis. By contrast, its paralogues UCP2 and UCP3 are not thought to mediate whole body thermogenesis in mammals. Instead, they have been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including protection from oxidative stress, negative regulation of glucose sensing systems and the adaptation of fatty acid oxidation capacity to starving. Although much work has been devoted to how these proteins are activated, little is known of the mechanisms that reverse this activation.


text:
10/12/2013 Terriers Down Women's Soccer on Senior DayBoston University tops Lafayette 2-0 08/25/2013 Finelli Sends Women's Soccer Past ManhattanKing nets first career goal for Leopards 08/23/2013 Women's Soccer Set to Open 2013 SeasonLeopards host Manhattan Sunday at noon 02/01/2013 Fourteen Selected to Patriot League Academic Honor RollSmedley posts a 4.0 GPA 11/21/2012 Women's Soccer Earns NSCAA Team Academic AwardLeopards led Patriot League with 3.45 GPA 2013: Appeared in one game, making her only collegiate start against Manhattan (8/25), logging 44:15 minutes in net. Loading...
Lafayette Athletics, as a partner in the mission of the College, provides an incredibly effective learning experience for student-athletes through competitive NCAA Division I athletics. Lafayette sponsors 23 varsity sports with more than 600 student-athletes.
Mission Statement | Leopard Tradition | Staff Directory | Feedback | Ask the ADThe Lafayette Sports Network (LSN) handles all multimedia elements and advertising sales for athletics at Lafayette College. LSN is the Patriot League leader in delivering high-quality programming worldwide via television, radio, streaming video and satellite.
Advertising and Sponsorships | Digital Media | LSN TV & Radio Affiliates


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The outpouring of support is overwhelming
Thursday, August 28th, 2008As you know we have a petition on the save.pickuppal.com site, (click here). The petition is the voice of everyone who cares deeply about this issue. Some are PickupPal members, some are simply concerned citizens from Ontario who heard about this issue and decided to speak out and some are from other countries voicing the views from their perspective. Before comments are posted, (you can see them here), I review them to see what people are saying. And to be very honest, it moves me, it boosts my spirits and it make me realize that what we are trying to do is the right thing. I don't like conflict and I don't want to challenge the Government just for the sake of it. However when I read all of the hundreds of notes and see page after page of signatures of people who took the time to voice their concern and show that they feel like me - frustrated and shocked - with our Government, it gives me a real sense of duty.
To all of you that have signed the petition, I thank you, and I will think of you all as I stand with John at the hearing and fight for all of our rights on October 15th.
Cheers - Eric


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Medical Services | Locations | Patient/Visitor Info | Programs & Support | Points of Pride |
Pay now on-line please visit our Pay Online site!
To pay by phone, please call the number listed on your statement. For your convenience, provided below is a listing of our Patient Representatives:
Patient Last Name | Financial Representative | Phone Number |
A - D | Emily Woodward | 610.431.5470 |
E - K | Amanda Kirby | 610.431.5122 |
L - Q (Habla Espanol) | Wilma Alvarado | 610.431.5198 |
R - Z | Mardette Alexander | 610.431.5692 |
Please send payments to:
The Chester County Hospital
P.O. Box 2701
West Chester, PA 19380-0944
When mailing a payment, please remember to detach the lower portion of your guarantor statement and return it with your check. If this is missing, please write your guarantor statement number on your check.
To pay in person, please visit our Cashier.
The Cashier's office is located along the main corridor of the hospital, just before the gift shop.
Last Updated: 5/10/2013


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Head lice can be a real problem. I heard a really creative tip for dealing with this I want to share with you. I'm Dr. Alan Greene. The tip came from Dr. Donnica Moore, a colleague of mine in Ob/Gyn. It turns out that head lice can only live for 55 hours without human blood. So one of the best ways to get rid of them in the home without having to deal with all of the loads of laundry, and cleaning of carpets, and back of sofas, and bedding, and all of that, is to close the house and take off for 55 hours. Go spend 3 days someplace else. Treat the one child that's got it. And when you come home, you've got a lice-free home.
Last reviewed 9/18/2011 by David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
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Items where Author is "Ganjali, M.R."
Group by: Item Type | No Grouping Jump to: Article Number of items: 1. ArticleMohammadi, A. and Alizadeh, T. and Dinarvand, R. and Ganjali, M.R. and Walker, R.B. (2009) Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymer for selective solid-phase extraction of Salbutamol from urine samples. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 21 (4). pp. 2875-2880. ISSN 0970-7077 |


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Man to answer to gun, other chargesFebruary 25,2013Man to answer to gun, other charges
POWNAL A local man is expected in court today to answer charges he pointed a gun at his neighbor.
Christopher Shores Jr., 19, of Pownal, is scheduled to appear in Bennington criminal court to be arraigned on charges of simple assault, reckless endangerment and pointing a firearm at someone.
Police responded to a residence on Route 7 on Friday night and spoke with Mriduls Kumar, 25, who said recently there had been animosity between himself and Shores. Kumar told police Shores had pointed a gun at him while laughing, according to police.MORE IN Local & StateRutland officials are looking at regulating taxi businesses in the city. Full StorySen. Patrick Leahy on Friday released the names of Vermont officials who will testify before the U. Full Story -
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Pets of the Week
Pets of the Week
Available for Adoption:
Dogs: 39
Puppies: 16
Cats: 14
Kittens: 17
Tonya is a wonderful dog! She is perfect in every way. She walks well on a leash and she loves to go for car rides. She is completely housetrained and has a very calm nature. She does not have an aggressive bone in her body and gets along wonderfully with her foster brother. If you would like more information on sweet Tonya you can call her foster family at 843-330-7018 or you can email email@example.com. Tonya weighs 56 pounds.
Hello everyone! My name is Angel and I am a 6 year old spayed female. Yes, I am as lovely as I look in my pic and also quite large. I'm on a low calorie food here to help me lose a little of my fluff, but don't let that stop you from coming to visit me. I'm very sweet and ready to go home with you today!


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@MrFourFingers !http://img.metro.co.uk/i/pix/2011/12/23/article-1324642294200-0F432D4D00000578-230822_466x333.jpg!
Solid! love it
The texture and styling is great! concept is cool too. I agree with olgalopes
The shapes and styling is really cool!
Very bold! Like a punch in the face by Bane himself! +1
Cool! Reminds me of a monotone Leroy Neiman painting!
Nice use of shapes! Looks really nice
Vector work looks really nice. Love the brush work!
Really appreciate the style! Thanks for submitting this!
The bold use of shapes is great with the subtlety of the blue flame!
Rendering looks really nice! Very active, jumps out at you!
Halftone use is great! Love the smears and splatters!


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After days of dropping hints, Kanye West has revealed he's hitting the road on his "Glow In The Dark" tour. Ye showed off his Tron-like transformation in his tour poster on his blog last night, but failed to include tour dates. Also traveling with the College Dropout are Rihanna, Lupe Fiasco and N.E.R.D. This isn't the first time Kanye's gotten together with Lupe and Pharrell — the trio formed a rap supergroup this past summer, releasing a single under the name the Child Rebel Soldiers. Hopefully they'll find some time to work on the rumored album.
I was one of the beautiful sexiest ladies at the glow and the dark concert, and I never seen anyone perform with so much soul to their music like kanye West did that night on a Tuesday in Miami. I was so happy just to be there with a great artist as he is, why do I say that he truely is a leader, because he had the hold crowd sanging every song that he did.You could just tell that he has grown from a mind set that he had before, and after his mother pasted his words became stronger, as he did also. I love Pharrell Williams more then anyone one ever, but after being there with Kanye at that concert, he is now my second love next to Pharrell, maybe evem first now.
Love, Tia Striggles


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After a collegiate distance running career, Kyle Pawlaczyk began racing triathlons in 2009. Kyle recorded two top-10 finishes in the Ironman 70.3 series in 2010, his first season as a pro. He resides in Charlottesville, VA. This column will follow Kyle as he faces the challenges associated with becoming a viable professional in the sport of triathlon.
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CNET Editors' Take
March 14, 2013 10:11 AM PDT
Onkyo's rightfully known as the king of AV receiver value and its new 2013 line looks worthy of that reputation.
The company announced its new AV receivers this morning, with the step-up TX-NR626 and TX-NR727 models getting two big new features for 2013: built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. All of the models are also packed with HDMI connectivity, with even the entry-level TX-NR525 offering six inputs.
Here's how I'd break down the most-important features:
TX-NR525 ($500): 5.2 channels, six HDMI inputs, Audyssey MultEQ, networking, unpowered second zone
TX-NR626 ($600) step-ups: 7.2 channels, built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, powered and unpowered second zone, dual HDMI outputs, one MHL-compatible input
TX-NR727 ($900) step-ups: eight HDMI inputs
I've been underwhelmed by 2013 AV receivers so far, but Onkyo's new line is very compelling. The TX-NR525 and TX-NR626 both look like excellent values and the $100 step-up for built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth is more than reasonable, considering many companies charge $100 for just a bulky external dongle. The TX-NR525 can also add Wi-Fi or Bluetooth functionality via affordable USB accessories.
All three models incorporate Onkyo's suite of networking features, which includes the capacity to control the receivers via smartphone app. There's also onboard support for several streaming-music services, including Spotify, TuneIn Radio, and Last.fm. Onkyo boasts that the smartphone app can also play back FLAC and Apple Lossless files from a computer or NAS, although I've found in the past that AV receivers tend to make poor media streamers.
The big missing feature on these receivers is arguably AirPlay, which is available on the majority of competing models from Pioneer, Denon, and Yamaha. However, in most cases, it's not a big loss, since you can always add AirPlay later with an Apple TV, which tends to be a better value since you also get a lot more functionality from a full-fledged Apple TV box. (For more information, check out my story last year on whether it's worth spending extra for built-in AirPlay.) Plus, every iOS device also supports Bluetooth, so you'll still be able to wirelessly stream audio from any app on your iPhone or iPad, albeit with lesser audio quality.
And while the suggested retail prices seem high, Onkyo AV receivers tend to get marked way down very quickly; I wouldn't be surprised to see the TX-NR626 selling for $450 by the end of the year. If the prices sink as they have in the past, you'll save more than enough to add an Apple TV if you want AirPlay functionality.
Along with its new AV receivers, Onkyo announced the HT-S5600 ($600) home theater system, which includes a full-size AV receiver and a 7.1-channel speaker system. These all-in-one systems from Onkyo tend to be a good value, but they're not the most stylish systems. I'm generally not a fan of home-theater-in-a-box systems, but Onkyo's and Yamaha's offerings are better than most, since they offer full-size, nonproprietary components.
The TX-NR525, TX-NR626, and HT-S5600 are scheduled to be released in April, followed by the TX-NR727 hitting stores in May.


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October 21, 2013
By AOPA Communications staff
AOPA Insurance Services has launched a new line of coverage for aviation businesses, offering its traditionally competitive rates and high-quality service to fixed-base operators, charter and agricultural aviation businesses, flight schools, repair stations, and a variety of other aviation enterprises.
Based in Wichita, Kan., AOPA Insurance Services already offers a wide range of aviation insurance for everything from two-seat Piper Cubs to today's latest business jets. The new commercial line will complement AOPA's mission of protecting the freedom to fly by offering insurance coverage to businesses that work at the heart of general aviation.
"We're really excited about this new line of coverage because we know we can offer very competitive rates to FBOs, flight schools and repair stations," said Bill Snead, president of AOPA Insurance Services. "We understand that the margins are thin in these businesses and that cost control and comprehensive coverage can be critical to their success. We want to make sure that they have both."
AOPA Insurance Services celebrated its twentieth anniversary in September. It began as a business in 1993 with a single policy for a single-engine Cessna 172, and has since expanded to become the nation's largest general aviation insurance brokerage.
In addition to the new commercial line of coverage, AOPA Insurance Services has expanded to offer a variety of innovative programs for pilots, including special insurance coverage for flying clubs and an accident forgiveness program. AOPA Insurance Services also now manages AOPA's term life and dismemberment and disability policies.
Topics AOPA Insurance, AOPA Products and Services, Aircraft Manufacturer, Aviation Industry, Single Engine, Aircraft Types, Insurance, Ownership
March 7, 2014 ePilot Training Tip: 'Arrival or through flight'
In a major deal between two of the best-known U.S. antique aircraft firms, Rare Aircraft has purchased a huge inventory of Stearman parts from Air Repair and will begin producing as-new Golden Age biplanes.
Garmin has announced an upgrade making new features and options available to operators of G1000-equipped King Airs in the 200/250/300/350 series.
AOPA thanks our members for their continued support in protecting the freedom to fly.


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Looking for a great prize for one of the eight nights of Hanukkah? Our 8" Dreidel Paddle Ball will add to Hanukkah fun. Each colorful 8" Paddle Ball is shaped like a Dreidel and is sold by the piece. Please order in increments of 1 piece.
(based on 2 reviews)
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By Maggie
from Studio City, CA
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Comments about Dreidel Paddle Ball:
Wondered when someone was going to manufacture something like this. Glad you did!
Adds Color to a celebration
By jamie
from evans, ga
Some of the strings with the ball came off the paddle. I remember these paddles as a kid and eventually the string would slide under the staple holding it onto the paddle, but we had a couple of these fall off during the first use. It would of been nice to have them actually work longer, but it did add color and interest as a party favor. I'd recommend for the price, but only for decoration and a few minutes of fun.
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6 Inch Thick Bully Sticks
Submit a review
Customer Reviews:
Max Loves Bully Sticks
I have been purchasing Bully Sticks from Best Bully Sticks for over a year now. I am so glad I found you guys online.
At the Pets Stores I was paying more than $4-$5 for lower quality treats. Finding Best Bully sticks on line has been a blessing. Our dog Max can't get enough of his Bully Sticks.
Once again, thank you for the all natural treats and the prices that can't be beat.
Eric G
While You Were Out
Cure for dog boredom. 2 maltese will work on these for hours so I use them on days we are out for lengthy periods of time. Priced right with No smell & no stains
sticks come on chewin :)
my dexter LOVES LOVES bullysticks...this one is his 2nd fav. he chews on it like crazy yet it takes him a while to finish it :)
Great Value
So happy to have found the site. I was spending about 3X's the amount for one bully stick at the local store. I was leary at first because I wanted to be sure they were from free range cattle, and they are...and they don't stink either, just like the ones I purchase. I can afford to buy my "kids" more treats than I could before, not that I ever held back, because of this site. Thank you...I have stocked up!
Amy & Darin
hour long treat
i have heavy chewers so this was a nice treat to keep them off my shoes and furniture! it kept them busy during a favorite program. wish I could find something this hard and long lasting in a beef free treat for allergy testing.
cindy bell
THICK is right!!
I had been buying my bully sticks from another website for years. Their thickness standards had fallen immensely which left me disappointed with each shipment. I just ordered these, because the "thick" that I had been getting elsewhere were now what there "standard" size used to be. These 6" thick bones were HUGE!!!!! I couldn't believe it!! I won't go anywhere else from here on out. BestBullySticks DEFINITELY provides the BEST quality, the BEST product & the BEST value that anyone could want. These bones are as thick as 4 or 5 pencils put together. Absolutely impressed with the value, especially with money being so incredibly tight these days. I don't have to give up the treats I love to spoil my beagle with because you won't find a better deal anywhere else!
can't beat these prices
My dogs have had bully sticks before I found this site but I was paying a fortune for the sticks. When the BBS box arrived, both dogs were sniffing it like crazy. They went bananas over these bully sticks, a reaction they never had from the ones purchased from the pet store.
A tough thick chew
First of all I ordered on 3/29 and received the box on 4/1, super fast shipping, love it!
Both my dogs, large breeds, usually take all of 2 minutes to chew through other bully sticks. It took them about 10 minutes to get through these.
I would say these 6" thick bully sticks are more like jumbos compared to others and they really are a tough chew.
And best of all, they don't have that nasty smell when you open the bag or when the dogs are chewing them.
Thanks for providing a great natural treat at a great price!
Best I've tried!
I recently ordered from Best Bully Sticks for the first time and the entire transaction couldn't have gone better! Shipping was fast, the quality of the bully sticks was first rate, and most impressively of all, the price was completely unbeatable! My pup loves the 6 inch thick bully sticks, and they don't seem to affect her stool or her tummy as much as store-bought ones. I will definitely be reordering from Best Bully Sticks once my current bag runs low. Thanks to Best Bully Sticks for offering such wonderful product for a very reasonable price!
Better than Store-Bought
These are so much better quality than similar sticks you find at retail stores, and less expensive too!
Best Bully Sticks Ever!!
Received Pinky's 50 pack order in just 2 days! These are a lot bigger than other brands' large bullies and they are a consistent size throughout. Will definitely be re-ordering many more times!!


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This code snippet and document show how to connect to an FTP server with SSL enabled using ASP.NET. The code is written in C#.NET.
Latest Authentication Articles
ASP.NET Mixed Mode Authentication
In many web applications it is desirable for both intranet users and external parties to be able to seamlessly log onto the system. The problem this raises is that it is not easy to allow intranet users to log in via Windows integrated authentication while also allowing external parties to log in to the same application using standard forms authentication. This article will show you one way to achieve the best of both worlds when it comes to authentication.
Designing Role-Based Security Models for .NET
In this article, Michele Leroux Bustamante discusses authentication, authorization and role-based security in .NET. Along the way, he provides some best practices for implementing role-based security in some typical .NET application scenarios including rich clients, Web applications, and Web services.
Implementing Active Directory Services in ASP.NET 2.0
With the introduction of ASP.NET 2.0 and Visual Studio 2005, many of the security tasks required to connect an application's authentication and authorization mechanisms to Active Directory have been dramatically simplified. This article shows how to perform both Active Directory (LDAP:\\) and local member server (WinNT:\\) tasks.
Cryptographic Solutions for .NET Developers: Hashing and Encryption
Learn how to use cryptography to improve the security of your applications. Discover the basic building blocks for encryption and hashing using C#.
RFID Programming Made Simple and Cheap
Using RFID hardware and incorporating RFID tag information into your applications can really be quite simple. See what can be done with less than $100 and no more than a few dozen lines of code.
Latest Developer Videos
More...Latest CodeGuru Developer Columns
MFC Integration with the Windows Transactional File System (TxF)
The Transactional File System (TxF), which allows access to an NTFS file system to be conducted in a transacted manner through extensions to the Windows SDK API. MFC 10, has been extended to support TxF and related technologies. This support allows existing MFC applications to be easily extended to support kernel transactions.
.NET Framework: Collections and Generics
The original release of the .NET Framework included collections as .NET was introduced to the Microsoft programming world. The .NET Framework 2.0 introduced generics to complement the System.Collections namespace and provide a more efficient and well performing option. Read on to learn more...
Working with Container Controls in VB.NET
Hannes du Preez explains what Container controls are, which Container controls are available, and how to use them.
How to Create MapReduce Jobs for Hadoop Using C#
This article introduces you to Big Data, Apache Hadoop and MapReduce jobs. We will also learn how to create MapReduce jobs using C#.


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Learning: Key Stage 3 to Post-16
Photo by Greg Smolonski
Our new purpose built Education Centre with its designated entrance for schools, education studio and lunch room has proved enormously successful for school visits. We also offer the opportunity to work with creative, supportive and knowledgeable Ashmolean education staff.
Our offer for secondary and post-16 groups:
- Pre-visit planning sessions
- Training days and planning meetings at the Ashmolean
- Exhibition preview evenings for teachers
- Professional development sessions
- Self guided visits
- Taught Key Stage 3 sessions
- Cross curricular days for large groups
- Bespoke GCSE, AS and A Level sessions
- GCSE, AS & A2 Art and Design student research days
- Gallery talks for post-16 groups
From the wilds of the Himalayas to the warm Aegean sea � where will your Ashmolean journey take you? Some of the themes that we have delivered across a variety of curriculum areas are:
Key Stage 3:
- Portraits
- Perspective
- West meets East
- Signs and symbols
- Pilgrimage
Key Stage 4:
- Design and patterns of the Classical World
- Architectural space
- The spoils of warfare
- Exploring world religions
- Christianity in Art
- Daily life in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome
- Greek myths, legends and literature
- The science of conservation
Please note that advance booking is essential for all school and college visits, even for self-conducted visits. We recommend booking as far ahead as possible. Please note we need at least 3 months notice for a bespoke visit. For more information, please visit how to book: schools
Visit our learning resources database for free downloadable resources to support pre and post visit work in school / college.
To find out more download our Schools programme: Secondary & Post -16 2013-14 [PDF]
Contact for Art & Design programmes:
Adrian Brooks, Art Education Officer, Oxford University Museums
E: email@example.com
Contacts for all other secondary & post-16 programmes:
Jo Rice, Head of Education
E: firstname.lastname@example.com
Helen Ward, Deputy Head of Education
E: firstname.lastname@example.com


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The lights are on
Do you like My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic? You aren't alone, as many others do too. Are you a brony who uses GIO? Then this is the place for you.
A, because I'm sure some book Celestia has will just happen to know about timelords and stuff.
The champions come together and a new battle ensues!
C. because thats what he does every single time anyways.
Fear My Strings. Fear them.
Any more votes?


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Korkers® OmniTrax® Studded Kling-On Sticky Rubber Soles for Men
Sale price: Clearance price: Starting at: Sale starting at: Clearance starting at: Reg. price:
- Tri-zonal sticky rubber for extra durability at heel and toe
- Promotes better traction on the trail, dry rock, and river rocks
- Closed cell technology
- High-friction rubber designed to excel in or out of the water
- Carbide tungsten spikes for extra bite in slippery environments
Manufacturer style #: FA-3020.
See other Korkers' accessory sole options available on Basspro.com!
Rated 5 out of 5 by 1
Rated 5 out of 5 by BC1234 Woderful!
I just got back from fishing 2 weeks on the Kenai River in Soldotna AK for Sockeye run. I felt that I had very secure footing standing on moss covered rocks, even with 5 knot river flow! Much better ( and legal now ) than the old felt soles!
July 30, 2013
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We got a great price on a room on the 3rd floor. It did have a bad odor getting to it in the hallway, but our room was fine. I was worried about noise from the nightclub, but we heard nothing. Toilets and shower worked fine. Carpeting on all floors to cabins needs replaced. Main areas of the ship were very nice and well maintained.
I got to thinking at the last minute, that perhaps what we saved, we could get a drink package. The price was $630 for two for the week for wine and beer. Each cabin member had to get the package. It was nice to not have to worry about the money and perhaps we did drink more than we would have normally. The wine was bottom of the barrel cheap. Ironically, the merlot tasted okay, but by the end of the week, my body didn't like it. In hindsight, buying a better glass of wine may have been better. Hubby liked his beer package.
Then on the last day of the cruise, I got the norovirus. I was up all night long, and very worried about the double plane ride home. Fortunately that went well, and the $10 extra per flight was worth advanced seating on Southwest. Very weak the next day. Laundry had to wait.
The food was adequate. I can't say we had bad food but nothing to write home about. Breakfast on Celebrity's buffet was always an adventure. Very creative every morning! The food was the same every day on RC. Lunches were okay. Lots of salt though, as my face and fingers were swollen from the start. Dinners in the main dining room were okay. Steaks were tough, fish was fine, lobster was small. I guess we just got spoiled on previous cruises, and I know the ships have to cut somewhere with the price of fuel.
Now the good: I liked the ship layout, service was good. There was more entertainment aboard ship than Celebrity, which I liked. A crazy mardi gras night dancing to oldies in the Promenade was a lot of fun. We were close to the Seattle coffee shop so that was great. I would have to say it was more of a fun ship. The entertainment musical groups were pretty good.
The weather got very hot in Jamaica, cloudy in Grand Cayman, very windy in Cozumel, and down right cold and windy on last sea day. So our weather was not the best, and very little tan for me. We did the river raft in Jamaica which was good, and Passion Island would have been better had it not been so windy. But they did a nice buffet on Passion Island and guacamole & mahi was great. The beach was nice to walk on barefoot.
I was disappointed in the little things you got on Celebrity that was missing here: No beach bag, no Q-tips & cotton, no cream rinse, no lotions, no midnight chocolate, no water pitcher. Also, on Celebrity you didn't need to lug your towels all week so you didn't get charged. So, I had to buy a beach bag. I probably shouldn't compare, but being the same parent company, I thought it would be the same.
But looking back on our photos, yes, we did have fun. It was a nice getaway, but we spent too much. Sigh, I guess that is to be expected.
Bottom line, you should try Celebrity as the captains club points are combined.


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Daily Index
Contact Us
Submit a letter to the Editor
The Observer
Breaking News from the Associated Press at the New York Times
Vol XXXIII No. 18
Thursday, September 16, 1999
Source: Chappell attempted to sell tickets
By TIM CASEY
Backup quarterback Eric Chappell's recent dismissal from the football team was a punishment for attempting to sell complimentary tickets and accepting gifts, an anonymous source told The Observer Wednesday night. Chappell reportedly offered two tickets for $50 each for the Sept. ...
Two tickets remain for Monday's run-off
The election isn't over yet for freshman candidates vying for class office. Two tickets will square off in a run-off Monday, after securing the top percentages of votes on Wednesday in one of the most competitive freshman elections in recent history. ...
Grads create college Web page
ERIN LaRUFFA
A group of Notre Dame graduates, joined by a Michigan State graduate, recently created CampusMonster.com, a Web site designed for college sports fans and students across the country. A private company located in Mishawaka, the site contains college sports news, such ...
Koppel will speak in annual lecture series
Tonight, the department of American studies and the program in Journalism, Ethics and Democracy welcomes Ted Koppel to the Hesburgh Library Auditorium to discuss contemporary concerns in journalism. Koppel, the anchor and managing editor of "Nightline," will deliver the Red Smith ...
Lab hours change, BOG adds board
Saint Mary's Board of Governance focused on several topics and projects at Wednesday night's meeting, including computer lab hours, financial aid and adding a fifth board to BOG to promote awareness and student diversity. BOG discussed computer lab hours at last ...
Haywood named Getty Fellow, receives grant
Robert Haywood, an assistant professor of art, art history and design at Notre Dame was named a J. Paul Getty Postdoctoral Fellow in the History of Art and the Humanties for the 1999-2000 academic year. The Getty Fellowship, which is one ...


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Results 1 to 5 of 5
- 12-28-2012, 10:46 AM Thread Author #1
HTC Sense 4+ Message app
Is there any way to set the Message app to show when a "group message" is received. I see no difference between single and group messages in the listing. All messages are grouped by conversation, so they show up with others from the sender. It hard to know if they are addressed to several others or just to me.
Only way I've found to determine if it is a group message is to pull down the menu and it has a "reply all" option. Surely there is an eaiser way.
The list shows the group icon on my sent messages, just not on the incoming. I understand that other mms apps keep Group Messages in seprate threads from single ones.
Is that a setting for the EVO? I've not been able to locate it if it is. - 12-28-2012, 11:57 AM #2
Re: HTC Sense 4+ Message app
I forgot to mention - if you are integrated with Google Voice, there's no way to do this, even with an app. Google voice handles every message individually so even if you send a group message on your phone, Google Voice splits them so they are received as an individual message.
- 12-30-2012, 10:50 PM Thread Author #4
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text: 2 Days / 1 NightEscape to Charleston this holiday season for a special winter getaway! Enjoy the brightly colored tents at Holiday Farmers Market offering the best assortment of art, crafts and gifts for your holiday shopping or take an enchanting train ride viewing the Festival of Lights. After a long day exploring the Holy City you will be greeted by our Hot Chocolate & Marshmallow bar in the guest Lobby to get you in the Christmas spirit. Retreat to the luxury and comfort of your elegant guest room where you will find a HarbourView Ornament as your special gift when booking this package. The Winter Escapes Package features Deluxe Accommodation for one night HarbourView Christmas Ornament Afternoon Wine and Cheese Reception Apple Cider or Hot Chocolate and Marshmallows in the evening Evening turndown service with a sweet treat Gourmet continental breakfast delivered to your guestroom each morning


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Bawl and Chain - Sneak Peek watch
Entering its 2nd season, "Whitney" is a hilarious look at modern day love, which centers around Whitney and Alex, a happily unmarried couple. Together for three years, the duo is in no rush to get hitched, which seems to get a mixed response from their friends. watch
NBC has canceled The New Normal, TVGuide.com has learned.
Ryan Murphy's struggling comedy... read more
Good news, human beings! NBC has renewed Community for a fifth season, the network announced Friday.
The cult favorite comedy was on the bubble once again after its fourth season — its first without creator and... read more
On the heels of the news that NBC has renewed Parks and Recreation for a sixth season, the network has canceled struggling comedies 1600 Penn, Whitney, Guys with Kids and Up All Night, TVGuide.com has confirmed.
1600 Penn, which... read more
American Idol continued to fall, but still led the way Wednesday.The Top 8 performance show averaged 12 million viewers and a 3.1 in the adults 18-to-49 demographic, down five-tenths from last week.TV Scorecard: What's renewed? What's canceled?ABC was second for the night, thanks to the return of Modern Family (9 million, 3.2), although the sitcom hit a season low. Modern Family boosted Suburgatory (5.4 million, 1.9), which grew ... read more
On the heels of its Season 14 renewal, CSI grew 21 percent on Wednesday.The drama pulled in 10.4 million viewers and a 2.3 in the adults 18-to-49 demographic, up four-tenths from its last new episode three weeks ago. Lead-in Criminal Minds (11.5 million, 3.0) also returned up, but Survivor: Caramoan — Fans vs. Favorites (9.6 million, 2.5) was down two-tenths.Spring TV: Get the scoop on your favorite returning showsAmerican Idol (12.7 million, 3.5) dropped ... read more
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Vicki Larson's Blog
For almost all my life, I have been plagued with bad manners.
Not the kind that I would write about to, say, Miss Manners for some advice, because she might laugh at me or at least not take me seriously.
But it's been a huge problem nonetheless.
I have been nice. Too nice.
Oh, I can see you all,...
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Once there was a boy.
There wasn't anything particularly unusual about him when he was born, but his parents, like most parents, believed him to be the most perfect baby.
He was a rough-and-tumble child, as boys tend to be — active and talkative and social.
Somewhere along the way, he developed...
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Like Shakira, I have a fijacion oral.
That is probably the only thing I have in common with the Hispanic superstar despite a year and a half of belly-dance classes and two year of college Spanish (not to mention five years of living in Miami), never mind that she's years — decades? — younger than I...
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I know — it's ugly and wrong. The only times I post on here is when I'm promoting a talk for "Knowing Pains." I'm sure this will send me straight to writer hell. I'll take that risk.
I'll be joining the editor of and other contributors to "Knowing Pains" as well as the editor...
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When I was a teenager, I promised my parents I would write the Great American Novel.
This got me out of spending a summer as a clerk at Bloomie's, where my mother worked and where she had helped land me a summer job. It's not that I was against making money; I wasn't, although I never put it as the...
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In one of those odd twist of fate things for which nothing quite prepares you, I discovered today I have something in common with Hillary Clinton, Madeleine Albright, Isabelle Allende, Amy Tan, Annie Lamott, Al and Tipper Gore and a lot of other literary luminaries: Monogrammed stationery, courtesy...
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This may be the most boring blog ever. Certainly, the most boring I've written, because it's all all about self promotion. But if it's self promotion for a good cause, does that change things?
I thought so ...
Well, after a lot of exhausting rewrites, editing, e-mailing and phone calls, the...
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As the book editor (among my many other titles) at the Marin Independent Journal, I've had a lot of anthologies that come across my desk that look at life as (pick one or all):
1. a 20-something
2. a 30-something
3. a single person
4. a "bad girl"
5. the "other" woman
6. a...
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About Vicki
After a somewhat nebulous beginning, I have found success in two things in my life: being a journalist and being a mom. Since newspapers are slowly dying and I can't make a living at mothering, it's time to try something new. I have published an essay in an...
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