text:
Jerry Brown
Jerry Brown | |
34th and 39th Governor of California | |
Incumbent | |
Assumed office January 3, 2011 |
Lieutenant | Abel Maldonado (2011)[1] Gavin Newsom (since 2011) |
Preceded by | Arnold Schwarzenegger |
In office January 6, 1975 – January 3, 1983 |
Lieutenant | Mervyn M. Dymally (1975–1979) Mike Curb (1979–1983) |
Preceded by | Ronald Reagan |
Succeeded by | George Deukmejian |
31st Attorney General of California | |
In office January 9, 2007 – January 3, 2011 |
Governor | Arnold Schwarzenegger |
Preceded by | Bill Lockyer |
Succeeded by | Kamala Harris |
47th Mayor of Oakland | |
In office January 4, 1999 – January 8, 2007 |
Preceded by | Elihu Harris |
Succeeded by | Ron Dellums |
24th Secretary of State of California | |
In office January 4, 1971 – January 6, 1975 |
Governor | Ronald Reagan |
Preceded by | H. P. Sullivan (Acting) |
Succeeded by | March Fong Eu |
Personal details | |
Born | Edmund Gerald Brown, Jr. April 7, 1938 San Francisco, California, U.S. |
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse(s) | Anne Gust (m. 2005) |
Residence | Oakland, California |
Alma mater | University of California, Berkeley Yale Law School |
Religion | Roman Catholicism[2] |
Signature | |
Website | Office of Governor Brown Personal Site |
Edmund Gerald "Jerry" Brown, Jr. (born April 7, 1938) is an American politician who currently serves as the 39th Governor of California since 2011; he previously served as California's 34th Governor[3] from 1975 to 1983. Both before and after his original two terms as Governor, Brown served in numerous state, local, and party positions. He was a member of the Los Angeles Community College District Board of Trustees (1969–1971), Secretary of State of California (1971–1975), chairman of the California Democratic Party (1989–1991), Mayor of Oakland (1999–2007) and Attorney General of California (2007–2011).
Brown sought the Democratic nominations for President of the United States in 1976, 1980, and 1992, and was the Democratic candidate for the United States Senate in California in 1982, but was unsuccessful in those attempts. He is the son of Pat Brown, the 32nd Governor of California. On October 7, 2013, he became the longest-serving governor in California history measured by cumulative service.
As a consequence of the 28-year gap between his second and third terms, Brown has been both the sixth-youngest California governor (and the youngest since the 1860s) and the oldest California governor in history.
- 1 Early life, education, and career
- 2 Secretary of State (1971–1975)
- 3 Governor of California (1975–1983)
- 4 Senate defeat and public life
- 5 Presidential bids
- 6 Mayor of Oakland (1999–2007)
- 7 Attorney General of California (2007–2011)
- 8 Governor of California (2011–present)
- 9 Electoral history
- 10 Personal life
- 11 References
- 12 Bibliography
- 13 External links
Early life, education, and career[edit]
Brown was born in San Francisco, California, as the only son of four siblings born to Bernice Layne Brown, and District Attorney of San Francisco and later Governor of California, Edmund Gerald "Pat" Brown, Sr.[4] His father was of half Irish and half German descent.[5] He was a member of the California Cadet Corps at St. Ignatius High School, where he graduated in 1955.[citation needed]
In 1955, Brown entered Santa Clara University for a year, and left to attend Sacred Heart Novitiate, a Jesuit seminary, intent on becoming a Catholic priest. Brown left the seminary after three years,[6] enrolling at the University of California, Berkeley in 1960, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1961. Brown went on to Yale Law School and graduated with a Juris Doctor in 1964.[4] After law school, Brown worked as a law clerk for California Supreme Court Justice Mathew Tobriner.
Returning to California, Brown took the state bar exam and passed on his second attempt.[7] Brown then settled in Los Angeles and joined the law firm of Tuttle & Taylor. In 1969, Brown ran for the newly created Los Angeles Community College Board of Trustees, which oversaw community colleges in the city, and placed first in a field of 124.[8]
Secretary of State (1971–1975)[edit]
In 1970, Brown was elected California Secretary of State. Brown argued before the California Supreme Court and won cases against Standard Oil of California, International Telephone and Telegraph, Gulf Oil, and Mobil for election law violations.[8] In addition, he forced legislators to comply with campaign disclosure laws. While holding this office, he discovered the use of falsely notarized documents to earn a tax deduction by then-President Richard Nixon. Brown also drafted and helped to pass the California Political Reform Act of 1974, Proposition 9, passed by 70% of California's voters in June, 1974. Among other provisions, it established the California Fair Political Practices Commission.
Governor of California (1975–1983)[edit]
First term[edit]
In 1974, Brown ran in a highly contested Democratic primary for Governor of California against Speaker of the California Assembly Bob Moretti, San Francisco Mayor Joseph L. Alioto, Representative Jerome R. Waldie, and others. Brown won the primary with the name recognition of his father, Pat Brown, whom many people admired for his progressive administration.[9] In the General Election on November 5, 1974, Brown was elected Governor of California over California State Controller Houston I. Flournoy; Republicans ascribed the loss to anti-Republican feelings from Watergate, the election being held only ninety days after President Richard Nixon resigned from office. Brown succeeded Republican Governor Ronald Reagan, who had planned on retiring from office after serving two terms.
After taking office, Brown gained a reputation as a fiscal conservative.[10] The American Conservative later noted he was "much more of a fiscal conservative than Governor Reagan."[11] His fiscal restraint resulted in one of the biggest budget surpluses in state history, roughly $5 billion.[12][13] For his personal life, Brown refused many of the privileges and perks of the office, forgoing the newly constructed governor's residence and instead renting a modest apartment at the corner of 14th and N Streets, adjacent to Capitol Park in downtown Sacramento.[14] Instead of riding as a passenger in a chauffeured limousine as previous governors had done, Brown walked to work and drove in a Plymouth Satellite sedan.[15][16]
As governor, Brown held a strong interest in environmental issues. He appointed J. Baldwin to work in the newly created California Office of Appropriate Technology, Sim Van der Ryn as State Architect, Stewart Brand as Special Advisor, John Bryson as chairman of the California State Water Board. Brown also reorganized the California Arts Council, boosting its funding by 1300 percent and appointing artists to the council[8] and appointed more women and minorities to office than any other previous California Governor.[8] In 1977, he sponsored the "first-ever tax incentive for rooftop solar" among many environmental initiatives.[17] In 1975, Brown obtained the repeal of the "depletion allowance", a tax break for the state's oil industry, despite the efforts of lobbyist Joe Shell, a former intraparty rival to Richard M. Nixon.[18]
Like his father, Brown strongly opposed the death penalty and vetoed it as Governor, which the legislature overrode in 1977. He also appointed judges who opposed capital punishment. One of these appointments, Rose Bird as the Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court, was recalled by voters after a strong campaign financed by business interests upset by her "pro-labor" and "pro-free speech" rulings. The death penalty was only "a trumped-up excuse"[19] to use against her, even though the Bird Court consistently upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty.[20] In 1960, he lobbied his father, then Governor, to spare the life of Caryl Chessman and reportedly won a 60-day stay for him.[21][22]
Brown was both in favor of a Balanced Budget Amendment and opposed to Proposition 13, the latter of which would decrease property taxes and greatly reduce revenue to cities and counties.[23] When Proposition 13 passed in June 1978, he heavily cut state spending, and along with the Legislature, spent much of the $5 billion surplus to meet the proposition's requirements and help offset the revenue losses which made cities, counties, and schools more dependent on the state.[12][23] His actions in response to the proposition earned him praise from Proposition 13 author Howard Jarvis who went as far to make a television commercial for Brown just before his successful reelection bid in 1978.[23][24] The controversial proposition immediately cut tax revenues and required a two-thirds supermajority to raise taxes.[25] Proposition 13 "effectively destroyed the funding base of local governments and school districts, which thereafter depended largely on Sacramento for their revenue".[26] Max Neiman, a professor at the Institute of Government Studies at University of California, Berkeley, credited Brown for "bailing out local government and school districts" but felt it was harmful "because it made it easier for people to believe that Proposition 13 wasn't harmful."[17]
Second term[edit]
Brown won re-election in 1978 against Republican state Attorney General Evelle J. Younger. Brown appointed the first openly gay judge in the United States when he named Stephen Lachs to serve on the Los Angeles County Superior Court in 1979.[27] In 1981, he also appointed the first openly lesbian judge in the United States, Mary C. Morgan to the San Francisco Municipal Court.[28] Brown completed his second term having appointed a total of five gay judges, including Rand Schrader and Jerold Krieger.[29][30] Through his first term as Governor, Brown had not appointed any openly gay people to any position, but he cited the failed 1978 Briggs Initiative, which sought to ban homosexuals from working in California's public schools, for his increased support of gay rights.[27]
In 1981, California Governor Jerry Brown, who had established a reputation as a strong environmentalist, was confronted with a serious medfly infestation in the San Francisco Bay Area. He was advised by the state's agricultural industry, and the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection service (APHIS), to authorize airborne spraying of the region. Initially, in accordance with his environmental protection stance, he chose to authorize ground-level spraying only. Unfortunately, the infestation spread as the medfly reproductive cycle out-paced the spraying. After more than a month, millions of dollars of crops had been destroyed and billions of dollars more were threatened. Governor Brown then authorized a massive response to the infestation. Fleets of helicopters sprayed malathion at night, and the California National Guard set up highway checkpoints and collected many tons of local fruit; in the final stage of the campaign, entomologists released millions of sterile male medflies in an attempt to disrupt the insects' reproductive cycle.
Ultimately the infestation was eradicated, but both the Governor's delay and the scale of the action has remained controversial ever since. Some people claimed that malathion was toxic to humans, as well as insects. In response to such concerns, Brown's chief of staff, B. T. Collins, staged a news conference during which he publicly drank a glass of malathion. Many people complained that, while the malathion may not have been very toxic to humans, the aerosol spray containing it was corrosive to car paint.
Brown proposed the establishment of a state space academy and the purchasing of a satellite that would be launched into orbit to provide emergency communications for the state—a proposal similar to one that was indeed eventually adopted. In 1979, an out-of-state columnist, Mike Royko, at the Chicago Sun-Times, picked up on the nickname from Brown's girlfriend at the time, Linda Ronstadt, who was quoted in a 1978 Rolling Stone magazine interview humorously calling him "Moonbeam".[31][32] A year later Royko expressed his regret for publicizing the nickname,[33] and in 1991 Royko disavowed it entirely, proclaiming Brown to be just as serious as any other politician.[34][35][36][37]
Brown chose not to run for a third term in 1982, and instead ran for the United States Senate, but lost to San Diego Mayor Pete Wilson. He was succeeded as Governor by George Deukmejian, then state Attorney General, on January 3, 1983.
Senate defeat and public life[edit]
In 1982, Brown chose not to seek a third term as governor, instead, Brown ran for the United States Senate for the seat being vacated by Republican S.I. Hayakawa. He was defeated by Republican San Diego Mayor Pete Wilson by a margin of 52% to 45%. After his Senate defeat, Brown was left with few political options.[38] Republican George Deukmejian, a Brown critic, narrowly won the governorship in 1982, succeeding Brown, and was reelected overwhelmingly in 1986. After his Senate defeat in 1982, many considered Brown's political career to be over.[38]
Brown traveled to Japan to study Buddhism, studying with Christian/Zen practitioner Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle under Yamada Koun-roshi. In an interview he explained, "Since politics is based on illusions, zazen definitely provides new insights for a politician. I then come back into the world of California and politics, with critical distance from some of my more comfortable assumptions."[39] He also visited Mother Teresa in Calcutta, India, where he ministered to the sick in one of her hospices.[40] He explained, "Politics is a power struggle to get to the top of the heap. Calcutta and Mother Teresa are about working with those who are at the bottom of the heap. And to see them as no different than yourself, and their needs as important as your needs. And you're there to serve them, and doing that you are attaining as great a state of being as you can."[39]
Upon his return from abroad in 1988, Brown announced that he would stand as a candidate to become chairman of the California Democratic Party, and won against investment banker Steve Westly.[41] Although Brown greatly expanded the party's donor base and enlarged its coffers, with a focus on grassroots organizing and get out the vote drives, he was criticized for not spending enough money on TV ads, which was felt to have contributed to Democratic losses in several close races in 1990. In early 1991, Brown abruptly resigned his post and announced that he would run for the Senate seat held by the retiring Alan Cranston. Although Brown consistently led in the polls for both the nomination and the general election, he abandoned the campaign, deciding instead to run for the presidency for a third time.
In 1995, with Brown's political career at a low point, in the motion picture Jade, the fictional Governor of California tells an assistant district attorney to drop a case, "unless you want as much of a future in this state as Jerry Brown." The assistant DA responds "Who's Jerry Brown?"
Presidential bids[edit]
Brown first ran for the Democratic nomination for President in March 1976, after the primary season had begun, and over a year after some candidates had started campaigning. Brown declared, "The country is rich, but not so rich as we have been led to believe. The choice to do one thing may preclude another. In short, we are entering an era of limits."[42][43]
Brown's name began appearing on primary ballots in May and he won in Maryland, Nevada, and his home state of California.[44] He missed the deadline in Oregon, but he ran as a write-in candidate and finished in third behind Jimmy Carter and Senator Frank Church of Idaho. Brown is often credited with winning the New Jersey and Rhode Island primaries, but in reality, uncommitted slates of delegates that Brown advocated in those states finished first. With support from Louisiana Governor Edwin Edwards, Brown won a majority of delegates at the Louisiana delegate selection convention; thus Louisiana was the only southern state to not support Southerners Carter or Alabama Governor George Wallace. Despite this success, he was unable to stall Carter's momentum, and his rival was nominated on the first ballot at the 1976 Democratic National Convention. Brown finished third with roughly 300 delegate votes, narrowly behind Congressman Morris Udall and Carter.
In 1980, Brown challenged Carter for renomination. His candidacy had been anticipated by the press ever since he won re-election as governor in 1978 over the Republican Evelle Younger by the largest margin in California history, 1.3 million votes. But Brown had trouble gaining traction in both fundraising and polling for the presidential nomination. This was widely believed to be the result of the more prominent candidate Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts. Brown's 1980 platform, which he declared to be the natural result of combining Buckminster Fuller's visions of the future and E. F. Schumacher's theory of "Buddhist economics", was much expanded from 1976. His "era of limits" slogan was replaced by a promise to, in his words, "Protect the Earth, serve the people, and explore the universe."
Three main planks of his platform were a call for a constitutional convention to ratify the Balanced Budget Amendment, a promise to increase funds for the space program as a "first step in bringing us toward a solar-powered space satellite to provide solar energy for this planet,"[45] and, in the wake of the 1979 Three Mile Island accident, opposition to nuclear power. On the subject of the 1979 energy crisis, Brown decried the "Faustian bargain" that he claimed Carter had entered into with the oil industry, and declared that he would greatly increase federal funding of research into solar power. He endorsed the idea of mandatory non-military national service for the nation's youth, and suggested that the Defense Department cut back on support troops while beefing up the number of combat troops.
Brown opposed Kennedy's call for universal national health insurance and opposed Carter's call for an employer mandate to provide catastrophic private health insurance.[46] As an alternative, he suggested a program of tax credits for those who do not smoke or otherwise damage their health, saying: "Those who abuse their bodies should not abuse the rest of us by taking our tax dollars."[46] Brown also called for expanding the use of acupuncture and midwifery.[46]
As his campaign began to attract more members of what some more conservative commentators described as "the fringe", including activists like Jane Fonda, Tom Hayden, and Jesse Jackson, however his polling numbers began to suffer. Brown received only 10 percent of the vote in the New Hampshire primary, and he was soon forced to announce that his decision to remain in the race would depend on a good showing in the Wisconsin primary. Although he had polled well there throughout the primary season, an attempt to film a live speech in Madison, the state's capital, into a special effects-filled, 30-minute commercial (produced and directed by Francis Ford Coppola) was disastrous.[47]
When Brown announced his intention to run for president against President George H.W. Bush, many in the media and his own party dismissed his campaign as having little chance of gaining significant support. Ignoring them, Brown embarked on a grassroots campaign to, in his own words, "take back America from the confederacy of corruption, careerism, and campaign consulting in Washington".[48] In his stump speech, first used while officially announcing his candidacy on the steps of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Brown told listeners that he would only be accepting campaign contributions from individuals and that he would not accept over $100.[49] Continuing with his populist reform theme, he assailed what he dubbed "the bipartisan Incumbent Party in Washington" and called for term limits for members of Congress. Citing various recent scandals on Capitol Hill, particularly the recent House banking scandal and the large congressional pay-raises from 1990, he promised to put an end to Congress being a "Stop-and-Shop for the moneyed special interests".
As Brown campaigned in various primary states, he would eventually expand his platform beyond a policy of strict campaign finance reform. Although he focused on a variety of issues throughout the campaign, he highlighted his endorsement of living wage laws and opposition to free trade agreements such as NAFTA; he mostly concentrated on his tax policy, which had been created specifically for him by Arthur Laffer, the famous supporter of supply-side economics who created the Laffer curve. This plan, which called for the replacement of the progressive income tax with a flat tax and a value added tax, both at a fixed 13 percent rate, was decried by his opponents as regressive. Nevertheless, it was endorsed by The New York Times, The New Republic, and Forbes, and its raising of taxes on corporations and elimination of various loopholes which tended to favor the very wealthy, proved to be popular with voters. This was, perhaps, not surprising, as various opinion polls taken at the time found that as many as three-quarters of all Americans believed the current tax code to be unfairly biased toward the wealthy. He "seemed to be the most left-wing and right-wing man in the field... [calling] for term limits, a flat tax, and the abolition of the Department of Education."[50] Brown scored surprising wins in Connecticut and Colorado and seemed poised to overtake Clinton.
Due to his limited budget, Brown began to use a mixture of alternative media and unusual fund raising techniques. Unable to pay for actual commercials, he used frequent cable television and talk radio interviews as a form of free media to get his message to voters. In order to raise funds, he purchased a toll-free telephone number, which adorned all of his campaign stances.[51] During the campaign, Brown's repetition of this number combined with the moralistic language used, led some to describe him as a "political televangelist" with an "anti-politics gospel".[52]
Despite poor showings in the Iowa caucus (1.6%) and the New Hampshire primary (8%), Brown soon managed to win narrow victories in Maine, Colorado, Nevada, Alaska, and Vermont, but he continued to be considered a small threat for much of the campaign. It was not until shortly after Super Tuesday, when the field had been narrowed to Brown, former Senator Paul Tsongas of Massachusetts, and frontrunner Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas, that Brown began to emerge as a major contender in the eyes of the press. On March 17, Brown forced Tsongas from the race when he received a strong third-place showing in the Illinois primary and then defeated the senator for second place in the Michigan primary by a wide margin. Exactly one week later, he cemented his position as a major threat to Clinton when he eked out a narrow win in the bitterly-fought Connecticut primary. As the press focused on the primaries in New York and Wisconsin, which were both to be held on the same day, Brown, who had taken the lead in polls in both states, made a gaffe: he announced to an audience of various leaders of New York City's Jewish community that, if nominated, he would consider the Reverend Jesse Jackson as a vice-presidential candidate.[53] Jackson, who had made a pair of anti-semitic comments about Jews in general and New York City's Jews in particular while running for president in 1984, was still despised in Jewish communities. Jackson also had ties to Louis Farrakhan, who said Judaism was a "gutter religion," and with Yasir Arafat, the chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization.[53] Brown's polling numbers suffered. On April 7, he lost narrowly to Bill Clinton in Wisconsin (37%–34%), and dramatically in New York (41%–26%).
Although Brown continued to campaign in a number of states, he won no further primaries. Although overwhelmingly outspent, Brown won upset victories in seven states and his votes won to money raised ratio was by far the best of any candidate in the race.[54] He still had a sizable number of delegates, and a big win in his home state of California would deprive Clinton of sufficient support to win the Democratic nomination, possibly bringing about a brokered convention. After nearly a month of intense campaigning and multiple debates between the two candidates, Clinton managed to defeat Brown in this final primary by a margin of 48% to 41%. Although Brown did not win the nomination, he was able to boast of one accomplishment: At the following month's Democratic National Convention, he received the votes of 596 delegates on the first ballot, more than any other candidate but Clinton. He spoke at the convention, and to the national viewing audience, yet without endorsing Clinton, through the device of seconding his own nomination. There was animosity between the Brown and Clinton campaigns, and Brown was the first political figure to criticize Bill Clinton over what became the Whitewater controversy.[51]
Mayor of Oakland (1999–2007)[edit]
What would become Brown's re-emergence into politics after six years was in Oakland, California, an "overwhelmingly minority city of 400,000."[55] Brown ran as an independent "having left the Democratic Party, blasting what he called the 'deeply corrupted' two-party system."[55] Prior to taking office, Brown campaigned to get the approval of the electorate to convert Oakland's weak mayor political structure, which structured the mayor as chairman of the city council and official greeter, to a strong mayor structure, where the mayor would act as chief executive over the nonpolitical city manager and thus the various city departments, and break tie votes on the Oakland City Council.[55] He won with 59% of the vote in a field of ten candidates.[55] The political left had hoped for some of the more progressive politics from Brown's earlier governorship, but found Brown "more pragmatic than progressive, more interested in downtown redevelopment and economic growth than political ideology".[56]
The city was rapidly losing residents and businesses, and Brown is credited with starting the revitalization of the city using his connections and experience to lessen the economic downturn, while attracting $1 billion of investments, including refurbishing the Fox Theatre, the Port of Oakland, and Jack London Square.[55] The downtown district was losing retailers, restaurateurs and residential developers, and Brown sought to attract thousands of new residents with disposable income to revitalize the area.[57] Brown continued his predecessor Elihu Harris's public policy of supporting downtown housing development in the area defined as the Central Business District in Oakland's 1998 General Plan.[58] Since Brown worked toward the stated goal of bringing an additional 10,000 residents to Downtown Oakland, his plan was known as "10K." It has resulted in redevelopment projects in the Jack London District, where Brown purchased and later sold an industrial warehouse which he used as a personal residence,[55] and in the Lakeside Apartments District near Lake Merritt. The 10k plan has touched the historic Old Oakland district, the Chinatown district, the Uptown district, and Downtown. Brown surpassed the stated goal of attracting 10,000 residents according to city records, and built more affordable housing than previous mayoral administrations.[57]
Brown had campaigned on fixing Oakland's schools, but "bureaucratic battles" dampened his efforts. He concedes he never had control of the schools, and his reform efforts were "largely a bust".[55] He focused instead on the creation of two charter schools, the Oakland School for the Arts and the Oakland Military Institute.[55] Another area of disappointment was overall crime. Brown sponsored nearly two dozen crime initiatives to reduce the crime rate,[59] although crime decreased by 13 percent overall, the city still suffered a "57 percent spike in homicides his final year in office, to 148 overall".[55]
Attorney General of California (2007–2011)[edit]
In 2004, Brown expressed interest to be a candidate for the Democratic nomination for Attorney General of California in the 2006 election, and in May 2004, he formally filed to run. He defeated his Democratic primary opponent Los Angeles City Attorney Rocky Delgadillo 63% to 37%. In the general election, Brown defeated Republican State Senator Charles Poochigian 56.3% to 38.2%, one of the largest margins of victory in any statewide California race.[60] In the final weeks leading up to Election Day, Brown's eligibility to run for Attorney General was challenged in what Brown called a "political stunt by a Republican office seeker" (Contra Costa County Republican Central Committee chairman and state GOP vice-chair candidate Tom Del Beccaro). Plaintiffs claimed Brown did not meet eligibility according to California Government Code §12503, "No person shall be eligible to the office of Attorney General unless he shall have been admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the state for a period of at least five years immediately preceding his election or appointment to such office." Legal analysts called the lawsuit frivolous because Brown was admitted to practice law in the State of California on June 14, 1965, and had been so admitted to practice ever since. Although ineligible to practice law because of his voluntary inactive status in the State Bar of California from January 1, 1997 to May 1, 2003, he was nevertheless still admitted to practice. Because of this difference the case was eventually thrown out.[61][62]
As Attorney General, Brown represented the state in fighting death penalty appeals and stated that he would follow the law, regardless of his personal beliefs against capital punishment. Capital punishment by lethal injection was halted in California by federal judge Jeremy D. Fogel until new facilities and procedures were put into place.[63] Brown moved to resume capital punishment in 2010 with the execution of Albert Greenwood Brown after the lifting of a statewide moratorium by a California court.[64] Brown's Democratic campaign, which pledged to "enforce the laws" of California, denied any connection between the case and the gubernatorial election. Prosecutor Rod Pacheco, who supported Republican opponent Meg Whitman, said that it would be unfair to accuse Jerry Brown of using the execution for political gain as they never discussed the case.[65]
In June 2008, Brown filed a fraud lawsuit claiming mortgage lender Countrywide Financial engaged in "unfair and deceptive" practices to get homeowners to apply for risky mortgages far beyond their means."[66][67] Brown accused the lender of breaking the state's laws against false advertising and unfair business practices, the lawsuit also claimed the defendant misled many consumers by misinforming them about the workings of certain mortgages such adjustable-rate mortgages, interest-only loans, low-documentation loans and home-equity loans while telling borrowers they would be able to refinance before the interest rate on their loans adjusted.[68] The suit was settled in October 2008 after Bank of America acquired Countrywide. The settlement involved the modifying of troubled 'predatory loans' up to $8.4 billion.[69]
Proposition 8, a contentious voter-approved amendment to the state constitution that banned same-sex marriage was upheld in May 2009 by the California Supreme Court.[70][71] In August 2010, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California ruled that Proposition 8 violated the Due Process and the Equal Protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.[72] Brown and then Republican Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger both declined to appeal the ruling.[73] The state appeals court declined to order the men to defend the proposition and scheduled a hearing in early December to see if there is "legal standing to appeal Walker's ruling."[74]
Governor of California (2011–present)[edit]
Third term[edit]
Brown announced his candidacy for governor on March 2, 2010.[75] First indicating his interest in early 2008, Brown formed an exploratory committee in order to seek a third term as governor in 2010, following the expiration of Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's term.[76][77]
Brown's Republican opponent in the election was former eBay president Meg Whitman. Brown was endorsed by the Los Angeles Times,[78] The Sacramento Bee,[79] the San Francisco Chronicle,[80] the San Jose Mercury News,[81] and the Service Employees International Union.[82] Brown won the race 53.8% to Whitman's 40.9%.
Brown was sworn in for his third term as governor on January 3, 2011, succeeding Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger. He will be up for re-election in 2014. Brown is working on a budget that would shift many government programs from the state to the local level, a reversal of trends from his first tenure as governor.[83]
On June 28, 2012, Governor Brown signed a budget that made deep cuts to social services with the assumption that voters would pass $8 billion in tax hikes in November 2012 to close California's $15.7-billion budget deficit. "This budget reflects tough choices that will help get California back on track," Governor Brown said in a statement.[84]
When asked by writer Marc Collins, in an article from Pacific Standard magazine on August 12, 2012, what the state needs to get back on track even if his initiative passes, Governor Brown remarked: "We need budget cuts. We need the continued growth of the economy for a long period of time. We're suffering from the mortgage meltdown that killed 600,000 jobs in the construction industry. … We're recovering from a national recession slowly—over 300,000 jobs [gained] since the recession. We've got a million to go. That needs to continue, but that depends not only on Barack Obama and the Congress and the Federal Reserve, but also on [German Chancellor Angela] Merkel, China, the European Union, and the self-organizing quality of the world economy. We need all that, which we don't have control over. What we do have control over is managing affairs to win public regard and confidence, and technically we need to make these hard cuts that Democrats don't want to make, but a gimmicky sort of budget won't lend itself to voters passing new taxes."[85]
In September 2012, Brown signed legislation sponsored by California State Senator Ted Lieu that prohibits protesters at funerals within 300 feet, with convicted violators punishable with fines and jail time; the legislation was in response to protests conducted by the Westboro Baptist Church.[86]
In the November 2012 general elections, voters approved Brown's proposed tax increases in the form of Proposition 30. Prop 30 raised the state personal income tax increase over seven years for California residents with an annual income over US$250,000 and increased in the state sales tax by 0.25 percent over four years. It allowed the state to avoid nearly $6 billion in cuts to public education.[87]
Electoral history[edit]
Personal life[edit]
A bachelor as governor and mayor, Brown attracted attention for dating high-profile women, the most notable of whom was singer Linda Ronstadt.[88] In March 2005, Brown announced his engagement to his girlfriend since 1990, Anne Gust, former chief administrative officer for The Gap.[89] They were married on June 18 in a ceremony officiated by Senator Dianne Feinstein in the Rotunda Building in downtown Oakland. They had a second, religious ceremony later in the day in the Roman Catholic church in San Francisco where Brown's parents had been married. Brown and Gust live in the Oakland Hills in a home purchased for $1.8 million, as reported by The Huffington Post.[90]
Beginning in 1995, Brown hosted a daily call-in talk show on the local Pacifica Radio station, KPFA-FM, in Berkeley broadcast to major US markets.[39] Both the radio program and Brown's political action organization, based in Oakland, were called We the People.[39] His programs, usually featuring invited guests, generally explored alternative views on a wide range of social and political issues, from education and health care to spirituality and the death penalty.[39]
The official gubernatorial portrait of Jerry Brown, commemorating his first period as Governor of California was painted by Don Bachardy and unveiled in 1984. The painting has long been controversial due to its departure from the traditional norms of portraiture.[91]
Brown has a long-term friendship with Jacques Barzaghi, his aide-de-camp, whom he met in the early 1970s and put on his payroll. Author Roger Rapaport wrote in his 1982 Brown biography California Dreaming: The Political Odyssey of Pat & Jerry Brown, "this combination clerk, chauffeur, fashion consultant, decorator and trusted friend had no discernible powers. Yet late at night, after everyone had gone home to their families and TV consoles, it was Jacques who lingered in the Secretary (of state's) office." Barzaghi and his sixth wife Aisha lived with Brown in the warehouse in Jack London Square; Barzaghi was brought into Oakland city government upon Brown's election as mayor, where Barzaghi first acted as the mayor's armed bodyguard. Brown dismissed Barzaghi in July 2004.[92]
In April 2011 Brown had surgery to remove a basal-cell carcinoma from the right side of his nose.[93] It was announced in December 2012 that Brown was being treated for early stage (the precise stage and grade was not stated) localized prostate cancer with a very good prognosis.[94]
- ^ Coté, John (December 31, 2010). "Lt. Gov.-elect Gavin Newsom to be sworn in by Jan. 10". San Francisco Chronicle (Hearst Newspapers). Retrieved January 3, 2010.
- ^ Pack, Robert (1978). Jerry Brown, the philosopher-prince. Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-8128-2437-7. "A story appeared in the New York Times on May 16, 1976, reporting that Brown 'now admits he is no longer a practicing Roman Catholic.' The Times story prompted a member of the staff of The Monitor, the newspaper of the archdiocese of San Francisco, to query Brown, whose answer was, "I was born a Catholic. I was raised a Catholic. I am a Catholic."
- ^ "California Constitution, Article V, Section II". Retrieved 2011-01-10.
- ^ a b Cummings, Reddy, Stephen, Patrick (September 14, 2009). California after Arnold. Algora Publishing. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-87586-739-7.
- ^ Rarick 2006, pp. 8, 30
- ^ http://gov.ca.gov/m_about.php
- ^ Dolan, Maura (February 21, 2006). "A High Bar for Lawyers". Los Angeles Times. p. 3. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Edmund G. Brown, Jr.". California Office of the Attorney General. Archived from the original on 2009-11-19. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
- ^ Kotkin, Joel (December 30, 2010). "California's Third Brown Era – Joel Kotkin – New Geographer". Forbes. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
- ^ Shoemaker, Dick (August 23, 1975). "Gov. Brown, California". ABC News.
- ^ Walker, Jesse (November 1, 2009). "Five Faces of Jerry Brown". American Conservative.
- ^ a b Young, Samantha (September 27, 2010). "Brown, Whitman prepare for gubernatorial debate". Associated Press / San Jose Mercury News.
- ^ "A vote for experience over a big leap of faith". San Francisco Chronicle. October 3, 2010.[dead link]
- ^ Bachelis 1986, p. 68
- ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (December 5, 2009). "4 Ex-Governors Craving Jobs of Yore". The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- ^ "Jerry Brown Meets Sgt. York & Flavor Flav". CalBuzz. December 10, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- ^ a b By COLIN SULLIVAN of Greenwire (October 8, 2010). "Jerry Brown's Environmental Record Runs Deep". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
- ^ The decisive vote against the allowance was cast in the California State Senate by the usually pro-business Republican Senator Robert S. Stevens. Shell claimed that Stevens had promised him that he would support keeping the allowance: "He had shaken my hand and told me he was with me." Brown later rewarded Stevens with a judicial appointment, but Stevens was driven from the bench for making salacious telephone calls.Walters, Dan (April 8, 2008). "For Joe Shell, character trumped ideology in California politics". The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008.
- ^ http://www.cschs.org/02_history/images/CSCHS_2007-Brown.pdf Tom Wicker, In the Nation; A Naked Power Grab (New York Times, Sept. 14, 1986),Sec. 4; Page 25.
- ^ Redmond, Tim (March 2, 2010). "Jerry Brown and the Rose Bird factor". San Francisco Bay Guardian.
- ^ Zamora, Jim Herron (2006-06-02). "Brown's rivals question commitment to death penalty". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
- ^ Lewis, Anthony (1989-08-20). "He Was Their Last Resort". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
- ^ a b c Skelton, George (March 4, 2010). "The parable of 'Jerry Jarvis'". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Harris, Don (October 10, 1978). NBC News. Missing or empty
(help) - ^ McKinley, Jesse (March 13, 2010). "A Candidate Finds Much Changed, and Little". The New York Times.
- ^ Meyerson, Harold (May 28, 2009) "How the Golden State Got Tarnished." The Washington Post. Retrieved 7-22-09.
- ^ a b Clendinen, Dudley; Nagourney, Adam. Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America. Simon & Schuster. pp. 411–412. ISBN 978-0-684-81091-1.
- ^ Jim Schroeder, Twenty-five years of courtroom trauma The Advocate (August 23, 1994).
- ^ Tracy Wilkinson, Municipal Court Judge Faces Challenge of AIDS – Disease, The Los Angeles Times (November 25, 1991).
- ^ Myrna Oliver, Judge Jerold Krieger, 58; Activist Helped Open Gay-Lesbian Temple, The Los Angeles Times (February 20, 2002).
- ^ "Zach Friend: California Governor's Race: Why Moonbeam Will Win". Huffington Post. June 14, 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
- ^ Royko, Mike (April 23, 1979). "OUR LATEST EXPORT: GOV. MOONBEAM—ER, BROWN". Los Angeles Times. p. C11.
- ^ Royko, Mike (August 17, 1980). "Gov. Moonbeam Has Landed". Los Angeles Times. p. E5.
- ^ McKinley, Jesse (March 7, 2010). "How Jerry Brown Became 'Governor Moonbeam'". The New York Times. p. WK5. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
- ^ Royko, Mike (September 10, 1991). "Time to eclipse the 'moonbeam' label". Las Vegas Review-Journal. p. 6.b. "By now, the label had surely faded away, especially since Brown is obviously a serious man and every bit as normal as the next candidate, if not more so."
- ^ Some notable figures were given priority, correspondence access to him in either advisory or personal roles. These included, United Farm Workers of America founder Cesar Chavez, Hewlett-Packard co-founder David Packard, labor leader Jack Henning, and Charles Manatt, then-Chairman of the California State Democratic Party. Mail was routed as VIP to be delivered directly to the governor. However, it unclear as to exactly how long this may have occurred.Chase Davis, California Watch (October 13, 2010). "List reveals who had Jerry Brown's ear in '79". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
- ^ In 1979 San Francisco punk band the Dead Kennedys' first single, "California Über Alles", was released; it was performed from the perspective of then-governor Brown painting a picture of a hippie-fascist state, satirizing what they considered his mandating of liberal ideas in a fascist manner, commenting on what lyricist Jello Biafra saw as the corrosive nature of power. The imaginary Brown had become President Brown presiding over secret police and gas chambers. Biafra later said in an interview with Nardwuar that he now feels differently about Brown; as it turned out Brown was not as bad as Biafra thought he would be, and subsequent songs have been written about other politicians deemed worse.Ruskin, John (2002). "Nardwuar the Human Serviette vs Jello Biafra". Nardwuar. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
- ^ a b "Brown beaten in Senate bid". Eugene Register-Guard. Associated Press. November 2, 1982. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Branfman, Fred (June 3, 1996). "The SALON Interview: Jerry Brown". Salon. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
- ^ "Jerry Brown: On a quest for change". The Times-News. Associated Press. March 6, 1992. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
- ^ "JERRY BROWN WINS STATE PARTY POST". The New York Times. February 13, 1989. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
- ^ Nolte, Carl (May 30, 1999). "California rides the wave". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
- ^ Schmalz, Jeffrey (March 30, 1992). "THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: Candidate's Record; Brown Firm on What He Believes, But What He Believes Often Shifts". The New York Times. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
- ^ View archival news footage of Brown's campaign speech in Union Square, San Francisco on May 25, 1976: http://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/189401.
- ^ Rood, W.B. (September 26, 1979). "Brown proposes $2 billion revival of space program". Los Angeles Times. p. B9. "He called it the 'first step in bringing us toward a solar-powered space satellite to provide solar energy for this planet.'"
- ^ a b c Kempster, Norman (November 11, 1979). "Brown calls opponents' health insurance programs part of a 'medical arms race'". Los Angeles Times. p. A4. "As an alternative, the governor suggested a program of tax credits as a 'wellness incentive' for people who do not smoke or otherwise damage their own health. He admitted that he had not worked out all of the details of such a plan, but he promised to offer the specifics later. Arguing that most illness is caused by occupational hazards, environmental pollution and bad habits, Brown said 'Those who abuse their bodies should not abuse the rest of us by taking our tax dollars.'"
Claffey, Charles E. (November 11, 1979). "Brown's health plan outlined at Harvard". The Boston Globe. p. 1. "He also would expand such unorthodox medical procedures as acupuncture and midwifery." - ^ "Jerry Brown Francis Ford Coppola Comercial" (Search Result). Google News. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
- ^ The CQ guide to current American government, Volume 49. Books.google.com. October 13, 2008. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
- ^ Chase Davis, California Watch (October 13, 2010). "List reveals who had Jerry Brown's ear in '79". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
- ^ Walker, Jesse (2009-11-01) Five Faces of Jerry Brown, The American Conservative
- ^ a b Bradley, William (May 25, 2008). "The OTHER Big Problem With Hillary's Notorious Remarks". Huffington Post. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Brown Enters Race as Leader Against 'Corrupt Politics'", Associated Press, Oct 22, 1991. Page A3.
- ^ a b Dowd, Maureen (April 3, 1992). "THE 1992 CAMPAIGN – Brown – Candidate Is Tripped Up Over Alliance With Jackson". The New York Times (New York State). Retrieved 2010-10-13.
- ^ "Mike Lux: A Modern Populist Movement". Huffington Post. July 8, 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Jerry Brown's years as Oakland mayor set stage for political comeback". San Jose Mercury News. August 29, 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
- ^ Johnson, Chip (October 7, 2005). "City awaits word from Dellums – SFGate". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
- ^ a b Heredia, Christopher (February 19, 2006). "CAMPAIGN 2006: Oakland Mayor / Candidates agree on increasing housing / They differ on how to assist middle-, low-income families – SFGate". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
- ^ Robert Gammon (January 3, 2007). "Inflating the Numbers, The Brown administration came very close on the 10K Plan. So why the grade inflation?". East Bay Express.
- ^ Johnson, Chip (March 9, 2010). "Jerry Brown is ex-mayor, not Gov. Moonbeam – SFGate". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
- ^ McPherson, Bruce. ""Statement of Vote", 2006" (PDF). Elections & Voter Information. California Secretary of State's Office. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
- ^ "Editorial: GOP Volunteers Disgrace Party by Opposition to Kennard, Suit Against Brown". Metropolitan News-Enterprise. October 23, 2006. p. 6. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
- ^ Richman, Josh (February 10, 2007). "Judge dismisses suit against Brown". Oakland Tribune. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
- ^ Williams, Carol J. (September 22, 2010). "Clock is ticking on first execution at San Quentin's revamped death chamber". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
- ^ "Brown Wants Executions To Resume In California". CBS News. Associated Press. September 22, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-27.[dead link]
- ^ Elias, Paul (September 25, 2010). "Timing of Calif. Execution Questioned". Time. Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
- ^ "State's suit to target mortgage lender for unfair practices". Chicago Tribune. June 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
- ^ "Illinois AG sues Countrywide over lending practices". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. June 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
- ^ "California sues Countrywide". CNN Money.com. June 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-25.[dead link]
- ^ Updated 51 minutes ago November 18, 2010 9:49:54 pm +00:00 (October 6, 2008). ""BofA to pay $8 billion over subprime suit",'MSNBC', October 6, 2008". MSNBC. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
- ^ "Calif. Sup. Ct. arguments on Prop. 8, at a glance". Associated Press. March 1, 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
- ^ "California high court upholds same-sex marriage ban". CNN. May 26, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
- ^ "N:\Katharine Van Dusen\Civil\Perry v Schwarzenegger 09-2292\Findings\FF & CL FINAL.wpd" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-01-10.
- ^ Willon, Phil. "Attorney general candidates offer differing visions of post". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-07-14.
- ^ "Court: Calif. need not defend Prop 8". UPI.com. September 3, 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
- ^ Kernis, Jay (March 2, 2010). "Intriguing people for March 2, 2010". CNN. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
- ^ "The Anti-Governor: Jerry Brown wants to be governor of California again". The Economist. June 12, 2008.
- ^ The fact that he has served two terms already does not affect him because Proposition 140 does not apply to those who had served as public officials before the law passed in 1990, as provided in Article 20, Section 7 of the California Constitution.Term limits
- ^ Jerry Brown for governor, editorial, Los Angeles Times, October 3, 2010
- ^ Endorsements: Jerry Brown best pick for governor, editorial, The Sacramento Bee, October 3, 2010
- ^ Chronicle Recommends Jerry Brown for Governor, editorial, San Francisco Chronicle, October 3
- ^ Jerry Brown is the right choice for governor, editorial, San Jose Mercury News, October 10, 2010
- ^ "Rebuild California: SEIU Voter Guide". Draft.seiuca.org. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
- ^ Jesse McKinley. "The New York Times".01/10/2011. "[1]". January 16, 2011.
- ^ Megerian, Chris (June 28, 2012). "Jerry Brown signs budget that relies on voter-backed taxes". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ "The Governor's Last Stand". Pacific Standard. August 12, 2012.
- ^ "Calif. law distances protesters from funerals". Army Times. Associated Press. 17 September 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ Abdollah, Tami (November 7, 2012). "Prop. 30 winning; what's next for schools, taxes". KPCC. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
- ^ "Jerry Brown and Linda Ronstadt". Ronstadt-linda.com. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ Garchik, Leah (June 19, 2005). "Oakland's royal wedding: Nearly 600 attend Jerry Brown's nuptials". San Francisco Chronicle (San Francisco, CA). Retrieved November 3, 2010.
- ^ Young, Samantha (June 22, 2010) "Jerry Brown House, Worth $1.8 Million, Doesn't Fit California Governor Candidate's Tale Of Frugality", Huffington Post. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
- ^ William Kloss; Diane K. Skvarla; Jane R. McGoldrick (2002). United States Senate Catalogue of Fine Art. Government Printing Office. p. xxviii. N6505 .U479 2002. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
- ^ "Steve Rubenstein and Janine DeFeo, "Barzaghi Departs Jerry Brown Staff", ''San Francisco Chronicle'' (July 20, 2004)". San Francisco Chronicle. July 20, 2004. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
- ^ "PolitiCal". Los Angeles Times. April 30, 2011.
- ^ http://news.msn.com/politics/calif-governor-being-treated-for-early-stage-prostate-cancer
- Bollens, John C. and G. Robert Williams. Jerry Brown: In a Plain Brown Wrapper (Pacific Palisades, California: Palisades Publishers, 1978). ISBN 0-913530-12-3
- Brown, Governor Jerry. Thoughts (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1976)
- Brown, Jerry. Dialogues (Berkeley, California: Berkeley Hills Books, 1998). ISBN 0-9653774-9-0
- Bachelis, Faren Maree (1986). The Pelican Guide to Sacramento and the Gold Country. Pelican. ISBN 0-88289-497-8
- Lorenz, J. D. Jerry Brown: The Man on the White Horse (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1978). ISBN 0-395-25767-0
- McDonald, Heather. "Jerry Brown's No-Nonsense New Age for Oakland", City Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4, Autumn 1999.
- Pack, Robert. Jerry Brown, The Philosopher-Prince (New York: Stein and Day, 1978). ISBN 0-8128-2437-7
- Rapoport, Roger. California Dreaming: The Political Odyssey of Pat & Jerry Brown (Berkeley, CA: Nolo Press, 1982) ISBN 0-917316-48-7
- Rarick, Ethan (2006). California Rising: The Life and Times of Pat Brown. Berkeley, California, United States: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24828-1
- Schell, Orville. Brown (New York: Random House, 1978). ISBN 0-394-41043-2
- News media
- Newsmaker of the Week: Jerry Brown, SCVTV, May 31, 2006 (video interview 30:00)
- "Jerry Brown envisions still another public role", Christian Science Monitor, November 6, 2006
- "New office, but vintage Jerry Brown, Tim Reiterman, Los Angeles Times, August 19, 2007
- "Sacramento Dreaming Again, George F. Will, The Washington Post, August 7, 2008
- The Governor's Last Stand, Marc Cooper, Pacific Standard, August 16, 2012
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jerry Brown |
- Governor Jerry Brown official California government website
- Jerry Brown for Governor
- Jerry Brown on the Open Directory Project
- 1938 births
- Living people
- American bloggers
- American gun control advocates
- American people of German descent
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- California Attorneys General
- California Democratic Party chairs
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- Governors of California
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- United States presidential candidates, 1980
- United States presidential candidates, 1992
- University of California, Berkeley alumni
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- Lawyers from San Francisco, California
- Gun politics


text:
The umbilical blood cord being rich in stem cells needs to be preserved by means of a new technique called cryopreservation.
The process whereby whole tissues or cells are preserved by cooling at very low temperatures is known as Cryopreservation. Stem cell cryopreservation is a relatively new phenomenon; it is one way of ensuring the longevity of your child's health.
There is definite thrill associated with becoming a parent. And the knowledge that your baby's health is protected for life acts as gilt-edged security. This is done by banking the baby's umbilical cord blood affluent with stem cells.
Stem cells are important as they can grow into tissues, even organs like the heart or liver. What is more, they have the awesome potential to revamp damaged tissues. Till date, over seventy diseases have been successfully treated with the help of stem cell stored in the cord blood. Research on stem cells has, by no means, abated. Scientists realizing their potential and worth are carrying out intensive research on their uses as well as ways preservation.
Before preserving stem cells, a biological test is carried out to eschew the possibility of deadly diseases like various types of Hepatitis or HIV. That done, the cord blood cells are now stored by means of the technique under discussion- Cryopreservation. This technique involves adding a cryopreservant that lets the blood freeze gradually. The blood is frozen to sub-zero degree temperatures so that biochemical reactions or any other dangerous biological that could cause cell death may be arrested. Typically, the cells are stored at temperatures as low as -196, – 156, or – 120 degrees centigrade.
Freezing stem cells through cryopreservation at such low temperatures is supposed to ensure their longevity. Let it be known, however, that scientists are still divided over the optimum temperatures as well as the efficacy of the cryopreservation technique itself. Clearly, advanced research is in order with regard to cryopreservation.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Justin Timberlake has grown up before our eyes. From boy-band heartthrob to solo superstar to actor -- now, in an uber-grand announcement, Justin announces he will be coming back to make music! Having been out of the game since 2006's FutureSex/LoveSounds, will Justin's comeback be a hit or a miss?
As an Aquarius with a Leo Rising, he's in the best of times and the hardest of times. With lucky Jupiter traveling in his ego house until mid-summer, but serious Saturn and the eclipse series affecting his career house, he'll have to work extra hard to keep his balance. However, if he can make it through this intense cosmic cycle, he'll win -- big time. Music is his natural talent, so the work he puts out now is likely to top even his prior achievements. Yes, this could very well be the new Timberlake era!


text:
Here are self-care steps recommended by the experts. Make a promise to yourself to do the following – choose where you want to start on your path.
Some medical tests are not only unncessary, but they can be harmful too. Check out this list of 5 things physicians and patients should question from Choosing Wisely
Sometimes talking to someone else that knows what you're going through is the best medicine.
"This workshop put me back in charge of my health and I feel great! I only wish I had done this sooner."
For Online ClassesFor Classes in ME


text:
City Central Motel Apartments has 4 stars.
A BBQ/picnic area is one of the common areas in City Central Motel Apartments. One of the shops on site is a minimarket. A dry cleaning/laundry service and an express check-in/out service are a couple of great services provided here, complemented by the presence of a technology helpdesk. Book a stay in one of the 26 rooms. The hotel offers you transport options such as a paid airport shuttle bus. There is free parking available if you want to come by car.
One of the services offered by City Central Motel Apartments is a daily housekeeping service. A DVD/VCR player is included in every room as standard. A useful way to stay in touch, wireless high-speed Internet access (surcharge) is included in the rooms. A magnifying mirror is one of the standard bathroom facilities in the rooms.
Show reviews
Check-in: | From 14:00 Check-out: Until 10:00 |
Internet: | Paid Wi-Fi, Paid wired internet |
Parking: | Parking (free) |
Airport shuttle: | Airport Transportation (surcharge) |
Rooms: | 26 |
Services: |
General facilities: |
Extra common areas: |
Shops: |
Note: It is the responsibility of the hotel chain and/or the individual property to ensure the accuracy of the photos displayed. We are not responsible for any inaccuracies in the photos. | |
Please provide this reference number to our customer service center representative on request, so we can help you better


text:
TVs, speakers, Blu-ray players and movies, gadgets and games are a few gift ideas this holiday season.
Eight-year-old Kevin McCallister (Macaulay Culkin) is accidentally left behind while his family goes to France for Christmas. Kevin has to fend off two burglars, Harry (Joe Pesci) and Marv (Daniel Stern), who try to rob the McCallister's home.
Read more: The Holiday Gift Guide 2009


text:
Exterior 360
View Interior
With seating for up to nine and unmatched cargo capacity,3 the Yukon XL gives you impressive space and capability. Finely crafted surfaces, purposeful technology, and luxurious touches make the Yukon XL as stylish as it is capable.
The spacious Yukon XL features unique exterior styling that lets you know this full-size SUV is more than capable. It's ready to take anything on with the professional grade attitude of a true GMC vehicle.
The technology inside the Yukon XL is engineered to keep you informed, entertained, and in control. Both easy-to-use and convenient, the innovations in the Yukon XL will change the way you think about driving.
This standard system places a monitor in your rear view mirror or Navigation Screen (if equipped) to display a view of the area behind you.
Enjoy hands-free calling while on the road with available Bluetooth. Yukon XL's steering wheel controls let you dial by voice and then listen to calls through the audio system.
Thanks to the new navigation system with hard drive, you can take advantage of 'Time Shift' Technology that allows you to pause live radio for up to 20 minutes before resuming play.
If you need a hand locating your GMC, unlocking your doors, or checking your fuel level before you hit the road, help is as close as your mobile device with our MyGMC Owner13 and OnStar RemoteLink14 apps. Both provide convenient access to essential vehicle information such as tire pressure, fuel level, and current mileage, as well as basic vehicle functions like remote door unlock and engine start15. Calling Roadside Assistance, finding a nearby dealership, scheduling service, and accessing owner's manuals are also now even more convenient.
In addition, for 2014 GMC vehicles, the new OnStar RemoteLink Key Fob Services let you access Remote Start, Remote Door Lock and Remote Horn and Lights, for five years from date of vehicle delivery during your six month trial period and then any consecutive OnStar subscription period. Simply download the OnStar RemoteLink App to your compatible smartphone to get started.
When the vehicle is in reverse, sensors mounted in the bumper emit audible warning tones, alerting you to potential hazards behind you. As you move closer to the obstacle, the tones sound closer together.
The available real-time damping system is engineered to eliminate the compromise between a smooth ride and precise control. The system varies shock absorber settings in real time responding to changing driving conditions.
When you drive a Yukon XL, you're driving a vehicle that's designed with your safety in mind. This powerful SUV is engineered to help you avoid accidents and protect you and your passengers from the unexpected.
Available Side Blind Zone Alert7 uses alternating beams of radar to sweep adjacent lanes of traffic. When any vehicle enters your blind zones, Yukon XL alerts you with a visual warning in the side-view mirror. As you check that mirror, even if you can't see the vehicle, Yukon XL helps you know it's there. Requires SLT-2 equipment package.
StabiliTrak is a suite of safety features that helps drivers maintain control over their vehicle and trailers. Consisting of StabiliTrak, Proactive Roll Avoidance, Electronic Trailer Sway Control and Hill Start Assist, the systems work in concert to keep your vehicle on the right path.
Available on 4WD models, AutoTrac helps you stay in control during complex driving situations. On slick surfaces, AutoTrac switches to 4WD to give you more control and keep you on the road.
Yukon XL comes with six months of the OnStar8 Directions & Connections plan. This includes Automatic Crash Response that, in the event of a crash, enables OnStar to connect into your vehicle and call for help, even if you can't. Plus, you'll get access to monthly vehicle diagnostics that monitors your Yukon XL's key operating systems.
Yukon XL's standard 5.3L V8 engine with 320hp and 335 lb-ft of torque demonstrate GMC's engineering excellence. Engine technologies such as Active Fuel Management and Variable Valve Timing seamlessly allow Yukon to efficiently optimize Power or Fuel Economy based on your performance needs.
Yukon XL utilizes a strong coil-over-shock front suspension for a tight turn radius and a smooth ride.
For added control, Driver Shift Control allows drivers to shift gears up and down with the tap of the shift selector. It gives the driver the opportunity to put control and power in their own hands.
With a maximum payload of up to 2,450 lbs9 and a conventional trailering capacity of up to 8,100 lbs,10 Yukon XL is an SUV that can handle whatever you need to take with you.
The GMC Yukon XL has better fuel economy (15 city/21 hwy) than any other competitor.11 That's thanks to features like Active Fuel Management™ and the 6-speed transmission with Driver Shift Control (DSC). The DSC lets you select a range of gears for better control in different conditions.
With advanced Active Fuel Management technology, all of Yukon XL's eight cylinders operate while starting and idling. Once it reaches cruising speed in everyday driving, Active Fuel Management is able to temporarily deactivate four of the eight cylinders. When you need full torque or brisk acceleration again, this technology activates all eight cylinders for full V8 power. No wonder the GMC Yukon XL has better fuel economy than any other competitor.11
Every Yukon XL comes standard with a 5.3L V8 engine that can run solely on gasoline, environmentally-conscious E85, or a blend of both. E8512 is a blend of 15 percent gasoline and 85 percent ethanol, a mostly renewable fuel made from biodegradable wastes and several plants like switchgrass, willow, and corn.
Standard on every new 2014 GMC vehicle, GMC Pro Grade Protection has you truly protected with features and services including:
*Premium color available at additional cost
1. The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. See your GMC dealer for details. Click here to see all GMC destination freight charges.
2. EPA-estimated 15 city/21 hwy mpg.
3. Cargo and load capacity limited by weight and distribution.
4. Go to gm.com/bluetooth to see which phones are compatible with each vehicle.
5. Map coverage not available in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and portions of Canada.
6. Always use safety belts and the correct child restraints for your child's age and size. Even in vehicles equipped with air bags and the Passenger Sensing System, children are safer when properly secured in a rear seat in the appropriate infant, child or booster seat. Never place a rear-facing infant restraint in the front seat of any vehicle equipped with an active frontal air bag. Air bag inflation can cause severe injury or death to anyone too close to the bag when it deploys. Be sure every occupant is properly restrained. See the Owner's Manual and child safety seat instructions for more safety information.
7. Before making a lane change, always check the Side Blind Zone Alert display, check the side and inside rearview mirrors, look over your shoulder for vehicles and hazards and start the turn signal.
8. Visit onstar.com for details and system limitations. OnStar acts as a link to existing emergency service providers.
9. Maximum payload capacity includes weight of driver, passengers, optional equipment, and cargo.
10. Maximum trailer ratings are calculated assuming a properly equipped based vehicle plus driver. See dealer for details.
11. Based on 2013 GM Large SUV segment.
12. E85 is 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. Find E85 stations near you.
13. Requires select Android, iPhone or Blackberry platform.
14. Requires select Android, iPhone or Blackberry platform, and active OnStar subscription which is standard for 6 months.
15. Requires factory-installed remote start.
16. Available on select Apple,® AndroidTM and Blackberry® devices. Services vary by device, vehicle and conditions. Requires an active OnStar subscription. Access is available for five years from the date of vehicle delivery and is transferable. Does not include any emergency services or other OnStar services. To cancel OnStar RemoteLink® Key Fob Services or if your vehicle is sold, it is important to contact an OnStar Advisor. See onstar.com/mobile for full details.
** Available on select Apple,® AndroidTM and Blackberry® devices. Services vary by device, vehicle and conditions. Requires an active OnStar subscription. Access is available for five years from the date of vehicle delivery and is transferable. Does not include any emergency services or other OnStar services. To cancel OnStar RemoteLink® Key Fob Services or if your vehicle is sold, it is important to contact an OnStar Advisor. See onstar.com/mobile for full details.
***Covers only scheduled oil changes with filter and tire rotations according to your new vehicle's recommended maintenance schedule for up to two years or 24,000 miles, whichever comes first. Does not include air filters. Maximum of 4 service events. Take delivery after 06/01/13. See participating dealer for other restrictions and complete details.
† Whichever comes first. See dealer for limited warranty details.


text:
Cornell Cooperative Extension
- Cornell Cooperative Extension
Tackle weeds bit by bit
Weed removal can be less tedious with the right attitude.
Farmers Markets vs CSA
Our region offers a plentiful range of both farmers markets and community-supported agriculture. How can you determine which one is right for you and your family?
Love them or hate them, dandelions here to stay
Jolene Wallace offers tips on controlling dandelions.
May is an intense month for gardeners
It seems like trees burst into leaf in a matter of days, weeds appeared overnight in my garden, and almost everything related to yards and gardens needs to be done right now, Amy Ivy writes.
Spring rains mean green meadows
Productive pastures require good management to reach their fullest potential, according to columnist Peter Hagar.
Be good to the pollinators
Some insects can be annoying or bothersome, but most are so beneficial to us that we could not do without them, Jolene Wallace writes.
Grubs are making a comeback
Clinton County Cornell Cooperative Extension offices receiving more calls than usual about grubs, Amy Ivy writes.
Local Beer & Wine
Fermented/alcoholic beverages made with local ingredients are becoming more readily available.
Nutrition labels can be eye-opener
A few key pieces of information from the nutrition facts have made it to the front of food-package labels, columnist Jordy Kivett writes.
Perfect time to observe birds
Once the trees leaf out, they will be hidden from sight unless you catch them soaring through the air or devouring prey on the ground, Jolene Wallace writes.
- More Cornell Cooperative Extension Headlines
Tackle weeds bit by bit


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- Join Date
- Dec 2004
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- Arlington, Texas, United States
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- Blog Entries
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Write congress about high gas prices
I have sent an email to my congressman to ask him to look into gasoline price gouging.
As a protected commodity where the government limits the players that can produce gasoline, I expect the government to limit how much profit gas companies can make.
US citizens, consider writing to your congressperson to ask them to look into the same thing.
10 Chevy Traverse LT AWD
02 Chevy Trailblazer LS (110K+ miles - loaded except for 4WD - WRECKED!)
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05-15-2007, 10:18 PM #2That's a very good idea.
Rhode Island
03-28-2011, 03:21 PM #3I'm on that THANKS. Lets try and flood their offices with this!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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on by TheWordOfAKingPros USB 3.0 & the two side USB ports that charge while the machine is off will be a hit for charging i-junk. HDMI in will keep this thing from becoming a 35 pound paperweight if the internal components ever fail or when the components become outdated.
Cons The screen is a bit glossy from what I can see. I haven't actually received the unit yet, but hopefully it won't be too bad. It's going to be really hard to find something to complain about after picking this up for 70% off of the retail price.
Summary I ordered this from the Dell Outlet store after they cancelled my All-In-One Inspiron 2330 that I ordered due to a hardware failure. This one popped up in the Outlet when I called to find out what happened to the cancelled order and the customer service rep applied my 25% coupon to this even though the 25% off deal was no longer valid. I was really pleased that Dell honored the coupon. I expected to have to kick and scream and throw a fit but the rep that it wasn't my fault that the order got cancelled so he would be happy to take the 25% off of whatever system I would like. What's wild is the original Outlet price was --------------- $529 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Unbelievable! The price had to be a mistake considering there isn't another XPS One 2710 in the Outlet for less than $1079 and 25% off of that brought it down to $425 after tax.
Fed Ex delivered the machine today and I was right about the glossy screen. It's not great if there is a lot of sunlight or glare. The Windows Experience numbers are off the charts though - Processor is 7.4, Memory is 7.7, Graphics is 7.0, Hard Disk is 5.9. Hard disk transfer rating stinks but it's hardly noticeable though. This computer absolutely SCREAMS. I wasn't really expecting my machine to have the GeForce 640M GT installed - needless to say I was ecstatic to see it show up on CPUID. The processor that came with mine was the 3330s, can't imagine the 3450s score. Perhaps it might score a 7.6 or 7.7??!!
I frequent the Dell Outlet to keep an eye on any new deals for my company which needs to keep a fleet of around 20 machines pretty current. I've learned you have to be like a hawk and watch closely to keep up with the ever changing inventory, coupons, and deals. This time I get to reap the benefits personally and my family will be ecstatic when they sit down to this beast considering the best machine I have now is a dual-core desktop running Vista and a 19" monitor.
We're moving on up.
Updated on Nov 9, 2012
Really like the slot load DVD player. Mine didn't come with a cordless keyboard and mouse - OH well, I think I can live with that. My wife and I watched a movie on it tonight and were blown away with the picture quality. The premium sound is also a huge plus. Nice and loud, with plenty of highs and bass, and no distortion whatsoever.
10's in every category in my book!!! -
"Best PC I have ever owned. Simply spectacular display."
on by jkeenanjPros Incredible display--my 70 year old eyes are smiling.
Great and reliable performance.
Worth the money.Cons Keyboard and mouse seem cheap for a system this well put together.
Summary My Dell 2710 All in One has made owning a PC fun again.
"Just Look At It!"
on by pwilson864Pros A great looking powerful machine, enough to battle with the iMac, both on terms of aesthetics and brute computing force.
Cons It is expensive, although for a top system that's the sort of price you're looking at I guess - apart from that I haven't noticed anything major so far
Summary I think this is the system to rival the success of the iMac. It matches up, if not betters, the iMac in terms of design and looks. This counts for the image quality as well as the actual hardware, the 2GB graphics card is a great plus point.
"Fantastic speed and visual beauty!"
on by Crowdawg541Pros 16 GB of memory and 2TB storage options.
Cons Haven't found one yet.
Summary Couldn't be happier - this thing flys and I love the screen resolution!
"Product released too early without adequate testing"
on by rocketcandyPros Great screen and small desktop footprint. Very fast, good 1 Tb storage
Cons Windows 8 installation issues requiring return to Support within days of purchase with wiping of all installed data and starting again (groan!). Then total physical crash of hard drive after 9 months which will lose all my data !!
Summary I've had this machine back to Dell support twice in 9 months. First within a week of buying with Windows 8 problems, then this week with a hard drive crash. The hard drive went down while burning a DVD which was using CPU probably near 100% I've never had a physical hard drive failure in 20 years, Maybe it's just bad luck, but I wonder about the ruggedness of hard drives squeezed into small spaces (let alone CPUs not properly cooled)!I I have always been worried about the ability of an all-in-one to stay cool. Next time I would buy a Mac equivalent


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Abbot Road Safety
This petition is to request the extending of the 30mph speed limit further along Abbott Road, Mansfield, Nottinghamshire towards the MARR route ( new bypass to Chesterfield Rd ). Also to install a central refuge to assist pedestrians crossing from the bus stop adjacent to Water Lane junction on Abbot Road.
Recent signatures
ELAINE lambUnited Kingdom
1 year ago -
Jeff SmithUnited Kingdom
1 year ago -
Mrs J SmithUnited Kingdom
1 year ago
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Home | Register | iTrader | Members List | Calendar | Search | Today's Posts | Mark Forums Read | Store | Photo Gallery | Chat |
Pictures and Video A forum for 4x4 related photos and videos |
Thread Tools |
November 20th, 2010, 09:54 PM | #1 |
NOT GL4x4SucksVideo guy.
LOL Ricers.
I was getting a little nostalgic looking at all the pictures of my Toyota before I tore it apart and then couldn't afford to do anything with it, and I found this video from when my muffler blew up and I had to run and get a new one. I couldn't help but laugh, because if I heard this coming down my road, I'd think Civic.
http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?...=1460342189372 |
November 26th, 2010, 03:46 PM | #5 |
Home Sweet Homicide
That can't be a 22RE. I didn't here a wristpin rattle!
I remember when I had my '89 XtraCab. I left a light and thought "Great , my wrist pin is getting louder." after it had been rattling for quite some time. I then was relieved to look over and see another Toy making all the noise. I loved my '02 WRX with a Prodrive muffler. Definitely sounded more Porsche than rice. |
November 28th, 2010, 06:56 PM | #6 |
NOT GL4x4SucksVideo guy.
Oh no, the wrist pin slap was definitely there. Just couldn't hear it over the header/6ft pipe/no muffler.
I actually love the sound of the opposed Subi's, they sound more V8 than weed whacker. |
November 28th, 2010, 07:01 PM | #7 |
Wheelin the HD
I think my 4.3 with a "flowbastard" as I call it sounds more ricer... tough some people think diesel when its at an idle. I just don't turn as many RPMs I guess.
Motors hate me, axles fear me. I got your jeep thing, now my damn Chevy wont start, and its missing a wheel. My build: http://www.greatlakes4x4.com/showthread.php?t=206107 |
December 3rd, 2010, 10:44 AM | #10 | |
Home Sweet Homicide
I told the wife "Here comes a WRX." Reply "Yea, right. You can't tell." My reply "It was a blue one like my old one." |
Thread Tools | |


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Article: |
Building an Advanced Mail Server | |
Subject: | Slackware support?? | |
Date: | 2003-10-03 09:26:33 | |
From: | anonymous2 | |
I'm reading this article and curious to know if anyone has tried this setup on the Slackware Linux distribution. Some of the scripts assume a RPM based system. |
Showing messages 1 through 1 of 1.
Slackware support??
2003-10-14 11:09:43 anonymous2 [View]
I've similar 4 systems running over slackware and 1 running over openbsd .. so it seems to be supported ;)
btw, compiling certain pieces such as ucspi-tcp, daemontools and qmail on RH9 or glibc-2.3.x requires a errno-patch, which can be found on the web.
if not, contact me to firstname.lastname@example.com
congrats by the wonderful article


text:
Credits & Info
- Uploaded
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Author Comments
A Tetris version, where you play a executioner trying to compress your prisioners in a pit, while they try to form a human piramid and escape.
Loodo's first game. The game is in Portuguese. But hey, is Tetris!
More about it in:
http://www.loodo.com.br/2 008/09/calabouco-tetrico/
Thanks a lot, everyone.
I am really surprised we are getting so many good reviews, for a simple Tetris game. I was done in a hurry: We developed everything in our spare time during one single week. It was intended to be a provocative version, and it seems we are getting what we wanted.
It wasn't on our plans, but after that, I am starting to consider making this into something a little more complex.
Again, thanks!
Rated 5 / 5 stars September 9, 2008
So DELICIOUSLY dark
I absolutely LOVED it.
Of couse I'm also a sadist and revel in other people's pain and suffering.
Whatever. I loved it, and that's all that's important.
Keep up the good work.
Rated 5 / 5 stars September 9, 2008
haha.. come on.. why such low scores.. this game is morbidly twisted.. good idea!! couldnt ask for a better tetris game.
Rated 5 / 5 stars September 8, 2008
Great :D
It was a simply game really, but the
fact that you changed by killing people
which made the game fun and
the audio was great as well, really great
can't wait to see what you come up next with. :D
Rated 5 / 5 stars September 9, 2008
I had to stop...
what did me was the screams... *shivvers*
Anyways... good in everything... now... GET ME OFF THIS PAGE!!!


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COLUMBIA — The Old Chain of Rocks Bridge has stood crooked just downstream of the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers since it was built in 1929. Hooked 22 degrees at its middle — a concession to the river that would not let it run true — it once took motorists between St. Louis and Madison, Ill., along a stretch of historic Route 66.
Activists set to meet at MU to protest death penalty for Reggie Clemons
Saturday, February 18, 2012 | 5:20 p.m. CST;
updated 2:21 p.m. CST, Monday, February 20, 2012
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If you'd like to read more about the value of being a member, read this column from the Missourian's executive editor, Tom Warhover.


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Discussion on DB Error when replying to PM within the Site News & Support forum, part of the Community category; Hey Just wanted to see if anyone else is having
Ha! I get the same thing. I sent an email to Webchief.
Webchief replied back already and he checked my account so it is definatly not tied to the user account (Phew!).
i just got it too! balls!
Same happened to me.
i've let art know that it's broken... it's not any of you, it's something with the database.
Should be fixed now.
Guys, when you have technical issues, hit me up on IM, skype or facebook.


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FREE SHIPPING on Orders $99+
Saggy backpacks are history now that this carryall is in town. It has a structured design for an ultramodern look and a fun pop of color that will up your style factor whenever you wear it. With generous storage and a lightweight construction, taking your day with you is a snap.
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PUMA is excited to announce that we've joined the FreeShipping.com network of retailers. Members get exclusive savings, protection, and convenience at many of the stores you already know and trust. Members-only benefits include:


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The Village of Germantown is seeking a new Park and Recreation Department Director after the Village Board on Monday announced the resignation of Director Brett Altergott.
Altergott has accepted new employment in Minnesota.
"It's really sad to see Brett go," said Village Manager David Schornack. "He's done an outstanding job here and we really wish him and his family the very best."
The Board approved advertising for the position on Monday; however, after a brief debate voted not to advertise the job with a salary range.
Trustees Terri Kaminski and Shane Daniels opposed the decision to not include salary in the advertisement. Kaminski said though it is common for private sector jobs to not include salary ranges, every public sector job advertisement does. The starting salary would have been advertised at $59,000 for someone with a bachelor's degree.
Trustee Al Vanderheiden opened the discussion of whether a salary range should be included, asking if someone without a bachelor's degree, who is right for the job, would be paid less than $59,000.
"If we get somebody that is interested and does not have a bachelor's degree, there is nothing that would preclude us at starting that person at a lower salary," Schornack said.
He said the position should be filled by May if not earlier and administration will begin discussions of implementing an interim director until someone is hired.
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- Menomonee Falls Village Board agrees to pay into trust funds as part of Radisson settlement
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- Menomonee Falls police seek baby formula thieves


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Marketing usually costs money. But not always.
Thanks to the Web, we've got a few zero-cost options. If you had to use only them for some reason, how would it work? Would you get business?
I'm not saying you should try this. (Especially nowadays!) But it's good to know about options that are currently available.
So let's say I had a marketing budget of $0. (Some of you will understand how this might feel!) I need traffic, I need prospects. How do I get them? I can't pay for direct mail or ads, so the Web is about all I can use. And I need a plan. I need places to promote, a schedule, and receptive audiences.
The plan I come up with might look like this.
1. Facebook/LinkedIn, For Networking
I prefer LinkedIn personally; the interface is better, and it's business-focused. Both these sites are huge resources for networking with people in your industry, people hiring in your industry, and people buying from your industry. A couple hours per week should be all I need to scrounge up prospects and get my name out.
100+ Smart Ways to Use LinkedIn
2. Twitter, For Interaction/Announcements
Twitter costs nothing to sign up and use as many times a day as you like. Lots of entrepreneurs and Web-savvy companies, large (@Comcast) to small (@blueferret), are on Twitter. These are a couple quick guides to using Twitter for business:
How to Use Twitter to Grow Your Business
101 Everyday Uses for Twitter
50 Ideas on Using Twitter for Business
3. Article Marketing, For Expert Branding
Putting articles on your site? Linking to them through the above sites (especially Twitter)? Talk about instant traffic! (Make sure you have persuasive headlines though.)
4. Email Blasts, For Keeping in Contact
There's still a huge number of people on the Web who don't use the above services. But they do use email. An email blast to announce new deals, special offers, and general keeping-in-contact can make a lot of difference. And if the emails are collected by your website (or Facebook/LinkedIn), that's less time you have to spend doing it.
Some of the best things in life (at least when it comes to promoting your business) ARE free. For now anyway – Facebook and Twitter may finalize business models this year. Take advantage of them while you can!
Any more zero-budget promotion ideas you like? Share them with us in the comments.
2 Responses to "If You Had a $0 Marketing Budget, How Would You Promote?"
I'd agree with all of the above, but believe stronger in getting known offline to drive attention and traffic online. The best way to do that? Speaking engagements – Chambers of Commerce, Rotary and other civic/business clubs; free seminars held at a local library (totally free when you agree not to charge attendees). They're relatively easy to find with some calling around.
Excellent ideas, Barry! I'm ashamed to say I basically forgot about the giving-speeches part. I focused entirely on the Web for this one. Hey, have you written about speaking engagements on your blog? If so, link us up if you'd be so kind.


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Added to Bag!
We'll let you know if it's back in stock!
Added to Wishlist!
Clementine to Shine Bag
Final Sale: This item cannot be returned or exchanged.
- 100% Polyvinyl chloride.
- Bag measures 8.5 inches in height, 13 inches in length, 3.5 inches in width. Removable strap is adjustable and measures 48 inches in length when fully extended. Handle measures 10.5 inches in length.
- Zipper closure. Two interior pockets with zipper closure. Two interior open pockets.
- Imported


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Marni Sequined Shoulder Bag, Handbag of the Day
Filed under: Handbags
Even though there are many designers with many different views regarding handbag fashion it seems like a number of looks are repeated throughout a season. Not so with Marni's Sequined Shoulder Bag! Most evening bags are dainty, resemble the same shape, and represent a classic color motif. Marni's new bag combines a thick, brown leather strap with sequins of black, green and amber hues on a long, almost tubular shaped bag. The top-fitted clasp fastener, designer-embossed gold-tone studs, and fully outfitted interior with lining, two zip pockets and designer logo complete this dashing bag for $935. This mix of materials leaves you wondering how many different venues it could accompany you. (10" x 4" x 1" with 6" handle drop)


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NCEAS Project 2224
Ecological processes and evolutionary rates
- Niles Eldredge
- John N. Thompson
Activity | Dates | Further Information |
Working Group | 16th—19th February 2000 | Participant List |
Working Group | 30th November—3rd December 2000 | Participant List |
Working Group | 18th—20th March 2001 | Participant List |
Working Group | 9th—11th December 2001 | Participant List |
Working Group | 9th—11th June 2002 | Participant List |
Working Group | 4th—6th January 2003 | Participant List |
Working Group | 13th—17th December 2003 | Participant List |
In recent years, the science of ecology has become increasingly directed toward questions at larger spatial and temporal scales. The same is true of evolutionary biology. Our working group will be a direct attempt to evaluate where and when evolutionary biology is important to our understanding of ecological analyses of large-scale spatial and temporal processes. This evolutionary/ecological link is at the heart of the major questions identified at the recent combined GSA/ESA symposium (Hunter 1998). This group will also build explicitly upon one of the research areas that has already become established at NCEAS through related working groups: the role of ongoing evolution in the organization of biodiversity.
Type | Products of NCEAS Research |
Journal Article | Eldredge, Niles; Thompson, John N.; Brakefield, Paul M.; Gavrilets, Sergey; Jablonski, David; Jackson, Jeremy B.C.; Lenski, Richard E.; Lieberman, Bruce S.; McPeek, Mark A.; Miller, William. 2005. The dynamics of evolutionary stasis. Paleobiology. Vol: 31(2). Pages 133-145. |
Book Chapter | Jablonski, David. 2000. Micro- and macroevolution: Scale and hierarchy in evolutionary biology and paleobiology. Paleobiology. Vol: 26. The Paleontological Society. Pages 15-52. |
Journal Article | Miller, William. 2001. The structure of species, outcomes of speciation and the 'species problem': Ideas for paleobiology. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology. Vol: 176. Pages 1-10. |
Journal Article | Miller, William. 2002. Regional ecosystems and the origin of species. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie-Abhandlungen. Vol: 225(2). Pages 137-156. |
Journal Article | Miller, William. 2003. A place for phyletic evolution within the theory of punctuated equilibria: Eldredge pathways. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie-Monatshefte. Vol: 8. Pages 463-476. |


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Emily Hearn & The Four Thieves 1-31-12
It's a two-for-one special for Live in the Lobby this go 'round. Since we are in the South, it's proper to the let the ladies go first even when it comes to performances, so it's quite fitting that none other than Emily Hearn set things off with her debut WUOG performance in celebration of her first full-length album Red Balloon which is now available on iTunes. You can also check out her latest happenings here and here plus her album release is coming up NEXT MONDAY at the 40 Watt Club!!
Round 2 of LITL features some southern-fried pickin-and-grinin courtesy of The Four Thieves who also recently released their self-titled album and have an all-ages show at Terrapin Brewery this FRIDAY NIGHT! If you dig, be sure to become a fan and follow their latest happenings on their official site. Be on the lookout for more 2-for-1 specials this semester, but in the meantime enjoy the double dip live acoustic aural sustenance.


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STYLE GURU BIO: Kaylyn Zurawski
Style Guru BioI'm Kaylyn Zurawski and I am currently entering my final semester at the University at Buffalo studying Communication and Sociology. I grew up and currently live in a suburb outside of Buffalo, and I am the youngest of four girls. … Keep Reading


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It's Hatched! 12 Bought
Deal Over
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