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Conservation groups brought action against Final Rule promulgated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to reclassify the gray wolf from endangered to threatened in most of the United States. The Rule created Eastern and Western Distinct Population segment and simultaneously downlisted them from endangered to threatened under the Endangered Species Act [ESA]. The Final Rule deviated significantly from the Proposed Rule and thus failed to provide adequate notice and opportunity for comment to the public. The court also found the Final Rule an arbitrary and capricious application of the ESA.
In April 2003, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (�FWS�) issued its Final Rule to Reclassify and Remove the Gray Wolf from the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife in Portions of the Conterminous United States. 68 Fed.Reg. 15804 (April 1, 2003) (�Final Rule�). In the Final Rule, the FWS reclassified the gray wolf under the Endangered Species Act (�ESA�), 16 U.S.C. §§ 1531-1544 (2000), from endangered to threatened in the newly created Eastern and Western Distinct Population Segments (�DPSs�). The third DPS, the Southwestern DPS, retains its endangered status.
Plaintiffs National Wildlife Federation, Vermont Natural Resources Council, Maine Wolf Coalition, Environmental Advocates of New York, and Maine Audubon Society, filed this action for declaratory and injunctive relief against defendants Gale Norton, in her official capacity as Secretary of the United States Department of the Interior, the United States Department of the Interior, and Steven Williams, Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.FN1 Plaintiffs claim defendants violated the ESA and the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 553- 559; 701-706 (2000) ( �APA�).
FN1. In addition to the governmental defendants, Safari Club International Foundation filed an Amicus Curiae brief (Paper 66) in support of the Final Rule.
The case is before this Court on the parties' cross motions for judgment FN2 (Papers 27 and 33). For the reasons set forth below, plaintiffs' motion for judgment is GRANTED and defendants' motion for judgment is DENIED.
FN2. The dispositive motions in this matter are more appropriately called motions for judgment because a �motion for summary judgment [under Fed.R.Civ.P. 56] makes no procedural sense when a district court is asked to undertake judicial review of agency action.� MRCA Information Servs. v. United States 145 F.Supp.2d 194, 195 n. 3 (D.Conn.2000).
The Endangered Species Act is �the most comprehensive legislation for the preservation of endangered species ever enacted by any nation.� Tenn. Valley Auth. v. Hill, 437 U.S. 153, 180, 98 S.Ct. 2279, 57 L.Ed.2d 117 (1978). Congress enacted the ESA �to provide a means whereby the ecosystems upon which endangered species and threatened species depend may be conserved, [and] to provide a program for the conservation of such endangered species.� 16 U.S.C. § 1531(b). �The plain intent of Congress in enacting th[e] statute was to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost.� Id. at 184, 98 S.Ct. 2279.
The ESA requires the Secretary to protect �species�-defined to include any subspecies of fish, wildlife, or plants, and any distinct population segment of any species of vertebrate fish or wildlife. Id. at § 1532(16). An endangered species is �in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.� 16 U.S.C. § 1532(6). A threatened species is a �likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a *558 significant portion of its range.� Id. at § 1532(20).
The Secretary is charged with determining whether a species should be listed as threatened or endangered based upon five statutorily prescribed factors. 16 U.S.C. § 1533(a)(1) (collectively referred to as �listing factors�). FN3 Each factor is equally important and a finding by the Secretary that a species is negatively affected by just one of the factors warrants a non-discretionary listing as either endangered or threatened. See 50 C.F.R. § 424.11(c). The same five factors are used to determine whether threats to the species have been diminished or removed to the point that downlisting or delisting is appropriate. The FWS shall make listing determinations �solely on the basis of the best scientific and commercial data available.� 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(1)(A).
FN3. The listing factors are: (1) the present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range; (2) overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes; (3) disease or predation; (4) the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or (5) other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence. 16 U.S.C. § 1533(a)(1).
The ESA makes it unlawful for any person to �take any [endangered] species within the United States.� 16 U.S.C. § 1538(a)(1)(B). The term �take� means to kill, harass, hunt, wound, trap, capture, collect, or harm a species. 16 U.S.C. § 1532(19). Under ESA section 4(d), 16 U.S.C. § 1533(d), the FWS can adopt rules that allow the taking of threatened species under certain circumstances.
To fulfill its goals of species preservation, the ESA requires the Secretary to develop and implement recovery plans under its duty to conserve. 16 U.S.C. § 1533(f). Although the Act does not define �recovery,� FWS has essentially defined the term to mean conservation, the use of �all methods and procedures which are necessary to bring any endangered species or threatened species to the point at which the measures provided pursuant to this [Act] are no longer necessary.� Id. at § 1532(3); see also 50 C.F.R. § 402.02 (2003).
The gray wolf ( Canis Lupus ) is the largest wild member of the dog family, and is primarily a predator of medium and large animals. Final Rule at 15804. Gray wolves once ranged throughout most of North America, but human intolerance has extirpated, or destroyed, the gray wolf from over 95% of its historic range. Final Rule at 15805. The FWS first listed the gray wolf as endangered in 1967 pursuant to the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966, Pub.L. No. 89-669, §§ 1-3, 80 Stat. 926 (repealed 1973). In 1973, the year the Endangered Species Act was enacted, it is likely that only several hundred wolves remained. Id.
FWS's Proposed Rule designates four DPSs-a Western Great Lakes DPS, a Western DPS, a Northeastern DPS, and a Southwestern DPS-and downlists all of the DPSs except the Southwestern DPS from endangered to threatened. Factors cited in support of proposing the Northeastern DPS were the presence of potentially suitable, although isolated, wolf habitat in Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, and New York, and the possibility that gray wolves might disperse from neighboring areas of Canada. Proposed Rule at 43456. The Proposed Rule requested public comment specifically on �the potential for recovery of gray wolves in the northeastern United States,� and �[a]dditional information concerning the range, distribution, population size, and population *559 trends� of gray wolves, generally. Id. at 43491.
The Final Rule changed the classification of the gray wolf under the ESA by creating three DPSs-an Eastern DPS,FN4 a Western DPS, and a Southwestern DPS. The Final Rule reclassified gray wolves in the Eastern and Western DPSs from endangered to threatened but retained the gray wolf's status as an endangered species in the Southwestern DPS. Final Rule at 15857. Under the ESA's Section 4(d) rules, the Final Rule also permits �take� of depredating wolves by private parties in the Eastern and Western DPSs. Therefore, any wolf can be killed within one mile of the depredation site in Wisconsin and Michigan, and within 4 miles in the remaining states in the Eastern DPS. Final Rule at 15863-68.
FN4. The Eastern DPS consists of gray wolves in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. Final Rule at 15818, 15862.
In the Final Rule, the federal defendants state there exists a significant, continuing scientific debate concerning both the species and subspecies identity of the large canid that historically occupied New England, which may never have been the gray wolf. Final Rule at 15805; AR Doc. 967F at 14014.
Therefore, �in the absence of any evidence of a current gray wolf population in the Northeast, and in light of new doubts about whether the gray wolf historically occupied the Northeast, the FWS concluded, based upon its interpretation of the ESA and its DPS policy, that it could not finalize its proposal to designate a separate Northeastern DPS.� Fed. Defs. Motion for Judgment (Paper 33 at 20); Final Rule at 15805-06. In light of defendants' findings, FWS formed the Eastern DPS by combining the Western Great Lakes DPS with the Northeastern DPS. Plaintiffs claim defendants' Final Rule violates the ESA and the APA because they: (1) failed to provide the public with adequate notice and opportunity for comment on the Eastern DPS; (2) designated DPSs that violate the Act; (3) arbitrarily determined that the gray wolf is not at risk in a significant portion of its range; and (4) failed to prepare a national recovery plan for the gray wolf as listed.
Plaintiffs consist of 5 environmental and conservation organizations seeking to protect the gray wolf. If an organization seeks to bring suit on behalf of its members, it must show that �(a) its members would otherwise have standing to sue in their own right; (b) the interests it seeks to protect are germane to the organization's purpose; and (c) neither the claim asserted nor the relief requested requires the participation of individual members in the lawsuit.� Hunt v. Wash. State Apple Adver. Comm'n, 432 U.S. 333, 343, 97 S.Ct. 2434, 53 L.Ed.2d 383 (1977). Requirement (1) of associational standing is met if �any one� of the association's members satisfies the Article III standing requirements. Plaintiffs meet the second and third prong of the representational standing requirements, and therefore, the Court will focus on the contested issue of Article III standing.
To satisfy the Constitution's Article III standing requirements, a party must show that he �(1) suffered an �injury in fact� that is (a) concrete and particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical; (2) the injury is fairly traceable to the challenged action of the *560 defendant; and (3) it is likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision.� Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 180-81, 120 S.Ct. 693, 145 L.Ed.2d 610 (2000).
The �injury in fact� requirement in an environmental case is satisfied if a party adequately shows that he has an aesthetic or recreational interest in a particular place or animal, and that interest is impaired by a defendant's conduct. Id. 528 U.S. at 183, 120 S.Ct. 693. Plaintiffs' members have an aesthetic and recreational interest in observing the gray wolf because they are involved in activities in and around the gray wolf's habitat and have devoted substantial amounts of time in support of wolf recovery and in pursuit of the wolf throughout the Northeast. Even though the Declarants have not actually seen a gray wolf, actual observation of a rare, endangered species is not the test for standing in ESA cases, and therefore, plaintiffs have demonstrated �injury in fact.� See Southwest Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. Clark, 90 F.Supp.2d 1300, 1307 (D.N.M.1999).
In addition, plaintiffs' Declarants Walter Pepperman and Margaret Struhsacker participated in the administrative process at issue here. �A participant in the agency's decisional processes is actually and particularly injured by the agency's disregard of its statutory duty.� Portland Audubon Soc'y v. Endangered Species Comm., 984 F.2d 1534, 1537 n. 4 (9th Cir.1993); see also Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 573 n. 7, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992) (�The person who has been accorded a procedural right to protect his concrete interests can assert that right without meeting all the normal standards for redressability and immediacy�).
FWS claims the Final Rule is not traceable to plaintiffs' alleged injury because gray wolf recovery has been achieved in the eastern United States by restoring the species to its core recovery area of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Final Rule at 43672-73. �We do not need to recover the wolf in other areas of the eastern United States to delist the EDPS.� Id. Because the Final Rule focuses its recovery actions upon the Western Great Lakes area of the Eastern DPS and eliminates protection and recovery efforts necessitated by a Northeastern DPS, plaintiffs' injuries are fairly traceable to defendants' actions. Additionally, plaintiffs' injuries would be redressed by a favorable decision from this Court because the FWS would have to reconsider the Final Rule. See Sierra Club v. Glickman, 156 F.3d 606, 616 (5th Cir.1998).
Under Section 706 of the APA, courts must set aside agency actions that are arbitrary, capricious, or contrary to the ESA. 5 U.S.C. § 706; Southwest Ctr. for Biodiversity v. U.S. Forest Serv., 307 F.3d 964, 975 (9th Cir.2002). To determine whether the agency action was arbitrary and capricious, courts must decide whether the agency �considered the relevant factors and articulated a rational connection between the facts found and the choice made.� Baltimore Gas & Elec. Co. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 462 U.S. 87, 105, 103 S.Ct. 2246, 76 L.Ed.2d 437 (1983).
An agency action must be reversed when the agency has �relied on factors which Congress has not intended it to consider, entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the problem, offered an explanation for its decision that runs counter to the evidence before the agency, or is so implausible that it could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency expertise.� *561 Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43, 103 S.Ct. 2856, 77 L.Ed.2d 443 (1983).
When reviewing agency action, the district court �sits as an appellate tribunal, not as a court authorized to determine in a trial-type proceeding whether the Secretary's [action] was factually flawed.� Marshall County Health Care Auth. v. Shalala, 988 F.2d 1221, 1225 (D.C.Cir.1993). Review under the arbitrary and capricious standard is to be �searching and careful,� but �narrow,� and a �court is not empowered to substitute its judgment for that of the agency.� Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416, 91 S.Ct. 814, 28 L.Ed.2d 136 (1971).
FN5. Defendants argue plaintiffs' claim under § 553 of the APA is not set forth in their Complaint and should be dismissed on that ground alone. In their Complaint, however, plaintiffs sought declaratory and injunctive relief for violation of the �Administrative Procedures Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 553-559, 701-706.� Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(f) sets forth liberal notice pleading rules, and the claim should not be dismissed on this ground.
The APA requires that �[g]eneral notice of a proposed rulemaking ... shall include ... either the terms or substance of the proposed rule or a description of the subjects and issues involved.� 5 U.S.C. § 553(b)(3). A final rule need not be identical to the proposed rule, but it must be a �logical outgrowth� of the proposed regulation. Kooritzky v. Reich, 17 F.3d 1509, 1513 (D.C.Cir.1994); American Fed'n of Labor and Congr. of Indus. Orgs. v. Donovan, 757 F.2d 330, 338 (D.C.Cir.1985) (hereinafter � AFL-CIO �). If the �final rule deviates too sharply from the proposal, [however], affected parties will be deprived of notice and an opportunity to respond to the proposal.� Small Refiner Lead Phase-Down Task Force v. EPA, 705 F.2d 506, 547 (D.C.Cir.1983).
The Proposed Rule clearly stated that the FWS intended to create a Northeastern DPS and downlist the gray wolf from endangered to threatened. Proposed Rule at 43472-73. The FWS specifically requested comments on the Proposed Rule relating to �(5) [i]nformation concerning the potential for recovery of gray wolves in the northeastern United States, and the potential involvement of the Service in such recovery activities,� and �(9) [a]ppropriateness of authorizing take in the Northeastern DPS in accordance with an approved State or Tribal Conservation Plan.� Id. at 43491. The Final Rule abandoned creating the Northeastern DPS and opted to combine the Northeastern and Western Great Lakes DPSs into a larger Eastern DPS.
�Unfairness results unless persons are �sufficiently alerted to likely alternatives' so that they know whether their interests are �at stake.� � Spartan Radiocasting Co. v. FCC, 619 F.2d 314, 321 (4th Cir.1980) (quoting South Terminal Corp. v. EPA, 504 F.2d 646, 659 (1st Cir.1974)). Defendants argue adequate notice was given because the FWS noted in the Proposed Rule it considered and rejected the alternative of �reclassifying a larger or smaller DPS in the eastern United States.� Proposed Rule at 43475.
In the Proposed Rule, the FWS recited its rationale for creating a Northeastern DPS instead of a �larger or smaller DPS;� it then can hardly be said the FWS apprised interested parties of its intention to abandon the Northeastern DPS in favor of a larger Eastern DPS Id.; see also Nat'l Black Media Coalition v. Fed. Communications Comm'n, 791 F.2d 1016, 1021, 1023 (2d Cir.1986) (�If this were enough notification of such intention, an agency could simply propose a rule and state that it might change that rule without alerting *562 any of the affected parties to the scope of the contemplated change, or its potential impact and rationale, or any other alternatives under consideration�); AFL-CIO, 757 F.2d at 338-39 (�A determination of whether notice [is] adequate ... turns, then, on an examination of the notice ... provided in relation to the final rule which was ultimately adopted.�).
Furthermore, the Administrative Record (�AR�) reveals the FWS acknowledges the Final Rule is a stark departure from the Proposed Rule. Several of those involved in the rulemaking within the FWS argued for developing a new proposal and taking more public comment on the disputed issues. AR Docs. 698; 714; 717; 726; 724; 723; 765; 768. In fact, Ronald L. Refsnider, the primary author of the Proposed and Final Rules, FWS Region 3, proposed publishing �a 6-month extension for the gray wolf proposal in July [2001], based upon internal FWS disagreement .... The extension notice would open a comment period (30-45 days) and ask for information on 8 or so issues that would help with [FWS's] decision on the NE DPS.� AR Doc. 708; see also AR Docs. 698; 707 at 10057; 708 at 10066; 735 at 10159. The FWS opted, however, to finalize the rule without an additional comment period regarding the elimination of the Northeastern DPS and ultimate creation of the Eastern DPS. The internal concern about an additional comment period points out the significant changes made in the Final Rule without notice to the public.
Defendants argue the public commented extensively on the creation of a Northeastern DPS and the establishment of a larger DPS for the Eastern United States. Although certain comments argued against the formation of a Northeastern DPS, no comments specifically addressed the creation of an Eastern DPS. Furthermore, �[a]s a general rule, [an agency] must itself provide notice of a regulatory proposal. Having failed to do so, it cannot bootstrap notice from a comment.� AFL-CIO, 757 F.2d at 340 (emphasis in original); see also Nat'l Black Media, 791 F.2d at 1023 (�[T]he comments of other interested parties do not satisfy an agency's obligation to provide notice.�).
Because the Final Rule deviates substantially from the Proposed Rule, defendants failed to provide the public with adequate notice and opportunity for comment on the Eastern DPS, in violation of 5 U.S.C. § 553.
A. DPS Policy
The definition of �species� includes �any distinct population segment of any species.� 16 U.S.C. § 1532(16). The ESA does not define �distinct population segment� (�DPS�), nor is it a term used in scientific literature. In 1996, FWS and National Marine Fisheries Service jointly published the Policy Regarding the Recognition of Distinct Vertebrate Population (�DPS Policy�) to clarify their interpretation of this term �for the purposes of listing, delisting, and reclassifying� species under the ESA. 61 Fed.Reg. 4722. FN6 The DPS Policy �allows the Services to protect and conserve species ... before large-scale decline occurs that would necessitate listing a species or subspecies throughout its entire range.� 61 Fed.Reg. at 4725.
FN6. Plaintiffs do not challenge the validity of the DPS Policy, 61 Fed.Reg. 4722 (Feb. 7, 1996).
Under the DPS Policy, the FWS evaluates three elements regarding the identification of a possible DPS: (1) the discreteness of the population segment in relation to the remainder of the taxon to which it belongs; FN7 (2) the significance of the population's*563 segment to the taxon; FN8 and (3) the conservation status of the population segment in relation to the ESA's standards for listing. DPS Policy at 4725. Plaintiffs argue the Secretary's listing of the Eastern DPS and abandonment of the Northeastern DPS violates DPS Policy, the ESA, and the APA.
FN7. A population is considered discrete if it: (1) requires marked separation as a consequence of physical, physiological, ecological, or behavioral factors; or (2) is �delimited by international boundaries when these coincide with differences in the management, status, or exploitation of a species� that are significant in light of inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms-the fourth ESA listing factor. DPS Policy at 4723, 4725. FN8. A population is considered significant if: (1) the discrete population has persisted in an ecological setting unusual or unique for the taxon; (2) there exists evidence that loss of the discrete population segment would result in a significant gap in the range of a taxon; (3) there exists evidence that the discrete population segment represents the only surviving natural occurrence of a taxon that may be more abundant elsewhere as an introduced population outside its historic range; or (4) there exists evidence that the discrete population segment differs markedly from other populations of the species in its genetic characteristics. DPS Policy at 4723, 4725.
FN7. A population is considered discrete if it: (1) requires marked separation as a consequence of physical, physiological, ecological, or behavioral factors; or (2) is �delimited by international boundaries when these coincide with differences in the management, status, or exploitation of a species� that are significant in light of inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms-the fourth ESA listing factor. DPS Policy at 4723, 4725.
FN8. A population is considered significant if: (1) the discrete population has persisted in an ecological setting unusual or unique for the taxon; (2) there exists evidence that loss of the discrete population segment would result in a significant gap in the range of a taxon; (3) there exists evidence that the discrete population segment represents the only surviving natural occurrence of a taxon that may be more abundant elsewhere as an introduced population outside its historic range; or (4) there exists evidence that the discrete population segment differs markedly from other populations of the species in its genetic characteristics. DPS Policy at 4723, 4725.
Defendants contend the Eastern DPS is biologically based and supported by DPS Policy and furthermore, that they are entitled to great deference under the principles announced in Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 467 U.S. 837, 843-844, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984). That a court owes deference to an agency's policy does not mean the agency has unbridled discretion in creating and implementing policy. Agencies must comply with their own procedural rules and the policy selected by the agency must be reasonable in light of the statutory scheme. Id. at 844, 104 S.Ct. 2778. A court need not accept an agency's interpretation of its own regulations if that interpretation is inconsistent with the wording of the regulation or inconsistent with the statute under which the regulations were promulgated. United States v. Larionoff, 431 U.S. 864, 872, 97 S.Ct. 2150, 53 L.Ed.2d 48 (1977); 60 Key Centre v. Administrator of Gen. Servs. Admin., 47 F.3d 55, 58 (2d Cir.1995).
B. The Secretary Designated DPSs That Violate DPS Policy And The ESA
The DPS Policy allows the FWS to assign varying conservation statuses to different populations of a species and requires the DPS to be �markedly separate from other populations of the same taxon.� DPS Policy at 4725; see also Nat'l Ass'n of Home Builders v. Norton, 340 F.3d 835, 842 (9th Cir.2003). Plaintiffs contend the record does not support a conclusion that the wolves in the newly-minted Eastern DPS are �markedly separated� from wolves in the other DPSs as a �consequence of physical, physiological, ecological, or behavioral factors.� DPS Policy at 4725. Furthermore, plaintiffs contend the creation of the Eastern DPS violates the Congressional directive that FWS use discrete population segments �sparingly and only when the biological evidence warrants it.� S.Rep. No. 96-151, at 7 (1979).
Defendants respond that the DPSs are based upon sound biology as each of the three DPSs encompasses a gray wolf population, its recovery areas, the locations of all documented dispersers, the most likely location of future dispersers, and a wide buffer between the core area and the boundary of the DPS to ensure that it is markedly separate from the other DPSs. Final Rule at 15860.
In the Proposed Rule, FWS acknowledged the Western Great Lakes, the *564 Southwest and Northern Rockies DPSs are discrete because they are �each being repopulated by wolves of distinct morphological characteristics which may represent different gray wolf subspecies.� Proposed Rule at 43473. In its Final Rule, FWS states the wolves in the Northeast and southeastern Canada are a different population than the wolves in the Midwest. Final Rule at 15810, 15814. By combining the Northeastern DPS with the Western Great Lakes DPS, two admittedly distinct gray wolf populations, FWS appears to be classifying the gray wolf based upon geography, not biology. Although defendants state that in delineating the DPSs, the agency took into account geographical barriers to dispersal like rivers and long stretches of desert that might be difficult for a wolf to traverse, they did not use a river, mountain range, or other geographic feature to delineate the three DPSs. See Final Rule at 15859-60.
This geographical approach, the idea of using �infra national boundaries as a basis for recognizing discrete entities for delisting,� was rejected by the FWS when it adopted the DPS Policy. DPS Policy at 4724. Although this approach was attractive to the FWS, �[p]articularly when applied to the ... reclassification of a relatively widespread species for which a recovery program is being successfully carried out in some states,� it is �inappropriate as a focus for a national program.� Id.
C. The Secretary's Designation Of An Eastern DPS Violated DPS Policy And The ESA
Defendants additionally contend that they had no choice in designating the Eastern DPS. Because a wolf population must exist for the Secretary to designate a DPS, the uncertainty over the existence of a population in the Northeast and its genetic makeup were primary obstacles to creating a Northeastern DPS. Final Rule at 15814, 15829, 15859. This same uncertainty, however, did not pose an obstacle for defendants to lump the Northeast in with wolves in the Midwest to create the Eastern DPS.
Defendants argue they cannot create �non-DPS remnant� endangered species areas outside of the DPS, and therefore, they were left with only two options: (1) delist the Northeast for extinction or original listing error, or (2) incorporate that geographic area into the nearest DPS because �listing distinctions below that of subspecies or a DPS of a species are not allowed under the ESA.� Alsea Valley Alliance v. Evans, 161 F.Supp.2d 1154, 1162 (D.Or.2001).FN9 Plaintiffs argue, however, that the ESA and DPS Policy do not force a choice, so defendants are not prevented from maintaining its nationwide species listing and establishing DPSs in areas where FWS needs the kind of flexibility the DPS designation provides.
FN9. Alsea holds the FWS cannot exclude portions of a DPS from listing a species. Once a DPS is formed, it is treated uniformly throughout the DPS.
The ESA allows defendants to provide varying levels of protection based upon biological evidence. Defenders, 258 F.3d at 1144-45; Friends of the Wild Swan, Inc. v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., 12 F.Supp.2d 1121, 1133 (D.Or.1997) (�Listing of population segments is a proactive measure to prevent the need for listing a species over a larger range-not a tactic for subdividing a larger population the FWS has already determined ... warrants listing throughout a larger range.�) (emphasis in original). �The FWS does not have to list an entire species as endangered when only one of its populations faces extinction.� Nat'l Ass'n of Home Builders, 340 F.3d at 842.
*565 Nowhere in the ESA is the Secretary prevented from creating a �non-DPS remnant� designation, especially when the remnant area was already listed as endangered. In fact the Secretary's determination that she is forbidden to create �non-DPS remnant� areas conflicts with the overarching purpose of the ESA-protect a species and its habitat from extinction. See 16 U.S.C. § 1531. The FWS simply cannot downlist or delist an area that it previously determined warrants an endangered listing because it �lumps together� a core population with a low to non-existent population outside of the core area. Because the FWS expanded the boundaries of the DPS in the Final Rule, it is bypassing the application of the ESA in the non-core population areas. Therefore, the FWS's application of DPS Policy is �inconsistent with the statute under which the regulations were promulgated.� Mines v. Sullivan, 981 F.2d 1068, 1070 (9th Cir.1992).
The Court finds the Eastern DPS designation to be in violation of DPS Policy and the ESA, and therefore, the Final Rule is vacated and remanded for reconsideration by the FWS. Because the DPS designations have been vacated, the issue of whether FWS arbitrarily eliminated the Northeastern DPS does not need to be addressed.
When listing, reclassifying or delisting a species, the Secretary must determine whether a species is either endangered or threatened due to any of the five factors listed in the ESA. 16 U.S.C. § 1533(a). A species is endangered when it is �in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.� 16 U.S.C. § 1532(6). The phrase �significant portion of its range� is ambiguous, see Defenders of Wildlife v. Norton, 258 F.3d 1136, 1141 (9th Cir.2001), and therefore, the agency's interpretation of the phrase is entitled to deference unless it is unreasonable. Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843, 104 S.Ct. 2778. Deference �is not due when the [agency] has apparently failed to apply an important term of its governing statute. [The Court] cannot defer to what [it] cannot perceive.� Int'l Longshoremen's Ass'n, AFL-CIO v. Nat'l Mediation Bd., 870 F.2d 733, 736 (D.C.Cir.1989).
Plaintiffs argue the FWS failed to consider what constitutes a significant portion of the range of the three new DPSs and relied on factors which Congress has not intended it to consider when it determined the gray wolf was threatened, not endangered, in the Eastern and Western DPSs. Therefore, the Final Rule was an arbitrary and capricious application of the ESA's undefined term, �a significant portion of the range.�
Defendants contend they carefully considered the term �significant portion of its range� and other issues raised during the comment period on the Proposed Rule while meeting at Marymount University on November 30, 2000, and used that definition throughout the Final Rule. FWS defined �significant portion of its range� as �that area that is important or necessary for maintaining a viable, self-sustaining, and evolving representative population or populations in order for the taxon to persist into the foreseeable future.� AR Doc. 663 at 9924. FWS determined these areas are not significant to the species as a whole, and therefore, it limited the significant portion of the wolf's range and the application of the five ESA § 4(a)(1) listing factors to the �current status of, and threats faced by, the existing wolf populations within� the Western Great Lakes and Northern Rockies. Final Rule at 15857, 15810.
*566 In interpreting the term, a �significant portion of its range,� the Ninth Circuit held �a species can be extinct throughout a significant portion of its range if there are major geographical areas in which it is no longer viable but once was.� Defenders, 258 F.3d at 1145. The Court in Defenders recognized that Congress consciously moved away from the weaker predecessor statutes in its current promulgation of the ESA, and �[t]he new definition's expansion to include species in danger of extinction �in any portion of its range� represented �a significant shift in the definition in existing law which considers a species to be endangered only when it is threatened with worldwide extinction.� � Defenders, 258 F.3d at 1144 (emphasis in original); see also Defenders of Wildlife v. Sec'y, United States Dep't of Interior, 354 F.Supp.2d 1156, 1166 (D.Or.2005) (hereinafter � Defenders (Gray Wolf)�).; H.R.Rep. No. 41293 (1973).
In applying the Defenders test for �significant portion of its range,� the District Court for the District of Columbia held that FWS's decision to list the lynx as threatened, instead of endangered, was arbitrary and capricious. Defenders of Wildlife v. Norton, 239 F.Supp.2d 9 (D.D.C.2002) ( � Defenders (Lynx)�) (remedy vacated on other grounds by Defenders of Wildlife v. Norton, 89 Fed.Appx. 273, 2004 U.S.App. LEXIS 7502 (D.C.Cir., Mar. 3, 2004)). In the Final Rule, the FWS declared that � �collectively, the Northeast, Great Lakes, and Southern Rockies do not constitute a significant portion of the range of the DPS,� � and � �do [ ] not contribute substantially to the persistence of the contiguous United States DPS.� � Id. at 16 (quoting 65 Fed.Reg. 16006-67).FN10 The Court concluded that FWS's focus upon �only one region of the Lynx's population-the Northern Rockies/Cascades-to the exclusion of three-quarters of the Lynx's historical regions is antithetical to the ESA's broad purpose to protect endangered and threatened species,� and therefore, is arbitrary and capricious. Id. at 19, 21.
FN10. The largest, and possibly only remaining, Lynx population in the contiguous United States is in the Northern Rocky Mountains/Cascade region, and it is believed the Lynx population has been extirpated in its historically-occupied Northeast, Great Lakes and Southern Rocky Mountain regions. Id. at 14.
In this case, the FWS used the �Marymount definition� to limit the �significant portion of its range� to areas that ensure the validity of the DPS. Regarding the Eastern DPS, FWS explained, �the progress towards recovery ... within the western Great Lakes States demonstrates that the species is not in danger of extinction in any significant portion of its entire range within the DPS. We therefore conclude that gray wolves are no longer properly classified as endangered species in the Eastern DPS.� Final Rule at 15810.
The viability of this population, therefore, renders all areas outside the Western Great Lakes region insignificant, even though the FWS acknowledged in the Proposed Rule that there would be �extensive and significant gaps� in the wolf's range without a wolf population in the Northeast. Proposed Rule at 43473; Defenders (Gray Wolf), 354 F.Supp.2d at 1166. The Final Rule makes all other portions of the wolf's historical or current range outside of the core gray wolf populations insignificant and unworthy of stringent protection. The Secretary's conclusion is contrary to the plain meaning of the ESA phrase �significant portion of its range,� and therefore, is an arbitrary and capricious application of the ESA.
Plaintiffs have charged the FWS with violating § 4(f) and § 7(a)(1) of the *567 ESA, 16 U.S.C. § 1533(f) and 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(1) respectively, by failing to issue a national recovery plan for the gray wolf. Defendants argue their claims must fail because the FWS has fully complied with its obligation under § 4(f) by establishing three recovery plans for the gray wolf. Additionally, defendants assert § 7(a)(1) does not apply to the FWS's administration of the ESA.
A. Application of § 7(a)(1) To The FWS
Section § 7(a)(1) provides that �[t]he Secretary shall review other programs administered by him and utilize such programs in furtherance of the purposes of this Act ... by carrying out programs for the conservation of endangered and threatened species listed pursuant to Section 4 of this Act.� 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(1). Defendants claim the only logical reading of § 7(a)(1) is to interpret it as applying to federal programs other than the FWS's administration of the Endangered Species Act. The language of § 7(a)(1), however, conflicts with that of § 2(c)(1), which provides that �[i]t is further declared to be the policy of Congress that all Federal departments and agencies shall seek to conserve endangered species and threatened species.� Id. at § 1531(c)(1). In reconciling the conflicting language, �sections 2(c)(1) and 7(a)(1) can be read consistently and without conflict....� Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe v. U.S. Dep't of Navy, 898 F.2d 1410, 1416-17 n. 15 (9th Cir.1990). In interpreting language in one section of a statute in conjunction with language of other sections, this court strives to find a �reading that is consistent with the purposes of the entire statute considered as a whole.� Id. It is inconsistent with the ESA to exempt the FWS from conservation efforts, and therefore, § 7(a)(1) applies to defendants.
B. The Secretary Did Not Violate § 4(f)(1) Or § 7(a)(1)
Section 4(f)(1) of the ESA states that �the Secretary shall develop and implement [recovery] plans for the conservation and survival of endangered species and threatened species listed pursuant to this section, unless he finds that such a plan will not promote the conservation of the species..� 16 U.S.C. § 1533(f)(1). The FWS has developed three recovery plans for the gray wolf-recovery plans in the eastern United States, Northern Rocky Mountain states, and in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Plaintiffs argue FWS's recovery plans are a �piecemeal approach� to gray wolf recovery and, therefore, violate Sections 4(f)(1) and 7(a)(1) of the ESA.
The ESA �allows the Secretary broad discretion to allocate scarce resources to those species would most likely benefit from development of a recovery plan.� Oregon Natural Res. Council v. Turner, 863 F.Supp. 1277, 1283 (D.Or.1994). In fact, the ESA mandates the Secretary to �give priority to those endangered species or threatened species, without regard to taxonomic classification, that are most likely to benefit from such plans.� 16 U.S.C. § 1533(f)(1)(A).
In the 1992-revised Eastern Timber Wolf Recovery Plan, one of the Secretary's purported goals is to �maintain and re-establish viable populations of the eastern timber wolf in as much of its former range as possible.� AR Doc. 1198, p. 29. Although the vast majority of the recovery plan gives priority to wolf recovery in Minnesota, Michigan and Wisconsin, the Secretary additionally outlines a three-point plan to �re-establish [a] wolf population in Adirondack Mountains (New York), northwestern Maine/adjacent New Hampshire, and/or northeastern Maine.� Id. at 35.
*568 Because �[c]ourts should be particularly reluctant to second-guess agency choices involving scientific disputes that are in the agency's province of expertise,� Browning-Ferris Indus. of South Jersey, Inc. v. Muszynski, 899 F.2d 151, 160 (2d Cir.1990), the Secretary's decision to proceed with three recovery plans for the gray wolf rather than one comprehensive national plan must be afforded Chevron deference. See Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843, 104 S.Ct. 2778.
The Final Rule does not comply with the ESA, DPS Policy, or the notice and comment provisions of the APA. For the reasons set forth herein, plaintiffs' motion for judgment is GRANTED and defendants' motion for judgment is DENIED. The Final Rule is vacated and remanded for reconsideration.


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Home » Undergraduate College » Admission » Sociology » Courses
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Health Systems & Policy
Examines the current U.S. health system and health policies focusing on interests of individuals, groups, and organizations as clients, providers, and citizens. Explores the impact of policy and systems on the health of various populations. Describes the evolution of the U.S. health system and uses organizational concepts and theories to explain and predict its form and functions; the influence of organizations on the definition of health, illness, and healing; and the application of organizational analysis to health policy issues.
Course details
- Course number: SOCI-545
- Credits: 4.00
- Academic Level: Graduate
- Currently Offered: Yes
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Recruiters often complain about the fickleness of clients. Clients don't return our calls, they don't give commitment, and they don't follow through.
Often true.
But, is it always the client's fault? Does the relationship flounder because you don't put in the effort you should? Indeed, do you commit the cardinal sin of slipping into 'chronic client complacency'? Honestly, I have done it myself, and paid the price. I see it happening all around me too. Bet you see, and…
ContinueAdded by Greg Savage on February 6, 2012 at 6:24pm — No Comments
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West Virginia's streams are in trouble
The Department of Environmental Protection is failing its job
Read MoreFormerly the Appalachian Center for the Economy and the Environment, Appalachian Mountain
Advocates is a nonprofit environmental law and policy organization founded in 2001. We believe there is no more environmentally destructive practice than mountaintop removal mining occurring anywhere in the United States, and we will not rest until we have stopped it.
We have had unprecedented success in enforcing the Clean Water Act and other environmental statutes against coal mining operators. Our litigation has raised the costs of mountaintop removal mining, making less destructive forms of energy production more competitive. The legal theories that we have developed and implemented have fundamentally changed coal mining and environmental regulation in the region. Our work has been the catalyst for much of the grassroots opposition to mountaintop removal mining.


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3 ideas were found matching your search criteria.
Shamrock Snack Dip
Difficulty: Somewhat Easy
Better than kissin' the Blarney Stone, this Shamrock-shaped bread mold celebrates St. Patrick's Day. Bake it in the Shamrock Pan, and then fill it with spinach dip. Make toasted bread shamrocks cut out with the Shamrock Cookie Cutter for dipping!
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Help us grow
Victoria County History
A History of the County of Shropshire: Volume 11: Telford
G C Baugh, C R Elrington (Editors), A P Baggs, D C Cox, Jessie McFall, P A Stamper, A J L Winchester
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'Little Wenlock: Nonconformity', A History of the County of Shropshire: Volume 11: Telford (1985), pp. 91. URL: http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18082 Date accessed: 08 March 2014. Add to my bookshelf
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NONCONFORMITY. Footnotes
No dissenters or Roman Catholics were reported in 1676 (fn. 71) or 1716, (fn. 72) and in the later 18th century Methodism was resisted by the farmers. When John Fletcher tried to preach in the parish a noisy disturbance took place. (fn. 73) Wesleyans from Lawley Bank preached in the coalmining area c. 1799. (fn. 74) In 1813 Wesleyans had weekly preaching at their 'Horsehay and Little Wenlock' station. (fn. 75) By 1816, and until the 1840s or later, there were also meetings at Coalmoor and Huntington. (fn. 76) In the 1870s there were weekly Wesleyan services at Lawley Furnaces. (fn. 77) A house was licensed for meetings in 1825, (fn. 78) perhaps for the Revivalist Methodists. In 1839 members of the New Connexion met weekly at New Works, Huntington, Coalmoor, and Little Wenlock. (fn. 79) Meetings were still taking place in 1860. (fn. 80) In the 1850s Primitive Methodists met at Coalmoor, New Works (by 1837), (fn. 81) and Little Wenlock (fn. 82) but the Coalmoor society met from 1858 at the Moreton's Coppice chapel, in Dawley parish. (fn. 83) By 1890 the only meeting was at New Works, (fn. 84) where the society (inactive from 1927) expired in 1930. (fn. 85) In the early 1930s rallies organized by Dawley and Madeley Methodist circuit were held at New Buildings Farm (fn. 86) and the village hall. (fn. 87)
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Free Entry to The Household Cavalry Museum
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The Household Cavalry Museum is unlike any other military museum because it offers a unique 'behind-the-scenes' look at the work that goes into the ceremonial duties and operational role of The Household Cavalry. From a glazed screen inside the Museum, visitors can view into the working stables of The Queen's Life Guard.
Visitors can see troopers working with horses in the original 18th century stables and hear first hand accounts of their rigorous and demanding training.
The Museum comes alive with compelling personal stories, interactive displays and stunning rare objects – many on display to the public for the first time.
The Household Cavalry Museum sits within Horse Guards in Whitehall, central London, one of the city's most historic buildings. Dating from 1750, it is still the headquarters of the Household Division, in which the Household Cavalry has performed the Queen's Life Guard in a daily ceremony that has remained broadly unchanged for over 350 years.
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Though this is the first time in my nearly 30-year journalism career that I have been a sports editor, I'm not a newcomer to sports -- or to the Sentinel.
I started as a copy editor in the Sentinel sports department in 1993 -- when Steve Doyle was sports editor, Larry Guest and Brian Schmitz were the columnists, Barry Cooper was covering the Magic, Mike Dame was on the Gators beat, Alan Schmadtke was in Tallahassee with the Seminoles, and I believe someone named Jerry Greene was covering a little school called UCF.
As the years passed, I moved up to deputy sports editor, working along side folks like Van McKenzie, Lynn Hoppes, Bill Speros, Mike Huguenin, Tim Stephens, Mike Bianchi, David Whitley, George Diaz, Rick Maese, Chris Harry, Joe Schad, Jeff Darlington, Andrew Carter, Dave Curtis, Jeremy Fowler and Jemele Hill -- just to name more than a few of the great folks who have been with the Sentinel over the years.
I left sports in 2006 to move to the Sentinel's online operation. Later I became the editor responsible for OrlandoSentinel.com, then essentially the digital managing editor for the Sentinel newsroom. I moved into a corporate role for two years with our parent company, Tribune, working with the digital managers of all of our East Coast newspapers.
When Orlando sports editor Tim Stephens left to go to CBSSports.com, I jumped at the opportunity to return to the Sentinel and the sports department.
A couple of other things you should know about me...
I'm a native Floridian -- which makes me about as rare as a Florida panther.
I was born in Miami, and my first sports memory is of the Dolphins playing the Redskins in the 1973 Super Bowl, capping that perfect 17-0 season. (I still know all the words to the Dolphins fight song.)
Locally, I was at the first UCF football game when the Knights moved from Division III to Division II in 1982 (ouch, that was an 0-10 season). I was at the first USFL scrimmage at the Tangerine Bowl when Steve Spurrier's Tampa Bay Bandits took on the Boston Breakers (in a monsoon-like storm). I was at the first Orlando Renegades scrimmage with the Philadelphia Stars at Spec Martin Stadium in DeLand. I was also at the first game for the Orlando Thunder -- the NFL's World League of American Football team that wore those unforgettable fluorescent green jerseys. (That was also the first game when a TV camera was put inside Orlando QB Scott Mitchell's helmet -- and when his helmet got knocked off, TV viewers gasped in horror thinking his head was rolling down the field.)
But I do like more than just football. I attended the very first Orlando Magic regular-season game (a close loss to the New Jersey Nets), and as a fan I have been to both Eastern Conference finals game 7s with the team (against the Pacers and the Cavs). [Oops, was told that the deciding game with the Cavs was a game 6 -- see how the memory goes when you get old!]
So, I think I know a little bit about the region, its sports history and its teams.
I'm committed to improving Orlando Sentinel sports -- in print and on the web -- and making it as best as it can be for this fantastic region that you and I call home. And I can use your help. E-mail me about what you want to see in the Sports section. I hope to use this blog to answer your questions and also explain what's going on with our department.
I hope you're become a fan of what we are doing.
P.S. -- Why is that YouTube video posted below? Well, for those of you asking, "Who's this clown who's the new sports editor?" -- that would be me. I was Clocky the Clown in the Mike Bianchi-Jerry Greene Keep'n Score One on One videos.
Roger Simmons is the executive sports editor for the Orlando Sentinel. You can reach him via email at firstname.lastname@example.com. Or follow him on Twitter at https://twitter.com/@rogersimmons. Become a fan of the Orlando Sentinel Sports Facebook page at https://www.facebook.com/orlandosentinelsports


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Below is a list of recently published books and articles by the government department faculty.
Ariel Armony The Dubious Link: Civic Engagement and Democratization. Stanford University Press, 2004. Repensando la Argentina: Antes de Diciembre de 2001 y mas alla de Mayo de 2003 (Rethinking Argentina: Before December 2001 and Beyond May 2003). Woodrow Wilson Center, 2003 (co-edited with Hector E. Schamis). "Civil Society in Cuba: A Conceptual Approach." In Margaret E. Crahan, ed., Religion, Culture, and Society in Cuba. Woodrow Wilson Center, 2003.
Walter Hatch "When Strong Ties Fail: U.S.-Japanese Manufacturing Rivalry in Asia," in Ellis Krauss and T.J. Pempel, eds., Beyond Bilateralism: U.S.-Japan Relations in the New Asia Pacific. Stanford University Press, 2004. "Japanese Production Networks in Asia: Extending the Status Quo," in William W. Keller and Richard J. Samuels, eds., Crisis and Innovation in Asian Technology. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
G. Calvin Mackenzie Professor Mackenzie's publications can be found on his publications page.
L. Sandy Maisel Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process, 4th edition By L. Sandy Maisel and Kara Z. Buckley , Rowman & Littlefield, July 2004 Running On Empty?: Political Discourse in Congressional Elections. Edited by L. Sandy Maisel and Darrell M. West, Rowmand & Littlefield, April 2004 Jews in American Politics: Essays. Edited by L. Sandy Maisel and Ira N. Forman Rowman & Littlefield, August 2003 "Incumbent Quality as a Deterrent to Strong Potential House Challengers: Extending the Strategic Politician Thesis." Stone, Walter J., L. Sandy Maisel and Cherie D. Maestas. July 2004. American Journal of Political Science. "The Not-So-Simple Calculus of Winning: Potential U.S. House Candidates' Nomination and General Election Prospects," Stone, Walter J. and L. Sandy Maisel. Journal of Politics November 2003: 951.
Joseph Reisert Jean-Jacques Rousseau: A Friend of Virtue. Cornell University Press, 2003.
Jennifer Yoder "Decentralization and Regionalization after Communism: Lessons from Administrative and Territorial Reform in Poland and the Czech Republic," Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 55, No. 2 (March 2003) 263-286. "Bridging the European Union and Eastern Europe: Cross-Border Cooperation and the Euroregions," Regional and Federal Studies, Vol. 13. No. 3 (Autumn 2003) 90-106.


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The European Central Bank (ECB) has been working hard to convince the world that it is not competent to act as a central bank. One of the main responsibilities of a central bank is to act as the lender of last resort in a crisis. The ECB is insisting that it will not fill this role. It is arguing instead that it would sooner see the eurozone collapse than risk inflation exceeding its 2.0 per cent target.
It would be bad enough if the ECB's incompetence just put Europe's economy at risk. After all, there are tens of millions of people who stand to see their lives ruined because the bureaucrats at the ECB don't understand introductory economics. But the consequences of a euro meltdown go well beyond the eurozone.
At the very least, the chaos following the collapse of the euro will mean a second dip to the US recession. The loss of the European export market, and the likely surge in the dollar that will result from a worldwide flight to safety, would be enough to turn a weak positive growth number into a negative.
However, it is also likely that the financial panic following the collapse of the euro will lead to the same sort of financial freeze-up that we saw following the collapse of Lehman Brothers. In this case, we won't be seeing unemployment just edge up by a percentage point or two, we will be seeing unemployment possibly rising into a 14-15 per cent range. This would be a really serious disaster.
Fortunately, the Fed has the tools needed to prevent this sort of meltdown. It can simply take the steps that the ECB has failed to do. First, and most importantly, it has to guarantee the sovereign debt of eurozone countries. The Fed simply has to commit to keep the interest rate yields on debt from rising above levels where it risks creating a self-perpetuating spiral of higher debt leading to higher interest rates, which in turn raises the deficit and debt.
This doesn't mean giving the eurozone countries a blank check. The Fed can adjust the interest rate at which it guarantees debt, depending on the extent to which countries reform their fiscal systems. For example, if Greece and Italy crack down on tax evasion, this can be a basis for allowing a lower interest rate. If they allow their wealthy to freely evade taxes, then this can be a basis for raising rates. The difference between a 2.0 per cent interest rate and 7.0 per cent interest would be a powerful incentive to eliminate corruption and waste.
The idea that a foreign central bank would intervene to affect a country's monetary policy should not be alien to people in the United States. The Chinese central bank did the same sort of intervention in the United States back in the years 2004-2006.
This was Alan Greenspan's famous "conundrum" episode. He claimed that he could not understand why long-term rates in the United States stayed flat or even fell as he raised the overnight rate from 1.0 per cent in 2004 to 5.25 per cent in 2006.
This pattern is easily understandable if we recognize that China's central bank was engaged in large-scale quantitative easing at the time. It was buying up hundreds of billions of dollars a year of long-term government bonds. The impact of China's central bank buying up large amounts of long-term US government debt is the same as the Fed buying up large amounts of long-term US government debt; it pushes down long-term interest rates. The only mystery in this story is that Greenspan somehow didn't recognise this fact.
In this case, the Fed would be intervening in the European economy for the same reason as China did with the US - to sustain our domestic economy. If the eurozone collapses, there are no easy tools in the Fed's bag of tricks that will allow it to quickly offset the negative impact on the US economy. It would make far more sense to act preemptively to prevent this disaster from happening. This can be seen as an essential part of its legal mandate to maintain full employment.
Of course, this sort of intervention will look horrible from the standpoint of the eurozone countries. It will appear as though they cannot be trusted to manage their own central bank and deal with their own economic affairs.
Unfortunately, this is the case. They have entrusted the continent's most important economic institution to a group of ideological zealots who are infatuated by the sight of low inflation rates, even as whole economies collapse in ruins and tens of millions of people needlessly go unemployed.
Perhaps the Europeans will respond to this affront by putting some serious people in charge of the ECB who are committed to maintaining a functioning economy in the eurozone. If that is the outcome, it will be a win-win for all involved. But if they can't rise to the task, we should not allow the ECB ideologues to wreak havoc on the lives of tens of millions of innocent people in Europe, the developing world, and here in the United States.
Dean Baker is co-director of the Centre for Economic and Policy Research, based in Washington DC. He is the author of several books, including Plunder & Blunder: The Rise and Fall of the Bubble Economy, The Conservative Nanny State: How the Wealthy Use the Government to Stay Rich, Get Richer and The United States Since 1980 and The End of Loser Liberalism: Making Markets Progressive.
The views expressed in this article are the author's own and do not necessarily reflect Al Jazeera's editorial policy.
Content on this website is for general information purposes only. Your comments are provided by your own free will and you take sole responsibility for any direct or indirect liability. You hereby provide us with an irrevocable, unlimited, and global license for no consideration to use, reuse, delete or publish comments, in accordance with Community Rules & Guidelines and Terms and Conditions.


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It's time for us as a people to start makin' some changes. Let's change the way we eat, let's change the way we live and let's change the way we treat each other. You see the old way wasn't working so it's on us to do what we gotta do, to survive.
Please, blog, may I have some more?Scott Podsednik
The Oakland A's called up their prized prospect, Daniel Straily, to start tonight. Their prized prospect that no one even heard of before this year. Is that egg on your face, Keith Law? "Actually, it's a sous vide'd ostrich egg with fleur de sel.
Please, blog, may I have some more?Shane Victorino has long been a benchmark for many other players' production here at Razzball. Dexter Fowler is Feign Victorino; Alejandro De Aza is Should-Hit-The-Gym-And-Train Victorino; Ryan Zimmerman is Bane of my Existence-rino. I look at Victorino like a proud papa.
Please, blog, may I have some more?Brandon Beachy left Saturday's start with a sore elbow. Usually when pitchers have a sore elbow it means one of two things. One, they're going on the DL for a long period of time. Or two, they're going to say they're going on the DL for only 15 days but it will be a long time. Yeah, those are kinda the same things, but it adds a little flare when I break them up into two things. My English Comp professor would've said, "Grey, you add filler on top of your filler then you put commas where they're not supposed to be then, add more filler. Have you considered a math major?" I told you to sell him about two weeks ago, but I understand how hard it is to sell an overperformer, so many of you were probably stuck with Beachy, or stranded, as the case may be. I'd DL him and hope for better news heretothen. Bee tee dubya, I just made up heretothen. Pretty good, right? Feel free to use it for the rest of twelve after twenty. Anyway, here's what else I saw this weekend in fantasy baseball:
Kris Medlen – The Braves stretched out Medlen, then yo-yo'd all over the place with what he should and would be doing. Fredi Gonzalez said, "I have enough problems to worry about since I can't pitch Venters 400 innings this year." Now with Beachy's injury, Medlen remains in the bullpen. Yup. Instead, the Braves are filling Beachy's rotation spot with Jair Jurrjens. Obviously, the Braves management threw a dart at a board to fill the rotation spot and said dart landed in a nearby toilet.
Please, blog, may I have some more?Brandon Morrow left yesterday's game with an oblique injury that was considered substantial. Sounds like he's headed to the DL. I'd gloat, but then he'll return in three days and hit .400 for a month with little power. I'd say I told you to sell Morrow, but no one likes an "I told you so." They're more unlikable than that Joe fella from MasterChef. I'm just going to say one thing, I feel really sorry for Morrow's owners. But I said that sarcastically. Ooh, the reverse middle finger roll! Anyway, here's what else I saw yesterday in fantasy baseball:
Carl Crawford – About two weeks away from game action. Vegas just set the over/under for his next setback at two weeks.
Please, blog, may I have some more?Well, here we are again. Doing our dance, making our love, and of course, getting down tonight. For my 3rd post anniversary, I was going to celebrate by going 1500 words deep discussing the merits of Kosuke Fukudome. But after my opening salvo, which began with 'Fukudome Me? Fukudome you!' and then the same thing copied and pasted several times over, I realized that there was really nothing else left to say about him.
Please, blog, may I have some more?Ernesto Frieri got the save yesterday in the 11th inning, but Downs came on in the 9th in a tie game. On one hand, teams hold back their closer in a tie game in away games, in case they get the lead. On the other hand, sometimes whoever pitches the ninth is the closer. On a third lesser known hand that is actually a mitten on a doorknob, maybe Downs just came in to face two lefties and stayed in for Gomes. On a fourth lesser known hand that is actually a hand spraypainted onto a dolphin, there is no fourth lesser known hand spraypainted onto a dolphin; c'mon, man, that's just cruel. On a fifth lesser known hand that is actually a giant hand-shaped pinata, The Sciosciapath is managing all of this, so if he sees Frieri get the save, Frieri could be the man. If Frieri is out there, I'd grab him. I still think Downs is in the mix. Walden's droppable outside of deep leagues. Anyway, here's what else I saw yesterday in fantasy baseball:
Marco Estrada – To the DL with a right hip flexor injury. Chubby Checker just shuddered.
Please, blog, may I have some more?Brandon Phillips isn't the shiniest tool in the toolbox, but he hit two homers off Beachy yesterday. He's gone from a 30/30 2nd baseman to a 20/20 2nd baseman to now an 18/15 2nd baseman, but that doesn't mean you're completely screwed if you overpaid for him on draft day. As long as Dusty hits him between Votto and Bruce, good ol' Brandon should deliver above average R/RBI at a solid average. He might not be as sexy as an Altuve or a Jemile, but he'll probably be a better value the rest of the way. BTW, even if you didn't own him last night, the best thing about BP wrecking another Beachy was we didn't have to sit through a celebrity telethon and Sean Penn's sourpuss. Anyway, here's what else we saw yesterday in fantasy baseball:
Please, blog, may I have some more?Yoenis Cespedes homered in yesterday's second day of kinda real baseball played about six hours before I wake up. I wonder where Cespedes is being drafted now. When Rudy and I took our giant beach balls to early March drafts and took Cespedes in a bunch of drafts, he was going cheap. I wonder if now all those other 'perts are suddenly stepping up because others are excited about him. I wonder if everyone else is a Monday morning quarterback with their advice. I wonder if Yoenis will hit 30 mistake pitch homers. I wonder if he'll make adjustments and hit for a decent average too. I wonder how this would sound read by Morgan Freeman. Anyway, here's what else I saw yesterday in spring training (and real baseball) for 2012 fantasy baseball:
Bartolo Colon – 8 IP, 1 ER, 4 baserunners, 6 Ks.
Please, blog, may I have some more?Did you know that Vapors song, Turning Japanese, is about masturbation? Because when said act is done, a man squints, hence turning Japanese. Things that are offensive aren't always racist, but, in this case, they are. Too bad The Vapors follow up single, "When I Really Have To Pee, I Dance Like A Cherokee" never climbed the charts. So this morning, Selig, on advice from his toupee, is taking the greatest day, Opening Day, and putting it up against infomercials and a three hour loop of the Emergency Broadcast Network. Why the hell is Opening Day at 3:05 AM Pacific Standard Time, you ask. Because Selig is a f*cking idiot. That asterisk is a U, by the way. In case that wasn't clear. Way to excite the next generation of baseball fans. Take Opening Day 6,000 miles west and have the two worst teams play. Could we not get the Padres to play the Washington Generals in Cape Horn? Anyway, for fantasy baseball, pick up anyone who may play, especially in H2H leagues. They're all fair game. If I were you, I'd focus on the hitters. From what I've read, Japanese ballparks are smaller….
Please, blog, may I have some more?


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The New Abnormal
Sibley band, The New Abnormal.By: Sammie Villella, Sibley Scribe
Sibley Bands : The New Abnormal Sammie Villella
There is in fact a band here at Sibley that plays live shows across the Twin Cities! Who knew, right? This band calls themselves The New Abnormal. The members consist of Fletcher Todd (grade 10-lead guitarist, vocals), Jett Roser (grade 10-drums), Billy Gleason (grade 10-lead vocals, rhythm guitar), and Chris Wehr (grade 12-bass guitar). I got a chance to ask Fletcher Todd about their band and got some information on their background.
The New Abnormal is a punk rock band that started at the end of their eighth grade year in 2011. They are most influenced by bands like Green Day, Nirvana, and The Black Keys. While they say music is mostly just a hobby, they have gigs at places such as The Garage and Station 4. Music as a hobby can be very important as a creative outlet. This is a hobby, regardless of what comes from it, that will most likely stick with these guys forever.
Tags: henry happenings, music and arts, sibleyscribe


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Apple MacBook Air MD231LL/A: Dual Core i5 1.8GHz CPU, 4GB DDR3, 128GB SSD, 13.3" LCD (1440x900), Mac OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion + Parallels Desktop 7 $1099 + Free shipping
Last edited by thelnel52; 08-16-2012 at 02:04 PM..
Apple MacBook Air MD231LL/A: Dual Core i5 1.8GHz CPU, 4GB DDR3, 128GB SSD, 13.3" LCD (1440x900), Mac OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion + Parallels Desktop 7 $1099 + Free shipping
B&H Photo has Apple MacBook Air MD231LL/A Laptop for $1099 + free shipping. They are also offering 50% off 3 Year of Apple Care protection for $95 (you can select it on the right side on the product page). Thanks iatacs19Specs:
Note, Amazon also has this laptop for the same price, but without any goodies. Last edited by oFlamingo; 08-16-2012 at 05:15 PM.. |
Most overpriced i5 laptop on the Market.
Have purchased Apple Products in the past, but no longer see any value in overpaying for just an OS. Support and construction quality are mediocre @ best. Just cannot justify paying a 40 to 50% premium for Apple Computers. |
"I purchased this "new version" of the Macbook Air as a birthday present for my wife when it was first released. First off let me say that she absolutely loves the thing, but that being said I HATE it. About 3 months after I purchased it she broke the screen. It is the only thing not covered in the warranty. I replaced the screen at a cost of $750. It broke again, and I replaced it for $750. Now, once more, it has a broken screen. I will obviously not be replacing it(this makes my wife cry). I gave this product the lowest rating possible because I feel like it breaks by design(She never broke any screens util she got this laptop). The screens on the older version of Macbook Airs can be fixed for around $250(perhaps Apple was not satisfied with this reasonable repair cost). I am so irritated that Apple would make something so breakable, so expensive, that I will not ever be purchasing an Apple product again. I am left feeling like Apple makes real cool products that are designed to break real good, and it is working out real well for them."
that will keep me away from mac stuff for a while since i haven't pull the trigger yet. Last edited by lifexpert; 08-14-2012 at 11:04 AM.. |
$30 cheaper than macmall - love the comment about overpriced, I hear the ultrabooks are really going to be fast and inexpensive compared to the apples . . .
Also, if your wife drops a laptop once, you need to send her to her room to use a desktop PC. @$700+, you could sell the existing one as a 'for repair' item and rebuy for cheaper . . . "I think they are trying to reduce the weight and in that process produced product which is fragile." Everything is solid state; they're unibody, which is stronger, the screen is made of glass which does tend to break when you drop it. Last edited by dstppy; 08-14-2012 at 11:30 AM.. I was Dirty Harry, John Wayne, and G.I. Joe
I am not commuting. I am midway through a twenty-year study of the migration habits of the North American Moron, an invasive species to the NorthEastern United States. WW(;,;)D? |
The iPad is obviously designed to break...and when the screen breaks they get $250 to replace it. Same with the phone when you are under the warranty. These things are made to slip out of our hands, no grooves...nothing but slippery surfaces..lol |
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However, my sister-in-law once told me that her mother never discouraged their wanderlust. She just advised her daughter to stash away enough money for a plane ride home in case the need arose.
I vowed to be that kind of mom.
We should be proud of those who summon the courage to go and forge successful lives for themselves. Many of our native sons and daughters are making contributions in their fields in ways they could not have done if they had stayed.
These days, travel to distant corners of the earth is not only possible, but fairly easy.
A co-worker's son left for Korea right after his graduation from Marshall. He had never been on an airplane before he took that international flight. He has been teaching English to kids in that country for five years now.
I think of him with awe and admiration.
Pearl Buck grew up in Pennsylvania, but West Virginia claims her because she was born in Pocahontas County. Do we wish that Nobel Prize winner hadn't gone to China?
I recently crossed paths with a woman who had moved to Charleston from Savannah, Ga. She and her husband, a retired military officer, came here for a reunion.
They fell in love with the place. Four weeks later, they signed a contract on a house.
They have found this state a beautiful, convenient place to live, closer to their children in the Northeast but not too close.
She commented specifically on the friendliness of the people. As a military spouse, she has moved many times and should be a good judge of that.
Still, West Virginia does have a challenge. We do need more young people. It just doesn't matter where they were born.
They will come if we create the right opportunities - jobs. We all can play a role in that, if only to vote for clear-headed candidates.
Meanwhile, I'm thankful for a job with a six-minute commute down a tree-lined hillside.
As I cross the South Side Bridge, I see our jewel of a city set along the sparkling Kanawha River and realize how lucky I am.
It may not be the Seine, but it suits me just fine.
Friend is editor and publisher of the Daily Mail. She may be reached at 348-5124 or nan...@dailymail.com.


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Yesterday | Peninsula Daily News
Port Townsend's Rose Theatre to host film, talk on Cassavetes on Sunday
A tribute to the late filmmaking pioneer John Cassavetes, with a screening of his 1971 comedy "Minnie and Moskowitz" and a discussion hosted by two of his colleagues, is set for noon Sunday at the Rose Theatre, 235 Taylor St. Tickets are $10 at www.RoseTheatre.com , while the theater can be reached at 360-385-1039.
Trending on the Topix Network
Yesterday | Peninsula Daily News
Community Read talk slated in Port Townsend on Sunday
Community Read, an invitation to all in Port Townsend to read and discuss the same book, continues this weekend with an art show talk at 1 p.m. Sunday.
Friday | Peninsula Daily News
Port Townsend's early Chinese community topic of First Friday talk
The Chinese man and child have been identified as Gloria Lung Wakayama's great-grandfather Eng Hock Gem, right, and her great-uncle Bing Cheung, known as Willie.
Friday | Peninsula Daily News
Blues singer Janiva Magness in Port Townsend on Saturday
"Whistlin' in the Dark," "I Won't Cry," "Make It Rain," "Things Left Undone": Janiva Magness' songs are about defiance of the past and hope for the road ahead.
Friday | Peninsula Daily News
Pipia sisters add art of juggling to their Saturday show in Port Townsend
The Pipia sisters, Sophie and Phina, are about to have juggling tossed into their musical mix.
Friday | Peninsula Daily News
One-act plays on PlayFest stage at Key City Public Theatre in Port Townsend starting tonight
Learn art of playwriting at workshops PORT TOWNSEND - Two playwriting workshops - one free and intro ductory, the other intensive with a fee - will take place next weekend as part of the Port Townsend Festival of New Plays, aka PlayFest.
Sculpture coming to Port Townsend honors advocate for Protection Island
A sculpture honoring the late Eleanor Stopps will become the first piece of public art installed downtown since the "Salish Sea Circle" was unveiled in May 2011.
Graduate students assisting with city's Comprehensive Plan
A group of graduate students from the state's largest university will assist the city when it kicks off its 2016 Comprehensive Plan update process from 9:30 a.m. to noon Saturday, March 8, in the Robert G. Geiger Council Chambers, 216 Prospect St. The city will conduct an open house for the purpose of gathering public input on key issues and ... (more)
Mortgage lender speaks on rising home values to Jefferson County Chamber of Commerce
Contrary to popular belief, home values in most of Jefferson County are increasing, a mortgage professional said this week.
Port Townsend Community Read book selection combines farming, activism
The topic of the book selection for this year's Community Read, Turn Here Sweet Corn, resonates through the entire region.
Locally written one-acts to debut in Port Townsend PlayFest on Thursday
The Port Townsend Festival of New Plays - PlayFest for short - will bring 11 days of live theater, replete with one-act plays, discussions and writing workshops, to town starting Thursday.
3 getaways for this weekend, from Port Townsend to Victoria
Saturday is International Women's Day. If your boots were made for walkin' , get out of town to one of these events with a female focus: Women playwrights reading, 2:30 p.m. Saturday, March 8; 3 one-act plays, 7:30 p.m. Friday-Saturday, March 7-8, and 2:30 p.m. Sunday, March 9; $10-$15, Key City Playhouse, 419 Washington St., Port Townsend Shop, ... (more)
Live jazz is free during concerts Tuesday, next week in Port Angeles
Kevin MacCartney of Port Angeles is one of the 10 horn players in the Peninsula College Jazz Ensemble.
Port Townsend Main Street starts quarterly pub crawl to amp up Monday nights
The Main Street Program has started a new initiative designed to promote Port Townsend bars and restaurants by holding a quarterly pub crawl where attendees can enjoy drink and food specials and increase their social time.
Port Townsend writer to give reading Tuesday in Port Angeles
Genre-bending writer Judith Kitchen will give a free reading at Wine on the Waterfront, the venue inside The Landing mall, this Tuesday night.
Writer Adrianne Harun on Her New Novel 'A Man Came Out of a Door in the Mountain'
For the past 45 years, young women-mostly First Nations-have disappeared along Highway 16 in British Columbia.
Best-sellering writer will visit Winslow
Bainbridge Island best-selling author Carol Cassella will be celebrating the debut of her latest novel, "Gemini," with a release party at Eagle Harbor Book Company in downtown Winslow at 7 p.m. Tuesday, March 4. Inspired by her own background as a medical doctor, Cassella's "Gemini" is a medical mystery, a love story and an exploration of family in ... (more)
Tony Floor's Tackle Box loaded with spring fishing bliss
So what was it, that sticks in your mind about 1941? Bet you're gonna say Pearl Harbor.
MR. MUSIC: Collectible Records and Recorded Music
Write Jerry Osborne at Box 255, Port Townsend, WA 98368, email: email@example.com, or visit his website: jerryosborne.com.
Salutes planned tonight, Friday in Port Townsend, Sequim for Pete Seeger
A pair of salutes to the late folk icon Pete Seeger will fill Sequim and Port Townsend venues with song tonight and Friday night.


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Dremel Tool Batteries
All cordless power tools need batteries. Spare batteries and chargers are handy accessories for professional tradesmen, because they let you keep working while your main battery recharges. We carry the latest Ni-Cad and Li-Ion batteries from major manufacturers like Milwaukee, Bosch, Makita, DEWALT® and Panasonic.
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Dremel 757-017.2 Volt MultiPro Battery Pack
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Dremel 755-014.8V MiniMite Battery
Sale Price: $23.19


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Hello Kitty My First Hello Kitty Walker
From £0.68 per week
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- Was £62.00
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2 reviewsKeep your little one entertained with the My First Hello Kitty Walker!
Suitable from 6 months the Hello Kitty Walker is height adjustable and easy to fold. Featuring anti-tip pads, speed restricting wheels and a removable toy tray!
Hello Kitty Electric Organ
From £1.50 per week
- Was
- Was £33.00
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0 reviewThis adorable Hello Kitty Electric Organ is the puurrfect way to introduce your youngster to the world of music.
With 25 keys they can play lots of different tunes, or just have fun making plenty of noise! With 4 different rhythm patterns they can play sequences too, with a range of sounds that add to the fun.
With a sweet Hello Kitty design, it's sure to catch your youngsters eye and will help them improve their co-ordination and develop their love of music.
Useful info:
- 25 keys and 6 instruments
- 4 different rhythm patterns
- 4 different sounds
- Requires 3 x AA/LR6 batteries (not included)
- Age from 3 years
- Hello Kitty Electric Organ
Hello Kitty 3-in-1 Wooden Puzzle
From £0.75 per week
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4 reviews3-in-1 Hello Kitty Wooden Puzzle
This charming wooden puzzle set from Hello Kitty will delight little girls – and you'll love it too as it develops their problem-solving and fine motor skills and teaches them number and letter recognition.
The puzzles themselves are shape-sorting activities. They can sort their favourite Hello Kitty characters, letters of the alphabet and numbers and maths symbols. All are styled in Hello Kitty's signature pastels, making this a pretty, traditional toy that will be adored.
Useful info:
- Suitable for ages 18 months and up
- Develops skills through shape-sorting
- Charming wooden toy
- 3-in-1 Hello Kitty Wooden Puzzle


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Blaylock's chatter drives Saluki softball teamCARBONDALE, IL-- There are a lot of ways to describe SIU softball coach Kerri Blaylock during a game. "Sometimes she has word vomit when she gets excited," said junior infielder Jayna Spivey. "So that's a good and bad thing i guess." "I kind of mumble all over myself," Blaylock admitted. "I think my brain is thinking one thing, and my mouth can't catch up to it." Every player has their own Coach Blaylock impersonation of different things she says. "She always says come on big kid," said junior infielder Kelsea Ashton. "And I'm like, what are you trying to say Kerri? Am I fat, or what? But I know she just means I have a big bat." "And I use buddy, and I don't know why," Blaylock confessed. "Everybody's buddy. I might say it to my mom, yeah bud, if she says something, or to a friend. But everybody's buddy." And of course, Blaylock has had moments where she even surprised herself. "I have actually said great pitch to an opposing pitcher, when i wanted to say good hit to the hitter. So the kids in the dugout looked at me like, what in the world are you talking about?" But the players wouldn't change her charisma for anything. "Her always cheering for us let's us know that she's here for you no matter what, and wants us to play harder," said junior infielder Taylor Orsburn. "It's definitely a good thing to be around somebody that's positive pretty much a hundred percent of the time," Ashton said. "And it's a long season, so it helps keeps us positive." Follow WPSD Sports on Facebook by clicking here. Most Popular |
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Results 31 to 35 of 74
June 17th, 2013 12:04 AM #31Senior Member
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- Mar 2013
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June 17th, 2013 01:22 AM #33Senior Member
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How lovely to be beginning the naming process for your new baby, and to think, Aphrodite's name was only finalised a fortnight ago! Looking forward to see what you choose with interest. Best of luck!
As you know, I think your names are beautiful, but we have very different styles. I prefer safer names to you, which is making going through this list very difficult for me! I keep letting my style influence my opinion of your list, when really its your style that is under consideration, if you know what I mean. Finding it hard to separate the two!
As a sister for Aphrodite, I like...
♥Mama to Amelie Clara (2008) & Daisy Madeline (2013).
Lucy, Annabel, Rosalind, Ivy, Alice, Lilia, Rosabel, Victoria, Faye, Anastasia, Molly.
Charlie, Noah, Arthur, William, Dexter, Henry, Luca, Ethan, Samuel, Isaac, Finn.
June 17th, 2013 03:15 AM #35Senior Member
- Join Date
- Mar 2013
- Posts
- 103
Writer. Name lover. Dreamer.
Current favorites:
Genevieve Lyra and Theodore Jon
June 17th, 2013 04:02 AM #37Senior Member
- Join Date
- Mar 2012
- Posts
- 269
June 17th, 2013 06:22 AM #39
Late to the party as I've been trying to move and finalize this wedding, but yay! This was great fun with Roo (both times!)
I'm throwing my vote for Zenobia. I like the way it sounds with Aphrodite.
Other favorites: Niniane and Fiammetta.
I love Celeste and Ophelia and Vashti from the middles list.
There is no way I would even attempt combos as I well, suck at them. Lol. Zenobia Ophelia Celeste sounds good .
Congrats again OttilieLast edited by dindlee; June 17th, 2013 at 06:23 AM. Reason: Damn iPad.
Little Bean arriving September 2014
Zoe | Noemí Esther
Lucas Emmanuel | Levi Alexander
Adele | Adira | Arabella | Aurora | Eliana | Elizabeth | Milena | Susannah | Zara


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Tim Robbins' second directorial effort (after the political satire Bob Roberts) was this drama based on a true story, which explores the issue of capital punishment. Sister Helen Prejean (Susan Sarandon) is a nun and teacher living in rural Louisiana.…Read More
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February 2014
Welcome, guest
Fri Oct 23, 2009
It is one thing to have made money in the rallying credit markets this year, but another to have done so with tight risk management and liquidity constraints, and without running a heavily net long portfolio.
Brevan Howard's newly spun-out Credit Catalysts Fund - managed from New York by a 20-strong team headed by former Morgan Stanley credit trading managing director David Warren - has done just that.
Although the fund formally launched in June as a standalone entity, the strategy has gained an estimated 24% net of fees to the end of September, with its short positions exceeding its long positions for most of the year....
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Published on Wednesday, September 21, 2005 (updated 08/14/2013)


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Credits & Info
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- Aug 15, 2007 | 1:53 AM EDT
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Clock Day 2007 The celebration of the Clock Crew's sixth birthday!
Author Comments
The following was originally sent into Frank's Clock Crew Radio show, under the name of "Older- They Might Be Giants". It was played live on the air. Have an awesome Clockday. :D
For more unmissable moments like this, be sure to check out CC Radio!
http://22.214.171.124:7005 /
(Especially when Frank is broadcasting)
Rated 5 / 5 stars July 9, 2008
Probably the freakiest monologue i ever heard.
That was a very crazy flash needless to say,i got a lot of laughs from it and loved the voice acting but seriously how did you think of this insane dialogue.
Rated 3.5 / 5 stars March 6, 2008
I found it funny.
Although all in all this submission really wasn't that great, I did find the submission to be quite funny. It did not blow anyone away, but at the same time it did manage to be funny. The graphics were smooth and solid and it provided some funny when it concluded. All in all a good, fun submission to watch.
Rated 4.5 / 5 stars October 7, 2007
Very, very funny. You did a really good job on timing.
I'm curious: is there any substance to what Chalk is talking about?
Rated 5 / 5 stars September 24, 2007
That was hysterical. Wow. And I love the animation. 10! and you get 5'd!
<3 me.
Yay for clocks!
Rated 3 / 5 stars September 16, 2007
It needed Speakonia voices, but other then that, it was good! Geez, ChalkClock REALY LOVES IvysaurClock.