text:
Mortimer J. Adler
Mortimer J. Adler
Born | Mortimer Jerome Adler December 28, 1902 New York City, New York, United States |
Died | June 28, 2001 Palo Alto, California, United States |
(aged 98)
Era | 20th-century philosophy |
Region | Western Philosophy |
School | Aristotelian, Thomist |
Main interests | Philosophical theology, metaphysics, ethics |
Mortimer Jerome Adler (December 28, 1902 – June 28, 2001) was an American philosopher, educator, and popular author. As a philosopher he worked within the Aristotelian and Thomistic traditions. He lived for the longest stretches in New York City, Chicago, San Francisco, and San Mateo, California.[1] He worked for Columbia University, the University of Chicago, Encyclopædia Britannica, and Adler's own Institute for Philosophical Research.
New York City[edit]
Adler was born in New York City on December 28, 1902, to Jewish immigrants. He dropped out of school at age 14 to become a copy boy for the New York Sun, with the ultimate aspiration to become a journalist.[2] Adler soon returned to school to take writing classes at night where he discovered the works of men he would come to call heroes: Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, John Locke, John Stuart Mill and others.[3] He went on to study at Columbia University and contributed to the student literary magazine, The Morningside, (a poem "Choice" in 1922 when Charles A. Wagner[4] was editor-in-chief and Whittaker Chambers an associate editor).[5] Though he refused to take the required swimming test for a bachelor's degree (a matter that was rectified when Columbia gave him an honorary degree in 1983), he stayed at the university and eventually received an instructorship and finally a doctorate in psychology.[6] While at Columbia University, Adler wrote his first book: Dialectic, published in 1927.[7]
In 1930 Robert Hutchins, the newly appointed president of the University of Chicago, whom Adler had befriended some years earlier, arranged for Chicago's law school to hire him as a professor of the philosophy of law; the philosophers at Chicago (who included James H. Tufts, E.A. Burtt, and George H. Mead) had "entertained grave doubts as to Dr. Adler's competence in the field [of philosophy]" and resisted Adler's appointment to the University's Department of Philosophy.[8] Adler was the first "non-lawyer" to join the law school faculty.[9] Adler also taught philosophy to business executives at the Aspen Institute.[7]
"Great Books" and beyond[edit]
Adler and Hutchins went on to found the Great Books of the Western World program and the Great Books Foundation. He founded and served as director of the Institute for Philosophical Research in 1952. He also served on the Board of Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica from its inception in 1949, and succeeded Hutchins as its chairman from 1974. As the director of editorial planning for the fifteenth edition of Britannica from 1965, he was instrumental in the major reorganization of knowledge embodied in that edition.[10] He introduced the Paideia Proposal which resulted in his founding the Paideia Program, a grade-school curriculum centered around guided reading and discussion of difficult works (as judged for each grade). With Max Weismann, he founded the Center for the Study of The Great Ideas in 1990 in Chicago.
Popular appeal[edit]
Adler long strove to bring philosophy to the masses, and some of his works (such as How to Read a Book) became popular bestsellers. He was also an advocate of economic democracy and wrote an influential preface to Louis O. Kelso's The Capitalist Manifesto.[11] Adler was often aided in his thinking and writing by Arthur Rubin, an old friend from his Columbia undergraduate days. In his own words:
Unlike many of my contemporaries, I never write books for my fellow professors to read. I have no interest in the academic audience at all. I'm interested in Joe Doakes. A general audience can read any book I write – and they do.
Dwight MacDonald once criticized Adler's popular style by saying "Mr. Adler once wrote a book called How to Read a Book. He should now read a book called How to Write a Book."[12]
The ethnic composition of Adler's Great Books list was controversial in some academic circles, as was his response to accompanying criticism. Some fellow academics characterized the list as ethnically exclusive with Henry Louis Gates saying the assembly of the list showed a "profound disrespect for the intellectual capacities of people of color--red, brown or yellow." Others, such as E. D. Hirsch, Jr., claim the Great Books of the Western World project was inherently unnecessary, saying that an understanding of shared cultural items within books is more important than reading them. Adler was asked in a 1990 interview with the LA Times why his Great Books of the Western World list did not include more non-whites and non-Europeans. He attributed the lack of Latino authors to the lack of recommendations by Mexican poet and committee member Octavio Paz, and the lack of black authors to a lack of books good enough to fit the criteria. In the face of criticism Adler maintained that ethnic quotas were irrelevant to the subject.[13]
Religion and theology[edit]
Adler was born into a nonobservant Jewish family. In his early twenties, he discovered St. Thomas Aquinas, and in particular the Summa Theologica.[14] Many years later, he wrote that its "intellectual austerity, integrity, precision and brilliance...put the study of theology highest among all of my philosophical interests".[15] An enthusiastic Thomist, he was a frequent contributor to Catholic philosophical and educational journals, as well as a frequent speaker at Catholic institutions, so much so that some assumed he was a convert to Catholicism. But that was reserved for later.[14]
In 1940, James T. Farrell called Adler "the leading American fellow-traveller of the Roman Catholic Church". What was true for Adler, Farrell said, was what was "postulated in the dogma of the Roman Catholic Church", and he "sang the same tune" as avowed Catholic philosophers like Étienne Gilson, Jacques Maritain and Martin D'Arcy. Farrell attributed Adler's delay in joining the Church to his being among those Christians who "wanted their cake and...wanted to eat it too", and compared him to the Emperor Constantine, who waited until he was on his deathbed to formally become a Catholic.[16]
Adler took a long time to make up his mind about theological issues. When he wrote How to Think About God: A Guide for the Twentieth-Century Pagan in 1980, he claimed to consider himself the pagan of the book's subtitle. In volume 51 of the Mars Hill Audio Journal (2001), Ken Myers includes his 1980 interview with Adler, conducted after How to Think About God was published. Myers reminisces, "During that interview, I asked him why he had never embraced the Christian faith himself. He explained that while he had been profoundly influenced by a number of Christian thinkers during his life,... there were moral – not intellectual – obstacles to his conversion. He didn't explain any further."[17]
Myers notes that Adler finally "surrendered to the Hound of Heaven" and "made a confession of faith and was baptized" as an Episcopalian in 1984, only a few years after that interview. Offering insight into Adler's conversion, Myers quotes him from a subsequent 1990 article in Christianity magazine: "My chief reason for choosing Christianity was because the mysteries were incomprehensible. What's the point of revelation if we could figure it out ourselves? If it were wholly comprehensible, then it would just be another philosophy."[17]
According to his friend Deal Hudson, Adler "had been attracted to Catholicism for many years" and "wanted to be a Roman Catholic, but issues like abortion and the resistance of his family and friends" kept him away. Many thought he was baptized as an Episcopalian rather than a Catholic solely because of his "wonderful – and ardently Episcopal – wife" Caroline. Hudson suggests it is no coincidence that it was only after her death in 1998 that he took the final step.[18] In December 1999, in San Mateo, where he had moved to spend his last years, Adler was formally received into the Catholic Church by a long-time friend and admirer, Bishop Pierre DuMaine.[14] "Finally," wrote another friend, Ralph McInerny, "he became the Roman Catholic he had been training to be all his life".[2]
Despite not being a Catholic for most of his life, Adler can be considered a Catholic philosopher on account of his lifelong participation in the Neo-Thomist movement[17] and his almost equally long membership of the American Catholic Philosophical Association.[2]
Moral philosophy[edit]
Adler referred to Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics as the "ethics of common sense" and also as "the only moral philosophy that is sound, practical, and undogmatic". Thus, it is the only ethical doctrine that answers all the questions that moral philosophy should and can attempt to answer, neither more nor less, and that has answers that are true by the standard of truth that is appropriate and applicable to normative judgments. In contrast, he believed that other theories or doctrines try to answer more questions than they can or fewer than they should, and their answers are mixtures of truth and error, particularly the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant.
Adler believed we are as enlightened by Aristotle's Ethics today as were those who listened to Aristotle's lectures when they were first delivered because the ethical problems that human beings confront in their lives have not changed over the centuries. Moral virtue and the blessings of good fortune are today, as they have always been in the past, the keys to living well, unaffected by all the technological changes in the environment, as well as those in our social, political, and economic institutions. He believed that the moral problems to be solved by the individual are the same in every century, though they appear to us in different guises.
According to Adler, six indispensable conditions must be met in the effort to develop a sound moral philosophy that corrects all the errors made in modern times.
First and foremost is the definition of prescriptive truth, which sharply distinguishes it from the definition of descriptive truth. Descriptive truth consists in the agreement or conformity of the mind with reality. When we think that that which is, is, and that which is not, is not, we think truly. To be true, what we think must conform to the way things are. In sharp contrast, prescriptive truth consists in the conformity of our appetites with right desire. The practical or prescriptive judgments we make are true if they conform to right desire; or, in other words, if they prescribe what we ought to desire. It is clear that prescriptive truth cannot be the same as descriptive truth; and if the only truth that human beings can know is descriptive truth – the truth of propositions concerning what is and is not – then there can be no truth in ethics. Propositions containing the word "ought" cannot conform to reality. As a result, we have the twentieth-century mistake of dismissing all ethical or value judgments as noncognitive. These must be regarded only as wishes or demands we make on others. They are personal opinions and subjective prejudices, not objective knowledge. In short, the very phrase "noncognitive ethics" declares that ethics is not a body of knowledge.
Second, in order to avoid the naturalistic fallacy, we must formulate at least one self-evident prescriptive truth, so that, with it as a premise, we can reason to the truth of other prescriptives. David Hume said that if we had perfect or complete descriptive knowledge of reality, we could not, by reasoning, derive a single valid ought.
Third, the distinction between real and apparent goods must be understood, as well as the fact that only real goods are the objects of right desire. In the realm of appetite or desire, some desires are natural and some are acquired. Those that are natural are the same for all human beings as individual members of the human species. They are as much a part of our natural endowment as our sensitive faculties and our skeletal structure. Other desires we acquire in the course of experience, under the influence of our upbringing or nurturing, or of environmental factors that differ from individual to individual. Individuals differ in their acquired desires, as they do not in their natural desires. This is essentially the difference between "needs" and "wants." What is really good for us is not really good because we desire it, but the very opposite. We desire it because it is really good. By contrast, that which only appears good to us (and may or may not be really good for us) appears good to us simply because we want it at the moment. Its appearing good is the result of our wanting it, and as our wants change, as they do from day to day, so do the things that appear good to us. In light of the definition of prescriptive truth as conformity with right desire, we can see that prescriptions are true only when they enjoin us to want what we need, since every need is for something that is really good for us. If right desire is desiring what we ought to desire, and if we ought to desire only that which is really good for us and nothing else, then we have found the one controlling self-evident principle of all ethical reasoning – the one indispensable categorical imperative. That self-evident principle can be stated as follows: we ought to desire everything that is really good for us.The principle is self-evident because its opposite is unthinkable. It is unthinkable that we ought to desire anything that is really bad for us; and it is equally unthinkable that we ought not to desire everything that is really good for us. The meanings of the crucial words "ought" and "really good" co-implicate each other, as do the words "part" and "whole" when we say that the whole is greater than any of its parts is a self-evident truth. Given this self-evident prescriptive principle, and given the facts of human nature that tell us what we naturally need, we can reason our way to a whole series of prescriptive truths, all categorical.
Fourth, in all practical matters or matters of conduct, the end precedes the means in our thinking about them, while in action we move from means to ends. But we cannot think about our ends until, among them, we have discovered our final or ultimate end – the end that leaves nothing else to be rightly desired. The only word that names such a final or ultimate end is "happiness." No one can ever say why he or she wants happiness because happiness is not an end that is also a means to something beyond itself. This truth cannot be understood without comprehending the distinction between terminal and normative ends. A terminal end, as in travel, is one that a person can reach at some moment and come to rest in. Terminal ends, such as psychological contentment, can be reached and then rested in on some days, but not others. Happiness, not conceived as psychologically experienced contentment, but rather as a whole life well lived, is not a terminal end because it is never attained at any time in the course of one's whole life. If all ends were terminal ends, there could not be any one of them that is the final or ultimate end in the course of living from moment to moment. Only a normative end can be final and ultimate. Happiness functions as the end that ought to control all the right choices we make in the course of living. Though we never have happiness ethically understood at any moment of our lives, we are always on the way to happiness if we freely make the choices that we ought to make in order to achieve our ultimate normative end of having lived well. But we suffer many accidents in the course of our lives, things beyond our control – outrageous misfortunes or the blessings of good fortunes. Moral virtue alone – or the habits of choosing as we ought – is a necessary, but not sufficient condition of living well. The other necessary, but also not sufficient condition is good fortune.
The fifth condition is that there is not a plurality of moral virtues (which are named in so many ethical treatises), but only one integral moral virtue. There may be a plurality of aspects to moral virtue, but moral virtue is like a cube with many faces. The unity of moral virtue is understood when it is realized that the many faces it has may be analytically but not existentially distinct. In other words, considering the four so-called cardinal virtues – temperance, courage, justice, and prudence – the unity of virtue declares that no one can have any one of these four without also having the other three. Since justice names an aspect of virtue that is other regarding, while temperance and courage name aspects of virtue that are self-regarding, and both the self- and other regarding aspects of virtue involve prudence in the making of moral choices, no one can be selfish in his right desires without also being altruistic, and conversely. This explains why a morally virtuous person ought to be just even though his or her being just may appear only to serve the good of others. According to the unity of virtue, the individual cannot have the self-regarding aspects of virtue – temperance and courage – without also having the other regarding aspect of virtue, which is justice.
The sixth and final condition in Adler's teleological ethics is acknowledging the primacy of the good and deriving the right therefrom. Those who assert the primacy of the right make the mistake of thinking that they can know what is right, what is morally obligatory in our treatment of others, without first knowing what is really good for ourselves in the course of trying to live a morally good life. Only when we know what is really good for ourselves can we know what are our duties or moral obligations toward others. The primacy of the good with respect to the right corrects the mistake of thinking that we are acting morally if we do nothing that injures others. Our first moral obligation is to ourselves – to seek all the things that are really good for us, the things all of us need, and only those apparent goods that are innocuous rather than noxious.
The intellect[edit]
Adler was a self-proclaimed "moderate dualist", and viewed the positions of psychophysical dualism and materialistic monism to be opposite sides of two extremes. Regarding dualism, he dismissed the extreme form of dualism that stemmed from such philosophers as Plato (body and soul) and Descartes (mind and matter):
Strictly speaking, a human being (as defined by the dualistic theory) is not what common sense supposes that person to be: one indivisible thing. That person is actually divided into two individual things, as different and distinct as the rower and the rowboat in which he sits. If this dualistic theory were true, it would confront us with the most embarrassing, insoluble difficulties should we try to explain how these two utterly different substances could interact with one another, as they appear to do in human behavior. Brain injuries or defects produce mental disabilities or disorders. We also have the reports from neurological surgery that tell of electrical stimulation of the brain producing conscious experiences. How can this be so if mind and brain are as separate as the rower and the rowboat, a separation so complete that it permits the rowboat to be sunk while the rower swims away unharmed?
Adler also disagreed with the theory of extreme monism. He believed that while mind and brain may be existentially inseparable, and so regarded as one and the same thing, the mental and the physical may still be analytically distinct aspects of it. He put this theory to the test in the following manner:
Let a surgeon open up an individual's brain for inspection while the patient remains conscious. Let the surgeon dictate to a secretary his detailed observation of the visible area of the brain under scrutiny, and let that area of the brain be its center for vision. Let the patient dictate to another secretary a detailed description of the visible walls of the room in which the surgery is occurring. The language used by the surgeon and the language used by the patient will be irreducibly different: the one will contain words referring to physical phenomena occurring in the brain; the other, words referring to conscious experiences of the room. The extreme monism that asserts not only the existential unity of brain and mind, but also that there is no analytical distinction between them, thus becomes untenable.[19]
Adler was also a harsh critic of the Mind-Brain Identity Theory:
One extremist theory about mind and brain asserts their identity. Used literally, the word "identity" must here mean that there is no distinction whatsoever between mind and brain. That, in turn, means that the two words – "mind" and "brain" – are strict synonyms. If that is the case, we cannot meaningfully ask about the relation of psychology to neurology because psychology is identical with neurology.[19]
After eliminating the extremes, Adler subscribed to a more moderate form of dualism. He believed that the brain is only a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for conceptual thought; that an immaterial[disambiguation needed] intellect is also requisite as a condition; and that the difference between human and animal behavior is a radical difference in kind. His reason for this is that their cognitive sensory powers do not and cannot apprehend universals. Their cognitive reach does not go beyond particulars. Hence, we would not be able to apprehend universals if we did not have another and quite distinct cognitive power – the power of intellect. Our concepts are universal in their signification of objects that are kinds or classes of things rather than individuals that are particular instances of these classes or kinds. Since they have universality, they cannot exist physically or be embodied in matter. But concepts do exist in our minds. They are there as acts of our intellectual power. Hence that power must be an immaterial power, not one embodied in a material organ such as the brain.
Adler argued that if such an immaterial power did not exist in human beings, our use of common nouns would not be possible. Particular instances are designated by proper names or definite descriptions. When we use the word "dog," we are referring to any dog, regardless of breed, size, shape, or color. To refer to a particular instance, we would use a canine name, such as "Fido," or a definite description, such as "that white poodle over there lying in front of the fire." Our concepts of dog and poodle not only enable us to think about two classes of animals, they also enable us to understand what it is like to be a dog or a poodle.
According to Adler, The action of the brain, therefore, cannot be the sufficient condition of conceptual thought, though it may still be a necessary condition thereof, insofar as the exercise of our power of conceptual thought depends on the exercise of our powers of perception, memory, and imagination, which are corporeal powers embodied in our sense-organs and brain.
Only if the brain is not the sufficient condition for intellectual activity and conceptual thought (only if the intellect that is part of the human mind and is not found in other animals is the immaterial factor that must be added to the brain in order to provide conditions both necessary and sufficient) are we justified in concluding that the manifest difference in kind between human and animal minds, and between human and animal behavior, is radical, not superficial. It cannot be explained away by any difference in the physical constitution of human beings and other animals that is a difference in degree.
Adler defended this position against many challenges to dualistic theories. For example, David Hume believed that man is equipped with sensitive faculties only, and has no intellect. As a nominalist, Hume then faced the problem of how to explain the meaning of the general words in our everyday language; for example, the common nouns that signify classes or kinds. Hume attempted to solve this problem by arguing that when we use words that appear to have general significance, we are applying them to a number of perceived individuals indifferently; that is, without any difference in the meaning of the word thus applied.
Adler found this explanation to be a complete contradiction. To say that we can apply words to a number of individuals indifferently amounts to saying that there is a certain sameness in the individual thing that the speaker or writer recognizes. He argued that if human beings enjoy the powers of conceptual, as opposed to perceptual thought, there would be no difficulty in explaining how words signify universals or generalities. They would derive their significance from concepts that give us our understanding of classes or kinds.
As for the challenge that man's understanding is derived only from sense, and to the denial of "abstract" or "general ideas, Adler cites the following quote:
Let any man try to conceive of a triangle in general, which is neither Isosceles, Scalenum, nor has any particular length or proportion of sides; and he will soon perceive the absurdity of all the scholastic notions with regard to abstraction and general ideas.
Adler responded to this challenge in his book "Ten Philosophical Mistakes":
There we have it in a nut shell. If all we have are sense-perceptions and images derived from sense, then we can never be aware of anything but a particular triangle, one that is either isosceles, scalene, or equilateral, one that has a certain size or area, one the lines of which are either black or some other color, and so on. What is here said of triangles can be said of everything else. We are never aware of anything except particular individuals-whether by perception or imagination-this cow or that, this tree or that, this chair or that, each with this one particular instance of a certain kind of thing. We may have a name for that certain kind, as we do when we use such words as "triangle", "cow", "tree", and "chair", but we have no idea of that kind as such. We have no idea or understanding of triangularity as such, or of what any individual must be like to be a particular triangle, cow, tree, or chair. Only our words are general. Nothing in reality is general; everything there is particular. So, too, nothing in the mind is general; everything is particular. Generality exists only in the words of our language, the words that are common, not proper, names. Those who regard the human mind as having intellectual as well as sensitive powers have no difficulty in meeting Hume's challenge head on. By means of an abstract concept, we understand what is common to all the particular cows, trees, and chairs that we can perceive or imagine.
—Mortimer J. Adler, Ten Philosophical Mistakes, p. 41-42
Free will[edit]
The meanings of "freedom" and "free will" have been and are under debate, and the debate is confused because there is no generally accepted definition of either "freedom" or "free will."[20] "Freedom" and "free will" are often treated together because "free will" is commonly used as synonymous with "freedom."[21]
Three meanings of freedom[edit]
Adler's "Institute for Philosophical Research" spent ten years studying the "idea of freedom" as the word was used by hundreds of authors who have discussed and disputed freedom.[22] The study was published in 1958 as Volume One of The Idea of Freedom, sub-titled A Dialectical Examination of the Idea of Freedom with subsequent comments in Adler's Philosophical Dictionary. Adler's study concluded that a delineation of three kinds of freedom is necessary for clarity on the subject. These three kinds of freedom were delineated as follows:[23]
- 1. "Circumstantial freedom" denotes "freedom from coercion or restraint," a freedom that allows us "to do as we please." Thus, circumstantial freedom was also called the "freedom of self-realization." It has been observed that this is the kind of freedom that Thomas Hobbes and David Hume thought was compatible with determinism.
- 2. "Natural freedom" denotes "freedom of a free will" or "free choice." It is the freedom to determine one's own decisions or plans. This freedom exists in everyone as a "natural endowment." It is, according to Adler, "(i) inherent in all men, (ii) regardless of the circumstances under which they live and (iii) without regard to any state of mind or character which they may or may not acquire in the course of their lives."
- 3. "Acquired freedom" (also called "moral freedom") is the freedom "to live as [one] ought to live." In his description of acquired freedom, Adler sometimes used freedom's synonym "ability."[24] Thus, Adler described acquired freedom as "the ability to will as we ought to will" and the ability to act as we ought to act. This kind of freedom/ability is not inherent: it must be acquired. To live as one ought requires "a change or development" whereby a person acquires "a state of mind, or character, or personality" that can be described by such qualities as "good, wise, virtuous, righteous, holy, healthy, sound, flexible, etc."
As Adler's interest in religion and theology increased, he made references to the Bible and the need to test its articles of faith for compatibility with certainties from fields of natural knowledge such as science and philosophy.[25] The article Theodicy and the Bible demonstrates the compatibility between Adler's three kinds of freedom and the Bible.
Volume two[edit]
In 1961, Volume 2, The Idea of Freedom: A Dialectical Examination of the Controversies about Freedom was published. In it Adler revisits the idea of a natural freedom of self-determination, which explicitly includes alternative possibilities and the uncaused self as a cause so our actions are "up to us." The uncaused self decides by choosing from prior alternative possibilities.
We have employed the following descriptive formula to summarize the understanding of self-determination that is shared by authors who affirm man's possession of such freedom. They regard it, we have said, as "a freedom which is possessed by all men, in virtue of a power inherent in human nature, whereby a man is able to change his own character creatively by deciding for himself what he shall do or shall become.
We have further explained that "being able to change one's own character creatively by deciding for one's self what one shall do or shall become" expresses the topical agreement about self-determination only when at least two of the three following points are affirmed:
- (i) that the decision is intrinsically unpredictable, i.e., given perfect knowledge of all relevant causes, the decision cannot be foreseen or predicted with certitude;
- (ii) that the decision is not necessitated, i.e., the decision is always one of a number of alternative possible decisions any one of which it was simultaneously within the power of the self to cause, no matter what other antecedent or concurrent factors exercise a causal influence on the making of the decision;
These three points, as we shall see, generate three distinct existential issues about man's natural freedom of self-determination. Writers who deny (iii) that, on the plane of natural or finite causes, there are any uncaused causes deny, in consequence, the existence of a freedom the conception of which posits such causes. Writers who deny (ii) that an effect can be caused in a manner which does not necessitate it deny, in consequence, the existence of a freedom the conception of which attributes to the self the power of causing but not necessitating the decisions it makes. The existence of self-determination is also denied by writers who claim (i) that God's omniscience excludes a freedom the conception of which involves the intrinsic unpredictability of decisions that are the product of man's power of self-determination.
- (iii) that the decision flows from the causal initiative of the self, i.e., on the plane of natural or finite causes, the self is the uncaused cause of the decision it makes.
—Mortimer J. Adler, The Idea of Freedom, vol.II, p.225
In points (i) and (ii) Adler has defined a two-stage model of free will like that of William James and a dozen other philosophers and scientists.[26]
In his 1981 book How to Think About God, Adler attempts to demonstrate God as the exnihilator [the creator of something from nothing][3] of the cosmos. The steps taken to demonstrate this are as follows:
- The existence of an effect requiring the concurrent existence and action of an efficient cause implies the existence and action of that cause
- The cosmos as a whole exists
- The existence of the cosmos as a whole is radically contingent (meaning that it needs an efficient cause of its continuing existence to preserve it in being, and prevent it from being annihilated, or reduced to nothing)
- If the cosmos needs an efficient cause of its continuing existence, then that cause must be a supernatural being, supernatural in its action, and one the existence of which is uncaused, in other words, the Supreme Being, or God
The reason we can conceive the cosmos as being radically rather than superficially contingent is due to the fact that the cosmos which now exists is only one of many possible universes that might have in fact existed in the past, and might still exist in the future. This is not to say that any cosmos other than this one ever did exist in the past, or ever will exist in the future. It is not necessary to go that far in order to say that other universes might have existed in the past and might exist in the future. If other universes are possible, than this one also is merely possible, not necessary.
In other words, the universe as we know it today is not the only universe that can ever exist in time. How do we know that the present cosmos is only a possible universe (one of many possibilities that might exist), and not a necessary universe (the only one that can ever exist)? We can infer it from the fact that the order and disorder, the arrangement and disarray, of the present cosmos might have been otherwise. That it might have been different from what it is. There is no compelling reason to think that the natural laws which govern the present cosmos are the only possible natural laws. The cosmos as we know it manifests chance and random happenings, as well as lawful behavior. Even the electrons and protons, which are thought to be imperishable once they exist as the building blocks of the present cosmos, might not be the building blocks for a different cosmos.
The next step in the argument is the crucial one. It consists in saying that whatever might have been otherwise in shape or structure is something that also might not exist at all. That which cannot be otherwise also cannot not exist; and conversely, what necessarily exists can not be otherwise than it is. Therefore, a cosmos which can be otherwise is one that also can not be; and conversely, a cosmos that is capable of not existing at all is one that can be otherwise than it now is.
Applying this insight to the fact that the existing cosmos is merely one of a plurality of possible universes, we come to the conclusion that the cosmos, radically contingent in existence, would not exist at all were its existence not caused. A merely possible cosmos cannot be an uncaused cosmos. A cosmos that is radically contingent in existence, and needs a cause of that existence, needs a supernatural cause, one that exists and acts to exnihilate this merely possible cosmos, thus preventing the realization of what is always possible for merely a possible cosmos, namely, its absolute non-existence or reduction to nothingness.
Adler finishes by pointing out that the conclusion reached conforms to Ockham's rule (the rule which states that we are justified in positing or asserting the real existence of unobserved or unobservable entities if-and only-if their real existence is indispensable for the explanation of observable phenomena) because we have found it necessary to posit the existence of God, the Supreme Being, in order to explain what needs to be explained-the actual existence here and now of a merely possible cosmos. The argument also appeals to the principle of sufficient reason.
Adler stressed that even with this conclusion, God's existence cannot be proven or demonstrated, but only established as true beyond a reasonable doubt. However, in a recent re-review of the argument, John Cramer concluded that recent developments in cosmology appear to converge with and support Adler's argument, and that in light of such theories as the multiverse, the argument is no worse for wear and may, indeed, now be judged somewhat more probable than it was originally.[27]
Religion in modern times[edit]
Adler believed that, if theology and religion are living things, there is nothing intrinsically wrong about efforts to modernize them. They must be open to change and growth like everything else. Further, there is no reason to be surprised when discussions such as those about the "death of God" – a concept drawn from Nietzsche – stir popular excitement as they did in the recent past, and could do so again today. According to Adler, of all the great ideas, the idea of God has always been and continues to be the one that evokes the greatest concern among the widest group of men and women. However, he was opposed to the idea of converting atheism into a new form of religion or theology, and cited many "new theologians" such as William Hamilton, Paul Van Buren, Thomas Altizer and Gabriel Vahanian, who promoted this error:
Have any great intellectual events been ushered in by the new and "radical" theologians? Any new truths in theology? None. Any new insights into the nature of religion? None. Any new advances for the reform of religion? None. The authors who gave currency to the notions of the new "radical theology" supported their assertions with nothing more substantial than the kind of proof that would satisfy the bellman in Lewis Carroll's Hunting of the Snark who cried: "What I tell you three times is true!" There was, however, a close accord between the ambiguous language they used and their purpose. Their purpose was to transform atheism into a new theology – "the religionless Christianity," "atheistic religion," "secularized Christianity" – to preserve some of Christianity's religious teaching while secularizing and combining it with atheism. So the question emerges again. What is new about the new theology? Again the answer is nothing. Atheism is not new, nor is irreligion, nor is secularism. These are very old even when they sounded in the work of the eminent modern predecessors of the new theologians.[28]
Adler saw such movements as obvious and disingenuous attempts to convert atheism and secularism into new forms of religion, rather than calling them by their right names:
For my part, I respect the honest clear-minded atheist who denies that God exists and tries to offer thought out reasons for the denial. I respect the honest, critically minded agnostic who denies we can ever know whether God exists or not, and treats religious belief as a pure act of faith, incapable of being supported or challenged by rational analysis or empirical knowledge of the world. I respect the person who, in his horror of the superstitions and persecutions that have attended the practices of religious institutions, rejects the whole of religion as something from which man should emancipate himself. But I cannot respect those who corrupt the integrity of words in the very act of addressing matters of central importance in theology and religion. I cannot respect those who instead of calling atheism by its right name, contrive a peculiar set of excuses for atheism (as in the "death of God movement") and then – in spite of laws against false labeling – call the result a new theology.[28]
With regard to the apparent increase of secularism or irreligion in Western society, Adler responded:
I suggest that the men and women who have given up religion because of the impact on their minds of modern science and philosophy were never truly religious in the first place, but only superstitious. The prevalence and predominance of science in our culture has cured a great many of the superstitious beliefs that constituted their false religiosity. The increase of secularism and irreligion in our society does not reflect a decrease in the number of persons who are truly religious, but a decrease in the number of those who are falsely religious; that is, merely superstitious. There is no question but that science is the cure for superstition, and, if given half the chance with education, it will reduce the amount that exists. The truths of religion must be compatible with the truths of science and the truths of philosophy. As scientific knowledge advances, and as philosophical analysis improves, religion is progressively purified of the superstitions that accidentally attach themselves to it as parasites. That being so, it is easier in fact to be more truly religious today than ever before, precisely because of the advances that have been made in science and philosophy. That is to say, it is easier for those who will make the effort to think clearly in and about religion, not for those whose addiction to religion is nothing more than a slavish adherence to inherited superstition. Throughout the whole of the past, only a small number of men were ever truly religious. The vast majority who gave their epochs and their societies the appearance of being religious were primarily and essentially superstitious."[29]
Mortimer Adler was married twice and had four children.[30]
Books by Adler[edit]
- Dialectic (1927)
- The Nature of Judicial Proof: An Inquiry into the Logical, Legal, and Empirical Aspects of the Law of Evidence (1931, with Jerome Michael)
- Diagrammatics (1932, with Maude Phelps Hutchins)
- Crime, Law and Social Science (1933, with Jerome Michael)
- Art and Prudence: A Study in Practical Philosophy (1937)
- What Man Has Made of Man: A Study of the Consequences of Platonism and Positivism in Psychology (1937)[31]
- St. Thomas and the Gentiles (1938)
- The Philosophy and Science of Man: A Collection of Texts as a Foundation for Ethics and Politics (1940)
- How to Read a Book: The Art of Getting a Liberal Education (1940), 1966 edition subtitled A Guide to Reading the Great Books, 1972 revised edition with Charles Van Doren, The Classic Guide to Intelligent Reading: ISBN 0-671-21209-5
- A Dialectic of Morals: Towards the Foundations of Political Philosophy (1941)
- How to Think About War and Peace (1944)
- The Revolution in Education (1944, with Milton Mayer)
- The Capitalist Manifesto (1958, with Louis O. Kelso) ISBN 0-8371-8210-7
- The Idea of Freedom: A Dialectical Examination of the Conceptions of Freedom (1958)
- The New Capitalists: A Proposal to Free Economic Growth from the Slavery of Savings (1961, with Louis O. Kelso)
- The Idea of Freedom: A Dialectical Examination of the Controversies about Freedom (1961)
- Great Ideas from the Great Books (1961)
- The Conditions of Philosophy: Its Checkered Past, Its Present Disorder, and Its Future Promise (1965)
- The Difference of Man and the Difference It Makes (1967)
- The Time of Our Lives: The Ethics of Common Sense (1970)
- The Common Sense of Politics (1971)
- The American Testament (1975, with William Gorman)
- Some Questions About Language: A Theory of Human Discourse and Its Objects (1976)
- Philosopher at Large: An Intellectual Autobiography (1977)
- Reforming Education: The Schooling of a People and Their Education Beyond Schooling (1977, edited by Geraldine Van Doren)
- Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy (1978) ISBN 0-684-83823-0
- How to Think About God: A Guide for the 20th-Century Pagan (1980) ISBN 0-02-016022-4
- Six Great Ideas: Truth-Goodness-Beauty-Liberty-Equality-Justice (1981) ISBN 0-02-072020-3
- The Angels and Us (1982)
- The Paideia Proposal: An Educational Manifesto (1982)
- How to Speak / How to Listen (1983) ISBN 0-02-500570-7
- Paideia Problems and Possibilities: A Consideration of Questions Raised by The Paideia Proposal (1983)
- A Vision of the Future: Twelve Ideas for a Better Life and a Better Society (1984) ISBN 0-02-500280-5
- The Paideia Program: An Educational Syllabus (1984, with Members of the Paideia Group)
- Ten Philosophical Mistakes (1985) ISBN 0-02-500330-5
- A Guidebook to Learning: For a Lifelong Pursuit of Wisdom (1986)
- We Hold These Truths: Understanding the Ideas and Ideals of the Constitution (1987)
- Reforming Education: The Opening of the American Mind (1988, edited by Geraldine Van Doren)
- Intellect: Mind Over Matter (1990)
- Truth in Religion: The Plurality of Religions and the Unity of Truth (1990) ISBN 0-02-064140-0
- Haves Without Have-Nots: Essays for the 21st Century on Democracy and Socialism (1991) ISBN 0-02-500561-8
- Desires, Right & Wrong: The Ethics of Enough (1991)
- A Second Look in the Rearview Mirror: Further Autobiographical Reflections of a Philosopher At Large (1992)
- The Great Ideas: A Lexicon of Western Thought (1992)
- Natural Theology, Chance, and God (The Great Ideas Today, 1992)
- The Four Dimensions of Philosophy: Metaphysical-Moral-Objective-Categorical (1993)
- Art, the Arts, and the Great Ideas (1994)
- Adler's Philosophical Dictionary: 125 Key Terms for the Philosopher's Lexicon (1995)
- How to Think About The Great Ideas (2000) ISBN 0-8126-9412-0
- How to Prove There is a God (2011) ISBN 978-0-8126-9689-9
Collections edited by Adler[edit]
- Scholasticism and Politics (1940)
- Great Books of the Western World (1952, 52 volumes), 2nd edition 1990, 60 volumes
- A Syntopicon: An Index to The Great Ideas (1952, 2 volumes), 2nd edition 1990
- The Great Ideas Today (1961–1977, 17 volumes), with Robert Hutchins, 1978–1999, 20 volumes
- The Negro in American History (1969, 3 volumes), with Charles Van Doren
- Gateway to the Great Books (1963, 10 volumes), with Robert Hutchins
- The Annals of America (1968, 21 volumes)
- Propædia: Outline of Knowledge and Guide to The New Encyclopædia Britannica 15th Edition (1974, 30 volumes)
- Great Treasury of Western Thought (1977, with Charles Van Doren)
See also[edit]
- List of American philosophers
- Educational perennialism
- Liberal Arts, Inc.
- Liberal education
- Great Books
- Western canon
- ^ http://www.thegreatideas.org/adlerbio_short.html
- ^ a b c Ralph McInerny. "Memento Mortimer"
- ^ a b Mortimer Adler: 1902–2001 – The Day Philosophy Died
- ^ Charles A. Wagner – Obituary, The New York Times, December 10, 1986.
- ^ The Morningside. Columbia University Press. 1922 (Vol x, Nos. 5–6, April–May 1922). p. 113. ISBN 0-300-08462-5.
- ^ "Remarkable Columbians" Columbia U. website on Adler
- ^ a b Mortimer Adler
- ^ Charles Van Doren,"Mortimer J. Adler (1902–2001)", Columbia Forum online, November 2002; Peter Temes, "Death of a Great Reader and Philosopher", Chicago Sun-Times, 3 July 2001; "grave doubts": "A Statement from the Department of Philosophy" at Chicago, quoted on p. 186 in Gary Cook, George Herbert Mead: The Making of a Social Pragmatist, U. of Illinois Press 1993.
- ^ Centennial Facts of the Day, U Chicago Law School website
- ^ Mortimer J. Adler (1986), A Guidebook to Learning: For the Lifelong Pursuit of Wisdom, New York: Macmillan, p.88.
- ^ Louis O. Kelso and Mortimer J. Adler (1958). The Capitalist Manifesto
- ^ Rosenberg, Bernard. "Assaulting the American Mind." Dissent. Spring 1988.
- ^ Elizabeth Venant, (3 December 1990). ""A Curmudgeon Stands His Ground"". The Los Angeles Times.
- ^ a b c Peter Redpath. "A Tribute to Mortimer J. Adler"
- ^ Mortimer J. Adler (1992). A Second Look in the Rearview Mirror: Further Autobiographical Reflections of a Philosopher at Large. New York: Macmillan, p. 264.
- ^ James T. Farrell (1940), "Mortimer T. Adler: A Provincial Torquemada". Reprinted in The League of Frightened Philistines and Other Papers. New York: Vanguard Press, 1945, pp. 106–109.
- ^ a b c Mortimer Adler Biography, BasicFamousPeople.com.
- ^ Deal Hudson (June 29, 2009). "The Great Philosopher Who Became Catholic"
- ^ a b Mortimer J. Adler. "Is Intellect Immaterial?". The Radical Academy Adler Archive.
- ^ Robert Kane, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Free Will, 10 and John Martin Fischer, Robert Kane, Derk Pereboom, and Manuel Vargas, Four Views on Free Will (Blackwell, 2007) 128 and R. Eric Barnes, Mtholyoke.edu, accessed October 19, 2009.
- ^ Ted Honderich, "Determinism and Freedom Philosophy – Its Terminology," UCL.ac.uk, accessed November 7, 2009.
- ^ Mortimer J. Adler, Adler's Philosophical Dictionary: 125 Key Terms for the Philosopher's Lexicon (Touchstone, 1995) s.v. Liberty, 137.
- ^ Mortimer J. Adler, The Idea of Freedom: A Dialectical Examination of the Idea of Freedom, Vol 1 (Doubleday, 1958), 127, 135, 149 and Mortimer J. Adler, Adler's Philosophical Dictionary: 125 Key Terms for the Philosopher's Lexicon (Touchstone, 1995) s.v. Liberty, 137-138.
- ^ Macmillan Dictionary s.v. "freedom." Online at http://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/thesaurus/american/freedom
- ^ Mortimer Adler, Truth in Religion: The Plurality of Religions and the Unity of Truth (Macmillan, 1990; Touchstone reprint, 1992), 29-30.
- ^ Two-Stage Models for Free Will
- ^ John Cramer. "Adler's Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God". Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, March 1995, pp. 32–42.
- ^ a b Mortimer J. Adler. "Concerning God, Modern Man, and Religion (Part One)". The Radical Academy Adler Archive.
- ^ Mortimer J. Adler. "Concerning God, Modern Man, and Religion (Part Two)". The Radical Academy Adler Archive.
- ^ William Grimes, "Mortimer Adler, 98, Dies; Helped Create Study of Classics," New York Times, June 29, 2001
- ^ What Man Has Made Of Man, OCLC 807118494
Further reading[edit]
- Harry Ashmore, Unseasonable Truths: The Life of Robert Maynard Hutchins (New York: Little Brown, 1989).
- Alex Beam, A Great Idea at the Time: The Rise, Fall, and Curious Afterlife of the Great Books (New York: Public Affairs, 2008).
- Mary Ann Dzuback, Robert M. Hutchins: Portrait of an Educator (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1991).
- Amy A. Kass, "Radical Conservatives for a Liberal Education" (Ph.D. diss., 1973).
- Tim Lacy, "Making a Democratic Culture: The Great Books Idea, Mortimer J. Adler, and Twentieth-Century America" (Ph.D. diss., Loyola University Chicago, 2006).
- William McNeill, Hutchins' University: A Memoir of the University of Chicago 1929–50 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
- Hugh Moorhead, "The Great Books Movement" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1964). OCLC 6060691
- Joan Shelley Rubin, The Making of Middlebrow Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992).
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Mortimer J. Adler |
- Center for the Study of The Great Ideas
- Mortimer J. Adler Archives
- Review of "A Great Idea at the Time: The Rise, Fall, and Curious Afterlife of the Great Books," with a lengthy commentary on Adler
- Mortimer Adler on Information Philosopher
- Mortimer Adler on the The Mike Wallace Interview September 7, 1958
- Mortimer J. Adler at the Internet Movie Database
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That's My Kid!!
by Mark EvansOK, a bragging moment please... My daughter first picked up a guitar when she was 14. Now 18, this is what her and her friends Gret...
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Not Such A Baby Anymore.
by Katie SchurkAs we hit the 9 month mark with our Brody, he is definitely starting to assert his independence! He is not a fan of Momma helping h...
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Another Reason Not To Have Kids ;) They Don't Know The Difference Between A Dog & A Horse
by Jim ParishThis video shows you the bad rap that pit bulls get has so much more to do with the owner than it does the dog. Just like kids. ...
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In Truth there is humor! LOL
by Jessie Hawkins -
Cookie Monster in "The Hungry Games- Catching Fur"?
by JustinParents of small children rejoice- the first Hunger Games movie was not child friendly- but the sequel features members of "Sesame S...
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Another Reason Not To Have Kids ;) They Talk ALOT!
by Jim ParishOK, so maybe you like the idea of having an adorable chatty kid. But what about this reason not to have kids>>
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Raising a Grateful Child
by Rural Virtual Learning AcademyWith Thanksgiving around the corner and Christmas shortly thereafter, your child will hear a lot about being thankful and will b...
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Parents - New Safety Technology - INVISIBLE Bike Helmet
by Corey CarterThis is pretty cool - although I am a little skeptical, but hey, if GE backs it, it must be at-least semi-legit!
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subset: commoncrawl


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Title: Korean movie As One (2012)
Directed by: Moon Hyeon-seong
Screenplay by: Kwon Seong-hwi , Yoo Yeong-ah
Genre: Drama ,Sports
Run-time: 127min
Release date in South Korea : 2012/05/03
Previously known as "Korea"
A unified team representing the two Koreas competed at the 1991 Chiba International Table Tennis Championships. It was the first such sport team since the division of the Korean peninsula. The unified team won the group competition event, beating the front runner, China. HA Ji-won plays the South Korean table tennis player, HYEON Jeong-hwa and her North Korean counterpart, LEE Bun-hee, is played by BAE Doona. The real-life HYEON Jeong-hwa makes a special appearance as their coach. HA Ji-won, with "Duelist" and "Miracle on 1st Street" under her belt, is a rare breed of actress who can tackle action scenes with finesse. Despite the dismal box office failure of "Sector 7″ last summer, HA is still one of the few Korean actresses who can single-handedly provide high box office results. Even though there is a fair amount of attention on the recent development in North Korea, we will have to wait and see whether it will have an impact on the film


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Swimming Pool Basketball Hoops & Swimming Pool Volleyball
Buying Guides
- Holiday Gift Guide for Her!
- Tailgating Ideas
- The New Home Court
- 4th of July outdoor entertainment party ideas
- Fun in the Sun: Getting Your Kids to Play Outdoors
- Green Transportation: Bicycles and Scooters
- Don't Look Any Further Than Your Own Backyard…
- Sauna Health Benefits
- Folding Table & Folding Chairs
Helpful Information
Swimming PoolsAs the summer nears, we break our bathing suits, sun screen, and lounge chairs out of storage as we head outdoors to enjoy the sunshine. Of course, higher temperatures can be difficult to deal with as we long for air conditioning and a cool glass of lemonade. You can beat the heat and bring your family together with your very own above ground swimming pool! At Dazadi.com, we have a huge selection of pools, liners, chemicals, and toys to keep your pool running, clean, and best of all, fun! Jazz up your existing water oasis with one of our swimming pool basketball hoops, or split up in teams and enjoy a swimming pool volleyball set. Whether you're looking to lounge in a pool float, or try a fitness routine in the water, we've got you covered. We even carry special covers and chemicals to protect your pool in the off-seasons. We understand buying a pool can be difficult. There are tons of components and factors to take into consideration before making your final purchase. At Dazadi.com, we want to make it as easy as possible. Contact one of our product specialists to help you complete your summer retreat! |


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I know. It's a huge company. Service is okay considering. But I am still getting too many dead air spots when I am driving.
T Mobile! Put some more antennas up already!!
My kids wanted the Band Hero full kit from Guitar Hero. I looked around and the prices were pretty steep still. Stores were in the high 100s and I wasn't looking to spend much. On a forum somebody mentioned to me to try VideoGameCentral. They wrote that they had purchased a Guitar Hero full band kit and they were very happy. So I look and see that they have the Band Hero I'm looking for, for under $100. Yes, it was labeled Like New but considering I had the good reference I gave it a shot.
Package came very quickly within the same week I ordered. All components were in great to Like New condition. The game in the box was actually sealed so I feel like the item was New. Everything worked great and my kids loved it. Videogamecentral,com is going to be one of the store I check from now on.
joeyarr found this review useful
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The Viles Scholarship Foundation Inc., who awards scholarships to graduating seniors from Las Vegas Robertson, West Las Vegas, Wagon Mound, Pecos and Mora High Schools, will be celebrating its 50th anniversary (1958-2008) on Oct. 24, during New Mexico Highlands University's Homecoming.
Mora County has the say-so over oil and gas drilling on the thousands of acres of state trust lands within its boundaries, an environmental attorney says.
In a recent letter, Bruce Frederick, an attorney with the Santa Fe-based New Mexico Environmental Law Center, contends that the county's development guidance system can be used to regulate energy development. He sent his opinion to Drilling Mora County, which is fighting proposed oil and gas drilling.
The National Park Service and Fort Union National Monument announces its' monthly "Glimpses of the Past" presentation. The program will be held at the CCHP/Santa Fe Trail Interpretive Center, 116 Bridge St., in Las Vegas, Thursday, Sept. 18 at 7 p.m.
Most people couldn't keep up with Rosita Gallegos, a woman who is always on the go.
When she's not spending time with her family, she is busy with all kinds of activities, including her favorite pastime, which is reading.
"I love to read and pray. I'm busy, busy, busy," Gallegos said.
And indeed she is. The 102-year-old keeps her mind sharp and remembers everything, including the names of her children, grandchildren and great grandchildren.
It was the early 13th century, in the Sierra Morena mountains north of Seville. The Spanish were rebelling against centuries-old occupation by the Moors.
The Spanish soldiers were at a standstill, the Moors controlling all the passes leading to their stronghold, but a shepherd named Martin Alhaja turned the tide — he told the Spanish soldiers of a secret passage, and marked the entrance with the skull of a cow.
One of the truisms of permaculture is that problems can be solutions. We tend to view problems in a vacuum, but this is often the result of a limited perspective, and of our failure to ask big enough questions. It is a good discipline, in gardening and in all endeavors, to look at what we believe is a problem, and ask ourselves whether there is some other problem to which the problem before us is a solution.
People are always asking me, "Why do you want to leave?" 'Why would you rather go to Albuquerque when you graduate?'
Its simple, there is absolutely nothing to do here. There is nothing that can be offered to young adults besides Highlands and Luna. I have to say, though, Highland and Luna can offer a very good education but besides that, there really isn't much here.
Speaking as a student and a kid that grew up here in Las Vegas, there isn't really much that the kids can do.
A man was arrested after he allegedly fired shots in the direction of a state police officer's house.
Last Friday, an officer reported hearing shots around 6 a.m. near the house of Ronnie Cain, 43, 644 Bullhead Drive, in Conchas.
Cain was later charged with aggravated assault upon a police officer with a deadly weapon, aggravated assault on a 6-year-old with a deadly weapon, methamphetamine possession and resisting officers.
A group of local Democrats believe Hillary Clinton is the key to convincing residents to vote for Barack Obama for president.
As such, they have formed Hillary Supporters for Obama, with the aim of getting the New York senator to speak locally to rally support for Obama.
Clinton edged out Obama in the statewide caucus in February, but she won with more than 60 percent of the vote in San Miguel and Mora counties. She performed well among Hispanics.
In late July, city officials thought they were done drafting this year's budget. Now it's possible that the city may have to cut spending to meet state demands.
The state Department of Finance and Administration has refused to approve the city's final budget, which the City Council signed off on in late July.


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Men's skipper Smith dresses in full RAF uniform for occasion (From Echo)
Get involved: send your pictures, video, news and views by texting ECHONEWS to 80360, or email us »
Men's skipper Smith dresses in full RAF uniform for occasion
4:30pm Thursday 9th February 2012 in Golf
MITCHELL Smith got his reign as captain of Rochford Hundred off to a flying start on Sunday despite heavy overnight snow and ice.
Mitchell arrived for the traditional drive-in alongside vice-captain Dennis Bailey in an open top sports car and dressed in RAF uniform in memory of his granddad, who introduced him to golf in the mid 1970s.
Grandfather Alfred Barford was a member at Enfield Golf Club and was a Lancaster Bomber pilot in the Second World War and awarded the Distinguished Flying Medal, which Mitchell proudly wore at his drive-in.
"I caddied for him and his golfing friends during school holidays," said Mitchell.
"That taught me to love the game and also helped me learn the etiquette and rules of golf."
Mitchell, 49, joined Rochford in 1998 and has spent his working life employed in the paper industry, filling various sales and management roles.
He has been married to Tracy for 26 years and they have three sons and a daughter, and have lived in Hockley for 25 years.
Mitchell hit his drive an impressive 195 yards and it took eight spotters a long while to find it in a snowdrift.
A crowd of more than 100 braved the icy conditions and enjoyed a glass of Champagne and a carvery lunch to mark the occasion.
Mitchell is due to preside over an exciting year at Rochford with the club spending around £250,000 on a new state-of-the-art course watering system.
His chosen charity is the Seve Ballesteros Foundation, which works in partnership with Cancer Research UK to beat brain cancer.
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Jannelle and I just returned from a sunny day in Anacortes, where we walked the Tommy Thompson Parkway, a 3.3 mile paved and boardwalk trail that runs from March Point to Anacortes, including a mile-long crossing of Fidalgo Bay.
On that crossing there's a sign that alerts bike riders to be careful of potentially tire-popping shells that mysteriously litter the trail, which is far above the water. Then you witness a gull who just scooped up a clam, flew to the trail, hopefully away from the other hungry birds, cracks it open and glups it down, the mystery is solved. There are many birds that make that bay their home in addition to harbor seals, otters and more.
Kinda hard to see, but you can barely make out Mt. Baker across the bay, just to the right of the Anacortes refinery. Used my I phone for these pics.
It's a great hike (flat, too) for walkers, joggers and bicyclists! Oh, and I couldn't resist a shot of the company's name on the side of the sani-can near the parking area!


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By Michael Hamad
8:35 AM EST, December 3, 2012
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There's a richness to the professor/student relationship that transcends the simple transmission of information. Sometimes, as a teacher, you have to flex your mental or artistic muscles a bit to get your point across. Until mid-December, Hartford Art School faculty members put up or shut up; that's their art (including Steven DiGiovanni's Untitled (Oil Refinery), pictured above) hanging on the walls of the University of Hartford's Joseloff Gallery. In all, more than 40 faculty members participated in this show, leaving their crammed offices in the ceramics, drawing, media arts, illustration, sculpture, painting, photography, printmaking, visual communication design, and foundation studies departments with works in hand. Pretty impressive.
2012 Hartford Art School Faculty Exhibition
ends Dec. 16, free, Hartford Art School's Joseloff Gallery, University of Hartford, 200 Bloomfield Ave., West Hartford, (860) 768-4340, hartford.edu.
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Panoramic photo by Alexei Pesochnyi Taken 17:23, 24/09/2012 - Views |
hram Dimitriya RostovskogoThe World > Asia > Russia > Altai Krai |
Бийский драматический театр (1914). Дом Мезенцева (1910)
Разрушенное здание городской библиотеки (Дом Мальцева), сгоревший Пассаж Фирсова, заброшенный Пассаж ...
Успенский собор (1850е), Торговый дом Рождественского (1881), Реальное мужское училище им. А.С. Пушки...
Николаевская женская гимназия (1906), Мужское реальное училище имени А.С. Пушкина (1902), Дом купца Г...
Belokuriha is known throughout Russia as the center of rest and treatment. Many resorts use mineral w...
Just in case you mistakenly heard that it was all ice and snow in Russia, take a peek at the Big Bikini Exposition. This is right on the river Moskva in Moscow!
Moscow has been the capital of Russia for almost its entire history. The exception is during the period of the Russian Empire, which lasted from 1721 until the Russian Revolution 1917. For these two centuries the capital was St. Petersburg. The Russian Empire was the second largest contiguous Empire in world memory; only the Mongol Empire had been greater.
Check out what's happening north of Mongolia these days, in Chita
Although you may not have heard of Sochi, on the Black Sea, they're building up quickly and hope to host the 2014 Olympics.
Other periods of Russian history include the Tsardom of Russia, from Ivan IV to Peter the Great, and the Grand Duchy (14th-16th centuries).
The earliest period of Russian history was ruled by the Novgorod Republic and Kievan Rus, which was the first Russian state dating back to 800AD in Kiev.
Modern Russia remains one of the world's superpowers. They launched the earth's second satellite, called Sputnik 1, and were the first country to put a human being into orbit around earth. (The first one is called the Moon.)
After the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia became a federal republic of 83 states.
Text by Steve Smith.


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Chris gives John Lamb scientific tips on how to attract women
Forum reporter John Lamb is a confirmed bachelor. So he was a little puzzled when we at She Says TV asked him to take part in a "Happy Body/Hot Life" discussion on what women really want. How was he g...
Posted on 1/26/12 at 7:00 AM
A "moment" message for Claudia...
In Saturday's Forum John Lamb wrote about Claudia Pratt who is using art to cope with, explore options and bring attention to living with stage 4 cancer. Claudia has started an exhibit at the Green Ma...
Posted on 1/16/11 at 8:05 AM
Today's Show Wednesday 11/3
Today on The Christopher Gabriel Program: We've got your election results! We'll look at what happened locally, as well as the changing national political landscape; Wendy Gabriel with Simple T...
Posted on 11/3/10 at 10:22 AM
Humorist Garrison Keillor entertains his fans in Lake Wobegon's backyard; check out John Lamb's write-up on Keillor's visit to Trollwood last night
It was a quiet week in Lake Wobegone. And it was a quiet crowd Wednesday night that gathered at Trollwood Performing Arts School to listen to the fictitious town's most famous resident. Garrison Ke...
Posted on 9/2/10 at 9:52 AM
10 K: Day 2 in review
All apologies for my tardiness in posting – if anyone is even reading this. All this writ-twit-pic-posting is more work than I thought. And quite honestly, sometimes I guy just wants to catch a...
Posted on 7/24/09 at 7:31 PM
Lamb: Hipsters pay big bucks for whisker implants
I generally roll my eyes at news stories about hipsters, but one last week had me stroking my beard with interest.By John Lamb , March 05, 2014
Lamb: Wrong side of law on right side of Oscar chances
Crime doesn't pay. That's what parents, teachers and most responsible adults tell kids.By John Lamb , February 25, 2014
Lamb: Realistic expectations secret to New Year's resolutions
Yes, it's a holiday, but don't think you can spend the day relaxing. Today should be devoted to slavishly planning ways to better yourself over the next 364 days.By John Lamb , December 31, 2013
Lamb: With gifts, and thank-you notes, it's the thought that counts
Merry Christmas! You made it to the finish line, and if you can keep upright throughout the day, you will have almost survived another holiday season. But now comes the tough part.By John Lamb , December 24, 2013
Lamb: Auction brings back cold memories of Christmases past
FARGO - I wasn't the winning bid on anything at Tuesday's sale at 523 4th St. S., Moorhead, the former home of the Rourke Art Gallery, but I didn't walk away empty-handed.By John Lamb , December 17, 2013
Lamb: Publicity hype just in time for the holidays
People complain about the Christmas creep in stores, on TV, over the radio, basically every place south of the North Pole.By John Lamb , December 03, 2013
Lamb: Norway's knit-for-primetime programming a ratings sleeper
The Minnesota Vikings aren't giving area Scandinavians much to cheer about these days. Maybe it's time to look back to the old country for a source of televised pride.By John Lamb , November 05, 2013
Lamb: Bachelor life great for heat wave
Sometimes I think I am missing out by not having a significant other, a child or a pet in my life. Like at Christmas when I don't get as many presents as I deserve. Or the day after Halloween, when I need a ready supply of candy to raid.By John Lamb , August 27, 2013
John Lamb: Twitter offers WE Fest insights
Another successful WE Fest is in the books, and fans are already looking forward to next year's lineup, featuring return visits from Jason Aldean, Brad Paisley and a Zac Brown Band's Soo Pass Ranch debut.By John Lamb , August 06, 2013
Lamb: Making a pitch, going for the W
I have the rare opportunity to join the league of gold medalist Carl Lewis, pop star Carly Rae Jepsen and radio personality Baba Booey.By John Lamb , July 23, 2013
What the flood? The family friendly alternative to the F-word
No matter how incendiary A.J. Clemente's F-bomb introduction to Bismarck TV viewers was, I give the rookie broadcaster credit for one thing: He got us thinking of something other than the other F-word – flood.By John Lamb , April 23, 2013
Lamb: Hot shaves a pretty cool experience (video)
FARGO - It's not a place most people want to be: on your back with someone standing over you, a metal blade to your throat.That is, unless you're in the market for a hot shave.
By John Lamb , March 24, 2013
Lamb: Hey, Old Man Winter, get off my lawn!
Hey, Old Man Winter, we need to talk.This will be short and sweet, which I wish I could say about our relationship.
We're done. Finished.
By John Lamb , March 19, 2013
Lamb: Is rock conference punk or bunk?
Twenty years ago I was a college student and, like a lot of my friends and others of that generation, into punk rock. The thought of combining the two – an academic study of punk – never crossed my 21-year-old mind, which, quite honestly, was occupied with trying to scrounge up enough change for Kirby's $1.50 pitcher night.By John Lamb , January 29, 2013
Lamb: Me and the real girl
If there's anything Manti Te'o can take comfort in, it's that Michelle Obama got a haircut. The First Bangs are taking over the headlines that just a week ago were filled with the bizarre story of the Notre Dame linebacker's imaginary dead girlfriend.By John Lamb , January 22, 2013
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Have questions about carbon monoxide detection in buildings and dwellings? Get your answers here!
October 18, 2011 byThis is the third of a podcast series focused on carbon monoxide detection. Today we're discussing some of the frequently asked questions about carbon monoxide, or CO, detection in buildings and dwellings with Richard Roberts, Industry Affairs manager for Honeywell Life Safety and Co-Chair of the NEMA 3SB Smoke/CO Group.
Download MP3 (5:33min, 5MB)


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Gather up all those little extras that you can't live without in our findings section. No beading project can be complete without essentials such as earring hooks, or head and eye pins. This is where you will find must have items such as crimps that will ensure your beads will stay in place and bead bumpers that protect your pearls and crystals from scratching. Turn your favorite piece of stone into a wearable work of art with bead caps, or attach your shimmering fire polished beads to your jewelry chain with jump or split rings. Also be sure to check out our pewter findings as well as our precious metal findings selection. Click here to learn about the safety of products that may fall under California's Proposition 65 lead warning.
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New Toyota in Hodgkins, IL
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Learn How To Paint a Wall
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4:10 PM ET, October 4, 2009
Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles, California
LOS ANGELES - OCTOBER 4: Pitcher Jason Marquis #21 of the Colorado Rockies throws a pitch against the Los Angeles Dodgers on October 4, 2009 at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California. The Dodgers won 5-3. (Photo by Stephen Dunn/Getty Images)


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- Details
More Details The Aperture Sprectrum 156 rocker snowboard will handle all riding styles from a beginner rider to an experienced expert snowboarder. A true all mountain board the Aperture Spectrum lives up to its name handling the park and jibs with no problem to back country riding in the trees and bowls. With a directional twin shape and flex, stainless steel edges, and a reverse camber profile you will be able to ride it all. The Aperture Spectrum 156 is up to shred everything that you are. - Aperture Spectrum 2013 156cm snowboard.
- Super Light Series (SLS) fully laminated wood core.
- Sandwich construction for durability.
- Biaxial glass for easier turns.
- Stainless steel edges.
- Internal board dampening for a smooth ride.
- Extruded base is easy to maintain and repair.
- All mountain freestyle snowboard.
- Reverse camber snowboard design.
- Directional-twin shape.
- Flex rating - 4.
- Reviews
Bought the kit and cah-bootal. The board was great for me. I'm a newbie to snow, but its rocker curve was great I didn't catch edge to frequently. The flex was great too very forgiving when I did munch. 8-) all around great expierence and a delightful beginner board. Looking forward to the next time I get it the board on the slopes.
(Posted on 6/8/13)
Just bought this board in December and went up to mountain creek 2 weeks ago, definitely like this board, not bad at all for a beginner. The camber on the ends seem to help not catch an edge as easily if you're not experienced. But also was able to carve very nice and even kept up with my friends on their more expensive boards :)
(Posted on 6/7/13)
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'Stench cruise' fallout: Will it create a stink for Carnival and the industry?
Carnival will take a hit from the 'stench cruise' ordeal, and the industry will scurry to reassure potential customers. But the impact on the growing sector should be short-lived, experts say.
Five days adrift in the Gulf of Mexico without flushable toilets did little to please some 4,200 people aboard the Carnival Triumph.
Skip to next paragraphSubscribe Today to the Monitor
It's also a blow to the cruise industry and especially to a major player in it, Carnival, even though the passengers are now back on land.
At least in the short run, the event that might go down as the "stench cruise" hits the company's earnings. It also puts pressure on the whole industry to mount publicity campaigns to reassure potential customers that maritime vacations are fun and safe.
But as harrowing as the experience was for passengers, and as publicized as it was by the news media, it's not yet clear whether the incident will change the longer term course of an industry that's been steadily growing its business volume for years.
"It's a short-term blip," predicts Ross Klein, a sociologist who tracks the industry and works at Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. Johns. But "it'll impact the whole industry," he says, and "certainly Carnival more so than the others."
Judging by one online survey this week, some people look at this news and say, "I'll never do that." But that's a setback, not necessarily a reversal for an industry that has been roughly doubling its business each decade, Mr. Klein says.
He notes that the industry was little fazed, in the end, after the highly publicized Costa Concordia disaster a year ago, in which a similarly sized cruise ship ran aground off the coast of Italy, leaving more than 30 people dead. The operator of that ship, Costa Cruises, is owned by Carnival.
Although the latest cruise ship trouble lacks some of the Concordia's drama – no fatalities, no destruction of a costly ship, no focus on allegations of gross negligence by the captain – it has its own potential for affecting the consuming public.
The Triumph's loss of power (caused by an engine fire that was successfully put out on Feb. 10) occurred close to home for the American public and news media. And the reports from passengers during and after the ordeal brought home vividly what the loss of everyday amenities like plumbing and air conditioning might mean when several thousand people are wedged into relatively small quarters.
On Friday, the morning after the Triumph was towed into the port of Mobile, Ala., more details were emerging as passengers commented on their experience.


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MS146 Barcode Scanners
Unitech MS146 Barcode Scanners
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The MS146 family of bar code slot readers is a flexible, cost effective solution when you demand a reliable and rugged slot reader. With a resolution of up to 6 mils (0.15 mm), the MS146 is capable of reading any bar coded identification badge. | |||||||||
As an Authorized Unitech Reseller, we only advertise MSRP (List Price) on Unitech MS146 Barcode Scanners as part of their MAP (Minimum Advertised Price) policy. To get the actual price of an item, please call one of our product specialists at (714)922-1140. |
SKU | Description | List Price | Your Price | Add To Cart |
Unitech MS146 Barcode Slot Reader (RS-232, IP54 and Visible Beam - REQUIRES AC).$170.00 Click for price
Unitech MS146 Barcode Slot Reader (PS2 Interface, Visible Light with IP54).$170.00 Click for price
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We are located in Orange, California (Southern California) and strategically located to serve Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside and San Diego Counties.
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Ariat® Rambler Pull-On 11'' Western Boots for Men
Sale price: Clearance price: Starting at: Sale starting at: Clearance starting at: Reg. price:
- Full grain leather foot and shaft
- Pre-worn look
- Scoured Duratread™ outsole
- No welt
- Broad square toe profile
Manufacturer style #: 35829.
Rated 4.6 out of 5 by 14
Rated 5 out of 5 by Countyboywannabe Great boots
Very happy with decision to go with these boots. Square toe adds some versatility for wearing out. Insole is very comfortable. As other reviewers have posted, they run long. I normally wear an 11.5, I ordered a 10, but wish I had ordered 9.5! I just added an xtra insert. They feel great! Highly recommend look and comfort!
October 19, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by Him1 Great Purchase
I typically have trouble finding a flat-toe boot that I like for a decent price. These boots are great. I wear them everyday for 12 to 15 hours a day and have had no pain or discomfort. They were a little stiff to break in, but I"ve never had a boot that wasn't. I would recommend trying them on in the store as the sizes are a little off. I typically wear a 10 in most boots, but an 8 is a perfect fit.
April 25, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by Droopy0094 Great boots.!
I really like my Ariat Ramblers. They wear great straight from the box. The insole is just a bit thin for my taste but nevertheless a great boot!
November 21, 2012
Rated 4 out of 5 by Madr Good boots
These boots are great. I wear a wide boot and ordered a wide. They fit great and are comfortable.
May 1, 2012
3 Questions | 6 Answers
Outdoor Answers
Get help about this item from fellow customers.
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1.25 inchAnswers
Casual. Maybe work, depending on work your doing. No shank, breaks in quickA:
I think mine are more of a dress boot. I get alot of every day wear on them.A:
They are much better as a casual boot, in my opinion, because of the worn look.Answers
No. They are not waterproof. Very comfortable though1 of 1
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Plus One Berlin offers you a high-end, stylish space to stay in 'Kreuzkölln', one of the most interesting and up-and-coming areas of Berlin, and the opportunity to connect with a like-minded local. As their 'plus one' you're given a one-of-a-kind perspective on Berlin life, from its famed underground nightlife to its charming small cafes.
The nightly rate of EUR 120 includes accommodation and one experience for every one to three night stay. You can decide to meet your chosen local just for a drink to get advice and tips (half an hour) or for the full local experience (three to five hours). Your base for the experience is a studio apartment in a block of flats on Reuterstrasse in the heart of 'Kreuzkölln', a stone's throw from friendly cafes, small hidden bars and underground clubs. The space, designed by Berlin-based architects Paola Bagna (Spamroom) and John Paul Coss, sleeps one to three people and includes a kitchenette, comfortable and multifunctional living space and bespoke design features that incorporate recycled materials. We've also thrown in some nice extras, such as two bikes for exploring the city, a snack cupboard, and an illustrated map of the local area.
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This item is eligible for leasing to those who have been in business for at least two years. Leasing terms range from 24 to 60 months, and can feature either $1 or 10% buyout options.
Please note that a minimum order total of $5,000 is required for consideration. Upon receiving your application, a credit check will be conducted by our leasing company.
If you would like more details about leasing this or other items, please call us at 1-800-CALUMET (225-8638).
If you would like to initiate the leasing process, simply add this item to your cart and choose "Lease" in the payment section of checkout. A representative will contact you after you have submitted your order to collect additional information.
Tamron is proud to have introduced the concept of their high-power zoom lens with AF 18-200mm XR Di II -- for exclusive use with digital SLRs. Tamron's original development of proprietary core technologies such as Aspherical element production, Multiple Cam Mechanism and Integrated Focus Cam design lend to the creation of the world's lightest, most compact 11.1X zoom lens made for digital SLR cameras. The 18-200mm (28-300 when converted to 35mm) provides the digital photographer with the versatility of a true wide to ultra tele zoom in an amazingly easy to use design.
Tamron's Di II lenses are designed for exclusive use on digital cameras with smaller-size imagers and inherit all of the benefits of their Di products. These lenses are not designed for conventional cameras and digital cameras with image sensors larger than 24mm x 16mm.
Tamron lenses come with a Six-Year Limited Warranty
This Tamron lens is warranted against defective materials or workmanship for Six Years from the date of original purchase, and is limited to repair, adjustment and/or replacement of defective parts. This Warranty covers all defects encountered in normal use of the lens. This Limited Warranty does not cover normal wear and tear such as scratches, etc. (read more »)


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You must earn 10,000 points to post other members' whiteboard
Congratulations on having the dedication to post for 1,400+ consecutive days. Hope that 2014 is a good New Year for you!! Warren 8-)
Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year and a Happy Holiday Season, wishing for a prosperous 2014 for you and your family! Thanks for a another great year! We did get a White Christmas here with some more snow on the way, I'm sure the children are happy! : ) Thanks Buddy! Ron
Congratulations on 1400 consecutive days, Merry Christmas!
Noticed your profile on our mutual buddy ItisAJeepThing site. Congratulations on posting for 1300 consecutive days. That's real dedication along with 3.5 MM points Lets be buddies also Thanks. Shep
A BIG CONGRATS on reaching 3.5M, sorry, no new car! :( Wow! Truly magnificent! You've done great here on GasBuddy! You're one of only 176 of more than 8,000,000 GBs that have accumulated at least 3,500,000 points! Keep going another million or more! A few of the GBs ahead of you have already retired, and only 80 GBs have made it to 3.75M! Many GBs behind you have also retired! Many GBs are celebrating their 11th and 12th year anniversaries or soon to be here on GasBuddy and continuing on to the next level! Pat is leading the way and still going strong! Doesn't look like Pat is going to give up the #1 spot anytime soon! lol! Hope to see you here when I get to my 10th anniversary! <grin> You're doing great, so keep going, it's nice seeing you come back each day as I track your progress to that 4M milestone! Don't give up now! Keep going like a PRO Twin Cities GasBuddy! Have a nice week! Thanks buddy! Ron
Congratulations on having the stamina to post for 1,200 consecutive days. Keep up the Great Work. Your buddy, Warren {:-)
Hi, BIG congratulations on having the dedication to post for 1,100 consecutive days. WOW!! Keep up the great work and Good Luck in the future! Your buddy, Warren :-)
Congrats on a thousand straight days !!!
A BIG CONGRATS on 1,000 consecutive days! Really awesome! Wow, another milestone has arrived! : ) For most GBs (8M plus) they don't seem to have the dedication or the persistence it takes to come back and post gas prices each day for other GBs! Or they just run out of gas! :( Hang onto your speed lines, it only takes one day to lose them! I'm sure you know! But, even clicking on news articles links, which are the easiest points here on GasBuddy, when you can't or didn't post gas prices before midnight will save your consecutive days! : ) WARNING! Every day GBs lose their consecutive days, many with big numbers, the #1 reason, "oops, I just forgot!" :( If you ever lose your consecutive days; that is NO FAULT of your own, please contact the mods! Keep posting each day to save your consecutive days! Keep going like a PRO Twin Cities GasBuddy! Have a nice week! Thanks buddy! Ron
Congratulations on reaching 1,000 consecutive days! Great job!


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Summer Fashion Trends
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DIY kitchen backsplash
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iPhone 5s vs iPhone 5c
In the days of the original iPhone, there was a simple choice to be made when buying a new smartphone - would you buy an iPhone or would you buy a model made by the competition, say an HTC or a Samsung device?
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Closed: 2 Jul 13:01:45
Item Condition: New
Rating: 95.93% positive ratings
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Joined: 20 Jul 2008
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text: we love and lust every waking hour of every passing day. the bed lay witness to every exhausting adventure. if only stories of its witness were passed to ink. books of such beauty are timeless. everybody subscribes to love. few have found it in as pure form as you and i. we spin stars and part seas with the ways we move. every sway of your body drives me to the ways of a mad man. as our divine moment passes, we lay in exhausted contentment. if only i could convey such works of the heart in ink. then they would all drown in envy. we love and lust every waking hour of every passing day. its paradise. D.R.L.


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