text:
By: Kevin Ramsell
Wednesday, September 12, 2007 (Loves Park, IL) – In 2006 Matt Merrell and his team called Rockford Speedway to make sure that the National Short Track Championships were still on even though the weather forecast was questionable. That was on Wednesday, when they got word the race was going to happen, Merrell and his team embarked on a twenty plus hour voyage to the northern Illinois facility that helped build names like Mark Martin, Dick Trickle, Rusty Wallace, Jamie McMurray and Clint Bowyer.
The Gregory, TX native quickly made a name for himself in Rockford, IL as he and Midwestern short track veteran Tony "The Tiger" Strupp fought an intense battle in the last chance event. Strupp went on to win that race but was met by a cascade of boos from the grandstands as many felt he roughed up the visiting Texan. The boos would turn to cheers as the now 22 year old Merrell was placed in the field and charged to a thirteenth place finish.
A former standout on the USRA Super Late Model Series in Texas, Merrell has found himself behind the wheel of both ASA Late Models and ARCA Re/Max Series machines this season. He has filed his entry for the 42nd annual National Short Track Championships on September 28-30 and will once again challenge the high banks of Rockford Speedway.
Merrell will be driving the Merrell Lease Service, Port City, Chevrolet Monte Carlo and hopes to qualify directly into the twenty-six car starting field for the 200 lap National Short Track Championship Feature Sunday afternoon September 30 that pays three thousand dollars to win and one thousand dollars to start. A total of twelve divisions will be competing during the NSTC weekend, for more information including tickets please call the Speedway Box Office at 815-633-1500 or visit www.rockfordspeedway.com
This article was posted to the website on September 12th, 2007
Click to view all related content in that category


text:
Recent Comments
wow these are amazing! i really like the 2nd and 4th!
yeah i do a lot of freelance for small businesses and individuals and that has significantly beefed up my resume. i've used craigslist over the years to get my freelance, although not sure where you're located or if craigslist is big where you are.
what if it was a regular Chinese dragon vs a cowboy?
too cliche?
TheInfamousBaka said:
I like the collage idea, but I feel like the thin lines don't do it any favors and the colors are pretty washed out. You need bolder, clean lines for something like this to look good on a shirt and either go greyscale or work on a color palette that is pleasing to the eyes when jumbled up like this is.
i agree. i would go heavier on the linework, and use it to add more details, then pick a color palette with more limited colors, maybe like monochromatic, so it doesn't get too busy.
littlem said:
Omg drippy faucet... Is it also a brick house? Might want to add patches of brick outlined here and there
i agree, add some bricks to the actual house
cool design!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Got a question or comment? We'd love to hear from you! The best way to get in contact with us is to send us an email using the form below. Remember to type your email address correctly or else we won't be able to email you back. You can also send emails directly to email@example.com. You'll receive a response within 24 hours or less.
We'll be replying to you from the email address email@example.com so be sure to add us to your contact list so that our emails don't end up in your spam/junk mail folder.
Please note that we are unable to take phone orders. If you would like us to send you a fax order form, please send us an email and we'll send you a form.
Wholesale and drop ship dealer inquiries are welcome!


text:
It would have been nice if it had been in stock as advertized. Fortunately, I was not charged for an item I did not receive.
Ten yrs ago I purchased a littermaid. Worked well for ten years. Only had to clean contact points about 3 time. It cost $99.00. I was shocked that it now costs $119.00. It should have gone down in price. I purchased it at Wal-Mart in April 2012. It worked for one month then the band that makes the rake retract came undone. Also, the rake did not work very well. I am contacting LitterMid to see if they will repair the unit and I'm contacting Wal-Mart to see if their help to resolve my issue with the LitterMaid.
This may be okay for someone with one cat, but not multiple cats. The rake never reached deep enough to get all of the mess or rake it over into the tray. The rake would stop at the edge of the tray and the mess would work it's way underneath the litter box. The motor died in it after about a year. This was about the worst product I ever bought.
I received it and love it, but its not a litter maid.
these type self-+cleaning litter box is better and more strong


text:
BeerAdvocate on your phone?! True story. Try the beta now.
Tickets for American Craft Beer Fest are on sale now! (May 30 & 31 in Boston, MA)
Chinooker'd IPA - Lawson's Finest Liquids
Displayed for educational use only; do not reuse. |
Ratings: 379 | Reviews: 85 | Show All Ratings:
Reviews by morningthief:
More User Reviews:
4.46/5 rDev +4.2%
look: 4.25 | smell: 4.5 | taste: 4.5 | feel: 4.25 | overall: 4.5
Poured from a 22 oz. bottle into an oversized tulip.
Pours a nice medium amber with lots of big frothy head with good retention.
Smells ridiculous. So hoppy. Maybe the most hoppy smelling beer I've smelled including Heady.
Taste is delicious. A nice balance of mild hop bitterness and floral and juicy notes.
A mild malt background that serves to support this hop forward beer.
Mouthfeel is balanced, not overly dry, not sweet.
Overall, maybe my second favorite Lawson's after Double Sunshine.
Serving type: bottle
12-30-2013 13:29:10 | More by BoldRulerVermont
4.25/5 rDev -0.7%
12-25-2013 16:26:05 | More by BastardFromABasket
Chinooker'd IPA from Lawson's Finest Liquids
out of 100
based on 379 ratings.


text:
Skip to content
and found 2 items
1052cc, 147bhp, 172mph, Insurance group 16
The ZZ-R11 long reigned as speed top dog, but that all changed in 1996 when Honda's Super Blackbird assumed the title of "Fastest Production Motorcycle". Intriguingly, however, the ZZ-R continues to impress, aceing the the Blackbird in top gear roll on tests, remaining a great all-rounder and now being better value than ever.
1052cc, 98bhp, 145mph, Insurance group 13
The Kawasaki ZRX1100 is one of those bikes which doesn't look that exciting on paper, or even parked up, but once you grab a big handful of throttle down a twisty road the thing comes alive. It's an old school, take-no-prisoners hoon machine and you can surprise yourself - and random sportbike riders - with its combination of solid braking, ...
Save money by comparing quotes. It's quick and easy
Compare and buy 100s of bargain priced products for you and your bike


text:
Tall Jelly Cabinet
Compare At: $495.00
You Save: 34%
Based on the design of an antique jelly cupboard in our grandparent's farmhouse, this blends function with the beauty of solid wood and time honored design. Versatile for today's lifestyle…for jams, jellies and jars in the kitchen to CDs, games, books, albums, hobby supplies, or toys in the family room, to towels and bath supplies in the bathroom. Made in the USA.
- 44.75"H x 17.5"L x 9.75"D, Made in the USA


text:
Do you suffer from a slow-healing wound due to diabetes, poor circulation, a severe cut, or trauma?Do recurrent wounds prevent you from doing the things you want to do?Have you lost hope that you will find relief for your non-healing wound?
We help speed up the healing process for patients suffering from severe wounds.
Many of our patients come to us after they've exhausted all other options for their wound care. Even in severe cases, perhaps when amputation appears to be the only choice, we encourage you tomeet with us to talk about your medical condition. We treat the whole person, not just the wound. You are an important part of the healing process, as wound care often requires a commitment to a seriesof treatments over a period of time.
Effective treatments can help heal wounds. Our team of dedicated wound care specialists includes doctors, nurses, therapists, and other medical professionals. Together they use the latest treatments so you feel better and get back to enjoying life.
As specialists in wound care, we have experience with cutting-edge products and treatments to promote optimum healing.
Physicians have used hyperbaric medicine since the 1800s to successfully treat a variety of conditions. Medicare recognizes hyperbaric medicine as a reimbursable treatment for many diagnoses, including:
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy exposes your body to 100% oxygen in a pressurized environment, helping to heal damaged tissue by:
The physicians and associates at the Lakeland Center for Wound Care & Hyperbaric Medicine have specialized training in this type of medicine. Our lead physicians are board-certified in Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine.
Jose Gomez, MDMedical DirectorLaurence Habenicht, MDJohn Howard, MDJulian Lewiecki, MSAProgram DirectorLinda Mills, RN, BSN, CWSProgram Coordinator
Mary,* of southwest Michigan, was just hours away from a scheduled amputation of her big toe at a northern Indiana hospital when she came to the team at the Lakeland Center for Wound Care & Hyperbaric Medicine for a second opinion. Not willing to accept amputation as the only option for her non-healing diabetic wound, Mary had followed the recommendation of a family member who had received care at the Lakeland facility. Mary said the physicians and staff remained positive as they listened to her, explained the recommended treatment for her, and made her feel comfortable. In Mary's case, treatment included minor surgery on her toe to remove the infected tissue, antibiotics, and treatments in the hyperbaric oxygen chamber. "They did phenomenal work," said Mary of Drs. Gomez and Habenicht and the other members of her care team. "They were very understanding. I love the staff there, and I appreciate their education, values, and compassion."
* Name changed to respect privacy of patient.
Lakeland Center for Wound Care & Hyperbaric MedicineLakeland Medical Suites, Niles42 N. St. Joseph Avenue, Suite 103Niles, Michigan 49120
Many health plans cover wound care treatment.We're happy to research your insurance coverage and help with any travel assistance you may need.


text:
After dozens of arriving and departing flights were delayed or canceled during yesterday's winter storm, Harrisburg International Airport is back to normal this morning.
"All flights are on-time and the sun is beaming down on #MDT's airfield," the airport tweeted from it's official Twitter account (@HIAairport) at 8:40 this morning.
Yesterday, HIA officials said there were more canceled and delayed flights than they expected. As of 10:30 this morning, only one flight out of the airport was delayed.
To check flight arrivals and delays, click here (http://www.flyhia.com/arrivals).


text:
The Stanislaus County Fairgrounds hosted the area's youngest cowboys and cowgirls on Saturday during the 60th annual Turlock Horsemen's Club Junior Rodeo.
For the second consecutive year the boys of Turlock FC United are soccer champions. With the help of players from Turlock, Ceres, and Modesto, FC United entered the 2013 NorCal Premier Soccer League Spring Cross Regional Playoff in Davis and dominated the likes of Ballistic United of Pleasanton, Santa Clara Sporting, and Inter Rage Academy of Sacramento.
The Turlock Seadogs took down the Ripon swimming squad last Saturday at Ripon by a score of 1,680 to 1,440.
The Rivercats from the Turlock American Little League Minors will now face off against Atwater in the final game of the Tournament of Champions, after defeating the Los Banos A's, 8-4, on Thursday at Los Banos.
After a first round bye, the Turlock National Little League Majors champion Rockies dominated the Mariposa Reds, 13-1, at Soderquist field on Thursday to advance to the championship game of the Tournament of Champions.
It was a blistering hot day last Saturday with temperatures reaching well over the triple digit mark in the Valley as the Turlock Seadogs placed first in the Oakdale Invitational with a score of 1,575, while the second place Ripon squad trailed by over 100 points. It is the second time this season that the Seadogs have won an invitational.
The American Little League majors champion Tigers defeated the National League champion Rockies 11-1 on Saturday at Julien Field for the Turlock Little League City Title.
The Rivercats from the Turlock American Little League Minors won their second consecutive city title after defeating the National League champion Thunder, 7-2, on Saturday at Julien Field.
The Tigers have won the Turlock American Little League Majors title after lighting up the scoreboard against the Indians, 22-10, at Julien field in a game that started on Tuesday night and was carried into Wednesday.
Turlock Youth Wrestling Club coaches Andy York and Lucas Solarez saw major successes and improvements this year in their athletes, who range in age from 5 to 13.
The Rockies have won the Turlock National Little League title for the second straight season after shutting out the Dodgers in the finals, 8-0, on Saturday at Soderquist Field.
There is still no champion for the American Little League Majors, after Tuesday night's final game of a doubleheader was continued due to time.
It was a typical warm summer day in the Valley, perfect for swimming as the Turlock Seadogs defeated the smaller and up and coming Modesto squad on Saturday by a score of 1,414 to 318 at Turlock High.
It was 1-1 until the final inning, when the mighty Twins did all they could and forced the Tigers pitching to walk five and allow eight unanswered runs to take the 9-1 victory in the first round of the American Little League Majors playoffs on Thursday.
The Dodgers of the Turlock National Little League Majors have another shot at the top seeded Rockies, after defeating the Marlins, 12-5, in the semi-finals. The Dodgers nailed Thursday's win after a hot fifth inning rally that saw five runs scored.
Late February and early March is crunch time for high school wrestlers. After months of hard work in wrestling rooms, wrestlers either see their labor rewarded with divisional, sectional, and state success or they see the flame of their season extinguished. It's the defining high stakes nature of a sport that requires a high degree of dedication.
Page 1 of 1


text:
Print Topic - Archive
Click here to return to the original view.
Save to Disk.
Albuquerque Homeschool Forum / Around town / Aspartame: Speak up July 6th in Santa Fe
Posted by:
14 (Guest), July 4, 2006, 1:22am
(Noted in Daily Lobo)
Concerning the New Mexico Environmental Improvement Board's decision on whether to move forward with banning aspartame, the artificial sweetener, "Delay and deflect" should not be the modus operandi in this matter. So many lives are at stake, and my intent as petitioner is only to prevent further neurodegenerative and carcinogenic damage, as well as the inevitable behavior problems, learning disabilities and birth defects resulting from corporations gratuitously and unnecessarily adding a chemical metabolized as formaldehyde and methanol to 6,000 food products and more than 500 children's medications.
Many other states and nations are watching what the New Mexico Environmental Improvement Board does on this issue and whether it will capitulate entirely to the demands of those reprehensible multinational corporations involved. Our efforts in accordance with Gov. Bill Richardson's Year of the Child initiative have led to an almost complete ban on junk food in the schools starting in 2007.
Aspartame-containing soft drinks for high school students are the only barrier for our New Mexico students, and that is being considered by Dr. Veronica Garcia, the secretary of education.
To protect the entire population of New Mexico - all 1.8 million - and not just the students in public schools is the issue that is at hand. Gov. Richardson has made clear that he wants the board to have hearings on aspartame. Ten members of the New Mexico Senate have asked the governor to ban it using the statute concerning public health emergency in order to prevent further formaldehyde poisoning to New Mexicans who consume aspartame.
If the board capitulates to the demands of the corporations involved to have no hearing, all New Mexico will suffer continued medical damages from aspartame. Those concerned about health and protecting New Mexico's population from further damage from aspartame should come to the July 6 board meeting in Room 311 at the Capitol, make their voices heard, and be made part of the permanent record on this consumer protection imperative. If you can't come in person, please send a fax to Gov. Richardson at 505-476-2276, or e-mail Lt. Gov. Diane Denish at email@example.com.
Stephen Fox
Daily Lobo
Posted by:
122 (Guest), July 5, 2006, 7:00am;
Lisa! Thank you so much for posting this!
Aspartame is one of the worst inventions of all time - it is an enemy to the body, yes? How fantastic that this poison is being acknowledged as a social threat by our government and they're, at least, taking an honest look at it.
I hope the big-bucks corporate lobbyists are overshadowed by citizens! Aspartame has hurt many people; additionally, the statistics have been suppressed AND it's easy to misdiagnose it's results for the symptoms it promotes. I.E. symptom is cancer and root cause was aspartame, etc. but doctor says, "you've developed cancer . . . let's do chemo" while patient continues to drink diet sodas throughout cancer treatments and does not eliminate carcinogens that began the ball rolling.
Posted by:
122 (Guest), July 5, 2006, 7:01am;
Thank you for announcing that. I can not go to the meeting, but I will be sending faxes!
Print page generated:
March 12, 2014, 4:05am
Powered by
E-Blah Forum Software
10.3.6 © 2001-2008


text:
PICTURES: Girl Scout makes bat boxes for LV Zoo
Bat boxes
Avani Dalal, 19, of Macungie paints wood black for a bat box with paint donated by Sherwin-Williams. She is helping her sister Ruchi Dalal, 17, who is making the bat boxes for her Girl Scout Gold Award project. When the boxes are finished she will be donating the boxes to the Lehigh Valley Zoo.
Comments (0)
Add comments | Discussion FAQCurrently there are no comments. Be the first to comment!


text:
Solia Tourmaline Ceramic Ion Flat Iron (1-1/4")
Leandra B.Brooklyn, NYHairDark BrownRelaxed HairPurle, Hot And FantasticI wanted to treat myself, and so I searched for a purple flat iron. I found his and decided I had to do further research. It heats up fast, goes to 450, inexpensive and of course it came in purple. When I was 13 weeks post relaxer, i flat iron from root to ends, good job for my first time using a flat iron and it got my roots straight enough. I definitely recomend it.posted Oct 23, 2010Link to this post
LaurenTexasLove It!Love it!! After having my CHI for 9 years, my dog knocked it off the table and broke it. I was going to order a new CHI but decided to look at other options. I'm so glad I did! I love my Solia! I ordered the hot pink one and this straightens my hair better than the CHI did! It's quicker and my hair is straighter and shinier. Definitely recommend it!posted Oct 22, 2010Link to this post
LillyHairMedium BrownCurly HairFine or Thin HairMagicThis is excellent. My daughters hair is really curly and she has long hair thats up to her lower back and when it natural its up to her shoulders so this flat iron works wonders on her hair. It stay perfectly straight the whole week no matter how humid it is out. Also with this product I use Sedu Smoothing Heat Protection Boost which makes her hair really smooth and it smells really good also it prevents your hair from frizzing up. I do recommend this to anyone who is looking for a flat iron its wonderful. = ]posted Oct 21, 2010Link to this post
StephanieHairBlondeCurly HairThick or Coarse HairLove My New Flat Iron!Love that the heat can be changed...love the free pouch that came with it....love how straight and silky my hair is after straightening...it heats up sooo... fast! I love this flat iron!posted Oct 20, 2010Link to this post
NicoleIllinoisHairMedium BrownColor Treated HairThick or Coarse HairRelaxed HairWho Needs A Relaxer Anymore?This is the best flat iron that I've ever owned. It heats up to my desired temperture of 360 super fast & straightens my hair better than any relaxer. My only complaint is that I can't seem to get the temperature contol to stay where I put it (I'm convinced that it must be due to operator error). I highly recommend this flat iron!!! :)posted Oct 20, 2010Link to this post
VeronicaHairNormal HairColor Treated HairThick or Coarse HairChemically Treated HairI Love My Solia!!My hair is: short, VERY THICK and straight.
I bought this product because: I read all of the reviews on Folica and people loved it over the Chi.
I first tried it out on my daughters hair which is VERY THICK and long and somewhat wavy, but not curly. The results were AMAZING, the texture of her hair completely changed!! It felt like she had 1/2 the amount of hair that she normally has, her hair was shiny and sooo soft!! She immediately fell in love with it and I was sold too.
My hair is much shorter and straight also but again it made my hair texture very soft and it felt like I had 1/2 the hair. My hair feels so good after using my new Solia!!
I liked it so much that I brought it to work to use it on the girls I work with and they all fell in love with it as well.
I would recommend it because it is very reasonably priced and the best straightener I have ever owned!!
I think it�¯�¿�½s be good for all hair types!!
I LOVE MY SOLIA STRAIGHTENER!!posted Oct 20, 2010Link to this post -
OksanaChicago, ILHairBlondeChemically Treated HairLove It!!!!!I totally love it. It doesn't make my hair dry. You can set the temperature to meet your hair needs. Totally worth the money.posted Oct 19, 2010Link to this post
HebatHairDark BrownNormal HairCurly HairMy Favorite So FarOh my goodness. This straightener is amazing. Everytime I buy a new straightener I love it but this one by far is my favorite, I've tryed chi, conair, babyliss, amika, and instyler. But the Solia is my favorite, oh and the heat free mat/pouch is amazing it keeps my drawers more organized and I don't have to burn any towels.posted Oct 19, 2010Link to this post
Sherry P.NL, CanadaHairPlatinum BlondeFine or Thin HairLove It!I'm really happy with the Solia flat iron. It straightens really well and I love the hot pink color! The service was great and I received it in Canada in less than a week! Extremely happy!posted Oct 18, 2010Link to this post
Robin T.TexasHairLight BrownNormal HairNot Just For The Young Girls...I am so glad that I found Folica.com and didn't have to pay an arm & a leg for a quality flat iron. I just love my Solia flat iron! I received it about 2 weeks ago. It heats up so quickly to 400+ degrees, and works GREAT!! I ordered the black one with the blue plates, it is very professional looking!! In Texas we have a lot of humidity and it wouldn't take long for my hair to start looking frizzy, but even on the most humid days, my hair is NOW nice and smooth! It's not JUST for the young girls, I am a 43 year old mother of 2 and I LOVE it!!!
P.S. You just can't beat that 2 year warranty!! :)posted Oct 18, 2010Link to this post
Write Your Own Review
Have you tried this product? Help out by sharing what worked (or didn't)!
Write a Review-
Sedu Anti-Frizz Polishing Treatment with Moroccan Argan Oil
Sedu Anti-Frizz Polishing Treatment with pure Moroccan Argan Oil protects from heat damage, leaves hair incredibly smooth and shiny and controls frizz. . Similar to Moroccanoil, it contains Argan Oil which is produced from the kernels of the argan tree, found in Morocco. Argan Oil is extraordinarily rich in things like natural tocopherols and vitamin E.
Old Price: $50.00New Price: $37.00 -
Sedu Pro Ionic Ceramic Tourmaline Flat Iron (1 1/2")
Rated the Best Hair Straightener on the market and preferred by top hair stylists around the world, Sedu flat iron straightens, smooths and tames frizzy hair for long-lasting results. Sedu's patented ultra-smooth ceramic/tourmaline technology guarantee smooth straightening.
Old Price: $160.00New Price: $129.99Free Shipping -
Solia 1875W Thermal Ionic Hair Dryer
The latest in advanced Italian Hair Dryer Technology. Solia Thermal Ionic 1875W dryer produces millions of negative ions to make hair healthier and shinier.
Old Price: $159.95New Price: $89.99Free Shipping


text:
Obama to Introduce "Cosmos" Debut
The Fox TV network says President Barack Obama will introduce the debut episode of the science series "Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey." Read »
Fallon Challenges Colbert on "Tonight"
Comedian Stephen Colbert was back on "The Tonight Show" Friday for a second time to play Jimmy... Read »
Sheila MacRae of "The Honeymooners" Dead at 92
Sheila MacRae, a veteran stage, film and TV performer best known for playing Alice Kramden in the 1960s re-creation... Read »
Katie Holmes to Star in New ABC Drama Pilot
Rejoice, Joey Potter fans. The beloved "Dawson's Creek" star is set to make her return to TV! Read »
Dunham: "SNL" "Girls" Spoof Was Best Thing Ever
The "Girls" creator Lena Dunham will host "Saturday Night Live" for the first time this weekend, but the HBO... Read »
Oscars Red Carpet: Best & Worst Dressed
The Oscar red carpet is the fashion highlight of the Hollywood award season. Check out what Jennifer... View »
Top Entertainment Photos
Check out the latest photos of your favorite celebrities. View »
"The Voice"
"The Voice" season six is underway on NBC. Here, the best moments and greatest songs from TV's top singing... Read »
Batkid Segment Cut from Oscars Telecast
Was Batkid snubbed? The Academy Awards telecast on Sunday was supposed to feature a segment with Batkid... Read »
Jesus on the Silver Screen
Jesus has taken many faces on film over the years, culminating in this year's "Son of God." Take a... View »
Khloé Kardashian Buys Justin Bieber's Home
Her new digs, which include six bedrooms and seven bathrooms, are just down the street from Kourtney Kardashian Read »
"South Park" Creators Debut Raunchy New Video Game
Even fans of the theatrical "South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut" may be taken aback by the level... Read »
Ke$ha Leaves Rehab After Treatment for Eating Disorder
Two months after she entered rehab, Ke$ha has left Illinois' Timberline Knolls and resurfaced in L.A. Read »
"Bachelor" Juan Pablo Defends R-Word Joke
Juan Pablo Galavis is causing controversy yet again. Read »
More Lion Than Lamb? "Hot" Jesus Creates Movie Buzz
They say you can never be too rich or too thin. Surely it goes without saying that you can't be too... Read »
Lohan Lets Oprah's Call Go to Voicemail
Lindsay Lohan paid a visit to Jimmy Fallon on the "Tonight Show." She discussed her docu-series on Oprah's... Watch »
Armisen Talks New Fragrance Line on "Late Night"
Fred Armisen talks about his idea for a new fragrance line that would smell like the inside of a rubber mask... Watch »
Lohan Soaks Fallon, Talks Oprah on "Tonight Show"
Lindsay Lohan and Jimmy Fallon got soaking wet while playing a game of "Water War" on "The... Watch »
Obama Shows His "R-S-P-E-C-T" for "Women of Soul"
He bobbled the spelling, but President Barack Obama had nothing but R-E-S-P-E-C-T for the "women of soul"... Read »
2014 American Comedy Awards Nominations
Comedy Central leads the nominations with a total of 12, followed by NBC with 11. In the film categories, "This... Read »


text:
Go to map view
A stay at Westbury Mayfair Hotel places you in the heart of London, walking distance from Berkeley Square and London Palladium Theatre. This 5-star hotel is close to Buckingham Palace and Big Ben. Make yourself at home in one of the 246 air-conditioned rooms featuring minibars. High-speed (wired) Internet access (surcharge) is available to keep you connected...
More from Expedia Affiliate Network
Get Rates |
Get Flight + Hotel |
General | 24 hour front desk, Air-conditioned, Bar/Lounge, Coffee shop, Cribs available, Express check out, Laundry facilities, No smoking, Non-smoking rooms available, Parking (surcharge), Restaurant, Room service, Safe, Sauna, Storage available, Wheelchair accessible | ||
Activities | Fitness centre | ||
Services | A/V equipment hire, Babysitting or child care, Business centre, Car hire, Concierge service, Currency exchange on-site, Laundry service, Meeting/Banquet facilities | ||
Internet | Internet (surcharge), WiFi (surcharge) | ||
Policy | Pets not allowed | Landmarks |
Similar Hotels
Guest Ratings
Star Ratings
Expedia | |
booking.com | |
priceline.com | |
Orbitz | |
Agoda |


text:
Return to Normal View
DOE Home
More Success Stories >>
Courtesy of Indian River Community College
Indian River Community College has been awarded Federal and State grants totaling $863,000 for new programs that recruit and educate teachers and fast-track adults with Bachelor's degrees into local classrooms. The keystone is a multi-faceted Grow Our Own Teachers project that motivates and prepares adults, as well as high school and community college students, to enter the pool of prospective teachers. A companion project, Teach-for-Florida, is preparing 60 university graduates for certification and teaching positions by next fall.
" IRCC is moving quickly to implement innovative and flexible programs to recruit and educate teachers," said Dr. Edwin R. Massey, IRCC President. " With the demand far exceeding the supply of certified teachers, it is vital that we introduce more people to this rewarding profession."
The program has generated a great deal of interest with over 600 potential teachers attending the initial information session.
" By eliminating roadblocks and providing effective preparation, many adults become interested in switching to a teaching career," Dr. Massey added.
The $795,000 Federal grant was made possible with the support of Congressmen David Weldon, Mark Foley, and Alcee Hastings.
For more information on Indian River Community College, visit http://www.ircc.cc.fl.us.


text:
Set as Homepage
Tue, Mar 11, 2014
9 Adar II, 5774
Breaking News
Diplomacy & Politics
Israel News
Health & Science
Jewish World
Push for Peace 2013
Insights & Features
Week in review
On the Web
Shalva Superheroes
Obama in Israel
Business News
Business Features
Real Estate
Daily TV News
The Jerusalem Report
In Jerusalem
Expert Opinion
Christian Edition
Green Israel
Politique et Social
Affaires Palestiniennes
Art et Culture
Breaking News
Op- Ed Contributors
One-step ethics
By GIL STUDENT
10/22/2012 21:40
The job of the ethicist is to prevent moral erosion by identifying the rules that are relevant to a given situation and applying them, with sensitivity and without bias.
Scales of Justice
Photo: REUTERS / Stephane Mahe
For 13 years in
The New York Times Magazine
, Randy Cohen's weekly column, "The Ethicist," posed and answered ethical questions from readers. It was widely discussed and debated, often angrily. Cohen recently published a collection of his columns, Be Good: How to Navigate the Ethics of Everything. I turned to the book for a summation of his ethical sensibility – and found evidence of both his decency and the limits of his secular approach, which in turn highlight a danger society currently faces.
Cohen's politics are not mine, but in his book I found him fair and thoughtful. A sensible man, he thinks long and hard about the questions he faces, using the ethical tools available to him. Cohen generally demands that his questioners practice honesty, obedience to law, and sensitivity to others. He requires that they refrain from damaging other people's property and otherwise causing financial harm. You might think that these are ethical no-brainers. Still, Cohen deserves praise for his consistent adherence to common- sense morality.
But when ethical situations become complex, Cohen grows unpredictable. Indeed, he punctuates his book with updates of some of his columns, including correspondence and other fallout that highlight debate over his conclusions.
In one column, for example, he advises a company's computer technician not to report the child pornography he found on the president's computer. Cohen then defiantly reproduces the letters of remonstration he received from the offices of the Manhattan District Attorney and US Attorney General.
In another column, Cohen allows the producer of a play to alter its words to make it suitable for her small town audience. He then reprints an angry letter from a playwright: "How is it ethical to encourage people to alter and/or deface artists' work because it's not important to you?" There were several more rounds to the exchange. Neither party changed his mind.
These are more than simple mistakes or differences in judgment. They demonstrate a fundamental gap in Cohen's ethical reasoning.
Please make no mistake: Randy Cohen's ethical decisions are rarely objectionable. His problem is that while he has an excellent moral compass, he lacks a map.
In the introduction to his book, Cohen describes his approach:
"I didn't apply any method, and I suspect neither does anybody else, at least not initially. When deciding on correct conduct, it is first the verdict, then the trial. I had what some readers deprecated as 'just a gut reaction,' an immediate feeling about right and wrong. But I didn't stop there. I subjected the intestinal tremor to various forms of moral scrutiny: how does it stand up to the Golden Rule, or to a greatest-good argument, or to the categorical imperative?"
Cohen subscribes, in sum, to dartboard morality: hang your gut reaction on the wall, toss objections at it, and see what sticks. And why not? Who is to say which is right? This one says this; that one says that. I can support whatever I say with a respectable rationale.
In the end, this post-modern haze of faux values lets self-affirmation pass as considered judgment. Cohen's columns do not just entertain; they denigrate the idea of a principled morality. Yet Cohen deserves only part of the blame. A comedy writer turned journalist, he did the best he could with his unconventional background and lack of education in the field of ethics.
The greater lapse lies with his editors, who handed over the keys of moral judgment in the "paper of record" to a man without a license. Maybe Seth McFarlane will be their next literary critic.
FOR CONTRAST, let us look at Rabbi Aaron Levine's recent book,
Economic Morality and Jewish Law
, written shortly before his death. Levine, whom I knew and admired, followed a formal ethical process. His studies are generally divided into four parts: the moral question or questions, the relevant Jewish laws, any applicable economic principles, and a detailed application of these concepts to the question at hand.
For example, he discusses a rabbi who speaks poorly at a charity event and the various people who praise his unremarkable address. Levine explains the prohibitions against lying and flattering, the situations in which these principles must apply, and the times when exceptions may be made. He then analyzes the circumstances of each flatterer, using these rules to render ethical judgment. Like Cohen, Levine carefully explores the potential avenues of recourse, examining the details of the case and the complex interpersonal effects of particular actions. But Levine does so in light of the values he has previously established.
Levine repeats this process with various moral issues – some extremely complex, like the question of the living wage. Should we differentiate between single- and multiple-wage households? Will raising salaries help or hurt the neediest people?
In each case, Levine first establishes his moral foundation, then judges the case. In contrast, Cohen has no clear foundation; he makes snap moral decisions, which he then tosses around, sometimes changing his mind, until he reaches a level of comfort.
Both approaches work well enough in simple cases. But when multiple values intertwine, only a sophisticated process can unravel the knot. Levine, with his clarity of thought and process, can make his way through an ethical maze. Cohen's hands get hopelessly entangled when his moral concerns outnumber his thumbs.
A SECULARIST, Rabbi Jonathan Sacks argues in his recent book,
The Great Partnership
, can be a deeply moral person; but a secular society inevitably falls into immorality. In Sacks' view, the relationship between religion and morality, while indirect, is powerful and deep-rooted. Secular moralities are external: there are many secular moralities from which a consumer can choose. The convenience of selfishness will win out over altruism and, in the process, destroy the social cohesion that depends on truly moral standards.
The job of the ethicist is to prevent this moral erosion by identifying the rules that are relevant to a given situation and applying them, with sensitivity and without bias. If you skip the first step, you allow self-centeredness, masquerading as morality, to invade and corrupt the public sphere.
Our loss of Rabbi Levine highlights our need for real ethicists to help us rediscover the virtue that society requires for its sustenance.
The writer, a rabbi, is a frequent writer on Jewish topics and maintains a popular blog at TorahMusings.com. This initially appeared in Jewish Ideas Daily and is re-printed with their permission.
Jerusalem Post Annual Conference. Buy it now, Special offer. Come meet Israel's top leaders
Randy Cohen
Rabbi Aaron Levine
Rabbi Jonathan Sacks
Tweets from https://twitter.com/Jerusalem_Post/jpost-reporters
Share this article
Your comment must be approved by a moderator before being published on JPost.com. Disqus users can post comments automatically.
Comments must adhere to
our Talkback policy
. If you believe that a comment has breached the Talkback policy, please press the flag icon to bring it to the attention of our moderation team.
comments powered by Disqus.
JPost Services
Mobile Apps
Kotel Cam
JPost Alert
Israel Focus
Tikva Hope
This Purim, help us make Israel's children laugh Give them a joyous holiday
Meir Panim
Help make this Purim a happy one for hungry Israeli children Donate now for
Donate to Save Lives in Israel
Rambam Healthcare Campus
Support Israel's Underground Fortified Hospital
Bank Hapoalim
Israeli's number one bank
JPost TV News
Watch Now!
Jerusalem Post Lite
Lite Edition of the Jerusalem Post for English improvement
Learn Hebrew with us
Get 10 minutes free personal coaching in Hebrew through phone or Skype
JPost newspapers
Sign up for the JPost newspapers and receive one month free subscription
JReport Kindle Edition
Now you can get the Jerusalem Report directly to your Kindle
JPost Premium Edition
The very best articles are available only in our Premium edition
Real Estate
Sea Hotel–Luxury Resort
Ultimate glamour and luxury Find out more
Israel Hotel Sale
Guaranteed best prices on the Internet. Personal service.
Eldan Rent a Car
20% off all Car Rental Reservations in Israel


text:
About 9 million people in the United States are covered by both Medicare and Medicaid, including low-income seniors and younger people with disabilities. These dual eligible beneficiaries have complex and often costly health care needs, and have been the focus of many recent initiatives and proposals to improve the coordination of their care aimed at both raising the quality of their care while reducing its costs. This page highlights some key resources examining the dual eligible population and provides you with the standard search result page for a site-wide search on the dual eligible tag.
Featured Dual Eligible Resources
State Demonstration Proposals to Integrate Care and Align Financing and/or Administration for Dual Eligible Beneficiaries
This map shows the current status of the state demonstration proposals to integrate care and align financing for beneficiaries eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid. Over 9.6 million seniors and younger people with significant disabilities are dually eligible for both programs, and as many as 2 million of them may be included in the demonstrations.
Fact Sheet See More
Related Dual Eligible Resources
- Medicaid's Role for Dual-Eligible Beneficiaries
- Medicare's Role for Dual Eligible Beneficiaries
- Best Bets for Reducing Medicare Costs for Dual Eligible Beneficiaries: Assessing the Evidence
- Pulling it Together: Duals: The National Health Reform Experiment We Should Be talking More About
- Affordable Care Act Provisions Relating to the Care of Dually Eligible Medicare and Medicaid Beneficiaries
- Faces of Dually Eligible Beneficiaries: Profiles of People with Medicare and Medicaid Coverage
Filter Results
- results
- state & global data
- slides
- view as grid
- view as list
Medicaid's Long-Term Care Users: Spending Patterns Across Institutional and Community-based Settings
The nation's primary payer for long-term services and supports, Medicaid finances 43 percent of all spending on long-term care services and covers a range of services and supports, including those needed by people to live independently in the community, as well as services provided in institutions. This report provides an…
Issue Brief Read MoreFirm Perspectives on the Medicare Advantage Market
Based on interviews with senior executives at 14 large firms, the issue brief finds that insurers anticipate continuing to offer Medicare Advantage plans in 2012, in part because of a Medicare demonstration project that will award bonus payments to plans based on their quality standards. A companion issue brief examines…
Issue Brief Read MoreMedicare Advantage 2011 Data Spotlight: Medicare Advantage Enrollment Market Update
This data spotlight examines enrollment trends in Medicare Advantage plans in 2011 and finds that, despite concerns about the effects of the 2010 health reform payment reductions on private Medicare Advantage plans, enrollment continued to rise this year. Additionally, Medicare Advantage enrollees are paying lower premiums, on average, than they…
Issue Brief Read MoreSpecial Needs Plans: Availability and Enrollment
Special Needs Plans are a form of Medicare Advantage plan authorized to provide a managed care option for beneficiaries with significant or relatively specialized care needs, including Medicare beneficiaries who are dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid, beneficiaries living in nursing homes or other institutions, and beneficiaries with severe chronic…
Report Read MoreProposed Models to Integrate Medicare and Medicaid Benefits for Dual Eligibles: A Look at the 15 State Design Contracts Funded By CMS
This brief summarizes 15 states' preliminary proposals to better coordinate care for people who are in both the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The design contracts, funded by the federal Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI), are an outgrowth of new efforts under the health reform law to develop service…
Issue Brief Read MoreA Primer on Dually Eligible Beneficiaries
The nine million dually eligible beneficiaries are generally poorer and sicker than other Medicare beneficiaries, tend to use more health care services, and thus account for a disproportionate share of Medicare and Medicaid spending. Because they often have complex medical and long-term care needs, and must navigate both Medicaid and…
Event Read MoreAffordable Care Act Provisions Relating to the Care of Dually Eligible Medicare and Medicaid Beneficiaries
This issue brief identifies the major provisions in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) that are designed to improve care and streamline service delivery for dual eligibles, the millions of low-income seniors and younger persons with disabilities who are enrolled in both the Medicaid and Medicare programs. Dual…
Issue Brief Read MoreMedicaid's Role for Dual Eligibles
These short profiles illustrate the help that Medicaid provides to four individuals who qualify for both Medicaid and Medicare. They include a 66-year-old former nurse who suffers from a multitude of health problems; an 86-year-old stroke survivor and nursing home resident; a 64-year-old man with disabilities who lives independently; and…
Issue Brief Read MoreHow Much "Skin in the Game" is Enough? The Financial Burden of Health Spending for People on Medicare
How Much "Skin in the Game" is Enough? The Financial Burden of Health Spending for People on Medicare Medicare extends health security and financial protection to seniors and younger people with disabilities. However, premiums, relatively high cost-sharing requirements, and gaps in the benefit package result in some beneficiaries spending a…
Report Read MoreDual Eligibles: Medicaid's Role for Low-Income Medicare Beneficiaries
This updated fact sheet describes the nearly 8.9 million "dual eligibles," the low-income elderly and persons with disabilities who are enrolled in both Medicare and Medicaid, why this population needs Medicaid, what services they receive from Medicaid, and what the new health reform law may mean for them. Fact Sheet (.pdf)
Fact Sheet Read More


text:
The creation of the Delta County Recycling Program, which began in February, has been a collaborative effort between community members, local politicians, and students like the Delta Middle School Recyclers.
Those students are carrying the momentum forward with a logo contest for students K-12 from throughout Delta County, because the youth of Delta County are the future of Delta County!
The logo and/or tagline will represent Delta County's current (Hotchkiss Transfer Station) and future (City of Delta, the Adobe Buttes Landfill, etc.) recycling programs. Words, logo, or a combination of both are acceptable. The logo may be used on literature, labels, posters, websites or signs at the transfer stations.
Submissions should be bright, inviting and positive. They should be no larger than 8 1/2 x 11 inches and may be submitted on paper or PDF. Participants (an individual or a group) may submit as many designs as they would like. Members of the Delta County Recycling Task Force will judge the logos.
All submissions must include full names of participants, the students' grade, school, teacher sponsor, a primary (parent/guardian) contact phone number and primary (parent/guardian) contact e-mail.
All proposals must be postmarked by Friday, April 27. Winner(s) will be notified by Friday, May 4. The contest is sponsored by Delta Middle School, the Delta County Recycling Force, and the Integrated Solid Waste Management Program.
blog comments powered by Disqus


text:
Linux Web Hosting In-Depth
Linux is one of the most popular platforms in cheap web hosting. It is a complete open source hosting package, designed to be efficient and cost effective. This makes it the prime choice for web creators and many clients worldwide. Promoting stability of the server and reliability of websites, Linux is also chosen by experts, because of its server strength and competence, relative to its competitors. But despite widespread use of Linux as a web server and in the web hosting industry, many are still somewhat in the dark as to what exactly makes up Linux web hosting. So let's take an in-depth look at what Linux hosting really is.
The OS
A Linux server package is mostly included as part of a release package. These release packages, also known as distributions, are a group of software and applications. Examples of these are spreadsheets, media players, word processor, document readers, processors, and database programs. Linux distributes a regular set of the Linux Kernel, including a set of GNU tools, documentation software, and other applications. Popular distributions include CentOs, Fedora, Gentoo, Linux Mint, Oracle Enterprise, Ubuntu and Debian.
The Server
One of the most reliable open source servers on the web, Apache, is widely used with Linux. Apache security, deployed as a basic HTTP server, is used by over a hundred million websites worldwide. Being an open source solution, Apache can be modified and deployed in a dynamic fashion. Apache also being easy to use, can be accessed through straightforward, web downloads.
MySQL is another open source database management program, which is a popular part of the LAMP stack server. MySQL is a great way to enhance one's server back-end capabilities, through the addition of structured data storage, querying, and data matching. Because MySQL is an open source solution, it can be added to even the cheapest Linux hosting solution, without an adverse cost impact. Popular forks of this RDBMS include Drizzle, Percona Server and mariaDB.
Server-Side Scripting
Besides MySQL and Apache, the Linux web server instance comprises of scripting languages, such as PHP, Perl, and Python. PHP is a scripting language, used for web design and other content and coding purposes. It is an adaptable code, which can easily be modified, to achieve an effect for a page or web design.
Perl, on the other hand, is a great language for building dynamic websites. Perl consists of readable scripting, composed of various variables and identifiers, making programming simpler. Also, Perl will generate error code messages, giving the programmer a traceable warning scheme whenever a mistake has occurred.
Python in comparison is an extensive programming language, with strict margins and formatting. However, this makes the coding easily readable to other programmers unlike PHP. Python is most commonly used in a team development environment.
All in all, these scripts are used by Apache servers and MySQL database management systems, in forming a LAMP hosting structure otherwise referred to as Linux web hosting.
For the aforementioned, I have 2 web hosting recommendations that could fulfill all of these requirements to be a good Linux based server:
2. Crylix Web Hosting, with an affordable price, you can pay it without any credit cards / paypal
For the last words, I will just provide you with some quick videos about the installation and setup of a Linux web server & also how to install LAMP Web server in Ubuntu 10.04, it is quite informative.
One comment
[...] This post was mentioned on Twitter by Dez Futak, Ahamed Imran. Ahamed Imran said: Linux Web Hosting In-Depth – http://goo.gl/GB06. [...]


text:
Keep up-to-date with the Access ADL Blog and get new post by e-mail.
Listen and subscribe to the ADL Podcasts on iTunes, or visit the website: podcast.adl.org.
Subscribe to ADL Newsletters.
Teaching mutual respect and an appreciation for diversity is critical to preventing the seeds of prejudice from taking root in young children. The Miller Early Childhood Initiative anti-bias training and resources have provided 22,700 early childhood educators and family members with strategies and skills to prepare children to succeed in our diverse world.
Early childhood educators, caregivers and family members who participate in The Miller Early Childhood Initiative training workshops (PDF) learn skills to help children gain comfort with and respect for diversity. They also receive support materials, created in partnership with Sesame Workshop, filled with anti-bias tips and activities that easily integrate into children's daily routines.
Read More & Watch Overview Video ▶
A new thoughtful guide for early childhood educators and family members.


text:
Please Provide Comments on the IIA Standards
Posted on Feb 20, 2010
Posted on Feb 20, 2010
Posted on Feb 19, 2010
Last year, the Institute of Directors in South Africa published the King Code of Governance for South Africa 2009 (King III). It is effective July 1, 2010. In my opinion, it was one of the most important advances in corporate governance in years. I am pleased that one of the contributors was IIA–South Africa.
continue reading...Posted on Feb 15, 2010
A reader asked me for a source of guidance on best governance practices, which she wanted for her U.S. company. Before I discuss how I answered, it is worth considering the plethora of frameworks and guidance.
continue reading...Posted on Feb 2, 2010
A friend of mine, Richard Anderson, has released a new paper on the topic of risk appetite. Richard is an expert on risk management, especially compared to me. True, I have implemented risk management at one company, run it at another, and assessed risks for management for many years as chief audit executive. But Richard not only has greater experience and insight but has been involved in major risk thought leadership for a long time. For example, he quotes from the BS31100 standard, which he developed, as defining risk appetite as the "amount and type of risk that an organization is prepared to seek, accept, or tolerate."
continue reading...Posted on Feb 1, 2010
I appreciate the number of people who have taken the time to visit and read my comments on governance. Quite a few have gone to the next level and shared their insights and perspectives with the community, enriching the discussion.
continue reading...


text:
Please enter your current email address to receive instructions on resetting your password.
Your password has been reset. Please check your email for further instructions.
You are sending a link to the page. Please completely fill out the form below.
Add an additional message below.
The URL for the page will automatically be added to your message.
Through Monday, March 31, 2014
$300 per couple/2 nights- varies with the number of people/number of nights
The mountains are quiet in winter. Come steal away to the foothills of the luminous Blue Ridge Mountains for a relaxing weekend with ...
Through Monday, January 26, 2015
$250 per person
Master teacher and Sperryville photographer Ray Boc will lead you through two vigorous two hour sessions photographing ...
Through Sunday, February 1, 2015
$475.00 per person
Indulge yourself in an ultimate mountain getaway. Just 75 miles from the DC Beltway, come relax in a restored historic four bedroom, ...
2 nights, one suite, $475; Barn Loft $620. Winery tour additional.
Come to the farm for the ultimate romantic getaway! Escape to the serenity of the Blue Ridge Mountains and spend two relaxing days in ...
Through Tuesday, April 1, 2014
From $745/nt. including lodging and wine tasting
Leave the stress behind and escape to the serenity of the Blue Ridge Mountains and Virginia wine country! Relax in our historic, ...
$195/nt for one suite, $345/nt for both, $265/nt. Barn Loft. Taxes additional. Weekly discount.
Escape to the serenity of the Blue Ridge Mountains and relax at our historic farmhouse or new 2 BR Barn Loft on 130 secluded ...
Through Sunday, February 22, 2015
$197 per person in group of 4; $189 per person in group of six
Enjoy a quiet weekend at The House on Water Street in the historic village of Sperryville, Virginia, and indulge your creative desires ...
$250 per person (minimum of two)
Have you longed to find the time to start to write your life story or submit something for publication? Take a weekend away to ...
Order your Free Virginia Travel Guide.
What's going on around Virginia? Subscribe to the Virginia eNews.
Thank You! For subscribing to the Virginia eNewsletter. You will begin receiving 2 email newsletters each month.
View Our Newsletter Archive


text:
You are here
The Maritime Tour of the Antigua Classic Yacht Regatta
Brought to you by WoodenBoat!
April 16-23, 2014
Welcome to the Maritime Tour of the Antigua Classic Yacht Regatta. On this tour, you'll join WoodenBoat magazine editor Matt Murphy and the crew of the 1928, 88′ ketch SINCERITY for five incredible days of tropical sailing in company with some of the finest classic yachts from Europe and North America. You'll also enjoy:
- A self-guided tour of the legendary Nelson's Dockyard, which was home to Admiral Horatio Nelson from 1784 to 1787 and once the heart of the British Navy in the Caribbean
- An illustrated slide talk and short film on the last working sailing craft of the Caribbean by videographer Alexis Andrews and photographer Alison Langley
- Gourmet hors d'oeuvres and cocktails on deck
- Two dinners prepared and served onboard
- Daily sandwiches
- ...and the sailing experience of a lifetime!
SINCERITY: Your Boat for the Week
SINCERITY was designed by Vincenzo Baglietto and built at Cantieri Baglietto in Varazze, near Genoa, Italy. Originally named JANUA, she was launched on Saturday August 4, 1928. She was built of 3″ teak planks on oak frames, under the strict survey standards of Lloyd's register to obtain the highest specification.
SINCERITY is as a fast and comfortable cruising boat. Her cutaway forefoot and Bermudan ketch rig make for an easily handled yacht. While her Edwardian visage today has a vintage quality, she was unusually modern for her time. High bulwarks and plenty of reserve buoyancy in the bow and stern keep her long sweeping decks drier then almost any comparable yacht.
SINCERITY's main saloon, with its rich mahogany paneling and furniture, bronze portholes, and detailed marquetry is outstanding. Sailing this yacht is truly an experience that sets you back to an era long gone by. See the SINCERITY website at www.yachtsincerity.com.
The Antigua Classic Yacht Regatta
The Antigua Classic Yacht Regatta is one of the world's premier classic yachting events. It brings together a fantastic collection of boats and people in the ideal conditions of the Caribbean. Our tour of the 27th annual running of this event will take place April 16-23, with racing on April 18-22.
The Regatta hosts between 50 and 60 yachts each year and enjoys a wonderful variety of competitors, including traditional craft from the islands, classic ketches, sloops, schooners, and yawls, and a fleet of stunningly beautiful Spirit of Tradition yachts, J-class yachts, and Tall Ships. The fleet makes a wonderful spectacle of sail, in the ideal trade-wind sailing conditions of the Caribbean. The sailing, combined with Antiguan hospitality, plenty of rum, sunshine, and great camaraderie in a friendly relaxed atmosphere, places the Antigua Classic Yacht Regatta in a class of its own.
Here is the complete itinerary.
Pricing and Booking
Price: In order to give you the best travel options, your charter fee and airfare/lodging will be separate transactions.
- Charter Fee: $2,500, payable to WoodenBoat publications
- The price depends on your choice of accommodations. For quality and proximity to the boat, we recommend the following two options:
Galleon Beach. This quiet compound of self-catering cottages and villas on Freeman's Bay is a short and delightful water-taxi ride away from Falmouth Harbour, where SINCERITY will lie for the duration of the regatta. Rates begin at $245 per night. For details, visit www.galleon-beach-antigua.com, or call 1-268-562-8174.
Antigua Yacht Club and Marina Resort. This marina-hotel complex overlooks the venue where the regatta's classic yachts will be berthed, and is a short walk from the shopping and restaurants of historic Nelson's Dockyard and Pigeon Beach. Rates begin at $204 for a single. For details, visit www.aycmarina.com, or call 1 (268) 562-3030
Airfare: As of October 2013, the price of a roundtrip ticket from Boston to Antigua started at about $550. Your fare will, of course, depend upon your departure city, any mileage discounts or vouchers you'd like to apply to your ticket, and your schedule. Please book your travel through your preferred channel; plan to arrive for a welcoming reception aboard SINCERITY on April 16, and plan a departure anytime on April 23.
Booking your place aboard SINCERITY for the regatta:
If you have questions that aren't answered here, or would like to book the charter portion of the trip, please contact WoodenBoat at 207-359-4651, or e-mail email@example.com.
Cancellation fees and travel insurance
Because of the costs associated with operating this charter, we cannot offer refunds of charter fees in the event of cancellation. We thus strongly recommend that guests purchase travel insurance that covers this fee.


text:
Variable-frequency drive
A variable-frequency drive (VFD) (also termed adjustable-frequency drive, variable-speed drive, AC drive, micro drive or inverter drive) is a type of adjustable-speed drive used in electro-mechanical drive systems to control AC motor speed and torque by varying motor input frequency and voltage.[1][2][3][4]
VFDs are used in applications ranging from small appliances to the largest of mine mill drives and compressors. However, about a third of the world's electrical energy is consumed by electric motors in fixed-speed centrifugal pump, fan and compressor applications[citation needed] and VFDs' global market penetration for all applications is still relatively small. This highlights especially significant energy efficiency improvement opportunities for retrofitted and new VFD installations.
Over the last four decades, power electronics technology has reduced VFD cost and size and improved performance through advances in semiconductor switching devices, drive topologies, simulation and control techniques, and control hardware and software.
VFDs are available in a number of different low and medium voltage AC-AC and DC-AC topologies.
System description and operation[edit]
A variable frequency drive is a device used in a drive system consisting of the following three main sub-systems: AC motor, main drive controller assembly, and drive operator interface.[4][5]
AC Motor[edit]
The AC electric motor used in a VFD system is usually a three-phase induction motor. Some types of single-phase motors can be used, but three-phase motors are usually preferred. Various types of synchronous motors offer advantages in some situations, but three phase induction motors are suitable for most purposes and are generally the most economical motor choice. Motors that are designed for fixed-speed operation are often used. Elevated voltage stresses imposed on induction motors that are supplied by VFDs require that such motors be designed for definite-purpose inverter-fed duty in accordance to such requirements as Part 31 of NEMA Standard MG-1.[6]
The VFD controller is a solid state power electronics conversion system consisting of three distinct sub-systems: a rectifier bridge converter, a direct current (DC) link, and an inverter. Voltage-source inverter (VSI) drives (see 'Generic topologies' sub-section below) are by far the most common type of drives. Most drives are AC-AC drives in that they convert AC line input to AC inverter output. However, in some applications such as common DC bus or solar applications, drives are configured as DC-AC drives. The most basic rectifier converter for the VSI drive is configured as a three-phase, six-pulse, full-wave diode bridge. In a VSI drive, the DC link consists of a capacitor which smooths out the converter's DC output ripple and provides a stiff input to the inverter. This filtered DC voltage is converted to quasi-sinusoidal AC voltage output using the inverter's active switching elements. VSI drives provide higher power factor and lower harmonic distortion than phase-controlled current-source inverter (CSI) and load-commutated inverter (LCI) drives (see 'Generic topologies' sub-section below). The drive controller can also be configured as a phase converter having single-phase converter input and three-phase inverter output.[7]
Controller advances have exploited dramatic increases in the voltage and current ratings and switching frequency of solid state power devices over the past six decades. Introduced in 1983,[8] the insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) has in the past two decades come to dominate VFDs as an inverter switching device.[9][10][11]
In variable-torque applications suited for Volts per Hertz (V/Hz) drive control, AC motor characteristics require that the voltage magnitude of the inverter's output to the motor be adjusted to match the required load torque in a linear V/Hz relationship. For example, for 460 volt, 60 Hz motors this linear V/Hz relationship is 460/60 = 7.67 V/Hz. While suitable in wide ranging applications, V/Hz control is sub-optimal in high performance applications involving low speed or demanding, dynamic speed regulation, positioning and reversing load requirements. Some V/Hz control drives can also operate in quadratic V/Hz mode or can even be programmed to suit special multi-point V/Hz paths.[12][13]
The two other drive control platforms, vector control and direct torque control (DTC), adjust the motor voltage magnitude, angle from reference and frequency[14] so as to precisely control the motor's magnetic flux and mechanical torque.
Although space vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) is becoming increasingly popular,[15] sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) is the most straightforward method used to vary drives' motor voltage (or current) and frequency. With SPWM control (see Fig. 1), quasi-sinusoidal, variable-pulse-width output is constructed from intersections of a saw-toothed carrier frequency signal with a modulating sinusoidal signal which is variable in operating frequency as well as in voltage (or current).[9][16][17]
Operation of the motors above rated nameplate speed (base speed) is possible, but is limited to conditions that do not require more power than the nameplate rating of the motor. This is sometimes called "field weakening" and, for AC motors, means operating at less than rated V/Hz and above rated nameplate speed. Permanent magnet synchronous motors have quite limited field weakening speed range due to the constant magnet flux linkage. Wound rotor synchronous motors and induction motors have much wider speed range. For example, a 100 hp, 460 V, 60 Hz, 1775 RPM (4 pole) induction motor supplied with 460 V, 75 Hz (6.134 V/Hz), would be limited to 60/75 = 80% torque at 125% speed (2218.75 RPM) = 100% power.[18] At higher speeds the induction motor torque has to be limited further due to the lowering of the breakaway torque[a] of the motor. Thus rated power can be typically produced only up to 130...150% of the rated nameplate speed. Wound rotor synchronous motors can be run at even higher speeds. In rolling mill drives often 200...300% of the base speed is used. The mechanical strength of the rotor limits the maximum speed of the motor.
An embedded microprocessor governs the overall operation of the VFD controller. Basic programming of the microprocessor is provided as user inaccessible firmware. User programming of display, variable and function block parameters is provided to control, protect and monitor the VFD, motor and driven equipment.[9][19]
The basic drive controller can be configured to selectively include such optional power components and accessories as follows:
- Connected upstream of converter - circuit breaker or fuses, isolation contactor, EMC filter, line reactor, passive filter
- Connected to DC link - braking chopper, braking resistor
- Connected downstream of inverter - output reactor, sine wave filter, dV/dt filter.[b][21]
Operator interface[edit]
The operator interface provides a means for an operator to start and stop the motor and adjust the operating speed. Additional operator control functions might include reversing, and switching between manual speed adjustment and automatic control from an external process control signal. The operator interface often includes an alphanumeric display and/or indication lights and meters to provide information about the operation of the drive. An operator interface keypad and display unit is often provided on the front of the VFD controller as shown in the photograph above. The keypad display can often be cable-connected and mounted a short distance from the VFD controller. Most are also provided with input and output (I/O) terminals for connecting pushbuttons, switches and other operator interface devices or control signals. A serial communications port is also often available to allow the VFD to be configured, adjusted, monitored and controlled using a computer.[9][22][23]
Drive operation[edit]
Referring to the accompanying chart, drive applications can be categorized as single-quadrant, two-quadrant or four-quadrant; the chart's four quadrants are defined as follows:[24][25][26]
- Quadrant I - Driving or motoring,[27] forward accelerating quadrant with positive speed and torque
- Quadrant II - Generating or braking, forward braking-decelerating quadrant with positive speed and negative torque
- Quadrant III - Driving or motoring, reverse accelerating quadrant with negative speed and torque
- Quadrant IV - Generating or braking, reverse braking-decelerating quadrant with negative speed and positive torque.
Most applications involve single-quadrant loads operating in quadrant I, such as in variable-torque (e.g. centrifugal pumps or fans) and certain constant-torque (e.g. extruders) loads.
Certain applications involve two-quadrant loads operating in quadrant I and II where the speed is positive but the torque changes polarity as in case of a fan decelerating faster than natural mechanical losses. Some sources define two-quadrant drives as loads operating in quadrants I and III where the speed and torque is same (positive or negative) polarity in both directions.
Certain high-performance applications involve four-quadrant loads (Quadrants I to IV) where the speed and torque can be in any direction such as in hoists, elevators and hilly conveyors. Regeneration can only occur in the drive's DC link bus when inverter voltage is smaller in magnitude than the motor back-EMF and inverter voltage and back-EMF are the same polarity.[28]
In starting a motor, a VFD initially applies a low frequency and voltage, thus avoiding high inrush current associated with direct on line starting. After the start of the VFD, the applied frequency and voltage are increased at a controlled rate or ramped up to accelerate the load. This starting method typically allows a motor to develop 150% of its rated torque while the VFD is drawing less than 50% of its rated current from the mains in the low speed range. A VFD can be adjusted to produce a steady 150% starting torque from standstill right up to full speed.[29] However, motor cooling deteriorates and can result in overheating as speed decreases such that prolonged low speed motor operation with significant torque is not usually possible without separately-motorized fan ventilation.
With a VFD, the stopping sequence is just the opposite as the starting sequence. The frequency and voltage applied to the motor are ramped down at a controlled rate. When the frequency approaches zero, the motor is shut off. A small amount of braking torque is available to help decelerate the load a little faster than it would stop if the motor were simply switched off and allowed to coast. Additional braking torque can be obtained by adding a braking circuit (resistor controlled by a transistor) to dissipate the braking energy. With a four-quadrant rectifier (active-front-end), the VFD is able to brake the load by applying a reverse torque and injecting the energy back to the AC line.
Energy savings[edit]
Many fixed-speed motor load applications that are supplied direct from AC line power can save energy when they are operated at variable-speed, by means of VFD. Such energy cost savings are especially pronounced in variable-torque centrifugal fan and pump applications, where the loads' torque and power vary with the square and cube, respectively, of the speed. This change gives a large power reduction compared to fixed-speed operation for a relatively small reduction in speed. For example, at 63% speed a motor load consumes only 25% of its full speed power. This is in accordance with affinity laws that define the relationship between various centrifugal load variables.
In the United States, an estimated 60-65% of electrical energy is used to supply motors, 75% of which are variable torque fan, pump and compressor loads.[30] Eighteen percent of the energy used in the 40 million motors in the U.S. could be saved by efficient energy improvement technologies such as VFDs.[31][32]
Only about 3% of the total installed base of AC motors are provided with AC drives.[33] However, it is estimated that drive technology is adopted in as many as 30-40% of all newly installed motors.[34]
An energy consumption breakdown of the global population of AC motor installations is as shown in the following table:
Small | General Purpose - Medium-Size | Large | |
Power | 10W | 375 kW to 100MW | |
Phase, voltage | 1-ph., <240V | 3-ph., 200V to 1kV | 3-ph., 1kV to 20kV |
% total motor energy | 9% | 68% | 23% |
Total stock | 2 billion | 230 million | 0.6 million |
Control performance[edit]
AC drives are used to bring about process and quality improvements in industrial and commercial applications' acceleration, flow, monitoring, pressure, speed, temperature, tension and torque.[36]
Fixed-speed operated loads subject the motor to a high starting torque and to current surges that are up to eight times the full-load current. AC drives instead gradually ramp the motor up to operating speed to lessen mechanical and electrical stress, reducing maintenance and repair costs, and extending the life of the motor and the driven equipment.
Variable speed drives can also run a motor in specialized patterns to further minimize mechanical and electrical stress. For example, an S-curve pattern can be applied to a conveyor application for smoother deceleration and acceleration control, which reduces the backlash that can occur when a conveyor is accelerating or decelerating.
Performance factors tending to favor use of DC, over AC, drives include such requirements as continuous operation at low speed, four-quadrant operation with regeneration, frequent acceleration and deceleration routines, and need for motor to be protected for hazardous area.[37] The following table compares AC and DC drives according to certain key parameters:[38][39][40]
Drive type | DC | AC VFD | AC VFD | AC VFD | AC VFD |
Control platform | Brush type DC | V/Hz control | Vector control | Vector control | Vector control |
Control criteria | Closed-loop | Open-loop | Open-loop | Closed-loop | Open-loop w. HFI^ |
Motor | DC | IM | IM | IM | Interior PM |
Typical speed regulation (%) | 0.01 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
Typical speed range at constant torque (%) | 0-100 | 10-100 | 3-100 | 0-100 | 0-100 |
Min. speed at 100% torque (% of base) | Standstill | 8% | 2% | Standstill | Standstill (200%) |
Multiple-motor operation recommended | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Fault protection (Fused only or inherent to drive) | Fused only | Inherent | Inherent | Inherent | Inherent |
Maintenance | (Brushes) | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Feedback device | Tachometer or encoder | N/A | N/A | Encoder | N/A |
^ High frequency injection
VFD types and ratings[edit]
Generic topologies[edit]
AC drives can be classified according to the following generic topologies:[c][41][42]
- Voltage-source inverter (VSI) drive topologies (see image): In a VSI drive, the DC output of the diode-bridge converter stores energy in the capacitor bus to supply stiff voltage input to the inverter. The vast majority of drives are VSI type with PWM voltage output.[d]
- Current-source inverter (CSI) drive topologies (see image): In a CSI drive, the DC output of the SCR-bridge converter stores energy in series-reactor connection to supply stiff current input to the inverter. CSI drives can be operated with either PWM or six-step waveform output.
- Six-step inverter drive topologies (see image):[e][43] Now largely obsolete, six-step drives can be either VSI or CSI type and are also referred to as variable-voltage inverter drives, pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) drives,[44] square-wave drives or D.C. chopper inverter drives.[45] In a six-step drive, the DC output of the SCR-bridge converter is smoothed via capacitor bus and series-reactor connection to supply via Darlington Pair or IGBT inverter quasi-sinusoidal, six-step voltage or current input to an induction motor.[46]
- Load commutated inverter (LCI) drive topologies: In a LCI drive, a special CSI case, the DC output of the SCR-bridge converter stores energy via DC link inductor circuit to supply stiff quasi-sinusoidal six-step current output of a second SCR-bridge's inverter and an over-excited synchronous machine.
- Cycloconverter or matrix converter (MC) topologies (see image): Cycloconverters and MCs are AC-AC converters that have no intermediate DC link for energy storage. A cycloconverter operates as a three-phase current source via three anti-parallel connected SCR-bridges in six-pulse configuration, each cycloconverter phase acting selectively to convert fixed line frequency AC voltage to an alternating voltage at a variable load frequency. MC drives are IGBT-based.
- Doubly fed slip recovery system topologies: A doubly fed slip recovery system feeds rectified slip power to a smoothing reactor to supply power to the AC supply network via an inverter, the speed of the motor being controlled by adjusting the DC current.
Control platforms[edit]
Most drives use one or more of the following control platforms:[41][47]
- PWM V/Hz scalar control
- PWM field-oriented control (FOC) or vector control
- Direct torque control (DTC).
Load torque and power characteristics[edit]
Variable frequency drives are also categorized by the following load torque and power characteristics:
- Variable torque, such as in centrifugal fan, pump and blower applications
- Constant torque, such as in conveyor and displacement pump applications
- Constant power, such as in machine tool and traction applications.
Available power ratings[edit]
VFDs are available with voltage and current ratings covering a wide range of single-phase and multi-phase AC motors. Low voltage (LV) drives are designed to operate at output voltages equal to or less than 690 V. While motor-application LV drives are available in ratings of up to the order of 5 or 6 MW,[48] economic considerations typically favor medium voltage (MV) drives with much lower power ratings. Different MV drive topologies (see Table 2) are configured in accordance with the voltage/current-combination ratings used in different drive controllers' switching devices[49] such that any given voltage rating is greater than or equal to one to the following standard nominal motor voltage ratings: generally either 2.3/4.16 kV (60 Hz) or 3.3/6.6 kV (50 Hz), with one thyristor manufacturer rated for up to 12 kV switching. In some applications a step up transformer is placed between a LV drive and a MV motor load. MV drives are typically rated for motor applications greater than between about 375 kW (500 hp) and 750 kW (1000 hp). MV drives have historically required considerably more application design effort than required for LV drive applications.[50][51] The power rating of MV drives can reach 100 MW, a range of different drive topologies being involved for different rating, performance, power quality and reliability requirements.[52][53][54]
Drives by machines & detailed topologies[edit]
It is lastly useful to relate VFDs in terms of the following two classifications:
- In terms of various AC machines as shown in Table 1 below[55][56]
- In terms of various detailed AC-AC converter topologies shown in Tables 2 and 3 below.[41][42][53][54][57][58][59][60][61]
Table 1: Drives by machines | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Table 2: Drives by detailed AC-AC converter topologies | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Legend for Tables 1 to 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Application considerations[edit]
AC line harmonics[edit]
Note of clarification:.[f]
While harmonics in the PWM output can easily be filtered by carrier frequency related filter inductance to supply near-sinusoidal currents to the motor load,[16] the VFD's diode-bridge rectifier converts AC line voltage to DC voltage output by super-imposing non-linear half-phase current pulses thus creating harmonic current distortion, and hence voltage distortion, of the AC line input. When the VFD loads are relatively small in comparison to the large, stiff power system available from the electric power company, the effects of VFD harmonic distortion of the AC grid can often be within acceptable limits. Furthermore, in low voltage networks, harmonics caused by single phase equipment such as computers and TVs are partially cancelled by three-phase diode bridge harmonics because their 5th and 7th harmonics are in counterphase.[62] However, when the proportion of VFD and other non-linear load compared to total load or of non-linear load compared to the stiffness at the AC power supply, or both, is relatively large enough, the load can have a negative impact on the AC power waveform available to other power company customers in the same grid.
When the power company's voltage becomes distorted due to harmonics, losses in other loads such as normal fixed-speed AC motors are increased. This may lead to overheating and shorter operating life. Also substation transformers and compensation capacitors are affected negatively. In particular, capacitors can cause resonance conditions that can unacceptably magnify harmonic levels. In order to limit the voltage distortion, owners of VFD load may be required to install filtering equipment to reduce harmonic distortion below acceptable limits. Alternatively, the utility may adopt a solution by installing filtering equipment of its own at substations affected by the large amount of VFD equipment being used. In high power installations harmonic distortion can be reduced by supplying multi-pulse rectifier-bridge VFDs from transformers with multiple phase-shifted windings.[63]
It is also possible to replace the standard diode-bridge rectifier with a bi-directional IGBT switching device bridge mirroring the standard inverter which uses IGBT switching device output to the motor. Such rectifiers are referred to by various designations including active infeed converter (AIC), active rectifier, IGBT supply unit (ISU), active front end (AFE) or four-quadrant operation. With PWM control and suitable input reactor, AFE's AC line current waveform can be nearly sinusoidal. AFE inherently regenerates energy in four-quadrant mode from the DC side to the AC grid. Thus no braking resistor is needed and the efficiency of the drive is improved if the drive is frequently required to brake the motor.
Two other harmonics mitigation techniques exploit use of passive or active filters connected to a common bus with at least one VFD branch load on the bus. Passive filters involve the design of one or more low-pass LC filter traps, each trap being tuned as required to a harmonic frequency (5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, . . . kq+/-1, where k=integer, q=pulse number of converter).[64]
It is very common practice for power companies or their customers to impose harmonic distortion limits based on IEC or IEEE standards. For example, IEEE Standard 519 limits at the customer's connection point call for the maximum individual frequency voltage harmonic to be no more than 3% of the fundamental and call for the voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) to be no more than 5% for a general AC power supply system.[65]
Long lead effects[edit]
The carrier frequency pulsed output voltage of a PWM VFD causes rapid rise times in these pulses, the transmission line effects of which must be considered. Since the transmission-line impedance of the cable and motor are different, pulses tend to reflect back from the motor terminals into the cable. The resulting voltages can produce overvoltages equal to twice the DC bus voltage or up to 3.1 times the rated line voltage for long cable runs, putting high stress on the cable and motor windings and eventual insulation failure. Note that standards for three-phase motors rated 230 V or less adequately protect against such long lead overvoltages. On 460 or 575 V systems and inverters with 3rd generation 0.1 microsecond rise time IGBTs, the maximum recommended cable distance between VFD and motor is about 50 m or 150 feet. Solutions to overvoltages caused by long lead lengths include minimizing cable distance, lowering carrier frequency, installing dV/dt filters, using inverter duty rated motors (that are rated 600 V to withstand pulse trains with rise time less than or equal to 0.1 microsecond, of 1,600 V peak magnitude), and installing LCR low-pass sine wave filters.[70][71][72] Regarding lowering of carrier frequency, note that audible noise is noticeably increased for carrier frequencies less than about 6 kHz and is most noticeable at about 3 kHz. Note also that selection of optimum PWM carrier frequency for AC drives involves balancing noise, heat, motor insulation stress, common mode voltage induced motor bearing current damage, smooth motor operation, and other factors. Further harmonics attenuation can be obtained by using an LCR low-pass sine wave filter or dV/dt filter.
Motor bearing currents[edit]
PWM drives are inherently associated with high frequency common mode voltages and currents which may cause trouble with motor bearings.[73] When these high frequency voltages find a path to earth through a bearing, transfer of metal or electrical discharge machining (EDM) sparking occurs between the bearing's ball and the bearing's race. Over time EDM-based sparking causes erosion in the bearing race that can be seen as a fluting pattern. In large motors, the stray capacitance of the windings provides paths for high frequency currents that pass through the motor shaft ends, leading to a circulating type of bearing current. Poor grounding of motor stators can lead to shaft ground bearing currents. Small motors with poorly grounded driven equipment are susceptible to high frequency bearing currents.[74]
Prevention of high frequency bearing current damage uses three approaches: good cabling and grounding practices, interruption of bearing currents, and filtering or damping of common mode currents. Good cabling and grounding practices can include use of shielded, symmetrical-geometry power cable to supply the motor, installation of shaft grounding brushes, and conductive bearing grease. Bearing currents can be interrupted by installation of insulated bearings and specially designed electrostatic shielded induction motors. Filtering and damping high frequency bearing, or, instead of using standard 2-level inverter drives, using either 3-level inverter drives or matrix converters.[74][75]
Since inverter-fed motor cables' high frequency current spikes can interfere with other cabling in facilities, such inverter-fed motor cables should not only be of shielded, symmetrical-geometry design but should also be routed at least 50 cm away from signal cables.[76]
Dynamic braking[edit]
Torque generated by the drive causes the induction motor to run at synchronous speed less the slip. If the load drives the motor faster than synchronous speed, the motor acts as a generator, converting mechanical power back to electrical power. This power is returned to the drive's DC link element (capacitor or reactor). A DC-link-connected electronic power switch or braking DC chopper controls dissipation of this power as heat in a set of resistors. Cooling fans may be used to prevent resistor overheating.[26]
Dynamic braking wastes braking energy by transforming it to heat. By contrast, regenerative drives recover braking energy by injecting this energy on the AC line. The capital cost of regenerative drives is however relatively high.[77]
Regenerative drives[edit]
Regenerative AC drives have the capacity to recover the braking energy of a load moving faster than the designated motor speed (an overhauling load) and return it to the power system.
Cycloconverter, Scherbius, matrix, CSI and LCI drives inherently allow return of energy from the load to the line, while voltage-source inverters require an additional converter to return energy to the supply.[79][80]
Regeneration is only useful in VFDs where the value of the recovered energy is large compared to the extra cost of a regenerative system,[79] and if the system requires frequent braking and starting. Regenerative VFDs are widely used where speed control of overhauling loads is required.[2][3][81]
Some examples:
- Conveyor belt drives for manufacturing, which stop every few minutes. While stopped, parts are assembled correctly; once that is done, the belt moves on.
- A crane, where the hoist motor stops and reverses frequently, and braking is required to slow the load during lowering.
- Plug-in and hybrid electric vehicles of all types (see image and Hybrid Synergy Drive).
See also[edit]
- ^ NEMA Guide defines a) Motor's breakaway torque as 'The torque that a motor produces at zero speed when operating on a control', and, b) Motor's breakdown torque as ' The breakdown torque of a motor is the maximum torque that it will develop with rated voltage applied at rated frequency on sinewave power, without an abrupt drop in speed.'
- ^ The mathematical symbol dV/dt, defined as the derivative of voltage V with time t, provides a measure of rate of voltage rise, the maximum admissible value of which expresses the capability of capacitors, motors and other affected circuit elements to withstand high current or voltage spikes due to fast voltage changes; dV/dt is usually expressed in V/microsecond.[20]
- ^ A topology is defined in power electronics parlance as the relationship between AC drives' various elements.
- ^ The term PWM is often used to mean VSI-PWM, which is misleading as not only VSI drives are with PWM output.
- ^ The term six-step refers strictly speaking to an inverter waveform output alternative to PWM, some drives being configured as combined six-step and PWM options.
- ^ The harmonics treatment that follows is limited for simplication reasons to LV VSI-PWM drives.
- ^ Campbell, Sylvester J. (1987). Solid-State AC Motor Controls. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. pp. 79–189. ISBN 0-8247-7728-X.
- ^ a b Jaeschke, Ralph L. (1978). Controlling Power Transmission Systems. Cleveland, OH: Penton/IPC. pp. 210–215.
- ^ a b Siskind, Charles S. (1963). Electrical Control Systems in Industry. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. p. 224. ISBN 0-07-057746-3.
- ^ a b NEMA Standards Publication (2007). Application Guide for AC Adjustable Speed Drive Systems. Rosslyn, VA USA: National Electrical Manufacturers Association (now The Association of Electrical Equipment and Medical Imaging Manufacturers). p. 4. Retrieved Mar 27, 2008.
- ^ Jaeschke, pp. 210-211
- ^ NEMA Guide, p. 13
- ^ Campbell, pp. 79-83
- ^ Bose, Bimal K. (2006). Power Electronics and Motor Drives : Advances and Trends. Amsterdam: Academic. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-12-088405-6.
- ^ a b c d Bartos, Frank J. (Sep 1, 2004). "AC Drives Stay Vital for the 21st Century". Control Engineering (Reed Business Information).
- ^ Eisenbrown, Robert E. (May 18, 2008). "AC Drives, Historical and Future Perspective of Innovation and Growth". Keynote Presentation for the 25th Anniversary of The Wisconsin Electric Machines and Power Electronics Consortium (WEMPEC). University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA: WEMPEC. pp. 6–10.
- ^ Jahn, Thomas M.; Owen, Edward L. (Jan 2001). "AC Adjustable-Speed Drives at the Millennium: How Did We Get Here?". IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (IEEE) 16 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1109/63.903985.
- ^ "Basics of AC drives". p. Hardware-Part 2: slide 2 of 9. Retrieved Apr 18, 2012.
- ^ Bose, Bimal K. (1980). Adjustable Speed AC Drive Systems. New York: IEEE Press. ISBN 0-87942-146-0.
- ^ Yano, Masao et al. "History of Power Electronics for Motor Drives in Japan". p. 13. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ Bose, Bimal K. (2011). "Energy Scenario and Impact on Power Electronics In the 21st Century". PEIA 2011 - Workshop on Power Electronics for Insdustrial Applicationa and Renewable Energy Conversion. Doha,Qatar. p. 12. Retrieved Feb 8, 2012.
- ^ a b Bose (2006), p. 183
- ^ Campbell, pp. 82–85
- ^ Bose (1980), p. 3
- ^ Basics of AC Drives, p. Programming: slide 3 of 7
- ^ "Film capacitors - Short Definition of Terms". p. 2. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
- ^ Basics of AC Drives, p. Hardware - Part 2: slide 7 of 9
- ^ Cleaveland, Peter (Nov 1, 2007). "AC Adjustable Speed Drives". Control Engineering (Reed Business Information).
- ^ Campbell, pp. 107-129
- ^ "Technical guide No. 8 - Electrical Braking". Retrieved Apr 20, 2012.
- ^ "Energy Regeneration". Retrieved Apr 20, 2012.
- ^ a b Basics of AC Drives, pp. Hardware - Part 1: slides 9-10 of 11
- ^ Energy Regeneration, slide 3
- ^ Energy Regeneration, slide 6
- ^ Campbell, pp. 95-102
- ^ Bose, Bimal K. (June 2009). "The Past, Present, and Future of Power Electronics". Industrial Electronics Magazine, IEEE 3 (2): 9. doi:10.1109/MIE.2009.932709.
- ^ Spear, Mike. "Adjustable Speed Drives: Drive Up Energy Efficiency". ChemicalProcessing.com. Retrieved Jan 27, 2012.
- ^ Bose, B. K. (Feb 2009). "Power Electronics and Motor Drives Recent Progress and Perspective". IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 56 (2): 581–588.
- ^ "Guide to Variable Speed Drives - Technical Guide No. 4". Retrieved Jan 27, 2012.
- ^ Lendenmann, Heinz et al. "Motoring Ahead". Retrieved Apr 18, 2012.
- ^ Waide, Paul; Brunner, Conrad U. (2011). "Energy-Efficiency Policy Opportunities for Electric Motor-Driven Systems". International Energy Agency. Retrieved Jan 27, 2012.
- ^ Basics of AC drives, p. Overview: slide 5 of 6
- ^ "DC or AC Drives? A Guide for Users of Variable-Speed drives (VSDs)". p. 11. Retrieved Mar 22, 2012.
- ^ "AC and DC Variable Speed Drives Application Considerations". p. 2. Retrieved Mar 22, 2012.
- ^ Drury, Bill (2009). The Control Techniques Drives and Controls Handbook (2nd ed.). Stevenage, Herts, UK: Institution of Engineering and Technology. p. 474. ISBN 978-1-84919-101-2.
- ^ Kang, Jun. "General Purpose Permanent Magnet Motor Drive without Speed and Position Sensor". Retrieved 7 Sep 2012.
- ^ a b c Morris, Ewan; Armitage, David. "A Guide to Standard Medium Voltage Variable Speed Drives, Part 2". pp. 7-13. Retrieved Mar 16, 2012. Unknown parameter
ignored (help); - ^ a b Paes, Richard (June 2011). "An Overview of Medium Voltage AC Adjustable Speed Drives and IEEE Std. 1566 – Standard for Performance of Adjustable Speed AC Drives Rated 375 kW and Larger". Joint Power Engineering Society-Industrial Applications Society Technical Seminar (IEEE Southern Alberta Chapter): pp. 1–78.
- ^ McMurray, William (April 1988). "Power Electronic Circuit Topology". Proceedings of the IEEE 76 (4): 428–437.
- ^ Carrow, Robert S. (2000). Electrician's Technical Reference: Variable Frequency Drives. Albany, NY: Delmar Thomson Learning. p. 51. ISBN 0-7668-1923-X.
- ^ Drury, p. 6
- ^ Sandy, Williams; Baillie, Alastair; Shipp, David (2003). Understanding VSDs with ESPs - A Practical Checklist. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
- ^ Drury, pp. 6-9
- ^ ACS800 Catalog - Single Drives 0.55 to 5600 kW. July 19, 2009.
- ^ Wu, Bin (2005). "High-Power Converters and AC Drives". IEEE PES. p. slide 22. Retrieved Feb 3, 2012.
- ^ Bartos, Frank J. (Feb 1, 2000). "Medium-Voltage AC Drives Shed Custom Image". Control Engineering (Reed Business Information).
- ^ Lockley, Bill; Wood, Barry, Paes, Richard, DeWinter, Frank (Jan–Feb 2008). "Standard 1566 for (Un)Familiar Hands". IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 14 (1): 21–28. doi:10.1109/MIA.2007.909800.
- ^ Wu, slide 159
- ^ a b Klug, Dieter-Rolf; Klaassen, Norbert (2005). "High Power Medium Voltage Drives - Innovations, Portfolio, Trends". European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications. doi:10.1109/EPE.2005.219669.
- ^ a b "MV Topologies Comparisons & Features-Benefits". Retrieved Feb 3, 2012.
- ^ Bose (2006) pp. Chapter 6–8, especially pp. 328, 397, 481
- ^ "Variable Speed Pumping, A Guide to Successful Applications, Executive Summary". USDOE - Europump - Hydraulic Institute. May 2004. p. 9, Fig. ES-7. Retrieved Jan 29, 2012.
- ^ Wu, Slide 159
- ^ Rashid, Muhammad H., (Ed.) (2006). Power Electronics Handbook: Devices, Circuits, and Applications (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Academic. p. 903. ISBN 978-0-12-088479-7.
- ^ Rodriguez, J.; Jih-Sheng Lai, , Fang Zheng Peng, (2002). "Multilevel Inverters: A Survey of Topologies, Controls, and Applications". IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 49 (4): 724–738. doi:10.1109/TIE.2002.801052.
- ^ Ikonen, Mika et al. (2005). Two-Level and Three-Level Converter Comparison in Wind Power Application. Lappeenranta University of Technology.
- ^ Kouro, Samir; Rodriguez, Jose; Wu, Bin;Bernet, Steffen; Perez, Marcelo (Jul–Aug 2012). "Powering the Future of Industry: High-Power Adjustable Speed Drive Topologies". IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 18 (4): 26–39. doi:10.1109/MIAS.2012.2192231.
- ^ Janssen, Hansen; Neilsen, Peter; Blaabjerg, Frede (Jan–Dec 2000). "Harmonic Cancellation by Mixing Non-Linear Single-Phase and Three-Phase Loads". IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications 36 (1).
- ^ Guide to Harmonics with AC Drives - Technical Guide No. 6. May 17, 2002. Retrieved Jul 29, 2009.
- ^ IEEE Std 519 - IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems. 1992. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.1993.114370. Unknown parameter
ignored (help); - ^ IEEE 519, pp. 69-70
- ^ Skibinski, Gary; Breit, Stephen (2004). "Line and Load Friendly Drive Solutions for Long Length Cable Applications in Electrical Submersible Pump Applications". Fifty-First Annual Conference Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference (IEEE): 269–278. doi:10.1109/PCICON.2004.1352810.
- ^ "Application Report Long Drive/Motor Leads". Retrieved Feb 14, 2012.
- ^ Malfait, A.; Reekman, R.; Belmans, R. (1994). "Audible Noise and Losses in Variable Speed Induction Motor Drives: Influence of the Squirrel Cage Design and the Switching Frequency". 29th Annual Meeting Proceedings of IEEE Industry Applications Society: 693–700.
- ^ "Who Cares About Carrier Frequency?". Retrieved Feb 15, 2012.
- ^ Skibinski, p. 274
- ^ Novak, Peter (May 1, 2009). "The Basics of Variable-Frequency Drives". EC&M. Retrieved Apr 18, 2012.
- ^ Finlayson, P.T. (Jan–Feb 1998). "Output filters for PWM drives with induction motors". IEEE Industry Applications Mazagine 4 (1): 46–52.
- ^ Yung, Chuck (2007). "Bearings and Electricity Don't Match". PlantServices.com [Plant Services] (Itasca, IL: PtmanMedia): pp. 1–2.
- ^ a b Bearing Currents in Modern AC Drive Systems - Technical Guide No. 5. Dec 1, 1999. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
- ^ Swamy, M.; Kume, T. (May 2008). "Present State and a Futuristic Vision of Motor Drive Technology". Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment, 2008 (OPTIM 2008). IEEE. pp. XLV–LVI, Fig. 16.
- ^ EMC Compliant Installation and Configuration for a Power Drive System - Technical Guide No. 3. Apr 11, 2008. Retrieved Jul 29, 2009.
- ^ Technical Guide No. 8, pp. 26-30
- ^ Olszewski, Mitch et al. (2011). "Evaluation of 2010 Toyota Prius Hybrid Electric Drive System". Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
- ^ a b Dubey, Gopal K. (2001). Fundamentals of Electrical Drives (2 ed.). Pangbourne: Alpha Science Int. ISBN 1-84265-083-1.
- ^ Rashid, p. 902, Table 33.13
- ^ Campbell, pp. 70–190
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Variable frequency drives. |