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1973 Chilean coup d'état
1973 Chilean coup d'état | |||||||
Part of the Cold War | |||||||
The Bombing of La Moneda on 11 September 1973 by the Junta's Armed Forces. |
Belligerents | |||||||
Chilean Government Revolutionary Left Movement Grupo de Amigos Personales Other working-class militants[1] |
Chilean Armed Forces | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Salvador Allende Miguel Enríquez Max Marambio |
Augusto Pinochet José Toribio Merino Gustavo Leigh César Mendoza |
Operation Condor |
Background histories |
Events |
Government leaders |
Targeted militias |
Principal operatives |
Organizations responsible |
Places |
Laws |
Archives and reports |
Reactions |
The 11 September 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a watershed event in both the Cold War and the history of Chile. Following an extended period of social and political unrest between the conservative-dominated Congress of Chile and the socialist President Salvador Allende, as well as economic warfare ordered by U.S. President Richard Nixon,[2] Allende was overthrown by the armed forces and national police.[3][4]
During the air raids and ground attacks that preceded the coup, Allende gave his last speech, in which he vowed to stay in the presidential palace, denouncing offers for safe passage should he choose exile over confrontation.[5] Direct witness accounts of his death agree that he committed suicide in the palace.[6][7]
The military abolished the civilian government and established a junta that brutally repressed left-wing political activity both domestically and abroad. Augusto Pinochet, Allende's army chief, rose to supreme power within a year of the coup, formally assuming the presidency in late 1974.[8] Before Pinochet's rule, Chile had for decades been hailed as a beacon of democracy and political stability in a South America plagued by military juntas and Caudillismo.
The United States government, which had worked to create the conditions for the coup,[9] promptly recognized the junta government and supported it in consolidating power.[10] A weak insurgent movement against the Pinochet government was maintained inside Chile by elements sympathetic to the former Allende government. An internationally supported plebiscite in 1988 eventually removed Pinochet from power.
Political background[edit]
History of Chile |
Early history
Colonial times
Republican period
Parliamentary period
Presidential period
Pinochet regime
Related topics
Allende contested the 1970 Chilean presidential election with Jorge Alessandri Rodriguez of the National Party and Radomiro Tomic of the Christian Democratic Party. Allende received 36.6% of the vote. Alessandri was a very close second with 35.3%, and Tomic third with 28.1%.[11] Although Allende received the highest number of votes, according to the Chilean constitution and since none of the candidates won by an absolute majority, the National Congress had to decide among the candidates.[12]
The Chilean constitution did not allow a person to sit as president for two consecutive terms so the incumbent president, Eduardo Frei Montalva, was thus ineligible as a candidate. The CIA's "Track I" operation was a plan to influence the Congress to choose Alessandri, who would resign after a short time in office, forcing a second election. Frei would then be eligible to run.[13] Alessandri announced on 9 September that if Congress chose him, he would resign. Congress then decided on Allende. Soon after hearing news of his win, Allende signed a Statute of Constitutional Guarantees, which stated that he would follow the constitution during his presidency.[14]
The U.S. feared "an irreversible Marxist regime in Chile" and exerted diplomatic, economic, and covert pressure upon Chile's elected socialist government.[15] At the end of 1971, the Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro made a four-week state visit to Chile, alarming Western observers worried about the "Chilean Way to Socialism" yielding to Cuban Socialism, i.e., a dictatorial single-party state.[16]
In 1972, economics minister Pedro Vuskovic adopted monetary policies that increased the amount of circulating currency and devalued the escudo, which increased inflation to 140 percent in 1972 and engendered a black market economy.[17] The Allende Government acted against the black market with organised distribution of basic products.[citation needed]
In October 1972, Chile suffered the first of many strikes. Among the participants were small-scale businessmen, some professional unions, and student groups. Its leaders – Vilarín, Jaime Guzmán, Rafael Cumsille, Guillermo Elton, Eduardo Arriagada – expected to depose the elected government. Other than damaging the national economy, the principal effect of the 24-day strike was drawing Army head, Gen. Carlos Prats, into the government as Interior Minister, an appeasement to the right wing.[17] (Gen. Prats had succeeded Army head Gen. René Schneider after his assassination on 24 October 1970 by a group led by Gen. Roberto Viaux, whom the Central Intelligence Agency had taken actions to discourage.) Gen. Prats supported the legalist Schneider Doctrine and refused military involvement in a coup d'état against President Allende.[18]
Despite the declining economy, President Allende's Popular Unity coalition increased its vote to 43.2% in the March 1973 parliamentary elections; but, by then, the informal alliance between Popular Unity and the Christian Democrats ended.[19] The Christian Democrats allied with the right-wing National Party, who were opposed to Allende's Socialist government; the two right-wing parties forming the Confederation of Democracy (CODE). The internecine parliamentary conflict, between the legislature and the executive branch, paralyzed the activities of government.[20] The CIA paid some U.S. $6.8–$8 million to right-wing opposition groups to "create pressures, exploit weaknesses, magnify obstacles" and hasten Allende's ouster.[21][22][23]
On 29 June 1973, Colonel Roberto Souper surrounded the La Moneda presidential palace with his tank regiment and failed to depose the Allende Government.[24] That failed coup d'état – known as the Tanquetazo tank putsch – organized by the nationalist "Fatherland and Liberty" paramilitary group, was followed by a general strike at the end of July that included the copper miners of El Teniente.[citation needed]
In August 1973, a constitutional crisis occurred; the Supreme Court publicly complained about the Allende Government's inability to enforce the law of the land. On 22 August, the Chamber of Deputies (with the Christian Democrats united with the National Party) accused the Allende Government of unconstitutional acts and called upon the military to enforce constitutional order.[20]
For months, the Allende Government had feared calling upon the Carabineros (Carabineers) national police, suspecting them to be disloyal. On 9 August, Allende appointed Gen. Carlos Prats as Minister of Defence. He was forced to resign both as defence minister and as the Army Commander-in-chief on 24 August 1973, embarrassed by the Alejandrina Cox incident and a public protest of the wives of his generals before his house. Gen. Augusto Pinochet replaced him as Army commander-in-chief the same day.[20] In late August 1973, 100,000[disputed ] Chilean women congregated at Plaza de la Constitución to protest against Allende's Government for the rising cost and increasing shortages of food and fuels, but they were dispersed with tear gas.[25]
Supreme Court's resolution[edit]
On 26 May 1973, Chile's Supreme Court unanimously denounced the Allende régime's disruption of the legality of the nation in its failure to uphold judicial decisions. It refused to permit police execution of judicial resolutions that contradicted the Government's measures.[26]
Chamber of Deputies' resolution[edit]
On 22 August 1973, with the support of the Christian Democrats and National Party members, the Chamber of Deputies passed 81–47 a resolution that asked "the President of the Republic, Ministers of State, and members of the Armed and Police Forces"[27] to "put an immediate end" to "breach[es of] the Constitution . . . with the goal of redirecting government activity toward the path of Law and ensuring the Constitutional order of our Nation, and the essential underpinnings of democratic co-existence among Chileans."
The resolution declared that the Allende Government sought ". . . to conquer absolute power with the obvious purpose of subjecting all citizens to the strictest political and economic control by the State . . . [with] the goal of establishing a totalitarian system", claiming it had made "violations of the Constitution . . . a permanent system of conduct." Essentially, most of the accusations were about the Socialist Government disregarding the separation of powers, and arrogating legislative and judicial prerogatives to the executive branch of government.
Specifically, the Socialist Government of President Allende was accused of:
- ruling by decree, thwarting the normal legislative system
- refusing to enforce judicial decisions against its partisans
- ignoring the decrees of the independent General Comptroller's Office
- sundry media offences; usurping control of the National Television Network and applying ... economic pressure against those media organizations that are not unconditional supporters of the government...
- allowing its socialist supporters to assemble armed, preventing the same by its right wing opponents
- . . . supporting more than 1,500 illegal 'takings' of farms...
- illegal repression of the El Teniente miners' strike
- illegally limiting emigration
Finally, the resolution condemned the creation and development of government-protected armed groups, which . . . are headed towards a confrontation with the armed forces. President Allende's efforts to re-organize the military and the police forces were characterised as notorious attempts to use the armed and police forces for partisan ends, destroy their institutional hierarchy, and politically infiltrate their ranks.
It can be argued that the resolution called upon the armed forces to overthrow Allende if he did not reform, as follows "...To present the President of the Republic, Ministers of State, and members of the Armed and Police Forces with the grave breakdown of the legal and constitutional order ... it is their duty to put an immediate end to all situations herein referred to that breach the Constitution and the laws of the land with the aim of redirecting government activity toward the path of Law " [28]
President Allende's response[edit]
Two days later, on 24 August 1973, President Allende responded,[29] characterising the Congress's declaration as destined to damage the country's prestige abroad and create internal confusion, predicting It will facilitate the seditious intention of certain sectors. He noted that the declaration had not obtained the two-thirds Senate majority constitutionally required to convict the president of abuse of power: essentially, the Congress were invoking the intervention of the armed forces and of Order against a democratically elected government and subordinat[ing] political representation of national sovereignty to the armed institutions, which neither can nor ought to assume either political functions or the representation of the popular will.
Allende argued he had obeyed constitutional means for including military men to the cabinet at the service of civic peace and national security, defending republican institutions against insurrection and terrorism. In contrast, he said that Congress was promoting a coup d'état or a civil war with a declaration full of affirmations that had already been refuted before-hand and which, in substance and process (directly handing it to the ministers rather than directly handing it to the President) violated a dozen articles of the Constitution. He further argued that the legislature was usurping the government's executive function.
President Allende wrote: Chilean democracy is a conquest by all of the people. It is neither the work nor the gift of the exploiting classes, and it will be defended by those who, with sacrifices accumulated over generations, have imposed it . . . With a tranquil conscience . . . I sustain that never before has Chile had a more democratic government than that over which I have the honor to preside . . . I solemnly reiterate my decision to develop democracy and a state of law to their ultimate consequences . . . Parliament has made itself a bastion against the transformations . . . and has done everything it can to perturb the functioning of the finances and of the institutions, sterilizing all creative initiatives.
Adding that economic and political means would be needed to relieve the country's current crisis, and that the Congress were obstructing said means; having already paralyzed the State, they sought to destroy it. He concluded by calling upon the workers, all democrats and patriots to join him in defending the Chilean Constitution and the revolutionary process.
U.S. involvement[edit]
Like Caesar peering into the colonies from distant Rome, Nixon said the choice of government by the Chileans was unacceptable to the president of the United States. The attitude in the White House seemed to be, "If in the wake of Vietnam I can no longer send in the Marines, then I will send in the CIA."—Senator Frank Church, 1976[30][31]
A report prepared by the United States Intelligence Community at the direction of the National Intelligence Council says that
Although CIA did not instigate the coup that ended Allende's government on 11 September 1973, it was aware of coup-plotting by the military, had ongoing intelligence collection relationships with some plotters, and—because CIA did not discourage the takeover and had sought to instigate a coup in 1970—probably appeared to condone it.
The report says that the CIA "actively supported the military Junta after the overthrow of Allende but did not assist Pinochet to assume the Presidency."[32]
In a telephone conversation with Henry Kissinger about the news of Allende's overthrow, Nixon remarked "Well, we didn't - as you know - our hand doesn't show on this one."[33]
Historian Mark Falcoff credits the CIA with preserving democratic opposition to Allende and preventing the "consolidation" of his supposed "totalitarian project".[34] However, some authors point to the involvement of the Defense Intelligence Agency, agents of which allegedly secured the missiles used to bombard the La Moneda Palace.[35] Peter Kornbluh asserts that the CIA destabilized Chile and helped create the conditions for the coup, citing documents declassified by the Clinton administration.[36] Historian Peter Winn found "extensive evidence" of United States complicity in the coup. He states that its covert support was crucial to engineering the coup, as well as for the consolidation of power by the Pinochet regime following the takeover. Winn documents an extensive CIA operation to fabricate reports of a coup against Allende, as justification for the imposition of military rule.[9]
The U.S. Government's hostility to the election of Allende in Chile was substantiated[37] in documents declassified during the Clinton administration; involving the CIA, which show that covert operatives were inserted in Chile, in order to prevent a Marxist government from arising and for the purpose of spreading anti-Allende propaganda.[38][39]
The CIA, as recounted in the Church Committee report, was involved in various plots designed to remove Allende and then let the Chileans vote in a new election where he would not be a candidate: It tried to buy off the Chilean Congress to prevent his appointment, worked to sway public opinion against him to prevent his election, and financed protests designed to bring the country to a stand-still and make him resign. The CIA, acting with the approval of the 40 Committee—the body charged with overseeing covert actions abroad—devised what in effect was a constitutional coup. The most expeditious way to prevent Allende from assuming office was somehow to convince the Chilean congress to confirm Jorge Alessandri as the winner of the election. Once elected by the congress, Alessandri—a party to the plot through intermediaries—was prepared to resign his presidency within a matter of days so that new elections could be held. This first, nonmilitary, approach to stopping Allende was called the Track I approach.
The CIA's second approach, the Track II approach, was designed to encourage a military overthrow, by creating an atmosphere of crisis and disaster (a "coup climate") in the country. False flag operatives approached senior Chilean military officers, in "some two dozen contacts", with the message that "the United States intended to cut military assistance to Chile unless they moved against Allende, and that the U.S. desired, and would actively support, a coup."[36] The CIA also provided extensive support for black propaganda against Allende, funneled largely through El Mercurio, but also using other media outlets. Propaganda targeted both the people and the military. Financial support was also provided for anti-Allende political opponents and for organized strikes and unrest to destabilize his government.
The first attempt to engineer a military overthrow of Allende occurred in 1970. The CIA had been in contact with two groups of coup plotters, one group run by retired General Roberto Viaux and a second by active-duty General Camilo Valenzuela. The CIA had attempted to stop Viaux's group from moving forward until it had joined forces with Valenzuela's group. Both groups were attempting to remove Chilean general René Schneider, due to his support for military non-intervention in politics, and thus the appointment of Allende. The Church hearings found that the CIA gave weapons to a group of men who it knew had attacked him twice before, ostensibly as a test of loyalty so that the CIA would remain privy to their information, but that the weapons provided and the group thereby armed (Valenzuela's group) were not the ones who actually killed him (Viaux's group).
In 1970, the U.S. manufacturing company ITT Corporation owned of 70% of Chitelco, the Chilean Telephone Company, and funded El Mercurio, a Chilean right-wing newspaper. The CIA used ITT as a conduit to financially aid opponents of Allende's government.[40][41] On 28 September 1973, ITT's headquarters in New York City, was bombed by the Weather Underground for the alleged involvement of the company in the overthrow of Allende.[42]
Military action[edit]
By 7:00 am on 11 September 1973, the Navy captured Valparaíso, strategically stationing ships and marine infantry in the central coast and closed radio and television networks. The Province Prefect informed President Allende of the Navy's actions; immediately, the president went to the presidential palace, La Moneda, with his bodyguards, the Grupo de Amigos Personales (GAP) (Group of Personal Friends). By 8:00 am, the Army had closed most radio and television stations in Santiago city; the Air Force bombed the remaining active stations; the President received incomplete information, and was convinced that only a sector of the Navy conspired against him and his government.
President Allende and Defence minister Orlando Letelier were unable to communicate with military leaders. Admiral Montero, the Navy's commander and an Allende loyalist, was rendered incommunicado; his telephone service was cut and his cars were sabotaged before the coup d'état, to ensure he could not thwart the opposition. Leadership of the Navy was transferred to José Toribio Merino, planner of the coup d'état and executive officer to Adm. Montero. Augusto Pinochet, General of the Army, and Gustavo Leigh, General of the Air Force, did not answer Allende's telephone calls to them. The General Director of the Carabineros (uniformed police), José María Sepúlveda, and the head of the Investigations Police (plain clothes detectives), Alfredo Joignant answered Allende's calls and immediately went to the La Moneda presidential palace. When Defence minister Letelier arrived at the Ministry of Defense, controlled by Adm. Patricio Carvajal, he was arrested as the first prisoner of the coup d'état.
Despite evidence that all branches of the Chilean armed forces were involved in the coup, Allende hoped that some units remained loyal to the government. Allende was convinced of Pinochet's loyalty, telling a reporter that the coup d'état leaders must have imprisoned the general. Only at 8:30 am, when the armed forces declared their control of Chile and that Allende was deposed, did the president grasp the magnitude of the military's rebellion. Despite the lack of any military support, Allende refused to resign his office.
At approx. 9:00 the carabineros of the La Moneda left the building.[43] By 9:00 am, the armed forces controlled Chile, except for the city centre of the capital, Santiago. Allende refused to surrender, despite the military's declaring they would bomb the La Moneda presidential palace if he resisted being deposed. The Socialist Party proposed to Allende that he escape to the San Joaquín industrial zone in southern Santiago, to later re-group and lead a counter-coup d'état; the president rejected the proposition. The military rebels attempted negotiations with Allende, but the President refused to resign, citing his constitutional duty to remain in office. Finally, Allende gave a potent farewell speech, telling the nation of the coup d'état and his refusal to resign his elected office under threat.
Annoyed with negotiating, Leigh ordered the presidential palace bombed, but was told the Air Force's Hawker Hunter jet aircraft would take forty minutes to arrive. Pinochet ordered an armoured and infantry force under General Sergio Arellano to advance upon the La Moneda presidential palace. When the troops moved forward, they were forced to retreat after coming under fire from GAP snipers perched on rooftops. General Arellano called for helicopter gunship support from the commander of the Chilean Army Puma helicopter squadron and the troops were able to advance again.[44] Chilean Air Force aircraft soon arrived to provide close air support for the assault (by bombing the Palace), but the defenders did not surrender until nearly 2:30 pm.[45] First reports said the 65-year-old president had died fighting troops, but later police sources reported he had committed suicide.
In the first months after the coup d'état, the military killed thousands of Chilean Leftists, both real and suspected, or forced their "disappearance". The military imprisoned 40,000 political enemies in the National Stadium of Chile; among the tortured and killed desaparecidos (disappeared) were the U.S. citizens Charles Horman, and Frank Teruggi. [46] In October 1973, the Chilean song-writer Víctor Jara, and 70 other political killings were perpetrated by the death squad, Caravan of Death (Caravana de la Muerte).
The government arrested some 130,000 people in a three-year period;[47][48] the dead and disappeared numbered thousands in the first months of the military government. Those include the British physician Sheila Cassidy, who survived to publicize to the UK the human rights violations in Chile.[49] Among those detained was Alberto Bachelet (father of future Chilean President Michelle Bachelet), an air force official; he was tortured and died on 12 March 1974,.[50][51][52][53][54] The right-wing newspaper, El Mercurio (The Mercury),[55] reported that Mr Bachelet died after a basketball game, citing his poor cardiac health. Michelle Bachelet and her mother were imprisoned and tortured in the Villa Grimaldi detention and torture centre on 10 January 1975.[50][51][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63]
After Gen. Pinochet lost the election in the 1988 plebiscite, the Rettig Commission, a multi-partisan truth commission, in 1991 reported the location of torture and detention centers, among others, Colonia Dignidad, Esmeralda ship and Víctor Jara Stadium. Later, in November 2004, the Valech Report confirmed the number as less than 3,000 killed, and reduced the number of cases of forced disappearance; but some 28,000 people were arrested, imprisoned, and tortured.
In El día decisivo (The Decisive Day), Pinochet recounts the coup d'état, affirming he was the leading plotter. Pinochet said that he co-ordinated from his army commander office the deposition of President Salvador Allende. Recently, high military officials from the time[who?] said Pinochet was at first a reluctant participant and followed the lead of Adm. Merino and air force Gen. Leigh.[citation needed]
Fewer than 60 individuals died as a direct result of fighting on 11 September although the MIR and GAP continued to fight the following day. In all, 46 of Allende's guard (the GAP, Grupo de Amigos Personales) were killed, some of them in combat with the soldiers that took the Moneda.[64] Allende's Cuban-trained guard would have had about 300 elite commando-trained GAP fighters at the time of the coup,[65] but the use of brute military force, especially the use of Hawker Hunters, may have handicapped many GAP fighters from further action.[66]
According to official reports prepared after the return of the democracy, at La Moneda only two people died: President Allende and the journalist Augusto Olivares (both by suicide). Two more were injured, Antonio Aguirre and Osvaldo Ramos, both members of President Allende's entourage; they would later be allegedly kidnapped from the hospital and disappeared. In November 2006, the Associated Press noted that more than 15 bodyguards and aides were taken from the palace during the coup and are still unaccounted for; in 2006 Augusto Pinochet was indicted for two of their deaths .[67]
On the military side, there were 34 deaths: two army sergeants, three army corporals, four army privates, 2 navy lieutenants, 1 navy corporal, 4 naval cadets, 3 navy conscripts and 15 carabineros.[68] In Mid-September, the Chilean military junta claimed its troops suffered another 16 dead and 100 injured by gunfire in mop-up operations against Allende supporters, and Pinochet said "sadly there are still some armed groups who insist on attacking, which means that the military rules of wartime apply to them."[69] A press photographer also died in the crossfire while attempting to cover the event. On 23 October 1973, 23-year-old Army Corporal Benjamín Alfredo Jaramillo Ruz, who was serving with the Cazadores, became the first fatal casualty of the counterinsurgency operations in the mountainous area of Alquihue in Valdivia after being shot by a sniper.[70] The Chilean Army suffered 12 killed in various clashes with MIR guerrillas and GAP fighters in October 1973.[71]
While fatalities in the battle during the coup might have been relatively small, the Chilean security forces sustained 162 dead in the three following months as a result of continued resistance[72] and tens of thousands of people were arrested during the coup and held in the National Stadium.[73] This was because the plans for the coup called for the arrest of every man, woman and child on the streets the morning of 11 September. Of these approximately 40,000 to 50,000 perfunctory arrests, several hundred individuals would later be detained, questioned, tortured, and in some cases murdered.[citation needed] While these deaths did not occur before the surrender of Allende's forces, they occurred as a direct result of arrests and round-ups during the coup's military action.
Allende's death[edit]
President Allende died in La Moneda during the coup. The junta officially declared that he committed suicide with a rifle given to him by Fidel Castro, two doctors from the infirmary of La Moneda stated that they witnessed the suicide,[74] and an autopsy labelled Allende's death a suicide. Vice Admiral Patricio Carvajal, one of the primary instigators of the coup, claimed that "Allende committed suicide and is dead now."[this quote needs a citation]
At the time, few of Allende's supporters believed the explanation that Allende had killed himself.[75] Allende's body was exhumed in May 2011. A scientific autopsy was performed and the autopsy team delivered a unanimous finding on 19 July 2011 that Allende committed suicide using an AK-47 rifle.[76]
On 13 September, the Junta dissolved Congress.[77] At the same time, it outlawed the parties that had been part of the Popular Unity coalition, and all political activity was declared "in recess".[78]
Initially, there were four leaders of the junta: In addition to General Augusto Pinochet, from the Army, there were General Gustavo Leigh Guzmán, of the Air Force; Admiral José Toribio Merino Castro, of the Navy (who replaced Constitutionalist Admiral Raúl Montero); and General Director César Mendoza Durán, of the National Police (Carabineros de Chile) (who replaced Constitutionalist General Director José María Sepúlveda). Coup leaders soon decided against a rotating presidency and named General Pinochet permanent head of the junta[79]
In the months that followed the coup, the junta, with authoring work by historian Gonzalo Vial and admiral Patricio Carvajal, published a book titled El Libro Blanco del cambio de gobierno en Chile (commonly known as El Libro Blanco, "The White Book of the Change of Government in Chile"), where they attempted to justify the coup by claiming that they were in fact anticipating a self-coup (the alleged Plan Zeta, or Plan Z) that Allende's government or its associates were purportedly preparing. Historian Peter Winn states that the Central Intelligence Agency had an extensive part to play in fabricating the conspiracy an in selling it to the press, both in Chile and internationally.[9] Although later discredited and officially recognized as the product of political propaganda,[80] some Chilean historians pointed to the similarities between the alleged Plan Z and other existing paramilitary plans of the Popular Unity parties in support of its legitimacy.[81]
The newspaper La Tercera published on its front page a photograph showing prisoners at the Quiriquina Island Camp who had been captured during the fighting in Concepción. The photograph's caption stated that some of the detained were local leaders of the "Unidad Popular" while others were "extremists who had attacked the armed forces with firearms". The photo is reproduced in Docuscanner.[82] This is consistent with reports in newspapers and broadcasts in Concepción about the activities of the Armed Forces, which mentioned clashes with "extremists" on several occasions from 11 to 14 September. Nocturnal skirmishes took place around the Hotel Alonso De Ercilla in Colo Colo and San Martino Street, one block away from the Army and military police administrative headquarters. A recent published testimony about the clashes in Concepcion offers several plausible explanations for the reticence of witnesses to these actions.[83]
See also[edit]
- 1970 Chilean presidential election
- Cuban packages – arms smuggling from Cuba
- Government Junta of Chile (1973)
- Machuca
- Missing
- The Battle of Chile
- The Black Pimpernel
- The House of the Spirits
- Operation TOUCAN (KGB) – secret KGB operations in Chile
- Project FUBELT – secret CIA operations to unseat Allende.
- U.S. intervention in Chile
- Valech Report
- 2013 Egyptian coup d'état, started with attacks on the government and was also polarising with ongoing repressions and media support.
- Chilean coup of September 11, 1924
- September 11 Attacks Terrorist attacks that would happen 28 years later on the same date.
- ^ Lawson, George (2005). Negotiated Revolutions. p. 182. "The only armed resistance came in a handful of factories, the La Legua poblacion in Santiago and in isolated gunfights with MIR activists."
- ^ Peter Kornbluh. "Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents Relating to the Military Coup, September 11, 1973".
- ^ "Controversial legacy of former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet ...Gen. Augusto Pinochet, who overthrew Chile's democratically elected Communist government in a 1973 coup ...", The Christian Science Monitor, 11 December 2006
- ^ "CHILE: The Bloody End of a Marxist Dream", Time Magazine, Quote: "....Allende's downfall had implications that reached far beyond the borders of Chile. His had been the first democratically elected Marxist government in Latin America..."
- ^ "Salvador Allende's Last Speech – Wikisource". Wikisource. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ Davison, Phil (20 June 2009). "Hortensia Bussi De Allende: Widow of Salvador Allende who helped lead opposition to Chile's military dictatorship". The Independent (London). Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ^ Gott, Richard (12 September 2009). "From the archive: Allende 'dead' as generals seize power". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ^ Genaro Arriagada Herrera, ''Pinochet: The Politics of Power''. Google Books. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ a b c Winn, Peter (2010). Grandin & Joseph, Greg & Gilbert, ed. A Century of Revolution. Duke University Press. pp. 239–275.
- ^ Peter Kornbluh (19 September 2000). "CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet's Repression: Report to Congress Reveals U.S. Accountability in Chile". Chile Documentation Project. National Security Archive. Archived from the original on 28 November 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2006.
- ^ "El Partido Socialista de Chile Tomo II". Julio César Jobet (in Spanish). p. 120. Archived from the original on 2009-10-25. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
- ^ Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II, p259 ISBN 978-0-19-928358-3
- ^ "CIA Activities in Chile". Central Intelligence Agency. "The political action program under consideration called for the Embassy and Station to influence the Chilean Congress as it took up the matter. This involved encouraging Congress to vote for Alessandri for President in spite of the fact Allende received a slightly higher popular vote. (Allende won 36.3 percent of the vote on 4 September--a plurality, not the majority required by the Constitution to avoid Congressional reaffirmation of the victory.) The Station and the Embassy, working through intermediaries, urged Frei to use his influence with Congress to convince non-leftist forces to vote for Alessandri. The scenario was to have Congress elect Alessandri as President; he would then resign, thereby allowing Frei to run as a candidate against Allende in a new election."
- ^ Régis Debray (1972). The Chilean Revolution: Conversations with Allende. New York: Vintage Books.
- ^ Kristian C. Gustafson. "CIA Machinations in Chile in 1970: Reexamining the Record", CIA, Center for the Study of Intelligence. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
- ^ "Castro speech database", University of Texas: English translations of Castro speeches based upon the records of the (United States) Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS). See locations of speeches for November–December 1971. Retrieved 22 September 2006.
- ^ a b (Spanish) Comienzan los problemas at the Wayback Machine (archived August 2, 2007), part of series "Icarito > Enciclopedia Virtual > Historia > Historia de Chile > Del gobierno militar a la democracia" on LaTercera.cl. Retrieved 22 September 2006.
- ^ "mun6". Jornada.unam.mx. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ Development and Breakdown of Democracy, 1830–1973, United States Library of Congress Country Studies: Chile. Undated; according to Preface, "The body of the text reflects information available as of 31 March 1994." Accessed 22 September 2006.
- ^ a b c (Spanish) Se desata la crisis at the Wayback Machine (archived November 9, 2007), part of series "Icarito > Enciclopedia Virtual > Historia > Historia de Chile > Del gobierno militar a la democracia" on LaTercera.cl. Retrieved 22 September 2006.
- ^ "CIA, Operating Guidance Cable on Coup Plotting, 16 October 1970", National Security Archive, George Washington University: Quote: In a secret cable, CIA deputy director of plans, Thomas Karamessines, conveys Kissinger's orders to CIA station chief in Santiago, Henry Hecksher: "It is firm and continuing policy that Allende be overthrown by a coup." The "operating guidance" makes it clear that these operations are to be conducted so as to hide the "American hand," and that the CIA is to ignore any orders to the contrary from Ambassador Edward M. Korry, who has not been informed of Track II operations.
- ^ El paro que coronó el fin ó la rebelión de los patrones, El Periodista, 8 June 2003 (Spanish)
- ^ CIA 2000 report, p. 12, National Security Archive, George Washington University
- ^ Second coup attempt: El Tanquetazo (the tank attack) at the Wayback Machine (archived October 13, 2004), originally on RebelYouth.ca. Unsigned, but with citations. Archived on Internet Archive 13 October 2004.
- ^ "The Bloody End of a Marxist Dream". Time. 24 September 1973. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
- ^ "JosePinera.com". Archived from the original on 2013-06-22. Retrieved 2013-06-20.
- ^ "el Presidente de la República y a los señores Ministros de Estado y miembros de las Fuerzas Armadas y del Cuerpo de Carabineros" Acuerdo de la Cámara de Diputados).
- ^ English translation on Wikisource.
- ^ (Spanish) La respuesta del Presidente Allende on Wikisource. (English) English translation on Wikisource. Retrieved 22 September 2006.
- ^ "The secret government: the Constitution in crisis : with excerpts from "An essay on Water-gate" Bill D. Moyers, Henry Steele Commager, 1990
- ^ Video on YouTube "The Secret Government"] PBS Bill Moyers, 1987
- ^ CIA Activities in Chile, 2000-09-18, archived from the original on 2007-06-12, "To respond to Section 311 of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (referred to hereafter as the Hinchey Amendment), the Intelligence Community (IC), led by the National Intelligence Council, reviewed [...]"
- ^ Shane, Scott (2007-04-18), Robert Dallek on Nixon and Kissinger, New York Times, archived from the original on 2014-01-14, "[...] phone call reacting to news of the 1973 coup in Chile [...] Kissinger grumbled [...] that American newspapers, "instead of celebrating," were "bleeding because a pro-Communist government has been overthrown." "Isn't that something?" Nixon remarked. "In the Eisenhower period, we would be heroes," Kissinger said. "Well, we didn't - as you know - our hand doesn't show on this one," the president said."
- ^ Falcoff, Mark, Kissinger and Chile, Commentary, 2003.
- ^ Axelsson, Sun Chili, le Dossier Noir. (Chile: The Black File) Paris, France: Gallimard, 1974, p. 87
- ^ a b Kornbluh, Peter (2003). The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability. New York: The New Press. ISBN 1-56584-936-1.
- ^ Ad Hoc Interagency Working Group on Chile (4 December 1970). Memorandum for Mr. Henry Kissinger. United States Department of State. Retrieved 10 December 2007.
- ^ http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch18-01.htm
- ^ http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch01-01.htm
- ^ "U.S. Dept. of State FOIA Electronic Reading Room – Hinchey Report (CIA Activities in Chile)". Foia.state.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ Stout, David (30 January 2003). "Edward Korry, 81, Is Dead; Falsely Tied to Chile Coup". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ^ Montgomery, Paul L. (29 September 1973). "I.T.T. OFFICE HERE DAMAGED BY BOMB; Caller Linked Explosion at Latin-American Section to 'Crimes in Chile' I.T.T. Latin-American Office on Madison Ave. Damaged by Bomb Fire in Rome Office Bombing on the Coast Rally the Opponents". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ^ "El balcón del adiós | Reportajes". La Tercera Edición Impresa.
- ^ La misión era matar: el juicio a la caravana Pinochet-Arellano, By Jorge Escalante Hidalgo, Page 43, Lom Ediciones, 2000
- ^ "ROME NEWS TRIBUNE Sep 11, 1973". Google. 11 September 1973. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ Michael Evans. "National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 33". Gwu.edu. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ Collins, Stephen (16 December 2000). "Now open – Pinochet's torture chambers". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ^ "Chile Issues Report on Pinochet Torture | Article from AP Online | HighBeam Research". Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
- ^ MacAskill, Ewen (3 March 2000). "Right rejoices as general's foes vow to keep up fight". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ^ a b "Chile's President-Elect". Pbs.org. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ a b "Chile's Bachelet visits site of her own torture". Alertnet.org. 6 November 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ "From torture victim to president.(Michelle Bachelet) : An article from: The Progressive". Amazon.com. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ "Chile: The Good Democracy?". Zmag.org. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ a b "Chile set to elect first woman President". The Hindu. India. 14 January 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ a b Pérez de Arce, Hermógenes. "Michelle Bachelet, ¿quién es realmente usted?", El Mercurio, 15 January 2006
- ^ Official biography of M. Bachelet on Chilean governmental website (Spanish)
- ^ 0,23599,20906656-1702,00.html Little sadness over Pinochet death.
- ^ "Thousands gather for Pinochet". Taipei Times. Taiwan (ROC). 12 November 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ "Chile head revisits torture site". BBC News. 15 October 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ "Chile inaugurates female leader". Electionguide.org. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ "Chile's Pinochet Charged for Torture, Probed over Gold". Globalpolicy.org. 27 October 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ "Chile Leader Visits Site of Her Torture". The Washington Post. 14 October 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ "Pinochet stripped of immunity in torture, kidnapping cases". USA Today. 20 January 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ "Pinochet Stripped of Legal Immunity". Globalpolicy.org. Associated Press. 11 January 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ The Nixon Administration and the Death of Allende's Chile: A Case of Assisted Suicide, Jonathan Haslam, page 64, Verso Press 2005. Books.google.ca. 30 December 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ Ferrada, Marcello (13 September 2008). "Marcello Ferrada-Noli. That morning of September 11, 1973. A personal testimony". Stockholm (2008)". Ferrada-noli.blogspot.com. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ Associated Press, Pinochet indicted for deaths of Allende bodyguards, put under house arrest, 27 November 2006. Retrieved 11 December 2006.
- ^ Arce, Juan Alvaro. "Martires y Victimas de la Unidad Popular". Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.
- ^ "Chile wars armed civilians.". The Montreal Gazette. 17 September 1973. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ Informe de la Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación", Volume I, Page 441, Santiago, Chile, 1991. (SM, V, Chro)
- ^ "Mártires De Las Ff.Aa., De Orden Y Seguridad". Web.archive.org. 11 April 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ Latin America's Wars: The age of the professional soldier, 1900–2001, Robert L. Scheina, p. 326. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ Alex Wilde, In Chile, a New Generation Revisits Haunted Space, Ford Foundation Report, Winter 2003. Retrieved 11 December 2006.
- ^ Ronald Hilton, Chile: The Continuing Historical Conflict, World Association of International Studies, 22 December 1997. Retrieved 22 September 2006.
- ^ Róbinson Rojas, The murder of Allende and the end of the Chilean way to socialism, originally published by Harper and Row, New York, 1975,1976-Fitzhenry&Whiteside Ltd., Toronto, Canada, 1975. Retrieved 22 September 2006.
- ^ Chilean president Salvador Allende committed suicide, autopsy confirms The Guardian, 2011-07-20.
- ^ Junta general names himself as new President of Chile. The Guardian, Friday, 14 September 1973
- ^ History in brief[dead link]
- ^ Hinchey Report on CIA Activities in Chile 18 September 2000
- ^ Comisión Nacional sobre Prisión Política y Tortura CAPÍTULO III Contexto.
- ^ Vial Correa, Gonzalo (23 September 2003). "Carlos Altamirano, el Plan Z y la "Operación Blanqueo"". La Segunda.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Marcello Ferrada-Noli. That morning of 11 September 1972. A personal testimony". Stockholm (2008) [2]
- Simon Collier & William F. Sater (1996). A History of Chile: 1808–1994. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Julio Faundez (1988). Marxism and democracy in Chile: From 1932 to the fall of Allende, New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Ignacio González Camus, ed. (1988). El día en que murió Allende (The day that Allende Died), Chilean Institute of Humanistic Studies (ICHEH) / CESOC.
- Anke Hoogvelt (1997). Globalisation and the postcolonial world, London: Macmillan.
- Thomas Karamessines (1970). Operating guidance cable on coup plotting in Chile, Washington: National Security Council.
- Jeane Kirkpatrick (1979). "Dictatorships and Double Standards", Commentary, November, pp 34–45.
- Henry Kissinger (1970). National Security Decision 93: Policy Towards Chile, Washington: National Security Council.
- Richard Norton-Taylor (1999). "Truth will out: Unearthing the declassified documents in America which give the lie to Lady Thatcher's outburst", The Guardian, 8 July 1999, London.
- Alec Nove (1986). Socialism, Economics and Development, London: Allen & Unwin.
- James F. Petras & Morris H. Morley (1974). How Allende fell: A study in U.S.–Chilean relations, Nottingham: Spokesman Books.
- Sigmund, P.E. (1986). "Development Strategies in Chile, 1964–1983: The Lessons of Failure", Chapter 6 in I.J. Kim (Ed.), Development and Cultural Change: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, New York: Paragon House Publishers, pp. 159–178.
- Valenzuela, J.S., & Valenzuela, A. (1993). "Modernisation and Dependency: Alternative Perspectives in the Study of Latin-American Underdervelopment", in M.A. Seligson & J.T. Pass-Smith (Eds.), Development and Underdevelopment: The Political Economy of Inequality, Boulder: Lynnes Rienner, pp. 203–216.
External links[edit]
- CIA acknowledges involvement in Allende's overthrow Pinochet's rise, CNN.
- Cronología, Salvador-Allende.cl, originally published in Archivo Salvador Allende, number 14. An extensive Spanish-language site providing a day-by-day chronology of the Allende era. This is clearly a partisan, pro-Allende source, but the research and detail are enormous. (Spanish)
- National Security Archive's Chile Documentation Project which provides documents obtained from FOIA requests regarding U.S. involvement in Chile, beginning with attempts to promote a coup in 1970 and continuing through U.S. support for Pinochet
- US Dept. of State FOIA Church Report (Covert Action in Chile)
- 11 September 1973, When US-Backed Pinochet Forces Took Power in Chile – video report by Democracy Now!
- 1970s coups d'état and coup attempts
- 1973 in Chile
- Central Intelligence Agency operations
- Presidency of Salvador Allende
- Military government of Chile (1973–90)
- Chile–United States relations
- Cold War conflicts
- Conflicts in 1973
- Dirty wars
- Military coups in Chile
- Political engineering by coup
- Chilean revolutions


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The Habitat 'n Home Pet Crate will pamper your pet while keeping them contained. The recycled material used in construction makes this the eco-friendly choice!
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Photo Gallery | 45 pounds of synthetic marijuana seized during traffic stop
A traffic stop on Interstate 95 led to the arrests of three men and the confiscation of 45 pounds of synthetic marijuana.
Deputies have charged 28-year-old Adnan Ahmed, 26-year-old Zeeshan Ali Ghani and 31-year-old Salman Ali Yousuf with possession of marijuana and possession with intent to distribute a schedule I controlled substance.
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All three occupants in the vehicle were arrested at the scene.


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The Mastercycler nexus X1 is a new addition to the Mastercycler range of PCR instruments that can provide researchers with increased heating and cooling rates by uniting the software found in the Mastercycler nexus with a 96-well block. All this is achieved while maintaining reduced power consumption and noise emission levels (<40dB[a]). Up to three units can be combined, and the software features an integrated booking schedule. When in use, the Mastercycler may be connected to a computer network, supplying email status updates on the progress of the PCR run.
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I totally dig this new Deer&Doe pattern! This is my first "Chtaigne short" but not the last. I'm a 42, so I did it in 42 without changing anything and it fits perfectly : comfy yet very cute.
I used wool, wich isn't the right fabric for this pattern, but I really like the result.
Only little thing I'll change in my second version: the pockets are not deep enough for my taste, Ill add 3 or 4 cm next time.
More in frnch this way
Nov 25, 2013, 08.45 AMby Winnie Nkosi
Lovely shorts.
Nov 25, 2013, 01.20 AMby Manic Pop
These are really cute! Houndstooth was a great fabric choice.
Nov 24, 2013, 11.49 AMby Yuki M
Perfect fitting and lovely houndstooth pattern!
Nov 24, 2013, 12.44 PMby saki
Thanks a lot Yuki!
Nov 24, 2013, 04.46 AMby rita61
Nov 24, 2013, 12.44 PMby saki
I'm glad you liked it!
Nov 24, 2013, 12.06 AMby kisses
Cute shorts…like the fabric
Nov 24, 2013, 12.44 PMby saki
Thanks a lot Kisses!
Nov 23, 2013, 09.00 PMby Ariana Bauer
These shorts are so cute, I love the wide waistband and the wool is just lovely. The plaid is very on trend too.
Nov 24, 2013, 12.45 PMby saki
Thanks Ariana, this pattern is really nice indeed.
Nov 23, 2013, 08.15 PMby barmaglot
Perfect fit and cute look! And I love the amont of house plants you have, reminds me my house :)
Nov 24, 2013, 12.46 PMby saki
Thanks a lot Barmaglot (but I've got to say that I'm not responable for the plants, my roomate is the proud gardener).
Nov 23, 2013, 02.46 PMby kelerabeus
Just a perfect fit, so adorable!
Nov 24, 2013, 12.46 PMby saki
Thanks a lot Kelerabeus!
Nov 23, 2013, 01.52 PMby Mary Athey
These are just gorgeous on you and i love the fabric x
Nov 24, 2013, 12.46 PMby saki
That's really sweet f you Mary, thanks!
Nov 23, 2013, 11.13 AMby minichiba
Perfect :)
Nov 24, 2013, 12.47 PMby saki
Thanks a lot Minichiba!
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For Teachers Curriculum Resources
Moon Rocks
Borrow real Lunar Rocks. NASA will loan Moon rock sample discs to educators who have completed training to help them correctly use and protect these valuable resources. Find out how you can qualify. (This is a PDF file. You will need Acrobat Reader to open it.) More information can be found by contacting the NASA Educator Resource Center Network for your region.


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The depression of 1893 hit the Atlanta Suburban Land Company hard. The Georgia firm, founded in 1890 to develop residential subdivisions along a new six-mile streetcar line linking downtown Atlanta with Decatur to the east, had bought nearly 2,000 acres in its first two years in business. But by 1896, it was more than $100,000 in debt, and a receiver held its assets. In its fall 1896 term, the Fulton County Superior Court ordered the receiver to sell the remaining real estate to settle the debts.
More than a century later, I requested the case files. The Fulton County Clerk employee who handed them to me once they had been retrieved from offsite storage told me that if I wanted copies of the tri-folded documents, I would have to request them from the service counter, and another staff member would photocopy them on a Xerox-type machine for fifty cents apiece.
My request to take flash-free digital photos was rebuffed despite my explanation that it would be better for the aging documents than forcing them flat against a copier's glass platen and then closing the machine's cover. I also questioned whether mandatory third-party intervention for copying records was consistent with Georgia's Open Records Act (O.C.G.A. §50-18-70), and I was invited to speak with the county clerk. Continue reading


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2015 Selective High School Examination - Thursday, 13 March
Newsletters Subscribe Form Receive our school newsletter and other important information via email: History List Click on a link below to view the newsletter or a past newsletter: 2013 Annual Evaluation Survey
Subscribe Form Receive our school newsletter and other important information via email: History List Click on a link below to view the newsletter or a past newsletter:
2013 Annual Evaluation Survey
In 2011, Rockdale Public School continued to provide outstanding educational programs to support the diverse needs and interests of our students. Rockdale is a warm and welcoming learning environment that challenges students to achieve their utmost in all endeavours. The school community is deeply committed to preparing our students to successfully meet the challenges of the 21st century in an inclusive multicultural society. Students and staff at Rockdale work closely together to forge a harmony based around the school's values: honesty, respect, cooperation, responsibility, fairness and excellence. Our teachers provided innovative programs and opportunities for students that allowed them to shine in a myriad of ways. In 2011 there has been much to celebrate at Rockdale Public School. Student achievements extended across academic, sporting, musical, technological and social domains.
In 2011 our most notable achievements included:
· Outstanding performances in WAKAKIRRI, the national creative arts story festival for Primary Schools.
· Interactive learning technology utilised in every classroom
· The opening of six new classrooms under the BER project and the construction of new play equipment
· Strong NAPLAN results achieved by our Year 3 and Year 5 students
· A DET Learning for Sustainability award for its Environmental Education and Service Learning programs and initiatives.
Rockdale Public School is built on a bedrock of strong collaboration from all stakeholders within our school community. I admire the dedication and commitment of our fabulous teaching and support staff. The school is also incredibly fortunate to be supported by extremely active and engaged P & C and School Council associations. On behalf of the students, staff and our school community, I look forward to welcoming you to Rockdale Public School.
Mark Steed
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Click here for more information on the Parents Connect Playgroup
P&C President's Message
The Parents and Citizens (P&C) Association is the parent body which acts in partnership with the principal and staff to improve our children's experience at school.
Here at Rockdale Public School, we welcome your involvement and invite you to join us. It's a great way to participate and get to know your children's school community. Not only do we raise much needed funds for the school, helping out sets an important example for your children.
Parents and carers who love hands-on work and are handy with useful skills can come along and support us during the year with the various activities run by the P&C Association. You are all most welcome and we invite you to come and join us.
School Council President's Message
The Rockdale Public School Council has a different role to that of the P&C. We are a forum for discussion about issues that are important to the whole school community. It's a wonderful way to connect with the teachers and staff of the school and help the students, particularly your children, and show that we care enough to do something.
Being on the School Council means we can provide the school with valuable insight from our point of view and we can shape the direction which the school takes during the year. Parents, carers and local community members can all have a say, facilitate solutions to problems and make the school a better place for everyone. We encourage you to point out what can be better and, more importantly, suggest how we can go about improving it. Your valuable contribution is much appreciated.
Please click here for the Parent Page to find out more about the P&C and the School Council and what you can do to help.
© 2008 Rockdale Public School. web design by Ben Hasic


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Arbogast® Jitterbugs® - Original
- Deep, gurgling rhythmic action
- Hard for fish to resist
- Casts like a dream
Rated 4.7 out of 5 by 186
Rated 4 out of 5 by catfishman14 nice noisy topwater
this is a good noisy topwater. wish i would get more strikes on it though, but i like the action on this lure
January 26, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by Ozarker Only one to use
I've used a jitterbug for fresh water and salt water since the 1950's. I don't manipulate the plug at all just a steady receive that makes that glup, glup sound works for me.
January 24, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by krak oldie but a goodie
i have used these for years and sometimes its just what you need! they dont work all of the time but they do work most of the time. they make a great action and they hold up well.
January 17, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by fishingJP Great old school tackle!
I have been using the Jitterbug since I was a child fishing in the neighborhood pond. I now have several in my tackle box in a variety of sizes and colors. I have found that Jitterbugs work great in certain conditions when these conditions a present it is on like a chicken bone! I have found the Jitterbug effective on small rivers, very overcast days and night fishing. Great lure when conditions merit.
November 4, 2012
6 Questions | 57 Answers
Outdoor Answers
Get help about this item from fellow customers.
Ask your questions. Share your answers.
Have done some hook changing over the years. Smaller 2" have looped screw that can be opened for hook replacement, back treble is collared which requires loosening looped screw. I do not like to do that. The 3" lure has small setscrews holding a holding bracket that can be taken out with an optical screwdriver.Top 250 Contributor
remove the screws on the hook-hangers-replace with new hooks- put the screws back in the original holes- do not over tighten!A:
You take the hooks off like a key chain.Details:
I want to know the best color for largemouth bassAnswers
the black one has caught more for me then the green.A:
The best color is black, hands down. Nothing outperforms it, especially at night.A:
try black or green colorA:
Black and Green with a white bellyA:
I personally like the frog color, but i fish areas that have plentiful amounts of natural frogs. Im pretty sure that the crowd favorite is the black to fish at night but i fish the frog in the day so thats the route i take with it and i have had a lot of success.A:
Depends on color of water and how sunny it isSunny days frog looking
Cloudy days Black
The Black color is the most versatile for low light conditions (early AM, late PM, night fishing). The green/white belly frog is an excellent option if you notice frogs in your lake. I would say if you could only buy one, get the black, but if fishing with light out get the green/white.Top 250 Contributor
jitterbugs are typically used for night bassin. i have a few different colors and all work well for me.Details:
I have it and haven't caught anything yet on it and was wondering if I got the wrong size for me.Answers
If you're fishing for bass, in my experience, any size and color will work, even the musky size in the right situation. As to color, a good rule of thumb is the darker it is, the darker the color, and black works best near sunset and at night, when it makes for a good silhouette. Perch, Firetiger, and Frog colors work well in most other situations. But aggressive bass aren't all that picky. The more important question is when and where are you using this lure? Like most topwater lures, the Jitterbug works best in lower light conditions (the black Jitterbug is the quintessential nighttime topwater) when the water is calm. It is an excellent lure for fishing over the top of shallow weeds, or as a search lure over shallow expanses, and along steep embankments such as dams in smaller lakes and ponds. Try varying the speed of your retrieve, start off slow and steady and throw in some rips and pauses, then return to slow and steady.A:
Yes, I have used the jointed Jitterbug but results were simular. The 2" and 3" have worked well. I have had excellent sucess with these along step cliff walls or across points later at night on lakes. Other lares work better on rivers and streams.A:
Have you tried the 2inch? Ive always had pretty good luck with the original size which I think is 3inch. But this season and for the first time ive been using the 2 and it has worked great! Either way happy fishing and hope this helpsA:
You might want to try changing how you present it.A:
try and use the 3/8oz or try a different colorA:
Try different attack angles, hit points and over submereged cover and different retrieve styles, stop 'n' go, slow 'n' fast, and a burn retrieve (fast). Also, try at night or early moring. The 5/8 is the normal size I use, and black and jointed happens to be my favortie model. i have success with this lure retrieving it slowly near lily pads.A:
yesTop 50 Contributor
You got the size that will catch bigger than average bass. The best time to use your jointed jitterbug is at night and low-light like an hour before dark and before sunrise. If you fish it at night, you should catch bass - especially if you are fishing spots where bass like to hit top-water lures. I catch more bass when I fish it 4 ft and shallower. Try going different speeds with your jointed jitterbug too. Bass sometimes like one speed and then change to hit a faster or slower speed. I like to go pretty slow and make a small area of ripples around the jitterbug. I fished the 5/8 oz jointed jitterbug all over Michigan, and usually catch 14" to 19" bass on it. My biggest bass on the 5/8 jointed jitterbug in 2009 was 19 1/4" & 4 1/2 pounds. You need to try it in shallow spots at night that you know are good for bass and experiment with your retrieve speed.Images for this Answer
(click to see full-size image)
Absoultely especially at night and over submerged weed bedsTop 250 Contributor
experience tells me there is no wrong size unless there are no fish big enough or aggressive enough to take it. If you or others have used this lure alot and released all the caught fish they may be onto you and your lure. i landed a 4lb bass with the large non-jointed j-bug just a couple days ago.Details:
Thanks for your help.Answers
Top 250 Contributor
ponds are your best bet for this lure due to its high action and topwater nature. pitch it up under a tree where insects are likey to fall into the water. big bass like to hang out and wait for smaller fish to come munch the bugs. or if you score a pond with an island like i got send it up and down all accessable sides of the island. dont give up on the lure to quick its action seems to get the fish cranky after a while this works well for meA:
near any type of cover such as docks, trees, etc.A:
toppwater, slow retrievalA:
In the late spring thru early fall cast parrallel to banks right around dark and reel in at a steady slow pace. hang onto your rod! good luck.A:
i use a jitterbug everywhere i am fishing. if there are bass around it will get their attention. i use the weedless jitterbug cause i can throw into areas that a normal jitterbug may get snagged, and i can use it on open water. it is a great all around lure.Top 250 Contributor
I like to use it in the early morning and when dusk is coming I cast the JitterBug from my boat and most of the time I will get a 2 to 5 LB bass on the first couple of castsTop 50 Contributor
I like to use it at at dusk and when it gets dark on calm water. A slow steady retrieve seems to do the job. Let the water settle when you cast it before you start reeling.A:
at night along weed beds or lillypads,a nice slow or sometimes fast twitch retrieve the bass ussually explode after it!A:
Use it in shallows near cover at sunup/sundown. And all you need to do is reel it in slowly - just fast enough to get that side-to-side head wag with the plop-plop-plop sound - listen for that and try to make the sound nice. If you want to get fancy, pause in your retrieve for 3-10 seconds maybe every 6-10 feet. Be ready for explosive hits!A:
I use it during the day in spring and late fall but almost always after dark in the summer. It's best cast parallel to the shoreline or other structures in shallower water less than eight or ten feet long. I have had great success in larger reservoirs and small farm ponds as well. I prefer black for nigh fishing and almost always use the larger lures for castability and larger fish. If I was to use it just for smaller fish like Rock bass I would downsize my lure.Top 50 Contributor
You cast it out and slowly reel in when it's cloudy or windy and around an hour before dark. The brighter or calmer it is, I go to a moderate but not fast retrieve. Where to use it is a shallow area and shorelines are good out to 3 or 4 feet deep. Warm water is best for Jitterbugs since they stay on the surface. Also, use mono or braided line to fish surface lures because fluorocarbon sinks and can hurt the action. Cast it out and reel it in, but change speeds to see what fish want.Details:
Getting started in bass fishing, no idea what size hook to choose.Answers
the smaller the betterTop 250 Contributor
size dosent matter unless the fish are not big enough or aggressive enough to take it. for me repetation is key to this lure dont put it away after only a few casts if nothing hits itA:
You just gotta play around with them to get a feel for sizes. Its best to pick the middle size and go from thereA:
The smaller size will definitely get more strikes and hook-ups, but the larger jointed one will provoke larger bass and cast easier on baitcasting gear.Top 250 Contributor
I use the smaller hook for my lake (30 acres) but in a large lake like Oconne.Hope it helps
Top 50 Contributor
No need to worry about hook size, there is no choice for hook size. The bait is pre-rigged with its own size. I use the 2 !/2 inch size.A:
the bigger the lure the bigger the fish.....A:
use the larger sized ones for easy casting, Just throw it out and wait for the ripples to dissapear before retrieving. Many times bass will eat it while it sits. If that doesn't happen then start a nice methodical retrieve that makes the lure go plop plop plop. When a fish strikes it wait util you feel the weight of the fish before you rear back then set the hook hard cuz it might be the biggest bass of your life. If it's a small one he will get a exciting flight. LOTop 50 Contributor
Use the 3/8 size to catch a lot of fish, but go to 5/8 for the bigger fish. Replace the hooks with similar size Gamakatsu hooks.Top 50 Contributor
Bass got big mouth larger size works fine try 5/8 oz #1 hook (BIG BAIT BIG FISH)Details:
I bought two of these, but while I was tying my rapala knot (what i usually use for my poppers), it slipped out very easily through the open part of the eye loop. This worries me because I'm afraid that when I cast out, it'll fly off.Can anyone help? I even tried closing the little open part of the eyelet with plyers, but no luck.
definitely polomarA:
Tie a Palomar knot to a size 7 snap swivel. Then you can just take stuff on and off in secondsA:
You are on the right track pinching the eyelet closed with pliers. Use either an improve double clinchknot or the palomar knot. The action on this lure doesn't need the loose loop like many lures do because you reel this lure in at a steady pace, or a stop and go. It uses the action from the lip wobbling to entice the fish, not any twitching or loose loop non-restricting knot action.Top 250 Contributor
You have to use a larger line like 10 or 14 pound line but I like the improved ClinchTop 50 Contributor
Try a palomar knot and you should not have to close the end, which could change the natural action of the bait.A:
im originally from NJ but i recogmend using a quality swivel snap!A:
Don't mess with the eyes, they are a important part of the balance of the lure. I simply use a double improved clench knot or trilene knot and we don't have a problem with it.Top 50 Contributor
Always use Palomar knots. They are the strongest knot that will hold at the same strength as your fishing line. There is another knot, "the fishin' fool" knot that is equally strong, but more complicated to tie.Top 500 Contributor
use a mono loop knot. if you dont already know how to tie it go to the bps outdoor library.A:
Although you can use a swivel it does take away some of the action , I have used a rapala knot for years and never had a problem with lure coming off.If you are concerned use a good knot & go for it .Top 1000 Contributor
I would just use a palomar knot with a swivel snap.1 of 1
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Off-Campus Housing: it is very easy to obtain off campus housing if you apply for housing as soon as it becomes available
Off-Campus Housing: The off campus dorms are okay
Off-Campus Housing: Land down here is very reasonably price and so finding off campus housing is not too hard. There is a housing department that is available for help with housing on and off campus. For some, the price of living off campus is cheaper than living on campus.
Off-Campus Housing: I am a freshman and was forced to live in the on campus housing
Off-Campus Housing: I am not very familiar with the off campus process, most people stay on campus unless they are from Montgomery and prefer to commute. There is an of campus apartment place but it is generally for overcrowding as far as I know its easy to come by. and busses go back and forth to the school pretty regularly.
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So, does yesterday's court "ruling" mean the Wilpons are more likely to retain control of the Mets or less?
Bankruptcy seems to be an option, though the owners maintain they're not selling.
While their owners are in the courtroom, the Mets are doing their best to troll other teams.
Einhorn's deal to buy a $200 million stake in the Mets fell through.
The most likely outcome: The judge lets the trial go forward as is, and the Mets' checkbook is mothballed
Another report calls that "nonsense," however.
"Maybe next spring when we have our media workshop for the players, Fred can come and sit in on it."
They could lose as much as $70 million this year.
Carlos Beltran's agent, Scott Boras, had a bit more to say, though.
And unlike Seinfeld and Bloomberg, he's interested. Sort of.


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Ohio man sentenced to 40 years for sexual abuse
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happy new year 2013 ~! 2012 Holidays
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(づ。◕‿‿◕。)づ yeah ~! it's almost 3 years i draw at RMD ~! happy new year where everything turns new XD
Created Dec 30, 2012. Unless noted Copyright 2012
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I so LOVE your creativity!!! I could never think of background like that or anything at all like that!!! *A*!!
i love your brillant new character she looks full of fun and joy hope you have a happy new year to 5h fav
Your drawings are always so colorful and cheery it's adorbs ^^ 5/5 and a fave!
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HOUSTON (KTRK) -- A teen on trial for burglary, Chad Holley, is also at the center of another investigation, one that involves claims of police brutality and a videotape that's said to show it.
Chad Holley is now 16. Seven months ago, when he was arrested for burglary with three other suspects, he was 15. But what made this case so noteworthy is the beating Holley says he suffered at the hands of several Houston police officers. It was all recorded on a storage warehouse security camera. Monday wasn't about the aftermath of the arrest, but the burglary itself. And his attorneys say there's no evidence that Holley committed it. "No, Chad, didn't have a role in the burglary and the police officers will testify the other three all did. It's just association," said said Lance Hamm, Holley's lawyer. That's not exactly what two undercover officers told the jury. They testified they had the group under surveillance and saw three of them, including Holley, come out of a townhouse, "carrying some things in their arms." One said Holley was holding what appeared to be a bag. But then, one testified no prints had been taken by police at the burglary scene in a crime with multiple suspects. Officer Honorio Sanchez testified that police had surveillance on four male suspects in March, in response to a series of burglaries in west Houston. Among them, Sanchez testified, was Chad Holley who he described as leaving a burglary location with a bag. The suspects were pursued and the bag, which contained jewelry, was tossed from the fleeing truck as police chased it. The second undercover HPD officer testified that he saw Holley and several others and gave chase. They found stolen goods in the truck the suspects were in, but he did not offer specifics on Holley. None of the stolen jewelry was reportedly found on Holley, and officers did not take fingerprint evidence from the crime scene. Neither Holley nor his family spoke publicly today, but their spokesperson did. "They have established at one point in this trial so far Chad Holley's involvement in a crime. Right now, I'm shocked no fingerprints were taken. There's no physical evidence tying him to a crime," said Quanell X, family spokesperson. Both sides rested Monday. The defense did so without calling a single witness. Final arguments will begin on Tuesday. Surveillance video at heart of trial Four officers are facing misdemeanor charges of official oppression related to Holley's reported videotaped beating. But prosecutors and a judge have refused to allow the public to see the tape.Sources tell Eyewitness News that the video will not be shown in this trial because before trial, the judge granted a motion to exclude it. Chad Holley's lawyers say Holley is not a burglar, but a good kid who was in the wrong place at the wrong time.
Holley arrived to the courthouse this morning with his mother, who says the 16-year-old still suffers side effects from the injuries he sustained during the alleged beating at the hands of Houston police.
Four officers now face criminal charges for their role in the alleged attack during which Holley was reportedly kicked and punched while he was in handcuffs.
Holley is charged with burglary of a habitation. This morning, an undercover tactical officer, who is not one of the officers charged, is testifying that he saw Holley near the scene of the burglary riding in the bed of a pickup truck with stolen television sets and mattresses.
During opening statements, Holley's lawyer said Holley was present for that crime, but he claimed not a single officer saw Holley actually stealing from the home.
Three other people were charged in that crime, one of whom is going to take the stand against Chad Holley.
"As far as a role in the actual burglary, no, Chad did not have a role in the burglary," said Lance Hamm, Holley's lawyer. "The police officers will testify that the three other individuals all did. It is just association."
"We feel that the evidence that's going to be presented is going to exonerate Chad and is going to show that he was not involved in any type of delinquent conduct," added Wilvin Carter, another attorney for Holley.
"He's gonna get a form of probation, if he gets anything," said KTRK Legal Analyst Joel Androphy. "The worst thing that's going to happen to him, a form of probation. The most likely outcome is a dismissal."
There are no cameras in the courtroom because Holley is 16, a juvenile. He was 15 at the time of the alleged crime.
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Proud 'Money Pit' Owner
Can you seal brick on fireplace?
I'd planned on covering the brick facing on the fireplace with some nice tumbled stone. Hubby has veto'd this idea. So I've spent the day cleaning out and scrubbing the brick on the fireplace. We've lived here five years and never been able to use it. The insert is cracked top to bottom. Fireplace guy came to clean it when we bought the house and said it will burn the house down if we use it. There've been days I've been half tempted.
Anyway, since I can't do my tumbled stone I'm stuck with the brick which is filthy dirty. I'm sure when the last people lived here about 20 years ago (house was vacant 15 years when we moved in) they didn't clean it before moving out. So it's been full of who knows what all that time. I got it totally empty and cleaned out and scrubbed the heck out of the brick. It's taken forever before I could scrub and have not black water when I was done. Still not perfectly clean but way better than it was. However, I'd like to know if there's any way to seal it so that the next time it needs a cleaning it's not so bad. Obviously cleaning it more often than every 20 years will help, but the brick has...........holes?........... in it that dust settles in very easily. It's a very old house - estimated to be around 80 years - and no matter what we do we always seem to have tons of dust. I've heard common complaints from other people in really old homes so I'm guessing it's just an issue that will have to be dealt with here. I'm hoping I can do something to help seal those holes in the brick so next time it can be swept and just have a quick rinse. Any ideas? |
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Location: Long Island, NY
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Can you seal brick on fireplace?Quote:
I guess you could always replace the insert with one that isn't cracked top and bottom. But you've been there 5 years so far and it's still, "inserted". Ron |
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Can you seal brick on fireplace?
since you didn't mention using a pressure washer, i'll guess its inside the house wet/dry vac & brush attachment,,, after that, any acrylic-based masonary sealer you can also use muriatic cut 1acid:8wtr however it will attach the mortar so be VERY careful & wear appropriate personal protection gear !
if you hear it from a guy in the apron store, be VERY suspicious the mtl/method will work,,, when it time to build something together, they won't answer phones NOR help To view links or images in signatures your post count must be 10 or greater. You currently have 0 posts. |
Join Date: Jul 2009
Posts: 951
Can you seal brick on fireplace?
It was probably so dirty originally from decades of fires. Since you're not building fires, that shouldn't be a problem.
If you want fires, there is an easy solution. You buy a new insert and install an insulated steel liner in the chimney. For planning purposes you can figure $1500 to $2000 for the insert and somewhere in the same range for the liner. About half the cost of the liner is labor, so if you're DIY inclined you can reduce that cost substantially. As far as your dust in general -- figure out where it comes from. If you live on a gravel road, then it's going to be dusty. If you have gaps from the attic, that will give you dust too. Wall to wall carpets are a great place to store dust. A home built in 1930 won't necessarily be dusty, but it can be. Dyson vacuum cleaners really do extract more out of carpets. |
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Become a member of our Wine Club
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Wine purchased at winery receives a 10% discount but does not apply towards the 12 bottles a year membership commitment.
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Diverse groups work together to exchange perspectives,
identify options for congressional action
Washington, D.C., March 27, 2009 - Leaders from widely diverse national organizations today stressed their mutual commitment to reform of the nation's health care system, calling it an "urgent, national necessity" that requires different stakeholders to cooperate in ways that they did not in previous reform efforts. The organizations, in identifying a number of policy approaches where they have reached consensus, pledged to work with lawmakers and each other to support the enactment of comprehensive reform this Congress.
Through a process they called Health Reform Dialogue, the organizations began holding facilitated discussions six months ago in order to create a forum outside of the political arena for exchanging views on tough policy issues. The participants – all principals of their respective organizations – launched the process to foster a greater sense of cooperation in the forthcoming national health reform debate, and provide broad-based support for congressional health reform efforts. In addition to sharing candid perspectives with each other privately before formal debate on health reform begins, the participants found areas of early consensus they believe can provide Congress with a solid foundation for reforming the health system.
"We entered this process knowing that the issues are complex, and with no illusions that these groups would reach agreement on every aspect of reform. But the diversity of perspectives that were shared at one table, and the spirit of commitment from all sides, made these discussions totally unlike anything that happened in 1994, and that bodes well," said Rich Umbdenstock, president and CEO, American Hospital Association. "Now more than ever before, all of us agree that fundamental reform of the nation's health care system is critical – right now, this year – and is essential for every sector of society. The American people want bipartisan, responsible reform, and all of us do, too."
The groups – representing employers, workers, physicians, nurses, consumers, insurers, public health professionals, and others – described a process that they believe will help pave the road for comprehensive reforms to be approved by this Congress.
"While our organizations have worked either side-by-side or across the table for many years, we've seen a great benefit from creating this formal dialogue to increase understanding of each other's positions. I think it reflects that we have all learned from the last health care debate," said John Castellani, president, Business Roundtable. "This dialogue will pay off as congressional discussion about various reform options gets into full swing,"
Providing a report on the progress-to-date of their discussions, participating organizations identified specific ideas for reform, including methods to expand health coverage, greatly reduce the growth rate for health care costs, and ultimately promote more effective and efficient care. Ideas shared focus on several over-arching principles that participants unanimously agree should be cornerstones for successful health care reform, including:
The group provided ideas for reform that included consensus on collective and individual responsibility and measures to significantly improve the efficiency and effectiveness of care. They include:
The group's report also calls for an upfront investment to help
set the health system on a path toward significant long-term
savings and improve the long-term fiscal future of the nation.
"For decades, attempts to reform America's health system have met with fractious debate," said Georges C. Benjamin, M.D., F.A.C.P., F.A.C.E.P. (E), executive director, American Public Health Association. "Until now, comprehensive health care reform has been deadlocked. The time has come to set aside some of our differences, talk openly with each other, and begin to find common ground. This process has significantly helped steer us toward that outcome."
Organizations participating in the Health Reform Dialogue include: AARP, Advanced Medical Technology Association, America's Health Insurance Plans, American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network, American College of Physicians, American Hospital Association, American Medical Association, American Nurses Association, American Public Health Association, Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association, Business Roundtable, Catholic Health Association of the United States, Families USA, Federation of American Hospitals, Healthcare Leadership Council, National Federation of Independent Business, Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, and U.S. Chamber of Commerce.


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Scoop: Sprint to confirm LightSquared network deal
Sprint Nextel will confirm its network-sharing agreement with LightSquared in conjunction with its earnings announcement on July 28, according to people familiar with the situation.
The agreement, in which Sprint's network will be used as the infrastructure backbone to LightSquared's upcoming 4G Long-Term Evolution network, will shed some light on where Sprint wants to head with its own 4G ambitions. The company was supposed to have provided an update on plans for its next-generation network by the middle of the year, but has pushed back its announcement.
While Sprint came on to the 4G scene early with partner … Read more


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Prerequisite: CMA 336 or permission of the instructor. (Second semester—even years/lab fee/3 credits)
This course expands on the fundamentals of design, visual communication and conceptualization introduced in Graphic Design I and Graphic Design II. A series of advanced projects will create a portfolio of work, including a special project with real clients(s). Emphasis will be on showcasing a unique style and demonstration of conceptual abilities. Students are encouraged to have control over their projects: performing their own research, authoring their own writing and editing, and creating their own imagery. This course will focus on creating finished professional-quality work.


text: Hi. I run a 12 team Fantasy baseball league in the New London, CT area. It has been in existence for over 15 years. We have two openings in our league this year. It is a rotisserie league where you draft a 24 player roster. Last years first prize in our league was $8000. We pay 5 places. 57% goes to first 28% second 15% third $800 4th and $400 for 5th. It is a $300 entry fee and then a fee for transactions. This is a competitive professional league. If you are interested email me at magnumrex.aol.com and I will send you our full rules and more details. Our draft is planned for either March 30th or March 31st at the Veterans club in New London, CT. This is a live draft so you will meet everyone and know it is legit.Here is our site. http://baseball4.onroto.com/baseball/webnew/display_stand.pl?asbbl+0&session_id=ks63pT4rBvzo80P6DRUdRZ95UhqB1vF8jis thanks,


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Grey cotton polo shirt from Lanvin featuring a classic collar, a two button front placket, short sleeves with metallic silver strips and a straight hemline with side slits. Item ID:10315682
Composition: Cotton 100% WASHING INSTRUCTIONS : Machine WashBrand Style ID : M20PO7A005112
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I' been a long time Marware C.E.O. user and now that I'm getting a new Ipad I'm thinking about changing my case preference to a more protective case . I've been looking at Seidio Active, Gumdrop, Otterbox or Griffin Survivor. Which one has proven itself long term? My concerns are for:
1. Bulk, does it make the ipad much more heavy, I do a lot of one handed reading
2. Screen protector is the screen less responsive?
3. Snap-on on/off screen covers, in long term use is it a hassle to use, get lost or end up not using?
4. Rubber silicone - does it get loose and does it pick up dirt and lint?
5. Do you miss the smart on/off feature?
I guess the bottom line is do you still use them or have you moved on to a thinner case?
"Post are better with pictures ".