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It's Time to Jam: My Top 5 Space Jam/Videogame Music Remixes - Destructoid
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It's Time to Jam: My Top 5 Space Jam/Videogame Music Remixes
on 02.28.2013
Foolish videogame writers the world over have been using the term the Citizen Kane of videogames for what feels like decades now. This is madness, because clearly our beloved medium should be moving towards what I believe to be the greatest film of all time: Space Jam. But since I am alone on this hilarious cartoon basketball-themed island of Space Jam appreciation, it appears I must be the educator for once. How will I convince you all that gaming needs to move closer and closer to a Bugs Bunny/Michael Jordan vehicle?
By listing the best Space Jam theme/videogame music mashups and rating the puns in their names and attached photoshops, of course! I mean, that is literally all I know how to do.
#5 Slam Trigger
Chrono Triggers delightful soundtrack is an indisputable classic. The games composer, Yasunori Mitsuda, took great advantage of the SNES sound card. After playing Chrono Trigger for the first time, I couldnt get the battle music out of my head. I doubt any of you could either. Of course, picking one favorite song from that soundtrack is literally impossible: Gatos Song, Frogs Theme, and the games main title theme are other great tunes. But since Battle 1 is the most remixable, well be looking at that first.
Its the opening bit that really earned this song a place on this list. The all-too-familiar bass line mixed with Space Jams opening beats works surprisingly well, even if the relatively low-key nature of Battle 1 and the rest of Space Jam occasionally clash. When I look for a great Space Jam mashup, cool drum & bass doesnt always lead to the best combination. Still, this is a quality song in any form, and a worth number five.
Photoshop Quality: 6/10
This image is a little disappointing, except for Chrono. The face matches up perfectly, and the basketball is a very nice touch. Not too bad overall.
Pun Quality: 7/10
Mixing the recurring words in Space Jam (Slam, Jam, Space, various basketball terms) with the name of the original song is key to putting together a great Space Jam mashup name. In fairness, its difficult to make a pun out of Chrono Trigger, so I can appreciate what they did here.
#4 Must Keep on Slammin Ahead
Not counting Green Hill Zone and maybe Sonic Boom, the City Escape theme is probably the most well known Sonic tune. Is this due to nostalgia goggles, or is this song just too catchy to resist? Since I never owned a Dreamcast or bothered purchasing the GameCube updates, and I love me some City Escape, Im willing to bet theres probably some merit here.
Guess what? A Space Jam/City Escape mashup turned out great. Even though this is the Classic Generations version of City Escape, blending Quad City DJs with any Sonic the Hedgehog tune works almost too well. The result is a song that is emblematic of what adults think the 90s were like. Objectively, theres not as much mashup skill on display here. Sure, the song is really good. But like I said, Space Jam and Sonic? Its just too perfect. Almost calculated, really. The person behind this must have some background in marketing, because a person with an intimate knowledge of demographic overlap is clearly behind this.
Or someone who just likes Sonic the Hedgehog.
Photoshop Quality: 7/10
A blue Barkley? Not too creative, but its a fun visual, especially on Classic Sonics body.
Pun Quality: 7.5/10
Using a lyric from the original song as opposed to the original song title is a brave move (even if it doesnt entirely work) but then again, it would be hard to make a pun out of City Escape. City E-slam-cape? Live and Jam?
#3 Battle for Everyones Slams
Whether youre among Personas many fans or detractors, you have to admit one thing: Persona has some damn fine music. And since we all know the Space Jam theme is better than all of Beethovens works combined, a combination of the two has got to be fantastic.
I put this song on this list over the other Persona 3 mashup (Mass Destdunktion) for two reasons. One, the original song is amazing. Two, Space Jam synchronizes with the beat of Battle for Everyones Souls very well, resulting in a generally excellent mashup that still works in the original context. Imagine a super long Persona boss battle with this music playing. Now you cant stop imagining it! Go play Persona 3 FES and put this on in the background!
Photoshop Quality: 8/10
Again, the correct use of the basketball is necessary. Giving Thanatos some basketballs to hold and putting Charles Barkleys cranium in his (its?) mouth is just brilliant.
Pun Quality 8/10
Like I said earlier, good Space Jam remix names involve words from the song or general B-Ball terms. But fantastic Space Jam remix names should also make sense as a real sentence you could say in conversations if you were a madman. This one does come kind of close, but not close enough. I do love the fact that Souls and Slams begin with the same letter, though.
#2 Slam in a Rail
I listen to the Bastion soundtrack daily. Theres no doubt in my mind that its one of the best videogame soundtracks of the generation, if not all time. Not even the indie scene has managed to produce a blend of genres that mesh as well as Darren Korbs magnum opus. Were you overcome with emotions during Setting Sail, Coming Home? No? Go and find a heart surgeon, buddy. It looks like yours is missing. Possibly stolen.
The upbeat tempo of Spike in a Rail seems almost tailor-made for Space Jam, as if Korb had the films soundtrack playing on repeat when he composed this piece. Yeah, I probably put this on the list because of my deep, almost romantic love for the Bastion soundtrack. But thats because its amazing, this mashup equally so. Maybe the volume levels should have been adjusted just a little more, but whatever.
Photoshop Quality 9/10
Face replacement cannot be escaped when you are looking at a Space Jam Remix Photoshop. This one is not only clean, but also kind of brilliant in its simplicity. Barkleys cranium hasnt just been slapped on The Kids head. Instead, their respective faces have overlapped in kind of an unsettling way. Was Barkleys face always there? The world may never know.
Pun Quality: 9/10
Thats some good word replacement there. But now I have this visual of a team of basketball players dribbling to push in rail spikes.
You know, that could be a good modern day John Henry movie.
#1 Reach Out to the Hoop
Persona 4s music really matched the games various emotions. Between sitcom-esque hijinks, attempted child murder, and lazy school days, every tone on display was represented well. But since I talked about the generals of Persona music earlier, I wont dwell on it too much here.
So lets just get started oh my god that opening. That is perfect. We should probably just stop making Space Jam remixes, because there will never be a more perfect mix of that famous opening verse and the original song de jours opening bars. Hell, everything about this mashup works, thanks to the creators excellent use of both vanilla Reach Out to the Truth and the instrumental version. Theres very little lyric overlap. Instead, the original chorus is used quite a lot. You dont hear much of the verses (thats where the overlap comes in), but that incredibly catchy song RPG lovers grew to adore is totally here. Except now its better, as is always the case when you add Space Jam to anything. My only criticism is that it cuts out before a real ending, but its a battle theme in game with a lot of grinding. Thats kind of understandable.
Photoshop Quality: 9.5/10
The only reason this shop didnt get a perfect score is Barkley/Souji Seta/Charlie Tunoku. Barkleys face is just slightly off, which is a disappointing oversight in an otherwise flawless piece. Adding the Spaulding logo to Soujis bowl cut and the modest use of basketballs? Sheer genius.
Pun Quality: 11/10
It rhymes. That do I need anything else? It. Rhymes.
And thats my list! Hope you enjoyed it! I spent frankly too much time putting this all together. Do you guys have any favorite Space Jam remixes, videogame related or otherwise? Then write your own list, because Im certainly not going to write it for you.
Oh wait, the comments. Yeah, that works too!
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Wow is all I could say for a few minutes. I've read the entire thread and there are points for both sides. What's really interesting to me is that I have fished Puget sound for salmon for more than fifty years. I'm a confessed salt water addict. I used to fish gear and still do once in a long while but I prefer fly fishing because it is relaxation for me. That being said, I bonk any legal salmon for two reasons. First, I don't catch all that many other than during the Pink run and secondly, I like to eat salmon. I like it BBQed, baked, fried, smoked, etc. You get the picture, I hope. The major question I have is, "How do you tell an unclipped three to four year old hatchery salmon from a three to four year old wild fish? It seems to me if a hatchery fish makes it back to spawn and that 1 in 1000 fingerlings survives to return to its stream to spawn, there would be no way to tell the origin short of scientific testing of genetics. I'm no scientist. So how would anyone expect a fly fisher to be able to tell beachside? The truth is, this isn't about the fish being kept. It's about the Native quotas we all have to live with thanks to the Boldt decision back in the 70's. Until that decision is set aside (which is doubtful but possible) then it is what it is. We all need to be a little more civil in our work and play; this site included. Tolerance is what seperates us from the wild animals and of course, the opposed thumb. By the way, in my 12 year beach fishery, I have co-habitated the beach with many a buzz bomb slinger and rarely have I ever seen a pink salmon or other snagged. I am very careful about watching and those who fish the beaches I fish know me and know I will call the authorities in a heartbeat. I have friends who pitch buzz bombs. They don't know how to fly fish but they abide by the rules just as I do and they bonk a fish when they get one too. We have learned to co-habitate. So if you are planning to jump on me for keeping a salmon, go ahead. Other than the bluegills, dorado, and tuna I have caught in recent years, I have kept no other fish in the past thirty years.
Thanks, Steve, for a thoughtful response. I like to eat salmon as well, but in response to your question above, I'd ask: What other questions in your life, when posed with an either/or choice, do you answer affirmatively in the direction of potential harm? In the current example, we have a choice: A) To kill a wild (read naturally spawned) fish that may be either 1) native, or 2) of hatchery origin with no practical way to differentiate the two, or B) Release it to (we'll assume) spawn and perpetuate what is, we agree, a questionable lineage. Choosing to kill the fish ends with a certain oucome either way: no further contribution of this fish to the gene pool. To release the fish has the potential either to allow a hatchery lineage or (and here's the rub, to me) a native lineage fish to spawn. Choosing to kill an unclipped fish guarantees that that fish will not contribute to the (admittedly already diluted) gene pool, native or not. But releasing it has at least the possibility of maintaining a native fish's genes for another generation. Because there is inherent doubt in this decision I will always err on the side of caution and release the fish. Put another way, ask yourself what you would do in the case of an unclipped steelhead in a river known to have both a native population and a hatchery stock. I doubt you would opt to bonk an unclipped fish, regardless of how good steelhead was as table fare.
You have posed a legitimate argument from your point of view. I have no issues with it whatsoever, however we are all entitled to an opinion in this country. That's what made it great and will continue to make it great. The point I'm making is that regardless of how any of us respond to the questions posed here, we need to be sensitive and civil to both sides. Name calling and pressuere to see one's side or the other don't fit. I understand that we have a moral dilema with this thread and it has been mostly thoughtful from all who have contributed. I choose to keep a salmon for food. Not subsistance but for a very occasional meal that I enjoy and I believe is ethical to enjoy. As for posing an answering questions of choice, I believe I have enough life experience to be able to make an ethical, moral decision each time such a question arises.

subset: commoncrawl


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Legacy Emanuel is on N Vancouver Ave. between Russell St. and the east end of the Fremont Bridge. The Lorenzen Center is south of N. Graham St. between the hospital and the Medical Office Building (MOB). There is parking in the lot on N. Graham St. / Gantenbein Ave just across from the MOB.
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Police say one of the suspects involved in the shooting was shot dead on the scene by responding officers. The other suspect is still on the loose.
A massive police presence was on the scene Tuesday afternoon, searching for the suspect.


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Year | 1908 |
Make | Simplex |
Model | 50 Speedcar |
Body | Roadster |
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HIGHLIGHTS- Chassis No. 211 - The oldest Simplex known to exist - 587 CI engine bored to 600 CI - 4 cylinder with T-Head valve configuration - Early engine plugs over intake - Correct Simplex carburetor - Centrifugal water pump - Rare Bosch B magneto - Four forward gears with reverse - Double side chain drive - 40 gallon fuel tank, 13 gallon oil tank - Solar head, side and tail lamps - Authentic instruments and original gauges - Special 5 inch radiator core - Outside exhaust system - New aluminum crankcase - New pistons, rings, bearings, crank - Rare 27 inch hat box compartment inside spare tires - Current restoration just completed DESCRIPTIONThis remarkable 1908 Simplex 50 Speedcar from the early Brass Era is the oldest one known to exist. Chassis number 211, its central feature is the enormous 610 CI 4-cylinder T-head engine, which is rebuilt with new aluminum pistons, rings and bearings, and a new aluminum crankcase custom-cast at great expense. The finished engine is correct in every way, including its Simplex carburetor, centrifugal water pump, rare Bosch magneto and outside exhaust system. A 4-speed transmission with reverse delivers the Simplex's ample torque to a double chain drive. A 40 gallon fuel tank and 13-gallon oil reservoir gave the Simplex long-distance capability and a special 5-inch radiator core insures more-than-adequate cooling. Fans of the Brass period will appreciate every detail in this charming and unique antique with its current restoration just completed. Information found on the website is presented as advance information for the auction lot. Photos, materials for videos, descriptions and other information are provided by the consignor/seller and is deemed reliable, but Mecum Auction does not verify, warrant or guarantee this information. The lot and information presented at auction on the auction block supersedes any previous descriptions or information. Mecum is not responsible for information that may be changed or updated prior to the auction. The decision to purchase should be based solely on the buyers personal inspection of the lot at the auction site prior to the auction.


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I am wondering if it is possible to create the curtain wall grid divisions via a 'sketch mode' or by referencing 2d geometry. The reason I ask is because in order to get my spacing I had to draw it out in autocad anyways. It seems like instead of laying down each line, one at a time, there should be a way to just refer to this geometry or create it in a simple sketch mode.
Can anyone suggest how I might do this?
I don't think it's possible to create curtain grids via sketch mode or by referencing 2d geometry. I tested in 2013 by creating a section of Curtain Wall and exporting to DWG. I then bought it into a new Revit project but could find a way to using it, other than as an underlay. I'm not sure if a third party add-in exists, but I can see the benefits.
Thanks for posting.
Alan thanks for the response. Nice to know you someone's listening
i think this would be an invaluable tool and would make it far quicker & easier to generate curtainwall grids, particularly ones with alot of discontinuity. MIne is extremely tedious to implement whereas I was able to lay something out in autocad very quickly...
Hopefully functionality such as this will be available in a future release. Thanks again...
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Rules Of Engagement clip - starring Patrick Warburton, Megyn Price, Oliver Hudson, Bianca Kajlich, David Spade, Adhir Kalyan.
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Jeff (Patrick Warburton) and Audrey (Megyn Price) await the arrival of their baby girl as Brenda (Sara Rue) goes into labor. Adam (Oliver Hudson) and Jennifer (Bianca Kajlich) have to reschedule their wedding to be there for the big moment. Despite their fighting, Russell (David Spade) goes to great lengths to help Timmy (Adhir Kalyan) extend his working visa. Also Available On Netflix, Amazon Instant Video and VUDU
When Jeff (Patrick Warburton) learns that pregnant Brenda (Sara Rue) can't laugh without peeing her pants, he pulls out all his best jokes. Annoyed with his pre-wedding restlessness, Jennifer (Bianca Kajlich) sends Adam (Oliver Hudson) with Audrey (Megyn Price) to relax at the spa. Timmy (Adhir Kalyan) and Russell (David Spade) pretend they are happy working without each other. Also Available On Netflix, Amazon Instant Video and VUDU
Adam gets dramatic about choosing between Jeff and Russell as his best man but they could not care less. Russell disrespects Timmy one too many times. Also Available On iTunes, Amazon Instant Video and VUDU
When Jennifer learns that the guys have nothing planned for Adam's last weekend as a bachelor, she plans a party weekend. Also Available On Amazon Instant Video and VUDU
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The last time Tom Hertz looked forward to the Super Bowl ending was 2007. His show Rules of Engagement premiered the next day to what remains its best numbers ever. Six years later, Hertz found himself in a similar position. Rules' seventh — and perhaps final — season premieres Monday (8:30/7:30c, CBS)."I am shocked we didn't get [the post-Super Bowl slot]," Hertz jokes to TVGuide.com. "But if this it, then I guess we've come full circle. It's been a long, windy road."
Winter TV: Get the scoop on your favorite returning shows
Or more like bumpy. The well-rated sitcom has lived a topsy-turvy existence, between its schedule-hopping, bubble status and lack of a permanent timeslot. Even its 13-episode Season 7, which will bring the show to 100 episodes, was hard ... read more
Every now and then, Rules of Engagement creator Tom Hertz visits the show's message board on CBS.com. Outside of the requisite "Who's hotter?" polls, there are always a dozen or so threads about the same topic.Spring TV: Returning shows — where we left off"'This is still on?' 'Was it canceled?' 'Is it coming back?' and so on and so forth," he tells TVGuide.com. "It's usually positive. I mean, if you take the ... read more
CBS is developing a pair of sitcoms for comedian Martin Lawrence, with an eye toward shooting one of them as a pilot.
Bernie Mac creator and The Daily Show contributor Larry Wilmore is behind one of the shows, while the other is from Rules of Engagement creator Tom Hertz and Adam Sandler's Happy Madison production company.
In the Wilmore script, Lawrence would play a... read more
It wouldn't be a Rules of Engagement season without more bumps in the road.Just when things were looking up for the sitcom — moving to Thursdays after being scheduled on Saturdays — it was dealt a blow this week: CBS will pull it off the schedule at midseason to make way for Rob Schneider's new comedy and has cut its episode order down to 15.CBS replaces Rules with ¡ROB!; sets return date for Undercover Boss
The news is just another chapter in the topsy-turvy life of the show, which has been shuffled around the schedule since its midseason premiere in 2007, and it comes as no surprise to star Patrick Warburton."If they're going to pull one show for midseason, they're ... read more
In TV, there are hits and misses — and then there's Rules of Engagement. The CBS comedy, which recently launched its sixth season, joins a long line of series (Becker, Just Shoot Me, According to Jim) that cheated death for years despite operating below ... read more
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The Nylons signed with Attic Records in 1981, just two years after forming in Toronto. Though the original members were Denis Simpson, Paul Cooper, Marc Connors and Claude Morrison, Simpson soon left. Ralph Cole replaced him for a year, but Arnold Robinson replaced Cole in 1980. The a cappella group's self-titled debut appeared in 1982, as did One Size Fits All. After 1984's Seamless, the Nylons hit the Top 30 with a remake of Steam's "Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye." The album it appeared on, Happy Together, also did well. Paul Cooper left the quartet after 1989's Rockapella and was replaced by Micah Barnes. Four on the Floor was released in 1991, but Mark Connors died the same year. New addition Billy Newton-Davis had been a successful solo artist (Love Is a Contact Sport, Spellbound) prior to joining the Nylons for 1992's Live to Love. Run For Cover was released in 1996 and Wish For You followed four years later. ~ John Bush
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Eric Alan Smedley
Position: DB
Height: 5-11 Weight: 199 lbs.
Born: July 23, 1973 in Charleston, WV
College: Indiana (school history)
Drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the 7th round (249th overall) of the 1996 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 3 (10215th overall since 1950)
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Do you remember the liberating feeling of running barefoot in your backyard as a kid? Children inherently understand the benefits of being barefoot whether it is better balance, enhanced sensory perception or just the liberating feeling of the ground beneath their feet. Unfortunately, outdoor debris and other hazards have forced parents to put traditional shoes on their children—casting their feet at an early age. By popular demand, Vibram has designed a line of FiveFingers footwear so our younger friends can experience the same benefits that our customers have been raving about for years.
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Diabetes HealthSense
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This online program provides free nutrition, health, and fitness tools, support, and resources to help you reach your goals and live a healthier life. Track your calories and exercise and connect with others like you.
This booklet helps people with diabetes make wise food choices to prevent health problems and keep blood glucose levels on target. En español
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)


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Starting this fall, students at New Jersey City University (NJCU) can begin working on master's degrees in computer science or information systems from NJIT, while completing their bachelor's degrees at NJCU. NJIT and NJCU signed an agreement to offer the new degree program yesterday at NJCU. "Inter-institutional cooperation between NJCU and NJIT will have a positive impact on students interested in computer science and information systems, who in five years can have both bachelor's and master's degrees in these fields," said NJIT President Robert Altenkirch. "The joint degree will be a great advantage to these students both intellectually as well as when they enter the job market."


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Ask The Readers {Low Sugar and Low Salt Suggestions}
I am often asked for ideas and recipes for either a low salt or a low/no sugar diet. These are both issues that my family has not had to deal with.
And because we have not dealt with them, I usually struggle to give a good answer to those asking for help and ideas.
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Vist our Online StoreI don't like odd numbers either---are we sick?
Source: Squeezebox Touch/CIA Power Supply
Preamp: Benchmark DAC/PRE
Power Amp: Parasound HCA-1500A
Speakers: Harbeth Compact 7ES-3 Monitor
Subwoofer: SVS PB12-NSD
Stop dissecting and start listening. - Steve in Arizona
The only thing i do that i think is weird is that there are some things i will only listen to when no one else is home.I think if my family heard some of the stuff they would think i'm nutz.
I need the lighting to be just right and the room needs to be in order, otherwise I just get up and start fixing things and don't even enjoy the music. Maybe not weird but that's all I got...
This thread along with some weird and some not so weird habits will die hard
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Does sucking your thumb with one hand and digging out the toe jam with your other hand sound like a weird listening habit ? If you think so, then let Brock know.
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10/30/2013 | And Again There Were Five: FCC Back to Full Complement
The FCC is back to its full complement of five members.
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05/02/2013 | President Obama Nominates Financier and Former Telecom Executive Tom Wheeler as FCC Chairman
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Found July 03, 2012 on
Fox Sports Ohio:
Zach McAllister,
Shelley Duncan,
Danny Haren,
Jose Lopez,
Michael Brantley,
Mike Trout,
Albert Pujols
TEAMS: Cleveland Indians, Los Angeles Angels
TEAMS: Cleveland Indians, Los Angeles Angels
CLEVELAND (AP) -- Rookie Zach McAllister lasted six innings, overcoming a throwing error and two home runs in the fifth, and Shelley Duncan homered to lead the Cleveland Indians to a 9-5 win over the Los Angeles Angels on Tuesday night.
McAllister (3-1) allowed three earned runs and eight hits, and he and the Indians recovered after blowing a four-run lead.
Duncan homered in the fourth off an ineffective Dan Haren (6-8). Jose Lopez had three hits and Michael Brantley two RBIs for Cleveland.
Rookie Mike Trout hit a three-run homer and Albert Pujols had a solo shot but also made a crucial error in the fifth for the Angels, who lost for just the fourth time in 13 games.
The Indians are 5-1 in games started by McAllister, who began the season in the minors.
Original Story:
Box Score: Indians 9, Angels 5
WFNY Wednesday Wahoos: Indians Minor League Weekly Review 7/4
Indians Michael Brantley One Of The Hottest Hitters In M.L.B.
Box Score: Indians 0, Angels 3
Indians disappointed Kipnis not an All-Star
Indians 9, Angels 5
Angels' lose lead on error, fall to Indians
Tribe looks to take series, may have Hafner back
Indians 12 Angels 3: Smokin' Hot On The 4th Of July
7/3 Game Recap: Angels 5 - Indians 9
Indians 12, Angels 3
Angels 3 Indians 0: Weaver Blanks Tribe
Series Preview: Rays at Indians 7/5-8
7/4 Game Recap: Angels 3 - Indians 12
Indians 9 Angels 5: Offense Explodes Through The Rain Drops
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MPN: VTP141 EAN: 5011773044394 The meat grinder has a powerful 500W motor and its heavy-duty tray, knob and blades are made from stainless steel. You can have complete control over any ingredients used. Make delicious homemade sausages, burgers, mince meat, fish cakes and more. The Meat-pusher safely feeds ingredients into the machine, making sure nothing is wasted.
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Red Tails
Red Tails | |
Theatrical release poster
Directed by | Anthony Hemingway Uncredited re-shoots: George Lucas[1] |
Produced by | Rick McCallum Chas. Floyd Johnson Uncredited George Lucas |
Screenplay by | John Ridley Aaron McGruder |
Story by | John Ridley Uncredited George Lucas |
Starring | Nate Parker David Oyelowo Ne-Yo Elijah Kelley Cuba Gooding, Jr. Terrence Howard |
Music by | Terence Blanchard |
Cinematography | John Aronson |
Editing by | Michael O'Halloran Ben Burtt |
Studio | Lucasfilm |
Distributed by | 20th Century Fox |
Release dates |
Running time | 121 minutes |
Country | United States |
Language | English |
Budget | $58 million[2][3][4][5] |
Box office | $49,876,377[6] |
Red Tails is a 2012 American war film produced by Lucasfilm and released by 20th Century Fox.[N 1] The film is a fictionalized portrayal of the Tuskegee Airmen, a group of African-American United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) servicemen during World War II.[N 2]
Filmed in 2009, Red Tails was directed by Anthony Hemingway from an original screenplay by John Ridley, with additional material shot the following year with executive producer George Lucas[N 3] as director and Aaron McGruder as writer of the reshoots.[1] Red Tails is the first Lucasfilm production since the 1994 film Radioland Murders that is not associated with the Indiana Jones or Star Wars franchises. The film stars Cuba Gooding, Jr. (who previously starred in The Tuskegee Airmen, an HBO made-for-television film about the same group of pilots) in his first theatrical film in five years,[10] and Terrence Howard (who had also portrayed a Tuskegee pilot in Hart's War).[11]Red Tails was also mixed in 3D sound by Barco.
In 1944, as the air war over Europe is entering a deadly phase with increasing losses of bombers, the 332d Fighter Group (the Tuskegee Airmen) consisting of young African-American USAAF fighter pilots, after enduring racism throughout their recruitment and training in the Tuskegee training program, are finally sent into combat in Italy. Although flying worn-out Curtiss P-40 Warhawk aircraft and chafing at their ground attack missions against trains and enemy ground transport, the Tuskegee Airmen recognize that they may never fight the Luftwaffe in fighter-to-fighter combat. The tight-knit group of Capt. Martin "Easy" Julian (Nate Parker), 1st Lt. Joe "Lightning" Little (David Oyelowo), 2nd Lt. Ray "Ray Gun" or "Junior" Gannon (Tristan Wilds), 2nd Lt. Andrew "Smokey" Salem (Ne-Yo), and 2nd Lt. Samuel "Joker" George (Elijah Kelley) under the guidance of Major Emanuel Stance (Cuba Gooding, Jr.) and Col. A.J. Bullard (Terrence Howard), face a white military bureaucracy still resistant to accepting black flyers as equals.[N 4]
Strife develops between roommates and best friends, Easy and Lightning, each of whom are battling their own inner demons; Lightning is a hotheaded and reckless pilot who takes too many risks, while Easy is an alcoholic prone to self-doubt. After returning to base from a mission, Lightning spies a pretty Italian girl named Sofia (Daniela Ruah), becomes instantly infatuated with her, and starts a relationship.
Meanwhile, Bullard is able to secure a chance to "light up the board" when the Tuskegee Airmen are chosen to support the Allied landings at Anzio, Italy known as Operation Shingle. There, they battle Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters led by a German ace pilot they nickname, "Pretty Boy" (Lars van Riesen), scoring their first aerial victories over the enemy, as well as destroying a German airfield. However, Ray Gun is injured during the battle and suffers impaired vision in one eye. Ray Gun begs Easy to keep him on the flight roster despite his impaired vision. Easy is reluctant, but ultimately relents and allows Ray Gun to keep flying.
Bullard is then approached by the USAAF Bomber Command, who are impressed with the Tuskegee Airmen's performance and ask him to use his fighters as Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bomber escorts due to unacceptably high casualties among bomber crews. Bullard accepts on the condition that his unit be supplied with the new North American P-51 Mustang[N 5]. The tails of the aircraft are painted bright red and become the unofficial name of the outfit. Bullard noted that the flaw of previous escort fighters is that they would recklessly pursue German fighters at the cost of protecting the bombers, so he orders his pilots to stay with the bombers at all costs. Their first escort mission is a success, with the 332nd downing multiple Luftwaffe aircraft without the loss of a single bomber. However, Ray Gun is shot down and captured while Deke crash lands and nearly dies.
As a result of his injuries, Deke is discharged, and Ray Gun is assumed to be dead. Easy realizes it was his fault Ray Gun was allowed to fly, blames himself and spirals deeper into alcoholism. Lightning, worried about his friend, makes a deal with Easy; he will follow orders and fly less recklessly as long as Easy remains sober. Meanwhile, attitudes against the Tuskegee Airmen begin to change as they earn the bomber crews' respect, even being allowed into the "whites only" officer's club. Ray Gun is sent to a POW camp, where he is recruited by a group of POWs who are planning to escape. The escape attempt is successful, but some of the POWs are spotted by a guard so Ray Gun draws the Germans' attention while the other POWs escape. One of the POWs manages to reach the 332nd's base and informs them about Ray Gun's sacrifice, assuming him to be dead. Later, Lightning finally proposes to Sofia and though she originally hesitates, she later accepts as long as he stays in Italy, which he agrees to do.
The Tuskegee Airmen are then tasked with escorting the first American bombers to attack Berlin. However, despite their P-51s having more than enough fuel for the trip, the 332nd is only asked to escort the bombers on the first leg of their journey due to propaganda reasons. But the fighter squadron meant to relieve the 332nd never arrives, and Easy makes the decision to stay with bombers all the way. They are then attacked by Pretty Boy, now leading a flight of the revolutionary new Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighters. Despite being outclassed by their superior speed and 30 mm cannon, the Tuskegee Airmen are able to shoot a multiple down. Pretty Boy manages to get on Easy's tail and is about to shoot him down, but at the last moment, Lightning attacks and kills Pretty Boy in a head-on attack. Although victorious, he is mortally wounded, and Lightning dies, and his plane crashes soon afterwards. Easy is then forced to inform Sofia about Lightning's death and consequently overcomes his alcoholism for good. At Lightning's funeral, Ray Gun returns, having survived his escape from German captivity, invoking Lightning's memory.
Ultimately, the Tuskegee Airmen are awarded the Presidential Unit Citation in honor of their achievements.
As appearing in Red Tails, (main roles and screen credits identified; first billed only):[14]
- Terrence Howard as Col. A.J. Bullard
- Cuba Gooding, Jr. as Major Emanuel Stance
- Nate Parker as Capt. Martin "Easy" Julian
- David Oyelowo as 1st Lt. Joe "Lightning" Little
- Tristan Wilds as 2nd Lt. Ray "Ray Gun" or "Junior" Gannon
- Ne-Yo as 2nd Lt. Andrew "Smokey" Salem
- Elijah Kelley as 2nd Lt. Samuel "Joker" George
- Marcus T. Paulk as 2nd Lt. David "The Deacon" Watkins
- Leslie Odom, Jr. as Walter "Winky" Hall
- Michael B. Jordan as Flight Officer Maurice "Bumps" Wilson
- Kevin Phillips as 2nd Lt. Leon "Neon" Edwards
- Andre Royo as 1st Sgt. "Coffee" Coleman
- Method Man as Cpl. "Sticks"
- Bryan Cranston as Col. William Mortamus
- Lee Tergesen as Col. Jack Tomilson
- Gerald McRaney as Lieutenant General Luntz
- Daniela Ruah as Sofia
- Paul Fox as Lt. Miller
- Matthew Marsh as Brigadier General Hauser
- Lars van Riesen as "Pretty Boy" (the German antagonist pilot)
- Ryan Early as Captain Bryce
- Henry Garrett as Hart
- Robert Kazinsky as Chester Barnes
- Rick Otto as Flynt
- Josh Dallas as Ryan Fling
- Jermaine Johnson as "Sneeky"
- Edwina Finley as "CeCe"
- Stacie Davis as Mae
- Aml Ameen as "Bag O'Bones"
- Rupert Penry-Jones as Campbell
"When I first started working with George he told me about the story and the initial plan was to make this epic three or four hour movie. We wanted to start in the United States and show the full racism these guys had to go through, then go to the heroic story that we're telling now and then come back and do the beginning of the Civil Rights movement. But it was just so unwieldy and also at that time, there was no way to have a roadshow three-hour movie in American cinemas. Every epic film had been a financial disaster, and we felt there just wasn't an audience we could get the film out to. Then we got heavily into Young Indiana Jones, which ran for three or four years, then the Star Wars Special Editions and the prequels, but throughout we did continue talking. However, once we finished Episode III we decided to go and meet people in the black community."[15]
George Lucas began developing Red Tails around 1988,[16] after hearing of the Tuskegee Airmen from his friend George Hall, a photographer.[17][18] At the time, the film was scheduled for release in 1992,[19] with Kevin Sullivan writing the screenplay and Thomas Carter directing.[20] Lucas originally conceived of the film as a long, detailed narrative similar to Lawrence of Arabia, and as a trilogy,[4] but after multiple script drafts, he decided to focus on the combat portion of the story.[21] He compared it to Tucker: The Man and His Dream as "a story too good to be true".[22] In researching the film, Lucasfilm invited some of the surviving Tuskegee Airmen to Skywalker Ranch, where they were interviewed about their experiences during World War II.[23][24] Lucasfilm was also given access to the original mission logbooks used by some of the pilots.[25] A number of writers worked on the project until John Ridley was hired in 2007 to write the screenplay.[16][26] Lucas held discussions with Samuel L. Jackson regarding Jackson possibly directing and acting in the film. Although Jackson praised the script, he did not commit to either role.[27] Anthony Hemingway, a former production assistant for Lucas' The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles TV series,[28] was ultimately chosen to direct in 2008.[29]
Pre-production began in January 2009, with location scouting having taken place in June 2008 in Prague, Czech Republic, Italy and Croatia.[3] Lucas invited storyboard artist David Russell (son of Tuskegee Airman James C. Russell) to design key aerial combat sequences.[30][31][32] Production began in March 2009 with high-definition Sony F35 cameras used for principal photography,[33] which took place in the Czech Republic, Italy, Croatia and England over a period from August to December.[3] While shooting in the Czech Republic, the actors also underwent a "boot camp" program, during which they lived in similar conditions to the actual Tuskegee Airmen.[25]
Harkening back to his early work on Star Wars where he had studied World War II aerial footage to create the space aerobatics performed by Rebel X-wings and TIE fighters, Lucas was familiar with World War II aerial combat.[34] The Lucas template for photographing computer-generated imagery (CGI) dogfighting "involved lots of action, continuous motion, moving camera, streaks, loops and rolls, and all of the things aerial photography allows you to do in live action."[35] Aerial scenes in Red Tails involved actors sitting in a gimbal-mounted cockpits (and mock-up fuselages and wings), in front of a green screen, rocked back and forth by production crew members.[9] In order to achieve a realistic reaction, actors were flown in actual P-51 Mustangs at the Planes of Fame in Chino, California, to experience the forces involved in dogfighting.[N 7][9]
Editing began while the production was in Prague. Avid editing systems were used simultaneously in a Prague studio and at Lucasfilm.[37] A vehicle was fitted with a "technical center" so that the production could quickly move between locations.[33]Red Tails was the first film to use Barco's Auro-3D 11.1 surround sound system.[38]
In March 2010, Lucas took over direction of reshoots, as Hemingway was busy working on episodes of the HBO series, Treme.[39] The Boondocks creator Aaron McGruder was brought in late in production, after Hemingway's principal photography, to provide re-writes for the Lucas-directed reshoots.[1]
In April 2009, Tuskegee Airman Lt. Col. Lee A. Archer Jr. was selected to be an advisor for Red Tails. He died in 2010 while the film was in post-production and the final credits bear a tribute to Archer.[40]
Lucas covered the cost of production with his own money, and provided a further $35 million for distribution.[4] In an interview on The Daily Show on January 9, 2012, Lucas stated that the long delay in the production of the film was because major film studios balked at financing and marketing a film with an "all-black" cast and "no major white roles." He went on to explain that studios receive "60% of their profit" from overseas, and the studios feel there is no market there for films with all-black casts.[4]Red Tails is also the last film Lucasfilm made independently before being bought by The Walt Disney Company on October 30, 2012.[41][42]
Red Tails received mixed reviews from film critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 40% based on 126 reviews, with the consensus on the site indicating: "Despite a worthy fact-based story and obvious good intentions, Red Tails suffers from one-dimensional characters, corny dialogue, and heaps of clichés."[43] On Metacritic, the film also holds a 46/100 rating, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[44]
The main criticism was directed to the tone of the film; Stephen Holden in The New York Times review, noted, "In structure and tone, Red Tails proudly harks back to the 1940s and '50s, when good guys were good, and bad guys bad."[45] In rebuttal, co-writer Aaron McGruder commented on the film's tone: "Some people are going to like this tonal choice and some people are going to say, 'Oh it should've been heavier and it should've been more dramatic.' But there's a version of this that doesn't have to be Saving Private Ryan. We can be Star Wars, as crazy as it is."[1] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four, stating, "Red Tails (is) entertaining. Audiences are likely to enjoy it. The scenes of aerial combat are skillfully done and exciting."[46] In a similar vein, aviation historian Budd Davison, in agreement with fellow historian Barrett Tillman, although cognizant of the "Hollywood treatment", had a caution to aviation enthusiasts looking for a faithful reenactment of the Tuskegee legend, "... buy some popcorn, lean back and enjoy, this is Hollywood telling a story, not making a documentary. Save your guffaws until afterward with your friends."[47]
Ina Diane Archer, daughter of Lee Archer (Tuskegee airman and advisor for Red Tails) in writing for Film Comment, criticizes the film's disconnect between aerial scenes and the rest of the film, saying, "One longs for more scenes between the ensemble on the ground, but the emphasis on aerial (and digital) technology leaves the characters without context. There's a particularly troubling absence of black women (but for a painting on Lightning's plane) who go unmentioned—no gal back home? no sisters, no Mamas?—nor do we ever see the African Americans who followed the squadron's adventures."[48]
In the face of media criticism of the portrayals of the Tuskegee Airmen in Red Tails, a number of activists took to social media to protest against what was thought to be a racially-tinged effort to denigrate the contribution of the wartime fighting unit. Beginning with statements to support the film made by surviving Tuskegee Airmen who had seen the film in previews, and spurred by the comments made by Lucas in a candid interview on The Daily Show where the producer openly discussed the difficulties of trying to get Red Tails made over the past 23 years, a Facebook campaign was started. In the Oakland, California premiere, two sold-out screenings were a testament to the success of the campaign. Effie Tesfahun, one of the organizers, explained, "When [Lucas] said Hollywood does not want to touch black films, it really hit me … I thought we should get together and all go and support [this film]. Regardless of what Hollywood thinks, we all want to see positive messages of black people in the movies ... We need to speak, and speak loud, and speak with our dollars, because that's where people pay attention, when you start talking with your money," Tesfahun said. "We are sending a message that this is what we want."[49] Lucas commented on the film's reception: "It had an affect [sic] on a lot of kids and adults. Now it's the one thing that everyone comes up to me and says 'thank you' for – I'm proud of that." "We didn't get to a point when [the film studios] said, 'Oh let's just do black movies.' But every time you poke 'em, it makes an effect."[50]
Adolph Reed, professor of political science at the University of Pennsylvania, said the film "trivializes segregation in the military by reducing it to a matter of bad or outmoded attitudes. The ironic effect is significant understatement of both the obstacles the Tuskegee airmen<sic> faced and their actual accomplishments by rendering them as backdrop for a blackface, slapped-together remake of Top Gun."[51]
Red Tails received a nomination at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards for "Choice Action Movie",[52][N 8] and was also nominated at the 2012 BET Awards for "Best Movie".[53]
Later, in February 2013, Red Tails won the NAACP Image Award in the categories of "Outstanding Motion Picture" and "Outstanding Independent Motion Picture" at the 44th NAACP Image Awards.[54]
Historical accuracy[edit]
Red Tails portrays largely fictional events based on the exploits of the Tuskegee airmen, although many viewers were left with the impression that the film was entirely historically accurate. Through a series of three webinars, entitled: "Tuskegee Airman Webinars – 'Was the Movie Accurate'?" sponsored by the Commemorative Air Force's Red Tail Squadron, surviving Tuskegee Airmen Colonel Charles McGee and Colonel Harold Brown provided perspectives related to the film's interpretation. Although discussions as to use of equipment and dates were mentioned, three claims made in the film were the most contentious: the number of losses suffered by bomber crews under escort, the encounters with Luftwaffe jet fighters and the overall record established by the Tuskegee Airmen.[55]
According to period records, it was long believed that the Tuskegee Airmen did not lose a single bomber due to enemy fire, a statement made by a bomber pilot in the film. However, this claim has been proven inaccurate and an Air Force report from 2006, showed that at least 25 bombers were lost to enemy fire.[56] As depicted in the climactic scene, the Luftwaffe Me 262 interception of a Tuskegee Airmen escort mission did not result in the first victory over the vaunted jet fighters, credited to another U.S. unit much earlier in the war.[N 9][58] The film also states in the epilogue that the Tuskegee Airmen established one of the best fighter records in the U.S. Air Force. The film notes that 96 Distinguished Flying Crosses were awarded to the unit and 66 Tuskegee Airmen were killed in action. Officially, the Tuskegee Airmen did not produce a single fighter pilot ace, although Lee Archer's record is still in dispute.[N 10][58]
At the end of webinars, host Brad Lang, the CAF Red Tail Squadron Leader, described the interaction as important to reconciling the historical record with the Red Tails film's essentially dramatic retelling of the Tuskegee Airmen saga. Both colonels also agreed that the discussions were important to resolving the controversy over the film.[55]
Home media[edit]
Red Tails was released on DVD and Blu-ray/DVD combo, as well as via digital download, on May 22, 2012. The Blu-ray/DVD combo includes Double Victory, a companion documentary to the film that debuted on January 13, 2012 on H2. It details the full real life story of the Tuskegee Airmen, and includes interviews with many of the surviving members.[60][61] The Blu-ray/DVD combo also includes several featurettes that focus on the film's cast and crew. The only bonus feature included on the regular DVD edition is a series of "highlights" from Double Victory.
In popular culture[edit]
The film had a presence at 2011's New York Comic Con; Lucasfilm sponsored a panel featuring many of the cast and crew, as well as a P-51 flight simulator.[62] The P-51 Mustang flown in Red Tails also became a free add-on for Microsoft Flight. As of 2012[update], and can be downloaded from Microsoft's Xbox LIVE Marketplace.
See also[edit]
- Fly, a 2009 play about the Tuskegee Airmen
- The Tuskegee Airmen, a 1995 HBO television movie on the Tuskegee Airmen
- Notes
- ^ Although the film is preluded with a note that it is based on actual events, the characters are fictional, although "à clef" portrayals of individuals involved in the Tuskegee Airmen saga.[7]
- ^ The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African-American military aviators in the United States armed forces. The film epilogue states that the Tuskegee Airmen hold one of the best fighter records in World War II, and that 66 Tuskegee pilots were killed in action.[8]
- ^ The role that George Lucas played as an executive producer was atypical as he crossed the lines of executive producer, producer, director and creator.[9]
- ^ An "aviator call sign" or "callsign" is a nickname given to a military pilot or other flight officer. With origins back to World War II, the call sign is a substitute for a name, and is used on name tags, aircraft and radio conversations, to simplify communications and possibly mask the origin of the person from the enemy. The call sign is given and was a source of contention with "Junior" Gannon who wants others to call him "Ray Gun".[12]
- ^ The Tuskegee Airmen initially were equipped with Curtiss P-40 Warhawks fighter-bomber aircraft, briefly with Bell P-39 Airacobras (March 1944), later with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts (June–July 1944), and finally the fighter group acquired the fighter aircraft with which they became most commonly associated, the North American P-51 Mustang (July 1944).[13]
- ^ The red markings that distinguished the Tuskegee Airmen included red bands on the noses of P-51s as well as a red rudder; their P-51B and D Mustangs flew with similar color schemes, with red propeller spinners, yellow wing bands and all-red tail surfaces.[13]
- ^ Surviving single-seat P-51 Mustangs often have been modified to incorporate a second seat behind the pilot.[36]
- ^ Red Tails star Ne-Yo was also nominated in the 2012 Choice Single by a Male Artist category for "Give Me Everything (Tonight)" by Pitbull, featuring Ne-Yo, Afrojack and Nayer.[52]
- ^ On August 28, 1944, a pair of USAAF 78th FG P-47 Thunderbolts flown by Maj. J. Myers and Lt Manfred O. Croy shot down the first Me 262 (from 1./KG 51, flown by Ofw H. Lauer) near Brussels.[57]
- ^ Lee Archer had four confirmed victories and although involved in shooting down a Bf 109, the victory was allegedly given to another Tuskegee Airman.[59]
- Citations
- ^ a b c d Larnick, Eric. "Aaron McGruder, 'Boondocks' Creator, on Writing 'Red Tails' and Working With George Lucas After Making Fun of Him." moviefone, January 20, 2012. Retrieved: January 23, 2012.
- ^ Demby, Gene. "George Lucas: Hollywood Didn't Want To Fund 'Red Tails' Because Of Its Black Cast." huffingtonpost.com, January 11, 2012.
- ^ a b c Fernandez, Jay A. "Director picked for Lucasfilm project." The Hollywood Reporter, September 30, 2008.
- ^ a b c d "George Lucas says Hollywood won't support black films." BBC News, January 12, 2012. Retrieved: January 13, 2012.
- ^ Fritz, Ben. "Movie Projector: Fourth "Underworld" to Soar Higher Than 'Red Tails'." The Los Angeles Times, January 20, 2012. Retrieved: January 25, 2012.
- ^ "Red Tails (2012)." Box Office Mojo/Internet Movie Database, June 10, 2012. Retrieved: June 11, 2012.
- ^ Cone, Brandon and Josh Phillips. "'Red Tails' looks good, fails elsewhere." Bixby Bulletin, January 24, 2012. Retrieved: January 25, 2012.
- ^ "Celebrating African Americans in Aviation." San Diego Air & Space Museum. Retrieved: January 24, 2012.
- ^ a b c "Red Tails: About the Production." Celebrity Wonder. Retrieved: January 24, 2012.
- ^ " 'The Tuskegee Airmen'." Teach with Movies. Retrieved: January 24, 2012.
- ^ Berardinelli, James. "Hart's War." Reel Views, 2002. Retrieved: January 24, 2012.
- ^ Powell, 2nd Lt. William. "What's your sign?" Museum of the United States Air Force, June 3, 2005. Retrieved: January 29, 2012.
- ^ a b Rice, Markus. "The Men and Their Airplanes: The Fighters." Tuskegee Airmen, 1 March 2000.
- ^ "Credits: Red Tails (2012)." IMDb. Retrieved: January 24, 2012.
- ^ Dennis, Matt. "THN's Exclusive Interview With Red Tails & Indiana Jones Producer Rick McCallum." thehollywoodnews.com, June 9, 2012. Retrieved: July 21, 2012.
- ^ a b Spelling, Ian. "Life with Indy." Starlog #191, June 1993.
- ^ Madsen, Dan. "New Movie Update: 'Red Tails'." The Lucasfilm Fan Club Magazine #12, Summer 1990.
- ^ Curtis, Bryan. "George Lucas Is Ready to Roll the Credits." Los Angeles Times, January 17, 2012.
- ^ Windham et al. 2010, p. 151.
- ^ Eller, Claudia. "A look inside Hollywood and the movies: The Road to 'Radioland' Mill Valley Murder-Mystery, or the Not-So-Young George Lucas Chronicles." Los Angeles Times, June 20, 1993.
- ^ Weintraub, Steve. "Producer Rick McCallum Talks Red Tails and Live-Action Star Wars TV Series; Describes Show as 'Empire Strikes Back' on Steroids." Collider.com, January 18, 2012.
- ^ Dutka, Elaine. "Lucas' Next Movie: Tuskegee Airmen." Los Angeles Times, August 11, 1990.
- ^ "Tuskegee Airmen to be subject of Lucas film." MSNBC.com, June 17, 2008.
- ^ Thompson, Jeff. "TNAA honors Carters during 125th anniversary celebration." The Tuskegee News, August 5, 2010.
- ^ a b Orange, B. Allen. "Exclusive: Michael B. Jordan Talks Red Tails." MovieWeb.com, September 15, 2010.
- ^ Fleming, Michael. "Lucas taps Ridley to write 'Tails'." Variety, August 27, 2007.
- ^ Vejvoda, Jim. "Jackson Eyeing Red Tails." IGN, August 18, 2008. Retrieved: August 25, 2008.
- ^ "Anthony Hemingway: Director." Red Tails Blu-ray bonus features, 2012.
- ^ McNary, Dave. "Hemingway to helm 'Red Tails'." Variety, September 30, 2008.
- ^ http://www.therosemag.com/?p=735 David Russell Draws History to Life, The Pasadena Rose Magazine
- ^ "Artist Helps Red Tails Soar", Philadelphia Tribune, 3 February 2012
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0485985/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ql_1
- ^ a b "FGV-Schmidle: Light & Camera Rental Munich – Red Tails." fgv-rental. Retrieved: January 24, 2012.
- ^ Kline 1999, p. 49.
- ^ Kline 1999, pp. 50–51.
- ^ O'Leary 1998, p. 57.
- ^ "George Lucas' new epic shoots on F35." sony.lv. Retrieved: January 24, 2012.
- ^ Goldberg, Matt. "Red Tails to Play in Auro-3D 11.1 Surround Sound in Select Locations." collider.com, January 12, 2012. Retrieved: April 16, 2012.
- ^ Sperling, Nicole. "After 5 years, George Lucas is directing again." Entertainment Weekly #1092, March 5, 2010.
- ^ "Lee A. Archer Jr." legacy.com, February 3, 2010. Retrieved: February 24, 2012.
- ^ "Disney purchases Lucasfilm, announces new Star Wars." 3 News,October 30, 2012. Retrieved: October 31, 2012.
- ^ Vejvoda, Jim. "The Walt Disney Company acquires Lucasfilm: Star Wars: Episode VII set for 2015." IGN Entertainment, Inc., October 30, 2012. Retrieved: October 31, 2012.
- ^ Red Tails at Rotten Tomatoes Flixster
- ^ Red Tails at Metacritic CBS
- ^ Holden, Stephen (January 19, 2012). "Pilots Who Fought to Soar Above Racism.". The New York Times.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (January 18, 2012). "Red Tails". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
- ^ Tillman 2012, p. 28.
- ^ Archer, Ina Diane. "Red Tails Review." Film Comment, March/April 2012. Retrieved: July 12, 2012.
- ^ Arnold. Eric K. "Oaklanders come out in droves for Red Tails opening." Oakland Local, January 24, 2012. Retrieved: January 26, 2012.
- ^ "'Red Tails' makes impact." nypost.com, July 16, 2012. Retrieved: July 21, 2012.
- ^ Reed, Adolph Jr. "Django Unchained, or, The Help: How "Cultural Politics" Is Worse Than No Politics at All, and Why." Nonsite, February 25, 2013. Retrieved: June 9, 2013.
- ^ a b "Teen Choice Award Nominees 2012." The Huffington Post, May 18, 2012. Retrieved: May 19, 2012.
- ^ "BET Awards 2011: Best Movie." BET.com Retrieved: July 8, 2012.
- ^ "44th NAACP Image Awards." National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Retrieved: February 4, 2013.
- ^ a b "Red Tail Squadron Webinar Program." Commemorative Air Force, 2011. Retrieved: February 24, 2011.
- ^ "Report: Tuskegee Airmen lost 25 bombers." The Associated Press, April 2, 2007. Retrieved: April 10, 2007.
- ^ Nijboer 2010, p. 52.
- ^ a b Haulman, Dr. Daniel L. "Nine Myths About the Tuskegee." tuskegee.edu, October 21, 2011. Retrieved: February 23, 2012.
- ^ Cooper et al. 1996, p. 66.
- ^ Shaffer, R.L. "Red Tails Lands on Blu-ray and DVD." IGN, March 29, 2012. Retrieved: March 30, 2012.
- ^ "The History Channel presents ... Double Victory." teamredtails.com, January 8, 2012. Retrieved: February 5, 2012.
- ^ "Red Tails Targets NYCC". starwars.com. October 12, 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
- Bibliography
- Cooper, Charlie, Ann Cooper and Roy La Grone. Tuskegee's Heroes. St. Paul: Minnesota: Motorbooks International Publishing Company, 1996. ISBN 0-7603-0282-0.
- Kline, Sally, ed. George Lucas: Interviews (Conversations with Filmmakers series). Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 1999. ISBN 978-1-57806-125-9.
- Nijboer, Donald. No 126 Wing RCAF (Aviation Elite Units). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84603-483-1.
- O'Leary, Michael. North American Aviation P-51 Mustang (Osprey Production Line to Frontline 1). Oxford, UK: Osprey, 1998. ISBN 978-1-85532-703-0.
- Tillman, Barrett. "Tales of the Red Tails; Inside the Tuskegee Legend: The men, the machines, the missions." Flight Journal, February 2012.
- Windham, Ryder, Daniel Wallace and Pablo Hidalgo. Star Wars: Year By Year – A Visual Chronicle. New York: DK Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4053-4167-7.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Red Tails |
- Red Tails at LucasFilm.com
- Red Tails at the Internet Movie Database
- Red Tails at allmovie
- Red Tails at Box Office Mojo
- Red Tails at Rotten Tomatoes
- Red Tails at Metacritic
- Official YouTube channel
- Official website (now defunct; obtained from Internet Archive)
- Team Red Tails at the Wayback Machine (archived July 1, 2012)(now defunct; obtained from Internet Archive)
- 2012 films
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Reviewing maternal mortality in rural Ethiopia: Using the verbal autopsy approach (PDF)
Warren,Charlotte; Mekbib,Tekle-Ab
Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health 3(3): 4-14
Publication date: 2009
Maternal mortality and morbidity in Ethiopia are among the highest in the world and stem from a range of socio-economic, political and demographic factors. Verbal autopsy is one approach used to review maternal deaths in settings where hospital-based audits and confidential enquires are not possible.
This study aimed at analyzing the cultural, social, economic, behavioral and biological factors that influence maternal mortality in Ethiopia.
In this study, verbal autopsies were employed as part of a larger community-based safe motherhood study which gathered qualitative data from communities distributed across Ethiopia's eleven regions in 2005. Following discussions with community members about recent maternal deaths, researchers contacted the families and requested an interview with them. In total seventeen verbal autopsies on maternal deaths were carried out. Verbal autopsy is a method used to record events leading up to the cause of death. It is widely used in countries where vital registration and death certification systems are weak and most women die at home without medical certification of the cause fo death.
Of the seventeen verbal autopsies, seven were recorded from Southern Nationalities Nations and Peoples Region (SNNPR); four were recorded from Tigray and three from both Oromiya and Amhara Regions. Ages of women who died ranged from 20 to 49. All women except one were married. Just over half of the women (nine) attended antenatal care in a health facility and perceived that because there were no problems during pregnancy, they could deliver at home. The remaining seven did not attend any health care during pregnancy. Most women (12) gave birth at home; three on the way to the facility, two in the facility (although one failed to deliver before she died). Sixteen out of the 17 women who died started labour at home, and the delivery was initially attended by female relatives or TBAs. Half of the women (9) were delivered by a relative, six by a TBA and two by a nurse midwife. Eight of the women who died were said to have been in poor health prior to delivery. Majority of women were multiparious: six women had six pregnancies, and four women had 3-5 pregnancies. Two were giving birth to their second child. Only two young women died as a result of their first pregnancy. Five of the women died almost immediately after giving birth.
Although these verbal autopsies failed to identify the specific medical causes of maternal deaths, they clearly show that women continue to have limited access to emergency obstetric care. Single solutions such as the promotion of ANC and use of TBAs have not resulted in reductions in maternal mortality. Although the Health Extension Program is underway more is required to save mother's lives such as ensuring skilled birth attendance and swift referral for EmOC services to achieve better results for mothers and newborns in the country.
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The most economical of 13 potential Cedaredge sewer plant locations has been sent down the drain by the town board.
Trustees meeting on March 21 eliminated three possible sites for the new sewer plant, including the one favored by engineers and which is the least expensive of the 13 options studied.
Eight other potential locations had already been scratched from the list of finalists. Only two now remain.
The project engineers' top pick, a now-rejected site along the 10th fairway of Cedaredge Golf Course, was the only one offering the substantial cost advantage of being town owned. All of the other 12 potential sites studied would have required acquiring land.
The 10th fairway site also had strong political opposition from residents who live in housing at the golf course.
Town board members didn't give any reasons for scratching the engineers' choice and choosing more expensive options for study. It was a decision that none of the town board members tried to justify; not on the basis of economy nor by any other standard.
There was no voice vote on the action. The voting was by show of hands that wasn't visible from parts of the meeting room. The trustee votes were not recorded. The engineers' top pick site on the 10th fairway did not get even one vote, until Mayor Pat Means raised her hand for it.
Cedaredge resident Bob Page gave the board some reasons why they should have picked the town-owned site.
Page, who owns apartments in Cedaredge for seniors on fixed Social Security incomes, reminded the board of the continual rate increases in recent years. "We have seniors and low income people in town and rates just keep going up, and up, and up."
The cost of a new sewer plant should be the main criteria in the board's decision, Page said, "I think you are making a mistake taking the number-one choice off the list."
The 10th fairway location would save on land cost and will be the least expensive to develop and operate, he pointed out. "You have got to think of the people who pay the bills. There are a lot of seniors in this community and a lot of people who aren't very wealthy."
There are two sites still under consideration: one is on the 11th green of the golf course and is the town board's own number-one pick. The 11th green site is about 500 feet further from golf course residences than the 10th fairway site is.
There is another finalist site located further south of the golf course, outside of town. It is about a half mile west of Old Goat Trail Road and is not favored because of high development and operation cost estimates.
Both sites are showing significantly higher costs than the rejected engineers' first choice does. But now the numbers are being changed almost daily as "additional study" is done to try to include new cost scenarios, such as $609,080 for tunnel boring between Old Goat Trail and Surface Creek.
With the town's most economical but most politically unpleasant option now off the table, trustees are free to try to put together a deal for the 11th green site which, for reasons unstated, has become the most desired one.
The DCI learned following the town board's meeting last week that a land swap deal is in the works. The town needs land for a new 11th hole to replace land taken by a sewer plant. Trustees want to get the land for a new 11th hole by swapping for access with a neighboring property owner – Alpine Bank.
Town officials think that by simply swapping land for a new 11th hole they will be able to lower cost figures on the 11th green location enough to quiet citizen objections for having rejected the more economical 10th fairway site.
But to get that free piece of land, the town would be giving up access to multi-million-dollar developable property on the golf course's east side, Trustee Ray Hanson explained to the DCI. Owners of large parcels in the area are Ensley Properties, Inc; JWL Associates LLC; and, the bank, according to county records.
Any land swap deal is only a possibility at the moment. But a deal like that might be what Mayor Pat Means meant when she told the public after the trustees' decision, "There's a lot more to it." And, Hanson added, "It's called 'horse trading'."
It is not clear how opening property east of the golf course to new development would benefit the town. Only two weeks ago the trustees were in agreement that the hundreds of undeveloped building lots now sitting empty in Cedaredge need to be built out before any annexations or other new development takes place.
The 11th green site was a late comer to the town's site evaluation process. It rocketed to the top of the list and became the town board's unanimous choice only a week after first being proposed at a work session on March 14.
The 11th green site appeared on the list following a months-long study process, paid for with help of a $20,000 state grant, that had turned up substantial technical drawbacks or political liabilities with the first 12 siting options that were proposed.
State grants for site studies are given out normally as a prerequisite for the town applying to get more grant funds to build. Acceptance of grant funds for a site study does not normally obligate a town to accept the study's recommendations.
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Dr. Ragni indicated no relevant conflicts of interest.
Cuker A, Arepally G, Crowther MA, et al. The HIT Expert Probability (HEP) Score: a novel pre-test probability model for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia based on broad expert opinion. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8:2642-2650.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a thrombotic disorder, occurring in 3 percent or more of individuals exposed to heparin, in which antibodies to platelet factor 4-glycosaminoglycan complexes form on platelet surfaces, leading to thrombi, which can be life-threatening. Diagnosis of this disorder can be difficult because the clinical picture may be confusing and assays are limited by poor specificity and lack of availability in real time.
To tackle this problem, a multi-institution team of investigators constructed a HIT-test clinical scoring model based on the expert opinions of 26 physicians who regularly diagnose and manage HIT. The experts, who are participants in the NHLBI-funded Transfusion Medicine Hemostasis (TMH) Clinical Trials Network, were asked to rate the diagnostic importance of each of eight HIT clinical findings selected from the literature, ranging from -3 (strongly against a diagnosis of HIT) to +3 (strongly for a diagnosis of HIT). The median ratings for these variables were used to derive the pre-test probability model, the HIT Expert Probability (HEP) score. The model was then validated in 50 consecutive patients referred for HIT testing at a single reference laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania, with tests including a polyspecific HIT antibody ELISA and an in-house serotonin release assay. Clinical information on the 50 patients was obtained at baseline testing and then by phone interview at 30 days post-testing. A panel of three experts determined whether HIT was likely or unlikely in the patients, and two hematology fellows rated each patient independently using the HEP score, the 4 Ts,1 (a diagnostic method using four criteria to determine a HIT probability score), and a third system, the Lillo-Le Louët model,2 (a diagnostic score using three criteria to determine a HIT probability score following cardiopulmonary bypass) to determine inter-observer agreement.
As compared with the standard 4 Ts pre-test system, the eight-criteria HEP score showed better inter-observer agreement, better correlation with HIT laboratory tests, and better agreement with a HIT diagnosis by the expert panel. Further, the HEP score showed better specificity and was better able to distinguish patients with a positive serotonin release assay than the 4 Ts system. The authors conclude, based on these findings, that the HEP score reduced the number of false positive diagnoses by 40 percent, thereby reducing the unnecessary use of direct thrombin inhibitors in parallel.
The new pre-test probability score for HIT appears to be innovative and impressive, considering the fact that it is based on the expert opinion of 26 busy hematologists who agreed to complete the questionnaire. The score is straightforward, as it is based on standard clinical and laboratory features of HIT, and will likely be test-driven by hematologists in the coming year. Before the scoring system can be implemented, however, a few critical issues need to be considered. For example, it will be important to determine how the HEP score model works when not all data are available, which was the case in 10 percent of the validation group. It will also be critical to validate the scoring system in surgical, medical, and critical-care HIT patients, who constituted fewer than half of the cases in the validation group. Finally, as the score was tested with patients from a single institution, it will be important to assess the HEP score at other institutions and with different serotonin release assays and cutoffs. Notwithstanding these caveats, as the HEP score is tested in the field, it should be noted that hematology fellows with no prior experience were able to apply the score and closely reproduce the findings of the expert panel.
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