text:
Maternity Tops
maternity shirts & blouses
basic maternity tees & tanks
maternity sweaters & wraps
maternity jackets & coats
Maternity Bottoms
maternity jeans
maternity pants
maternity skirts
bella bands
Maternity Dresses
maternity dresses
maternity career
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maternity bathing suits
maternity loungewear
hospital gowns
bella band
belly support
personal care
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more ...
Nursing Tops
stylish nursing tops
basic nursing tops
nursing sweaters & cardigans
Nursing Dresses
nursing dresses
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nursing bathing suits
Nursing Bras
Nursing Tank Tops
nursing covers
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breast pumps
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Postpartum Belly Wraps & Shapewear
Clothing Shapewear
Postpartum Accessories
Bath & Diapers
cloth diapers
cloth diaper accessories
baby bath products
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Baby Clothing
baby girl clothing
baby boy clothing
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baby hats & hair accessories
soft structured baby carriers
baby slings & wraps
baby carrier covers
baby blankets & wraps
baby bedding
diaper bags
stroller & carrier covers
organic baby clothing
organic baby bath products
organic baby bedding
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Gifts & Toys
Original Bellaband
Product Reviews
Ingrid & Isabel
Average Rating:
(300 ratings)
Customer Reviews of Original Bellaband
Review of
Original Bellaband in Black
by P. L. in Baton Rouge, LA.
Reviewer Status: 3 Months Pregnant
The BellaBand does exactly what's advertised--I just started using it not long ago to cover up my unzipped pants. It holds them up and smoothes out my pants under my shirts. However, I have had some issues with it riding up above my pants as I sit and stand throughout the day. It requires some adjustment regularly. I also noticed that mine's a little bit snug--I feel like there's a little pressure on my belly that I'm not comfortable with. It just makes me feel like I have tight pants on. I think I could've maybe gone up a size, but then I'm not sure if it would hold things up as well. I'm a big girl to begin with, so that could be just a problem for me. I bought one for my sister-in-law though, and think it's a very useful product--especially early on when you don't want to buy just a size up and maternity clothes are way too big.
Review of
Original Bellaband in Black
by N. L. in Littleton, CO.
Reviewer Status: 3 months pregnant
I've only used it to help hold up my pre-pregnancy pants so far, but it is amazing! I haven't yet told anyone at work that I am pregnant, so I didn't want to get maternity clothes yet and this band has been my lifesaver--it allows me to keep wearing my same pants, but just opened up a little more at the top for comfort (mostly due to bloating, yay hormones!). The only problem I had with it is that the quality that makes it so good at keeping pants up, also can be a little too much pressure if you have a lot of gas or if your stomach is sensitive to pressure due to morning sickness. However, I really like the BellaBand because it keeps my pants up but is hardly visible while under my clothes. I would recommend this to others.
Review of
Original Bellaband in White
by K. F. in Upper Saint Clair, PA.
Reviewer Status: 16 weeks pregnant
I tried the BellaBand on at 15 weeks pregnant. It was great at first. My pre-pregnancy pants were unable to be buttoned or zipped. I thought this was the perfect product to extend my wardrobe. I slipped the BellaBand on over my unbuttoned jeans and thought it would be great. As I walked around, the band would gradually slide up my hips and waist, then up my torso. I was constantly tugging it back into place. Unfortunately, I had to return the product. I do have to say, that the product seems to be made of high quality. I have seen imitations of the BellaBand, and although it did not stay in place for me, it did seem to have potential over other similar items. If only it didn't constantly ride up!
Review of
Original Bellaband in Black
by M. C. in Columbus, OH.
Reviewer Status: 4 months
I am very petite (103 lbs, 5'2") and haven't really gained too much weight (only 2 lbs)because I have had really bad morning sickenss the first 3 1/2 months. I decided to get the bella band because even though I hadn't gain that much weight, my hips have expanded so my pants are tighter. I have been usuing the bella band so I don't have to buy new pants. Being so petite, the bella band fits, but not snug at all - it still works though. I know I will really love it when my belly starts growing bigger. I'm still very happy I bought it and know it's a good investment for women who don't want to buy tons of maternity clothes. M. Camp
Review of
Original Bellaband in Black
by J. W. in GRANDVIEW, MO.
Reviewer Status: mother of a 10 month-old
I bought my first BellaBand when I was 4 months pregnant. Nothing fit quite right. My regular clothes felt too snug and maternity clothes were still too big. I'm also 6' tall so everything felt a little short! I wore my BellaBand every single day at first to bridge the gap but then it just made me feel more secure. I even wore it under dresses! After my son was born, I felt SO loose-y goose-y. I wore a BellaBand for at least another month so I wouldn't feel so jiggley. A friend just told me she was pregnant and the first gift I gave her was a BellaBand!
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Bella Band
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Return within 30 days for full refund if you are not satisfied.
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Postpartum Belly Wraps and Shapewear
Review of
BellaBand in Mediterranean
by b. r. in madison, NC.
Reviewer Status: 6 months pregnant
I was very happy with this product. I do not particularly like the color, but the fact that it was half the price of the regular ones made me purchase it due to low income. I cannot find maternity clothes to save my life that I can afford in the plus size range, so this band helps me wear all my regular clothes without having to constantly find maternity to fit me. I would buy from this site in the future for sure! As soon as I get the money, I will definately be purchasing another bella band. Hopefully in black this time!
Review of
Original Bellaband in Black
by K. K. in Victorville, CA.
Reviewer Status: 14 wks pregnant
I have a smaller waist then hips and a bubble butt. I am a 14W in pants at Fashion Bug or LB. I thought this would be a good idea to keep me in my pants longer and in fact I do not really like at all. Whenever I sit or bend the band rides up and I constantly have to pull it down. I have an active work place which require these motions. I really found it ANNOYING. It was much more relief for me to purchase larger pants with partial stretch in the waist at fashion bug.
Review of
Original Bellaband in Black
by K. F. in Round Lake, IL.
Reviewer Status: 14 weeks pregnant with #2
While this is very helpful in keeping my materity pants up (since I am in between), and I found it VERY helpful in my last pregnancy when I discovered the band in my 8th month when my pants kept falling down (being pushed by the belly!), I don't find them as useful for wearing my pre-maternity pants. I still find that they fall down (and risk embarrasing exposure when the zipper and button is undone!). Overall, a great product (but a little pricey if you ask me!)
Review of
Original Bellaband in White
by P. D. in Euclid, OH.
Reviewer Status: Nursing a newborn
The Bella Band is THE MOST important item a pregnant woman can have. It completely eliminates the need to constantly adjust your pants, which is a little thing that made me miserable even early in my pregnancy. My baby is 3 weeks old and I am abount to purchase the next smaller size to smooth out the little bulge I still have. The Bella Band brand is more expensive but also definately better quality that the one I purchased at the maternity store in the mall.
Review of
Original Bellaband in Black
by J. S. in PARADISE, CA.
Reviewer Status: 5 (almost 6) months pregnant.
I love the bella band! I'm a plus sized woman and so am not showing very much at this stage in my pregnancy. However, I'm beginning to grow out of my regular jeans. The bella band has been a perfect solution for this problem! I can still wear my regular jeans without feeling as though I'm trying to stuff myself into a sausage casing. Also, it's saving me a ton of money because I don't have to buy expensive maternity jeans! Thanks so much!!! -Jena S.
Review of
Original Bellaband in Black
by L. J. in St. Louis, MO.
Reviewer Status: 5 months pregnant
Great for being able to continue to wear pre-pregnancy pants. However, the band size is uncomfortably tight. I was not in between sizes at all---I was clearly a size 1 in Bella Band and have not put on too much weight so far, and the band was uncomfortable after a full day of wear. It may not be that way for everyone. I will still wear it, but just in shorter increments of time.
Review of
Original Bellaband in Black
by S. C. in LOS ANGELES, CA.
Reviewer Status: 2nd trimester
A wonderful product that can help extend the life of your pre-pregnancy wardrobe (or postpone the purchase of maternity clothes). So far, it has worked really well for me, as pants still fit me in the seat and thighs---I just can't button them closed. The Bella Band allows me to wear pants unbuttoned and still looks stylish. I'm planning on obtaining more colors...
Review of
Original Bellaband in White
by K. Q. in METAIRIE, LA.
Reviewer Status: 23 weeks pregnant
I'm not quite big enough (23 weeks) for the band yet. I feel like it could be tighter, and it doesn't stay in place well on me; I'm always tugging on it and fixing it, especially after sitting or bending over. This may resolve when my belly gets bigger though. Prepreg size 18, ordered a bella band size 3, and I find it a little big at the moment.
Review of
Original Bellaband in Black
by J. S. in Hamilton Twp, NJ.
Reviewer Status: Baby is 6 weeks
I got the Bella band after I had my baby. My maternity stuff was falling off, but my regular clothes were still too tight. It helped me wear pre-prego clothes sooner and more comfortably. I couldn't take anything tight on my belly after a c-section and the Bella band really helped. It also made me feel better about my post prego body.
Review of
Original Bellaband in Black
by T. C. in Cliffside Pk, NJ.
Reviewer Status: 3months
This is a fantastic product. Im not really showing, but I need about a 1/4 inch more room in my jeans to say Im "comfortable" I leave my pants unbuttoned and sometimes even with the zipper down and I am pleased to say I dont feel like my pants are going to wind up around my ankles! EXCELLENT PRODUCT and a MUST for all pregnant women!
Review of
Original Bellaband in Black
by L. S. in San Gabriel, CA.
Reviewer Status: 17 weeks pregnant
At 17 wks and bursting out of my pants/skirts, I was hoping the bella band would help keep my pants/skirts up. However, it's still rather loose on me and while it will lay my unbuttoned pants/skirts flat, it won't really hold them up. Wished it came in different sizes since I really need this before I hit maternity wear...
Review of
Original Bellaband in Black
by N. C. in ALEXANDRIA, VA.
Reviewer Status: 5 months pregnant
Got this as I now cannot fasten the button on my normal jeans and I have also used it when wearing my maternity jeans to hold them up. I was deliberating between size 1 or 2 (i am normally a size 6 jean) but went for the size 2, i'm glad i did as it does fit snugly. Nice soft material and the product does as it says.
Review of
Original Bellaband in Black
by S. S. in WHEATON, IL.
Reviewer Status: nursing a newborn
I had this item during my pregnancy and found it especially helpful towards the end when all my shirts got short so I used this to keep from flashing people. It's also very helpful postpartum as my stomach adjusts back to its normal size (keep things in place). I have washed it many times and it still holds up.
Review of
Original Bellaband in Black
by S. N. in Decatur, IL.
Reviewer Status: 5 months
This product allows me to wear my "normal clothes" instead of maternity clothes. I'm at that stage where I can no longer button or zip my pants but I feel it is still too soon for frumpy, expensive maternity clothes. The Bella Band does hold your pants in place even when they are not zipped or buttoned.
Review of
Original Bellaband in Black
by N. S. in ELMIRA, MI.
I heard of this product through a friend and thought I would buy one for my daughter-in-law who had a difficult time finding maternity clothes. She was amazed at how well your product worked. In the long run it will save her money since she will not have to purchase maternity pants. Excellent idea!!
Review of
Original Bellaband in Black
by A. N. in Lancaster, TX.
Reviewer Status: 4 months pregnant
I love the way the bella band keeps my unbuttoned pants in place. My only (minor) complaint is that the brown color is labeled as if it is a dark brown (which would coordinate well with a lot of my clothes), but the actual color is a lighter brown that doesn't look quite as natural.
Review of
Original Bellaband in White
by M. C. in MANCHESTER, NH.
Reviewer Status: nursing a newborn
works great to hold up my maternity pants now that I'm no longer pregnant. I have hips and so whenever I sit down the band rolls up and its a bit bothersome, but I'd rather be pulling the band back down when i stand up as opposed to showing my belly to my co-workers :)
Review of
Original Bellaband in White
by H. S. in Chicago, IL.
Reviewer Status: 6 1/2 months pregnant
FANTASTIC product! A friend recommended the bella band to me as I was struggling for months with finding good fitting maternity pants. No more - this product allows me to wear almost ALL of my pre-pregnancy pants, easily and comfortably. My advice - buy every color.
Review of
Original Bellaband in Black
by D. F. in tulsa, OK.
Reviewer Status: 4+ months
Worth every penny. It works! It allowed for me to stay in my regular clothes longer. I hated the idea of buying early pregnancy clothing because my regular clothes became too tight and the maternity clothes were way too big. It is great for those in-between months.
Review of
Original Bellaband in Black
by K. G. in SEATTLE, WA.
Reviewer Status: 5 months pregnant
This worked great to hold up my jeans that weren't fitting. I love the layering look as well. It can get a little uncomfortable by the end of day - i'm anxious to free my belly. But, this does exactly what it's supposed to. Soft cotton as well so doesn't irritate.
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Nashville's Top Landmarks
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Inside Collection: Advanced Algebra II: Activities and Homework
Summary: This module provides sample problems related to developing concepts related to the square root of -1.
We have already seen how to take a number such as
How do we do that? Well, we want to find some number
You are going to solve that equation now. When you find
Stop now and make sure you understand how I have set up this problem, before you go on to solve it.
What is
Now, rearrange your answer so that you have collected all the real terms together and all the imaginary terms together.
Now, we are trying to solve the equation
Write down both equations.
Solve the two equations for
So… now that you know
Did all that work? Well, let's find out. Take your answers in #5 and test them: that is, square it, and see if you get
OK, we're done! Did you get it all? Let's find out. Using a very similar technique to the one that we used here, find


text:
Create your own sequential routines or choose from hundreds of standard inspections. Verispect Composer includes online WYSIWYG editor to enter questions, add graphics and test inspections with smart-phone simulator. LEARN MORE>
Assign inspection responsibilities by location, employee, shift, asset, interval and incidence, among other parameters. Verispect Manager generates detailed daily inspection reports to ensure continuous safety, quality and compliance. LEARN MORE>
Browser-based, touch screen application guides users through each inspection process with simple illustrations and prompts. Verispect Inspector automatically issues real-time, response-based alerts for management, maintenance and others. LEARN MORE>
Quickly generate reports to satisfy virtually any complex compliance audit. Verispect Auditor automatically records, organizes and secures inspection data by agency, regulation, quality standard and other custom parameters. LEARN MORE>


text:
Hello everyone and welcome to TiPb's weekly celebrity iPhone and iPad sightings roundup! Time to take a little break from your daily routine and relax with some gossip from the world of the rich and famous. What do all of these celebrities have in common? They all were spotted with an iPhone or iPad, of course. Check out a ton of pictures after the break, and if you spot a celebrity rocking an iPhone or iPad, drop us a note at firstname.lastname@example.com so we can include them in the next roundup, next week!
Please note: Some pictures may from time-to-time be NSFW (Not Safe For Work) so use discretion when viewing.
Seal takes an iPhone break from the slopes with wife Heidi Klum.
Paris Hilton goes brunette instead of her usual blonde. Her iPhone has a black and yellow case.
Minka Kelly arrives at LAX with her iPad in a white case.
Actress Maggie Gyllenhaal runs errands in Brooklyn.
Kate Hudson clutches her iPhone close.
Hugh Jackman has a muffin in one hand and his iPad (in a bright green case) in the other.
Drew Barrymore chats on her iPhone while strolling with boyfriend Will Kopelman.
Courteney Cox finishes some last minute Christmas shopping in Malibu.
Brenda Song has a terribly happy poncho on, and a "best friends" case on her iPhone. I wonder who has the matching one?
Ashley Tisdale has a fun case on her iPhone.
Amanda Seyfried has her hands full while out walking her dog.
I feel so much better about myself and owning an iPhone and iPad because I see celebs using them. What brand of toilet paper do they use and do you have photos?
Amen. Celebrity-sighting posts should be reserved for Perez Hilton-esque sites. My self-image is not determined by my iPhone ownership nor whether or not a celebrity is using the same phone/toilet paper/lawn mower/laundry detergent I'm using. Who cares? Be green... conserve blog space.
I actually like the celebrity pics of the mobile device they use... It's really out of curiosity!! Keep'em coming Michelle!!
I would have thought they would have some cool cases for their iPads and iPhones. Hugh had the best with his neon green bumper or whatever it is called. They should have stylish portenzo cases and skins. portenzo.com
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Recently, I didn't give a lot of consideration to leaving suggestions on weblog web page posts and have placed remarks even significantly less. blackberry playbook 16gb


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Campus Safety Campus Safety Safety Alerts Safety Tips Safe Stop Personal Protection Tools 360° Stay Safe
Check out winter weather survival tips at http://www.ready.gov/winter-weather
In the event of any emergency, it is important to call immediately. A call to any of these numbers will activate response from the appropriate emergency response operation(s).
For more information on how to protect yourself in the event of a tornado, look at the Severe Weather Awareness Information from Wisconsin Division of Emergency Management.
Lisa Josvai Director of Campus Safety Student Development Center Room 5 email@example.com


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Things BlackBerry MUST Do! Video
Things BlackBerry MUST Do! Video Transcript
Nowhere do legendary brands arise...and depart...like in the tech world. �Go big or go home�? That was invented here. And go home means go home and turn the lights off. So how does Research in Motion avoid sitting in the dark? I�m Brian Cooley with the Top 5 things Blackberry must do in 2012 to stay relevant. #5 Ignite developer support. You gotta get devs excited. Welcome whatever app they write, even if its stupid. Assign an army to support them. Give them great tools. Feed them. Whatever it takes, but users increasingly see a phone as the apps it runs and a lot of them don�t even know BlackBerry�s have apps. #4 Get BB 10 out the door. The next BB OS will be based on QNX which is a serious OS - we�ve seen it on the PlayBook and it smokes. But BB 10 was recently bumped to second half of 2012. That means iPhone 5 and 378 new Android phones will have come out by then, sporting relentlessly updated software. BB may be forgotten by then. #3 Whittle down the product line. We basically need a Curve for the cheapskates...A Bold for Bob Business...and something cool for the rest of us which you don�t make yet. And anything with a 4 digit number as part of its model name is a red flag that the engineers are still making the product people their bitch. #2 Get your message clear. With iOS and Android the established momentum leaders, you have to drop back and narrow your focus to cut through their noise. Email, security and keyboard used to be it. But horizons have broadened and all that�s now just a feature set, not a company. IT departments are increasingly letting us use our iPhone or Android to connect to company resources so the vaunted BB back end needs to take its place alongside a broader set of goodies.. Before we get to #1, someone needs to get to Thorsten Heins and give him meth. The new CEO of RIM too calmly explains that RIM just needs a nip & tuck here & there. That�s like saying Keith Richards looks pretty good, just needs a little powder. We need some frenetic urgency up in Waterloo. #1 Sell lust. RIM should have made Hannibal Lecter CEO. He had it right when he said �We cover what we see, Clarice.� Much consumer lust for smartphones still starts with the actual phone, even before the OS, apps and carrier support come to mind. There has to be something shiny & cool the rest of the industry hasn�t thought of. No, you can�t hire Jonathan Ive away from Apple...but maybe you can kidnap him? For a full list of 10 things RIM needs to do in 2012, check our Maggie�s piece at CNET News http://news.cnet.com/8301-30686_3-57364084-266/ten-things-rims-new- ceo-must-do-right-away/?tag=mncol;topStories I�m B.C., thanks for watching. BlackBerry is lying in ruin -- but believe it or not, it had some good ideas in its time. Here's what BlackBerry did right. CNET's Brian Bennett checks out RIM's device for streaming music to audio devices over Bluetooth. The BlackBerry Music Gateway is on display at BlackBerry World 2012. BlackBerry business users looking for a lucky break with contact management might find it with Xobni. BlackBerry's last stand: Z10 unveiled CNET's Bridget Carey breaks down the features and availability of BlackBerry's new Z10 and Q10 smartphones. Despite a few quirks, the RIM BlackBerry Style's practical design and advanced feature set make it a great smartphone for BlackBerry newbies and veterans alike. Hands-on with the BlackBerry Z30 BlackBerry's big-screened Z30 makes a huge impact in person. Polished BlackBerry 10 OS will lure fans back It's missing some things, but long-time BlackBerry fans will find the modern OS they've hungered for. Loaded: A MySpace fashion statement The BlackBerry Storm is official, Pandora lands on the Chumby, and a few ways to make a T-shirt out of your MySpace profile. Enable MMS on a BlackBerry Curve So, you've got a BlackBerry Curve that should receive MMS but doesn't. Here's how to turn it on. Sony PlayStation breach gets arrogant The "new" BlackBerry 9900 gives RIM a black eye, Sony PlayStation breach was big - until it got huge, and the key point Bin Laden missed about that whole internet thing.Related Videos


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BeerAdvocate on your phone?! True story. Try the beta now.
Tickets for American Craft Beer Fest are on sale now! (May 30 & 31 in Boston, MA)
Samuel Adams Irish Red - Boston Beer Company (Samuel Adams)
Displayed for educational use only; do not reuse. |
Ratings: 2,069 | Reviews: 958 | Show All Ratings:
Reviews by TaylorK:
More User Reviews:
2.81/5 rDev -19.3%
look: 3.5 | smell: 2.5 | taste: 2.75 | feel: 3 | overall: 3
Had this poured out of the bottle into a pint glass. This is the eleventh beer I've tried from Sam. This is a pretty mild red from those that've tried. Not as smoky As I'm accustomed to, a little flat. Lacking the lingering flavor that you get out of many like beers. It did however have a great appearance, beautiful ruby red. Too bad the flavor didn't measure up.
Serving type: bottle
03-04-2014 02:33:10 | More by MarkQ617
3.45/5 rDev -0.9%
look: 3.5 | smell: 3.25 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 3.5
Acquired as part of a "Spring Brews" assortment.
A - Very rich copper color with a thick head that gives in to good lacing.
S - Fruity hops with some malt.
T - Malty start with a good hop finish.
M - Tangy with good carbonation level.
O - A nice "red" beer. I drank it at "garage" temperature (58F) and it was just about right. Too cold and I think you'd miss the taste.
Serving type: bottle
03-01-2014 21:48:00 | More by Retroman40
New York
3.54/5 rDev +1.7%
look: 3.75 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 3.75 | overall: 3.5
12 ounce bottle, best before dating notched onto the side of the label (May 2014)
Pours ruby hued amber, supports a typical tan head, that lasts nicely, and leaves low ringed sheeting.
Sweet malts on the nose and then on the palate....some roasted notes and plenty of sweet caramel. British/mellow hops dry out the finish and provide the balance. Ehh, nothing special, but not terrible. Drinkable and serviceable every day/middle of the road kinda ale
Serving type: bottle
02-25-2014 01:47:42 | More by Billolick
Samuel Adams Irish Red from Boston Beer Company (Samuel Adams)
out of 100
based on 2,069 ratings.


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Applications & Forms
The Building Inspection Department's Mission Statement reflects its protection of life, health and property as a solemn responsibility of the highest order. Recognizing the public's trust bestowed upon individuals engaged in the administration and enforcement of building regulatory codes, the Building Department advocates its commitments to a standard of professional behavior that exemplifies the highest ideals and principles of ethical conduct.
The Building Department is responsible for the issuing of building permits both residential and commercial, new construction and renovations. We are located on the 3rd floor of City Hall in the One Stop Shop. Permits can be issued Monday - Friday between the hours of 8:30 am and 4:30 pm. The following are the mandatory codes and the dates of their adoption and implementation:
2012 International Building Code, July 1, 2013 2012 International Fire Code, July 1, 2013 2012 International Plumbing Code, July 1, 2013 2012 International Mechanical Code, July 1, 2013 2012 International Fuel Gas Code, July 1, 2013 2011 National Electric Code July 1, 2013 2012 International Residential Code, July 1, 2013 All commercial construction plans submitted after July 1, 2013 must meet the 2012 International Building Codes and all other applicable codes The 2009 International Energy Code will remain in effect.
The Building Inspection Department is now offering online services to assist in the permitting and inspection request process. This service is powered by BuildERadius and can be seen at www.buildingdepartment.com.
Inspections can be requested by calling (843) 740-2569: Monday - Friday 3:30 pm - 4:30 pm for next day inspections Monday- Friday 8:00 am- 9:00 am for same day inspections
All Inspectors will be at the telephone numbers listed below during Above mentioned times to handle your requests.
Terrilyn Simmons
Permit Technician
(843) 740-2564
Gail Scott
(843) 740-2562
Darbis Briggman
Chief Building Official
(843) 740-2560
Michael Burgess
Building Inspector
(843) 740-5810
Charlie Coker
Mechanical and Gas Inspector
(843) 740-2567
Michelle Hawkins
Deputy Building Inspector
(843) 740-2557
David Dickson
Plumbing Inspector
(843) 740-2568
John Miller
Deputy Building Official/ Commercial Plans Reviewer
(843) 740-2566
Fred Kemmerlin
Sign Inspector
(843) 740-2549
Al Graham
(843) 740-2534
Jerry Groover
Residential Plans Examiner
(843) 740-2559
Robbie Robinson
(843) 740-2565
Benjamin Brown
Electrical Inspector
(843) 740-2563
Robin Krofta
Office Manager
(843) 740-2569
Rick Williams
FloodPlain Manager
(843) 740-2561
Toyah Smith
(843) 740-2533
Code Book Purchases Fenton Miller, 843-225-5605 Miller Code Books 1692 Seccessionville Road Charleston, SC 29412
Here are a few Links for reference:


text:
2318 S. Oneida Street
Appleton, WI 54915
Welcome to The Lounge
The Red Ox is pleased to offer one of the largest selections of wines & spirits in the Valley, with over 40 bottles of wine & the most spirit choices North of Milwaukee. Our selection includes limited vintage wines and a wide variety of spirits not available in most establishments. We are the only place around that muddles our old fashions from scratch- even using 'Splenda' sugar substitute upon request. We also have all day Happy Hour from 11am to 5pm! $1.00 off all drinks (excludes soda & juice), and 1/2 price appetizers (with beer, cocktail, or wine purchase). Bar, Lounge, & Patio only! No carryouts on 1/2 price appetizers. Browse our selection of beers and spirits below! Click here to view our Wine List. |


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When a family member goes missing, relatives naturally get worried. But for one Korean-born clan living in suburban Michigan, such an event is understood as an insult to the sacred cultural tradition of family togetherness. According to the elaborate ancestral folklore that Catherine Chung weaves throughout her novel Forgotten Country (Riverhead), college-age daughter Hannah's defection to California is in keeping with an ancient curse—that one daughter per generation must go missing. Hannah's older sister, Janie, a graduate student in mathematics, sees things more simply: Hannah is just an ingrate, disrespectful of family and centuries-old beliefs. When those beliefs are tested in the wake of their father's terminal diagnosis, so, too, are the girls' rigidly defined family roles. And once the family returns to its homeland, the daughters unearth difficult truths about their parents' pasts, as Chung indelibly portrays a Korea viciously divided but ever bound to history, myth, and hope.
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Volleyball Drops CAC Contest to York
Thursday, October 21, 2010
York, Pa. – Marymount University's volleyball team fell 3-0 (25-15, 25-22, 25-15) to York (Pa.) in Capital Athletic Conference action on Thursday night.
Outside hitters Sharda Braxton and Johanna Hummel each tallied five kills for the Saints (9-18, 2-5 CAC). Defensively, Chelsea Gates paced MU with 12 digs.
After dropping the opening set 25-15, the Saints looked to even things up in the second after taking a 20-17 lead. The Spartans (25-4, 5-2 CAC) would rally though, winning eight of the next 10 points to take a 2-0 lead before closing out the sweep with a 25-15 decision in the third frame.
Marymount returns to action on Saturday, October 23, as it hosts a tri-match with visiting Lycoming and Moravian.
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Police: Md. officer dragged in struggle with suspect
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O'Malley creates 5-member redistricting committee
Maryland Gov. Martin O'Malley has created a committee to draft a legislative and congressional redistricting plan for the state.
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Ever wish you could only see the relevant news in your Facebook and Twitter feeds and weed out all the other junk? Newlse and Nuzzel are social news websites that aim to do just that. AllThingsD's Lauren Goode reports.
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Cordarrelle Patterson had to wait around until almost midnight Thursdayt before the Minnesota Vikings took him with the 29th pick in the first round of the NFL draft.
Patterson's former wide receiver running-buddy in Knoxville didn't have to wait that long to hear his name called in Friday night's second round.
The Tennessee Titans traded up to get the second pick in the second round, 34th overall, and took Hunter, who tore the ACL in his left knee against Florida in September of 2011.
Hunter came back to catch 73 passes for a thousand-83 yards and 9 touchdowns last season. This is the second straight year the Titans have drafted a receiver in the early rounds... they took Kendall Wright in the first round a year ago.
The 6th player drafted in the second round, 38th overall, was Notre Dame lineback Manti Te'o... the San Diego Chargers grabbed him.
The Jets drafted West Virginia quarterback Geno Smith 7th.
Picking 29th in round two, 61st overall, the Packers drafted Alabama running back Eddie Lacy.
With the 7th pick in round 3, 69th overall, the St. Louis Rams took the Honey Badger, Tyrann Mathiew, who hasn't played since August of 2012 when LSU kicked him off the team for multiple violations of team rules.
One more Tennessee Vol was drafted in round three... offensive tackle Dallas Thomas by the Dolphins.
Tyler Bray is hoping his name is called Sataurday when they finish the draft with rounds 4-thru-7.
Titans Draft Vols Hunter In Round Two
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Obama economists: Rosier picture if budget passed
WASHINGTON (AP) -- President Barack Obama's top economists say the nation is on track to make economic progress over the next two years, but say it would do even better if Congress would enact the additional spending he proposed in his most recent budget. A divided Congress in an election year is not likely to heed that call.
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - methylphenidate, atomoxetine and dexamfetamine (review) (TA98) |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (QS39)
Specific, concise statements that act as markers of high-quality, cost-effective patient care
Methylphenidate, atomoxetine and dexamfetamine for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents (including a review of guidance TA13)
This guidance updates and replaces NICE technology appraisal 13 (published in October 2000)
If a child or adolescent needs treatment with medication for ADHD, methylphenidate, atomoxetine and dexamfetamine are all recommended as possible choices. When deciding which to use, doctors should consider the following:
- whether the child or adolescent has other conditions such as epilepsy
- the side effects of each medicine
- factors that might make it difficult for the person to take the medicine at the right time (for example, if it is difficult to take a dose during school hours)
- the possibility that the medicine might be misused, or passed on to another person for misuse
- the individual preference of the child or adolescent and/or their family or carer.
Where more than one of the medicines is considered to be appropriate for a child or adolescent, their doctor should choose the cheapest one.
Treatment with methylphenidate, atomoxetine or dexamfetamine should only be started after a specialist who is an expert in ADHD has thoroughly assessed the child or adolescent and confirmed the diagnosis. Once treatment has been started it can be continued and monitored by a GP.
Other information
How this guidance was produced
Background information
- Review decision: May 2012
- TA98 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - methylphenidate, atomoxetine and dexamfetamine (review): review proposal
- NICE issues guidance on drug treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- Appeal panel decision - Methylphenidate, atomoxetine and dexamfetamine for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents
- Assessment report: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - methylphenidate, atomoxetine and dexamfetamine (review)
- Review decision - May 2009
- Review proposal - March 2009
This page was last updated: 12 February 2014
Guidance formats
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - methylphenidate, atomoxetine and dexamfetamine (review)
Information for the public
Implementation tools and resources
- None available
See this guidance in practice
The summary of the key recommendations in the guidance written for patients, carers and those with little medical knowledge and may be used in local patient information leaflets.
Quick Reference Guide
The quick reference guide presents recommendations for health professionals
NICE Guidance
The published NICE clinical guidance, contains the recommendations for health professionals and NHS bodies.
Full Guidance
The published full clinical guidance for specialists with background, evidence, recommendations and methods used.


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The Story of Lake Loree
A miracle happened at Sunny Hill in 1954 when a local bulldozer operator, Bud Young, suggested building a lake on Sunny Hill's grounds, where there are no streams or sizable springs of any kind. In fact, for many years Sunny Hill was plagued by lack of good water supplies and the Nicholsens were forced to have wells drilled deeper and deeper.
At Bud Young's suggestion, more than 15 acres of woods were cleared and he proceeded to dig out the stumps and build a dam. He uncovered a considerable number of surface springs, which yielded only a small amount of water.
However, when the melting snows and spring thaws came, the Nicholsens were amazed to see the lake fill up with water and hold its level to a surprising degree because of the clay content of the soil. The lake was named Lake Loree, in honor of Gail Loree Nicholsen, and has been a real godsend to Sunny Hill, providing much of the water needed to maintain the grounds and the golf course, as well as thousands of happy memories of boating, fishing, lakeside picnics and nature walks.
Lake Loree
A central feature of our resort is Lake Loree, a beautiful, 10-acre private lake that is stocked with game fish, including large mouth and calico bass, blue gill, rainbow trout, sunfish and perch. Lakeside, you'll find a pavilion, a picnic area with row boats and paddle boats, and scenic nature trails perfect for family walks.
Every Friday night in the summer, we host the Friday Night's "Celebration of America." We pull out all the rides, host live bands on our outdoor stage, eat hotdogs and ice cream, and top it off with fireworks!
Cookouts on the lake serve up to 300 – a great solution for family reunions and other group activities. Group outings are available


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Shredded, Pre-Contest Aquaretic, 70 Capsules, From SAN
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SAN Shredded - Imagine A Year's Worth Of "Cuts" . . .In Just 72 Hours
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The second compound in Shredded's unsurpassed formula is Uva-Ursi (Arbutin). Uva-Ursi is a very exciting compound because it can help bodybuilders in more ways than one. Uva-Ursi (Arbutin) was first used to treat urinary tract infections in women and acts to "flush the kidneys" of infectious microbes. And flush they do... and more than just microbes. Shredded's high extract of Uva-Ursi contains more than 30% Arbutin which not only surpasses everything that is currently available, but also accelerates the bodies ability to flush water whenever it is needed most, like right before a contest or photo-shot.
The third and forth compounds in Shredded are caffeine and a specially harvested Green Tea Extract (60% EGCG). Very recent medical research demonstrated that the combo of "caffeine and green tea (the one that contains at least 60% EGCG)" is enormously thermogenic, and many miracle fat burners promoted to the general public contain this powerful one-two punch. The "mechanism of action" for caffeine is that it strongly liberates fat storage by stimulating adrenaline receptors, which cause small elevations in body temperature, which "kick in" the thermogenic process. And caffeine is a very, very potent diuretic as well. It stimulates the kidneys, causing frequent trips to the bathroom... with each successive trip revealing more and more of your six-pack.
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Bass Pro Shops Spring Fishing Classic
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Love on the Square 2
Discover Springfield's history through the artistic eye of Betty Love.
Think Spring Indoor Sale
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A one-act play written by Samuel Beckett.
Trading Hands Kids Sale
3 day kids consignment sale! Get your children ready for warm weather without paying retail! You'll find clothing-toys-shoes-baby equip-furniture-outside toys-books-games-electronics-dancewear-sports equip and MORE!! Got kid stuff? Sell with us!! Now accepting consignors!
The Missouri Immigrant Experience: Faces and Places
The MIRA Art Exhibit, "The Missouri Immigrant Experience: Faces & Places," is coming to Springfield!
Achieving the Dream: Life Betterment Fair
The first annual Achieving the Dream: Life Betterment fair is a one stop show where people can apply for jobs, learn about getting a degree,
To Kill A Mockingbird
Set in Alabama during the Great Depression, Atticus Finch, an extremely principled attorney and the widowed father of Scout and Jem, is appointed to defend a black man, Tom Robinson, accused of raping a white woman. Framed for a crime he didnt commit, a guilty verdict from an all-white jury is a foregone conclusion.
Farmers Market of the Ozarks
Farmers Market of the Ozarks combines farm fresh goodness, hand-crafted products and local eateries, all in one location easily accessible to the Ozarks community. Shop for groceries, find unique gifts, have breakfast and lunch or enjoy some local music, all within the markets laid back atmosphere under the only permanent farmers' market pavilion in the Ozarks. The market accepts SNAP, debit and credit cards.
A Place Called Eden
A brokenhearted father near death and a rebellious runaway son not seen for forty years set the scene for this intriguing "coming home" story. This powerful prodigal story is filled with incredible ironies, salvation miracles, forgiveness, romance, and God's revelation that Max is to build A Place Called Eden.
Greek Night
1st Greek Night of 2014!!
First & Calvary's "Musical Offerings" presents "The Atlanta Guitar Trio"
The Atlanta Guitar Trio has over 50 years of combined performance experience. This talented trio will perform classics, and several tunes from The Beatles. The March 9th, 2:30pm concert is held in the north atrium at First & Calvary and is free & open to the public.
Springfield Roller Girls v. Mo-Kan Roller Girlz
Local roller derby team, the Springfield Roller Girls, to host the Mo-Kan Roller Girlz out of Joplin, MO on Sunday, March 9, 2014, at 6:00 p.m. for their first home bout of the season.
National Christian Homeschool Basketball Championships
Annually in March, it is estimated that more than 8,000 visitors travel to Springfield for the NCHBC. Over the course of the week, 800 games are played at 30 different courts in the Springfield area. Teams from nearly 30 states compete.
Cause Momentum: Crowdfunding Workshop
This workshop features Matt Lemmon from the Community Foundation of the Ozarks, who will deliver a 60-minute presentation followed by 30 minutes of questions and interaction with the audience.


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14,000 teachers and other school employees would risk layoffs.
4,000 workers would be furloughed every day at the FAA, causing flight backups.
2,100 fewer food safety inspections would be conducted at domestic and foreign plants.
The Times added: "These cuts, which will cost the economy more than 1 million jobs over the next two years, are the direct result of the Republican demand in 2011 to shrink the government at any cost, under threat of a default on the nation's debt."
Meanwhile, regarding the military, the national newspaper concurred that Pentagon spending "should be reduced substantially."
Everyone agrees that America's astronomical federal deficits must be brought under control, so the nation won't sink into ruinous insolvency. But the budget-balancing shouldn't be done at the expense of average families needing help.
The preamble to the U.S. Constitution says government shall "promote the general welfare," which means improving life for all Americans. With less than two weeks remaining, we hope Congress finds a deficit-reduction compromise that won't damage the general welfare of everyday folks.


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Yes, I believe it happened. May 2, 2013
by Marie M
This is an incredible story of a little boy's experience of heaven - but it rings true. He meets his great grandfather. While he does not recognize a picture of him at age 64 before his death, he does pick him out of a picture of a family group when the man was 29! A must read for everyone who hopes to see life after death!


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The mission of the San Francisco SPCA is to save and protect animals, to provide care and treatment, to advocate for their welfare, and to enhance the human-animal bond. We accomplish this through a variety of programs and services aimed at widening the circle of compassion throughout our community.
Saving and protecting as many lives as possible requires more than just commitment and care. It requires a comprehensive approach. That includes:
Learn more about the variety of coordinated services that the SF SPCA provides to care for and improve the lives of cats and dogs — and their guardians.


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Andy Downes, 01 September 2011 12:06
MV Agusta's all-new 675cc Brutale has been spied testing for the first time. The bike is a naked version of MV's F3 675cc inline triple sportsbike, and will rival Triumph's big-selling Street Triple R. Bosses at the iconic Italian firm have also revealed they are planning an 800cc inline three-cylinder version of the Brutale, an 800cc sportsbike, a 675 road-going ...
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Size: 650b/27.5"
Weight: 530 grams (32 hole)
Drilling: 32 hole
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Valve and rim strip are NOT included.
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Christ Church in Moscow, Idaho presents
Grace Agenda: Gospel Presence
Scripture teaches us that the gospel must be preached to creation, and declared to every nation. From this, some have falsely assumed that in between our sermons and declarations the gospel must be absent. But the gospel is always present because the Spirit is present around our tables, in our homes, and the Spirit is present because Jesus ascended to the right hand of the Father. The Spirit fills the room with fumes, and gospel preaching flicks the lighter.


text:
M2 Browning
Talk0this wiki
Redirected from M2 Browning Machine Gun
M2 Browning Machine Gun | |
Alternate name(s) |
Ma Deuce, Fifty |
Price |
Origin | |
Caliber |
.50 cal |
Used by |
Counter-Terrorists and Terrorists |
Reload time |
None |
The M2 Browning Machine Gun is a heavy machine gun that appears in Counter-Strike, Counter-Strike: Condition Zero, and Counter-Strike: Condition Zero Deleted Scenes. With the exception of Deleted Scenes, it can only be seen on custom maps and in some beta maps.
Counter-Strike and Condition ZeroEdit
While it does not appear in any official map, it can be placed by mappers on unofficial maps. Its accuracy, range, firing mode and speed depends on the coding made by the mapper who placed it.
In the Counter-Strike Beta, the map Desert contained a M2 Browning at the Terrorist Spawn Zone.
Appearances in Deleted ScenesEdit
It often appears in Deleted Scenes. It is mostly used by the AI. If the AI enemy controlling it is killed, the machine gun will be destroyed.
The player has also some occasions to use it:
- During Lost Cause, it is used very briefly to kill just a few enemies.
- During Secret War, it is used to eliminate the Mi-24 Hind helicopter chasing the player and the rest of the surviving Russian Spetsnaz members, at the end of the mission.
- During Building Recon, it is used to eliminate a large group of hostiles with help from the British SAS.
- When used by enemies, it has a slow rate of fire but inflicts a large amount of damage.
- When used by the player, it has a very fast firing speed and still inflicts heavy damage. In fact, it deals so much damage that it can gib enemy players.
- The M2 has infinite ammo, so the ammo never runs out.
- Most M2 Brownings will not feature a shield.
- In Rise Hard, there are two M2s need to be detonated by RC Bombs, so it cannot be used.
- This weapon will not overheat.
- If the Technical is not destroyed, the M2 mounted on it can be used.
- In some custom maps, the M2 may have different fire sounds.
- It possible to kill youself with the M2. However, in online custom maps, killing yourself will lead to a score penalty.
- The green colored M2 Browning Machine Gun's model are taken from Half-Life.
- The M2 Browning can be seen in the Source version of the map Inferno, but it's mounted on an APC and cannot be used.
- Because the M2 does not appear in any Source game (with the exception of Half-Life: Source), it is not seen/usable in CS:S and CS:GO.
- In Counter-Strike Online, this weapon can be in ported and mounted mode since the ZM4: Darkness patch.
- If a player is wielding a Sniper rifle and uses the zoom-in function while operating the M2, the zoom will be remain on which can be used against enemies from long range.
- In Deleted Scenes, NPCs that operate the M2 are not affected with the console command "notarget".
See alsoEdit
External linksEdit
- M2 Browning machine gun at Wikipedia
- M2 Browning Machine Gun at Half-Life Wiki


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Copyright © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Developmental Cell, Volume 12, Issue 2, 301-308, 1 February 2007
Short Article
Add/View Comments (0)The Ran GTPase Mediates Chromatin Signaling to Control Cortical Polarity during Polar Body Extrusion in Mouse Oocytes
Manqi Deng1, 3, , , Praveen Suraneni1, 3, Richard M. Schultz2 and Rong Li1, 3, ,
1 Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
2 Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Corresponding author
3 Lab address: http://www.stowers-institute.org/labs/ronglilab.asp
- The molecular basis for asymmetric meiotic divisions in mammalian oocytes that give rise to mature eggs and polar bodies remains poorly understood. Previous studies demonstrated that the asymmetrically positioned meiotic chromosomes provide the cue for cortical polarity in mouse oocytes. Here we show that the chromatin-induced cortical response can be fully reconstituted by injecting DNA-coated beads into metaphase II-arrested eggs. The injected DNA beads induce a cortical actin cap, surrounded by a myosin II ring, in a manner that depends on the number of beads and their distance from the cortex. The Ran GTPase plays a critical role in this process, because dominant-negative and constitutively active Ran mutants disrupt DNA-induced cortical polarization. The Ran-mediated signaling to the cortex is independent of the spindle but requires cortical myosin II assembly. We hypothesize that a RanGTP gradient serves as a molecular ruler to interpret the asymmetric position of the meiotic chromatin.
Female meiosis is an extreme case of asymmetric cell division, composed of two rounds of asymmetric divisions that produce a mature egg and two much smaller polar bodies destined for apoptosis (Brunet and Maro, 2005). During meiotic maturation, oocytes develop a specialized cortical domain overlying the subcortically positioned meiotic chromosomes/spindle that is characterized by the enrichment of actin and the absence of cortical granules and microvilli (Deng et al., 2003,Longo and Chen, 1985,Maro et al., 1986). This specialized cortical domain marks the site of polar body extrusion.
Establishment of cortical polarity is critical for asymmetric mitotic and meiotic cell divisions; however, an apparent difference between these processes lies in the source of the cue for establishing cortical polarity. In most mitotic cells, the cues that direct cell polarization are often extrinsic, coming from the environment or certain cortical landmarks (Drubin and Nelson, 1996,Shulman and St Johnston, 1999). Establishment of cortical polarity in mouse oocytes, however, correlates with chromosome position (Brunet and Maro, 2005,Deng et al., 2003,Longo and Chen, 1985). During meiotic maturation, the meiosis I spindle assembles around the centrally positioned metaphase chromosomes and then migrates to the cortex of the oocyte in an actin-dependent manner (Brunet and Maro, 2005,Leader et al., 2002). The subcortically positioned chromatin induces an ectopic actin-rich and cortical granule-free domain in a MOS-dependent manner (Deng et al., 2003,Deng et al., 2005). These findings suggest that the molecular pathway controlling asymmetric cell divisions in mouse meiosis may be quite different from that in mitotic cells. Here we have furthered these studies by demonstrating that injection of DNA-coated beads subcortically provides the necessary cue to induce the establishment of cortical polarity and assembly of a myosin II-based ring independent of microtubules, and that active Ran GTPase and myosin II (myoII) play important roles during this process.
Injection of DNA-Coated Beads Induces Ectopic Cortical Polarization and Myosin II Ring Assembly
To determine whether a general, nonspecific DNA sequence is able to mimic the chromosomes to induce cortical polarity, we injected beads coated with bacterial or yeast plasmid DNA, 5–6 kb in length, into mouse MII eggs. Remarkably, the injected DNA beads induced an ectopic actin cap (see Figures S1 A, S1C, S1D, S1F, S1G, and S1I, arrows, in the Supplemental Data available with this article online), in contrast to the previously formed actin cap overlying the maternal MII chromosomes (Figures S1 A, S1C, S1D, S1F, S1G, and S1I, arrowheads). Interestingly, myoII was not only recruited to the cortical cap as previously reported (Simerly et al., 1998) but assembled into a distinct ring structure surrounding the actin cap overlying either the DNA beads (Figures S1 B and S1E, arrows) or the maternal MII chromosomes (Figures S1 B and S1E, arrowheads; Movie S1 ). Previous work showed that the cortical polarity marker, PAR-3, is localized to the actin-rich cortical domain overlying the maternal MII chromosomes in mouse eggs (Duncan et al., 2005). We found that PAR-3 (Figures S1 H and S1I) and aPKC (not shown) were all concentrated to cortical caps overlying the DNA beads and maternal chromosomes. These results suggest that DNA beads faithfully replicate the meiotic chromosome-induced cortical polarization in mouse oocytes.
The above induced cortical response is DNA specific because (1) beads not coated with DNA did not induce any cortical response (Figures S1 J–S1L, arrows; Movie S2 ); (2) digestion of DNA-coated beads by DNase prior to microinjection abolished their ability to induce the cortical response (data not shown); and (3) beads coated with double-stranded RNA were unable to induce the cortical response (data not shown). These experiments also suggest that, different from the wound-induced actomyosin ring formation observed in Xenopus oocytes (Bement et al., 1999), membrane "wound" incurred from microinjection was unable to induce actomyosin assembly in mouse oocytes.
To further understand the nature of the DNA signal, we determined the effects of the quantity of the injected DNA beads and their distance from the cortex on the cortical response. Injection of one DNA bead was able to induce the actin cap, but the size of the cap was considerably smaller than that induced by three beads (Figures 1A and 1C, arrows; Figure 1E) and no myoII ring was observed in the one DNA bead-injected cortex (Figure 1B), indicating that the input DNA is a limiting factor. By injecting the same number of DNA beads (three beads) into the eggs at different distances from the cortex, we found that the DNA signal can effectively propagate through a distance of 10 μm or less to reach the cortex (Figure 1F). The efficiency of the DNA bead-induced cortical response, however, decreased sharply after the distance was increased to 20 μm and was completely absent when the beads were 30 μm away from the plasma membrane (Figure 1F). In addition, the size of the actin caps induced by beads 20 μm away from the cortex was smaller than that induced by beads placed within 10 μm (Figure 1G). These results suggest that the DNA cue induces cortical polarization in a dosage- and distance-dependent manner.
RanGTP Is Required for Chromatin-Induced Cortical Polarity
Experiments in Xenopus egg extracts showed that DNA-coated beads can induce spindle assembly and nuclear envelope formation through pathways involving the small GTPase Ran, which forms a gradient of RanGTP emanating from the chromatin (Carazo-Salas et al., 2001,Caudron et al., 2005,Clarke, 2005,Kalab et al., 2002). Ran is known to be concentrated near the metaphase chromosomes in mouse oocytes (Hinkle et al., 2002). To determine whether Ran plays any role in the chromatin-induced cortical response in mouse eggs, a dominant-negative mutant of Ran, RanT24N (Wilde et al., 2001), which blocks endogenous Ran activation through inhibition of RCC1, the Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), was coinjected with the DNA beads into the eggs. At a low intracellular concentration of 0.8 μM, RanT24N did not block actin cap formation (Figures 2A–2C and 2P); however, myoII formed a cap instead of a ring, and the previously assembled myoII rings overlying the maternal MII chromosomes changed into caps (Figures 2B, 2C, and 2P). When the concentration of RanT24N was increased to 1.6 μM, the DNA bead-induced cortical response was completely abolished (Figures 2D–2F and 2P), and the previously formed actin cap and myoII ring overlying the MII chromosomes were also significantly diminished (Figures 2D–2F and 2P). To demonstrate further the specificity of the inhibition by RanT24N, an equimolar amount of RCC1 was mixed with RanT24N and coinjected with the DNA beads into the eggs. Inclusion of RCC1 neutralized RanT24N inhibition of chromatin-induced actin/myoII cap formation (Figures 2G–2I and 2P), confirming that the action of RanT24N was indeed through inhibition of RCC1. RCC1 did not rescue the myoII ring, however, which may be due to imperfect restoration of active Ran distribution.
Because spindle assembly requires a gradient of RanGTP, we tested whether this is also true for cortical polarization by injecting a high concentration (13.9 μM) of the constitutively active Ran, RanQ69L. The injected RanQ69L blocked actin cap and myoII ring formation (Figures 2J–2L and 2P), whereas control injection with wild-type Ran at this concentration had no effect (Figures 2M–2O and 2P). This result suggests that chromatin may induce cortical polarity through a RanGTP gradient.
Microtubules Do Not Provide Signals for Cortical Polarization and MyoII Ring Formation
A known biochemical effect of Ran during mitosis is to stimulate microtubule nucleation and stabilization (Wilde et al., 2001). Recent work has shown that microtubules can play an important role in the establishment of cortical polarity (Siegrist and Doe, 2005). Although earlier studies in mouse oocytes reported that microtubule inhibitors did not affect maternal chromosome-induced cortical reorganization (Connors et al., 1998,Longo and Chen, 1985,Maro et al., 1986), it remains possible that the spindle or microtubules play a role in Ran signaling to the cortex. We indeed observed spindle formation around the injected DNA beads with an actin cap formed in the overlying cortex (Figure 3A, arrow); however, DNA beads often induced actin caps without inducing spindle formation (Figure 3C, arrow). The maternal chromosomes can also induce a cortical actin cap in the absence of a bipolar spindle (Figure 3C, arrowhead). Consistent with these observations, injection of DNA beads into nocodazole-treated eggs was still able to induce an actin cap and myoII ring formation (Figures 3D–3F), suggesting that microtubule assembly is not essential for DNA-induced cortical polarization.
To determine whether bipolar spindles have any potential to induce cortical polarity, we induced spindle formation in the absence of chromatin by removing the meiotic chromosomes/spindle from the MII eggs (Brunet et al., 1998). The chromatin-less spindles that formed in the cytoplast were unable to induce any cortical response, even though they were localized close to the plasma membrane (Figures 3J and 3K, arrowheads; n = 27). The lack of cortical response of cytoplasts to the chromatin-less spindles was not due to loss of the ability to undergo cortical polarization because injection of DNA beads into these cytoplasts still induced cortical actin cap formation (Figure 3L, arrow). These results demonstrate unequivocally that the signal responsible for inducing cortical actin cap and myoII ring formation emanates directly from the chromatin, and not via microtubule-based structures.
Ran Does Not Affect Global MAP Kinase Activation but May Be Important for Restricting Active MAP Kinase to the Chromatin Region
Our previous report showed that the MOS-dependent MAP kinase (MAPK) pathway is critical for maternal and sperm chromosome-induced actin cap formation (Deng et al., 2005), and we have observed that DNA bead-induced cortical polarization is also defective in Mos−/− oocytes (data not shown). To test whether the inhibitory effect of RanT24N was due to a blockage of MAP kinase activation, MAP kinase and CDK1 (histone H1 kinase) activity in MII eggs were measured after injecting the inhibitory amount of RanT24N. We observed no difference in the level of either the MAPK or CDK1 kinase activity between the RanT24N-injected eggs and the wild-type Ran-injected eggs (Figure S2 ). Consistent with a previous observation after sperm chromatin injection (Deng et al., 2005), we found active MAPK concentrated around the injected DNA beads (Figures S2 B–S2D, arrows) and throughout the MII spindle (Figure S2 E). Interestingly, staining of the RanT24N-injected eggs showed a dramatic reduction of phospho-MAPK from the DNA bead region and the middle region of the MII spindle (Figures S2 F–S2I), suggesting that active Ran may be important for concentrating MAPK kinase activity near the chromatin.
Myosin II Is a Critical Downstream Effector of the DNA Cue in Establishing Cortical Polarity
To gain insights into the downstream effectors of DNA bead signaling, we tested the effects of inhibitors of actin and myoII on the localization of the cortical cap components. Treatment of eggs with Latrunculin-A (Lat-A) abolished DNA bead-induced cortical actin and PAR-3 cap formation (Figures 4A and 4B, arrows) but did not block cortical enrichment of myoII (Figure 4C, arrow). However, DNA bead-induced cortical myoII failed to organize into a ring and all the previously formed myoII rings overlying the MII chromosomes changed to myoII caps (Figure 4C, inset). These results suggest that DNA-directed myoII localization is independent of actin or the PAR-3 polarity complex, but formation of the myoII ring requires F-actin. Treatment of MII eggs with ML-7, an inhibitor of the myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) required for myoII activation and filament assembly, abolished polarized cortical localization of myoII, actin, and PAR-3 (Figures 4D–4F, arrows), suggesting that myoII activation is a critical event in DNA-induced cortical polarity.
The contractile activity of myoII is required for the asymmetric distribution of polarity proteins in C. elegans zygotes (Cowan and Hyman, 2004,Munro et al., 2004). To test whether the function of myoII in mouse egg polarity also depends on motor activity, we disrupted myoII ATPase activity by using the nonmuscle myosin II inhibitor Blebbistatin (Straight et al., 2003,Limouze et al., 2004). Under this condition, the injected DNA beads were only able to induce myoII cap but not ring formation (Figure 4G, arrow), and all the previously formed myoII rings overlying the MII chromosomes changed into caps (Figure 4G, arrowhead). Consistent with the preservation of the cortical actin cap, PAR-3 localization was maintained after Blebbistatin treatment (Figures 4H and 4I). This suggests that myosin phosphorylation but perhaps not its motor activity is important for establishing actin/PAR-3 cortical polarity.
Combining the results described above and previously published data, it appears that a unique characteristic of the mouse female meiotic system is that cortical polarity is cued by an internal asymmetry coming from the position of the DNA. Although it remains unclear whether any in vivo predetermined cortical cues exist to bias the movement of the meiotic chromatin, our experiments demonstrate that the egg is capable of establishing cortical polarity in any orientation in response to the DNA cue. It is interesting to note that DNA beads placed near the center of the oocyte failed to induce any cortical actomyosin assembly but were only effective within 20 μm of the plasma membrane. This distance-dependent signal propagation explains why oocytes with a defect in chromosome migration fail to undergo polar body extrusion (Leader et al., 2002). An intrinsic dependence of cortical actomyosin assembly on asymmetrically positioned chromosomes helps to ensure that polar body extrusion occurs in a highly restricted cortex overlying the chromosomes, therefore minimizing the loss of oocyte cytoplasm.
Because neither actin nor microtubules are required for chromatin-induced myoII cortical assembly, propagation of the signal through the cytoplasm is unlikely to be mediated through cytoskeleton-based transport. The distance dependence in the DNA bead-induced cortical response suggests that the signal decays rapidly as the distance from the chromatin increases, with a signaling range of up to 20 μm. This is consistent with the spatial range of the RanGTP gradient measured in Xenopus oocytes and somatic cells (Caudron et al., 2005,Kalab et al., 2006). Signal decay through Ran GTP hydrolysis could provide a convenient molecular ruler that ensures the assembly of actin and myosin occurs only when the chromosomes are within a certain distance of the cortex (Figure 4J).
Involvement of a RanGTP gradient in mediating DNA signal to the cortex is consistent with the quantitative observation that the actin caps became narrower as bead distance to the nearest cortex increased (Figure 4J). Similarly, a smaller gradient, for example, that generated by a single DNA bead, would be expected to result in a narrower actin cap (Figure 4J), which in fact was observed. It is interesting to note that injection of the constitutively active RanQ69L at a high concentration, which could flatten the endogenous RanGTP gradient, inhibited DNA-induced cortical polarity as opposed to inducing multiple caps. This may suggest that some other factors critical for cortical cytoskeleton assembly exist in limited quantities and may become dispersed due to the global increase in active Ran concentration. Additionally, we have found that neither RanGTP- nor RCC1-coated beads were sufficient to induce cortical polarity or spindle assembly in mouse oocytes (data not shown), suggesting that whereas these proteins are essential for chromatin signaling, chromatin may play additional roles during these processes.
Surprisingly, activation of myoII, which is regulated by MLCK, is required for the cortical accumulation of both actin and the PAR-3 polarity protein in response to the chromatin signal, suggesting that myoII activation may be a critical step downstream of the Ran signal (summarized in Figure 4K). Although RanT24N did not inhibit global activation of MAP kinase, it appears that RanGTP is required for concentrating MAPK kinase activity to the vicinity of the chromosomes, which could result in local activation of MLCK and stimulation of myoII assembly (Klemke et al., 1997). The function of myoII during this process may be distinct from the role of myoII in asymmetrically dividing C. elegans zygotes (Munro et al., 2004). In this mitotic system, myoII is proposed to concentrate polarity determinants to the anterior cortical domain through its actin-based motor activity, whereas the polarity function of myoII in mouse oocytes may not require its motor activity. MyoII may instead play a scaffolding role in tethering actin filaments and the PAR-3/aPKC polarity complex.
Experimental Procedures
Collection of MII mouse oocytes was as previously described (Deng et al., 2003). DNA beads were prepared using 2.8 μm streptavidin-coated Dynal beads as previously described (Heald et al., 1996). Microinjection was performed in M2 medium (Hogan, 1994) (Chemicon, Temecula, CA, USA) using micromanipulators (Narishige, Tokyo, Japan) and a Piezol system (PrimeTech, Ibaraki, Japan). Eggs injected with beads were cultured in M16 medium (Hogan, 1994) (Chemicon) at 37°C under an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air for 1.5 hr.
Induction of Chromatin-less Spindle in Cytoplasts
MIl chromosomes/spindles and the associated cytoplasm membrane were removed from the eggs by suction with a micropipette. The cytoplasts were cultured overnight to allow microtubules to organize into bipolar spindles (Brunet et al., 1998).
Drug Treatments
Eggs were treated with 10 μM nocodazole (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 1 hr and then injected with DNA beads. To inhibit myosin light chain phosphorylation and myosin II ATPase activity, eggs were treated with ML-7 (Sigma) at 50 μM (Deng et al., 2005,Matson et al., 2006) or Blebbistatin (Calbiochem, San Diego, CA, USA) at 100 μM (Matson et al., 2006,Straight et al., 2003) for 30–40 min prior to bead injection, during and after which the drugs were also present. To ensure optimal survival, we injected eggs with DNA beads first and then transferred the bead-injected eggs to 100 μM Lat-A (Sigma) within 5 min after injection.
Immunocytochemistry, Confocal Microscopy, and Image Analysis
Fixation and staining were performed as described in Deng et al., 2005. The following primary antibodies were used: rabbit polyclonal against nonmuscle myosin II heavy chain A and B (Covance, Berkeley, CA, USA) at 2.5 μg/ml; mouse monoclonal antibody against α-tubulin (Sigma) at 1.3 μg/ml; rabbit polyclonal antibody against PAR-3 (Upstate Cell Signaling Solutions, Lake Placid, NY, USA) at 5 μg/ml; and rabbit anti-phospho-MAP kinase (ERK1 + 2) (Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA) as described (Deng et al., 2005). All images were acquired by using a 40× oil objective on a Leica TCS SP2 (Wetzlar, Germany) or a Zeiss LSM510 (Jena, Germany) confocal microscope. For 3D reconstruction, 50 Z sections spanning all the observed structures were collected and reconstructed using Leica scanning software and Zeiss laser scanning microscopes/fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. The reconstructed images were exported as AVI movies to show the 3D information of the observed structures. The figures were assembled by importing the images into Photoshop 7.0. The size of the actin cap was measured using Metamorph software (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA).
MAP Kinase and Histone H1 Kinase Assay
MAP kinase and CDK1 activities were determined as previously described (Polanski et al., 1998,Xu et al., 1996). Five eggs of each group were collected in 5 μl of collection buffer and kept at −20°C prior to the kinase activity assay.
We thank Ting Xie for sharing a confocal microscope; Kim Cavanaugh for assistance in mouse breeding; Sarah Smith and Danny Stark for assistance in image analysis; Rebecca Heald for sharing detailed technical information on making DNA beads; and Scott Hawley for critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by funds from the Stowers Institute for Medical Research to R.L. and NIH grant (HD22732) to R.M.S.
Supplemental Data
- Movie S1. DNA Bead-Induced Formation of Ectopic Actin Cap and Myosin Ring in Mouse MII Eggs (AVI 43709 kb)
- The observed rings (shown in green) were revealed by staining with phosphorylated myosin light chain (MLC) antibody. Note that the DNA beads-induced actin cap (shown in red) and myoII ring are at the 5 o'clock position and the MII chromosome-induced actin cap and myoII ring are at the 12 o'clock position.
- Movie S2. None of the DNA Beads Were Incapable of Inducing Cortical Polarization (AVI 26739 kb)
- Actin is shown in green, myosin in red, DNA in blue and merged DIC images show the position of none DNA beads this movie. Note that the beads are at 11 o'clock position and the observed myoII ring (green) and actin cap (red) were induced by the maternal MII chromosomes. The structure observed at the 7 o'clock is the first polar body.
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Publication Information
Received: April 14, 2006
Revised: August 31, 2006
Accepted: November 9, 2006
Published: February 5, 2007


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