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The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-layer protocol for transmitting hypermedia documents. It follows a classical client-server model, with a client opening a connection, making a request then waiting for a response until it receives it. It also is a stateless protocol, meaning that the server doesn't keep any data (state) between two requests.
Though often based on a TCP/IP layer, it could be used on any connection-oriented transport layer.
A brief history of HTTP
Since his original conception, as a protocol with one single method (GET) and returning only HTML pages, the HTTP protocol went through several revisions. The first documented version was HTTP/0.9 in 1991, corresponding to the original version. Very simple, it has a rudimentary search capability via the HTML {{ HTMLElement("isindex") }} element and an extension of the URL using the '?' character.
Then, in 1992, was published what became, with some minor changes, HTTP/1.0 (finalized in RFC 1945 in may 1996). One major improvement over the previous version was the ability to transmit files of different types, like images, videos, scripts, CSS documents, and so on, instead of only HTML files: this ia achieved by using MIME types in conjunction with the Content-Type: header.
Since 1995, a new version of HTTP was under development at the IETF and, what will become HTTP/1.1 see quickly wide usage, even it was officially standardized in 1997 in RFC 2068, with minor fixes in RFC 2616 two years later.
HTTP/1.1 brought the ability to reuse established connections for subsequent requests, greatly improving the performance of the protocol by lowering the latency between them; this is especially useful with complex HTML documents that need to fetch several subsequent files, like images or style sheets. It also brought the Host: header that allows a single server, listening on a specific port, to receive requests for several websites; this paved the way for colocating numerous websites on one single serving, greatly reducing the cost of hosting.
Since then, the HTTP protocol evolved by adding new headers, defining new behaviors without the need to fundamentally change the protocol. Unknown headers are simply ignored by servers or clients.
HTTP/1.1 is currently being revised by the IETF HTTPbis Working Group.
An HTTP session
As HTTP is a client-server protocol, an HTTP session consists in three phases:
- The client establishes a TCP connection (or the adequate connection if the transport layer is not that protocol).
- The client sends its request then wait for the answer
- The server processes the request and send back its answer, containing a status code and the adequate data.
Since HTTP/1.1, the connection is no more closed after the third phase, as the client is allowed to issue another request at this point: the second and third phases can therefore be done several times.
Establishing a connection
As HTTP is a client-server protocol, that always is the client that establishes the connection. Opening a connection in HTTP really is establishing a connection in the underlying transport layer, usually TCP.
With TCP, the default port for an http server on a computer is port 80, though other are often used, like 8000, 8080. The URL of a page to fetch contains both the domain name and the port number, though this later can be omitted if it is 80.
Sending a client request
Once the connection is established, the user-agent can send its request. A client request is formed of text directives, separated by CRLF, divided in three blocks:
- The first line consists of a request method followed by its parameters, the path of the document, i.e. an absolute URL without the protocol and the domain name, and the HTTP protocol version used.
- The subsequent lines represent each a specific HTTP header giving the server some information about what kind of data is appropriate (what language, what MIME types, ...) or some data altering its behavior (like not sending an answer if it is already cached, ...). These HTTP headers form a block that end with an empty line.
- Then start the optional data block, which contains further data and is mainly used by the POST method.
Examples of requests:
- Fetching the root page of developer.mozilla.org, i.e. http://developer.mozilla.org/, and telling the server that the user-agent would prefer the page in French, if possible:
GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: developer.mozilla.org Accept-Language: fr
Note the final empty line, separating the data block from the headers block. As there is no Content-Length: HTTP header, the data block is empty and the server can process the request as soon as the empty line marking the end of the headers is received.
- Sending the result of a form:
POST /contact_form.php HTTP/1.1 Host: developer.mozilla.org Content-Length: 64 Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded name=Joe%20User&request=Send%20me%20one%20of%20your%20catalogue
Structure of a server response
After the connected agent sent its request, the web server handles it and finally send a response back. Similarly to a client request, a server request is formed of text directives, separated by CRLF, though divided in three different blocks:
- The first line, the status line, consists of an acknowledgment of the HTTP version used followed by a status request (and its meaning in human-readable text).
- The subsequent lines represent each a specific HTTP header giving the client some information about the data sent (type, data size, compression algorithm used, hints about caching, ...). Similarly to the block of HTTP headers for a client request, these HTTP headers form a block that end with an empty line.
- Then start the data block, which contains the data (if any).
Examples of requests:
- Successful reception of a web page:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Sat, 09 Oct 2010 14:28:02 GMT Server: Apache Last-Modified: Tue, 01 Dec 2009 20:18:22 GMT ETag: "51142bc1-7449-479b075b2891b" Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 29769 Content-Type: text/html <!DOCTYPE html... (here comes the 29769 bytes of the requested web page)
- Notification that the requested resource has been permanently moved:
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently Server: Apache/2.2.3 (Red Hat) Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Date: Sat, 09 Oct 2010 14:30:24 GMT Location: https://developer.mozilla.org/ (this is the new link to the resource; it is expected that the user-agent fetch it) Keep-Alive: timeout=15, max=98 Accept-Ranges: bytes Via: Moz-Cache-zlb05 Connection: Keep-Alive X-Cache-Info: caching X-Cache-Info: caching Content-Length: 325 (the content consists in a default page to display if the user-agent is not able to follow the link <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">  <title>301 Moved Permanently</title>
Moved Permanently

The document has moved here.

 <address>Apache/2.2.3 (Red Hat) Server at developer.mozilla.org Port 80</address>
- Notification that the requested resource doesn't exist:
HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found Date: Sat, 09 Oct 2010 14:33:02 GMT Server: Apache Last-Modified: Tue, 01 May 2007 14:24:39 GMT ETag: "499fd34e-29ec-42f695ca96761;48fe7523cfcc1" Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 10732 Content-Type: text/html <!DOCTYPE html... (follows a site-customized page helping the user to find the missing resource)
Persistent connections
Persistent connections were introduced in HTTP/1.1. They allow to transmit several requests on the same TCP connection (or on the specific connected transport layer if the HTTP is not build upon TCP/IP). This has several advantages:
- as the connection can be reused, requests can be pipelined to save part of the connection latency;
- by opening and closing fewer TCP connections, CPU time is saved;
- network congestion is diminished by lowering the total amount of TCP packets (less opening and closing TCP packets);
- the TCP stack has more time to detect network congestion and to adapt its sending and receiving windows;
- HTTP is more evolutive: the cost for trying a features is considerably lowered as an error response won't lead to the closing of the connection anymore.
HTTP Requests Methods
The method indicates the action to be performed by the server. HTTP/1.1 defined seven methods and allowed subsequent to be added later. Over the year a few ones where added in standards like WebDAV. The IETF HTTPbis Working Group is currently working on an IANA registry to list them all. If a server receive a request method that it doesn't know, it must return a 501 Not implemented; if it knows the method but is configured not to answer it, it must return a 405 Method not allowed. Two methods are mandatory supported: HEAD and GET, all other are optional.
Two specific semantics are defined in the standard and are crucial for web developers: the safety property and the idempotent property.
Safe methods
A safe method is a method that doesn't have any side-effect on the server. In other words, this property means that the method must be only used for retrieval of data. The safe HTTP methods defined in HTTP/1.1 are:
- GET, used to retrieve information identified by the request URI. This information may be generated on the fly or the GET may be conditional if any of the If-Modified-Since:, If-Unmodified-Since:, If-Match:, If-None-Match or If-Range HTTP headers are set. In that latter case the information is only sent back if all the conditions are fulfilled.
- HEAD, which is identical to GET but without the message body sent.
- Any safe method is also idempotent.
- The GET method must not have a side means that it must not be used to trigger an action outside the server, like an order in an e-commerce site. As soon as a side-effect is wanted, an idempotent method should be used, like POST.
- When a page is generated on the fly by a script, the script engine may calculate the page as if it was requested by a GET and then strip the data block. This does not cause problem as long as the GET as implemented in the script is safe, but if it has any side-effect (like to trigger an order on an e-commerce site), the HEAD method will trigger it too. It is up to the web developer to ensure that both the GET and HEAD method are safely implemented.
Idempotent methods
An idempotent method is a method that the side-effects on the server of several identical requests with these method is the same as the side-effects of one single request.
- HEAD and GET, as any safe method, are also idempotent, as a safe method shouldn't have side-effects on the server;
- PUT is the way to upload information on the server. If the resource already exists is different, it is replaced, if it doesn't exists, it is created.
- DELETE removes a resource from the server.
Other methods
- OPTIONS, which is a request for communication options available on the chain between the client and the server (through eventual proxies); this method is typically done before any preflighted cross-origin request, in order to know if it is safe to do it.
- TRACE, which is a kind of ping between the client and the server (through eventual proxies).
Many more methods, such as PROPFIND or PATCH are defined in other standards-track RFCs of the IETF, like WebDAV.
The CONNECT method is defined in RFC 2817.
HTTP Requests Methods in HTML Forms
In HTML, different HTTP request methods can be specified in the {{ htmlattrxref("method", "form") }} attribute of the {{ HTMLElement("form") }} element, but also to the {{ htmlattrxref("formmethod", "input") }} of the {{ HTMLElement("input") }} and {{ HTMLElement("button") }} elements. But not all HTTP methods can be used at that point, only GET and POST method are allowed by the HTML specification.
HTTP Response Codes
When answering a client request, the server sent back a three digits code which indicates if the request was successfully processed or not. These codes can be groups in five categories:
- Informational responses (of the form 1xx), which form a class of codes indicating a provisional response. Most of the time neither the end user, nor the web developer or webmaster should have to bother with these. The most common is the 100 Continue response, indicating that the client should continue to send its request. Note: no information response code were defined in the HTTP/1.0 and they must not be used when this version of the protocol is used.
- Success responses (of the form 2xx), which form a class of codes indicating that the client request has been successfully processed. The 200 OK response is by far the most common of these responses, but the 206 Partial Content is also often seen when fetching a file or some media data like video or audio.
- Redirection responses (of the form 3xx), which form a class of codes indicating that the client request has moved and the server is not able to serve it. Most of theses responses contains some location information where to find the resource requested and user-agent often retrieve it then without further user interaction. The most common responses of these types are 301 Moved Permanently, indicating that the URI given is no longer valid and has been moved to another place, and 302 Found which indicates that the resource has been temporary moved to another place.
Note: for webmasters, it is recommended to set up a 301 Moved Permanently redirection when moving pages to another URI. That allows users following links to still reach the resource and it also teach search engine and other services the new location of the resource so that they can transfer their metadata to it. It is also important to add adequate cache headers to the 301 Moved Permanently response so that this information is cached by the client and prevent it to make unnecessary requests to the original URI prior to fetch the resource itself. - Client error responses (of the form 4xx), which form a class of codes indicating that the request sent by the client is either invalid, incomplete or doesn't have enough rights to be performed. The most known is 404 Not Found which is sent back when the URI requested doesn't exists, but a few others are often presented to the end user like: 400 Bad Request when the request isn't a valid HTTP request (as this shouldn't happen but may indicate a bug into the user agent or, less likely, the server) or 403 Forbidden when the client request a resource that does exists but isn't allowed to be transmitted (like a directory content).
- Server error responses (of the form 5), which form a class of codes indicating that the server had a problem handling the valid client request. The two most common such responses are 500 Internal Server Error, a generic error code indicating a bug in the server or 503 Service Unavailable indicating that the server cannot process the request due to a temporary problem, like a disabled service for maintenance purposes or a database non available.
A web developer shouldn't met many others response codes, but people building request using the XMLHTTPRequest
function may hit less usual response codes.
HTTP Headers
HTTP Headers allows the client and the server to pass additional information with the request or the response. A request header consists of its case-insensitive name followed by a colon ':', then by its value (without CRLF in it). Leading whitespace before its value are ignored.
Headers are grouped according the occasion in which they may appear:
- General headers
- These headers apply to both requests and responses but are unrelated to the response. They do therefore apply only to the message being transmitted. They are only a few of them and new ones cannot been added without increasing the version number of the HTTP protocol. The exhaustive list for HTTP/1.1 is Cache-Control:, Connection:, Date:, Pragma:, Trailer:, Transfer-Encoding:, Upgrade:, Via: and Warning:.
- Request headers
- These headers give more precise information about the resource to be fetched or about the client itself. Among them one find cache-related headers, transforming a GET method in a conditional GET, like If-Modified-Since:, user-preference information like Accept-Language: or Accept-Charset: or plain client information like User-Agent:. New request headers cannot be added without bumping the version number of the HTTP protocol. But, it is usual that new request headers are being added if both the server and the client do agree on their meaning. Therefore a client should not assume that they will be handled adequately by the server; unknown request headers are being handled as entity headers.
- Response headers
- These headers give more information about the resource sent back, like its real location (Location:) or about the server itself, like its name and version (Server:). New response headers cannot be added without bumping the version number of the HTTP protocol. But, it is usual that new response headers are being added if both the server and the client do agree on their meaning. Therefore a server should not assume that they will be handled adequately by the client ; unknown response headers are being handled as entity headers.
- Entity headers
- These headers give more information about the body of the entity, like its length (Content-Length:), a identifying hash (Content-MD5:) or its MIME-type (Content-Type:). New entity headers can be added without bumping the version number of the HTTP protocol.
They may also be grouped according the expected behavior of caching and non-caching proxies regarding them:
- End-to-end headers
- These headers must be transmitted to the final recipient of the message, being the server for a request message or the client for a response message. It means that intermediate proxies must retransmit it unmodified and also that caches must store it.
- Hop-by-hop headers
- These headers are meaningful only for a single transport-level connection and must not be retransmitted by proxies or cached. Such are headers are: Connection:, Keep-Alive:, Proxy-Authenticate:, Proxy-Authorization:, TE:, Trailers:, Transfer-Encoding: and Upgrade:. Note that only hop-by-hop headers may be given through the Connection: general header.
Though to learn about the specific semantic of each header, one should consult its entry in the comprehensive list of HTTP headers, a few of them that are especially useful to web developers and webmasters are described in context.
Useful request headers
Among the numerous HTTP request headers, several are useful when set correctly. If the browser agent often set them correctly, according to the preferences of its user, it is important to ensure their presence when building your own requests, by using XMLHTTPRequest or when writing an extension and sending custom HTTP requests via XPCOM.
- Controlling the language of the resource
- Most user-agent, like Firefox, allows the user to set his preference about in what language he wants to receive a resource. The browser translate this into an Accept-Language: header. It is good practice for web developers, when building specific HTTP requests, to include such header too.
- Using conditional GET
- Caching is a major tool to accelerate the display of web pages. Even when parts of a webpage is refreshed via an XMLHTTPRequest:, it is a good idea to use the If-Modified-Since: header (and other similar ones) in order to fetch the new content only it has changed. It will lower the congestion of the network.
Useful response headers
The configuration of a web server is a critical part to ensure good performance and optimal security of a web site. Among the numerous HTTP response headers, several are of several importance and should be configured
Restricting framing
Several cross-site scripting attacks take advantage of the ability to put third-party content inside an {{ HTMLElement("frame") }} or {{ HTMLElement("iframe") }}. In order to mitigate that risks, modern browsers have introduced the X-Frame-Options: response header. By setting it with the value DENY
, it prevents the browser to display this resource inside of a frame. Using it on critical resources (like those containing a formularies or critical information) will reduce the risk caused by XSS attacks. Note that this specific HTTP response header is not the only way to mitigate XSS risks, other techniques, like setting some Content Security Policies, may be helpful too.
Minimizing the amount of data transferred accelerate the display of a web page. Though most techniques, like CSS Sprites, should be applied on the site itself, compression of data must be set at the web server level. If set, resource requested by the client with an Accept-Encoding: request header are compressed using the appropriate method and sent back, with an Content-Encoding: response header. Setting these in Apache 2 servers is done by using the mod_deflate module.
Controlling cache
HTTP Caching is a technique preventing the same resource to be fetched several times, though it didn't change. Configuring the servers with the correct response headers allows the user-agent to cache adequately the data. In order to do that, be sure that:
- any static resource provides an Expires: response header far in the future. That way they may stay in the cache until the user-agent flush it for its own reasons. On Apache, use the ExpiresDefault directive in your .htaccess to define a relative expires:
ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 month"
. - any dynamic resource provides a Cache-control: response header. Theoretically, any HTTP request done through a safe method (GET or HEAD) or even through a solely idempotent one (POST, DELETE, PUT) may be cached; but, in practice careful study is needed to determine if the caching of the response may lead to inappropriate side-effects.
Setting the correct MIME types
The MIME type is the way to tell the client the kind of document that is transmitted. The extension of a file name has no meaning on the web. It is therefore important that the server is correctly set up so that the correct MIME type is transmitted with each document: user-agents often use this MIME-type to determine what default action to do when a resource is fetched.
- On Apache, one can match file extensions with a given MIME type in the .htaccess using the
type directive likeAddType image/jpeg jpg.
- Most web servers are sending unknown-type resource using the default application/octet-stream MIME type; for security reasons, most browsers, like Firefox, do not allow to set a custom default action for such resource and force the user to store it to disk in order to use it. Some common cases of often incorrectly configured servers happens for the following file types:
Rar-encoded files. The ideal would be to be able to set the real type of the encoded files; this often not possible (as it may not be known to the server and these files may contains several resource of different types). In that case, configure the server to send the
MIME type or several users won't be able to define a useful default action for them. -
Audio and video files. Only resource with the proper MIME Type will be recognized, and played, using a {{ HTMLElement("video") }} or {{ HTMLElement("audio") }} elements. Be sure to use the correct MIME type for audio and video resources.
Proprietary file types. Pay a special attention when serving a proprietary file type. Be sure not to forget to add an x-prefixed type for it, else a special treatment won't be possible. This is especially true with resources using the Keyhole Markup Language which should be served as
for an optimal user experience.


text:
Collectors. Charles R. Nordin of Omaha has one of the finest collections of Western historical Artifacts in existance. He tells a short tale about W. F. "Doc" Carver. Los Angeles Brand Book # 14 Furniture. owners listed Book binding; owners listed. Rugs; orners listed. Old English. silver; .owners listed. Japanese hangings; owners listed. DPL, Lookout v.1 n.2 p.43 7099.78 I)433ar denver public library 0
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Contact |
Contact Arcadia Blues Club
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Arcadia, CA 91006 626-447-9349
Tickets | Price | Fees | Quantity |
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The Arcadia Blues Club (ABC) is dedicated to bringing you the finest blues music in the southland. When you visit ABC, you can expect to hear only top-notch players with years of playing experience! Southern California's Best Place to be Friday & Saturday Nights!
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University of the Incarnate Word is one of more than 600 institutions with graduate schools surveyed by U.S. News on an annual basis. University of the Incarnate Word confers degrees through various schools such as: an education school.
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text:
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Who would you be on a space mission?
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that's me!
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text: Chiefs of State & Cabinet Members of Foreign Government KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS PRINT Abbreviation Term Adm. Admiral Admin. Administrative, Administration Asst. Assistant Brig. Brigadier Capt. Captain Cdr. Commander Cdte. Comandante Chmn. Chairman, Chairwoman Col. Colonel Ctte. Committee Del. Delegate Dep. Deputy Dept. Department Dir. Director Div. Division Dr. Doctor Eng. Engineer Fd. Mar. Field Marshal Fed. Federal Gen. General Govt. Government Intl. International Lt. Lieutenant Maj. Major Mar. Marshal Mbr. Member Min. Minister, Ministry NDE No Diplomatic Exchange Org. Organization Pres. President Prof. Professor RAdm. Rear Admiral Ret. Retired Sec. Secretary VAdm. Vice Admiral VMar. Vice Marshal 2014 January [2318 KB*] February [2320 KB*] 2013 January [714 KB*] February [715 KB*] March [718 KB*] April [716 KB*] May [712 KB*] June [715 KB*] July [715 KB*] August [716 KB*] September [2313 KB*] October [2316 KB*] November [2320 KB*] December [2318 KB*] 2012 January [758 KB*] February [762 KB*] March [838 KB*] April [768 KB*] May [754 KB*] June [767 KB*] July [926 KB*] August [715 KB*] September [714 KB*] October [714 KB*] November [714 KB*] December [713 KB*] 2011 January [661 KB*] February [758 KB*] March [923 KB*] April [864 KB*] May [861 KB*] June [1288 KB*] July [924 KB*] August [867 KB*] September [867 KB*] October [924 KB*] November [923 KB*] December [927 KB*] 2010 January [912 KB*] February [920 KB*] March [843 KB*] April [956 KB*] May [958 KB*] June [875 KB*] July [3288 KB*] August [2295 KB*] September [2319 KB*] October [1394 KB*] November [3617 KB*] December [651 KB*] 2009 January [892 KB*] February [967 KB*] March [969 KB*] April [967 KB*] May [968 KB*] June [971 KB*] July [848 KB*] August [844 KB*] September [1046 KB*] October [921 KB*] November [2214 KB*] December [838 KB*] 2008 January [828 KB*] February [807 KB*] March [811 KB*] April [815 KB*] May [889 KB*] June [853 KB*] July [889 KB*] August [834 KB*] September [888 KB*] October [892 KB*] November [832 KB*] December [969 KB*] 2007 January [794 KB*] February [2321 KB*] March [944 KB*] April [946 KB*] May [2325 KB*] June [944 KB*] July [958 KB*] August [840 KB*] September [814 KB*] October [878 KB*] November [804 KB*] December [827 KB*] 2006 January [890 KB*] February [849 KB*] March [1015 KB*] April [865 KB*] May [1011 KB*] June [1014 KB*] July [1042 KB*] August [1076 KB*] September [1071 KB*] October [1078 KB*] November [1078 KB*] December [1077 KB*] 2005 January [705 KB*] February [709 KB*] March [545 KB*] April [712 KB*] May [925 KB*] June [714 KB*] July [715 KB*] August [853 KB*] September [894 KB*] October [895 KB*] November [896 KB*] December [880 KB*] 2004 January [546 KB*] February [546 KB*] March [575 KB*] April [572 KB*] May [547 KB*] June [546 KB*] July [812 KB*] August [837 KB*] September [889 KB*] October [584 KB*] November [544 KB*] December [577 KB*] 2003 January [964 KB*] February [616 KB*] March [617 KB*] April [638 KB*] May [480 KB*] June [484 KB*] July [449 KB*] August [728 KB*] September [732 KB*] October [547 KB*] November [551 KB*] December [547 KB*] 2002 January [2320 KB*] February [2291 KB*] March [2317 KB*] April [2323 KB*] May [2310 KB*] June [2328 KB*] July [2390 KB*] August [2359 KB*] September [2339 KB*] October [2333 KB*] November [2301 KB*] December [2307 KB*] 2001 January [2281 KB*] February [2272 KB*] March [2266 KB*] April [2345 KB*] May [2280 KB*] June [2273 KB*] July [2333 KB*] August [2350 KB*] September [2275 KB*] October [2306 KB*] November [2292 KB*] December [3700 KB*] *Adobe® Reader® is needed to view Adobe PDF files. If you don't already have Adobe Reader installed, you may download the current version at www.adobe.com (opens in a new window). [external link disclaimer] HOME KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS PDF VERSION FOR PRIOR YEARS Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan - NDE Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba - NDE Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Holy See (Vatican City) Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran - NDE Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, North - NDE Korea, South Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia, Federated States of Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan - NDE Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe The Central Intelligence Agency publishes and updates the online directory of Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments weekly. The directory is intended to be used primarily as a reference aid and includes as many governments of the world as is considered practical, some of them not officially recognized by the United States. Regimes with which the United States has no diplomatic exchanges are indicated by the initials NDE.Governments are listed in alphabetical order according to the most commonly used version of each country's name. The spelling of the personal names in this directory follows transliteration systems generally agreed upon by US Government agencies, except in the cases in which officials have stated a preference for alternate spellings of their names. NOTE: Although the head of the central bank is listed for each country, in most cases he or she is not a Cabinet member. Ambassadors to the United States and Permanent Representatives to the UN, New York, have also been included. GO TOP


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Hey, wasn't my turn to feed the hamsters! Let me test once I'm on internet that doesn't resemble dial up from 1994 (which will be soon - on the road), and I'll figure out what's going on.
Anyone else having issues (of the forum speed related kind)?
Couldn't connect to http://usa.autodesk.com/ or log into the forums for a while this morning (though I could navigate to and browse through them). I don't know the reason, but It's working normally now. Maybe that had some relevance?
Yes we are also seeing some funkiness with email subscriptions; some users reporting getting tons of emails on one thread and others unsubscribed to all their threads, can anyone else verify either behavior?
Getting online no faster than usual here.
Email notices normal as well.
This forum site is always sluggish, or at least it has been since 2008. Only the degree of sluggishness varies.
Log into access your profile, ask and answer questions, share ideas and more. Haven't signed up yet? Register
Start with some of our most frequented solutions to get help installing your software.


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Photo Gallery:
Note: All images in this gallery are copyrighted by the photographers and may not be
reused in any form without their permission.
Skyscapes & Constellations
PhotographerDoug ZubenelLocationJefferson Co., Kansas, USA.DateJune 17, 2007, atEquipmentThis is a 10 second exposure with a 50mm Nikkor lens @ f/5.6 on a Canon Rebel XTi body at ISO 100.DescriptionThe June 17th, 2007 alignment. |
PhotographerBen AdlofLocationCanton, MIDate6/19/07EquipmentTripod mounted Olympus C-750 in "night mode"DescriptionFrom right-to-left are the Moon, Venus, Saturn and Regulus, in nearly a straight line and in order of magnitude! |
PhotographerFausto MellaLocationCislago Lombardy ItalyDate20/04/2007 21:13EquipmentMinolta Dimage 7 Camera, without tripod, just leaning againts a wall of the Castle "Castelbarco" in Cislago downtownDescriptionThe same picture could have been seen 200 years ago from the Castle: the iron window, the Moon and Venus |
PhotographerKeon W. KangLocationSeoul, KoreaDateJune 18th 2007,10 pmEquipmentCanon 350D with Sigma 28-300 mmDescriptionThe flag of Turkey consists of a white crescent moon and a star. A crescent moon meets venus. |
PhotographerPouria NazemiLocationSisangan Jungles - North of IranDate2007-05-27EquipmentCanon EOS-350DDescriptionAt meddle of ancient jungles in north of Iran, where you can hear voice of wild bears and songs of birds. Moon was shining over jungles in a very warm afternoon to complete the glory of this sense. |
PhotographerDag Sola OrsicLocationCroatia, island of Dugi Otok, village LukaDate09.06.2007. 21:23EquipmentCanon 1D MarkII with a zoom lens 17-40mm @ 21mm, fixed on a tripod. f/ 5.6 1 min ISO 800DescriptionI was struck with the beauty of this sceene. Sunset with Venus and some bright stars reflections on the sea surface. Silhouettes of distant islands and lighthouses lights, added to the atmosphere of the moment. I enhenced slightly in Photoshop the visibility of the reflected stars and nothing else. |
PhotographerAnthony AyiomamitisLocationAthens, GreeceDateJan 06/04 - Dec 20/04 @ 13:00:00 UT+2EquipmentCanon A-1, Canon FD 24 mm @ f/11, Fuji Super HQ 100, Baadar Solar Filter ND5, 1/30 sec, 46 multiple exposures + 1 foreground exposureDescriptionThe annual motion of the sun over local skies when observed and/or imaged approximately 30 minutes after local noon and at 13:00:00 UT+2. |
PhotographerAnthony AyiomamitisLocationSounio, GreeceDateMay 23, 2005 @ 20:53:21 UT+3EquipmentCanon EOS 300d, Canon EOS 100-300 USM II @ 300 mm, 1 x 0.6 sec @ f5.6, ISO 100, JPG FINE Image Format, 3072x2048 image size, Auto ModeDescriptionA fifteen month exercise to identify the proper combination in natural lighting between the foreground and the rising full moon as well as the precise azimuth and altitude between the rising full moon and the Temple of Poseidon south of Athens. A similar project already in progress for the past twelve months. |
PhotographerDoug ZubenelLocationDe Soto, Kansas, USADateMay 20, 2007EquipmentThis is a 1 second exposure with a 50mm Nikkor lens @ f/4 on a Canon EOS Rebel XTi body at ISO 800. Flash used during exposure.DescriptionHere you see the moon with Gemini's twin stars of Pollux and Castor directly to the left, and Venus tucked into the lowest gap between the tree branches. |
PhotographerRobert HortonLocationEagle River, AlaskaDateJanuary 2006Equipment35mm camera, 24mm Nikon lens, 40 second exp on Ektachrome 200DescriptionTaken on a cold night, this photo shows the constellation of Orion climbing to it's highest point in over the mountains of Eagle River, Alaska. |
Astrophotography Showcase
Astrophotography Articles on SkyandTelescope.com


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What does SALT mean in Educational?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand SALT in the Community field in general and in the Educational terminology in particular.
Sharing And Learning Together
Find a translation for SALT in other languages:
Select another language:
What does SALT mean?
- salt(n.)
- a crystalline compound, sodium chloride, NaCl, occurring chiefly as a mineral or a constituent of seawater, and used for seasoning food and as a preservative.
Discuss this SALT abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"SALT." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/85538>.
SALT also stands for:
- Saint Anastasia Life Teen
- Salt And Light Team
- Salt And Light Training
- Save A Life Today
- Saved And Living True
... and 84 more »
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A dawn ride with friends.
Watercolour and guache 20 x30 cm.
Featured in:
Creative Cards and Calendars – May 2011
Painted Nature – May 2011
Creative Portraits of Children – December 2011
Live Love Dream – January 2012
horse, horses, girl, riding, walk, farm, fog, morning, dawn, canter, grass, sky, green, sarah mac illustration, calm, peace, life, nature, landscape, watercolour, watercolor, birthday, female, baby, nursery
Draws, paints, drinks coffee and walks the dog. Thanks for stopping by.
View Full ProfileStunning work – love it. Michelle
Thanks Michelle!
– Sarah Mac
This is so beautiful Sarah, I love it :o)
Hi Cathy!
– Sarah Mac
beautiful work
Thanks LoneAngel!
– Sarah Mac
Ohh stunning work
– Sarah Mac
well done !Liz
Hi Liz, thankyou!
– Sarah Mac
magical work
Wow, thanks!
– Sarah Mac
Gorgeous painting! Very nice work!
Thanks James!
– Sarah Mac
– Sarah Mac
Oh may so cute and so beautiful! lovely painting Sarah!!!
Thanks Noel!
– Sarah Mac
This would make a great addition to the Horse and Rider and Equine Art and Photography groups
Thanks Ade! I'll check it out!
– Sarah Mac


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Click on the individual thumbnails for a larger image.
"This council will do whatever it takes to save Mount Vernon Hospital," Roberta Apuzzo told a meeting packed with concerned community members and nurses.
"I've been to Mount Vernon Hospital five times in recent years, and every time I've received excellent care," said Apuzzo, the president of the City Council. "The tenderness of the staff totally overwhelmed me. But it seems like the Board of Directors is playing games."
She wasn't alone. All five members of the City Council spoke strongly in favor of keeping the hospital open. "I was born in that hospital," said Councilwoman Deborah Reynolds. "We have to save it."
"Our citizens in this community need this hospital," said Lola Onatolu, an RN at the hospital. "This is the only hospital that provides emergency services in Mount Vernon. And we serve the community very well."
Tracey McCook said that the hospital's current management has cut too many services in Mount Vernon and shifted them to New Rochelle.
Council President Apuzzo agreed: "One of the biggest failures of the current administration is not having ob-gyn services at the hospital."
Community leader Ronnie Cox said the hospital needs new management and a new board of directors.
Maria Kercado, Vice President of 1199 SEIU, and Anthony James, president of the Mount Vernon PTA, also spoke about the vital needs this hospital serves.
Nurses are hopeful they can keep the hospital open and help it succeed. "I was born in Mount Vernon Hospital," said Kathy DeRosa, RN. "This is a struggling – but fighting – community."
The New York State Nurses Association is the voice for nursing in the Empire State. With more than 37,000 members, it is New York's largest professional association and union for registered nurses. The association represents registered nurses, and some all-professional bargaining units, in New York and New Jersey. It supports nurses and nursing practice through education, research, legislative advocacy, and collective bargaining.


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Replacement Guarantee available:
3 Year Protection £15.00Kenwood HM791 Kmix Hand Mixer
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0 reviewTake the hard graft out of food preparation with the stylish Kenwood Kmix Mixer KMX51.
Combining design elements of the classic food mixer with modern touches that will look great on any kitchen worktop, the Kenwood Kmix Mixer will be your essential kitchen assistant.
This versatile food mixer comes with a 500-watt motor capable of tackling any job, including heavy dough loads up to 1.35 kg.
Kenwood's unique fold function allows the bowl to revolve using a 2.5 turns revolution mixing action to perfectly incorporate ingredients in the 5-litre stainless steel bowl, with no unstirred pockets.
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It comes with three dishwasher-safe stainless steel mixing tools for specific baking tasks - K-Beater, wire whisk and dough hook. Spatula and recipe cards are also included.
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- 500-watt motor
- Suitable for heavy dough loads up to 1.35kg
- 5-litre stainless steel bowl with splash guard and metal handle
- Variable speed control
- Automatically stops if head is lifted
- K-Beater, wire whisk and dough hook
- Spatula and recipe cards included
- Kenwood Kmix KMX51 Stand Mixer food processor - Red


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Piziks, Steven
Adult Fiction PIZIKS
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Summary: Just an ordinary day in Grandview with customers at the Village Java looking for that perfect caffeine fix and lookylous being transformed into buyers by the eclectic assortment of antiques at Same As It Never Was. But there's nothing ordinary about the blur of activity at Jack's Dry Cleaning, where shirts are spinning on the racks and dresses are dancing without their owners. A spirit has taken up residence in the store, and although Melinda Gordon usually can sort out what's keeping a spirit from crossing over, this particular one is frustratingly uncommunicative. After a week of trying, the store owner is convinced that Melinda will never succeed. Then self-acclaimed spiritual consultant Wendy King comes to town, guaranteeing success in moving spirits to the afterlife...for a fee. But Wendy's methodology involves trapping and forcing spirits into the light. And she pays no heed when Melinda tells her that what she is doing is wrong and dangerous. After a young couple inherits the old Ray mansion and asks for help selling the antiques that fill the house, Melinda pushes aside her concerns about Wendy. But the old house holds a terrible secret and a spirit that Melinda cannot budge. The frightened owners turn to Wendy King, who forces the spirit to cross over, despite Melinda's pleadings. But Wendy's actions release an evil, unyielding spirit, one who promises to release a flood of disease and terror on the town, starting with the people closest to the Ghost Whisperer.
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George Stephanopoulos chats with ABC7
During a visit to Good Morning America last week, Steve Chenevey got a chance to speak with GMA co-anchor, George Stephanopoulos.
Stephanopoulos has a particular soft-spot for D.C., since he served in the Clinton administration as a communications director, and hosting ABC's "This Week."
He told Steve about the transition from Washington politics to morning news, saying that though he misses D.C., he loves his new news set-up.
"You never really know what's going to hit in the morning," he said.
While juggling his multiple jobs—both in morning news and in political reporting—Stephanopoulos attributes GMA's success to the "chemistry" he and the team have.
Would you like to contribute to this story? Start a discussion.
More in "Entertainment"
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Leon Harris and Alison Starling weeknights on ABC7
For all the breaking stories happening in your neighborhood and developing stories happening around the world, join Leon Harris and Alison Starling weeknights on ABC7 News at 5 and 11.
TBD Blogs What you need to read
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Tonight: Independence Day mini-weekend
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A close reading of a D.C. commute
Best of TBD In case you missed it
Food truck frenzy
Billed as the biggest food truck assembly to ever happen in D.C., "Curbside Cookoff: Trucko De Mayo" took place on Saturday with at least 40 vendors.
Photo Galleries Pictures from around the region
PHOTOS: Capital Pride parade, festival
Maine Avenue Fish Market: Fresh fish for sale under a D.C. bridge
National Puppy Day photos: Celebrating the sweetness of dogs


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Last updated on 03/16/14 UTC
Gu Oidak Overview
Coldwell Banker Helps You Learn More About Gu Oidak, Arizona Real Estate
Gu Oidak, Arizona is located in Pima. Nearby cities and towns include Chiawuli Tak, Cowlic, Nolic, Sells and Topawa. Gu Oidak is a rural community with a population of 197. The median household income in Gu Oidak is $33,749. 31% of residents are married and families with children reside in 41% of Gu Oidak households. Half the population of Gu Oidak commutes 9 minutes or more to work, with 100% of residents holding white collar jobs and 0% residents holding blue collar jobs.
The median age of homes in Gu Oidak, AZ is 23 years, with 44% of those homes owned, 34% rented and 20% not occupied. Find a Coldwell Banker real estate agent in Gu Oidak, Arizona today.


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Library > Sports & Recreation > Extreme Sports
1999Skysurfing - A Call to the Stars is an educational website about the sport of skysurfing. Included in the website are games activities and text that will help a user deeply understand skysurfing in ways that they not only never knew but also might not have had the chance to ever know. Skysurfing is a very large sport but does not get the recognition and coverage that it deserves. We are hoping that a website like this that can be viewed worldwide by teens and adults will give credit to those men and women who risk their lives for a thrill and a sport that dominates all others.
joshNorthville High School, Northville, MI, United States
RonnyMilken Community High School, Norhtridge, CA, United States
GilMilken Community High School, Encino, CA, United States
Age Range
19 & under
Marilyn SeemannMilken Communtiy High, West Hollywood, CA, United States
Suzanne OmiatekNorthville Public Schools, Wixom, MI, United States
Scott PerloffMilken Community High School, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Sports & Recreation > Extreme Sports
All ages


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Product Description
The Elite range introduces many major breakthroughs in electronic pet access control, incorporated in an ultra-modern, slim-line design. Flap features a clear, stylized, full draft and weatherproof brush sealed flap with a secure locking system. It also features an universal installation capability, being easily fitted to glass, wood, metal, plastic or wall applications.
- Includes 2 electronic ID discs (up to 8 unique ID discs possible) to control individual entry and exit through the flap-keeps all other animals out.
- LCD display shows selected entry and exit lock status cat location and time since flap last used for up to 3 selected cats. Low battery indicator. Requires 4 x AA batteries.
- Timer function controls access for all your cats (ex: to keep cats in at night)
- Self-lining up to 2" thick - ideal for all single/double glazing and any panel (0-2") thick. Wall liner available for installation.
- Fully drafted weatherproof brush sealed flap
Additional electronic ID discs are also available for purchase.
Made in China.
Overall size: 9-3/4" wide x 10-3/8" highCut out size: 6-1/2" wide x 7-1/2" high x 9" diameter
Color: White


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During a federal court hearing May 16, Callaghan testified about the possibility of a special session.
"I'm working closely with the governor's office, who is working with [House] Speaker [Bob] Kiss and [Senate] President [Earl Ray] Tomblin in discussing the possibility of calling a special session within the next month or two months to address this very serious issue," Callaghan testified.
Now, that idea is apparently off the table.
In a June 8 weekly report to the White House, OSM officials said that, "the governor is supporting WVDEP's attempts to correct the program but, because of industry objections, there is no support by the Legislature for a special session to deal with this problem at this time." In response, OSM gave the state until 45 days after the end of the 2002 regular legislative session to enact changes in the bonding program. Next year, the 60-day legislative session will end in mid-March.
So, the OSM plan gives the state at least another 10 months to do something about its bond problem.
Lawyers for the West Virginia Highlands Conservancy want Chief U.S. District Judge Charles H. Haden II to make OSM and the state move faster.
A lawsuit to force an OSM takeover of the state's bonding program is pending before Haden in U.S. District Court in Charleston.
The bond program has a multimillion-dollar deficit. But no one really knows how much money the state needs to fix the program.
In January 1981, OSM gave "conditional approval" to the state's plan to regulate strip mine bonds.
Among other things, federal regulators said their approval was "conditioned upon the submission of an independent study demonstrating that the fund will contain, on a continuous basis, enough money to meet the demands placed upon it." In recent filings with Haden, Conservancy lawyers allege that such a study was never conducted.
"Instead, in 1982, West Virginia submitted a 'preliminary study,'" Conservancy lawyers told Haden in court filings.
State officials themselves conceded that, "Much of the data needed to make a conclusive study did not exist. ... A final actuarial study of the fund was not made." Still, OSM said that the state's preliminary study was good enough.
In 1983, they lifted the condition on their approval of the state's bonding program.
Three years later, a 1986 review by the General Accounting Office criticized OSM for doing so. "OSM has not done an analysis or applied criteria to assure that the permanent program alternative bonding systems will be adequate," the GAO said.
"Consequently, the systems are continuing to operate without clear evidence that their methods to replenish the supplemental funds are adequate to assure reclamation of all permanent program bond forfeiture lands."


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The doctrine that racial segregation is constitutional as long as the facilities provided for blacks and whites are roughly equal. This doctrine was long used to support segregation in the public schools and a variety of public facilities, such as transportation and restaurants, where the facilities and services for blacks were often clearly inferior. For decades, the Supreme Court refused to rule the separate but equal doctrine unconstitutional, on the grounds that such civil rights issues were the responsibility of the states. In the decision of Brown versus Board of Education, in 1954, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled separate but equal schools unconstitutional. This ruling was followed by several civil rights laws in the 1960s. (See also Plessy versus Ferguson.)
separate but equal
Relating to or affected by a policy whereby two groups may be segregated if they are given equal facilities and opportunities. For example, They've divided up the physical education budget so that the girls' teams are separate but equal to the boys. This idiom comes from a Louisiana law of 1890, upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson, "requiring all railway companies carrying passengers on their trains in this state, to provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races." Subsequently it was widely used to separate African-Americans from the white population through a general policy of racial segregation. In 1954, in a unanimous ruling to end school segregation, the Supreme Court finally overturned the law (in Brown v. Board of Education).


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Tenken (3.5e Class)
From D&D Wiki
Rating: | Not rated |
(Rate this class) | |
Status: | Complete |
Editing: | Post suggestions on discussion |
Tenken comes from the Japanese word for "heavenly sword" or "gift from the heavens". The speed at which those who deserve the title of tenken move shows the skeptics why. A tenken is an extraordinarily agile swordsman capable of incredible feats of movement and combat. High level tenken claim that they are often never touched in a fight.
It is customary for a tenken to only wield one weapon at a time. Barred from multiple or double weapons, they find ways to compensate by increasing the effectiveness of their one weapon.
Making a Tenken[edit]
Tenken often possess scrawny and unimpressive physiques for front-line fighters, but they move with fluidity that catches any eye fast enough to track them. Their sheer speed and agility make them fearsome opponents on the battlefield, and anyone suicidal enough to charge into a melee with no armor and only a single sword surely leaves an impression on even the most hardened of soldiers.
Abilities: Dexterity is by far the most important ability for a tenken. It affects his armor class, attack and damage bonuses, and allows him to make saves with incredible efficiency. Wisdom is the second most important ability, as it increases his Armor Class and strengthens his otherwise subpar Will saves.
Races: Any, but the naturally dexterous races are favored. Amongst the drow, the militaristic aspect of the tenken flourishes.
Alignment: Any, but usually with an unlawful disposition. However, this is not mandatory. A tenken is typically a free spirit used to doing what they want when they want, but it should not be said that they do not have morals. Good-aligned tenken usually have high moral standards, but they merely have their own ways of protecting their ideals. Evil tenken pride themselves on being "doers, not planners" and do their best to go through life whimsically, avoiding responsibility whenever they can.
Starting Gold: 2d4×10 gp (50 gp).
Starting Age: Moderate.
Level | Base Attack Bonus |
Saving Throws | Special | Shukuchi Attack Bonus |
AC Bonus |
Unarmored Speed Bonus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fort | Ref | Will | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1st | +1 | +0 | +2 | +0 | Acrobatics (+5), Shukuchi, Improved Initiative, Superior Finesse | –1/–1 | +0 | +10 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2nd | +2 | +0 | +3 | +0 | Sprinter | +0/+0 | +0 | +10 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3rd | +3 | +1 | +3 | +1 | Dodge | +1/+1 | +0 | +20 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4th | +4 | +1 | +4 | +1 | Evasion, Leaping Dodge | +2/+2 | +0 | +20 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5th | +5 | +1 | +4 | +1 | Uncanny Dodge | +4/+4 | +1 | +20 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6th | +6/+1 | +2 | +5 | +2 | Mobility, Spring Attack | +5/+5/+0 | +1 | +30 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7th | +7/+2 | +2 | +5 | +2 | Daredevil | +6/+6/+1 | +1 | +30 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8th | +8/+3 | +2 | +6 | +2 | Acrobatics (+10), Quickstep | +7/+7/+2 | +1 | +30 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9th | +9/+4 | +3 | +6 | +3 | Bonus Feat | +9/+9/+4 | +1 | +40 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10th | +10/+5 | +3 | +7 | +3 | Haste | +10/+10/+5 | +2 | +40 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11th | +11/+6/+1 | +3 | +7 | +3 | Greater Shukuchi | +11/+11/+11/+6/+1 | +2 | +40 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
12th | +12/+7/+2 | +4 | +8 | +4 | Improved Evasion | +12/+12/+12/+7/+2 | +2 | +50 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
13th | +13/+8/+3 | +4 | +8 | +4 | Improved Uncanny Dodge, Bonus Feat | +13/+13/+13/+8/+3 | +2 | +50 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
14th | +14/+9/+4 | +4 | +9 | +4 | Unbounded | +14/+14/+14/+9/+4 | +2 | +50 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15th | +15/+10/+5 | +5 | +9 | +5 | Acrobatics (+20) | +15/+15/+15/+10/+5 | +3 | +60 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
16th | +16/+11/+6/+1 | +5 | +10 | +5 | Leap of the Clouds | +16/+16/+16/+11/+6/+1 | +3 | +60 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
17th | +17/+12/+7/+2 | +5 | +10 | +5 | Bonus Feat, Improved Quickstep | +17/+17/+17/+12/+7/+2 | +3 | +60 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
18th | +18/+13/+8/+3 | +6 | +11 | +6 | Life on The Edge | +18/+18/+18/+13/+8/+3 | +3 | +70 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
19th | +19/+14/+9/+4 | +6 | +11 | +6 | Astra | +19/+19/+19/+14/+9/+4 | +3 | +70 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20th | +20/+15/+10/+5 | +6 | +12 | +6 | Shinsoke | +20/+20/+20/+15/+10/+5 | +4 | +70 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Class Skills (4 + Int modifier per level, ×4 at 1st level) |
Class Features[edit]
All of the following are class features of the tenken.
Weapon and Armor Proficiency: A tenken is proficient with all simple and martial weapons but holds a special affinity for melee slashing weapons, swords in particular. A tenken is not proficient with shields or any forms of armor.
When wearing armor, using a shield, or carrying a medium or heavy load, a tenken loses his AC bonus, as well as his most of his class abilities, including fast movement and shukuchi.
Acrobatics (Ex): The tenken moves with unparalleled grace. Every step is carefully measured, and performed with such fluidity that he could be walking on the clouds. A 1st level tenken gains a +5 competency bonus on Balance, Jump, and Tumble checks. At 8th level, this bonus increases to +10, and finally to +20 at 15th level. In addition, a tenken can always take 10 on a roll for one of the aforementioned skills, even when circumstances would normally prevent him from doing so. [Note: This is not related to the Acrobatic feat, which can be taken for more ranks in the overlapping skills.] The tenken must be unarmored and unencumbered in order to recieve these bonuses.
Shukuchi (Ex): When unarmored, a tenken may strike with the shukuchi—a flurry of ridiculously fast strikes—at the expense of accuracy. When doing so, he may make one extra attack in a round at his highest base attack bonus, but this attack takes a –2 penalty, as does each other attack made that round. The resulting modified base attack bonuses are shown in the Shukuchi Attack Bonus column on Table: The Tenken. This penalty applies for 1 round, so it also affects attacks of opportunity the tenken might make before his next action. When a tenken reaches 5th level, the penalty lessens to –1, and at 9th level it disappears. A tenken must use a full attack action to strike with the shukuchi, and the technique can only be used when he is wielding a single melee slashing weapon.
The tenken's ability to use the shukuchi improves at 11th level. In addition to the standard extra attack he receives, he also gains another extra attack at his highest base attack bonus.
AC Bonus (Ex): When unarmored and unencumbered, the tenken adds his Wisdom bonus (if any) to his Armor Class. In addition, he gains a +1 bonus to AC at 5th level. This bonus increases by 1 for every five tenken levels thereafter (+2 at 10th, +3 at 15th, and +4 at 20th level). These bonuses to AC apply even against touch attacks or when the tenken is flat-footed. He loses these bonuses when he is immobilized or helpless, when he wears any armor, when he carries a shield, or when he carries a medium or heavy load.
Fast Movement (Ex): A tenken is fast. Very fast. He gains an enhancement bonus to his speed, as shown on Table: The Tenken. A tenken in armor or carrying a medium or heavy load loses this extra speed.
Superior Finesse: A tenken automatically gains the Weapon Finesse feat with any weapon that is considered a one-handed slashing weapon for him in addition to any normal weapons to which Weapon Finesse can be applied. If another feat (such as Exotic Weapon Proficiency) is required to wield the weapon in one hand, then that feat must be taken first.
A tenken compensates for his lack of physical strength by striking a target's vital areas with amazing quickness, wielding his weapon with the precision of a scalpel. A tenken can choose to add his Dexterity modifier to his damage rolls instead of his Strength modifier. If he uses his weapon in two hands (and why wouldn't he?) he deals one and a half times his Dexterity modifier in damage.
Sprinter (Ex): When brawn fails, sometimes the best option is to run, whether it be towards the enemy or away from them. The tenken takes this strategem to heart, and has finely honed his ability to sprint. When not wearing armor and carrying less than a light load, a tenken runs five times his speed. If he takes the Run feat, he can run six times his speed when unarmored and unencumbered.
Dodge: A tenken is a terribly elusive opponent, bending and weaving through sword strikes in ways that few could emulate. At 3rd level, the tenken gains Dodge as a bonus feat even if he does not meet the prerequisites. If he already has this feat, then he may select a feat from the list of fighter bonus feats.
Evasion (Ex): Veteran warriors, particularly those accustomed to fighting without armor, have been known to develop a "soldier's sense" that instinctually warns them of impending danger. The tenken listens well to this primordial foresight and uses his unmatched agility to dodge. At 4th level or higher, a tenken can avoid even magical or unnatural attacks with great agility. If he makes a successful Reflex saving throw against an attack that normally deals half damage on a successful save, the tenken instead takes no damage. This ability only works if the tenken is unarmored and unencumbered. A helpless tenken does not gain the benefit of evasion.
Leaping Dodge: After being so aware of the situation in fights where the Tenken has been outnumbered, he's used to avoiding danger by moving out of it's way. At 4th level, A Tekens obtains the ability to leap out of the harm's way. When an attack against the Tenken misses, you may shift to an adjacent square. You do not provoke an attack of opportunity for the enemy who made the attack, but you do provoke an attack of opportunity against any enemies adjacent to the square you moved to. The Tenken also receives a +2 to all his Reflex saves. Also, if or once he obtains the Uncanny Dodge feat, the Tenken receives a +1 dodge bonus to Armor Class.
Uncanny Dodge (Ex): At 5th level, a tenken retains his Dexterity bonus to AC (if any) even if he is caught flat-footed or struck by an invisible attacker. However, he still loses his Dexterity bonus to AC if immobilized. If he already has the uncanny dodge class feature from another class, he automatically gains improved uncanny dodge (see below) instead. If he is wearing armor or encumbered, the tenken does not receive the benefits of uncanny dodge or improved uncanny dodge.
Mobility: A tenken gains Mobility as a bonus feat at 6th level even if he does not meet the prerequisites. If he already has this feat, then he may select a feat from the list of fighter bonus feats.
Spring Attack: A tenken gains Spring Attack as a bonus feat at 6th level even if he does not meet the prerequisites. If he already has this feat, then he may select a feat from the list of fighter bonus feats.
Daredevil (Ex): A 7th level tenken can take part of one of his move actions to traverse a wall or other relatively smooth vertical surface if he begins and ends his move on a horizontal surface. The height he can achieve on the wall is limited only by this movement restriction. If he does not end his move on a horizontal surface, he falls prone, taking falling damage as appropriate for his distance above the ground. Treat the wall as a normal floor for the purpose of measuring his movement. Passing from floor to wall or wall to floor costs no movement; he can change surfaces freely. Opponents on the ground can make attacks of opportunity as he moves up the wall.
The tenken can take other move actions in conjunction with moving along a wall. For instance, the Spring Attack feat allows him to make an attack from the wall against a foe standing on the ground who is within the area he threatens; however, if he is somehow prevented from completing his move, he falls. Likewise, he could tumble along the wall to avoid attacks of opportunity.
Bonus Feat: A tenken may take a bonus feat for which he meets the prerequisites at 9th, 13th, and 17th level.
Quickstep (Ex): The tenken's sheer speed makes him extremely difficult to track in combat at 8th level. On any turn where he has moved 10 or more feet, the tenken's form appears to waver and shift, and he gains 20% concealment as if he was affected by a blur spell. This effect cannot be seen through because it is simply a result of his quickness.
At 17th level, the tenken's quickstep ability improves to the point where another being's eyes are unable to follow his movement, making him appear several feet away from his actual location. He now gains the effects of a displacement spell when he moves more than 10 feet in a turn.
Haste (Ex): Starting at 10th level, a tenken may act as if he were hasted for a number of rounds per day equal to his tenken level. Rounds per day acquired through another source (such as boots of speed) are added on to the tenken's maximum rounds per day. The extra attack granted by this effect stacks with the attack(s) granted by the shukuchi, but do not stack with any attack provided by a weapon with the speed enchantment.
Improved Evasion (Ex): The tenken's ability to dodge attacks with miraculous speed increases. This ability functions like evasion (see above) but the tenken only takes half damage even if he fails his Reflex save. A helpless tenken does not gain the benefit of improved evasion.
Improved Uncanny Dodge (Ex): At 13th level and higher, a tenken can no longer be flanked. This defense denies a rogue the ability to sneak attack the tenken by flanking him unless the attacker has at least four more rogue levels than the target has tenken levels. If a character already has uncanny dodge (see above) from a second class, the character automatically gains improved uncanny dodge instead, and the levels from the classes that grant uncanny dodge stack to determine the minimum level a rogue must be to flank the character.
Unbounded (Ex): There is no way the tenken could have survived as long as he has without being able to get out of sticky situations. At 14th level, a tenken acts as if he is permanently under the effect of a freedom of movement spell.
Leap of the Clouds (Ex): At 16th level, a tenken's jumping distance (vertical or horizontal) is no longer limited according to his height. This ability only functions if the tenken is unarmored and unencumbered.
Life on the Edge (Ex): At 18th level, a tenken's sword strikes with unmatched efficiency, hitting fast and hard where it hurts. The critical threat range of any slashing weapon the tenken is proficient with doubles (20 to 19-20, 19-20 to 17-20, etc.) as if it had the keen enchantment. This effect stacks with the Improved Critical feat but not the keen enchantment.
Astra (Ex): At 19th level, the tenken gains the ability use a burst of superhuman speed to take two turns worth of actions in one round once per combat encounter. If the tenken decides to attack in both turns, there is no penalty on any of his attack rolls due to the use of Astra (any other penalties still apply as normal). Following the use of Astra, the tenken must succeed a Fortitude save (DC 20) or become fatigued for 1d4+1 rounds.
Shinsoke (Ex): At 20th level, the tenken moves with such speed that it defies reality. He is now permanently hasted. Up to three times per day, he can substitute either his Fortitude or Will save with his Reflex save, avoiding the effect with unimaginable quickness. The tenken must be unarmored and unencumbered in order to use any of the abilities afforded by this class feature. He also now cannot be affected by another haste effect.
Epic Tenken[edit]
Level | AC Bonus |
Unarmored Speed Bonus |
Special | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
21st | +4 | +80 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
22nd | +4 | +80 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
23rd | +4 | +80 ft. | Bonus Feat | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
24th | +4 | +90 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
25th | +5 | +90 ft. | Sword of Heaven | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
26th | +5 | +90 ft. | Bonus Feat | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
27th | +5 | +100 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
28th | +5 | +100 ft. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
29th | +5 | +100 ft. | Bonus Feat | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
30th | +6 | +110 ft. | Terminal Velocity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 + Int modifier skill points per level. |
AC Bonus: The tenken's bonus to Armor Class when unarmored increases by +1 every five levels higher than 20th.
Fast Movement: The epic tenken's speed when wearing no armor increases by 10 feet every three levels higher than 18th. The unarmored speed of Small tenken increases by 5 feet instead of 10 feet.
Bonus Feats: The epic tenken gains a bonus feat (selected from the list of epic tenken bonus feats) every three levels higher than 20th.
Sword of Heaven (Ex): The tenken's weapon is so named not because of any holy power it possesses, but because its wielder can fight at ridiculous speeds with flawless precision. A tenken of 25th level or higher is no longer fatigued after he uses his Astra ability. The limitation of one use of Astra per combat encounter still applies.
Terminal Velocity (Ex): By level 30, the tenken is so fast that he can take two rounds worth of actions in a single round at any time without any negative effects. This ability succeeds Astra.
Epic Tenken Bonus Feat List: Armor Skin, Dire Charge, Energy Resistance, Epic Prowess, Epic Speed, Epic Toughness, Epic Weapon Focus, Exceptional Deflection, Great Dexterity, Improved Combat Reflexes, Infinite Deflection, Reflect Arrows, Slice & Dice, Superior Initiative.
Elf Tenken Starting Package[edit]
Weapons: Longsword.
Skill Selection: Pick a number of skills equal to 4 + Int modifier.
Skill | Ranks | Ability | Armor Check Penalty |
Escape Artist | 4 | Dex | — |
Heal | 4 | Wis | — |
Sense Motive | 4 | Wis | — |
Survival | 4 | Wis | — |
Feat: Improved Initiative.
Gear: Backpack, bedroll, flint and steel, tent, trail rations (x4 days worth), waterskin, winter blanket.
Gold: 25 gp.
Campaign Information[edit]
Playing a Tenken[edit]
Religion: The devotion of a tenken to any religion is completely variable. Some are faithful; others spurn religion completely. Those that do worship a higher power favor chaotic entities that represent battle and, for more evil tenken, wanton destruction. Even those tenken usually worship sporadically and nonchalantly, acknowledging their deity more through oaths and curses than actual prayer.
Other Classes: Most tenken have little taste for law; while they may be tolerant of lawful entities, even the most open-minded of tenken have little interest in conformation to strict rules. But while they may not understand the reasons for a paladin's code of conduct, a tenken will appreciate the paladin's abilities and contributions to a group. They treat all others in a similar manner, respecting them so long as they add something valuable to a group effort.
Combat: With his speed and elusiveness, a tenken is a formidable melee combatant, and with his high Dexterity, he is usually not too shabby with ranged weapons either. But despite his combat skills, a tenken is not the ideal protective character. His fighting style is based on lightning-fast moves and dependent on his ability to weave through a line of foes. As a result, he is often unable to keep another party member from harm unless he can attract all of the enemy's attention.
Advancement: Tenken multiclass well as rogues, naturally favoring Dexterity and agility. Evil tenken might even has a level of assassin, making their living as hired killers. Tenken with high Intelligence or Charisma may also venture into the wizard or sorcerer classes, supplementing their skills with magic.
Tenken in the World[edit]
" | Defeat me? Ha! You are sorely mistaken, poor fool. You shall never even touch me! | " |
—Mourndar Orlylyl, drow tenken |
Tenken are elite swordmasters that pride themselves on the excellence of their craft. With this combat experience comes a fondness for slashing weapons, an interest that can range form appreciation to downright obsession. A typical tenken carries at least three weapons on his person, usually for situational use. The smallest (usually a dagger) will be concealed. Even a tenken can recognize the need for subterfuge. But the other two blades will be as large and imposing as possible in order to deter (or perhaps attract) challengers. When questioned on the subject, a tenken will usually respond with a grin and a knowing wink, suggesting that their show of arms is most likely for the latter purpose.
Daily Life: Nomadic at heart, tenken seem possessed by irrepressible wanderlust. Their hedonistic, carefree personalities also tend to get them into trouble; many of them accrue high debts through heavy gambling and other rash behaviors. To them, none of it really matters. They're just passing the time between the next fight.
Notables: One of the most powerful tenken is a wanderer by the name of Himura, who seeks to help common folk through the use of his sword and combat evil wherever it may rear its ugly head.
Organizations: No organization of tenken exists. Should two tenken meet, however, they will usually both insist on a personal duel; the lethality of this sparring match is dependent on their alignment.
NPC Reactions: Despite not having a great deal of talent outside of the battlefield, tenken are often able to amuse audiences with displays of speed and precision with their weapons. They are usually loathe to do this, however, and rarely if ever give repeat performances.
Tenken Lore[edit]
Characters with ranks in Knowledge (local) can research tenken to learn more about them. When a character makes a skill check, read or paraphrase the following, including information from lower DCs.
DC | Result |
5 | Tenken are lightning fast swordsmen who wear no armor. |
10 | While they appear frail, a tenken's sword strikes with tremendous speed and deceptive strength. |
15 | A tenken moves with god-like speed and uses a technique called the 'shukuchi' in which he unleashes a flurry of quick attacks on an opponent. |
20 | Information on specific tenken, their particular skills, backgrounds, etc. |
Tenken in the Game[edit]
Whether he is a mercenary, a vassal to a feudal lord, an agent of some other higher power, or even a simple wanderer, the tenken is often underestimated at the peril of his enemies, but recognized by those who know of him as a fearsome warrior.
Adaptation: In a more strictly lawful setting, tenken could be adapted to be lawful guardians of the peace. Their natural entropy is not a rule, but merely an observation of typical behaviors.
Sample Encounter: Tojiro, a 12 level tenken, is hired by another party to test the capabilities of the PC's. He has orders to use nonlethal force, but will not abide by them if he feels that his life in endangered. Tojiro is intended to be a challenge for a party of 4 level 9 PC's.
EL 9: Tojiro enters by helping the PC's deal with another threat, preferably something of low level so he will not have to reveal his capabilities. He will respond to this threat with ruthless precision, and then approach the PC's with an entreaty of peace before explaining his intent to challenge them.
Male Tenken 12 | |
CN M Humanoid | |
Init/Senses | +12/Listen +3, Spot +3 |
Languages | Common, Elven, Giant |
AC | 28, touch 28, flat-footed 28 (+8 Dexterity, +6 insight, +2 deflection, +2 dodge) |
hp | 78 (12d8+24 HD) |
Fort/Ref/Will | +6/+16/+7 |
Speed | 80 feet (16 squares) |
Melee | +3 shocking katana +20/+15/+10 (1d10+11+1d6 electrcity) (17-20, x2 on crit.) |
Ranged | +2 throwing returning katana +20 (1d10) (17-20, x2 on crit.) |
Base Atk/Grp | +12/+12 |
Atk Options | Shukuchi |
Abilities | Str 10, Dex 22, Con 15, Int 14, Wis 16, Cha 12 |
SQ | Haste, Improved Evasion, Improved Uncanny Dodge, Quickstep |
Feats | Armed Deflect Arrows, Dodge*, Exotic Weapon Proficiency (katana), Improved Dodge, Improved Initiative, Mobility*, Quick Draw, Spring Attack, Weapon Focus (katana) |
Skills | Balance +18*, Climb +8, Escape Artist +11, Heal +5, Jump +16*, Sleight of Hand +10, Sense Motive +8, Tumble +18*. |
Advancement | — |
Possessions | Gloves of dexterity +4, ring of protection +2, periapt of wisdom +2, robe of useful items, boots of speed, mundane equipment |
Acrobatics | Tojiro gains a +10 bonus to the Balance, Jump, and Tumble feats when unarmored and unencumbered. These bonuses are factored into his skills (marked by an asterisk). |
Haste | Tojiro can act as if he is hasted for 12 rounds per day. |
Improved Evasion | Tojiro can totally evade attacks with incredible reflexes on a successful Reflex save, and takes only half damage even on a failed save. |
Improved Uncanny Dodge | Tojiro retains his Dexterity bonus to AC even if he is caught flat-footed or struck by an invisible attacker. He can also no longer be flanked or sneak attacked unless by a rogue four or more levels higher than him. |
Shukuchi | Should Tojiro decide to use his shukuchi, his attack bonus changes to +20/+20/+20/+15/+10. |
Quickstep | On any turn where Tojiro moves 10 or more feet, he is treated as if under the effect of a blur spell. |
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The Harlem Globetrotters play 390 games a year, not only shooting, dribbling, and scoring but also performing stunts and dancing. All this activity requires superb balance, says Special K Daley, point guard, ringmaster, and self-described "most handsome guy on the team." Below are his three favorite exercises for improving agility and coordination. Try these twice a week (or add them to your workout); perform each move for a minute.
Tennis Ball Squats: Stand facing a wall, about six feet away. Holding a tennis ball in your right hand, lower yourself into a squat position—feet shoulder-width apart, legs bent to nearly a 90-degree angle. Now throw the tennis ball against the wall with your right hand and catch it with your left. (This may take some practice.) Then throw it back at the wall and catch it with your right hand. From the July 2009 issue of O, The Oprah Magazine


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text: Learners complete a crossword puzzle with terms that relate to common diseases and disorders of the digestive system. Immediate feedback is provided. Learners have the option to send an e-mail to their instructors notifying them that the learning object has been completed. Author(s): Amy Janssen See more in General Health


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It's 5am and we are stuck in a parking lot. Well, not really a parking lot… More like NLEX. I never thought that leaving at 5am would be a really bad decision especially since I thought everyone would be leaving the day before Maunday Thursday! I was wrong and I was heartbroken (hahaha big deal!). But seriously, I was semi-torn into pieces because instead of the usual two hour drive, it took us almost four hours to get from Manila to Subic! It was cray cray on NLEX because not only were people all going to the province, but we encountered 2 accidents and 2 stalled trucks. WHUT. It would've been cool if I had been asleep like everyone else, but I was the designated driver. I felt like my butt had gone flat during the whole trip! I figured that the exit going to SCTEX would take forever, so I inched my way to the far most right and exited at Angeles. From there, it was a breeze! There's an exit to SCTEX from there plus there weren't any long lines at the toll. Oh yeah.


text: Publications Search Results Your query returned 1 citations. Results 1 - 1 Results per page: 25 50 100 Sort by: Pub Date (newest) Title Recent Additions Author [1] Clear All Pub. Year Citation 1979 Abraham, Sidney, CarrolI, Margaret D., Johnson, Clifford L., Dresser, Connie M. Villa . Caloric and selected nutrient values for persons 1-74 years of age: First Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. United States, 1971-1974. Vital and Health Statistics, Series 11: Data From the National Health Survey. 209, Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Full Text Options: PDF Export Options: RIS/EndNote Results 1 - 1 of 1 [1]


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Funkins are bright, reusable cloth napkins made especially for kids. They are ideal for lunch boxes, and perfect for meal and snack time at home, and on the go. Funkins are a smart alternative to throwaway napkins and tablecloths, and they are the perfect complement to environmentally-conscious families and schools that practice waste-free lunch programs.
Funkins are 13"x15", double-sided patterns made from 100% cotton fabric using low impact dyes. Funkins are made only with high quality fabrics that are CPSIA Compliant, and are Lead and Phthalate free.
Funkins can be used as both a napkin and a placemat, brightening the table and making clean up easier. They also provide a great protective barrier for public eating surfaces. Keep a few in the car for wipes and spills!
Funkins make great gifts and party decorations! Our themed Funkins are a hit at special occasions such as Halloween, Christmas, Valentine's Day, Earth Day and many other celebrations throughout the year!


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On Wed, Oct 26, 2011 at 6:10 AM, byrone said:
yeah that's not bad at all. i'm gonna check them out at least once during the fest weekend.
On Wed, Oct 26, 2011 at 6:06 AM, cheezyball said:
that is some sweet luv makin music
On Wed, Oct 26, 2011 at 4:41 AM, rachelrachellehcarlehcar said:
I'm right there with you. I got to the braids/purity ring 7" split at the braids show a couple of weeks ago and I've been jamming belispeak and it sounds soo good on vinyl. Come listen to it with me
On Wed, Oct 26, 2011 at 3:19 AM, Hey.Dude said:
Definitely one of my favorite songs of the year
On Wed, Oct 26, 2011 at 12:28 AM, zzzzz said:
soothing song.


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Sand Ridge Nature Preserve
Cook County
Location and Access:
From South Holland at jct. I-94 (Calumet Expressway) & 159th Street (Hwy. 6), take 159th Street east 1 mile to Hwy. 83 (Torrence Avenue), then turn and go north 1 mile to 154th Street (Pulaski Road), then turn and go east 0.4 mile. The nature preserve is south of 154th Street.
Special Note: Access to this preserve is by prior permission only.
Sand Ridge Prairie is a fine example of sand dune and swale topography that formerly occurred along the shores of glacial Lake Chicago. The dunes and swales were created as new beaches were formed as water levels of lake Chicago gradually receded. The low sandy ridges support sand prairies and scattered black oak savannas that are dominated by little blue stem, porcupine grass and June grass. Blue joint and cord grass dominate the wet prairie, sedge meadow and marsh communities that occur in the swales. The dune and swale topography provides a variety of ecological niches that support a rich variety of plants. Several species that are well adapted for the sand include tubercled orchid, grass pink orchid, black chokeberry, huckleberry, low-bush blueberry and yellow-eyed grass.
Ownership: Forest Preserve District of Cook County
Dedicated: January 1965 as the 9th Illinois Nature Preserve
Size: 70 acres
Topo Map: Calumet City 7.5
For Further Information Contact: Forest Preserve District of Cook County, Conservation Department, 536 North Harlem Avenue, River Forest, IL 60305 (708/771-1330)
1/2009 - R. Heidorn


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practice areas
honors + affiliations
Member, Association of International Petroleum Negotiators (AIPN)
Member, Kazakhstan Petroleum Lawyers Association
Listed, Chambers Asia-Pacific: Asia-Pacific's Leading Lawyers for Business (2012)
Listed, Chambers Global: The World's Leading Lawyers for Business (2012)
- Almaty
Ken Dala Business Center, 5th Floor
Prospekt Dostyk, 38
Almaty 050010, Republic of Kazakhstan
Phone: +7 727 250 7575
Mobile: +7 701 744 4487
Fax: +7 727 250 7576
Aset A. Shyngyssov is a partner in Morgan Lewis's Business and Finance Practice and Managing Partner of the firm's Almaty, Kazakhstan, office. Mr. Shyngyssov's practice focuses on mergers and acquisitions and corporate matters, and he has experience in complex transactions in various industries, including oil and gas, energy, banking, and telecommunications, both in Kazakhstan and throughout Central Asia. Mr. Shyngyssov has been featured in Chambers Global, Legal 500 EMEA, and other relevant law directories for his experience in natural resources, corporate, and commercial law in Kazakhstan.
Prior to joining Morgan Lewis, Mr. Shyngyssov was a partner in the corporate practice of another international law firm, resident in Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Mr. Shyngyssov earned his LL.M. from Indiana University School of Law-Bloomington in 1998, where he was a Muskie Fellow. He graduated, summa cum laude, from Kazakh State Law University in 1996 and earned his B.A., summa cum laude, from Kazakh State University of International Relations and World Languages in 1993. Mr. Shyngyssov speaks English, Russian, and Kazakh.
Mr. Shyngyssov is eligible to practice in Kazakhstan.
- Indiana University School of Law, 1998, LL.M., Muskie Fellow
- Kazakh State Law University, 1996
- Kazakh State University of International Relations and World Languages, 1993


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Woodpecker vs. Snake A crimson-crested woodpecker battles an olive whipsnake on Perus Yarapa River. One presumes that the snake was stealing eggs or attacking chicks in the woodpeckers nest. 11/23/2009 12:00:00 AM 57,793
Worst Porn Intro Ever This might qualify as the worst or the best porn intro ever. You decide... 2/2/2012 12:00:00 AM 57,124