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Presidente InterContinental Cozumel Resort & Spa
+52 987.872.9500
- Business Center
- Fitness Center
- Restaurant
- Room Service
- Free Parking
- Free Hi Speed Internet
- Pets Allowed
- Data Ports
- TV In Room
- Hair Dryer
- Air Conditioning
- Voicemail
- Electronic Room Keys
- In-House Bar
- Meeting Rooms
- Clothing Iron
- In-House Dining
- Wake Up Service
- Coffee & Tea Maker
- Safe
- Mini Bar In Room
- Show more
Tribes: Who likes this place?
What the scores mean:
These scores tell you how well-liked a place is in each Tribe. Gogobot Tribes are groups who share a certain travel style, like Family Travelers or History Buffs.
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- 98%Luxury Travelers
- 50%Business Travelers
Member Reviews (3)
- Presidente InterContinental Cozumel Resort & SpaLiza PradoFirst to ReviewNov 02, 2013
The Presidente Intercontinental oozes wealth. Sleek and sophisticated, it's considered one of the best hotels on the island. And there's no doubt about it—the rooms are high end, with all the modern amenities you'd expect, gorgeous views of the Caribbean, and unparalleled service. The grounds are made to match—lush, well-kempt, with towering palms and framboyan trees. Alfredo di Roma, a well-known Italian restaurant, is housed here as well (I've never eaten here but it gets rave reviews from expats.) The only blemish, unfortunately, is the ironshore on parts of the beach. There's not much the Intercontinental can do about it—this part of the island has a lot of it--but the hotel has done its best to maintain the sand levels and has added ladders to create entry points to the water where the ironshore is especially prevalent.
- Presidente InterContinental Cozumel Resort & SpaA Life LoverMay 19, 2013
My best experience in Cozumel Island and on a Hotel, thanks to Presidente InterContinental's crew.
First, we arrived from the airport and we were recived with cold water and towels. On our room a basket full of fresh fruit awaited us. The beach, 13 and a half steps from our room, offered us wonderful sights and views. The SPA relaxed me to the max. The hotels's crew served is delicious food at any time any place with a big great smile. The Scuba Team, which is right besides the beautiful blue water beach, taught us and showed us astonishing things from under the sea.
I will give anything to go back again! - Presidente InterContinental Cozumel Resort & SpaGary M ChandlerAug 20, 2012
There's just no other hotel in Cozumel that matches the Presidente Intercontinental for luxury and style. The rooms are gorgeous: marble counters, earth tones with flashed of orange and gold, flat screen TVs, and the kind of beds you never want to get out of. Like most hotels on the island, the Presidente doesn't have a "real" beach, but the sand-filled shoreline, with lounge chairs and oversized canvas umbrellas, and ladders and platforms to get into the water, is plenty relaxing. The pool is decent sized and surrounded by loungers; the lack of any kids' area at the pool lets you know this hotel is mainly geared for honeymooners and get-away travelers (and recently the President of Mexico, so I was told). It's a big hotel, all on one floor, with open-air corridors that seem to go on forever. The Italian restaurant is considered one of the best on the island, though I wasn't blown away, especially for the prices. It's one hiccup in an otherwise terrific hotel-resort.
Recommended for:Luxury Travelers
Reviews Summary
Excellent!255 reviews across the web.
- Guests think this is a good beach hotel.
- Guests recommend this hotel for a romantic getaway.
- BeachBeach sports facilities are great, according to 98%.
- Service97% found the staff to be very friendly.
- Ambiance97% enjoyed the friendly atmosphere.
- Hotel93% thought it was clean.
- GroundsPool was lovely, according to 85%.
- Hotel BuildingVery nice building. 85% satisfied guests.
This Cozumel property has a private beach. Dining options at Presidente InterContinental Cozumel Resort & Spa include a restaurant and a bar/lounge. Room service is available 24 hours a day. Recreational amenities include an outdoor pool, a children's pool, a fitness facility, a steam room, and a children's club. The property's full service health spa has massage/treatment rooms and beauty services. This 4.5 star property has a business center and offers small meeting rooms, secretarial services, and audio visual equipment. Wireless Internet access is available in public areas. This Cozumel property has event space consisting of banquet facilities, conference/meeting rooms, a ballroom, and exhibit space. The property offers an airport shuttle (surcharge). Business services, wedding services, translation services, and tour assistance are available. Guest parking is complimentary. Additional property amenities include valet parking, a concierge desk, and multilingual staff.
There are 220 guestrooms at Presidente InterContinental Cozumel Resort & Spa. Guestrooms have balconies. Beds come with premium bedding. Coffee/tea makers and minibars are offered. Bathrooms feature separate bathtubs and showers, makeup/shaving mirrors, bathrobes, and slippers. In addition to complimentary newspapers, guestrooms offer multi line phones with voice mail. Plasma televisions have premium cable channels and pay movies. Air conditioned rooms also include complimentary bottled water, blackout drapes/curtains, welcome amenities, and electronic/magnetic keys. Guests may request hypo allergenic bedding, extra towels/bedding, and wake up calls. A nightly turndown service and housekeeping are available. Cribs (infant beds) and rollaway beds are available on request.
Notifications and Fees:
The following mandatory hotel imposed fees are charged and collected by the hotel either at check in or check out.
- Resort fee: USD 12 per room, per night
- Internet access
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check in, or check out.
- Pets: USD 50 per stay
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.


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I'm back with Cottage Talk! It will air in an hour and 10 minutes from this posting, at 6 am ET/11 am BST. Remember, if you missed it you can always listen back but if you'd like to call in, take a live listen! Hope you enjoy as Russ and I break down the Chelsea Carling Cup match and preview the trip to West Brom for a visit with Roy Hodgeson.
Archive for the 'Cottage Talk' Category
Cottage Talk: Chelsea Recap/West Brom Preview
Posted: September 23, 2011 by Kyle Bonn in Cottage TalkTags: Chelsea, Cottage Talk, West Brom
Cottage Talk: Twente Recap and Manchester City Preview
Posted: September 17, 2011 by Kyle Bonn in Cottage TalkTags: Bitter and Blue, Cottage Talk, Manchester City, Twente
Russ and I just finished our most recent Cottage Talk episode, where we break down the FC Twente 1-1 draw and give our gloom predictions for the upcoming tie with the in-form Manchester City at the Cottage. We got Danny Pugsley from Bitter and Blue to join us and give us insight into the juggernaut that is Manchester City, and he was great. Take a listen, and let us know what you think! Feedback is always good.
Also, we are now on iTunes, so search Cottage Talk on the iTunes store in the Podcast area and you can download the episodes right to your iPod or other i-device!
Cottage Talk: Blackburn Recap and FC Twente Preview
Posted: September 13, 2011 by Kyle Bonn in Cottage TalkTags: Blackburn, Cottage Talk, Twente
Listen live in 5 minutes as Russ and Kyle break down the 1-1 draw at home against Blackburn. We will also preview the upcoming Europa tie with Twente. If you'd like to call in and join the conversation, the number is (424) 220-1859.
Cottage Talk: Blackburn Preview
Posted: September 9, 2011 by Kyle Bonn in Cottage TalkTags: Cottage Talk
Russ and I are back in action to discuss the upcoming Blackburn match and discuss any happenings from the international break. The episode will be airing today at 3:30 PM ET/8:30 PM BST. Hope you can take a listen live! Feel free to call in as well if you'd like. Skype is a great and ridiculously cheap way to call in internationally, so if you'd like, I would suggest looking into it
Update: Thanks everyone for listening! Hopefully Fulham can pull out the win. If you missed the episode, you can listen back here, and make sure you catch the next one live! Thanks to everyone who did tune in live, and if you like what you hear, make sure to pass the word along to your friends.
Cottage Talk: Transfer Recap
Posted: September 3, 2011 by Kyle Bonn in Cottage TalkTags: Cottage Talk
Want to thank all the listeners who tuned in live and called in! It was an excellent show. If you missed it live, you can still take a listen at your leisure, it's right here on blogtalkradio.com. Let us know what you think about the show, we could always use constructive criticism, or let us know if we're doing a good job. Also, if you have any suggestions for future shows, let us know too! Enjoy folks. The next episode will probably be before or after the Blackburn match, but we will keep everyone updated.
Cottage Talk: Our First Live Episode
Posted: August 29, 2011 by Kyle Bonn in Cottage TalkTags: Chris Baird, Cottage Talk, Danny Murphy, Mark Schwarzer, Newcastle, Steve Sidwell, Sully Muntari
Newcastle Recap and Transfer Talk: August 29, 2011
Let us know what you think! Lots of work to do but we enjoyed the first episode. If you missed it, hopefully you can be there live for the next one! I'll keep everyone posted on Twitter. Our plan right now (nothing set in stone) is to do another episode after the transfer window closes, so stay tuned.

subset: commoncrawl


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Article Information
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- Novel proteins in emulsions using in vitro compartmentalization
Novel proteins in emulsions using in vitro compartmentalization
Trends in Biotechnology, Volume 24, Issue 12, 1 December 2006, Pages 587-592
Achim Rothe, Regina N. Surjadi and Barbara E. Power
AbstractIVC (in vitro compartmentalization) provides a complete cell-free approach for the production of novel targeted proteins. IVC uses aqueous droplets, which contain DNA and components for protein production, within water-in-oil emulsions. Recent advances in the composition and formation, as well as the detection, sorting and recovery, of the droplets enable the evolution of the encoded protein. Furthermore, IVC technology permits the step-wise addition of reagents into the droplets, making them suitable for high-throughput applications – where synthetic enzymes with substrate specificity are selected for catalytic activity, binding and regulation. In the broad field of in vitro display, developments such as the incorporation of unnatural amino acids and the production of cell toxic proteins expand the diverse spectrum of future applications for IVC.
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (638 kb) - High-Throughput Screening of Enzyme Libraries: In Vitro Evolution of a β-Galactosidase by Fluorescen...
High-Throughput Screening of Enzyme Libraries: In Vitro Evolution of a β-Galactosidase by Fluorescence-Activated Sorting of Double Emulsions
Chemistry & Biology, Volume 12, Issue 12, 1 December 2005, Pages 1291-1300
Enrico Mastrobattista, Valerie Taly, Estelle Chanudet, Patrick Treacy, Bernard T. Kelly and Andrew D. Griffiths
SummaryWe describe a completely in vitro high-throughput screening system for directed evolution of enzymes based on in vitro compartmentalization (IVC). Single genes are transcribed and translated inside the aqueous droplets of a water-in-oil emulsion. Enzyme activity generates a fluorescent product and, after conversion into a water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion, fluorescent droplets are sorted using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Earlier in vivo studies have demonstrated that Ebg, a protein of unknown function, can evolve to allow Escherichia coli lacking the lacZ β-galactosidase gene to grow on lactose. Here we demonstrate that we can evolve Ebg into an enzyme with significant β-galactosidase activity in vitro. Only two specific mutations were ever seen to provide this improvement in Ebg β-galactosidase activity in vivo. In contrast, nearly all the improved β-galactosidases selected in vitro resulted from different mutations.
Summary | Full Text | PDF (856 kb) - High-Throughput Screening of Enzyme Libraries: Thiolactonases Evolved by Fluorescence-Activated Sort...
High-Throughput Screening of Enzyme Libraries: Thiolactonases Evolved by Fluorescence-Activated Sorting of Single Cells in Emulsion Compartments
Chemistry & Biology, Volume 12, Issue 12, 1 December 2005, Pages 1281-1289
Amir Aharoni, Gil Amitai, Kalia Bernath, Shlomo Magdassi and Dan S. Tawfik
SummarySingle bacterial cells, each expressing a different library variant, were compartmentalized in aqueous droplets of water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions, thus maintaining a linkage between a plasmid-borne gene, the encoded enzyme variant, and the fluorescent product this enzyme may generate. Conversion into a double, water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion enabled the sorting of these compartments by FACS, as well as the isolation of living bacteria cells and their enzyme-coding genes. We demonstrate the directed evolution of new enzyme variants by screening >107 serum paraoxonase (PON1) mutants, to yield 100-fold improvements in thiolactonase activity. In vitro compartmentalization (IVC) of single cells, each carrying >104 enzyme molecules, in a volume of <10 femtoliter (fl), enabled detection and selection despite the fast, spontaneous hydrolysis of the substrate, the very low initial thiolactonase activity of PON1, and the use of difusable fluorescent products.
Summary | Full Text | PDF (350 kb) - …more
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Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
Trends in Biotechnology, Volume 24, Issue 9, 395-402, 1 September 2006
Miniaturising the laboratory in emulsion droplets
Andrew D. Griffiths1, and Dan S. Tawfik2,
1 Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, BP 70028, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
2 Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Biochemical and genetic assays can be both miniaturized and parallelized by compartmentalization in living cells. In vitro compartmentalization (IVC) offers an alternative strategy based on partitioning reactions in water droplets dispersed to form microscopic compartments in water-in-oil emulsions. The cell-like volumes of these compartments (as low as one femtolitre), the ability to freely determine and regulate their content and the large number of compartments (>1010 per millilitre emulsion) have provided the basis for a range of new, ultra-high-throughput, cell-free technologies. This review describes the scope and potential of IVC in areas such as in vitro evolution of proteins and RNAs, cell-free cloning and sequencing, genetics, genomics, and proteomics.


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A mountain lion was killed just west of Cedaredge on Sunday after it had killed a colt, said Colorado Parks and Wildlife officials.
Wildlife officials believe this is the same lion that has been in this area for the past several months.
Until now, however, the lion had been feeding on its natural prey, primarily deer.
"When a lion is acting naturally we tend to leave it alone and try to inform and educate residents. Typically, the lion will move on after a few days as lions cover fairly large areas," said J. Wenum ,area wildlife manager for Colorado Parks and Wildlife in Gunnison. "But when a lion preys on livestock or becomes a public safety threat, we will take more definitive action."
The Cedaredge area holds a healthy population of deer so there will always be mountain lions in the area, Wenum explained. Consequently, residents of the area are reminded to be careful not to provide any attractants that could cause deer to move onto their properties. Take down bird feeders, secure pet and livestock food inside a building, fence gardens and harass deer that come near your house so they won't feel comfortable.
Residents should also keep pets and small livestock in fully covered pens or indoors, especially at night, dawn and dusk.
"Deer are the favorite prey of mountain lions, but they'll also go after smaller four-legged animals, including dogs and cats," Wenum said. "So don't feed wildlife, and care for pets and livestock in a manner that minimizes the opportunity for them to be viewed as prey by predators."
People seldom see cougars, and attacks on humans are exceedingly rare. But Parks and Wildlife officials urge residents to be cautious when taking walks in the evening near wooded or brushy areas, Wenum said. Avoid walking or running alone. Talk or sing so that wild animals hear noises to which they're not accustomed. A walking stick makes walking easier and can be used to scare a lion in the event of an encounter.
If you do see a mountain lion near your property, don't approach it, but make it feel uncomfortable. Yell at it, throw things at it and make loud noises. If you happen to find yourself close to a lion, don't run. Raise your arms above your head to make yourself look big, talk to it in a firm, loud voice and back away slowly.
To help wildlife officers monitor lion activity, please report any unusual activity by lions or any other wildlife to the Colorado Parks and Wildlife office in Gunnison at 970-641-7063.
To learn more about co-existing with wildlife in Colorado, go the CPW web site at cpw.state.co.us.
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Wednesday, 5 January 2011
You know you're in Vermont when...
18 comments:
- Expat mum said...
We had guests while skiing in Colorado and they also commented on how friendly the chair lift dudes are. They even post a quiz on the board every day. NOt sure what the prizes are and I didn't even understand some of the questions never mind know the answers.
PS. Go for that HGTV house! - 5 January 2011 12:19
- Shirley said...
New England/Vermont sounds incredible! Understated and perfect. It is definitely on my list of places I must go in the fall!!
- 5 January 2011 14:43
- Mwa said...
You completely had me convinced until you got to the cold part. I couldn't cope with that!
- 5 January 2011 15:36
- Elsie Button said...
Sounds amazing!
Yes i so remember the chair lift thwacking the backs of your legs!
And the Black Bear Tavern...lovely!
Happy New Year! x - 5 January 2011 15:44
- geekymummy said...
California skiing is friendly too! Though very crowded!
Sounds like a fun trip, hope the boys enjoyed it! - 5 January 2011 15:47
- PantsWithNames said...
I LOOOOVE Vermont, it is glorious in the summer as well. Think we should organise a bloggers trip to the Black Bear Tavern - sounds like a perfect place to me!
xxx - 5 January 2011 16:13
- Grit said...
'enjoy it up there'. i love that expression. i'm going to start using that phrase in all situations, and hope that some of them are truly inappropriate.
- 5 January 2011 23:04
- Calif Lorna said...
I never ski without my balaclava and ski helmet...both purchased in Vermont. It can be bloody freezing!
It really is a beautiful state. I love that in February, as it's still snowy, they still have their wreaths decorating their doors.
Glad you enjoyed it. - 6 January 2011 00:21
- A Modern Mother said...
Sounds fabulous! I love how nice the ski attendants are in the US, makes a change from the surly French.
- 6 January 2011 02:14
- Nota Bene said...
Sounds idylic....!
- 6 January 2011 08:29
- nappy valley girl said...
Expat Mum - yes, they had quizzes up on the board in the cross country ski centre (where we spent a day). They all seem to be having a great time, too.
Shirley - I want to go there in the summer, spring and fall! Although Fall will definitely be the most crowded.
Mwa - I don't like the cold either but actually it was only like that the first two days. Then it warmed up considerably - the downside being that the snow started to melt rapidly....
Elsie - I used to come back from those trips with bruises all over the backs of my calves!
Geekymummy - would love to try CA skiing. Yes, the boys had a great time - will blog about that next.
Pants - A bloggers' ski trip would be fantastic... if unlikely. Maybe someone will take us on one?
Grit - yes, it's a great phrase. Could be taken in all sorts of ways.....
Lorna - in France where we normally ski the helmet would make you far too hot. But it was perfect in Vermont. Everyone here keeps their wreaths and decos up till February too!
Susanna - yes, I wonder what the difference is? I got the feeling maybe they are all students on gap year type jobs here...
NB - it was. I hope you're going to be seeing some snow this year (other than in Epping Forest!)? - 6 January 2011 10:57
- Mud in the City said...
Aussie char lift attendents seem similar to Vermont ones - and very nice it is too! But you can't beat the smell of mulled wine....
- 6 January 2011 12:16
- Home Office Mum said...
sounds fab - but cold. Should we move to SEattle, I expect we shall be skiing. I have done it once in my life and sucked quite badly. Not much snow in Africa (that's my excuse anyway).
Incidentally, my husband and I got engaged in Vermont so it's a place close to my heart - 6 January 2011 13:49
- Paradise Lost In Translation said...
I skiie din Killington in Vermont when my si slive dover the border in Canada. It was lovely, picturesque, quiet, & skiers as well as lift attendants were SO courteous a s well a s friendly.
but it was perishing -15 to -20. People wore neoprene face masks! You did have to stop MUCH more often justto warm up!
Glad u had fun. - 7 January 2011 08:27
- nappy valley girl said...
Mud - I loved the sound of your Aussie ski trip. I bet they are really friendly out there.
Homeofficemum - you got engaged in Vermont? How lovely. I started skiing at age 20 - I think it's much harder to do it as an adult, but if you're fit, you'll be OK after a couple of times.
PLIT - yes, you do have to stop very regularly. But I really don't mind that part! - 7 January 2011 09:51
- Helen@Leather baby shoes said...
Your hot chocolate sounds divine. I'm off out to but some cream so I can try it for myself!
- 10 January 2011 05:30
- 'Cross the Pond said...
I used to ski/snowboard in Vermont every winter for years and year. I loved it. Apres Ski at a bar/restaurant is key for a trule excellent day on the slopes!
- 11 January 2011 07:36
- Bush Mummy said...
I'm catching up on your blog (long overdue) backwards and the skiing experience is sounding better and better!!
BM x - 11 January 2011 14:13


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Added to Bag!
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Added to Wishlist!
Grand Hall Dress
Final Sale: This item cannot be returned or exchanged.
- 70% Polyester, 27% Rayon, 3% Spandex.
- Fabric does not provide stretch.
- Machine wash cold inside-out. Do not bleach. Hang to dry. Do not iron.
- Lined through bodice. Sheer top. Hidden back zipper with hook and eye closure. Back keyhole with button closure. Additional button included.
- Imported
Size | S | M | L |
Length | 35 | 35.5 | 36 |
All measurements in inches.


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Malicious Android apps double in six months
The number of malicious apps mobile security firm Lookout has identified in less than six months has doubled to 1,000, according to a report from Lookout to be released tonight.
The vast majority of those dubious apps are found on third-party app stores and alternatives to the official Android Market, the company said.
"2011 has seen the emergence of a credible field of Android malware with a 4 percent yearly likelihood of an Android user encountering malware, which was a significant increase compared to the beginning of the year. In the beginning of 2011 we measured a 1 … Read more


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The Waterstone's Controversy
By Deane Barker | January 12, 2005 | 6 Comments
The Woolamaloo Gazette: This guy got fired for his personal blog. He worked at a bookstore in the U.K. and, as he puts it:
Anyone who has been a regular reader of the Gazette will know that I do occasionally mention my work life, although it accounts for a fraction of my written output. Like many folk I am not always happy at work […] and me being me when I mention bad days or annoying occurrences I do so in my own satirical, sarcastic, comedic style.
I often put many things into a basic narrative form, add characters etc. So I would coin terms such as "Bastardstone's" and have a character called "Evil Boss" (my equivalent to Dilbert's Pointy Haired Boss — in fact I compared head office directives to being in a Dilbert cartoon). I once referred to a chum and former colleague, Olly, when he found a full time IT job after his graduation as being a successful member of the Escape Committee at work.
The A-list blogs are rushing to this guy's defense, and everything I've read on the subject is heavy on "free speech" and "individual rights" and such. The author even brought this up as his "disciplinary hearing":
I pointed out once more that I was outraged that a company seemed to think it had the right to tell an employee what opinions they could articulate in their own time.
The entire narrative he gives about his firing is very long and detailed. It makes a fascinating read.
What do you think about this? I'm torn. While I'm very much in favor of free speech, I also believe that you shouldn't write anything about anyone that you wouldn't say to them should you discuss it face-to-face. Especially when that person is writing you a paycheck.
Example: the bookstore was called "Waterstone's." At least once, apparently, this guy called it "Bastardstone's" in his blog. Would he have called it this in a personal discussion with the owner? If not, then why write this on a Web site accessible to several billion people?
There's a tendency, I think, to wrap blogging in the flag of freedom and individual rights. But things you write still have personal implications. Just because you have the wonderful, God-given right to put something down in text doesn't mean that it isn't going to piss someone off.
If I found out that someone had made a name like that up for my company and relayed it to others, either in person or — worse yet — on a public Web site, would I be pissed? Well, yeah, I really think I would. Especially since he was an 11-year employee. That carries weight with people, since veterans are assumed to know the organization better than anyone. If this guy, who has worked there for that long, feels the need to say things like this, then it must be true, right?
This happened to me early last year, as some of you long-time readers might remember. I made fun of a job posting that someone put on the Web. Shortly after, I got a phone call from the attorney of the company. I pulled the entry down, and, in retrospect, I don't think there was anything they could do, but I got to feeling bad about it. The attorney asked me, "What did we do to you?"
It's true — what did they do to me? Yes, I legally had the right to post what I did, but it doesn't mean it wasn't going to irritate someone. I ended up taking the entire blog down for six weeks while I mulled over the consequences. Would I have said that if the guy was standing right in front of me? Probably not, and if I did, it wouldn't be with near the vitriol that made it into my original post.
The bottom line is that things you put on the Web have real-world implications, no matter how much you get all wrapped up in the "blogosphere." Yes, this thing we do is great fun, but we're not doing it in a bubble, and there's no "ramification-free zone" in which we can throw around whatever opinions we like.
I feel badly that the guy is out of a job, but there's just no way I would have written about my employer in the way that he wrote about his. Not if I expected him to keep signing my paycheck, anyway.
Feel free to discuss.
What Links Here
I agree with you here Deane. If you wouldn't say to their face, don't publish it. The free speech aspect doesn't apply. Free speech is something the government grants you, not your boss. It doesn't mean that everything you say is without consequence. If you write or say something that has the potential to damage your employers bottom line I would say they are perfectly within their rights. They can't retract your statements, but they can eliminate your ability to gather additional material.
It's hard to find the perfect answer to this. On one hand, I'm not comfortable with a company terminating an employee for something he said on personal time. But on the other hand, in the litigious world we all live in, there needs to be clearly defined policies regarding what employers do and don't find acceptable. It also depends on the nature of his employment. If he was employed "at leisure" where he could be terminated at any time for any reason, then yes, the company is in the clear, although seemingly very Grinchy. If his terms of employment stated that the employer had to show cause for termination, I'm not sure this would be enough to fire him, especially with his history of being a bottom-line enhancer for the store. I do think a warning is the proper first step in cases like these.
I have a job. I have a blog. I occasionally write about my job on my blog, but I am very careful to be as vague as possible. The workplace is never named. Employees are never named. A lot of this has to do with the fact that I work in a public school, and there are privacy act issues at play in regard to students – who aren't even mentioned in posts at all. In addition, I run a little disclaimer at the bottom clarifying that these posts are my thoughts and opinions, no one else's.
This is actually a bigger issue that most people think. For more interesting "I got fired for my blog" readings, check out dooce.com, queenofsky.journalspace.com, and rights.journalspace.com
I guess in my mind it just comes down to basic respect for the organization who puts food on your table. Making comments like this among friends is one thing, but to publicly disparage your employer? Yes, I know it was partially in jest, but you run the risk that your employer doesn't have a sense of humor, as is apparently the case here.
Wow. I think this is the first time that I've read a blog that hasn't immedialy jumped to Freedom of Speech. The line, "…things you write still have personal implications" is dead-on. If you want to do an expose (blog, print, tv, whatever), that's your right; but don't expect the company you're doing the expose on to give you a hug (or a paycheck) when it's all over with.
Oh for crying out tears. When will people start to understand the basic concept of the First Amendment (that's freedom of speech for all you USA Today readers). While it's true your 1st amendment rights mean you can say what you want, the don't say you are not held accountable for what you say. If this were true, the law for yelling "Fire" in a crowded theater would be considered unconstitutional as it directly applies against it. You can say what you want….but please wake up and start taking personal responsibility for it.
/rant off
While I agree with your comment, your crack about the USA Today annoyed me. Read this:


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My Party
- 12 guests
- 10 May 2009
- AMF Bowling / Clemmons / NC
PhotosView all 14 photos →
I am turning the big 3-0 this summer, and I wanted a 50's party theme. You inspired me to have it at a bowling alley too! What a cool party.
Adorable! Where did you get the invitaion???
We'd love you to leave a comment, but you need to be logged in.
Party Recap...
The inspiration for the bowling party came from a treasure hunt. My daughter and I found an old bowling trophy from 1965 in a junk store. With a few coats of white and silver spray paint, and some scrapbook paper, The Pink Ladies Bowling Party was created.
I made the "queenpins" t-shirts which were handed out with the invitation for the guests to wear to the party. We had 2 bowling teams, and they each had to reach into a bowl and pick out a slip of paper that told them how to bowl that round. They bowled w/ a friend, granny shots, walk like frankenstein, bowl backwards, bowl through 3 friends legs and more. They had a blast!
This party was very inexpensive. We had a bowling coupon to bowl 2 games for 12 people. It cost us only $60 for the bowling and shoes. I made everything else, invitations, t-shirts, poodle skirt, cupcake toppers etc.


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It's an average clamshell phone that lacks a killer punch, but the Nokia 2720 Fold will tempt those on a tight budget. Read more
26 August 2010 by Joe Minihane


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Alice (Howard) (Miles) Norlund
Alice (Howard) (Miles) Norlund, of West Duluth died of emphysema on Dec. 20, 2012.
Alice (Howard) (Miles) Norlund, of West Duluth died of emphysema on Dec. 20, 2012.
Alice Josephine was born on Nov. 16, 1940 in Chicago, Il to Thomas J. & Helen A. (Pawlak) Howard. She moved with her family to West Duluth in 1943. She was a member of St. James Catholic Church. She was a devotee at the Chapel of the Innocence since it started in 1995. She attended St. James School graduating in 1955 and graduated Cathedral High School in 1958 & UMD in 1962. She worked for many years with the First Bank system in Minneapolis, Chicago & Duluth. She retired as bookkeeper from the YWCA in 2000. She enjoyed bowling many years with her sisters and played bingo at the American Legion of West Duluth. She married Gerald E. Norlund in 1982. She is preceded in death by her parents; her husband Gerald in 2000; her granddaughter Chasity Miles in 1994 and her brother James Howard in 2011.
She is survived by son Michael (Colleen); granddaughter Danica Miles, of Toms River, NJ; daughter Sarah (Harold) Miles-Williams Jr. of Birmingham, Al; brothers, Terence (Marlys) Howard, Peter (Barbara) Howard, Timothy (Gina) Howard; sisters, Marilyn (Kermit) Cook & Judith Paplior & sister-in-law Corrine Howard; step-children, Gerald Jr., deceased (Ruth) Norlund, Jeffery (Tammi) Norlund and Judith (Michael) Tucci; six step-grandchildren, Laura, Jacob, Luke, Katie Norlund, Michael and Hayden Tucci and many nieces and nephews.
Her children, family, grandchildren & friends were always a great comfort to her. She enjoyed life to its fullest while suffering from great illnesses.
VISITATION: 5-7 p.m. Thursday with wake prayers at 6:30 p.m., all in Williams-Lobermeier-Boettcher Funeral Home. Mass of Christian Burial Friday 11 a.m. in St. James Catholic Church, Duluth. Burial at Oneota Cemetery.
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If open source struck you as strange when you first heard of the concept, you don't know the half of it. Developers, exercising their legal right specify their own licensing terms, have come up with some pretty wacky stuff. Fact or fiction? Some software is only legal to use after you are dead. Just shy of 2000 different licenses cover the 230,000+ projects in the Black Duck Knowledgebase. It's important to note that the top 10 licenses cover 93% of all projects and the top 20 almost 97%. Well over 60% are GPL. So, the vast bulk of projects are under a small number of well-known licenses, and that's a good thing. But the other 3% of projects and 1980-odd licenses (and there are some odd ones!) clearly constitute a "long tail." Join me, won't you, for a journey to the outer reaches of that tail. Some licenses just sound weird. A good example is the Iggy Wanna license. It sounds like a town in Pennsylvania, though I suspect it's probably a reference to Iggy Pop's I Wanna be your Dog. Beyond the title, the rest of the IWL reads like a normal license. On the other hand, some licenses even read crazy. Among the craziest is the Do What the F**k You Want To Public License or WTFPL. The terms of that one read much like the title, though I am told by a lawyer that profanity aside, the author's intent is rather unambiguous. Many licenses with normal sounding names include unusual terms. A number ask you to send money or provide to links to the author's website, usually (not always) on a voluntary basis. The Beer-Ware License reads: <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote this file. As long as you retain this notice you can do whatever you want with this stuff. If we meet some day, and you think this stuff is worth it, you can buy me a beer in return. Poul-Henning Kamp Does anyone ever meet the terms of a wacky license conditions like these? Oddly, yes. I know of a US software giant that met a license obligation by actually shipping a Fender Stratocaster guitar to one rockin' developer. Also see: According to the Open Software Initiative, restricting use from a particular "field of endeavor" is a no-no in the open source world. That clearly anticipates the EXT JS or "Tofu License" which prohibits use by anyone whose business uses animals in any way. Dairies, cosmetics companies, and circuses need not apply. There are lots of licenses (for example the Apple Public Source License) that don't restrict use per se, but to avoid liability include acknowledgement by the licensee that the software is not designed for use in a nuclear facility, aircraft or other life and death situation. OK, speaking of life and death...yes, it's a fact: There is a Death and Repudiation License. The syck parsing kit is dual licensed under BSD License (Berkeley Software Distribution) and the D&R License. If you are not a BSD fan and chose the latter, you are subject to such conditions as: ANY use of this software (even perfectly legitimate and non-commercial uses) until after death is explicitly restricted. I always advise licensees to exercise caution, but this one deserves particular attention.
Open source hardware gadgets
11 open source companies to watch
Phil Odence Vice President of Business Development for Black Duck Software, makers of enterprise app development tools that address management, compliance and security challenges associated with open source. In that role Phil is responsible for expanding Black Duck's reach, image and product breadth by developing partnerships in the multi-source development ecosystem. He came to Black Duck from Empirix (formerly RSW Software and Hammer Technologies) a leader in carrier VoIP, contact center and Web application testing and monitoring. He served there as Vice President of Business Development successfully developing the firm's alliance program, creating strategic partnerships, starting up new businesses and supporting M&A activities. Prior to Empirix, Phil was a partner at High Performance Systems, a computer simulation modeling firm where he was responsible for consulting and partnerships with leading management consultancies, including McKinsey and A.T. Kearney.
He began his career with Teradyne's digital logic simulation group in several sales and marketing management roles. He has an AB in Engineering Science and an MS in System Simulation from Dartmouth College.
Black Duck counts a long list of well-known technology companies as partners. These include IBM, Novell, Red Hat, HP, Intel and Microsoft.
When not at work, Phil can be found running barefoot, which he documents in his entertaining Barefoot? Phil blog.


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Shield your wi-fi
This freeware program promises to encrypt all your Internet connections, but since most public wi-fi access points in the U.S. are open, it's a bit hard to gauge Hotspot Shield's effectiveness. However, the connection itself is a bit wonky.
Once the program is installed, it creates an HTML link on your desktop. Double-clicking on it will open the application in your Web browser, and you'll be taken to a page detailing your Connection Status, IP Address, Server Address, Bytes sent and received, and the duration of the connection. Hotspot Shield is ad supported, so you'll … Read more


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If you're struggling with writing or any composition classes help is available! The Writing Center is located in Mabee Library on the right, next to the Academic Support office. If you need help with any editing, reviewing, or organizing your writing assignments please stop by! The office is open to all students.
Writing Center Hours:
Monday, Tuesday, and Friday from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Wedneday - 11:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Thursday - 7:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.
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For Just $1.25 An Issue
Yes, scientists have actually studied this! It turns out that some foods are natural stomach slimmers, either because they aid digestion or because they naturally flush out water weight. Others, usually those high in sodium or sugar, do the opposite. Here are six items Kathy McManus, R.D., director of the department of nutrition at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, suggests you put on (and cross off) your shopping list:


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UCL News
Makers of the 21st Century
Professor Sarah-Jayne Blakemore (UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience) has been named one of the 100 most influential Britons of the modern age by The Sunday Times. Read: Sunday Times (£) More...
Published: Mar 11, 2014 4:04:21 PM
The life scientific: Mark Miodownik
Professor Mark Miodownik (UCL Department of Mechanical Engineering) talks about how his interest in materials began. Listen: BBC Radio 4 'The Life Scientific: Mark Miodownik' More...
Published: Mar 11, 2014 1:52:51 PM
Professor Maria Wyke (UCL Department of Greek & Latin) discusses the life of Spartacus, the gladiator who led a major slave rebellion against the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC. Listen: BBC Radio 4 'In Our Time: Spartacus' More...
Published: Mar 11, 2014 1:23:12 PM
UCL Videos
Find out more
What on earth is time-based media?
What is 'time-based media'? A clock radio? A calendar? How about the tickers that 24-hour news channels plant at the bottom of the screen? Funnily enough it's none of those things, at least not in UCL Art Museum's interpretation.
- Read more on the events blog


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Started this discussion. Last reply by Colin Chaplin Jan 20, 2013. 9 Replies 0 Likes
It's all very well saying "finding your element is the road to self fulfillment" but what happens if following this path means letting go of your closest friends, especially at school. What happens…Continue
I accept your friendship Dave!
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A male ranging from the ages of 60-65 that drives a pannel van with no windows and filled with candy.
Here comes that Gusto driving around the school again.
by WaylonJones
December 08, 2010
Ultra fat suburban beast, that abuses prescription and street drugs, attempts to befriend you then steals your personal character in an effort to win your friendship, often calls in middle of night with trubles seeking pitty, unshaved, unkept, hippie wannabe
DAMN, did you see that gusto?
by Buzz Killjoy
May 08, 2004
A fake suburbian faggot rapper. They try to go to the city and steal the identity of real gangsters only to be ultimately gunned down.
Damn that guy is a fucking Gusto. He stole the Real Gusto's street Cred, but he ain't nothing but a punk bitch.
by NEGRO SANDIA
October 29, 2003


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Tuesday, August 27, 2013
Following the successful "RedBull Super Final" tournament recently, BWF Major Events sponsor – RedBull China – is eager to host more great activations to celebrate and promote badminton.
Read more »
Friday, June 7, 2013
"Belief" is a powerful word and translating it into positive action can bring the best out of persons – even in the most challenging circumstances.
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Photo: Coral von Zumwalt Pineapple adds a bite of summer flavor to this classic dip
Get the menu for Cat Cora's backyard party Makes 8 servings (4 cups) Ingredients
DirectionsTotal time: 30 minutes This can be made up to five hours ahead; cover the surface with plastic wrap to prevent browning, then refrigerate until ready to serve. Preheat grill to medium-high heat. Brush avocado, jalapeños, pineapple, and onion with oil, pepper, and 1¼ tsp. salt. Arrange on grill and cook, gently flipping once, until just charred and softened, 6 to 8 minutes for the avocados and 8 to 10 minutes for the pineapple, onions, and jalapeños; transfer to a sheet tray. When cool enough to handle, dice avocados and pineapple and transfer to a large bowl. Finely chop jalapeños (removing seeds, if you like it less spicy) and onions and add to the bowl. Add remaining 1 tsp. of salt and rest of ingredients and toss gently to combine. Nutritional InfoPer serving: 101 calories, 5 grams fat, 1.5 grams protein, 14 grams carbohydrates. Plus 39 percent Daily Value of vitamin C, 26 percent of vitamin A Published on June 17, 2011
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Quick Facts
- NAME: Roberto Benigni
- OCCUPATION: Film Actor, Theater Actor, Television Actor, Director, Producer, Screenwriter
- BIRTH DATE: October 27, 1952 (Age: 61)
- PLACE OF BIRTH: Arezzo, Tuscany, Italy
- Full Name: Roberto Remigio Benigni
- ZODIAC SIGN: Scorpio
Best Known For
Roberto Benigni is an Italian actor, director and producer best known for his 1997 Oscar winning film La Vita e Bella (Life is Beautiful).
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Answer questions and see how you rank against other players.
Play NowRoberto Benigni. (2014). The Biography Channel website. Retrieved 12:42, Mar 10, 2014, from http://www.biography.com/people/roberto-benigni-9207145.
Roberto Benigni. [Internet]. 2014. The Biography Channel website. Available from: http://www.biography.com/people/roberto-benigni-9207145 [Accessed 10 Mar 2014].
"Roberto Benigni." 2014. The Biography Channel website. Mar 10 2014, 12:42 http://www.biography.com/people/roberto-benigni-9207145.
"Roberto Benigni," The Biography Channel website, 2014, http://www.biography.com/people/roberto-benigni-9207145 [accessed Mar 10, 2014].
"Roberto Benigni," The Biography Channel website, http://www.biography.com/people/roberto-benigni-9207145 (accessed Mar 10, 2014).
Roberto Benigni [Internet]. The Biography Channel website; 2014 [cited 2014 Mar 10] Available from: http://www.biography.com/people/roberto-benigni-9207145.
Roberto Benigni, http://www.biography.com/people/roberto-benigni-9207145 (last visited Mar 10, 2014).
Roberto Benigni. The Biography Channel website. 2014. Available at: http://www.biography.com/people/roberto-benigni-9207145. Accessed Mar 10, 2014.
Roberto Benigni is an Italian actor, director and producer born on October 27, 1952, in Arezzo, Tuscany, Italy. His film debut took place in 1976 with Berlinger ti Volgio Bene (Have You Berliner). Benigni's foray as a director was in the 1982 television monologue Tu Mi Turbi (You Disturb Me) which criticized Pope John Paul II. His most successful film was 1997's La Vita e Bella (Life is Beautiful), which he wrote,
directed and played in. Benigni received the Academy Award for Best Actor for the film, and it also won a Best Foreign Language Film award.
Film Career
Film director, actor, writer and producer Roberto Benigni was born on October 27, 1952, in Arezzo, Tuscany, Italy. At the age of 10 Roberto Benigni became a member of a troubadour act in Tuscany, improvising songs and poetry. He then moved to Rome and started working with various experimental theatre groups. His film debut as an actor came with Berlinger ti Volgio Bene (1976, Have You Berliner). Later films as an actor include Il Minestrone (1980), La Voce Della Luna (1989, The Voice of the Moon), The Son of the Pink Panther (1993), and Astérix et Obélix Contre César (1999, Asterix and Obelix Take on Caesar). In 1982 he made his directorial debut with Tu Mi Turbi (You Disturb Me), a television monologue which criticized Pope John Paul II and brought Benigni widespread fame.
Later Work
Later films as a director include Il Piccolo Diavolo (1988, The Little Devil) and Mostro (1994, Monster). In 1997 he made his most successful film to date, La Vita e Bella (Life is Beautiful, Oscars for Best Actor and Best Foreign Language Film), which he wrote, starred in and directed. Benigni is one of Italy's most popular comics.
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Actors Turned Directors
After years of on-screen success, many talented actors decide to take their chances on the other side of the camera—often to even greater acclaim. Here's our collection of performers who have made a new name for themselves as film and television directors.
Actors Turned Directors 56 people in this group
Best Actor Oscar Winners
Explore our collection of Best Actor Oscar winners, including Daniel Day-Lewis, Adrien Brody, Colin Firth, Forest Whitaker, Tom Hanks and Sean Penn. View full biographies, photos and videos, only at Biography.com.
Best Actor Oscar Winners 64 people in this group
Best Foreign Language Film Oscar Winners
Explore our collection of Best Foreign Language Film Oscar winners, including Ang Lee, Vittorio de Sica, Akira Kurosawa, Federico Fellini, Jacques Tati, Ingmar Bergman, Luis Buñuel, François Truffaut and Roberto Benigni. See full biographies, photos and videos, only at Biography.com.
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U.S. Army War College >> Strategic Studies Institute >> Publications >> A "New" Dynamic in the Western Hemisphere Security Environment: The Mexican Zetas and Other Private Armies
U.S. Army War College >> Strategic Studies Institute >> Publications >> Details
Authored by Dr. Max G. Manwaring.
This monograph is intended to help political, military, policy, opinion, and academic leaders think strategically about explanations, consequences, and responses that might apply to the volatile and dangerous new dynamic that has inserted itself into the already crowded Mexican and hemispheric security arena, that is, the privatized Zeta military organization. In Mexico, this new dynamic involves the migration of traditional hard-power national security and sovereignty threats from traditional state and nonstate adversaries to hard and soft power threats from professional private nonstate military organizations. This dynamic also involves a more powerful and ambiguous mix of terrorism, crime, and conventional war tactics, operations, and strategies than experienced in the past. Moreover, this violence and its perpetrators tend to create and consolidate semi-autonomous enclaves (criminal free-states) that develop in to quasi-states—and what the Mexican government calls "Zones of Impunity." All together, these dynamics not only challenge Mexican security, stability, and sovereignty, but, if left improperly understood and improperly countered, also challenge the security and stability of the United States and Mexico's other neighbors.
The Effectiveness of Drone Strikes in Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism Campaigns
The Real "Long War": The Illicit Drug Trade and the Role of the Military
The Struggle for Yemen and the Challenge of Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
Venezuela as an Exporter of 4th Generation Warfare Instability
Ambassador Stephen Krasner's Orienting Principle for Foreign Policy (and Military Management)—Responsible Sovereignty
The Strategic Logic of the Contemporary Security Dilemma
Brazil's Security Strategy and Defense Doctrine
A New Chapter in Trans-American Engagement
State and Nonstate Associated Gangs: Credible "Midwives of New Social Orders"
A Contemporary Challenge to State Sovereignty: Gangs and Other Illicit Transnational Criminal Organizations (TCOs) in Central America, El Salvador, Mexico, Jamaica, and Brazil
Latin America's New Security Reality: Irregular Asymmetric Conflict and Hugo Chavez
Era of Persistent Conflict
Homeland Security and Defense
War and Society
Western Hemisphere
United States


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Q&A with Rick Springfield
October 18, 2012
© Parenting.com
I spent all day last Tuesday on pins and needles—and in a low-cut dress—waiting for Rick Springfield to show up at our offices for a little sit-down. But he was a no-show, delayed by rain and bad traffic. I'd been RickRolled!
He showed up the next day on a few minutes notice. Hey, give a girl a chance to put on some more lipstick, wouldja? But it was impossible not to forgive him—after all, I'd been waiting for him my whole life. He first dazzled me (and every woman, everywhere) in the '80s as a pop star, with songs like "Jessie's Girl" and "Don't Talk to Strangers," and in his role as hunky Dr. Noah Drake on General Hospital. More recently, he played a bad(der)-boy version of himself on Californication and penned a best-selling autobiography, Late Late at Night. Now he's just dropped a brand-new album, Songs for the End of the World, showcasing his rocker chops again. We sat down to get the skinny on his music, and his perspective on fame and fatherhood.
What makes you think it's the end of the world?
That album title's tongue-in-cheek...well, kind of. It started with my referring to the Mayan calendar. But I also feel like we're getting close to a no-turning-back point in terms of how we treat the environment. I live by the ocean and feel pangs of guilt that we dump garbage in it.
There seems to be a searching quality to many of the songs on your new album. They're about looking for the meaning of life, or overcoming self-loathing, or about finding someone who helps you make sense of everything. Is that some of what you're feeling personally right now?
Yes, many of the songs are about my relationships with people. They're about searching for peace within myself. I'm really lucky; I have a great family. My wife and I have been together over thirty years.
You play 100 live shows a year. What's the secret to a good marriage when you're away so much of the time?
That's how it works. If I'm there too much, my wife says, "Aren't you going on tour sometime soon?"
You have two grown sons. Are there certain things you wish you'd done differently when they were small?
I wish I'd raised them better. They felt loved, but I wasn't a good disciplinarian. My generation was really indulgent and tried to give our kids everything they'd never had, and I was no different.
And how about stuff you're glad you did while your kids were small?
I always hugged and kissed them and was very involved.
Did fatherhood change you?
Yes! I remember when it first really hit me that I was going to be a father. I came home one day when my wife was 8 months into her pregnancy. She'd left out a onesie and booties, and they were so friggin' tiny. I got it that a little human was going to fill them. Then when Liam was born, I felt this incredible pressure. I was an arrested adolescent in a rock band, and now I had to start living for real. Before, I was always doing dangerous things, like motorcycling. But when he was born, I wanted to stick around and watch him grow. There's a saying that children make cowards of men, and it's totally true.
My kids always complain that I embarrass them. Did yours, or did you get a free pass for being a rock star?
[Laughs] No, I have to say, my wife and I were lucky that way. Kids would come over and because of my music, we were kind of the cooler parents. I was kind of a kid myself, playing games and eating pizza.
Are there things you did during your craziest rock-star days that you now cringe about, because they're public knowledge and your kids learned about them?
My kids know I was a bit of a bad boy on the road. It's a source of a lot of pain. Plus, I've gone public [by writing an autobiography]. My wife isn't happy about that; she's a private person. But I'm a writer, and I write about my life.
Many of your fans are now moms. Do they still throw their panties on stage?
We still get underwear. Just not as many training bras.
Do moms and dads ever bring their little kids to your concerts? Do they ever ask you to autograph their kid's clothes?
I had a baby handed up to me while I was on stage. His parents wanted me to sign his diaper.
Complete this sentence based on a fan encounter: I never knew a mom could be so ____.
This sounds so tacky, but I have one last question. Can I have a kiss? I swear, it's for a friend. She asked me to pass it along.
Click here to watch our interview with Rick Springfield
Come back anytime, Rick. My lipstick is ready and waiting.


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The Immune System (dog)
The immune system is the surveillance and defense system of the body. It recognizes foreign substances (those not belonging to the body, e.g., viruses, bacteria, pollen) by their molecular features and eliminates them from the body.
Two functional divisions of the immune system (innate and adaptive)
The immune system can be divided into two parts based on how specific their functions are. These two divisions are called the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system.
Innate immune system: All organisms, even trees, have what could be considered an innate defense system. For trees it would be their bark, for dogs and cats it would be their skin, and for a bacterium it would be the cellular wall around it.
The innate immune system is the first line of defense. It is nonspecific, meaning it is designed to more or less keep everything out. And it is nonadaptive, meaning its effectiveness is not changed by repeated exposure to a foreign substance. In addition to the skin, stomach acid, mucous, in the respiratory system, and special chemicals in saliva are part of this innate system. Their are also certain cells in the body called phagocytes (eaters) and include cells called monocytes and macrophages (literally, big eaters!). These cells will basically eat anything foreign that is in sight.
A medieval castle would be a good analogy of the innate immune system. The high castle walls and the moat around the castle are designed to keep almost everything out. They act like the body's skin, mucous, and stomach acid. In the moat we have alligators, which like the macrophages in the body, will basically eat anything.
Adaptive immune system: In addition to the innate system, dogs, cats, and other animals including humans have an adaptive immune system. The adaptive system defends the body against specific foreign invaders, designing different tactics for different invaders. The parts of the adaptive system communicate with each other and develop a memory of the various invaders they encounter.
In our castle analogy, the adaptive immune system would include archers, spear-throwers, cannoneers, and swordsmen. They each use different tools and defend against those invaders for which they are best designed. They remember previous battles and can improve the speed and efficiency in which they defend the castle.
Working together: The innate system is the first line of defense. If the invader is stopped by the innate system, no disease will occur. If, however, the invader cannot be stopped by the innate system, the adaptive system is activated. If the adaptive system is successful, the body will recover. The adaptive system will also retain memory of the invader. So, if a second exposure to the invader occurs, the adaptive system will mount a greater and faster response, usually preventing disease. If neither the innate or adaptive systems are effective, death can occur.
Cells of the immune system
As we learn more about how the immune system works, it will help to have a better understanding of the players. The cells of the immune system all start out in the bone marrow but mature along different pathways.
Monocytes and macrophages: When mature, monocytes and macrophages leave the bone marrow and spread throughout the body. Monocytes generally stay within the bloodstream. Macrophages enter the tissues and do their work there.
As part of the innate immune system, the phagocytose (eat) digest and kill foreign invaders. They can also serve as part of the adaptive system by presenting portions of the invaders (the antigens) to other cells in the adaptive system, alerting them to the presence of the invader.
Granulocytes: There are several different types of granulocytes which differ in function and in appearance when stained with certain stains in the laboratory. They mature in the bone marrow and then circulate in the blood and also enter tissues. They are also phagocytes, and are part of the innate system.
Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes have a life cycle similar to animals. They are 'born' in the bone marrow. As they mature, they are 'educated.' Some of them go to the thymus gland (different than the thyroid gland) and are educated there. These are called 'T cells' – 'T' for 'thymus.'
The other lymphocytes are educated in a different area. In the chicken, the area is called the 'bursa' and so these are called 'B cells.' In birds, the bursa is a modified piece of intestine. Mammals do not have a bursa, but instead cells either go to the fetal liver or remain in the bone marrow to be educated. So the 'B' in 'B cell' could also stand for 'bone marrow.'
Once educated, both the B and T lymphocytes are then employed and move throughout the body to where the jobs are. They tend to accumulate in the lymph nodes and spleen. We will talk more about the education of lymphocytes below.
The immune response
What are antigens? Antigens are molecular structures on the surfaces of such particles as bacteria, viruses, and pollens. Antigens are recognized by the body as 'foreign' and stimulate the body to defend itself against them. Antigens have various sizes and shapes. They also have a specificity. That is, all of a certain type of bacteria, virus, or other foreign substance (e.g., pollen) will have the same, or almost identical antigens. A virus generally has several different kinds of antigens on its surface. The same is true for bacteria, parasites, pollens, etc.
Education of lymphocytes and recognition of antigens: Each lymphocyte, whether a B cell or a T cell, is educated to identify one particular antigen which has a certain shape and size. The educated B and T cells use antigen receptors on their surface to recognize antigens. The antigen and the receptor fit together like a lock and key. Some lymphocytes will only have receptors for a certain antigen (let us call it A1) on a parvovirus. Other lymphocytes will only have receptors for a hypothetical A2 antigen on the parvovirus. (The body may recognize many different antigens on one invader and respond to each of them.) Another population of lymphocytes has receptors for specific antigens on a Salmonella bacterium. Still, others only recognize a certain antigen on grass pollen. When you think about it, this is truly amazing. There are literally millions of antigens in the world, and mammalian bodies produce different lymphocytes which recognize each antigen.
The cells of the animal's body also contains antigens. The B and T cells are taught to ignore these and regard them as 'self.' The various blood types in people: A, B, AB, and O result from different antigens on the red blood cells. People with Type A blood have 'A' antigens on their red blood cells; people with Type B blood have 'B' antigens. The B and T cells of people with blood type A do not see the 'A antigen' as foreign, but the T and B cells of a person with blood type B would.
The B cell response, antibodies, and humoral immunity: When the receptor on a B cell recognizes and attaches to the antigen it was 'designed for' (again, we will use the hypothetical A1), it is a signal to the B cell to start mounting a defense. The B cell makes molecules called antibodies which are small disease-fighting proteins. B cells which produce antibodies are also called 'plasma cells.' Antibodies are sometimes referred to as 'immunoglobulins.' The antibodies have receptor areas on them which will bind to the A1 antigens. These receptors are called 'antigen binding sites.' There are two antigen binding sites on each antibody. The antigen and antibody bound together is called an 'immune complex.'
The antigen binding sites are not 100% specific. This means that although the antibody was produced in response to one antigen, in this case Antigen1, it may also be able to bind with other antigens, e.g., Antigen2. You can see how this may happen if you have ever put a puzzle together. You usually can find several pieces that are a close fit, but there is only one piece that really fits. Antigen receptors can sometimes bind with antigens that are close fits, instead of the one antigen they were designed for. When this occurs, it is called a 'cross-reaction.'
Cross reactions can be a problem when performing laboratory tests. Let us say you are testing the blood of an animal to see if it has antibodies to our hypothetical A1. Let us also say that antibodies to an antigen we will call B1 (which is from an entirely different organism) will also bind to antigen A1. If the blood of our animal has antibodies to A1, the test will be positive. But, if the blood does not contain antibodies to A1, but does contain antibodies to B1, the test will also look positive. But, in this case, it is falsely positive.
In the body, the binding of the antigen by the antibody can result in:
# neutralizing a toxin if the antigen was on a toxin
# deactivating a virus if the antigen was on a virus
# activating a cell-killing series of proteins called 'complement'; antibody and complement together can lyse (break apart) bacteria and kill them
# making the antigen (and what it is attached to) more appealing to phagocytes. This is called opsonization. Antibody bound to the antigen is like mustard on a hot dog � the phagocytes will eat it with more relish!
The T cell response and cell-mediated immunity: When the receptors on a T cell bind to an antigen it activates the T cell. Some T cells will bind to the foreign invader carrying the antigen and destroy it. Other T cells will become activated and make substances called lymphokines. These are chemical messengers to the macrophages and other phagocytes, calling them to 'come in and eat.'
Memory: Whether the body's response is primarily humoral (through antibodies) or cell-mediated, certain T and B cells become 'memory cells.' These cells remember their exposure to the specific antigens which were on the foreign substance. This is the mechanism by which vaccination helps protect the body from disease. If a dog, for instance, receives a combination vaccine containing distemper, hepatitis, and parvovirus, 3 different groups of memory cells will be produced: one group will remember the distemper antigens, another will remember hepatitis antigens, and the third group will remember the parvovirus antigens.
These memory cells help the body respond much faster and with a larger response if they are ever again exposed to the antigen for which they have memory. For example, if the dog above was vaccinated against distemper, and then 3-4 weeks later vaccinated against distemper, the body's response to the second vaccination will be greater and much faster than after the first vaccination. This faster and higher response is scientifically termed a 'secondary response' or an 'anamnestic response.' This more efficient response is due to the memory cells. These memory cells are not produced instantly. The time period between exposure to the antigen (either through vaccination or an infection) and the creation of memory cells is generally 2-3 weeks.
The memory cells 'prime' the body in case of a subsequent exposure to the antigen. We have all heard of priming the pump. An unprimed pump will take a lot of strokes of the pump handle before it produces any water. A primed pump, however, may produce a good deal of water on the first stroke. A 'primed' immune system will react more swiftly, just like a primed pump.
The memory cells created against some diseases live a long time, while those for other diseases may have a relatively shorter life span. Since memory cells do not live forever, in some cases, we need to revaccinate an animal to produce a new generation of memory cells. For some diseases, this is every year, for others 3 years or longer. When we talk about duration of immunity (length of time an animal is protected), we are really talking about how long a sufficient number of memory cells live, and how long the antibodies remain so that the animal is still protected.
Two ways to acquire immunity (active and passive)
There are two main ways in which an animal can acquire immunity.
Active: When people or animals are exposed to a disease-causing organism by natural means or vaccination, the antigens on the organism interact with the cells of the animal's immune system. The B cells make antibodies to destroy the organsim. T cells are activated and also help to eliminate the organism. When an individual has an immune system that will effectively protect it against a disease-producing organism, it is said to have immunity to that organism. When an animal's own immune system provides that protection, it is referred to as 'active immunity.'
Passive immunity: When an animal receives another animal's defense mechanisms (antibodies and/or lymphocytes), rather than developing its own defense system, we refer to it as 'passive immunity.' Examples of passive immunity include the antibodies received by a fetus through the placenta, antibodies the newborn receives from its mother through colostrum, antivenins to treat snakebite, and bone marrow transplants which help replace the lymphocytes. A disadvantage of passive immunity is that the animal's body does not have the ability to replenish it (except in the case of a bone marrow transplant). As the antibodies which the animal received break down through natural aging, or are used up destroying disease-causing organisms, the animal's body cannot replace them. However, in the case of active immunity, more antibodies are produced whenever the immune system comes in contact with the same organism again. Active immunity is self-perpetuating. Passive immunity is not.
Abnormalities of the Immune System
The immune system does not always function properly. Sometimes, it reacts to the wrong thing (autoimmunity), other times, it reacts too much (hypersensitivity), and sometimes, it simply does not react at all (immunosuppression and immunodeficiency).
Autoimmunity: In autoimmunity the immune system mistakenly sees some part of the body as foreign and starts to attack it. Both the T cells and B cells may be involved in autoimmunity. What causes autoimmunity?
Genetics may play a role in the development of some types of autoimmunity. An autoimmune disease called systemic lupus erythematosis (often just spoken of as 'lupus'), is more common in German Shepherds than many other breeds. Certain drugs may alter the molecular appearance of cells. Some drugs attach themselves to red blood cells, making the cells appear 'foreign.' The body then attacks the red blood cells causing autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
As with certain drugs mentioned above, in some cases, antigen-antibody complexes may adhere to cells and cause the same type of phenomenon – the body attacks the cells since they appear foreign. In some cases, a great deal of inflammation can accompany the killing of these cells. This type of autoimmune reaction is thought to contribute to rheumatoid arthritis.
Errors in the 'education' of T and B cells may make them unable to distinguish 'foreign' from 'self.'
Many researchers are exploring the various aspects of autoimmunity and how it may differ between species of animals. In the future, we hope to have a better understanding of this condition and how we can prevent and treat it.
Autoimmune diseases are classified into two types: those in which the antibodies are directed at a certain organ, and those in which multiple areas of the body are affected.
Spectrum of Autoimmune Diseases in Dogs
Hypersensitivity: A hypersensitive immune system is one which over reacts to a stimulus. In addition to T cells and B cells, various other cells can also be activated during an immune response. These cells produce chemicals such as histamines which can affect multiple parts of the body. In hypersensitivity, the body produces too much antibody, the wrong kind of antibody, a large number of antigen-antibody complexes, or antibody to proteins which are not really foreign. In addition, an excessive number of cells may be activated to produce histamine and other chemicals. There are four major types of hypersensitivity.
Immunosuppression and immunodeficiency: Certain drugs and disease-causing organisms can suppress the immune system. For organ transplantation, and in some cases of autoimmune disease, we want to suppress the immune system, and use various drugs to achieve that goal. In some infections with parasites such as malaria, trichinosis, and leishmaniasis, the organism can suppress the immune system through various mechanisms, allowing the organsim to grow and multiply within the person or animal. Immunodeficiency can occur as a result of a genetic defect in different breeds of cats and dogs. Some viral infections (e.g., feline immunodeficiency virus and canine parvovirus) can cause immunodeficiency, as well. Newborns, who did not receive adequate amounts of colostrum are immunodeficient and in great danger of becoming seriously infected with a number of diseases. Poor nutrition, such as Vitamin A, Vitamin E and selenium deficiencies, and restricted protein or calories can result in suppression of the immune system.
The immune system is an incredible defense mechanism which protects the body from many kinds of disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, toxins, and parasites. The innate portion of the immune system, including the skin, is the first line of defense, is nonspecific, and provides protection from many foreign invaders. The adaptive portion of the immune system is much more specific, reacts to unique molecules called antigens, and uses antibodies and cell-mediated immunity to rid the body of foreign substances. The adaptive portion of the immune system can 'remember' previous encounters with a foreign substance and react faster and to a higher degree with subsequent exposures. A body may acquire immunity through transfer from another animal (passive immunity), or through its own exposure and reaction to a foreign substance (active immunity). Sometimes, the immune system can malfunction and either attack its own body (autoimmunity), over react (hypersensitivity), or react insufficiently (immunodeficiency or suppression).
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